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This article has been written by Samarth Suri, from Symbiosis Law School, Noida and is edited by Gitika Jain. The article discussed the need for developing competition law in India and subsequent to that the major provisions and judicial pronouncements. The article also pays special emphasis on how competition law will affect the geo-political environment in India.
India was always thought of to be a socilaist state, the freedom fighters and legislators who were behind the genesis of this nation, has made it clear that securing a social order was necessary for the growth of this country.
On the advent of the formation of the constitution the words Socialsit was nowhere to be seen, but its essence was felt throughout the articles of the constitution. Finally via the 42nd Amendment Act, the words Socialist, Secular and integrity were added to the preamble, making explicit what earlier was presumed. Besides this under Article 38 it has been provided that the State has to secure a social order for the people, by securing and protecting the justice, social, economic and political aspects, similarly Article 39 also provides for reminiscent principles to be followed.
Both of these articles come under Part-IV to the constitution, which covers Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP). Although these are neither binding nor justiciable in the court of law, they impose a responsibility on the state to take proper measures for their implementation.
Genesis of antitrust law in India
In the background of such provisions in the law, the government appointed the Mahalanobis Committee to look into the distribution of income and levels of living. The said committee submitted its report in 1960 portraying the economic divide.
Subsequent to this the Monopolistic inquiry committee was set up, which submitted its report in 1965. Therefore it can be said that provisions of Article 39 form the basis for competition laws in India. Pursuant to the report submitted by the committee, a bill was tabled in the parliament to enact the Monopolistic and Restrictive Trade Practices Act (Hereinafter MRTP Act).
The provisions of the act were aimed at preventing the concentration of wealth in a few and regulating competition, so as to make it as fair as possible, even for new players.The main objectives of the Act were to regulate mergers, amalgamations, appointment of directors among others.
History of MRTP Act
As time passed there were unprecedented advances in technology, particularly in the internet, because of which globalization had become essential for any country to achieve economic growth. There was an urgent need to come up with a better model to regulate competition in the country.
Post the implementation of the LPG policy in India the government of India constituted a High Level Committee in 1999 with Shri S.V.S. Raghavan as the Chairman to look into the working of the MRTP Act.
The report that was submitted felt the need for phasing out of the 1969 MRTP Act and its replacement by a competition law that was in sync with the Global trends of competition in the world economy. This resulted in the enactment of the Competition Act of 2002, which had been made keeping in mind the Global facet of it, fair play in the market and also keeping in mind the interests of the consumer.
Need for antitrust law in India
To create a level playing field with effective competition in the market, competition laws are introduced to regulate the manner in which businesses are conducted in India. Businesses compete on merit, and not with the aid of anti-competitive agreements and/or conduct is the underlying intent for this statute. The intent of this relatively new statute in the Indian legal system is not to make it easier for the weaker businesses to survive in the market, or require the more profitable businesses to give up their market share, even though competition laws can be used by businesses as a sword to ensure 'level playing field' in the market.
Important provisions of the Competition Act of 2002
First and foremost the Act provides for a body that will overlook the implementation of Anti-trust laws in India i.e.- the Competition Commission of India.
Which types of agreement will be held as void
Section 3(1) of the Act describes Anti-competitive agreements. It is an agreement which prevents any enterprise or association from entering into any agreement and which causes or will probably cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition in India.
The next thing that needs declassification, is what constitutes an appreciable adverse effect on competition. Section 19(3) of the Act lists down criteria that are taken into consideration while determining appreciable adverse effects.
- Creating barriers for new entrants- The entry of new entrants into the market is very important as it keeps the existing players on their toes and this is widely even held as beneficial for consumers.
- Driving competition out of the market- For ensuring healthy competition in the market, it is important to preserve it.
- Foreclosure of competition by hindering entry into the market- Sometimes a few enterprises come together and form cartels, these cartels then go on to drop the prices of their products so low, that is impossible for new competition to enter into the market.
Other than the three mentioned above Improvement in production or distribution of goods or provision of services, accrual benefits to consumers, Promotion of technical, scientific and economic developments may also be held under Appreciable adverse effects.
In the case of Haridas Exports v. All India Float Glass Manufacturers Associations, the Supreme court held that the words AAEC embraces acts, contracts and agreements that act in prejudice to public interest.
The Act basically prohibits any agreement that may be detrimental to competition in the country, shall be prohibited. In this regard it defines two types of agreements.
- Horizontal agreements- These are agreements made between firms that are at the same level in the market. Acts such as price fixing, changes in supply with an intent to manipulate prices, collusive bidding, market sharing etc.
- Price fixation- It is an agreement between participants on the same side of the market to buy or sell a product at a fixed price and maintain that price by controlling the supply and demand. It fraudulently prevents other businesses from being able to compete in the market.
- Market sharing- This is when competitors in the same line of business decide to share consumers, suppliers or geographical areas among themselves rather than making independent decisions.
- Vertical agreements- Vertical agreements have been defined under Section 3(4) of the Act. These are agreements between firms that are at a different stage of production chain in different markets in respect of production, supply, distribution storage etc.
Types of prohibitory vertical agreements:
- Tie-in-agreements- any agreement which requires the purchaser of goods, as a condition for such purchase, to purchase some other goods. For e.g – there is a Medical Shop in a remote place which states that whoever wants to buy medicines from that shop also has to buy 2 liters of orange juice from another Shop X. Herein although the customer didn't need the orange juice, still the firm used its power to the prejudice of the consumer to make a purchase of the firm's choice.
- Exclusive supply agreement- Any agreement restricting in any manner the purchaser to buy goods from any other person other than the seller. This may apply to both a supplying and a purchasing obligation.
In a supplying obligation, the supplier is restricted from supplying to any other person other than the purchaser, and in a purchasing obligation, the purchaser is restricted from buying from any other supplier. This particular concept is also known as "single branding", "Non compete obligations" and "exclusive purchasing".
In Hoffmann-La Roche v. Commission, the European commission opined that if an enterprise which is holding a dominant position in the relevant market ties its purchasers (even if this is made at request), to buy all of the parts exclusively from the said enterprise then that would lead to abuse of the dominant position.
- Exclusive distribution agreement- Includes any agreement to limit, restrict or withhold the supply of certain goods to a particular area or market. In such an agreement the supplier and the wholesale distributor will agree that the whole distributor will only resale his goods, therefore allowing the supplier to close the access of an exclusive distribution network for his competitors. Such an agreement should tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce.
- Refusal to deal agreement- Agreement restricting a particular class of people with whom business can be done. Herein competitors may not agree to deal with certain players in the market, while restricting their dealings with a particular group of players, thus damaging the market.
- Resale Price Maintenance- An agreement under which the seller sells the goods on the condition that the resale value of the goods will be determined by the seller, unless the agreement explicitly states that goods below a particular price may be sold. This in a way curbs the reseller's ability to market his product the way he wants, he might not be able to maintain the margin that he wants to offer the discounts.
The exception to such practices has been given to the enforcement of Intellectual property rights.
Cartels have been defined under Section 2(c) of the Act as an association of producers, sellers, distributors, traders who by agreement between themselves limit, control or attempt to control production, distribution, sale or price of trader of goods or provision of services.
In other words cartelisation may be defined as an agreement between different enterprises, for not competing on prices, quality or customers. The purpose of a cartel is to raise the prices for consumers and also bad quality in some cases.
There are a few acts of the cartels that prohibited:
- Directly or indirectly determine sale prices.
- Limits or controls on production, distribution, sale and prices.
- Resulting in bid rigging or collusive bidding directly or indirectly.
An exception to the application of this section is that it is not applicable in cases of joint ventures if such agreement increases efficiency in production, distribution, storage etc.
In Builders Association of India v. Cement Manufacturers Association and others, the CCI imposed a penalty of over Rs 6000 on 11 leading cement producers for formation of cartels to control price, production and supply.
In a suo moto case against LPG cylinder manufacturers, the commission held the LPG cylinder companies guilty of Bid rigging, as most of them quoted identical prices in a tender issued by the Indian Oil corporation.
How is appreciable adverse effect on competition actually proved in courts
For this there are two rules that are applied by the court i.e.- the rule of per se and the Rule of Reason. The rule of per se operates under Section 3(3) of the Act which states that all of such horizontal agreements are presumed to have an AAEC. In this the presumption operates even in the absence of proof, the only way to overturn the presumption is to provide evidence to the contrary. Hence the court is bound to take the fat as true unless evidence is provided to the contrary.
The other is the Rule of reason, which is applied when the opposite party is allowed to defend the case under Section 19(3) of the Act. In Sodhi Trport Company v.State of Uttar Pradesh, the court observed that the presumption in itself is no evidence, it only indicates the person on whom the burden of proof lies and when that other person provided evidence to the contrary the purpose of the presumption is over.
To this the CCI has also observed that once a case of an agreement under Section 3(3) of the Act has been established, there is no need to prove whether such agreement has any AAEC or not, herein the presumption provides that it will have an AAEC. This shifts the onus of proof on the other party to provide evidence to prove that such agreement did not have any AAEC.
How are void agreements under Section 3(3) of the act decided by the court
Cartels by their very nature are difficult to identify, the approach of the CCI has remained dichotomous, in recognising the existence of a cartel. In its earlier cases teh CCI held that the existence of a cartel should be proved unequivocally, in thes the commission was following the rule of beyond reasonable doubt.
