text:
USING NET-SNMP UNDER LINUX AND µCLINUX
Patrice KADIONIK, Professor Assistant at the ENSEIRB School of Electrical Engineering, Telecommunication, and Computer Science
French version
What is Network Management? This article presents its main concepts. The SNMP protocol which is the standard de facto in this area will have then reviewed.
The practical application of SNMP is presented by using the NET-SNMP package.
The embedded market (under Linux) is now growing exponentialy since one have added the IP connectivity on every electronic device. The traditional method for remote control of an embedded system is to use an embedded Web server. This article describes how one can make the same thing with the SNMP protocol. An electronic module connected on the PC parallel port is presented in detail and will be used for this purpose. The reader will see how to control this module by SNMP under Linux. He will also see how to make in the same way with µClinux, an embedded Linux flavour for non MMU processor.
1. Network Management
1.1. IntroductionWhat does the network management concept mean? The ISO organization (International Organization Standard) has defined 5 items:
In fact, one can see that a system administrator of a company, an university, a school... has to manage also his own network. It does it without too many problems but the difficulties grow as soon as the size of the network becomes significant. The solution is then to rationalize, to standardize the things and it was also proposed standards for network management.
The ISO organization has proposed in the Eighties the CMIS/CMIP standard (Common Management Information Service ISO 9595, Common Management Information Protocol ISO 9596) as protocols for network management and defines a general framework in the level structures (ISO 7498).
In parallel, the IAB society (Internet Activities Board) approves the SNMP protocol (Simple Network Management Protocol) as a short term solution and CMOT (CMIP Over TCP) as a long term solution. At the beginning of the Nineties, SNMP, simpler, becomes standard de facto and is adopted by many manufacturers. It's the standard for IP networks but for all other networks too.
1.2. SNMP Concepts
Allthough issued from the Internet world, the SNMP protocol (Simple Network Management Protocol) has been developed in the Eighties and is based on many ideas issued form the ISO CMIS/CMIP protocol.
SNMP is defined in the RFC 1157 (Request For Comments). It uses the concept of Client/Server application well-known in Internet world:
One thus finds 3 significant elements in SNMP:
SNMP Protocol:
SNMP is a protocol built on the top of UDP/IP:
|Layers 1 and 2
The use of the UDP protocol is justified for its simplicity,
its speed and its concision (8 byte header against 20 byte header for TCP),
which makes it possible to very quickly send alarms to a SNMP manager. Unfortunately,
it's a transport connectionless protocol and is also unreliable, which means
that SNMP messages may be lost...
5 types of SNMP messages or SNMP requests can be exchanged (SNMPv1) between a SNMP agent and a SNMP manager:
Figure 2: SNMP requests and UDP port numbers
SNMP uses UDP port 161 from the agent side for SNMP GET, GETNEXT and SET requests and UDP port 162 for SNMP TRAPs from the manager side.
The general structure a SNMPv1 get-request, get-next-request, set-request and get-response request is built as following:
Figure 3: IP datagram for a SNMP request
The general structure of a SNMPv1 trap is built as following:
Figure 4: IP datagram for a SNMP TRAP
Two remarks are to be made:
SMI Structure:The SMI structure describes the rules for describing an information, a parameter. It allows to identify in a single way an object of the MIB database managed by a SNMP agent. Each object thus has a single identifier or OID (Object ID).
SMI also defines the data representation (and its type) for each MIB object. An MIB object is declared and defined in the ASN.1 language (Abstract Syntax Notation 1).
SNMP onlys uses a small part of the ASN.1 language. For example, these ASN.1 types are used for SNMP:
MIB Structure:
The MIB is a database managed by a SNMP agent controlling the managed objects according to the SMI rules. It has a tree structure similar to this used in the DNS (Domain Name System) . One finds a nonamed root from which one absolutely defines an object by its OID (the tree node).
Figure 5: the SMI structure
If we make a zoom on the branch Internet, we have:
Figure 6: MIB zoom on the branch Internet
Each node has a readable string reference. Each object could be identified by a readable string or by its OID.
For example, the sysDescr object has like string reference iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib.system.sysDescr.0 . Its OID according to the SMI rules is 18.104.22.168.184.108.40.206.0.
One can see that the interesting objects all have an OID starting by 220.127.116.11.2.1.
It should be noted that it's the OID which is transmitted in a SNMP request and not the string reference.
The MIB contains standard objects: it's the standard MIB. If a SNMP agent must manage its own objects, they belong the a private MIB. These objects are located in the branch iso.org.dod.internet.private.enterprises.enterprise_name. One "extends" the MIB of the SNMP agent. It is advisable for that to ask for an identifier to the IANA authority (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority). For example, the assigned number to the ENSEIRB School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science is 9362.
The objet led0 has as string reference iso.org.dod.internet.private.enterprises.enseirb.leds.led0.0 . Its OID is 188.8.131.52.4.1.93184.108.40.206.
One can notice that the access to a simple MIB object (sheet of the tree) is done by adding 0 like suffix to the OID.
1.3. SNMP Versions
In 1993, new RFCs (RFC 1441 to 1452) were added to revise SNMPv1 (RFC 1155 to 1157) and to define SNMPv2c (classic). SNMPv2c was updated in 1996 (RFC 1901 to 1908) to give SNMPv2.
The principal differences between SNMPv1 and SNMPv2 are:
Unfortunately, SNMPv2 was not deployed (in experimentation). There exists also SNMPv3 (RFC 2571 to 2575) in gestation...
These hesitations and various versions scramble the
game. It will thus be retained that the only stable and official version is
SNMPv1 (with its lacks...).
2. NET-SNMP Implementation under Linux
2.1. Introduction
The SNMP implementation under Linux will be done by using
the standard in the free software: the NET-SNMP package.
The NET-SNMP project called in the past UCD-SNMP was historically developed by the American university Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) and then improved and maintained now by the American university University of California Davis (UCD).
NET-SNMP is in fact a whole of tools and functionalities:
NET-SNMP is ported to various systems and in particular on:
NET-SNMP supports SNMPv1, SNMPv2 and SNMPv3 from the SNMP agent side and from the SNMP manager side by using on line commands.
2.2. NET-SNMP Installation
The NET-SNMP installation is classical under Linux:
# cd
# tar -xvzf net-snmp-5.0.2.tar.gz
# ln -s net-snmp-5.0.2 net-snmp
Configuration. One will choose to use SNMPv1 by default:
# cd ~/net-snmp
# ./configure
# make
# make install
The NET-SNMP Linux commands are copied in the /usr/local/bin and /usr/local/sbin directories. It will be necessary to add them in the PATH variable of environment.
The MIB files used from the SNMP manager side by the Linux commands are in the /usr/local/share/snmp/mibs directory.
2.3. NET-SNMP Agent Configuration
The NET-SNMP agent is the executable snmpd under the /usr/local/sbin directory. It has a general configuration named snmpd.conf to be copied in the /usr/local/share/snmp directory. An example file is provided. It is necessary to modify it according to what one wants to do. It is the EXAMPLE.conf file under ~/net-snmp .
An on line help is also available (# man snmpd.conf).
The most significant fields are:
Declaration of a machine and a IP network having access to the SNMP agent, local and mynetwork. The community is tst:
# sec.name community source
com2sec local localhost tst
com2sec mynetwork 184.108.40.206/24 tst
Group declaration for accessing to the SNMP objects managed by the SNMP agent for local and mynetwork:
# Second, map the security names into group names:
# sec.model sec.name
group local MyRWGroup v1
group local MyRWGroup v2c
group MyROGroup v1 mynetwork
group MyROGroup v2c mynetwork
Read/write access to the MIB objects for a local SNMP request and read only access for a remote SNMP request:
# Finally, grant the 2 groups access to the 1 view with different
# Write permissions:
# context sec.model sec.level match read notif Write
access exact MyROGroup "" any noauth all none none
access exact MyRWGroup "" any noauth all
all none
SNMP TRAPs validation in direction to a SNMP manager running on the machine localhost with the community tst:
# Traps and v2 traps enabled and feels to localhost
# command host to manage community
trapsink localhost tst
trap2sink localhost tst
Declaration of the sysLocation object in the branch system:
syslocation ENSEIRB, Bordeaux, France
Declaration of the sysContact object in the branch system:
syscontact Kadionik <email@example.com>
The snmpconf tool makes it possible to create the file snmpd.conf in an interactive and convivial way without knowing its structure.
Fast creation of the snmpd.conf file at the first use:
# snmpconf -g basic_setup
Interactive mode:
# snmpconf
After the snmpd.conf file creation, it must be copied in the /usr/local/share/snmp directory. The SNMP agent can be started:
# snmpd
One can start in another window a network sniffer like tcpdump to dump the exchanges between the SNMP agent and a SNMP manager:
# tcpdump -vv -i lo
2.4. NET-SNMP Agent TestingThe NET-SNMP agent testing is done by using a SNMP manager. The NET-SNMP package provides on line Linux commands for that under the /usr/local/bin directory in order to send SNMP requests.
It is important to configure its Linux environment. To access to the MIB objects managed by the SNMP agent in the symbolic form and not in the decimal form (OID), it is necessary to read the whole MIB files under the /usr/local/share/snmp/mibs directory:
# MIBS: forces to read all MIB files under/usr/local/share/snmp/mibs
# exporting all variable
export PATH MIBS
The main snmpxxx Linux commands are:
It is then possible to test the SNMP agent with the snmpxxx Linux commands.
Correspondance between an OID and its symbolic form:
# snmptranslate 126.96.36.199.184.108.40.206.0
Representation in a graphical form of the branch system by analysis of the MIB files under the /usr/local/share/snmp/mibs directory:
# snmptranslate -Tp -IR system
+ -- system(1)
+ - - - R -- String sysDescr(1)
|Textual Convention: DisplayString
|Size: 0..255
. . .
SNMPv1 request for having the current value of the sysUpTime object managed by the SNMP agent executed on the machine localhost:
# snmpget -v 1 -C tst localhost system.sysUpTime.0
SNMPv2-MIB::sysUpTime.0 = Timeticks: (12908)
SNMPv2c request for having the current value of the sysUpTime object:
# snmpget -v 2c -C tst localhost system.sysUpTime.0
SNMPv2-MIB::sysUpTime.0 = Timeticks: (13966)
SNMPv1 request for having the current value of the sysLocation and sysContact objects (defined in the snmpd.conf file):
# snmpget -v 1 -C tst localhost system.sysLocation.0
SNMPv2-MIB::sysLocation.0 = STRING: ENSEIRB, Bordeaux, France
# snmpget -v 1 -C tst localhost system.sysContact.0
SNMPv2-MIB::sysContact.0 = STRING: Kadionik
Walking the branch system of the MIB managed by the SNMP agent executed on the machine localhost:
# snmpwalk -v 1 -C tst localhost system
SNMPv2-MIB::sysDescr.0 = STRING: Linux poire1 2.4.18-3 #1 Thu Apr 18 07:31:07 EDT 2002 i586
SNMPv2-MIB::sysObjectID.0 = OID: Net-SNMP-MIB::netSnmpAgentOIDs
SNMPv2-MIB::sysUpTime.0 = Timeticks: (28119) 0:04:41.19
SNMPv2-MIB::sysContact.0 = STRING: Kadionik < firstname.lastname@example.com >
SNMPv2-MIB::sysName.0 = STRING: poire1
SNMPv2-MIB::sysLocation.0 = STRING: ENSEIRB, Bordeaux, France
. . .
Affection of a new value to the sysLocation object with the SNMPv1 version:
# snmpset -v 1 -C tst localhost system.sysLocation.0 s "coucou"
Error in packet.
Reason: (noSuchName) There is variable No such name in this MIB.
Failed object: SNMPv2-MIB::sysLocation.0
Affection of a new value to the sysLocation object with the SNMPv2c version:
# snmpset -v 2c -C tst localhost system.sysLocation.0 S "coucou"
Error in packet.
Reason: notWritable (that object does not support modification)
Failed object: SNMPv2-MIB::sysLocation.0
By comparing the result of the 2 last Linux commands, one can see that SNMPv1 does not return an error code, which corrects SNMPv2c. In this case, one tries to modify a read only MIB object.
The tcpdump trace generated by the execution of the following Linux command:
# snmpget -v 1 -C tst localhost sysUpTime.0
# tcpdump -vv -i lo
tcpdump: listening on lo
15:17:54.733310 poire1.1092 > poire1.snmp: [ UDP sum ok ]|30|26|02|01{ SNMPv1|04|03C=tst|a0|ç{ GetRequest(28)|02|04R=691700679|02|01|02|01|30|0e|30|0c|06|08system.sysUpTime.0|05|00} } (DF) (ttl 64, id 0, len 68)
15:17:54.734564 poire1.snmp > poire1.1092:
[ UDP sum ok ]|30|29|02|01{ SNMPv1|04|03C=tst|a2|1f{ GetResponse(31)|02|04R=691700679|02|01|02|01|30|11|30|0f|06|08system.sysUpTime.0
=|43|03127125} } (DF) (ttl 64, id 0, len 71)
One can see that the community (here tst) which it is necessary to consider as a password in uncrypted with SNMPv1.
It should be noted that one can also generate SNMP TRAPs by using the snmptrap Linux command. The daemon snmptrapd (under the /usr/local/sbin directory) can be used as SNMP TRAP collector. It uses the configuration file snmptrapd.conf that one must copy under the /usr/local/share/snmp directory. This configuration file can be automaticaly generated by using the snmpconf tool like previously.
3. Hardware Module for SNMP Testing
A small hardware module connected to the parallel port of a PC is proposed in order to illustrate the possibilities of remote control by SNMP. The final goal is to control a remote electronic system (embedded system) by SNMP.
The general diagram of this module is given below.
Eight leds are respectively connected to the data signals D0.. D7 of the PC parallel interface.
The film for the realization of the printed circuit
in simple face is given below. It's possible to recover the PostScript file
at the scale 1 at the WWW URL given at the end of this article.
Figure 8: film of the hardware module
For the hardware specialists, the Gerber and drill files are available too.
One needs:
The layout diagram is given below.
Figure 10: photo of the electronic module
There are no precautions particular to respect: just avoid the short-circuits during the realization of the printed circuit board.
Once the electronic module connected to the PC, it is possible to test it by using the provided test programs. The source files readleds.c and writeleds.c will be compiled to produce the executables readleds and writeled:.
# writeleds 0
Leds written = 0x00
# readleds
Leds read = 0x00
The following Linux command switchs on the 8 leds:
# writeleds FF
Leds written = 0xff
The following Linux command switchs on the even leds (D0...) and switchs off the odd leds (D1...):
# writeleds 55
Leds written = 0x55
The following Linux command switchs on the odd leds and switchs off the even leds:
# writeleds AA
Leds written = 0xaa
The Bourne shell script k2000.sh makes it possible to carry out a chenillard:
# k2000.sh
These 3 programs must be executed as a root in order to be able to drive the PC parallel port.
4. SNMP Control of an electronic System under Linux
The goal of this part is to explain how to extend the NET-SNMP agent for controlling the electronic module by SNMP. The traditional manner to control an electronic system remotely is to embed a Web server. Embedding SNMP is another more original way for doing the same thing but compatible with all network management software (HP Openview...).
4.1. Writing the MIB File in ASN.1
The first thing to be made is to create a ASCII file MIB-ENSEIRB.txt written in ASN.1 describing the new objects to be integrated in the private MIB of the NET-SNMP agent. One must create an MIB object for each led to control on the electronic module. This extension is always done in the branch private of the tree of the MIB. It should be noted that it is necessary for a company to have a single identifier (9362 for the ENSEIRB school) given by the IANA authority.
SNMP uses only a part of the ASN.1 language (X.208 ITU-T
recommendation) and one will be able to take as a starting point the files under
the /usr/local/share/snmp/mibs directory as
enterprises FROM SNMPv2-SMI,
MODULE-IDENTITY FROM SNMPv2-SMI
MODULE-COMPLIANCE, OBJECT-GROUP FROM SNMPv2-CONF;
-- A brief description and update information about this mib.
enseirb MODULE-IDENTITY
LAST-UPDATED "0104010000Z" -- 01 Apr 2001, midnight
Author: Patrice Kadionik
ENSEIRB, School of Electrical Engineering
postal: PO Box 99
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
phone: +33-5-56-84-65-00
DESCRIPTION "MIB for remote control by SNMP
::= { enterprises 9362 }
leds OBJECT IDENTIFIER::= { enseirb 1 }
reserved OBJECT IDENTIFIER::= { enseirb 2 }
-- LED 0 connected to the PC parallel port
led0 OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Integer32 (0..1)
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
"Led 0 connected to bit 0 of the PC parallel port."
::= { leds 1 }
. . .
-- LED 7 connected to the PC parallel port
led7 OBJECT-TYPE
SYNTAX Integer32 (0..1)
MAX-ACCESS read-write
STATUS current
"Led 7 connected to bit 7 of the PC parallel port."
::= { leds 8 }
The ENSEIRB-MIB.txt file will be then recopied under the /usr/local/share/snmp/mibs directory in order to be able to use the snmpxxx Linux commands with the symbolic form.
One will be able to test the file created and to correct the possible detected syntax errors by using the Linux command:
# snmptranslate -Tp -IR enseirb
| |
| +-- -RW- Integer32 led0(1)
| | Range: 0..1
| +-- -RW- Integer32 led1(2)
| | Range: 0..1
| +-- -RW- Integer32 led2(3)
| | Range: 0..1
| +-- -RW- Integer32 led3(4)
| | Range: 0..1
| +-- -RW- Integer32 led4(5)
| | Range: 0..1
| +-- -RW- Integer32 led5(6)
| | Range: 0..1
| +-- -RW- Integer32 led6(7)
| | Range: 0..1
| +-- -RW- Integer32 led7(8)
| Range: 0..1
These are 8 objects in the branch enseirb.leds. Their type is a 32 bit integer accessible in read/write mode in the range 0..1.
One chooses as convention the 0 value for switching off a led and 1 for switching on it.
4.2. NET-SNMP Agent Extension
It is now possible
to integrate in the NET-SNMP agent the branch enseirb
under the branch iso.org.dod.internet.private.enterprises
(see figure 6) and the actions associated with switching on/off the
8 leds of the electronic module.
The tool mib2c written in the Perl language needs specific Perl modules to install before use:
# cd ~/net-snmp
# cd perl
# cd default_store
# perl Makefile.PL
# make
# make install
# cd ..
# cd SNMP
# perl Makefile.PL
# make
# make install
The installation is now complete. One can now use the tool mib2c. mib2c makes it possible to transform a MIB file written in ASN.1 into C files which will be then compiled with the NET-SNMP agent in order to extend it. One can notice that:
# cd ~/net-snmp
# cd agent/mibgroup
# mib2c -c ../../local/mib2c.scalar.conf enseirb
writing to enseirb.h
writing to enseirb.c
running indent on enseirb.h
running indent on enseirb.c
There is generation of C source files C enseirb.c and enseirb.h which one will modify to control the electronic module. mib2c takes as parameter a SNMP object in the symbolic form , enseirb in our case.
It is now possible to modify the file enseirb.c to order to integrate the C code for driving the electronic module. This file contains the integration of the ENSEIRB MIB in the MIB of the NET-SNMP agent. One will note the presence of functions handlers for each object added in the MIB for SNMP requests GET and SET. These functions are called here do_led0() ..., do_led7() .
A finite state machine (FSM) is use to treat the SNMP requests. One will note the following characteristic states:
The last stage is recompiling the NET-SNMP agent:
# cd ~/net-snmp
# ./configure --with-mib-modules=enseirb
# make
# make install
4.3. NET-SNMP Agent Extension Testing
It is necessary to restart the NET-SNMP agent.
The following switches allow to debug the NET-SNMP agent extension enseirb introduced by the macro DEBUGMSGTL():
# snmpd -L -Denseirb
The following command dumps to screen each incoming and outcoming SNMP requests like tcpdump:
# snmpd -Ld -Denseirb
In order to drive the leds of the electronic module by SNMP, one uses the snmpxxx Linux commands:
Current value of the 8 leds:
# snmpwalk -c tst -v 1 localhost enseirb
ENSEIRB-MIB::led0.0 = INTEGER: 0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led1.0 = INTEGER: 0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led2.0 = INTEGER: 0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led3.0 = INTEGER: 0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led4.0 = INTEGER: 0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led5.0 = INTEGER: 0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led6.0 = INTEGER: 0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led7.0 = INTEGER: 0
Current value of the led 0:
# snmpget -c tst -v 1 localhost led0.0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led0.0 = INTEGER: 0
Switching on the led 0:
# snmpset -c tst -v 1 localhost led0.0 i 1
ENSEIRB-MIB::led0.0 = INTEGER: 1
Bad parameter. Must be between 0 and 1:
# snmpset -c tst -v 1 localhost led0.0 i 2
led0.0: Value out of range (2)
Current value of the led 0:
# snmpget -c tst -v 1 localhost led0.0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led0.0 = INTEGER: 1
Switching on the led 7:
# snmpset -c tst -v 1 localhost led7.0 i 1
ENSEIRB-MIB::led7.0 = INTEGER: 1
Final current state of the 8 leds:
# snmpwalk -c tst -v 1 localhost enseirb
ENSEIRB-MIB::led0.0 = INTEGER: 1
ENSEIRB-MIB::led1.0 = INTEGER: 0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led2.0 = INTEGER: 0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led3.0 = INTEGER: 0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led4.0 = INTEGER: 0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led5.0 = INTEGER: 0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led6.0 = INTEGER: 0
ENSEIRB-MIB::led7.0 = INTEGER: 1
The bourne shell script k2000snmp.sh makes it possible to have a luxurious chenillard with SNMP:
# k2000snmp.sh
4.4. SNMP TRAP Generation
It is also possible
to send SNMP TRAPs from the NET-SNMP agent. In the file enseirb.c, when the led0 goes from on to off, the
NET-SNMP agent sends a TRAP (specific number 100) to SNMP managers defined in
its configuration file snmpd.conf. One uses
for that the function send_easy_trap() of the
The tcpdump trace generated in this case is:
14:59:01.316389 poire1.1090 > poire1.snmptrap:
[udp sum ok] |30|27|02|01{ SNMPv1 |04|03C=tst |a4|1d{ Trap(29) |06|09E:8072.4.0
|40|040.0.0.0|02|01 enterpriseSpecific|02|01[specific-trap(100)!=0] |43|0213784|30|00}
} (DF) (ttl 64, id 0, len 69)
The Linux command snmptrapd (daemon) makes it possible to collect all received SNMP TRAPs. The following Linux command dumps them to screen:
# snmptrapd -P
2002-07-04 14:56:29 NET-SNMP version 5.0.1 Started.
2002-07-04 14:56:56 poire1 [udp:127.0.0.1:1089]:
RFC1213-MIB::sysUpTime.0 = Timeticks: (1292) 0:00:12.92 SNMPv2-MIB::snmpTrapOID.0 = OID: NET-SNMP-MIB::netSnmpNotifications.0.100
2002-07-04 14:56:56 0.0.0.0(via udp:127.0.0.1:1090) TRAP, SNMP v1, community tst
NET-SNMP-MIB::netSnmpNotifications Enterprise Specific Trap (100) Uptime: 0:00:12.92
5. Controlling by SNMP an embedded System under µCLinux
We present now how to extend the NET-SNMP agent ported to µClinux. We use here an evaluation board from Motorola (ColdFire 5407C3 board).
The NET-SNMP agent extension under µClinux is similar as what it has been done under Linux.
One want to control by SNMP the leds of the Motorola evaluation board.
For that, one must develop the MIB file for NET-SNMP agent extension. One uses the same file MIB-ENSEIRB.txt because the evaluation board has 8 leds too.
One installs now under Linux NET-SNMP version 4.2.1 because it's the NET-SNMP version ported to µClinux (version 20020927) and the skeleton files generated with mib2c are not compatible with the NET-SNMP version 5.
One uses then the tool mib2c under Linux to create the skeleton files enseirb.c and enseirb.h which will be modified in consequence to control the 8 leds of the Motorola board.
The files thus created are recopied in the µClinux distribution under the ~/µClinux/user/ucdsnmp/agent/mibgroup directory.
The only difficulty is then to modify the Makefile files and header files under ~/µClinux/user/ucdsnmp to take into account the compilation of the files enseirb.c and enseirb.h.
The µClinux kernel must be recompiled by including the package ucdsnmp. The image file is then downloaded into the evaluation board and the NET-SNMP agent is tested then as under Linux.
One thus sees one of the major interests of the NET-SNMP package: it is easily portable to be integrated into an embedded Linux and thus to be embedded into an electronic system for a remote control by SNMP...
6. SNMP and Security
One cannot say that SNMP is a secure protocol in particular with the SNMPv1 version. The community has to be considered as a password which is transmitted uncrypted on the network (see the previous tcpdump traces).
SNMPv1 is also unsecure. Unfortunately, it is the only SNMP protocol allowed and supported by all the equipments.
If one does not need to use a SNMP agent on a equipment or on an embedded system, one will not activate this service by default. In this case, it will be necessary to check its configuration file (snmpd.conf for NET-SNMP) and to adopt the policy of the "whole prohibited except" and not "whole allowed except" in order not to leave holes in security. It will also be necessary to change the default community names which are generally public for the read access and private for the write access to the MIB objects. If it is not the case, a cracker could very easily remotely shutdown by SNMP a equipment, and even worse: it was seen previously that it is possible to control electronic systems by SNMP: switching off a led or shutting down an equipment is the same thing...
7. SNMP Managers
These are SNMP managers having a convivial GUI for managing a network by SNMP. There is the great classic HP Openview manager in the commercial field. A free SNMP manager is Loriot developed by Ludovic Lecointe. This SNMP manager runs under Windows and is really very complete. One can cite its following functionalities:
Figure 11: Loriot SNMP manager
It is provided with the NET-SNMP package a MIB browser
tkmib developped in the Tk language which makes it possible to visualize the
MIB files of the /usr/local/share/snmp/mibs
directory. One can also send SNMP requests.
Figure 12: tkmib MIB browser
There is a more complete solution under Linux called Scotty. It is in fact a Tcl extension for network management.
Tkined is a Tk GUI using Scotty making it possible to manage a network. It belongs to the Scotty package.
Figure 13: Tkined SNMP manager
8. Conclusion
We have seen through this article the importance of the network management which is one of the tasks which generally falls to the system administrator. For a telecom operator, the task is very difficult because it is essential for him to keep its network in operating state and to react as fast as possible in the event of breakdown.
The SNMP protocol was developed to facilitate the network management. We have seen that with simple SNMP requests (GET, SET...) and SNMP TRAPs, it is possible to manage a network. We have also presented the free software package for that: NET-SNMP.
In the case of the embedded systems, we have presented how to extend the NET-SNMP agent in order to control remotely by SNMP an electronic system under the Linux or µClinux OSs. It is a method a little less traditional than using an embedded Web server. NET-SNMP makes it possible to integrate an embedded system into a network and to manage it with SNMP managers like HP Openview.
SNMPv1 is the version of the SNMP protocol supported
and adopted by all. It has large holes of security. Consequently, you will never
activate a SNMP agent for fun or leasure or you'll see one day your machine
shutting down suddenly without explanation!
The whole of the schematics of the electronic module and programs used in this article are available to the following WWW address: http://www.enseirb.fr/~kadionik/embedded/snmp/annexe.html
The RFC available at http://www.rfc-editor.org/
RFC1156. Management Information Base Network Management of TCP/IP based Internets
RFC1157. SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol
RFC1158. Management Information Base Network Management of TCP/IP based Internets: MIB-II
RFC1212. Concise MIB definitions.
RFC1213. MIB-II: Management Information Base for network management of TCP/IP based Internets
RFC1215. Convention for defining traps for uses with SNMP
RFC1270. SNMP communications services
RFC1303. With Convention for Describing SNMP-based Agents
RFC1351. SNMP Administrative Model
RFC1352. SNMP Security Protocols
RFC1353. Definitions of Managed Objects for Administration of SNMP Left
RFC1442. Structure of Management Information for SNMP version 2
RFC1443. Textual Conventions for SNMP version 2
RFC1445. Administrative Model for SNMP version 2
RFC1446. Security Protocols for SNMP version 2
RFC1447. Party MIB for SNMP version 2
RFC1448. Protocol Operations for SNMP version 2
RFC1449. Transport Mappings for SNMP version 2
RFC1450. Management Information Base for SNMP version


