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Pregnant women, especially primigravidas, are highly susceptible to malaria infection, resulting in maternal anemia and low birth weight infants. Because circulating parasitemia is rare in the newborn, the cause of poor fetal outcomes has been unclear. We measured cytokine concentrations in placentas collected from women delivering in urban hospitals in malaria-holoendemic or nonendemic areas of Kenya. Normal placentas displayed a bias toward type 2 cytokines; type 1 cytokines IFN-γ and IL-2 were absent in placentas not exposed to malaria but present in a large proportion of placentas from a holoendemic area. TNF-α and TGF-β concentrations were significantly higher, and IL-10 concentrations significantly lower, in placentas from the holoendemic area. Among primigravidas, placental TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher in the presence of severe maternal anemia, and both IFN-γ and TNF-α were significantly elevated when a low birth weight, rather than normal weight, infant was delivered. We conclude that maternal malaria decreases IL-10 concentrations and elicits IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α in the placenta, shifting the balance toward type 1 cytokines. This is the first demonstration that these placental cytokine changes are associated with poor pregnancy outcomes in humans.
Plasmodium falciparum, the most lethal of the malaria species infecting humans, incapacitates and kills millions each year. Because infection occurs in areas where health needs, including surveillance, are unmet, and because the disease has protean presentations, the precise toll inflicted on mankind is difficult to quantify. Among the many syndromes elicited by the protozoan, maternal malaria may cause the greatest number of unrecognized deaths, in the forms of fetal loss and mortality early in life to low birth weight (LBW)3 babies.
Pregnant women are at increased risk of malaria infection because the parasite is able to adhere to the trophoblastic villous epithelium (1) and sequester in the placenta (2, 3). Sequestration in the placenta relies on parasite adhesion to chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) (1), a molecule that may not be accessible to the parasite in other tissue beds (4-6), and parasites that bind CSA do not commonly infect a host who is not pregnant (1, 7). Therefore, primigravidas have had little or no immunologic experience with the CSA-binding parasite and are most susceptible to infection; protection develops over successive pregnancies (2, 3). While P. falciparum commonly causes anemia in the mother (8, 9), the frequency of other complications depends on a woman's pre-exisiting immunity to malaria. Women in high transmission (and therefore high immunity) areas are typically asymptomatic (2); among women with incomplete immunity, severe syndromes, such as cerebral malaria and pulmonary edema, frequently occur (10, 11, 12).
Maternal malaria is associated with poor fetal outcomes. Stillbirths, abortions, and LBW result from infection in areas of low transmission (2, 13), and in holoendemic (high transmission) areas, malaria contributes substantially to the high incidence of LBW babies born to primigravidas (2, 3, 14). LBW infants are at higher risk to die early in life (15); because the immediate cause of these deaths is often not malaria, the overall impact of maternal malaria is underestimated. Although the relationship between maternal malaria and poor fetal outcomes is recognized, the basis for the association is unclear. P. falciparum can be found in the cord blood of up to 16% of infants born to infected mothers (16, 17, 18) but rarely establishes a circulating congenital infection (16, 19), suggesting that the parasite elicits fetal pathology through other mediators.
Pregnancy is an event of immunologic tolerance, whereby a woman accepts the implantation of the fetal allograft in her uterus (20). Murine studies suggest a bias toward type 2 responses and away from type 1 responses during successful pregnancy (20, 21, 22); studies in humans have not been adequate to resolve this issue (21, 22). Type 2 cytokines feature prominently in the mouse placenta (20, 23, 24), and type 2 cytokines (25, 26) and TGF-β (26) appear in the human placenta, possibly to promote implantation (26) and inhibit inflammatory responses (20, 26). Infections thought to require a type 1 response for protection, such as tuberculosis, listeriosis, toxoplasmosis, malaria, and leishmaniasis, are more severe during human pregnancy (27); similarly, pregnancy compromises protective type 1 responses known to confer resistance to leishmaniasis in mice (28).
In rodent models of pregnancy, interventions that increase concentrations of type 1 cytokines and TNF-α induce stillbirths, abortions, and maternal anemia (29, 30). In humans, TNF-α is frequently increased during severe malaria syndromes other than maternal malaria, and elevated concentrations of this inflammatory mediator are associated with mortality (31). No data exist regarding the cytokine changes that result from placental malaria in humans or the effect that these may have on fetus and mother.
In this study, we examined cytokine concentrations in placentas collected from Kenyan parturients presenting for delivery at urban hospitals. We show that type 1 cytokines are absent and type 2 cytokines are present in normal placentas at parturition. Exposure to malaria elicits TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2 in the placenta, and these cytokine changes are associated with poor pregnancy outcomes among primigravidas.
Materials and Methods
Nine hundred thirty volunteers were recruited at New Nyanza Provincial General Hospital, Kisumu, Kenya, between April 1995 and August 1996, and forty-nine volunteers at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya, during November 1996. All parturients 18 years and older were asked to participate in the study and gave signed informed consent after receiving a study explanation form and oral explanation from a nurse in their native language. Women involved in other research studies and women delivering in Nairobi who had traveled to endemic areas during pregnancy were excluded. This study was approved by the ethical committees of Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute and Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi.
Clinical data
Infants and placentas were weighed immediately after delivery. A medical history of the pregnancy was obtained from parturients using a standard questionnaire. Peripheral blood samples were collected by venipuncture from women after delivery. Cord blood samples were obtained by manual compression of the umbilical cord. After removal of the umbilical cord and fetal membranes, placental blood samples were obtained by compressing fresh tissue in a tissue grinder. Hemoglobin (hgb) concentrations were determined on a Coulter cell counter, model T-890 (Coulter Corp., Hialeah, FL); samples were categorized as severely anemic for hgb <7 g/100 ml, mildly anemic for hgb 7 to 10 g/100 ml, and normal for hgb >10 g/100 ml. Peripheral and placental parasitemias at the time of delivery were determined by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained blood smears. Placental blood smears were examined for the presence of either pigment within macrophages (as a sign of parasite death) or parasites, or both, to define the stage of infection: no infection (no parasites, no pigment); early infection (parasites, no pigment); late infection (parasites and pigment); resolved infection (pigment, no parasites).
Cytokine assays
Serum cytokine concentrations were measured by the sandwich ELISA method (32). The following Abs were used: IFN-γ, mAb 1-D1K and mAb 7-b6-1-biotin (MABTECH, Nacka, Sweden); TNF-α, mAb, and polyclonal Ab (Genzyme, Cambridge, MA); IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6, DuoSet kits (Genzyme); IL-10, mAb JES3–9D7, and mAb JES-12G8-biotin (PharMingen, San Diego, CA); TGF-β1, ELISA system (Promega, Madison, WI). Detection limits for cytokines were: IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10, 10 pg/ml; IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6, 50 pg/ml; TGF-β1, 30 pg/ml.