Later in the Shoe Cartel Case, the commission tweaked this rule to that of balancing of probabilities. The commission also took into account circumstantial evidence concerning the market. From the decisions taken by the CCI till date it is deducible that it examines anti competitive agreements based upon the conduct of the enterprise and as well as the economic evidence present in cases of horizontal agreements.
Examples of conduct based evidence includes evidence of meetings between competitors, doubtful sharing of documents, similar or identical bidding prices etc. Furthermore, the enterprises that form cartels are well aware of its illegality, and therefore keep their actions as discreet as possible, all written proof is discarded and it is preferred to do most of such agreements verbally.
Leniency provisions for disclosure of cartel
Section 46 of the Act provides for leniency provisions, in the form of a reduced penalty in case an enterprise voluntarily comes forward and declares the existence of a cartel. The intent of providing for such provisions is to provide an incentive structure for enterprises to declare the existence of cartels, this is moreover important because proving the existence of cartels is difficult and this allows for proper whistle blower policy.
Liabilities of companies and individuals under the Competition Act
As per Sub Section (1) of Section 48 of the Act, whosoever was in incharge of the company in question at the time of such contravention will be proceeded against. The onus of proof will then be upon this person to prove that he/she did not have any knowledge of such contraventions.
Section 48(2) envisages that whichever employee of such enterprise which has contributed to the anti competitive agreement will also be guilty of such contravention and the burden of proof in such cases will be upon the commission in contrast to sub section (1).
Penalty for contravention under Section 3 of the Act
- A cease and desist order, which directs the enterprise to discontinue or withdraw from the agreement causing AAEC.
- Impose a fine not more than that of 10% of the previous 3 financial years.
- In case of cartels the penalty will be three times the estimated profit or 10% each year of pursuit of such agreement, whichever is higher.
- Issue any other order as deem fit by the commission.
Misuse of dominant position
The exercise of leverage by a dominant firm over other players in the market, or exercising such position with the intent of making it difficult for new entrants in the market to enter has also been penalized by Section 4 of the Act.
Excessive pricing is also one of the major menaces in competition law. A combined reading of Section 4(1) and Section 4(2) of the Act prohibits the imposition of "unfair prices" by firms. In regards to this it is also true that there is no universally accepted policy with regards to "unfair pricing."
In this regard the EU courts have made a two stage test for determining what might be excessive price.
- The Competition authorities first have to access whether the cost incurred and the price charged is excessive or not?
- IF it is excessive then they have to determine whether the change in price has been done in itself, or in relation to other competing products.
To determine what might be "excessive pricing" earlier prices of the same enterprise can also be used for comparison. In General Motors Continental NU v. Commission, the earlier p[rices of the same enterprise were used to compare with the current prices and determine whether the prices weren in excess or not.
A position of strength enjoyed by an enterprise, in a relevant market in India, which enable it to:
- Operate independently of competitive forces prevailing in the relevant market; or
- Affect its competitors or the consumers or the relevant market in its favour;
is called Dominant Position.
There are specific practices under which such firms may be penalised.
- Predatory pricing- This means that a particular firm sells the goods and services at a price below the cost, therefore increasing the demand of its product in the market and with a view to eliminate competition. The CCI (Determination of cost of production) regulations has been enacted to determine what will be considered as the cost of a product. It has been determined that the Average Variable Cost as a proxy for Marginal Cost will be considered as the cost.
The Concept of predatory pricing has been given a wider ambit under EU competition laws. According to the EU definition, Predatory pricing is a practice wherein an enterprise sells its product below the cost in the short run, thus enabling it to drive out competition or hinder the entry of new rivals in the market. To this extent the EU denotes two types of pricing strategies as predatory:
- If the enterprise sells its product or services below the Average Variable Cost (AVC).
- If an enterprise sells its product or service above the Average Variable Cost (AVC) but below the Average Total Cost (ATC), with an intent of driving out competition.
- Restricting the production of goods and services in a market, with the intent of increasing ist demand.
- Restricting the technical or scientific development of goods or processes to the prejudice of consumers.
Section 19 of the Act allows the commission to enquire into any alleged misuse of dominant position. Such enquiry can be made by the commission, Suo moto, receipt of complaint by any person or trade association or upon the directions of the central government.
Important cases relating to abuse of dominant position
In the case of Belaire Owners Association v. DLF Limited, the CCI analysed Section 4 of the Act. In this it explained the ability of an undertaking to operate independently of the competitive forces generated by its competitors, meaning that when an enterprise can freely adopt its price and non-price strategy without affecting its demand and creating a marketplace that deters the entry of new competition, in terms of rival products.
In this the CCI also explained that in an Indian Market holding a dominant position does not involve any regulation, however using such a dominant position in an abusive manner will involve regulatory practices.
In Arshiya Rail Infrastructure Limited v. Ministry of Railways & Others, the CCI explained the concept of relevant markets. In this it stated that the concept of relevant market in competition law is only a tool to determine the boundaries of the competition between enterprises.
Relevant market tends to lay down the basis upon which the competition authorities apply the competition laws. In India the first step in case of abuse of dominant position, is to determine the relevant market and then take the provisional assumption that abuse of dominant position has taken place.
Post this, it has to be analysed, till what extent such abuse would be allowed. In this regard it is also seen that the CCI tends to define a narrow relevant market, contrary to this enterprises tend to define market in a wider sense as that would mean a smaller market share in that market and hence would decrease the chances of having a dominant position in the first place.
In Surinder Singh Barmi v. Board for Control of Cricket in India, the CCI that the dominant position of the BCCI arises due to its regulatory power to control entities and players in the cricket world. To this the CCI also added that BCCi contributed to the suspension of other private leagues that were started in competition to the Indian Premier League. The CCi held that the BCCI was abusing its dominant position by:
- Denying market access to potential competitors in terms of cricket leagues.
- And limiting the number of franchises in any private professional league.
In the case of MCX Stock exchange limited v. NSE of India Ltd, the CCI formulated a two pronged test for predatory pricing. The claimant that alleges Predatory pricing must prove:
- The competitor could actually be driven out of the market by that scheme.
- That the surviving monopolist could subsequently raise the prices to the existing consumers long enough to recoup his costs without driving new errants in the market.
In United Brands Company & United Brands Continental BV v. Commission of European Communities, the court used the strategy of comparing prices to determine whether excessive price was being charged or not. This case also paid testament to the rule that in competition economics the level of fixed cost and capital intensity would be regarded as equal in the same industry, which makes it possible to compare prices across industries.
In Competition Commission of India v. FastWay Transmission Pvt. Ltd & Others, opined that the term denial of market in any manner is a wide term and such term should be given its natural meaning. The court also held that once a dominant position has been established, the fact that the denial of market is caused by the competitor is irrelevant. The only consideration to be taken care of is that of denial of market.
Regulation of combinations
The competition Act also provides for regulation of combinations, in the form of mergers. Aquisations, amalgamations etc. For determining whether which types of combinations have to be compulsorily notified to the commission, it has defined various thresholds.
Assets/ Turnover in India
Assets/ Turnover outside India
Acquisition by an Individual
Joint assets over Rs. 1500 crores or turnover over Rs. 4500 crores.
Joint assets over US$ 750 million including at least Rs. 750 crores in India or turnover over US$ 2250 million including at least Rs. 2250 crores in India.
Acquisition by a group
Group asset over Rs. 6000 crores or turnover over Rs. 18000 crores.
Group assets including at least Rs. 750 crores in India or turnover over US$ 9 billion including at least Rs. 2250 crores in India of over US$ 3 billion.
Why should mergers be regulated
A merger leads to a bad outcome only if it creates a dominant enterprise in the market and subsequently abuses that dominance. From this point, if view only horizontal mergers come in the limelight as may have an impact on the competition in the market and their abuse of dominance in all likelihood will pose a danger to the interests of the consumer. In this regard there are three basic types of mergers:
- Horizontal mergers- These types of mergers have the potential for reducing the competition in the market.
- Vertical mergers- In this there are specific cases where such mergers may lead to abuse of dominance:
- Fea of foreclosure- Vertical mergers can create captive distribution channels and foreclose the entry of new firms into the market.
- Entry blocking- Vertical mergers may block the entry of centrain new firms into the market.
- Price squeezes- Vertical mergers internalise the process of production and hence can decide upon the selling cost of the product by themselves, which might be low in comparison to other such competitors in the market.
- Conglomerate mergers- These are those mergers which are neither horizontal nor vertical, but are based upon folklore.
Amalgamations under the Competition Act
Amalgamations are combinations of one or more companies into a new entity. An amalgamations is regarded as a distinct form of merger because neither of the merging companies remains as a legal entity.
However it is also true that all amalgamations do not cause an AAEC, and some combinations might also help the enterprises and the economy both. Section 6 of the Act provides for such exceptions:
- The combination must be within the same group of companies.
- Acquisition of not more than 15% of the voting rights, not leading to control.
- Acquisition of share, where the acquirer already has 50% or more of the holding.
- Combination entirely taking place outside India, which has insignificant local nexus and effect on Indian markets.
Which types of combinations are prohibited under the act
Section 6(1) provides that the combination which has an AAEC will be prohibited under the act. The test in determining whether a particular combination will have an AAEC is the "rule of Reasonïs". Section 23 of the Indian Contract Act also applied to this section, which states that consideration and object of a contract is lawful unless a) it is forbidden by law or is of such nature that if permitted will violate any of the provisions of law etc.