text:
Anxious Fiona fans have eagerly anticipated Apple's sequel to her third studio album, Extraordinary Marchine, and from the sound of it, all their waiting has not been in vain.
Though The Idler Wheel... comes nearly seven years in the wake of 2005's Extraordinary Machine, Apple has certainly not been idle herself in the time between releases. In fact, Apple revealed in an interview with BlackBook magazine earlier this year that recording sessions for The Idler Wheel... began as far back as 2008, kept secret from the public and even Epic Records, with whom she was producing the album.
The album's first single, "Every Single Night," is reminiscent of Apple's self-aware lyrical style characteristic of some of her earliest studio releases like "Criminal" and "Shadowboxer." Contrary to her older hits, however, The Idler Wheel... does away with much of the emphatic acoustics present in albums past. Strings and percussion make a discernible appearance in this album, in typical Apple fashion, but this time around they are more muted, and appropriately utilized as an accessory to Apple's dominant vocals, which become the front and center of her 42-minute musical narrative.
In a time where the landscape of popular music is heavily inhabited by EDM-inspired instrumental-centric songs, Apple's old school style endures, and reverts listeners back to a time when lyrics and vocals were king.
Grade: A
The Idler Wheel... is available now.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Deciding to pursue an artistic or creative career path isn't for the faint of heart. Challenges will abound, but so many of the artists we speak with couldn't be happier with their choice. So, we asked them about how they made the decision in the first place.
Raluca Pintea | Model
I decided to purse a career in modeling because since I was little I have always wanted to be someone others can look up to and be inspired by. The same way I looked up to other models and my dream to become that pushed me to prove to my self that I can do It. Read more>>
Karen B Bracamonte | Owner at Naye's Makeup
Since I was in kindergarten I would always get excited about projects and creating stuff, but I always ended up adding my touch or creating something different then the rest of the kids. as I grew I loved to paint ceramic loved art class (but wasn't the best at drawing lol) I made and sell head bows and headbands for little girls till I found my niche in makeup and beauty!! Read more>>
Joy Kendrick | Creative & Entrepreneur
I feel like my career pursued me, I tried the corporate world but it never really satisfied me. I always felt so free, open and joyful when I did what I enjoyed and what allowed me to express myself. Read more>>
Andria Muñoz | Jewelry Designer
Absolute freedom. The freedom to create and the freedom to control how I spend my time is very important to me in this life. Read more>>
Will Armijo | Founder & CEO (my funny title: Killer of Diets)
I was forced into it. I tried very very hard to "fit in" to the cultural norms of getting good grades in school, being good at taking test, and getting a degree before entering the workforce, etc. I even went as far as to obtain my MBA. What I realized is that I wasn't designed for the system. The system doesn't honor creativity. It takes creativity and visualization to turn what's in your mind and in your heart, into something tangible. Into something relatable, absorbable, and beneficial for society. School, and the system doesn't teach you that. I was always a C+/B- student just because I was able to "complete things" but I always did bad on test because I couldn't memorize anything and I couldn't read very well. Read more>>
Amy Robinson | Graphic Designer + Boss Fox
I have always had a knack for everything artsy and creative. My mom would always comment on how I was always drawing on or creating something. It was such a fun outlet for me as a kid and I knew early on that I wanted to do something within the arts field when I grew up. I bounced between Fashion Design and Media Arts & Animation, but really fell in love with Graphic Design when I designed my own wedding invitations. I had no idea what it was at the time, just that I wholly enjoyed it and could easily see myself doing it for the rest of my life. Additionally, I got so much joy out of making my own wedding invitations. Read more>>
Alex "Chili" Jankowski | Barber, Photographer & Visual Artist
I pursued a creative career because it's all I really know how to do. That's just how my mind works. Read more>>
Kristin Kulpa | The Crafty Pickler
My whole life I have been creative, it is actually my favorite quality about myself. I love looking at things in a different light, thinking outside of the box, finding ways to approach things that others may not. It keeps life interesting and exciting. Without creativity and artistic mindsets- life would be dull. When pickling things, there are so many different ways you can do it, or different ingredients you can use. That is why I call myself The Crafty Pickler. Read more>>
Jazz Torrez | Artist
My artistic career has always been driven by my passion for the arts and my need to create. If I'm not producing art then I feel like there's something missing and I'm not contributing or communicating anything. In high school my artistic ability and creativity were things that set me apart from others, and I learned that my creations were something I could share with the world when words failed me. I decided to apply to art colleges, and luckily was accepted into California Institute of the Arts (CALARTS) in Valencia, California. While I was in college I realized that making art fulfills me more than anything else. That was when I knew I had to make sure I could always incorporate artmaking into my life, no matter what other occupation I had. Read more>>
Blanca Estela Olivas | Beauty Influencer & Artist
I love doing makeup, not just on myself but on others. I found something I was truly passionate about and something I was really good at and that was makeup! Nothing makes me feel as confident and more like myself then when I am behind my mirror or camera creating beautiful glamours makeup looks. You can be so expressive with makeup and when I create makeup looks it represents what I am feeling that day. For example, if I am creating a colorful look (witch is most fo the time) I am usually in a great, bubbly, & happy mood and I love playing with colors so I use my colorful looks to make me feel even more happy then what I already am. Read more>>
Katie J. Douglas | Novelist
I started teaching high school English when I was 22 years old. I've always loved the written word. I love books, poetry, short stories, anything really. It has always been a dream of mine to write a novel, and I tried and failed for many many years to do so. Writing for me is like therapy, expressing myself creatively is just sort of like coming home. I realize now more than ever that I need it in order to be myself and to be happy. I think everyone needs to be creative in order to be human, we just all express it in different ways. Read more>>
Brittany Noriega | Artist & Ally
My primary goal in life is to help others. I have this calling deep in my heart, and being in love with the arts and art history is a close second. I've been a life long artist but never believed anything professional would come of it. I began doing some reading and research as a stay at home mom, and I started reaching out locally and getting involved with galleries and professionals in my area. I realized that I can utilize my artistic talents to create change and help others, to build and strengthen my community, and I will never look back. Read more>>
Brianna Johnson | Tattoo Artist
I pursed a artist career because art is always what called to me. Im able to be myself and put my all to my art. I meet some amazing people and hear amazing stories. Read more>>