Assays were performed on all samples collected in Nairobi (n = 49), and on a representative number of randomly chosen samples collected in Kisumu.
Statistical analyses
Differences between groups were analyzed by nonparametric methods (Mann-Whitney or Kruskal-Wallis). Proportions were compared by contingency table analysis. Correlations were examined by Spearman rank test. Tied p values are given. The significance limit was chosen at p = 0.05.
Placental cytokine concentrations differ between a nonmalarious area and a malaria-holoendemic area
Type 2 cytokines predominate in a normal mouse placenta (20, 23, 24); data concerning the cytokine bias in human placentas are incomplete (21, 22). To define the effect of malaria, we compared placental concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β1 among exposed women with concentrations among unexposed women. Only aparasitemic women were included in this analysis. "Exposed" women were recruited in Kisumu, Kenya, a malaria-holoendemic area where the incidence of infection among male residents can exceed 90% over 4 mo (P. E. Duffy, unpublished data). "Unexposed" women were recruited in Nairobi, where transmission is sporadic.
The proportions of samples with detectable TGF-β1, IL-4, and IL-6 were similar in the two groups (Table I). While placental concentrations of IL-4 and IL-6 were also similar among the groups (Fig. 1, B and C), the placental concentration of TGF-β1 was significantly lower in unexposed women (Fig. 1,A). IL-10 was detected more frequently (Table I) and was measured at a significantly higher concentration (Fig. 1 D) in placentas from unexposed women.
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Strikingly, IL-2 and IFN-γ were not detected in any samples from unexposed women but were detected in 38.3 and 42%, respectively, of samples from exposed, uninfected women (Table I; Fig. 2, A and B), both highly significant differences. TNF-α was also detected more frequently (Table I) and at a significantly higher concentration (Fig. 2 C) in placental samples obtained from these exposed women.
Placental cytokine concentrations differ based on gravidity and infection
Systemic malaria infection elicits an array of immune responses (33). Exposure to malaria during pregnancy elicits type 1 cytokines in the placenta, altering the cytokine balance observed in unexposed women (Figs. 1 and 2), and we questioned whether active infection predictably altered the cytokine profile. We stratified women in a holoendemic area (Kisumu, Kenya) by the presence or absence of parasites in their placentas at the time of delivery. Type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10) in the placenta did not significantly differ on the basis of infection or parity (Fig. 3). Among multigravidas, but not other women, placental TGF-β1 concentrations were significantly higher during infection (Fig. 3 A).
Our interest in placental cytokines arose, in part, from earlier reports that pregnancy may impair cellular immune responses against the parasite (34); others have cited this impairment as the basis for the susceptibility of pregnant women, particularly primigravidas, to malaria (13). TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2 are soluble mediators of the cellular response, and we analyzed placental concentrations of these cytokines with regard to infection and gravidity. TNF-α concentrations did not differ between gravid groups but did vary within groups on the basis of infection. Among primigravid and multigravid women, TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher when the placenta was parasitized (Fig. 4,A); the elevation of TNF-α was not significant among secundigravid women. Like TNF-α, IL-2 concentrations did not differ among gravid groups. IL-2 concentrations were higher during infection in all groups, although these elevations (compared with uninfected samples) were not significant (Fig. 4 B).
Overall, placental concentrations of IFN-γ were significantly higher in primigravidas than other groups (p = 0.01, Kruskal-Wallis). Within gravid groups, multigravid women had significantly elevated concentrations of IFN-γ in association with infection while primigravid women had decreased concentrations (Fig. 4,C). We defined the stage of infection at the time of delivery (no infection, early infection, late infection, or resolved infection) and compared IFN-γ concentrations between different stages (Fig. 4 D). In multigravidas, IFN-γ concentrations were significantly elevated during early infections compared with other stages of infection; among primigravidas, the elevation of IFN-γ did not differ significantly between stages. The significant elevation of IFN-γ in uninfected placentas of primigravidas (p = 0.02, compared with similar placentas from other gravid groups) may indicate a sustained pattern of cytokine secretion after infection or may indicate the cumulative effect of more frequent (2, 3) or more chronic infections.
IFN-γ and TNF-α are associated with poor pregnancy outcomes among primigravidas
Placental concentrations of IFN-γ and TNF-α were significantly higher in primigravidas delivering LBW babies than in those delivering normal birth weight (NBW) babies (Fig. 5, A and B). The elevation of IFN-γ among primigravidas in the absence of infection (Fig. 4,D) was specifically associated with LBW babies: among uninfected primigravidas, IFN-γ concentrations were significantly higher with the birth of a LBW rather than a NBW infant (p = 0.0075, Mann-Whitney), a difference not seen among infected primigravidas or other groups. Because small placentas are associated with LBW babies and often reflect a general growth disturbance, we also examined the relationship between cytokine concentrations and placental weight. Among primigravidas, but not other women, deliveries characterized by low placental weight (LPW), compared with normal placental weight (NPW), had significantly higher concentrations of IFN-γ and TNF-α (Fig. 5, C and D).
In holoendemic areas, women with maternal malaria suffer anemia as the most common complication, and anemia in the mother has been associated with LBW deliveries (35). Among primigravidas, but not other groups, significantly higher placental TNF-α concentrations (Fig. 6) and significantly smaller infants (p = 0.01, Mann-Whitney, severe anemia vs no anemia) occurred in association with maternal anemia. Because TNF-α and anemia might both contribute to LBW, we stratified the data from primigravidas: anemia was associated with significantly smaller babies when TNF-α was detected in the placenta (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis), but not if TNF-α was not detected; conversely, detection of TNF-α in the placenta was associated with significantly smaller babies in anemic (p < 0.05, Mann-Whitney) but not in normal women. In sum, TNF-α concentrations are related to anemia in primigravid women, and both appear to contribute to the development of LBW infants.
Placental blood samples were collected by compressing tissue in a grinder, and they therefore contained a fraction of fetal blood. We examined the contribution of cord cytokine concentrations to our analyses (data not shown). The correlation between cytokine concentrations in the cord and those in the placenta was poor to moderate (TNF-α, ρ = 0.096; IFN-α, ρ = 0.49; IL-4, ρ = 0.18), suggesting a marginal effect of fetal blood on overall cytokine measurements. Further, cord cytokine concentrations had no significant association with pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, the presence of fetal blood would tend to reduce the significance of associations between placental cytokine concentrations and outcomes, and our analyses may understate the relationship between placental cytokine concentrations in maternal blood and pregnancy outcomes.