Section 6(2) of the Act, gives an enterprise the authority to move to the commission to enquire whether the combination is prohibited or not. However the commission has no power to judge the validity of the validity of the combination except for the purposes of this act.
The procedure under Section 6(2) of the Act provides that whichever person or enterprise proposes to enter into a combination may at its option( voluntarily not compulsorily) give notice to the commission within 7 days of:
- Approval of board of directors with respect to merger or amalgamation under Section 5(c).
- Execution of any agreement or other document under Section 5(a)(b).
How to determine whether a particular combination will have an appreciable adverse effect on competition
Over its short span of time the CCI through various decisions and regulations has detailed some rules with regards to AAEC. These will be the cases/situations under which AAEC will be determine in the market:
- Actual and potential level of competition in the market through imports.
- Extent of barriers on entry.
- Level of combination in the market.
- Likelihood that the combination would result in the enterprise so formed to tweak prices in the market.
- Possibility of a failing business.
- Whether the benefits of the combination outweigh its AAEC.
- Vertical integration in the market's nature and extent.
In the case of Jet Airways (India) Limited and Etihad Airways PJSC, a UAE based company Etihad wanted to buy 24% in Jet Airways, this was sent to the CCI for determining whether there will be a AAEC.
The commission held that the relevant market in consideration is that of international passenger transport based on point of origin or point of destination. There were 38 routes to/from Indian which CCI determined, where Etihad and jet airways flew flights, and one competitor on each of such routes. Except 7 destinations, where jet airways and Etihad had a combined share of more than 50%, rest in all destinations the combined share was less. Upon this the CCI observed that it did not cause any AAEC.
Authorities under the Competition Act
The Competition Commission of India has been established under Section 7 of the Act. According to the act the commission is in the form of a company that even has perpetual succession, common seal and the capacity to sue and be sued. The head office of the commission is in New Delhi.
Composition of the commission
The commission shall have a chairperson and a minimum of two members and maximum 6 members. The members should have intricate knowledge relating to the fields of economics, international trade, business, commerce law, industry, public affairs or competition matters, with a minimum experience of 15 years in any of the above stated fields.
Under section 9 the chairperson and other members shall be appointed by the central government from a list of members who are deemed fit to be members of the Commission. The selection committee consists of the Chief Justice of India and its nominee who may suggest the name of the chairperson. while the other members may be suggested by the secretary of the Ministry of Corporate affairs, the secretary of the ministry of law and justice and two other experts who have special knowledge and professional experience in the fields of International Trade, economics, business, commerce, finance, accountancy, management, industry, or competition matters including competition law and policy.
Duties of the commission
The main activities of the commission are to eliminate activities that cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition and promote and sustain competition, it also has to keep in mind the interests of the consumers. The commission may fior discharging its duties enter into a memorandum of understanding with the central government.
Procedure for enquiry under Section 19
On receipt of reference from the central government or state government or any other statutory authority, if the commission is of the opinion that there exists a prima facie case, it shall pass an order under Section 26(1) of the Act and accordingly direct the director general to carry out a detailed investigation i to the matter.
However if the commission feels that there is no prima facie case being made then it shall pass an order under Section 26(2) of the Act to either continue the investigation or close it and send a copy of the same to the central or the state government concerned.
If the director generals that there is no violation of dominant position and no case is being made then the central or the statue government concerned may send in their recommendations.
Types of orders passed by the commission
- The commission can pass an order regarding a person enjoying a dominant position.
- The commission can order an enterprise to leave or discontinue with an agreement and enter into a new agreement where they would not be following a dominant position.
- The commission can impose a penalty of not more than 10% of the turnover of the previous 3 financial years.
- The commission may direct an enterprise to modify its terms of agreement til the commission feels that such enterprise is not in a dominant position.
- The commission may pass an order as it deems fit.
Right to appeal against the order of the commission
Section 40 of the Act provides that any person aggrieved by any decision or order of the Commission may file an appeal to the Supreme Court within sixty days from the date of communication of the decision or order of the Commission.
Penalties under the Act
The person shall be punishable with fine which may extend to ₹ 1 lakh for each day whenever such non compliance occurs, subject to a maximum of ₹ 10 crore, if any person fails to comply with the orders or directions of the Commission.
It is provided in Section 44 that if any person, being a party to a combination makes a statement which is false in any material particular or knowing it to be false to state any material particular knowing it to be material, he shall be liable to a penalty which shall not be less than ₹ 50 lakhs but which may extend to ₹ 1 crore.
Indian economy and competition law
Although the competition Act came into force in 2003, the Competition Commission of India was formed until 2009, after formation it inherited the cases of MRTP commission. It is also true that Competition Law is yet to fully develop in India and has only reached the infancy stage. In the end, the consumers are the ones that will gain maximum benefit out of this, in terms of affordability, availability and quality. Having all the laws in one place, is one thing, their implementation is another.
On an analysis of the Indian economy we can see that there is unfathomable opulence on one end and extreme penury on the other. While one half is deciding which type of meal they would prefer for dinner, the other half is only concerned about whether they would get dinner or not. This is the sad truth about the economic divide in India, and as much socialist as we admit ourselves to be, such problems can never be resolved to their fullest.
The competition law will help in regulating the competition, hence providing for a fair playing field for everyone, thus disbursing the benefits of trade among a larger population rather than remaining is only in the hands of a few.
In Ashok kumar Thakur v. Union of India, the Supreme Court observed that the gap between the rich and the poor is clearly visible in India, and the competition Act will act as a tool to bridge this gap and ensure a more inclusive India.
It is also imperative that the provisions of the Competition Act are not used against competition itself, because these rules if applied with nonchalance with blindly achieving the motive Social equality, can again lead to situations wherein doing business in India might not be considered profitable and hence reducing Foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment.
Hence it is important that a proper balance is struck in the application of the provisions of the act.
The Government of India issued a set of draft amendments in an attempt to plug in existing lacunas in the Competition Act, in 2012. Based on the recommendations of the expert committee, the government introduced the Competition Amendment Bill, 2012 (Bill) in the lower house of the Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha. While these amendments are yet to be notified, once implemented, they are likely to introduce significant changes to competition in India. Under section 4 of the Competition Act, most notably, the Bill seeks to introduce the concept of "joint dominance". With this amendment, the CCI will be able to assess dominance on the basis of the combined ability of two or more enterprises to act independently of the competitive forces in the relevant market.
In terms of procedure, one of the most controversial amendments sought to be introduced in the Bill is in relation to the CCI's power of "search and seizure" or dawn raids. This will most likely ease the process for conducting "dawn raids" and it is expected this power will be exercised frequently during investigations. The Bill also seeks to introduce several other small yet significant changes to the Competition Act.
- http://www.nishithdesai.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pdfs/Research%20Papers/Competition%20Law%20in%20India.pdf
- https://www.cci.gov.in/sites/default/files/presentation_document/Overview%20of%20Competiton%20Law%20%26amp%3Bamp%3B%20Economics_Yogesh%20Dubey%40ISEC_06.07.2018_1.pdf?download=1
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/4413938
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text: Fig. 2From: Expression analysis of human adipose-derived stem cells during in vitro differentiation to an adipocyte lineageHierarchical clustering and heat map analysis of individual gene expression profiles: A heat map depiction of the transcriptomic profiles of all samples analyzed by microarray is presented. Red bars indicate relatively high signal intensity for the gene product in question, with blue representing lower intensity and grey intermediate. Clustering of the samples is indicated by the dendrogram on top; it is apparent that all 5 undifferentiated samples cluster together (have the highest degree of similarity with each other), and the same is true for the 4 7-day differentiated samples and the 6 21-day differentiated samples. UD 1–5: undifferentiated ASCs; 7days 1–3, 5: 7-day differentiated ASCs; 21 day 1–6: 21-day differentiated ASCsBack to article page


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An international lobbyist says Australian business cannot afford to lessen its efforts to engage with Latin America and play a pivotal role in the development of the region's resources sector whose commodities were more favourably exposed to upside than Australia's current iron ore and coal pressure points.
At stake particularly is the increasing engagement of Latin America with Asia, potentially at the expense of Australia's traditional sense of right to be a major Asian player.
Addressing the first day in Sydney of the Paydirt 2015 Latin America Downunder Conference, Australia-Latin America Business Council Chairman, Mr Jose Blanco, said it was clear that Latin America's mining sector and overall economic performance had not escaped the adverse impact of lower commodity prices and of other global trends that have sapped investor confidence, introduced greater market volatility and generally produced lower growth – including a slowing China and the oil price dip.
"The situation there is definitely not as good as it was a few years ago, but neither is it as bad as some imagine," Mr Blanco said.
"The China slowdown and oil price double whammy are having a significant, but not uniform, impact throughout Latin America, dampening the prospects of growth in many countries.
"Growth in Latin America and the Caribbean is projected to be 0.9 percent in 2015, down from 1.3 percent in 2014 and while some economic commentators are more optimistic, the prospects are subdued.
"But that belies Latin America's undeniable potential in mining and many other sectors with countries such as Peru, Mexico, Colombia and Chile forecast to grow at 3-4% this year – hardly catastrophic. Better still, Panama is forecast to grow above 5% and countries such as Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Paraguay above 4%."
Mr Blanco warned that Latin America's mining sector, like that in other markets, was returning to what could be considered a more 'normal' economic environment after the stellar performance of the decade long mining boom.