text:
Tyler Perry's Latest NOT for Church Folks
Tyler Perry's latest project, NOBODY'S FOOL, is a very "adult" R rated romantic comedy. I mentioned that first because it is not one of his Christian faith-based films that the pastor loads up the church bus and takes the congregation to. He really pushes the "R rating" in this movie. Secondly, Tiffany Haddish, while getting top billing in the film, is not the main character in the movie. That spot belongs to Tika Sumpter, a mainstay in previous Tyler Perry projects like "The Have's and the Have-nots" and the 2013 Tyler Perry film A MADEA CHRISTMAS.
When the film opens Danica gets a call from her mother, Whoppie Goldberg, requesting that she pick up her sister Tayna (Haddish) who's just finished a five-year prison sentence. The two sisters are like oil and water. Tanya is a hood chick who doesn't mind scrapping with anyone to settle her differences (man or woman) and Danica is an educated and well-refined executive at an ad agency.
Danica is also involved in a one-year relationship with a man who she has only communicated with on the phone. Her sister Tanya is very quickly convinced that her sister is being "Catfished" and she contacts the TV show on MTV to flush out the catfish. The results are hilarious.
Meanwhile, Danica does have a potential man in real life, played by Omari Hardwick, who treats her like a queen and gives her free coffee and a rose every day when she comes into his coffee shop. However, her potential suitor doesn't meet the requirements which she has put on her list of "must-haves" for a man.
There lies Perry's lesson for the film. While providing plenty of comedy from both Haddish and Goldberg the plot is about a successful woman who would rather be alone than to be with a man with flaws and who is less than perfect. It's something I see as a "less than perfect man" myself every day. I think it is a great jumping off point for conversations on the matter.
NOBODY'S FOOL is funny, sexy and it has a moral to the story that I know a lot of successful women will not admit to, but I would hope the ladies would take a look at themselves in the mirror after seeing this movie.
I got it and I liked it a lot. And by the way be sure and stay until the very end for some funny outtakes from the movie. Don't leave during the credits. On my "Hollywood Popcorn Scale" I rate NOBODY'S FOOL a LARGE!