Peripheral cytokine concentrations do not predict pregnancy outcomes
Peripheral and placental concentrations of cytokines correlated to varying degrees (TNF-α, ρ = 0.081, n = 285; IFN-γ, ρ = 0.5, n = 173; IL-4, ρ = 0.3, n = 143: Spearman rank correlation). Frequently, TNF-α was detected in the placenta but not in the peripheral circulation; less commonly, TNF-α was detected in the periphery but not in the placenta (Fig. 7,A). IFN-γ and IL-4 followed patterns similar to that of TNF-α (data not shown). Peripheral TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher among multigravid women than among other women (p = 0.03, Kruskal Wallis) but did not significantly differ on the basis of infection (Fig. 7,B). Peripheral concentrations of IFN-γ (data not shown) or TNF-α (Fig. 7,C) were not elevated in association with LBW infants. The relationship between peripheral TNF-α and anemia was more complicated (Fig. 7 D): primigravidas with mild anemia had significantly decreased concentrations; secundigravidas with mild anemia had significantly increased concentrations; concentrations did not differ between groups with severe anemia and normal hgb counts. Thus, despite the strong relationship between placental cytokines and pregnancy outcomes, peripheral cytokine concentrations were not associated with either LBW or severe anemia among primigravidas.
Maternal malaria occurs with great frequency in endemic areas, and it threatens the life of both mother and child. In areas of high transmission, maternal malaria most commonly manifests as anemia in the mother and LBW in the infant, with subsequent risk for morbidity and mortality. The genesis of either complication has been unclear; P. falciparum rarely establishes circulating congenital parasitemia, suggesting that the parasite disrupts fetal development through other mediators.
In this study, exposure to malaria altered the balance of placental cytokines. In placentas from Nairobi, type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10) predominated, and type 1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) were absent. These data support the idea that successful pregnancy in humans is accompanied by a bias away from type 1 cytokines and toward type 2 cytokines (27). Samples from malaria-exposed women were markedly different: pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2 appeared in abundance; IL-10 concentrations were decreased (possibly down-regulated by type 1 cytokines); and TGF-β1 concentrations were increased. In studies of mice, IL-10 and the inflammatory cytokines play counter-regulatory roles in the placenta (23, 36), a finding consistent with our observations. Conversely, placental concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β1 were higher among women exposed to malaria in this study. The uterine epithelium and placental trophoblasts are known to be sources of TGF-β during pregnancy (26). Increases in TGF-β may have occurred in response to the appearance of inflammatory cytokines, perhaps to ameliorate immune-mediated damage to the fetoplacental unit.
TNF-α is believed to have a role in parturition (37), which may explain our detection of this cytokine in some placentas donated by unexposed women. However, exposure to malaria was associated with significant elevations of placental TNF-α (Fig. 2,C). Further, type 1 cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2) appeared only in women exposed to malaria. TNF-α and IL-2 concentrations were always higher during infection (Fig. 4, A and B), but the pattern of IFN-γ secretion was not similarly uniform (Fig. 4, C and D): compared with other groups, primigravidas had elevated concentrations of IFN-γ at all stages of infection; among multigravidas, IFN-γ was elevated during early infection, but not at other stages of infection.
Primigravid women are at particular risk to deliver LBW babies, and maternal anemia, most commonly seen in primigravidas, increases that risk (35). In Kisumu, primigravid women delivered significantly smaller babies than other women did (p < 0.05, data not shown), and maternal age did not account for these differences. Elevations of TNF-α and IFN-γ were both significantly associated with LBW and LPW in primigravid women. The association of elevated IFN-γ and LBW was strongest in aparasitemic primigravidas, suggesting that the sustained elevation of IFN-γ after resolution of infection may be particularly harmful. Rodent models of pregnancy provide findings consistent with our own: administration of IFN-γ and TNF-α (29, 30, 38), or increases in these cytokines that occur during infection of C57BL/6 mice with Leishmania major (39), are associated with impaired development and fetal loss. In particular, the sustained administration of low doses of IFN-γ to pregnant rodents, which may approximate the pattern of IFN-γ secretion in malaria-exposed primigravidas (Fig. 4 D), increases fetal abortion and decreases fetal weight (30). Malaria, like other infections that activate macrophages, potentiates the abortifacient effects of TNF-α in mice (40).
For the mother, anemia is the commonest consequence of maternal malaria. Anemia frequently results from malaria infection in other populations and is an important cause of death among small children in holoendemic areas (41, 42). Among subjects in this study, placental TNF-α concentrations were significantly higher among primigravidas with severe anemia compared with other primigravidas (Fig. 6). Anemia places the mother at risk for mortality (9) and is an independent risk factor for poor fetal outcomes (9, 35, 43).
The shift to a type 1 immune response and elevation of TNF-α were associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes among our primigravid subjects. Elevated serum TNF-α has been associated with severe nonmaternal malaria (31), as have specific alleles of the TNF-α promoter region (44). While these earlier findings suggested that TNF-α up-regulation of downstream immune mediators, like nitric oxide, might contribute to syndromes such as cerebral malaria (45), subsequent work has not consistently supported this hypothesis (46). In rodent models of malaria, TNF-α can be associated with survival or death, depending on which tissues express the cytokine, and the point in the course of infection when concentrations peak (47).
Human studies generally measure peripheral concentrations of soluble mediators, which may not correlate with concentrations in inflamed tissues. Here, peripheral concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-4 correlated with placental concentrations to varying degrees, from minimal to moderate. The correlations between peripheral and placental concentrations suggest that immune responses occurring in the placenta can influence the systemic profile of cytokines, but this influence can vary according to the cytokine of interest. We were unable to identify significant associations between peripheral cytokine concentrations and clinical outcomes. Perhaps because cytokine effects are local, our measurements within the placenta were best able to describe the relationship between the immune response and fetal outcomes. The strong relationship in primigravidas between severe maternal anemia and placental TNF-α, but not peripheral TNF-α, was unexpected. TNF-α is known to inhibit erythropoiesis in mice, in part by suppressing erythropoietin-induced erythroid cell formation (48), and the human trophoblast was recently identified as an extrarenal site for the expression of erythropoietin (49). Although the role of placental erythropoietin in erythropoiesis remains undefined, its production may be suppressed by placental TNF-α (50), with maternal anemia as a potential consequence. Alternatively, maternal anemia and placental TNF-α may both be related to another variable, such as the frequency or chronicity of infection, but are not causally related to each other.
Parasites infecting the placenta have a unique adhesive phenotype (1). Women may have limited immunologic experience with this subpopulation until their first pregnancy, making primigravidas relatively naive, and therefore more susceptible to malaria. In a holoendemic area, malaria exposure altered the placental cytokine profile, shifting the balance in favor of a type 1 environment. Although P. falciparum may initiate the events leading to disease and death in the mother and her newborn, other mediators, such as placental cytokines, may play a critical role in pathophysiology.
In this study, all parities produced TNF-α and type 1 cytokines in response to malaria. In primigravidas, elevations of placental IFN-γ at all stages of infection, in concert with raised concentrations of TNF-α and possibly IL-2, are associated with poor outcomes for both mother and child. The distinct pattern of cytokines observed in primigravidas may be the result of more frequent parasitemia or could represent cellular responses occurring in the absence of established acquired immunity. In either case, a vaccine against the parasite subpopulation infecting the human placenta could offer nulligravid women the immunologic protection enjoyed by multigravid women, averting the cytokine responses associated with poor outcomes during first pregnancy.