"What we are witnessing now is a flight to quality and to fundamentals in the mining sector, and perhaps to more balanced growth – and Australian investment has a continuing role to play.
"The region alone is responsible for 45% of global copper production, 50% of silver, 26% of molybdenum, 21% of zinc and 20% of global gold output.


text:
Local school districts improve cohort graduation rates
Local school districts are overcoming hurdles by graduating greater numbers of students throughout the area.
Caddo Schools improved its cohort graduation rate by 7.5 percent in a year — the largest growth in the region, beating the state's 2.9 percent increase. The district's cohort graduation rate issued by the Louisiana Department of Education Monday was 75.2 percent for the Class of 2015.
"Today's data release shows the tremendous efforts of our teachers and staff in developing a road map for every child to be successful," said Lamar Goree, superintendent of Caddo Schools. "We are excited by the momentum we are seeing and look to see continued gains with the class of 2016. These results speak to the hard work of many to make sure we do everything in our power to increase student achievement. We aren't yet where we want to be, but this level of growth in a single year is a strong indication of our tireless commitment to prepare our students for college and career."
Overall, Louisiana's graduation rate was 77.5 percent, up 2.9 percent from the previous year, and an all-time state high, according to state Superintendent John White.
"Today's announcement is a momentous occasion for our public schools, and for their students and families," White said in a Monday conference call. The state's percentage increase was the second-largest gain in recent history, he said.
"We have closed the gap with the rest of the country by nearly 3 percentage points," White said. "It's clear evidence that when you raise expectations for young people, they will rise to the occasion."
Caddo Schools received recognition from the LDOE for having one of the highest single-year increases (9.3 percent) in economically disadvantaged students graduating on time, according to a Caddo Schools news release.
Green Oaks Performing Arts Academy improved its cohort graduation rate by 17 percent, with 95.7 percent of students graduating on time. Fair Park High School also saw an increase of 21 percent. With 65 percent of students graduating on time in 2015, the number was up from 44 percent the year before, according to the district.
According to the data, Caddo Parish Magnet High moved up by 2.1 percent to a 99.6 percent cohort graduation rate while C.E. Byrd increased 8.9 percent to a 91 percent cohort graduation rate.
Bossier Parish School saw a 4.7 percent increase in cohort graduation rates, moving from 79.8 percent in 2013-14 school year to 84.5 percent in 2014-15.
"This is a direct reflection of students' hard work as well as our educators' commitment to help prepare every child for a successful future," said Bossier Schools Superintendent D.C. Machen, Jr. "Offering additional AP courses is also indicative of the powerful role strong community support plays in a school system."
Machen pointed to the nearly $1 million in grants Bossier Schools has received over the last few years from the Department of Defense Educational Activity fund. "We commend our 2014-15 graduates and look forward to the academic gains our Class of 2016 brings to the district," Machen added.
DeSoto Parish Schools has some of the highest graduation rates in Louisiana, seeing a 1.3 percent increase from the 2013-14 school year. The school district received a 95.8 percent cohort graduation rate for the Class of 2015 and was named a Top Ten District based on three-year growth, going from 79.2 percent to 95.8 percent.
"Celebrating the graduation of every student is now part of our embedded culture and is paramount within the DeSoto Parish System," said Superintendent Cade Brumley. "I'm very proud of the structures our educators have put in place, the support from our community, and commitment to graduation from all our students."
Webster Parish Schools saw a 3.4 percent its cohort graduation rate for the Class of 2015. The school district moved from a 79.3 percent cohort graduation rate in 2013-14 to 82.7 percent for the Class of 2015.


text:
US Hiking Trails
Hunters Trail
Hunters Trail
It's a long drive from Staunton-Waynesboro to Hunters Trail but it is one of many great trails in this area. Virginia is a great outdoors state. If you're here, you might as well visit Hickory Hollow, and Hunters Trail is perfect enough to spend more than a day at, Long's Campground is a perfect local campground. You can run the rapids of Maury River near Hunters Trail, and do take a look at Goshen Dam if you're here. Glendye Branch is one of the streams close
by that might be worth going to, and while you're here you will meet lots of folks from nearby Goshen. Some nearby water includes Kelso Spring Branch, and there's whitewater on Maury River for all you thrill seekers. Yeah, come here
to Hunters Trail for a great time. If you came to camp Cold Sulphur Camp Ground is a magnificent place to do that. Lots of rain falls at Hunters Trail. July is the month that gets the most rain; December meanwhile is the driest month. Through the warmest time of the year at Hunters Trail temperatures are generally in the 80's. Once the sun is down it plunges down to the 50's. During the winter highs are in the 30's; night lows in the 10's for Hunters Trail.
Be the first to review Hunters Trail
Campgrounds Nearby
List of Nearby Campgrounds
Local weather forecast
These outdoors activities are available near Hunters Trail.
Trails Near Hunters Trail:
Goshen Pass Trail
, Rockbridge County , 2 miles away
Campgrounds Near Hunters Trail:
Cold Sulphur Campground
, Goshen , 3 miles away
Long's Campground
, Lexington , 7 miles away
Lee Hi Campground
, Lexington , 8 miles away
Lake Robertson Rec Park
, Lexington , 10 miles away
Glen Maury City Park
, Buena Vista , 13 miles away
Whitewater Near Hunters Trail:
Maury River
, Bath/ Rockbridge County , 2 miles away, Class III+(IV) - 6 miles long (Goshen Pass to Rockbridge Baths)
Maury River
, Rockbridge County , 3 miles away, Class II(III) - 32 miles long (Rockbridge Baths to James River)
Laurel Run
, Rockbridge County , 4 miles away, Class IV-V - 1.5 miles long (Game road to Maury River)
Calfpasture River
, Augusta/Rockbridge County , 4 miles away, Class I-II - 4 miles long (Goshen to Maury River)
Calfpasture River
, Augusta/Rockbridge County , 7 miles away, Class I-II - 11.5 miles long (Route 687 to Goshen)
Public Lands Near Hunters Trail:
Booker T Washington National Monument
, Hardy - VA , 48 miles away
Douthat State Park
, Virginia , 26 miles away
Seneca State Forest
, West Virginia , 36 miles away
Hotels Near Hunters Trail:
Days Inn Lexington
, Lexington , 8 miles away
Howard Johnson Inn Lexington
, Lexington , 8 miles away
Quality Inn & Suites Lexington
, Lexington , 8 miles away
Maple Hall Inn
, Lexington , 8 miles away
Best Western Plus Inn At Hunt Ridge
, Lexington , 9 miles away
copyright © maxtrails.com


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Daily Living
End Times
Are Instruments In Church Evil
My friend's religion does not believe in having musical instruments in the church. I can't find anything in the bible that says it's wrong. Music and instrumental accompaniment is a big part of our church's worship, and I'm always inspired by it.
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Jane on 7/7/05
Helpful Blog Vote (30)
The answer to this question is really straightforward and it comes from the Bible:
Psalm 150:3-4 "Praise Him with the TRUMPET sound, praise Him with the LUTE and HARP! Praise Him with TAMBOURINE and dance, praise Him with STRINGED INSTRUMENTS or FLUTES! Praise Him with resounding CYMBALS, praise Him with clashing cymbals!"
I think this Bible speaks for itself! God bless!
on 6/21/09
Alicia, I believe music is introduce to the Church by pastors to move or inspire the people's emotions, and while in this emotional weak condition, bring them to Christ. Many churches make the music a big part of their service time. In time people like the music more then just hearing the Word of God. If no music is heard they feel the church is dead.
I came from a musical church, we had ten that played instruments, and classes for others to learn the instruments in case one was missing. The music was wonderful, I loved it, but I think it took much of the time away from the Word of God. And since faith comes from hearing, hearing the word of God, I believe that part is been lost at the expense of keeping the people happy with the music.
on 4/7/09
In my Messianic synagogue, most of our songs come directly from the scriptures - both old and new. We use instruments of all sorts as well as dance unto the L-rd. G-d always sent out the worshipers before he sent the army. Check out the Tabenacle of David and we read again in Amos where it tells us that G-d will again raise up the Tabernacle of David worship and that is being done today. The Psalms tell us to prised Him with all sorts of instruments and with dancing. Get a cd by Marty Goetz, or Paul Wilbur or Steve McConnel or Jonathan Settel and you will see the beautiful scriptural music that comes forth.
on 4/6/09
ALICIA .... I comment
in italics
on your remarks:
"But I don't make the rules,
Agree you should not, so why do you?
"I didn't create the church, I didn't come up with how its supposed to function, its purpose"
So why are you now trying to say how it should function?
"God isn't interested in our opinion of how HIS church should run"
Not even in your opinion
"So if anybody has a problem with what God has told us to do or not to do according to His Word"
But there is problem if you create rules
on 4/6/09
I may have mentioned this before, may be not. But I don't make the rules, Alan. I didn't create the church, I didn't come up with how its supposed to function, its purpose, etc. The best thing I can tell you is to study. Study God's Word, look up the meaning of words (Hebrew or Greek), and study early church history. God isn't interested in our opinion of how HIS church should run. So if anybody has a problem with what God has told us to do or not to do according to His Word (I'm speaking about any issue, not just this musical instrument thing), than that is an issue between that person and God.
on 4/5/09
Alicis ... I am sorry yuo find it so difficult to follow.
"If the apostles who established churches didn't originally do it, who gave the authority?" So you will not allow musical instruments for worship.