text:
Alma Gold announces reverse stock split
Vancouver, British Columbia – TheNewswire – June 27, 2022 – Alma Gold Inc. ("Alma Gold"or the"Company") (CSE: ALMA) announces that, pursuant to the directors' resolutions, the Company will consolidate all of its issued and outstanding share capital (the "Ordinary actions") on the basis of ten (10) old ordinary shares into one (1) new ordinary share (the "Consolidation of shares"), effective July 4, 2022 (the "Registration Date").
Following the reverse stock split, the number of common shares issued and outstanding will be reduced to approximately 6,774,562. Any fractional common shares remaining after giving effect to the reverse stock split will be cancelled. The exercise or conversion price and the number of common shares issuable under any outstanding convertible security of the Company will be adjusted proportionately upon the reverse stock split.
New ISIN code: CA02009L2093
New CUSIP: 02009L209
The common shares are expected to begin trading after the stock consolidation on the Canadian Securities Exchange at the opening of trading on June 30, 2022.
Shareholders of record on the Record Date will receive a Letter of Transmittal containing instructions to exchange their Common Shares as soon as practicable after the Record Date.
The Company believes that the Consolidation will make the Company more attractive for financing opportunities and allow for the restructuring and settlement of certain existing liabilities. Completion of the Combination remains subject to the completion of appropriate regulatory filings with the Canadian Securities Exchange.
About Alma Gold Inc.
Alma Gold Inc. is a gold-focused exploration company based in Bedford, Nova Scotia. Alma Gold Inc., through its subsidiary Karita Gold Corp., explores the Karita West project in northern Guinea and owns the Clarence Stream North Gold project in southwestern New Brunswick, Canada.
For more information about Alma Gold Inc., please visit our website at: https://almagoldinc.com.
On behalf of the Board of Directors
"Greg Isenor"
Gregory Isenor
President and CEO
Alma Gold Inc.
E-mail: [email protected]
CSE has neither approved nor disapproved of the contents of this press release. Neither the CSE nor its Market Regulator (as that term is defined in the policies of the CSE) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.
Forward-looking information
This press release contains forward-looking information that does not consist of historical facts. Forward-looking information is characterized by words such as "plan", "expect", "project", "intend", "believe", "anticipate", "estimate" and other similar words , or statements that certain events or conditions "may" or "will" occur. Forward-looking information involves risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual events, results and opportunities to differ. materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking information. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from such forward-looking information include, but are not limited to, changes in the state of the equity markets and indebtedness, fluctuations in commodity prices, delays in obtaining required regulatory or governmental approvals, and include those risks set forth in the report. management report of the Company as filed under the Company's profile at www.sedar.com. The forward-looking information contained in this press release is based on management's beliefs and assumptions considered reasonable as of the date hereof, including that all necessary governmental and regulatory approvals will be received when expected. Although the Company believes that the assumptions and factors used in preparing the forward-looking information contained in this press release are reasonable, undue reliance should not be placed on such information. The Company disclaims any intention or obligation to update or revise any forward-looking information, other than as required by applicable securities laws.
Copyright (c) 2022 TheNewswire – All Rights Reserved.
The previous article comes from one of our external contributors. It does not represent the opinion of Benzinga and has not been edited.