We thank the director of KEMRI for permission to publish, Dr. Alan Sher and Dr. Steven Reiner for reviewing the manuscript, Dr. James Karanja and Dr. Omondi Ogutu of Kenyatta National Hospital for facilitating sample collection, and Hellen Odollo, Millicent Bunyali, Grace Otom, and James Gitonga for technical assistance.
M.F. is a National Research Council fellow. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Department of Defense.
Abbreviations used in this paper: CSA, chondroitin sulfate A; LBW, low birth weight; NBW, normal birth weight; LPW, low placental weight; NPW, normal placental weight; hgb, hemoglobin.


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Senator Hassan Among Lawmakers Who Questioned Top Drug Companies On Pricing
New Hampshire Senator Maggie Hassan was among the lawmakers asking questions of the nation's biggest drug companies in Washington today.
While much of the hearing before the Senate Finance Committee focused on the high price of prescription drugs in the U.S., Hassan focused her questions on the sales tactics the companies used when promoting opioids to doctors.
In one exchange with Jennifer Taubert, a vice president at Johnson & Johnson, Hassan accused the company of peddling a debunked theory called pseudoaddiction, which held that when doctors see patients beginning to show signs of opioid addiction, the solution was to increase their dose -- and boost sales.
Taubert said she wasn't familiar with the term and was beginning to describe how opioid sales make up only a small percentage of the company's business when Senator Hassan cut her off.
"Ok let me stop you right there," said Hassan, "because my constituents don't care about the percentage. They care about the behavior to maximize sales."
Hassan went on to list the figures for opioids deaths across the country and in New Hampshire.
The state of New Hampshire, along with several towns and cities, have filed lawsuits against pharmaceutical companies for their role in the opioid crisis.
"It is hard for me to take the industry's goal here as promoting good health seriously when it's behavior to maximize sales of opioids created an epidemic," said Hassan.

subset: commoncrawl


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Major Recasts, Fan-Favorite Returns and a Sorta All My Children Comeback Highlight Soaps' Latest Ins and Outs
Soap opera returns and departures.
September's comings and goings included a family addition on The Bold and the Beautiful, several big exits and returns on Days of Our Lives, a major recast on General Hospital, and fan favorites back to The Young and the Restless.
The Bold and the Beautiful
On The Bold and the Beautiful, Diamond White has been cast as Paris Buckingham, the sister of Kiara Barnes' Zoe Buckingham. And Delon de Metz joins as Zende Forrester Dominguez, originally played by Rome Flynn. Read The Bold and the Beautiful Comings and Goings to learn which other well-known character could be returning this fall.
More: B&B's 30 best characters ever, ranked [PHOTOS]
Days of Our Lives
On Days of Our Lives, Mike C. Manning joined the NBC soap opera as Charlie, an intern at Titan Industries. William Utay returned as the mad scientist, Dr. Wilhelm Rolf. Tina Huang took over in the role of DA Melinda Trask, previously played by Laura Kai Chen. The character was back to prosecute Kristen DiMera, once again played by Stacy Haiduk. Nzinga Blake played Angie, a friend of Eric Brady's from Africa who came to ask for his help. She was a part of the storyline that saw Greg Vaughan's departure from the show as Eric Brady. Galen Gering and Camila Banus left Salem as Rafe and Gabi Hernandez but will be returning. Cady McClain (Dixie on All My Children) will temporarily take over the role of Jennifer Horton, previously played by Melissa Reeves, who has chosen to leave the show. Though Freddie Smith and Chandler Massey's characters of Sonny Kiriakis and Will Horton left Salem and relocated to Arizona, the pair will make sporadic appearances in the future. Tamara Braun is returning as Steve Johnson's (Stephen Nichols) crazy ex and Tripp Dalton's (Lucas Adams) mother, Ava Vitali. Victoria Konefal exited with her character Ciara Brady presumed dead after a being caught in a car explosion. Kassie DePaiva was back as Eve Donovan. Heather Lindell returned as the former troublesome teen now troublesome adult Jan Spears. And Marci Miller was back as Abigail DiMera with Kate Mansi leaving the role. Read the Days of Our Lives Comings and Goings to learn to when Kristian Alfonso's final airdate as Hope Brady will be.
General Hospital
On General Hospital Bonnie Burroughs is returning as Gladys Corbin. Max Gail departed the ABC soap opera as Mike Corbin, and the character's daughter Courtney Matthews played by Alicia Leigh Willis made a special appearance to see Mike off after he passed away. Vernee Watson also returned as Stella Henry to say goodbye to Mike. Josh Coxx portrayed Brendan Byrne, Neil's brother, at his memorial service. Joe Flannigan left General Hospital after his character Neil Byrne died from an overdose. Fan-favorite Kathleen Gati was back as Dr. Obrecht, and Emma Samms made a surprise appearance as Holly Sutton. Nathan Parsons also returned for a few episodes as Holly's son Ethan Lovett. David S. Lee was back as Winston Rudge, Olivia Jerome's former henchman. Chloe Lanier left the show as Nelle Benson, who has been declared dead. Kelly Thiebaud was back as Britt "The Britch" Westbourne. And All My Children favorite Kim Delaney is returning to daytime in the role of Jackie Templeton, originally played by Demi Moore. Read our General Hospital Comings and Goings learn which popular soap opera actress stepped in and temporarily took over the role of Sam McCall.
More: The GH leading man Nancy Lee Grahn wants back
The Young and the Restless
On The Young and the Restless, Robert Adamson returned for a few episodes as Noah Newman. Michael Maclane returned as the drifter Jared. Doug Davidson is taping new episodes as Paul Williams. Elizabeth Hendrickson is gearing up to come back to Genoa City as Chloe Mitchell. Fan-favorite Judith Chapman is returning as Gloria Fisher Bardwell. Madison Thompson has been cast in the new role of Jordan. And former The Bold and the Beautiful actress Courtney Hope is joining the show in a yet-to-be-named role. Read the Young and the Restless Comings and Goings to watch a video from Christian LeBlanc on the Baldwin family revival.
More: Y&R fall preview and predictions
Get your free daily soap-opera fix for all four daytime dramas delivered straight to your email inbox by signing up for Soaps.com's newsletter. Then browse the gallery below of who could be Amanda's mother on The Young and the Restless.


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About Frozti
Warming Up
It was easy to change the map to single player layout for co-op. But it makes no sense that the "enable freelook" and "crosshair" check marks in the server settings do absolutely nothing. Those are the two things we want to change in settings but can't so we thought it would be fine since it's in server settings but does nothing there either.