Neither did the apostles originally have waterproof buildings for indoor worship, nor sunglasses for protection of our eyes in outdoor worship, nor hearing aids either inside or outside.
So they are "unbiblical" and by your rules they should not be used.
on 4/5/09
Ok, maybe its just me, but I'm having a hard time understanding the relevance you are making between musical instruments and sunglasses in the summer lol...can you explain your reasoning because it's just flying over my head lol
on 4/3/09
Alicia ... I have made exactly the same point on the blog about wearing pants to church.
However the question here is about the use of muciacl instrumens
in the church
which does imply in the place which is used for gathering to worship.
But if you are talking about meeting outside, where in the Bible does it talk about waterproof coats, sunhats and sunglasses in the summer, and fleeces fur hats and gloves & scarves for the winter? Presumably those, to you, are as evil as the musical instruments?
on 4/3/09
Alan, if you look up the word "church" in its Greek form (because the NT was written in Greek) it means a group of believers who believe the same thing. It's not the building but the people inside the building. A church can very well worship God outside of four walls. So when it comes to waterproof roofs, microphones, etc that is about the building, not the church. It is important that we do not add or take away from God's Word. In worshipping Him, we have to ask if what we are doing is changing His Word, whether by addition or subtraction.
on 4/3/09
For once I agree Steveng who says "with most christian music today is really self-centered, gloriying the self."
I think that is partly because so many of the songs are written to "sell". Those who compose the lyrics are seldom seasoned Christians with a good knowledge of the Word. Before recorded music became so widely available, the old hymn writers wrote mainly because they felt the Holy Spirit compelled them.
It's enlightening to look over a traditionl Hymnal. The lyrics maybe be expressed in the first person, but the testimony is of the greatness of God.
Some of these are now being put to more modern melodies, so hopefully their messages will not be lost.
on 4/3/09
Please remember what he said in Amos Chapter 5 verse 23 Away with the noise of your songs!I will not listen to the music of your harps.And Amos Chapter 6 verse 5 Woe who You strum away on your harps like David and improvise on musical instruments.
on 4/2/09
Trust me, I don't want to restrict anybodys joy! But its not about what I want or what anybody wants. Its about God wants...so why is the musical instruments issue so hot anyway? No one has ALL the answers. God is not the "author of confusion" so may be the best thing we can all do is just pray and ask God to reveal what He wants us to know. Its a possibility we may not know until we get there one day :-)
on 3/25/09
God never said not to have musical instruments in church.
on 3/23/09
Alicia ... "If the apostles who established churches didn't originally do it, who gave the authority?"
Who says they did not?
What else did thay not have that you now have in your church assemblies ... a waterproofroof, heating, air-conditioning, microphones, cars for travel to get there?
You sound a bit hypocritical in wanting to restrict the ways in which we celebrate our joy.
on 3/23/09
There is no doubt that instruments were used in worshiping God in the Old Testament. But the Church wasn't established until the New Testament (AD 30) and the NT (specifically Paul) talks about how the Church should function, its purpose, what it should be called, etc. So the actual question is is it ok to use instruments when we come together as a church (which is a group of people that believe the same thing)? If you look at history, musical instruments weren't introduced into corporate worship until the ninth century. If the apostles who established churches didn't originally do it, who gave the authority? The Bible is simple in its context. Lets keep it that way. God is not the author of confusion.
on 3/22/09
People have the misconception that individuals who dont have insturments in church think insturments are evil but most of those individuals belive there is a time and a place for them and worship isnt the place.
Everyone keeps quoting Psalms 150 but the OT offers the prophecy of Christ and gives examples and prepares us for the NT. Do you still go eye for an eye, offer animal sacrifices or does God speak to you from the heavens like the OT? The NT is the guidance for our life (not saying the OT is not important). The NT says in Ephesians 4 to praise him with songs and hymns and also throughout the NT there was no use of instruments in the temple. Are you distracted by insturments in worship if you think you cant praise w/o them?
on 7/8/08
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A little education istead. If the words to a song has the words God and or Jesus and your heart is right with God and God's holy spirit is upon you, then God will be glorified: cannot help but to be. Don't make God out to be a weak, pitiful, who doesn't know beans from beans, Personal Being. "For I am the Lord thy God", "I will come down upon my people and show them my glory". No problem for the Lord thy God.>>>Him strong.
on 5/18/08
Steveng ... you say "Catholics, Lutherans, Baptists, Methodists"
No these are not religions.
They are part of the Christian church
on 5/18/08
I'm not against music, but most christian music today is really self-centered, gloriying the self. Listen to the words and they talk about the person, me, I, etc. Some even enter the macabre (watch TBN on Friday or Saturday nights). Today's christian music rarely glorifies God. And it rarely is sung with love.
on 5/16/08
Instruments can be played to the glory of God, or they can be played to the glory of flesh and the devil: but musical instruments and music played to and for Christ is not evil, but just the opposite, it is a glory to God. Perhaps your friend was repulsed by ungodly music and therefore leaped ahead and wrongly condemns all music. People make the same sin by wrongly concluding all people as evil, and not discerning that there are in fact good and evil people.
on 5/15/08
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The god of this world is Satan and many think he is the same as God the Father, when they are totally the opposite. God the Father created the angels, one was a rebel and that was Satan, Lucifer, the eye in the pyramid on the dollar bill, the god of the freemasons and the Catholics.
on 5/14/08
catherine: "Christianity the only true religion. What are you muslim?"
Catholics, Lutherans, Baptists, Methodists, Buddha, Tao, Muslims, Hindus, Wicca, etc. are religions. Every religion has their own rules, doctrines, traditions and their own interpretations of the Bible.
Christianity, on the other hand, is NOT a religion, it is a relationship with God. The Bible is a history of God's relationship with His people. The gospel is about the Kingdom of God and how to get there.
on 5/14/08
I do not believe in instrumental music in the worship service.
Many times God's people quote Psalms concerning instruments in the worship service, but have you ever heard anyone quote Amos 6:5?
Burning incense and animal sacrifice is also spoken of in the Old Testament, but I wouldn't want them in the worship service either.
on 5/14/08
frances008: "How can we be deceived? Answer: By not knowing how the devil works, and that he exists and is the god of this world."
The true answer is not knowing the will of God.
on 5/14/08
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Steveng>>>You need to know and understand mister, that when you condemn me you are also condeming Jesus. And that bud is not a smart nor wise thing to do. Hell will be extremely uncomfortable for you. I do not expect this to be publish because Satan seems to be the ruler on this site, not God. Oh well. Hell, is hot for all of the Saints persecutors.>>>Because you are really doing it to God. That is straight out of the good book.
on 5/14/08
Steveng, I do not claim to know everything about the Bible, but I know a lot more about the world than a lot of people because I believe God does not want us to be deceived. How can we be deceived? Answer: By not knowing how the devil works, and that he exists and is the god of this world. Thanks for your prayers. We know that Jesus wins in the end and that the devil is the defeated foe of ALL Christians.
on 5/13/08
Christianity the only true religion. What are you muslim?
on 5/13/08
The NT says Christians should sing psalms. What would be the point in singing psalms if you didn't believe and accept the words of the psalms. So if we sing the 150th psalm it tells us to praise God with all kinds of instruments. How could a person sing that psalm and not obey it?
on 5/13/08
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catherine: Steveng>>>You seem very religious. Are you?"
Of all the post I've written condemning your posts of a false gospel, you don't know?
on 5/13/08
your friends church is going by the idea that instraments arent mentioned in the nt. it just says sing songs and psalms.
on 5/13/08
Steveng>>>Yes, music chases away demons. God's music. I have been bought and payed for by God's Blood. You seem very religious. Are you?
on 5/12/08
catherine: "...music chases away demons like nothing else can."
Only God can chase away demons.
on 5/12/08
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Silliness ~ you would have to throw out the bible if you believe this. David was a man after God's own heart and the Psalms are FULL of music. Good grief!
on 5/12/08
And another thing, music chases away demons like nothing else can.>>>Spell-bound-mabe if you consider 90% of you is in heaven, okey!
on 5/12/08
frances008: If they come for the music, the church is in big trouble..."
Twice in one week I have complimented you for a good post. You are seeing the true thruth besides all the conspiracies you have been hammering into people's heads to prove that you know something that other people don't. Stick with the hope of the Kingdom of God instead of the world man lives in - a world full of violence, hate, etc. I'm praying for you.
on 5/11/08
catherine: "You must realize God has only a very few saved preachers out there."
Instead of partying, you could be one of the preachers God needs to comfort the oppressed, feed the poor, give drink to the thirsy, friendship to those in need. Get out of the church. Don't just be a hearer of the word. Go out into the world and DO. The harvest is plenty, but the workers are few.
on 5/11/08
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Music can be used as a charm. It attracts people (the right motivation??) and it keeps people spellbound (distraction???) and finally, when the Titanic was going down it sent out the wrong 'Everything is going to be fine' message. When people should have been listening to instructions and getting in lifeboats. Passing ships may have mistaken the signs and thought it was just party time and they did not need help.
on 5/9/08
What is left in the churches but the music. You must realize God has only a very few saved preachers out there. I say bring on the music, and let God fill His one or two saved saints out in the congregation with His holy spirit. And it's PARTY TIME.
on 5/9/08
If they come for the music, the church is in big trouble. They should be going to church for any number of other reasons, but 'for the music'. (Shakes head in despair). How about the Word of God, how about to give God glory, to testify to what the Lord has done for you, to be a friend to lonely people, to recall what the Lord did on the cross, to have a meal to which the homeless feel welcomed, to become a community ??? Good music ministries are rarely combined with the above.
on 5/8/08
catherine: "I do not know a better way of bringing God into a room than with melody."