text:
Optimal data compression for lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networks operating in stealth mode
Cita com:
Document typeArticle
Defense date2015-01
Rights accessOpen Access
All rights reserved. This work is protected by the corresponding intellectual and industrial property rights. Without prejudice to any existing legal exemptions, reproduction, distribution, public communication or transformation of this work are prohibited without permission of the copyright holder
Contextual privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is concerned with protecting contextual information such as whether, when, and where the data is collected. In this context, hiding the existence of a WSN from adversaries is a desirable feature. One way to mitigate the sensor nodes' detectability is by limiting the transmission power of the nodes (i.e., the network is operating in the stealth mode) so that adversaries cannot detect the existence of the WSN unless they are within the sensing range of the WSN. Position dependent transmission power adjustment enables the network to maintain its level of stealth while allowing nodes farther from the network boundary to use higher transmission power levels. To mitigate the uneven energy dissipation characteristic, nodes that cannot dissipate their energies on communications reduce the amount of data they generate through computation so that the relay nodes convey less data. Dynamic data compression/decompression strategies reduce the amount of data to be communicated, thus, they achieve better energy savings when compared to static compression/decompression of data in which the data is always compressed independently of the power transmission strategy. In this study, we investigate various data compression strategies to maximize the lifetime of WSNs employing contextual privacy measures through a novel Mathematical Programming framework.
CitationIncebacak, D., Zilan, R., Tavli, B., Barceló, J., García, J. Optimal data compression for lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networks operating in stealth mode. "Ad hoc networks", Gener 2015, vol. 24, núm. Part B, p. 134-147.
Publisher versionhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570870514001504


text:
"The most important thing to me is making stories that i'd want to read."
KAHBbie (Konstantina A.H. Bakoussis) is an illustrator, Author and comic artist born and raised in Toronto, Ontario. As a typical diverse Canadian, Kahbbie's background holds an influence over the subject matter of her work, with much of it rooted in Greek mythology and lore. Working primarily in digital or hybrid media, Kahbbie is meticulous in her step by step process of ideation and visualization.
Kahbbie is a story teller, focusing her career on self-publishing books and graphic novels. She has also been a frequent contributor of the online comics community.
Taking inspiration from her humorous personal world, many of Kahbbie's narratives are based on comical experiences with family, friends and eccentric pets. Light hearted humour and captivating stories are integral to Kahbbie's work.


text:
- Appearance : vibrant gold.
- Nose : fine, spiritual. A thin layer of incense and ash begin by flooding the aromatic palette. Behind this, malted barley shines with herbaceous freshness. Allowed to breathe, a more dry peat is accompanied by spices (clove, nutmeg) and citrus fruits (grapefruit). Gradually the air is saturated with smoke and phenolic notes (fine hail, tarmac).
- Palate : direct, lively. On the attack, the smoke and salty notes (kelp, seaweed) have gained the upper hand. This is followed by a deeply liquorice and medicinal sequence (camphor, mustard poultice). The very taught mid-palate is spicy (clove, star anise), fruity (pear, yellow plum) and slightly chocolatey. The end of the palate displays a very pleasant herbaceous freshness (white peppermint).
- Overall : long, firm. Inundated with mineral salts, the peat now takes up almost the entire palette of flavours. And yet it allows citrus fruits (lemon), aromatic plants (verbena, sage), and exotic fruits (pineapple, banana) to add their own nuance to the very end of the palate. The retronasal olfaction is characterized by notes of coconut milk and bitter almond. The empty glass is intensely smoky.


text:
The Jotun Barrier range is a collection of two-pack polyamide cured zinc rich epoxy coatings. Conforming to the compositional requirements of SSPC paint 20, level 2. Providing very good corrosion protection as part of a complete coating system. Used as a primer in atmospheric conditions such as offshore environments, mining equipment and structural steel. Suitable for carbon steel, repair of inorganic zinc silicate coating and damaged galvanised steel.
Being a Jotun preferred supplier we are in a perfect position to support you with the supply of Jotun Barrier.
Please click the product links to view specific product information within this range and download technical product datasheets.
All our advertised prices include free standard U.K. mainland delivery.
For technical advice, a bespoke quote or product support, please call us on 01933 426225 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
Alternatively, please use our enquiry form and we will respond shortly.
"Great prices, free technical support and a 100% happy to recommend customer rating."