Zandronum/doomseeker is perfect, all I need to figure out now is why people in my server can't change their settings! We want to enable cross hair and possibly turn off free looks but the settings don't change in game. There's a flag for each of them in the server settings that do absolutely nothing.
Zandronum is giving me a head ache. Super simple to host a lan game and have my friends join. But there's two problems. One, my friends can't change their settings in game. Tried running as admin. Two, and I've encountered this on multiple source ports, it seems the maps are set up for multiplayer or something. There's at least one of each gun just sitting out in the open. Ugh... the multiplayer set up for legacy was perfect...
Oh okay, I thought everyone was referring only to the title screen demo, which is a weird feature to make a fuss about. I'll try gzdoom and doomsday again, one of the two I'm sure will be good enough. Was doom originally 30fps? I always remember the game being so damn smooth...
I downloaded legacy again to see if it would work... Well the main problem of the colors being messed up is gone, it started out broken for a few seconds then corrects. But not only is the frame rate capped at 30, but the other issue still resides. The mouse is very glitchy, some times I'll click and it won't stop shooting on it's own or won't shoot at all. Are you guys positive there's no way to lan with doom retro because that would be a god send
Exactly what I want... Something polished, has all the features that source ports have but doesn't force you to mess with them, etc. I wish the steam version was like this, it would sell a lot more for sure... Fired up odamex... Not what I wanted at all. Looks like to do what I want I'll need to set up a dedicated server every time I want to play co-op with a friend which makes saving a bitch if possible at all... What do you guys mean by "demo"???
Well strange the read me in the breach folder that came with the install said something about multiplayer co-op... And the tilda key didn't bring up the console, maybe I need to activate it? Any way, time to try odamex.
Maybe you should since we're on the topic of user friendly LOL ;D Retro doom is nice but it's so bare bones, not even a .cfg? Dang lol I don't see options for lan, and it's also really dark... I don't remember the game being so dark... and I have an ultra bright monitor...
Wow, didn't know the forum was so lively.... email notifications is checked and no notifications... Any way, I don't need the game to be replicated to a T, it would be cool if I was using a CRT monitor but I'm not... It's a 1080p lcd 144hz screen. So lack of frame cap and ability to change resolution would be a plus. If legacy worked on windows 7+ I would be using it as we speak. But last I recall I could not get it to work on anything by my old xp machines. Also here's something to throw in... I remember using DoomsDay and there was a big input lag, felt like I had vsync on when I didn't. It was almost as if the mouse movement was digital, emulating analog movement but idk it just didn't feel right... Input lag is my absolute biggest pet peeve of gaming, I like to feel completely connected. Also for doom I don't use vertical aim if that changes anything. I seem to be between odamex and retro, is there a way to save co-op games? and are they true lan or will I basically just be setting up a private server?
User Friendly Source Port?
Frozti posted a topic in Source PortsSeeing my ultimate doom collection disc out of the corner of my eye got me in demon killing mode... I wanted to ask which of the many source ports is the most simplistic and easy to use? I used to use Legacy and it worked alright but it only seems to run on XP and doesn't have a ton of support. Zdoom and doomsday worked well but even though I could work it easily, I want something more simple. Easy lan set up and control binding is a must. I play doom 1, doom 2, final doom, heretic, and might try Chex for nostalgia sake.
Doomsday Input Delay
Frozti posted a topic in Source PortsI am using the doomsday engine, and it feels as if there is either a slight delay or some kind of acceleration. It doesn't feel like raw input. It's not noticeable for some but very frustrating for me. My monitor has a 1ms response time so it's very noticeable compared to other games. I have vsync turned off in catalyst, I don't know why it feels so weird, but it just makes the game less fun since I play so fast paced.


text: Whips are my biggest Passion in the Western arts. I have been cracking whips for over 13 years. I am currently rounding on 1000 whips I have made in my professional career. I have had personally training on multiple occasions with my Whip Making Mentor Joseph Strain of Northern Whip Co. Learning under Joe Strain has given me my original foundation in making whips per David Morgan inherent construction methods. Being a student of Joseph Strain I am one of the few people in the country that are currently full time professional whip makers. What I love best about it is that through Joe's skill sets I only use a sharp blade. Very few do this. I make all my lace from beggining to end a utility knife. I also have a very artistical skill set when it comes to my approach of whip making. I can make an Indiana Jones 12 plait Bullwhip without make a single measurement in its construction. This also helps to allow me to be one of the fastest whip makers alive.I currently have 2 whips that hold Guinness Book of World records one was used by Adam Winrich and the other April Jennifer Choi. I am one of the Premium Whip Makers for Western Stage Props. My work is in over 80 countries around the world. This also includes various circus performers around the globe. I have whips in multiple Cirque De Soleil Performances. My whips are also currently used in the Indiana Jones Stunt Spectacular and Disney world Florida and in other theme parks including 6 Flags. My work is used daily by popular Western Arts Performers, Stuntmen, Actors, and Whip Trainers such as Anthony Delongis, Loop Rawlins, Will Robert's, Todd Rex, and more. I also have whips that are about to debut in an upcoming T.V. series this fall.I love cracking whips and making them, but I am also a Martial Arts Instructor of over 24 years.I have Instructor License under Dion Ricardo in Bruce Lee's Jeet Kune Do and Kali. I am also a 2nd degree Black Belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Marcello Monteiro which you can check out at bjjcoach.com. 2nd degree is important because there is 2 degrees of separation to promote. I am a Blackbelt in BJJ who can Promote someone to a Blackbelt. There are not a lot of those in the U.S. Marcello has the biggest global Association Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Academy across the world. I was fortunate enough to learn with him daily as his right hand man when he moved to the U.S. 16 years ago.My original focus was always protection. In this process I have studied various arts, styles, and protection systems from top known instructors from all over the world. Some of the courses that I have trained and taught involve tactical firearms, tactical shotgun, home invasion, edged weapons vs. empty hand, multiple opponents, OC pepper spray, couple's defense strategies, kids kidnap prevention, Law enforcement programs, bailiff escorting programs, strategy And tactics for bouncers, Add more.As for the sport world I have competed and multiple Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu competitions as well as exhibition matches. I have trained with many notary UFC competitors.


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Nighthawk Custom has introduced a limited edition model of Korth revolvers dubbed Vintage. With the mesmerizing color case hardened finish of the frames and barrels, carved smooth walnut grips and high polished cylinders, Korth Vintage revolvers are just incredibly beautiful handguns. These revolvers will definitely be a great addition to any high-end wheelgun collection.
Korth Revolvers @ TFB:
- Nighthawk Partners with Korth to Import Revolvers at NRA 2016
- POTD: One Of A Kind Engraved Nighthawk Korth Revolvers
- Nighthawk Custom Introduces Four New Korth Revolvers
- Nighthawk/KORTH Release the NXA Lightweight Revolver
Korth Vintage revolvers are chambered in .357 Magnum and have 6-round cylinders. They feature adjustable rear sights and 18K gold front sight beads. Gold medallions with the Korth logo are inlaid on the frame, behind the cylinder. There are two versions of this revolver – with 4″ and 10″ barrels. Only ten revolvers of each version will be available in the United States and each will be shipped with a "1 of 10" certificate of authenticity.