How about with just a loving relationship with God? You don't converse with your best friend using melody, do you? Jesus didn't go out preaching the Kingdom of God in melody, did he?
on 5/7/08
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I do not know a better way of bringing God into a room than with melody. Musical melodies. His power, love, overflows me when I worship with music. God's presents fills the room with music. WOW! I do not know a better way.
on 5/7/08
You people are so foolish.
God wants a one-on-one relationship with us. When you develop a relationship with an (earthly) friend, you don't repeat yourself continuously, do you? Of course not! There are a lot of things to talk about i the heavens and the earth. People would definately think you a bore if you repeated everything.
As for musical instrument, yes, it is Biblical, but there is a time for everything, but not in a temple of learning.
on 5/6/08
We are to Praise Him with instruments and your right it is very Bibical
Psalm 33:2-3
Psalm 68:25
Psalm 149:3 and many other places......Not all religons are the same,that is why God wants a relationship,and not religion
on 5/6/08
Vain repetitions is really getting the out of context beating here. Read jewish prayers, or songs, a lot of repetition there. All religions use repetition as a means of understanding. Only when it can be quoted without reading can its meanings be known. Chanting is a very effective teaching and understanding tool. As are ryhmes, ditties, and acrostics.
on 5/6/08
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The best instrument to be played in church is the pipe organ. It is so solemn and its voice is like a prayer.
on 5/6/08
The people with lots of talent might - often do - have tons of pride. For instance, they decide who joins them and who doesn't, which music is played and which isn't. As soon as they don't get their way, they threaten to leave and the Pastor cannot bear the idea of a worship group that sounds amateur and not professional. It is full of problems. They end up running the show. And show is the word for it.
on 5/4/08
alan_of_UK: "...the young generation find it inspiring,the repetition draws them... closer and closer to the God they are worshipping."
I don't know what God the younger generation is drawing closer and closer, but it is not the God af Abraham, Jacob and Isaac. The Bible reminds us of vain repetitions. This is the last generation that has been groomed to accept the Anti-Christ because of their shallow knowledge of Scriptures. In fact, most Christian's knowledge today is shollow.
on 5/4/08
There are verses that would argue that woman cannot hold any position that requires announcements at church. I would agree with those. They are in St Paul's letters. In the cases I have seen (four cases) women were the leaders in the music ministry.
on 5/3/08
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This is a very interesting topic for myself as well. My fiance was raised in a religion that doesn't support music in worship, either. I just don't understand how you can justify scriptures such as the psalms and not believe in church music! My fiance's church states that using music glorifies the person who's playing the instrument and not God. Well, it had to be God who gave that person their talent. What's up with that?
on 5/3/08
StevenG ... "Third, but not the last, today's music does not worship God nor glorify Him"
I don't like today's praise & worship songs, I find the music banal, and the repetitive words put me off.
But others of the young generation find it inspiring,the repetition draws them in and in and closer and closer to the God they are worshipping.
There is the same joy in the faces of both those who roar out the old hymns and those who quietly and reflectively sing the new.
on 5/3/08
Once again, whether it's indoors, outdoors, or anywhere else, there has been nothing mentioned here to indicate that musical instruments are wrong - other than matters of personal taste, or human tradition. There is nothing in the Bible that prohibits, or even discourages it.
on 5/3/08
I put the 150th chapter of Psalms on this Blog 2 days ago, where is it?
on 5/2/08
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Read Psalm 150. David brought 'common' instruments into the church service. He brought popular melodies into church service. He brought exstatic dancing into the church service. Oh my, the audacity of youth.
on 5/2/08
StrongAxe: "this does not mean that using instruments in music is, on its face, evil.
We are talking about inside a church (building).
on 5/1/08
First one needs to remember in the O.T. there was not a so called worship service. Worship was 24/7. The temple was a place to sacrifice and to learn. Even in the N.T. worship was 24/7. No writer of the N.T.
had to tell anybody about the use of instruments. they had the history of Israel as an example.
on 5/1/08
Steveng and frances008:
While it's true that abuses can and do occur (just as they can and do occur in other areas of the church), this does not mean that using instruments in music is, on its face, evil.
Let's not throw out the wheat with the tares.
on 5/1/08
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I belong to a Church of Christ. Even tho we don't have musical instruments in our service we don't think they are evil. Our reasons are simple. Instead of having a Praise and Worship team.....we are the Praise and Worship team. I've been a memeber of a church that played instruments and it felt like I was at a concert. Now I feel like I am worshiping God. Not saying that you can't with inst. but I feel like there is less distractions. It's all about heart anyways.
on 5/1/08
Instruments played in church is not evil however it depends very largely whether the church has been observing the teachings of the Bible to determine whether a church is evil. Your concerns should be whether the church has the truth or not, and not whether the instruments in the church worshipping is right or not.
on 5/1/08
having musical instruments in the church is OK, the word Psalms means -to strike or strum the cords.
It's the trees we need to remove from the church. It's the trees we need to remove from our homes. GOD will not like this!
Hope this Helps
Love is Agape
on 5/1/08
Psalm 150:
2 Praise him for his MIGHTY ACTS: praise him according to his EXCELLENT GREATNESS.
3 PRAISE him with THE SOUND of the TRUMPET: praise him with the PSALTERY and HARP.
4 Praise him with the TIMBREL and DANCE: praise him with STRINGED instrumentS and ORGANS.
5 Praise him upon the LOUD CYMBALS: praise him upon the high sounding cymbals.
6 Let EVERY THING that hath breath praise the LORD. Praise YE the LORD.
on 4/30/08
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Thanks for your appreciation, SusieQ. I am just looking for the truth like everyone else. I pray that my words do not bring any Christians into disrepute or cause trouble. I believe that we should always be seeking God's will. A lot of contemporary music is good, entertaining and profitable, but there is a time and place for it, and not imho in church/worship times.
on 4/30/08
Psalms are like operas, both consist of voice and instruments. Danny we are not under the old covenant. The old testament we learn from. All scripture... is profitable for doctrine,reproof,correction,instruction in righteousness. 2Tim3:16
on 4/30/08
Third, but not the last, today's music does not worship God nor glorify Him. Most songs is me, me, me - a person's life, a person's tribulations, a person's love. Always me, me, me or I, I, I. Rarely glorifying God Himself. CCM (Contemporary Christian Music) should not be found in the church (the building).
on 4/30/08
Listening to songs or hymns for pleasure is not a problem for me. What is a problem is when church becomes a place of emotionalism, and enjoyment, instead of a holy place where God's desires take priority. What we know that God wants is for his Word to be Sung, that is the Psalms. Because we do not have the original acceptable instruments, we do have organs, and I have no objection to organ music to accompany the Psalms. That is about all. Hymns etc. What influences were behind the composers?
on 4/30/08
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First of all, many of you believe that a church is a building, a denomination or a non-profit organization. Christ is not returning soon to join with (marry) a building, a denomination, or a non-profit organization. He is returning to marry His people. Church means Christians where two or more are gathered together in my name - in a park, on the street, at Starbucks.
on 4/30/08
Second, scripture tells us we can worship anywhere with music, singing, laughter, praying, etc. but worship in a building should be done in a harmonious and orderly fashion. This is where the teachings of Scripture should be. In a home church, a small group of Christians get together for worship and singing of psalms, etc.
on 4/30/08
Frances, thank you for your input.
on 4/30/08
SusieQ, many composers write by being possessed, not all, but many. Musical instruments, which I enjoy, outside of church are in my opinion okay if used normally. In church I strongly believe that two people were witches (females) in different churches and in control of the praise and worship. One of them had to admit to adultry when she got caught. It was also obviously that they controlled the worship, not the pastor.
on 4/30/08
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My dear friend, Many Churches approach Christianity with the human desires and restrictions put there by man and not by God. It does not take a man very long to investigate what the Bible says or shows us about musical instruments. Your friend needs to read more and so does his Church.
on 4/30/08
Do evil spirits really control people who play musical instruments?
on 4/30/08
No they are not evil!
on 4/30/08
As far as I know, the Church of Christ denomination does not use instruments in worship. Their reasoning is that, since there is no record of the New Testament church using instruments, doing so is unscriptural.
Then again, I have no idea if they use pulpits, and pews, and other things never mentioned in the New Testament.
on 4/29/08
Read These Insightful Articles About
Bible Study
How can I describe it? The whole church has practically been hijacked by Satan, and the instrumentalists are just a small part of the hijacking process. If you no longer dare to go to church for the evil spirits in control over there, you do not care what they are doing there any more. I think instruments being in churches helped to undermine leadership in many ways.
on 4/30/08
What ever floats your boat. I am sure you can find a chruch out there to agree so you can feel comfortable. This issue has nothing to do with salvation and does not bring glory to God if it causes division. God gags on your worship if it is arrogantly puffed up with correctness:)
on 4/29/08
This is the first time I have ever heard that musical instruments in church was ever an issue.
on 4/29/08
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Caffie Ismael was battered and bruised more often than not. The man she loved and with whom she hoped to spend the rest of her life was her abuser. Unfounded jealousy and suspicion were the foundation for instant beatings, gorjettes, slaps, kicks, and any other physical contact with her body.