text:
S. Andrew Sibley, P.A.-C.
Phone: 509-928-4334
Fax: 509-928-7893
Office: Spokane Valley Clinic
Andrew graduated from the University of Washington MEDEX Physician Assistant program in 2014. He started working with Northwest Orthopedic Specialists in 2015. Andrew primarily works with Dr. Michael D. McDonald.
When he is not seeing patients, Andrew enjoys spending time with his family, woodworking, and time in the outdoors.
University of Washington MEDEX Physician Assistant Program


text:
By Kee Thuan Chye
When Nelson Mandela died last Thursday, some Malaysian political leaders paid him tribute and expressed their admiration for what he stood for.
Prime Minister Najib Razak, who recently bought back preventive detention, tweeted, "Mandela lives on in the spirit of every human that believes in democracy and freedom."
Former prime minister Mahathir Mohamad, the champion of Perkasa, Ketuanan Melayu (Malay Supremacy) and the New Economic Policy (NEP), called Mandela a great leader dedicated to the cause of social justice.
Kedah Mentri Besar Mukhriz Mahathir, who in September said he would not entertain any requests for allocations from Chinese schools in Kedah, called Mandela "a true international patriot" for having suffered for the freedom movement against Apartheid.
Wanita Umno chief Shahrizat Abdul Jalil, who last year raised the threat of another May 13, extolled his message of unity and called him a "role model for all of the world".
Weighed against what these people have said, done and been perceived to believe, the tributes sounded hollow. Even hypocritical. It makes one wonder if they truly understand the meaning of Mandela's legacy.
For them to do so, they need to be more aware of what he stood and fought for throughout his life. And when they have become aware, it will not be enough until they apply what they have learned to governing Malaysia.
First, they need to learn that Mandela served – in the best sense of the word – his country. To do good for it. Without seeking as reward financial gains or power for its own sake.
He fought for his people's freedom, fought against Apartheid, paid the price of being imprisoned for 27 long years, and became South Africa's first black president in democratic elections. Did he amass great wealth along the way? Did he use the system to enrich himself and his family? Did he think of winning for himself and his party so that they could remain in power?
What he said at a lecture in Singapore in 1997 is instructive: "When we came out and set up negotiations, we discussed our approach very, very carefully, as the leadership of the African National Congress. And we adopted certain principles. Firstly, that in these negotiations, neither the congress, which is now in power, nor the enemy – the policy of Apartheid – none should win. But South Africa as a whole should win."
He thought of his country first. He thought of his country winning. Our leaders, however, seem to think of themselves winning, and their party winning. When our government does something, it seems to consider first whether this will benefit the ruling party rather than if it will benefit the rakyat. Consider, for example, the doling-out of BR1M. Even now, the ruling party's leaders are looking ahead to winning the next general election.
It was also quite revealing that at the Umno general assembly last week, a delegate said that if every 8th century Hindu temple ruin in Kedah were to be gazetted, his party would lose constituencies because the ruins were located all over. Rather than be concerned with preserving ancient treasures, he showed that his priority was winning electoral seats.
Second, Mandela kept to his principles of fighting against racial discrimination. And he promoted reconciliation – to bring the races in South Africa together, instead of sowing hatred and bitterness between them. He let the whites continue to control the economy and big business. In so doing, he has been criticised for not having done enough to improve the economic lot of his fellow black South Africans. But if he had instituted laws to favour the blacks, he would have practised Apartheid, and that would have been morally wrong. It takes someone who has felt the evil of racial discrimination to avoid resorting to it.
He let the whites run businesses because they were adept and experienced at doing it. If he had decreed that this be taken over by the blacks, who were inexperienced, South Africa's economy would have suffered. Instead, with things continuing as they were, the country has annually achieved robust growth rates of 6, 7 or 8 per cent.
In the same lecture he gave in Singapore, Mandela said, "It is because of the talented people, both within the ranks of the liberation movement as well as in the ranks of the oppressor, that we have been able to bring about this transformation. We sincerely but fully believe that there are good men and women in all communities in our country – amongst Africans, coloureds, Indians and whites – and that the duty of the leadership is to create an environment in which those good men and women can exercise their talents. It is the combination of these factors that has made us progress in South Africa."
Compare this with Malaysia, which has driven away at least 2 million of its talents and is now experiencing financial difficulties – because of the NEP, Ketuanan Melayu and Bumiputra economic empowerment. In short, Apartheid, Malaysian-style.
Sadly, however, Mandela's experience is lost on Umno, the biggest ruling party in the country. At its general assembly, its high priest, Najib, actually told the congregation that Umno fought the "same cause" as Mandela did. Oh, how could he have said that and not looked like a fool? And how could he have discredited Mandela by comparing the great man's cause to Umno's?
Umno has been practising divide-and-rule for the longest time. The very opposite of reconciliation. Mahathir is still saying things to divide the races. He calls Mandela "my dear friend", the leader he most admires, but he has not learned the crucial things from him: racial equality and reconciliation.
Neither has he learned from Mandela not to crave power. The latter served as president for only one term, from 1994 to 1999, and then gracefully stepped down
Perhaps we the rakyat should learn from this and agitate our leaders to conceive of a new system that allows our prime minister to serve a limited number of terms.
Too long at the top can corrupt a person and teach them ways to amass absolute power. And since, as people say, power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely, we should prevent it from happening. We have already seen the damaging consequences of having a prime minister rule for 22 years; this should be reason and motivation enough to nip another Mahathir in the bud.
Finally, a sobering thought for all of us to ponder. Mandela was in prison for 27 years, but despite the length of his incarceration, he came out of it not as a bitter man seeking revenge and spewing hatred against his oppressors. He instead sought peace and reconciliation. And unification. It may well be that he found his epiphany while in prison. If that's the case, perhaps our leaders need to serve time in prison too. So that they may realise a thing or two to help them govern later – with fairness, justice and wisdom.
* Kee Thuan Chye is the author of the new book The Elections Bullshit, now available in bookstores.


text:
Just when Cleveland Indians fans may have been getting ready to write off Jason Kipnis, the Tribe second baseman may be showing that he could be primed for a big return this season.
As spring training games were about to get underway a little more than a week ago, news came out that Kipnis was dealing with a minor injury to his back. While the key word was minor, it put some worry into the minds of the Wahoo Warrior faithful who watched the two-time All-Star slog his way through an injury-plagued 2017 campaign.
Now on the wrong side of 30, it would seem harder for Kipnis to bounce back from injuries than when he was in his 20s.
In 2014, Kipnis suffered an oblique injury. He managed to play in 129 games, but was not the strong presence in the batting order that Tribe fans had come to know and love. He hit just .240 with six home runs and 41 RBI. He played through pain and could never really get right at the plate with the lingering injury.
That season, he was 27. He bounced back to be an All-Star for the second time in 2015 and then was a major part of Cleveland's 2016 club that got to Game 7 of the World Series. He had a strong postseason, even while dealing with a sprained ankle, and more big things were expected of him 2017.
Unfortunately for Kip and the team, his age-30 campaign last season was a major disappointment. It began during the Cactus League season when he had a bad rotator cuff followed by a shoulder injury. He started the 2017 season on the disabled list and did not play until mid-April. Having lost out on spring training, a shorter minor league rehab stint did not have Kipnis truly ready when he did return. The going was rough for the veteran second baseman for about a month.
He was hitting just .155 with no home runs and six RBI after a May 13 loss to the Twins. That was 18 full games into his return from the DL. He finally started hitting after that. The rest of May saw the Kipnis of old as he got his batting average up to .229 by month's end and hit six bombs with 13 RBI over the next 16 contests. That was really the highlight of his year, that tenth of a season's worth of games.
In June, he hit .244 with two jacks and five RBI – hardly Kipnis-like numbers over a full month. The first eight games of July were off to an even less impressive start, as Kipnis was hitting .208 for the month when he started having hamstring issues. He missed almost of a month of action before returning to play in 13 of 16 games, only to go down again with a hamstring injury. It was his third stay on the DL for the season.
When he came back in late September, in time for the stretch run and postseason, he found his normal second base job taken up by Jose Ramirez. With a void in the outfield due to injuries, the Indians moved the former college outfielder to center for the end of the season and their short-lived, five-game playoff appearance.
In what can only be termed an odd and mostly forgettable year for Kipnis, the 30-year-old (who will be 31 on April 3) hit .232 with 12 homers, 35 RBI, and six stolen bases in 90 games. He was far removed from looking like an All-Star.
Throughout the offseason, he was the subject of trade rumors. However, there was not a fit. Reports say that the Indians neared a deal to send him to the Mets, but the return in that trade is unknown. It would have been hard for any team to justify giving much up for a guy in his early 30s, coming of an injury-riddled season, and guaranteed $13.6 million this year and $14.6 million in 2019. Without any trade partners, the Indians chose to go into spring training with the idea that Kip would go back to his regular second base position while Ramirez would return to third, where he was playing when voted an All-Star last year.
Not being able to deal Kipnis may turn out to be a win for the Tribe. While Kipnis' back injury to open camp may have worried Tribe fans and surely frustrated the player, he came out of the gates roaring when he finally got to take swings in a Cactus League game. He hit three home runs in his first two games. He hit two alone on Wednesday. While it is hard to really read a lot into spring training stats, it is truly a positive sign to see Kipnis driving the ball. If he were still dealing with a balky back or an ailing shoulder, he would not be mashing the ball against the worst of pitchers.
Through four spring training games coming into the weekend, Kipnis was actually at four total homers and eight RBI. He has seven hits in 11 at bats, good for a .636 batting average.
The hot start to his spring should be easing any concerns that the team and fans have about whether or not Kipnis is healthy. He sure seems to be so far. A return to health and All-Star form for Kipnis would be a big boost to the team. The offense lost Carlos Santana and Jay Bruce. Yonder Alonso, who hit 28 homers last year, replaced Santana. However, he does not have Santana's track record and fears linger he was a one-hit wonder in a break-out season. A healthy Kipnis to go with Ramirez, Francisco Lindor, and Edwin Encarnacion would help to keep the Tribe lineup flowing as well as it has the last two seasons when club won the A.L. Central Divison title.
If Kipnis can get back to being a .275 hitter who can hit 20 bombs and drive in 80 or more, then fears of a regression in Cleveland's run production could be calmed. Kipnis may be a big key toward helping the Indians win a third straight division title and contend again for their first World Series title in 70 years.
Photo: Mike Stobe/Getty Images


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There are few competitions coming up with CFSL representing. On July 28th Rita will be in the Battle of the Sexes hosted by:
Hercules CrossFit
678 Alfred Noble Drive
Hercules, CA 94547.
On August 4th there is an Olympic Weightlifting Competition in Sacramento at Sacramento High School. Also, on August 4th the Festivus competition is also going down. There are quite a few of your teammates participating in this one. This will be held at:
CrossFit Lifeworx
14388 Union Ave
San Jose, CA 95124
Please come out to support your team as they challenge themselves.
Friday's WOD:
Strength: 4 Rounds of Max Reps Push Ups 1 min on/1 min off
5 Rounds
14 DB Power Snatch (alternate sides, 7 on each side) Heavy for you. So, Heavy.
7 Strict Pull Ups (Rx+: Chest to Bar)
After the above: Handstand Push Ups : 20reps (Rx+:30reps) in fewest sets as possible. Scale as needed.