No price is specified in the Nighthawk Custom press release or on the Korth Vintage revolver page of the Nighthawk Custom website as of writing this article. The Korth Heritage revolver is quite close to the Vintage in terms of finish and execution and it has an MSRP of $8,999. I guess one should expect to pay a similar amount of money for the Vintage.
For revolver collectors and fans of the Korth brand, tell us in the comments section what do you think about the Vintage revolvers. Which barrel length do you like? Do you think acquiring high-end limited edition firearms is a good investment due to a higher resell value or do you prefer not to invest in such guns because of possible difficulties of selling them later?
Pictures by Nighthawk Custom LLC, www.nighthawkcustom.com


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Recommended For:
Infants aged 4 months old
This package consists of:
(1) 1 dose of Child 5 in 1 Vaccine - Diphtheria / Pertussis / Tetanus (DPT), Polio and Haemophilus Influenzae Type B (Hib);
(2) 1 dose of Child Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13); and
(3) CDA - Child Developmental Assessment conducted by a doctor
This vaccination is not recommended if your child experienced fever symptoms 3 days prior to your appointment
Before you book:
If you have any question on the vaccination that should be taken, kindly write to us at email@example.com or call us at +65 31584622 and a healthcare professional would be available to answer them.
What happens after you book:
- An email confirming your order will be sent to you after your purchase.
- You will be contacted by a mobile health assistant within 2 working days of your purchase to confirm your appointment details.
- Our mobile medical team will arrive at your preferred address and timing to perform the vaccination.
Please note that home-based vaccinations are not CHAS eligible. If you would like to submit a claim for CHAS, please purchase our in-clinic vaccinations instead. [Location here - https://doctoranywhere.com/da-clinic-group/]


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Bored yet? Whether you are on 'lockdown', self isolating, or simply hiding from a world gone mad, here are 10 things to do by yourself that are enjoyable, fun and maybe even a little self indulgent.
1. The Classic – Read a Book
If that stack of books by your bed seems to grow rather than shrink now is the perfect opportunity to finally read what you have been wanting to read. Get off social media. Turn off the TV (it's all nasty news anyway). Take a break. Let your thoughts go somewhere else. And open a book.
If you are digitally inclined, a Kindle/eReader is a wonder. All those books in one little thing. But even better, connect it to your online library and the world is your oyster. All without having to go outside. Unless, like me, you like to read in the garden.
2. Make a Jigsaw Puzzle
Tucked somewhere in your house, you probably have a jigsaw puzzle collecting dust. Maybe even two. Get them out, clear a table space, put on some light music (or the news if you prefer to stay in contact) and get to sorting and fitting.
Did you know you can now do Jigsaw puzzles online? I only recently discovered. And it is super cool! I didn't really think it is possible, but if you have a computer and a mouse or pad you are good to start making a puzzle. It takes a bit of getting used to, but after awhile it is just like making a physical puzzle. www.jigsawexplorer.com
3. Bake
When was the last time you baked something? By yourself, just for yourself? Here's your opportunity to either try a new recipe or make a comforting favourite. How about a two ingredient chocolate cake recipe for one?
Chances are you already have the ingredients you need at home. And half the fun, I think, is sometimes looking at the ingredients you have and finding a recipe to match. Try it. Simply type in say 'coconut and eggs recipes' (or whatever 2 or 3 ingredients you would like to use up) and see what goodies show up in your browser.
4. Write a Letter
This is my favourite. Some people like to journal or keep a diary, I prefer to write and send it off. It's my preferred way to keep in touch with the world. It doesn't bombard you like online info, or the tv. You can take your time, relax and let your thoughts flow.
The wonderful thing about letter writing is you can do it anywhere. At a desk, the kitchen table, curled up on a sofa. If it is sunny out, I truly recommend writing outside. Especially in early morning or nearing dusk. There's something even more indulgent and relaxing about these times.
Once done, stick a stamp on it and pop it in a letter/mail box. No need to see or be seen by anyone.
5. Take an own property walk
When was the last time you really looked at your back yard/garden? (This is of course assuming you have one. And if you d not, skip to 6.) Now is a perfect opportunity to go out, by yourself, get some fresh air, and walk around your own property.
Take the time to look at your trees. Do they need pruning? Or do you need to weed your garden? Something need fixing? Here's your opportunity. Now, turn and look at your property. Anything need fixing? Make a list of what needs doing in future. Or take an opportunity to tidy or trim.
6. Start a veg garden
Did you know you can grow vegetables without seeds? So as you eat, don't throw away those veg table scraps. Instead turn them into your veg for the future.
This can be done whether you have a garden outside to plant in, or not. If not, you only need to find containers of some sort to plant them in once they start to show roots. Here's 25 foods you can regrow from scraps.
7. Have a Pamper Day
When the going gets rough the rough should be pampered. Here's a chance, whether female or male, to indulge in yourself (and no one need know, shhh). Often, when we are feeling down, nothing picks us up more than treating ourselves.
Take twice as long in the shower. Or better yet, enjoy a bubble bath. Shave, colour your hair, hydrate your skin. Your bathroom is your oyster, and you are the pearl. If you truly wish to indulge, make your own body scrubs. It's super easy. A little left over coffee grounds, some sugar a few drops of oil and you are good to scrub away your cares for the moment. Or if you need more direction… enjoy a watch at Fairyland Cottage.
8. Have a clear out
I have long enjoyed wardrobe change over day but being house bound has suggested to me an opportunity to truly go through my things and have a good clear out. Like most people, things seem to accumulate (even when you are a closet minimalist). Finding time to go through, sort and determine what not to keep is a wonderfully cathartic activity. It lifts the spirit and makes you feel lighter. Not a bad thing in this current time.
If you have never done it, I can recommend Marie Kondo's book (available to read online from libraries and Amazon (affiliate) to aid in the 'how to'. But essentially you go through a section of a room. It could be a drawer only or a whole closet. Empty it and lay everything out. Put things in to 3 piles: Keep, Give away, Throw away. The Keep gets put back. The Give away gets put in a sack ready for when you can deliver to your local charity. And the Throw away is self evident, unless…
9. Make a Rag Rug
Following on from number 8. If you found yourself with lots of old clothes that were heading to the bin, re-think. You can turn old clothing into a rug. It is super easy, requires no sewing, and is also very quick to make.