One day when she had decided to stand up to him, and threatened to call the police, he chased her with a cutlass. Living in close proximity to his mother's house Caffie ran there for refuge – hiding under the bed.
Although some of his family members chastised him on occasion, for his actions, little changed. That was when Caffie decided she had taken enough beatings and had to leave. The welts and bruises all over her body, the choking and passing out had finally become too much.
In 2001 Caffie was on a one way ticket out of Saint Lucia – after five years of beatings.
Now living in the U.S. she is part of an organization which counsels and assists battered and abused women.
For International Women's Day, Caffie encourages women in abusive relationships to find a way out, since staying guarantees that the abuse will continue, or maybe even worse.
As part of her continuing therapy she has taken up writing short stories and poems about her abuse, as a way of showing the methods employed by abusers and to issue a beacon of hope for women in the same circumstances. She shares one of her writings…
IF ONLY I WOULD TALKYou said you love me when I was at the tender age of 17I thought you were the one for meYou were my world and in my eyes you could do no wrongYou said you loved meIf only this girl would talk.Your fists got to know me very wellThey left imprints on my faceYou dragged me all over the room, by my hairYou said you loved meIf only this girl would talk.Your hands almost squeezed the life out of meStruggling to breathe and get loosePunches to my stomachYou said you loved meIf only this girl would talk.You finally let go, and left me laying there…like a dogLike nothing happenedMe gasping for air, in tears, in pain, in shameScreaming I love you… I love youHow could you do this to someone you loveSomeone, carrying your unborn sonYet you say you love meIf only, I would talk


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In This Review
Revitol Eczema Cream Overview
Revitol Eczema Cream is a skincare formula that is efficient in combating itchiness and future breakouts. This product prevents skin irritation and prevents redness.
The supplement is made of ingredients that prevent eczema, a condition that is caused by environmental factors, lack of well working immune system, and lack of moisture on the skin due to poor circulation of moisture which is prevented by barriers on the skin.
This cream does not cause any adverse effect on children since the ingredients are natural and they make your skin gentle and gives you comfort. This product has gentle colloidal oatmeal elements which protect your skin making it healthy.
Manufacturer Information and Claims about Revitol Eczema Cream
Revitol Eczema Cream is manufactured by the company known as Revitol.
The manufacturer claims that this cream works faster in reducing itchiness on the skin making you comfortable. The manufacturer claims that it is made of natural ingredients that work together in the prevention and elimination of eczema giving you confidence and healthy skin.
The manufacturer claims that this formula combats red patches on the skin making it look beautiful. The skincare cream is claimed to prevent inflammation of the skin giving you smooth and gentle skin.
The manufacturer also claims that people who have used the cream have come out as real-life instances that this product gives desired results with no side effects on your skin.
Revitol Eczema Cream Review – Does it Really Work?
Yes. This formula aids in the reduction of itchiness on the skin giving you comfort. This cream minimizes eczema signs on your skin.
Ingredients List
This skincare formula helps in combating signs of eczema. It reinstates the normal condition of your skin and also works well using the following ingredients:
Colloidal Oatmeal – Helps in hydration and moisturizing of the skin. It prevents inflammation of the skin thus giving you a soothing effect. This ingredient eliminates itchiness and makes it gently such that it can be applied to the fragile skin of children.
Oatmeal – Has flavonoids that serve as an antioxidant that prevents the skin from being damaged by the free radicals.
Phenols and Saponin – Which engross dirt, bad smell, and oil thus leaving skin clean. It helps in balancing of Ph of your skin aiding in the control of bacteria and infection.
Ceramides – This assists in hydration of your skin. It also creates a layer on the skin that protects it from harmful elements.
Revitol Eczema Cream Advantages
- It minimizes signs of eczema or completely removes them.
- It prevents redness on your skin making it look good and beautiful.
- Reduces itchiness on your skin.
- Eliminates skin rashes.
- Minimizes inflammation on your skin.
- Prevents dryness on the skin caused by eczema condition which makes it itchy through moisturizing ad hydrating it.
Revitol Eczema Cream Disadvantages
- The exact amounts of the components in the product have not been provided.
- Makari De Suisse
- Cindy Crawford Skin Brightening Treatment
- Obagi Nu-Derm Clear Fx
Revitol Eczema Cream – FAQs
Q: How do I Use this Product?
A: One should apply the skincare cream two times a day for better results or as per their needs.
Q: What are the Precautions when Using this Product?
A: No precautions are given by the manufacturer.
Q: How Long Before I See any Improvements?
A: Elimination of inflammation and rashes on your skin takes three days whereas reducing irritation and itchiness takes minutes.
Possible Side Effects
This skincare cream is made of natural ingredients for aiding the prevention of eczema rashes and itching thus you should not anticipate any adverse effects on your skin when applying it. However, it is prudent for you to research more on the components to determine if they are safe or not before using the product.
Revitol Eczema Cream Review – Final Verdict
Revitol Eczema Cream is a formula that has been designed to prevent inflammation on your skin thus leaving it in a normal state. This skin care cream may eliminate* rashes on the skin giving you comfort and confidence.
It establishes a barrier on your skin after applying which prevents harmful substances from getting in via the pores of the skin leading to healthy skin.
This product removes* all signs of eczema by eliminating itchiness, redness and boosting hydration and moisturizing of the skin. It is made of natural ingredients which are not dangerous on the skin hence safe for usage on children and for adults too.
The manufacturer claims that this product has been clinically tested by the best dermatologists thus it has been proved to be safe and give better results. It may deal with rashes on your skin without causing any adverse effects and itchiness.
Skin Brighteners aid in reducing post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation revealing even skin tone. Skin brighteners also can help revitalize tired and dull skin resulting in a youthful, healthy glow.
Below you'll find some of the most effective skin brightening products on the market today, in our opinion.
Product reviews are provided for informational purposes only and reflect solely the views and opinions expressed by the contributors and not those of Consumer Health Digest. We do not verify or endorse any claims made in these reviews. Please read the full product reviews disclaimer. *All individuals are unique. Your results can and will vary.
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**This is a subjective assessment based on the strength of the available informations and our estimation of efficacy.
*Result may vary. The information contained in this website is provided for general informational purpose. No medical claims are implied in this content, and the information herein is not intended to be used for self diagnosis or self treatment of any condition.
*Disclosure of Material connection: Some of the links in the post above are "associate sales links." This means if you can click on the link and purchase an item, we will receive a commission. Regardless, we only recommend products or services which we use personally and/or believe will add value to our readers. We are disclosing this in accordance with the Federal Trade Commission's 16 CFR, Part 255: "Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials."


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by Marta Oti Sears
No one enjoys living in a cluttered, dirty home. But when laundry, toys and papers pile up, and kitchens and bathrooms get gross, parents can feel overwhelmed and paralyzed.
"A dirty, cluttered environment embezzles precious energy from family members," says Laura DeVries, executive director of Finding Simplicity. "A clean, orderly home allows parents and children to rest, think clearly, and be more creative and imaginative."
If you'd like to experience a greater sense of peace in your home and enjoy more space for the people and passions that matter to you, try following these simple steps.
List the Household Chores
Start by making a list of the chores that need to be done daily. Then make two more lists of chores that need to be done weekly (or every-other-week) and monthly.
Take Your Pick
Sit down with your spouse to determine together which chores on the lists seem reasonable for each person to take on. Both parents should have the opportunity to choose the chores they like the best (or hate the least). If one parent stays at home, that person will likely take on more chores, but stay-at-home parents shouldn't be responsible for all of the housework.
"Parents have a crucial job of helping their children internalize values about work," says child psychologist Dr. David Paltin. "It's important for both parents to share chores in the home because it demonstrates a positive, active work ethic. The message that kids should get from seeing both parents do chores is that meaningful work makes a person feel they have a meaningful place in the family."
Involve Your Children
Parents often continue to do all the household chores even when children are old enough to help. It's good for children to learn responsibility and to feel that their contribution to the family is necessary and important. Don't let the fact that they do chores more slowly or less well than you, keep you from enlisting their help. Coach them on how to do the chore well and praise their efforts.
"It's important for parents to recognize that chores are skills that need to be learned over time," says family therapist Dr. Holly Crossen. "Some parents expect perfection but they need to realize that chores are a process for which children will need feedback and support. After much practice, they will get better, but perfection should never be the goal."
"Kids should participate in developmentally appropriate chores because it gives parents the chance to teach kids about coping with frustration, getting to work when one doesn't feel like it, and other things we have to learn to be successful in our adult lives," says Paltin.
Include Pick-up Chores
Pick-up chores keep the house from being in a constant state of clutter and chaos. They include picking up toys and dirty clothes, putting away laundry, and dealing with mail and papers of all kinds.
It's helpful to develop pick-up routines that are tied to daily events such as waking up, coming home from school or work, and going to bed. An after school routine might include kids emptying their backpacks and lunchboxes, and putting away their shoes and coats.
Kids' imaginative play is often messy. This type of clutter is appropriate and necessary. Embrace these beautiful messes while they're in progress, and then coach your little ones to pick them up before moving on to the next adventure.
Post Chore Lists
Post your daily, weekly (or every-other-week) and monthly chore lists on the refrigerator or in a place that's easy for everyone in the family to see and refer to. Consider highlighting each chore for a particular family member in the same color so that it's quick and easy to read. (Some parents like to use chore charts for kids.)