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Join date: Oct 20, 2022
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One Way to Use The Silhouette Composition
Artists in flat lands face special issues. Indiana and other states have vast areas of flat plains. In my part of the state, the trees are in lines— often because they are growing up in fence rows and there's nothing else for miles except open flat fields. The obvious solution is to exaggerate the small elevation changes, bring distant trees closer and find creeks and corners that are just not as open.
12x12 pastel on paper
The Pickings Can Be Slim
Having lived where I do for so long, it isn't long before the drives to the small bits and pieces of terrain become too familiar. So many times I find interesting tree shapes and groupings of trees with cast shadows and want to paint them. Often my memory goes back to more than one critiques where I was told trees in strait lines are not interesting. If they are not interesting, then why am constantly attracted to the shapes and shadows, light and colors?
Wolf Kahn's Lines of Trees
Lines of trees can be done and can be accepted as good art but Wolf Kahn shows us it has to be something special. For him it was his use of color. His color range rarely went past a middle value but went to pale values -- thus keeping the brightness of his work at almost neon level. Reading Kahn's remarks in the two books he wrote, it is clear that a fresh eye and approach is needed to break the so called "critiques' rules."
My sketch book provided a source for this painting. Remembering that it came from an outing last fall or late summer, it was of a line of trees with light coming in strongly -- making them a silhouette. There was a bright background with something just on the other side of the line of trees.
In the notan sketch you can see the lighter toned area on the left that I decided to turn into the secondary center of interest with the purer, more intense orange. I consider the first center of interest to be the shapes from the light and the shapes of dark silhouettes created.
What I Learned
My constant reading of and about other artists gives me ideas how to tackle difficult subjects
Trees in a line can become interesting if I treat them in a manner other than actual representations
Sketch books of thumbnail sketches continue to be a great resource, especially on wet cold days


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Several theater companies are dealing with temporary displacement for the next year or so due to construction work on a handful of Berkeley facilities.
Live Oak Theatre is going to be closed for a year, along with the entire Live Oak Community Center that houses it, for work to meet Americans with Disabilities Act mandates and seismic upgrades. TheatreFIRST, which manages the theater, must produce elsewhere in the meantime. Same goes for other companies that use the theater, such as Those Women Productions and former managing company Actors Ensemble of Berkeley.
Actors Ensemble is doubly displaced right now. John Hinkel Park Amphitheater, home to AE's free summer shows, will soon be unavailable because of renovations to areas near the park. Start dates for that work are TBA. The good news is San Francisco Mime Troupe will be able to mount its traveling production of "Treasure Island" at Hinkel Park as scheduled at 2 p.m. July 6-7, as the renovation work hasn't started yet.
The Mime Troupe's usual first Berkeley stop on its annual summer tour — Cedar Rose Park — isn't available right now because of still more construction.
Some of this flurry of activity is due to Measure T1, a $100 million bond measure passed by Berkeley voters in 2016 to repair city parks, streets, sidewalks and other facilities. (T1 is also short for TheatreFIRST, but that seems to be merely an amusing coincidence.)
Originally Live Oak Theatre was going to be closed for a year starting June 1. The start date has been reportedly been delayed to Sept. 1, which means TheatreFIRST has had to adjust its plans for renting another space. It also means Live Oak, which technically available, is empty in the meantime because everyone has already made other plans.
TheatreFIRST's 2019-2020 season is yet to be announced, but the company plans to move temporarily to the Waterfront Playhouse on Berkeley's Fourth Street, just off University. The Waterfront is considerably smaller (and necessarily more expensive) than Live Oak, factors which will inform the season planning.
Overall, though, the bond measure-fueled renovations are good news for TheatreFIRST, which would otherwise be on the hook for the work as part of its lease.
"They have so many buildings that are part of Parks and Rec that have so much deferred maintenance to do,m and there's just been no money for many, many, many years," says TheatreFIRST artistic facilitator Jon Tracy. "The story goes that someone at the city went, why don't we see if we can get nonprofits to manage these buildings for a deep discount, but part of their lease will be doing this deferred maintenance."
However, the T1 bond measure suddenly took off a lot of that pressure.
"Because the Live Oak Theatre is positioned as an emergency shelter, this zipped up the line almost to the top of the things they were going to focus on with that money, and in one really lovely moment a lot of the work that we were on the hook for went over to them to do," Tracy says.
The former home of California Shakespeare Theater, John Hinkel Park has been Actors Ensemble of Berkeley's summer home since 2013, and other companies such as Inferno Theatre and the San Francisco Shakespeare Festival also use the space. The last few years have brought permit delays for park use and consequently summer shows arranged at the last moment.
"They were planning on doing work in 2018 in the lower section of the park, where they had some old play equipment and barbecues that they were going to replace," says explains AE board secretary Jerome Solberg. "But then they found out that some of the trees in that area were very old, and I guess there was some danger of the trees falling over."
All this required revised plans and a new timeline. Actors Ensemble was able to use Hinkel last year after all, and that work is tentatively scheduled for this summer.
"Next year supposedly they're going to do some work to the amphitheater and the stage," Solberg adds. "They're actually going to take over part of the parking lot and put playground equipment in there. Hopefully we can work around that. The city has been very nice and said we're going to talk to Actors Ensemble and try to make a situation that will work for everyone."
He adds, "It's probably going to be up in the air for a while."
Meanwhile AE plans to collaborate with Anton's Well Theater Company on the Bay Area premiere of Sam Shepard's "A Particle of Dread (Oedipus Variations)" in October, then do another show in January at La Val's Subterranean, the Euclid Avenue pizza joint where the similarly displaced Those Women Productions is staging "Witch Hunt" this July.
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The Day of The Lord. The Last Days
What does the day of the Lord means? What are its implications for the present world? What shall you do to be safe?
The day of the Lord means different things to differet people. Some people the day of the Lord is not in their vocabulary nor in their sermons.
This morning I will invite three people, such as, Prophets Isaiah, Jesus the Christ and the Apostles Peter and the Holy Spirit to educate us about the Lord's day.
Prophet Isaiah predicts the day of the Lord by saying:
"Lift up your eyes to the heavens, And look on the earth beneath.
For the heavens will vanish away like smoke, The earth will grow old like a garment, And those who dwell in it will die in like manner; But My salvation will be forever, And My righteousness will not be abolished."
Isaiah 51:6
And Jesus says,
"And there will be signs in the sun, in the moon, and in the stars; and on the earth distress of nations, with perplexity, the sea and the waves roaring; men's hearts failing them from fear and the expectation of those things which are coming on the earth, for the powers of the heavens will be shaken. Then they will see the Son of Man coming in a cloud with power and great glory."
"Heaven and earth will pass away, but My words will by no means pass away."
Luke 21:25-27,33
Also Apostles Peter says,
"But the day of the Lord will come as a thief in the night, in which the heavens will pass away with a great noise, and the elements will melt with fervent heat; both the earth and the works that are in it will be burned up. Therefore, since all these things will be dissolved, what manner of persons ought you to be in holy conduct and godliness, looking for and hastening the coming of the day of God, because of which the heavens will be dissolved, being on fire, and the elements will melt with fervent heat? Nevertheless we, according to His promise, look for new heavens and a new earth in which righteousness dwells."
II Peter 3:10-13 NKJV
The Biblical principles was that out two or three Witnesses the Truth will be established.
Prophet ISAIAH prophesied about the last days. Jesus, the Christ predicted about his 2nd coming, and Apostles Peter were all agreed about the coming of the Lords day and what will follow it.
From these three accounts the Day of the Lord is Real. This is not a joke. It is not a metaphor. It is not a symbolic statement but real.
What should you and I learn from this information? Some people have the complacent attitude of wait and see. That attitude is like a cripple person saying, when I see the war coming, then I will run for protection. My friend it will be too late for that crippled man to tell the story of the war.
What do we learn and what shall we do?
Apostles John Answered these questions by saying,
"And the world is passing away, and the lust of it; but he who does the will of God abides forever."
I John 2:17
Since the world is passing away, the heavens will pass away with a great noise, and the elements will melt with fervent heat; both the earth and the works that are in it will be burned up.
The questions is, is it logical to embrace the world and idolized the materials things and the glory of this world that is passing away?
Actually, it is most tragic for a person to accumulate riches in this dying world. The spirit of materialism have blinded many to see the fulfillment God's words.
The question is, what will happen to all the numerous properties you have greedily acquired? They will become useless. Think about this.
The good news is, God is creating a new Heavens and a new earth.
Only the righteous will be allowed to live forever.
What does the word new Earth means to you? To the Watchtower Society the new world is a paradise earth. To the secret societies the new world means the new world order.
However, Apostles Peter and the prophets the new world means a new creation. Only the righteous will be allowed to reside in the new world. There will be no chance to repent of your sins. Prophets Isaiah says,
Let grace be shown to the wicked, Yet he will not learn righteousness; In the land of uprightness he will deal unjustly, And will not behold the majesty of the LORD."
Isaiah 26:10 NKJV
For this reason only the righteous, the Holy and those who fear God will be allowed to live there.
What can you do as from today?
The starting point is practicing how to be righteous by
1. Speaking the truth at all time. In other words, stop lying. Lying is the language of the Devil and the Lucifer. Pastor Ariyo says, a liar has changed his fatherhood from God to Satan. Read John 8:44
2. Eat the words of God like food because it live forever. The Heavens and Earth shall pass away but the word of God remains forever. Luke 21:33
3. Be peaceful with all men and be Holy; without which no one can see God.
4. Bears the fruits of Holy Spirit such as, Love, joy, peace, endurance, kindness, goodness's, Faithfulness and self control.Gal. 5:22-23
5. Shunning all the works of the flesh. Such as, bitterness, wrath, idolatry, witchcraft and so on. Galatians 5:19-21
In conclusion, since the day of the Lord will come like a thief, let us change our teaching to the words of God that lives forever. Let us learn Holiness by speaking the truth at all times. Since the world is passing away let us devote our time to serve God without hypocrisy.
May God Give us understanding. I covered you and your family with the blood of Jesus Against COVID 19 in Jesus name.
To those who have tested positive to COVID 19 and to all the cancer patients,
Receive your healings in the mighty name of Jesus.
David Olaniyan
The Global Evangelist
Jesus Witness Miniseries