You simply cut material into strips. (I've even used socks, cutting them like peeling an orange in one strip.) Using 4 strips you braid them. Whilst braiding you weave the strip back through the previous to hold it together. Sounds complicated, but once you try it it turns out to be very very simple to do. There's a link above to a video and here's a picture tutorial on how to: Little House in the Suburbs.com/no-sew-rag-rug-tutorial
10. Learn a Language
So often learning a language is difficult because it takes time and concentration, a need to be by yourself to truly absorb and learn. Well, now is a big opportunity. There are so many options out there, and most are free!
I can highly recommend Learn French with Vincent on YouTube. And also Coffee Break language learning podcasts from RadioLingua. They offer French, Spanish, Italian, German, Swedish, Chinese and even English all in coffee break length lessons. These are super effective as you can only listen – no writing, just absorbing.
Bonus Thing to do by Yourself: Indulge in some quiet time
When was the last time you simply sat and thought? Have you ever not done anything? I am not talking about sitting and watching TV, or even listening to the radio. I am saying sitting and doing nothing. Just letting your thoughts drift. Give it a try. Your thoughts may surprise you.
And take it a step further if you like. Enjoy a nap. We're great supporters of the 20 minute nap, or even doze. A chance to recharge the batteries. To clear the mind. A true indulgence in this time of stress, chaos and even panic.


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*New from Sports4CAST* Check out SmartStakes, our free platform for betting-related stats.
Pretty good for the Algorithm last weekend getting both games correct. The Jaguares got a big win over the Brumbies, and the Crusaders were pushed the entire way by a strong Hurricanes side.
Below is the prediction for the final of Super Rugby 2019.
The Jaguares have made history by making it to the big dance for the first time ever after winning big at home against the Brumbies. To get to the final this season the Jaguares have built on form with a run of seven straight wins and winning 11 from their last 12 matches. These have come from playing away in South Africa, New Zealand and Australia, proving that they're not just good at home.
However, the real test is this weekend. How will they handle the occasion? Will momentum get them over the line? We cannot wait to find out…
The Crusaders were pushed the entire way in their semi final clash against the Hurricanes only sealing the big 'W' late in the game, perhaps controversially with a refereeing mistake in the final minutes.
Winger Sevu Reece crossed twice and Richie Mo'unga was again the standout performer with a brilliant try and 15 points from the tee. The Crusaders have lost Ryan Crotty and Scott Barrett for this weekend however. Both have been formidable performers for the Crusaders this year. How much will this play into the hands of the Jaguares?
We have had a look at the previous matches between these two sides. Only two, and it looks good for the Kiwis…
So far it's all Crusaders who won both games and scoring an average of 36 points against the Jaguares. However, the final will be the first time they have crossed paths in 2019, and with the Jaguares rate of improvement, perhaps this time will be different.
We also had a look at the run into the finals between both outfits below
A record of 12 wins 2 draws and 2 losses with 8 wins, 1 draw and 0 losses at home! Impressive.
A record of 13 wins and 5 losses with an away record of 5 wins and 3 losses scoring an average of 29 points away.
As stated earlier the Jaguares are on a real run of form, winning their last seven straight and 11 from their last 12 matches. They have been a powerhouse at home, winning their last six straight. Last week was a particularly impressive 39-7 demolition of the Australian conference champions Brumbies in front of more than 31,000 people in Buenos Aires.
The Crusaders are going for their 3rd straight title and 10th overall, while the Jaguares are chasing their first title in just their fourth season. The Jaguares will need to watch out for Sevu Reece and Richie Mo'unga as these two have been stand out performers for the Crusaders with Reece scoring tries for fun. The Crusaders on the other hand need to watch for Jaguares flanker Pablo Matera who has been in great form, making the second-most offloads of any forward (22) this season.
Springbok legend Bryan Habana believes a Jaguares win over the Crusaders would be a major positive for the game. What do you think? How do you think this is going to go down? Tell us in the comments.


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This country-specific Q&A provides an overview of international arbitration laws and regulations applicable in Canada.
1. What legislation applies to arbitration in your country? Are there any mandatory laws?
Every province and territory of Canada, except Quebec, has two arbitration statutes. One statute applies to domestic arbitrations, while the other applies to international commercial arbitrations. For example, in Alberta, the Arbitration Act, RSA 2000, c A-43 (Alberta Arbitration Act) applies to domestic arbitrations, while the International Commercial Arbitration Act, RSA 2000, c 1-5 (Alberta International Commercial Arbitration Act) applies to international commercial arbitrations.
In Quebec, the Civil Code of Quebec (CCQ) and the Code of Civil Procedure (CCP) apply to both domestic and international commercial arbitrations.
At the federal level, the Commercial Arbitration Act, RSC 1985, c 17 (2nd Supp) (Federal Commercial Arbitration Act) applies to both domestic and international commercial arbitrations when: (a) at least one of the parties is a federal department or Crown corporation; or (b) the arbitration involves an admiralty or maritime matter.
There are mandatory laws regarding arbitration. However, the mandatory laws depend on which statute applies. Common mandatory laws in domestic arbitration statutes provide that:
- the parties shall be treated equally and given an opportunity to present a case;
- the courts must stay court proceedings about matters that are subject to an arbitration agreement;
- if an arbitration agreement does not specify the number of arbitrators who are to form the arbitral tribunal, the arbitral tribunal shall be composed of one arbitrator;
- an arbitrator shall be independent of the parties and act impartially; and
- subject to the arbitration agreement, a party may only appeal on questions of law with leave of the court. See, for example, ss. 7(1), 9, 11(1), 19, 44(2), and 44(2.1) of the Alberta Arbitration Act and ss. 7(1), 9, 11(1), 19, and 45(1) of the Ontario Arbitration Act, 1991, SO 1991, c 17 (Ontario Arbitration Act).
Common mandatory laws in international commercial arbitration statutes, including the Federal Commercial Arbitration Act, provide that:
- arbitration agreements shall be in writing;
- if an arbitration agreement does not specify the number of arbitrators who are to form the arbitral tribunal, the arbitral tribunal shall be composed of three arbitrators; and
- the parties shall be treated equally and given a full opportunity to present a case. See, for example, ss. 7(2), 10, and 18 of Schedule 1 of the Federal Commercial Arbitration Act and ss. 7(2), 10, and 18 of Schedule 2 of the Alberta International Commercial Arbitration Act.
2. Is your country a signatory to the New York Convention? Are there any reservations to the general obligations of the Convention?
Canada is a signatory to the New York Convention. The Convention entered into force in Canada on August 10, 1986.
Canada has issued one reservation to the general obligations of the New York Convention. In every province and territory of Canada, except Quebec, the New York Convention only applies to differences arising out of legal relationships that are considered commercial pursuant to the laws of Canada.
3. What other arbitration-related treaties and conventions is your country a party to?
In addition to the New York Convention, Canada is a party to:
- the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States of 1965 (ICSID); and
- numerous bilateral and multilateral investment treaties and free trade agreements.
4. Is the law governing international arbitration in your country based on the UNCITRAL Model Law? Are there significant differences between the two?