Set Up Motivators
When something is new it's easy to forget and fall back into old habits. Set up some motivators to help your family to stay on track. For example, "Kids are free to play with friends and have their allotted screen time after they've completed their chores." You may also want to model this by saying, "I'm also free to read and have screen time after I've completed my chores."
These mantras may need to be repeated for a while, but it's far better than getting into the rut of reminding kids several times about every chore. Once children realize that this is just the way thing are in their home, the push-back will lessen and it will become part of their daily routine.
Whistle While You Work
Take a tip from the Disney classic and encourage you family to make their chores as enjoyable as possible. If the whole family is doing chores at the same time, crank up some music and sing, dance or whistle while you work.
If you're doing chores alone, pop in some ear buds and listen to music, an audiobook or a favorite podcast. "I listened to the audiobook of The Help while I was cleaning," says Heidi Pender, mother of three. "Cleaning is my time to listen to something I really look forward to."
Check Your Attitude
When you feel the urge to complain about housework, try to put it into perspective by replacing the complaint with a statement of gratitude. When you start to think, "Here I am again, cleaning up the dishes for the third time today," try replacing the complaint with, "I'm grateful that I have clean, running water in my home and enough food to feed my children three meals a day."
Evaluate Your System
After the first month of putting your cleaning system into practice, evaluate how well it's working. Is mom feeling overburdened by the number of chores she signed up for? Can another family member take on another chore to lighten her load? Do some or all of the weekly chores need to become every-other-week chores?
Consider Paying for Cleaning Services
You and your spouse may decide that some chores are simply worth paying someone else to do. Perhaps you can eat out less or scale back in other areas to free up some money. Don't feel guilty about paying for cleaning services. Every family spends money on things they value. If living in a clean, peaceful environment is important to you, it's okay to invest some money in it.
"A clean, uncluttered home invites us to appreciate the things we have and enjoy the people we love," says DeVries. With intentionality, follow through and full family participation, you and your family will soon enjoy the freedom of a cleaner, saner home.
Age-Appropriate Chores Ideas
By Elizabeth Pantley, author of The No-Cry Discipline Solution
Ages 2 to 3: Put toys away, fill pet's food dish, put clothes in hamper, wipe up spills, stack books or magazines, choose clothes and dress self.
Ages 4 to 5: Above plus, make own bed, empty wastebaskets, bring in mail or newspaper, clear table, pull weeds, use hand-held vacuum to pick up crumbs, water flowers, unload utensils from dishwasher, wash plastic dishes at sink, fix bowl of cereal.
Ages 6 to 7: Above plus, sort laundry, sweep floors, handle personal hygiene, set and clear table, help make and pack lunch, weed, rake leaves, keep bedroom tidy, pour own drinks, answer telephone.
Ages 8 to 9: Above plus, load dishwasher, put away groceries, vacuum, help make dinner, make own snacks, wash table after meals, put away own laundry, run own bath, make own breakfast, peel vegetables, cook simple food (such as toast), mop floor, take pet for a walk.
Ages 10 and up: Above, plus unload dishwasher, fold laundry, clean bathroom, wash windows, wash car, cook simple meal with supervision, do laundry, baby-sit younger siblings (with adult in the home), mow lawn, clean kitchen, clean oven, change bed, make cookies or cake from box mix, have neighborhood job — such as pet care or yard work.
(Elizabeth Pantley gave me permission to use these age-appropriate chore ideas.)


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Bring your jewelry to Gallery of Diamonds if you want to know its current value. Diamond Mike Watson is an appraiser who has credentials from the most trusted source in the industry- the Gemological Institute of America, or GIA.
With the abundance of treated diamonds in the market, it is important to go to an appraiser who has the latest tools to distinguish between naturally earth-mined diamonds and synthetics.
For insurance purposes it is important to safeguard your jewelry heirlooms. A professional appraisal is important to submit to your insurance company since no one can guarantee theft, center stone loss, breaking, chipping, or damage to a piece of jewelry.
Diamond Mike always makes two copies of the appraisal, one for your records and another to submit to your insurance company.
We provide the quality and carat weight of diamonds, the weight and description of the metal, a color photograph, and the replacement cost. On center diamonds, information is provided in according to GIA standards and is accepted by every major insurance company.
Appraisals are conducted on the premises and are usually completed within 24 hours.
Jewelry appraisals in duplicate are provided free for all diamond purchases.
Who will be appraising my jewelry at Gallery of Diamonds?
Diamond Mike Watson is a GIA-trained gemologist with an extensive background in all aspects of the jewelry business. He knows how to properly identify and grade diamonds and colored stones. His specialties include diamonds and antique jewelry.
What is the fee?
$155 per item. If you have multiple pieces, we may provide a discounted rate.
How long does it take?
Most appraisals take no more than 24 hours
Is the work done on the premises?
Yes. Your jewelry never leaves the store.
What will my appraisal include?
- description of all characteristics of the piece, including weights, grades, and measurements
- information relating to the gem – identifying characteristics and whether it is natural or synthetic
- the workmanship, metal and karatage of the mounting
- the estimated retail replacement value
- a photograph of the jewelry
Why appraise?
Insurance companies will require an appraisal in order for insurance to be valid. A good appraisal will save you much time and aggravation in the future.
We recommend updating your appraisal your jewelry every two years. Most insurance companies consider it your responsibility to update, not theirs to remind you. The service for an updated appraisal of an item we have appraised within the past three years is $110.00.
Will you archive my appraisal?
Yes. Appraisals are saved for referencing in the future.
What can I do to be prepared?
- If it's available, bring us copies of any documentation you have relative to the jewelry, such as original receipts and previous appraisals.


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From the first breath of Adam to His last breath on the cross, Jesus is the beginning and the end.
Search & Research
I've learned more about farming in four months than 10 years living near a farm.
The Grammar of Creation
It are National Grammar Day! (see what I did there?) The word "Grammar" is derived from the Greek "grammatikē technē" which means "art of letters," according to Wikipedia. Grammar is the set of rules by which sentences are structured; although we think of it as punctuation and spelling, it really means syntax and usage and … Continue reading The Grammar of Creation
Breakfast of Champions
They called her Wheaties. When she served in volleyball, the ball would rocket past the opponents' court. Her volleyball coaches told her, "Control the power!" When she played tennis, she would fire the bright yellow sphere onto the asphalt behind the white line that marked "in." "Placement over power!" the tennis teacher would say with … Continue reading Breakfast of Champions


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Presidential Transition 2008
Just joined GovLoop at the recommendation of Steve Kelman! Looks like this is a long-needed forum for public sector employees and I'm interested in helping bring both content and connections. The IBM Center for The Business of Government offers thought leadereship resources for government managers on a wide range of topics. It commissions research fromRead… Read more »


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Google Play Store App Free Download For Laptop. Download google play store free. Play games instantly, save progress, and earn achievements.
Google play sore lets you download and install android apps in google play officially and securely. These are the three methods to get google play store and apps of play store on windows pc. Still, many interesting games and applications are available completely for free.
The Play Store Has Apps, Games, Music, Movies And More!
Download the latest version of the top software, games, programs and apps in 2022. Some chromebook models, including those manufactured by google, include official support for android apps. This is a giant application repository providing you thousands of games, apps and books.
Licorice Pizza Is The Story Of Alana Kane (Alana Haim) And Gary Valentine (Cooper Hoffman) Growing Up, Running Around And Falling In Love In The San Fernando Valley, 1973.
The app that grants us with access to the store is installed by default on many devices and it's the easiest way to download and install apps on our handset. There is no direct way you can download and install the google play store on your laptop or pcs. You can download any of these emulators to download google play store on your computer.
We Are Guiding You With The Steps With Reference To Bluestacks.
Visit any web browser and download the. Go to google play store on pc, copy the url of the app you want to download. There are also paid purchases on the play store app once downloaded.
Google Play Store App Free Download For Laptop.
The google play store is the most efficient and secure way of getting the apps you need on your android device. Free download (31.88 mb) safe & secure google play store download for pc windows is the most popular app among smartphone and tablet users which gives you access anytime any type of data, apps, videos, audios, games, written. The former android market has managed to reinvent itself to create one of the best possible places to download and purchase apps, movies, books, and all kinds of material for android devices.
Google Playstore Is Considered An Indispensable Application To Any Smartphone Line Running On Android.
Just as apple has its app store, google has the google play store. Access the google play app from the app drawer on the chromebook. In windows, similar to the play store is microsoft store.


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Keep your face to the sunshine and you cannot see a shadow - Helen Killer
Partial or complete traumatic ear loss can occur as a result of various injuries. The most common cause in the UK is a human bite following an alcohol related assault. Other causes include road traffic accidents, burns and cancer surgery to the ear.
There are also a large number of cases internationally which were inflicted as punishment for army desertion. Loss of the external ear in an adult is likely to lead to significant psychological distress. This often impacts on social interaction, career and personal relationships.
Ear reconstruction using sculpted rib cartilage is the optimal treatment for most cases.
A three dimensional framework of the missing portion is carved and positioned under the adjacent skin to reconstruct the ear.
In most cases there is sufficient skin to cover the carved cartilage.
If, however, there is extensive scarring or the hairline is very low then other techniques can be utilised such as tissue expansion or a flap of tissue from under the scalp.
Nearly all cases of traumatic ear reconstruction are performed in two stages. In the first stage the shape of the ear is recreated.
In the second stage the ear is elevated from the side of the head to allow projection.