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AbstractThis thesis investigates the effects of an instructed second language acquisition method called Input Enhancement: textual using boldface, and audio enhancement, using intonation and stress and explicit rules aimed at facilitating gender pronoun grammar structures in English as a second language. Previous research on visual input enhancement has found mixed effects, and there is a scarcity of audio enhancement research thereby requiring more empirical studies. The relationship with cognitive processes is also explored in this investigation to provide a contribution to the understanding of cognitive load in instructed second language acquisition. There has been a long debate of how effective input enhancement is (typically visual input enhancement) and to what degree cognitive processes play a role in this instructed second language acquisition method.
The present thesis reports on a methodological synthesis with a meta-analysis and two experimental studies. First, the synthesis on visual input enhancement and grammar learning was performed on available studies (published and grey literature) in a 35-year period. 29 studies were included and focused on the method and design to help explain some of the variability in findings in this group of studies. A quantitative review of these 29 studies calculating and aggregating effect sizes using Cohen's d values. The results indicate mixed effect sizes ranging from small to large, d = 0.34, 95% CI [0.142, 0.542. The pre to post-test results focus on the how learners have performed from with 0.78 pre, 95% CI [0.496, 1.07]. This is a large effect and shows that students with the enhanced input texts improve from their pre-test scores to post-tests scores. Results demonstrates that second language learners with enhanced texts in the studies rarely outperform with in their comparison groups (control group/unenhanced or only text groups). Conclusions from the analysis highlight the need for an improvement in methodological practices in visual input enhancement for grammar learning including reporting research design and measures more thoroughly.
In total, two experiments were then designed and conducted with a total of 416 second language learners of English participants (Experiment 1– 311, Experiment 2 – 105) participated in voluntary sessions. Experiment 1 was a four-week study which focused on the extent to which increased textually salient enhancements to a grammar form with intermediate second language learners of English in a middle school in China. With a total of six study conditions, participants were exposed to their study condition twice in two weeks and performed immediate and delayed post-tests a week later. The magnitude of visual input enhancement in Experiment 1 revealed that the rules only group performed best in the immediate short-term and that learners with rules and enhancement created possible cognitive overload.
Experiment 2 was a seven-week study which focused on the impact of modality (visual or audio-visual) on input enhancement and grammatical rules on intake with pre-sessional Chinese students. Audio input enhancement was designed and tested whereby the grammar form was emphasised naturally through native speaker stress and intonation. Again, in six conditions, participants studied for three sessions a week lasting a total of two weeks with immediate post-tests and then three weeks later with delayed post-tests. In both experimental studies, the participants were Chinese learners of English. Experiment 2 found no difference between audio and visual input enhancement but may have demonstrated cognitive load in audio and explicit rules condition.
Overall, the results of the studies in this thesis shed light on the notion that input enhancement may be impacted by cognitive processes and using this method does not always achieve long-term learning. Therefore, the statistical analyses demonstrate mixed findings from both input enhancement studies but do uncover how cognitive load plays a role in situations where the learner becomes overloaded with too much implicit and explicit information. This thesis concludes by suggesting that there is a relationship between cognitive processes and input enhancement techniques. Careful design of materials and staging needs to be considered before providing this form of instructed second language acquisition method to second language learners of English. In the future, there should also be more studies on audio input enhancement.
|Date of Award
|Dec 2020
|Original language
|Awarding Institution
|Chris Roe (Supervisor), Steve Kilpatrick (Supervisor) & Catherine Fritz (Supervisor)
- Textual Enhancement
- Input Enhancement
- Audio Enhancement
- Noticing and Awareness
- Explicit and Implicit Instruction


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- Case Number: a20090618.6
- Status: closed
- Claimants: Florian Lagg
- Respondents: Carl von Einem
- Complaint:
Hello! I was attendee at the ATE-Event in Munich today. I have made an assurance where I have some questions. I (the assurer) and the assuree decided to file a dispute. Problem is, that the name on the photo id's does not exactly match the name in the account. ASSURANCE DETAILS: Data given on two ID's (German "Personalausweis" and "Führerschein"): Surname: von Einem genannt von Rothmaler First name: Carl-Wilhelm Alexander Milliges DOB: <snip> The ID's look correct for me and the photo matches the persion who wants to be assured. Data in the web application: Name: Carl von Einem DOB: <snip> Assurance points: 112 PROBLEM: Carl-Wilhelm does not match Carl. QUESTIONS: * do we (=CAcert) have to correct the name on the web application? * could the assurance be completed? Thanks in advance, best regards, -- Florian Lagg
- Relief: To be determined
- Case Manager: Nick Bebout
- Arbitrator: Bernhard Fröhlich
- Date of arbitration beginning: 2009/06/18
Before: Arbitrator Bernhard Fröhlich (A). Respondent: Carl von Einem (R) Claimant: Florian Lagg (C) Case: a20090618.6
The Arbitrator has also checked the Respondent during ATE Munich and can confirm the content of the Respondent's ID docs.
CM sent initiating mail.
After considering PracticeOnNames, thinking on noble names once more and verifying that the CAcert database accepts long names (up to 255 chars) I've come to the following conclusions:
Family Name
I'd accept that "von Einem" and "von Rothmaler" can be considered two different names, similar to multiple given names. So when applying the relaxed rules of the PracticeOnNames I'd consider the following family names as matching the docs in the sense of CAcert:
- von Einem
- von Rothmaler
- von Einem genannt von Rothmaler
Given Names
I have been notified that at least to german laws on names the hyphen connects two names to one entity, therefore the corresponding example "Hans-Peter" <-> "Hans" found its way into the PracticeOnNames. Applying this to the Respondent's given names I'd accept a combination of the following given names as matching the ID docs:
- Carl-Wilhelm
- Alexander
- Milliges
The preferred variant "as closely to the ID docs as possible" would be the following:
- First name: Carl-Wilhelm
- Middle name(s): Alexander Milliges
- Last name: von Einem genannt von Rothmaler
But according to relaxed rules in PracticeOnNames the Respondent has the option to leave out some of the names.
20090626 R: I accept the preferred variant.
I rule that the account of Carl von Einem shall be modified to contain the following names:
- First name: Carl-Wilhelm
- Middle name(s): Alexander Milliges
- Last name: von Einem genannt von Rothmaler
20090628 A: Support, please change the account
20090629 Support notified about changes done, Claimant and Respondent confirm
20090630 A: This case is now closed.


text:
After setting records for applications, the Class of 2019 arrives with impressive academic abilities and extensive extracurricular accomplishments. Find out more about the newest Emory Eagles.
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Former President Jimmy Carter discusses cancer treatment
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App makes it easier for students, staff to get a 'SafeRide' on campus
Walter J. Curran Jr."Ailing Jimmy Carter 'at ease with whatever comes'," New York Times,
Aug. 20
Jessica Thompson"Ape-like ancestors may have used stone tools to cut up animals," Daily Mail (UK),
Aug. 18
Jeff Lesser"What Brazil's protests mean," CNN.com,
Aug. 17
Emory Report marks the start of the new semester with three special eBulletin editions this week. Check your inbox on Tuesday and Thursday for more "Back to School" coverage, from new faculty and resources to fall's coolest courses.
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