The law governing international arbitration in Canada is based on the UNCITRAL Model Law. Every international commercial arbitration statute, except those in British Columbia and Quebec, incorporate the UNCITRAL Model Law as a schedule. In British Columbia and Quebec, the statutes applicable to international commercial arbitrations are generally consistent with the UNCITRAL Model Law.
5. Are there any impending plans to reform the arbitration laws in your country?
British Columbia brought into force a new domestic Arbitration Act, S.B.C 2020, c. 2 on September 1, 2020. We are not aware of any other impending plans to reform any of the other arbitration statutes in Canada.
6. What arbitral institutions (if any) exist in your country? When were their rules last amended? Are any amendments being considered?
Numerous arbitral institutions exist in Canada, including the ADR Institute of Canada Inc. (ADRIC), Vancouver International Arbitration Centre (VanIAC, formerly the BCICAC), Canadian International Internet Dispute Resolution Centre (CIIDRC, a division of VanIAC), Canadian Arbitration Association (CAA), and International Centre for Dispute Resolution of Canada (ICDR – Canada).
The ADRIC, VanIAC (international arbitration rules), and CAA rules were last amended in 2016, while the ICDR rules were last amended in 2015. VanIAC amended its domestic arbitration rules in 2020. VanIAC also plans to amend its international arbitration rules in 2021.
7. Is there a specialist arbitration court in your country?
There is no "specialist arbitration court" in Canada. However, Canadian courts are very familiar with international arbitration law and practice, recognize and respect party autonomy, and recognize and enforce foreign arbitral awards.
8. What are the validity requirements for an arbitration agreement under the laws of your country?
The validity requirements for an arbitration agreement depend on which statute applies. Some domestic arbitration statutes require that arbitration agreements be in writing, while other domestic arbitration statutes, such as those in Alberta and Ontario, do not expressly. Every international commercial arbitration statute, including the Federal Commercial Arbitration Act, require that arbitration agreements be in writing.
9. Are arbitration clauses considered separable from the main contract?
Arbitration clauses are considered separable from the main contract. Some domestic arbitration statutes expressly provide that arbitration clauses are separable from the main contract. In the provinces and territories with domestic arbitration statutes that do not provide that arbitration clauses are separable from the main contract, the courts apply the common law doctrine of separability. Every international commercial arbitration statute, including the Federal Commercial Arbitration Act, incorporates Article 16 of the UNCITRAL Model Law, which provides that arbitration clauses are separable from the main contract.
10. Do the courts of your country apply a validation principle under which an arbitration agreement should be considered valid and enforceable if it would be so considered under at least one of the national laws potentially applicable to it?
The "validation principle" has not been widely applied by Canadian courts. Canadian courts instead generally take the position that the validity of any given arbitration clause is within the jurisdiction of the arbitrator and should be deferred to the arbitrator. (See Morran v. Carbone, [2005] O.J. No. 409 (Sup. Ct. J. [Commercial List])
Canadian courts apply the competence – competence principle pursuant to which arbitrators have the jurisdiction to determine their jurisdiction, leaving the question as to which law is applicable to the arbitration agreement to be determined by arbitrator. This includes situations in which a party to an arbitration agreement argues that an arbitration clause is void, inoperative, or incapable of being performed; even in such situations Canadian courts have determined that their jurisdiction to make such a finding is limited, and that arbitrators should be the first to consider challenges to their jurisdiction. (See Seidel v. Telus Communications Inc., 2011 SCC 15; Ciano Trading & Services C.T. & S.R.L. v. Skylink Aviation Inc., 2015 ONCA 89)
Canadian courts respect parties' express or implied choice of law, unless there is a strong cause to override that agreement. In determining that choice of law, the court will look to see if the intention of the parties as to the law governing the agreement is expressly stated, in which case, generally that law governs. If the intention of the parties as to the governing law is not expressly stated, but may properly be inferred from the terms and nature of the contract and the surrounding circumstances, then the intention so inferred, in general, governs. If the intention of the parties as to the applicable law cannot be ascertained from the express terms of the contract, or cannot be inferred from the terms of the contract in the light of surrounding circumstances, the intention of the parties may be inferred by referring to the system of law with which the contract has its closest and most real
connection. (See O'Brien v. Canadian Pacific Railway (1972) 25 D.L.R. (3d) 230 (Sask C.A)) Where the arbitration agreement is silent on the law that governs it, and there is an absence of any other indication as to what law should govern arbitration agreement, the court will generally apply law of the commercial contract to the arbitration agreement.
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Originally published by Legal 500 Comparative Guide to International Arbitration 2020.
For permission to reprint articles, please contact the Blakes Marketing Department.
© 2020 Blake, Cassels & Graydon LLP.
The content of this article is intended to provide a general guide to the subject matter. Specialist advice should be sought about your specific circumstances.


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TOQUERVILLE, Utah -- Washington County Sheriff's Deputies had an unusual call to assist with traffic Saturday, they were asked to help a plane land on a state road.
The pilot of a small plane radioed he was having mechanical problems and needed to make an emergency landing.
The deputies closed a stretch of SR 17 between Toquerville and I-15 to allow the pilot to land.
He did so safely and was able to correct the issue while on the ground.
The road was closed until the pilot made a successful take-off and continued on his way.
No one was injured, and the deputies say they enjoyed their stint as air traffic controllers and repurposing the road as a runway.


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- Newsmaker: 2001 Hate Crimes Hit Historical High in LA County
LA County-s Commission on Human Relations released some grim statistics today. Hate crimes in the year 2001 increased 11 percent from the year before. Of that grim total, 20 percent were related to September 11. Robin Toma, Executive Director of the Commission, says that the majority of violence was directed against Middle Easterners and Muslims.
- Reporter's Notebook: Marlene Marks, Woman-s Voice in Jewish Community, Dies
Marlene Adler Marks, columnist for the Jewish Journal, died last week of lung cancer at the age of 54. For the past two weeks, she surrounded herself with friends. Since her death, she-s been mourned by politicians, rabbis and others who-ve praised her powerful writing and her vastness of spirit. Rob Eshmnan, Editor-in-Chief of the Jewish Journal, remembers Marks- illuminating gift for filtering daily life through Jewish values.
The media lost another strong voice last week with the death of 24-year KCBS news veteran Larry Greene, who was killed in a helicopter crash in the Persian Gulf. A brilliant and hardworking news reporter who brought stories to life with his camera, Green had an infectious sense of fun. Larry Greene was 50, and left a wife and two sons.
Commission's Report on Hate Crimes


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From Agricultural Defense Coalition
Agricultural science expert and environmental activist Rosalind Peterson explains how the US Navy is intensifying its warfare testing in the Pacific, Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico in 2013 and 2014.
Some environmentalists and alternative media outlets suggest that elevated coastal radiation levels and marine die-offs have resulted due to radiation emanating from the 2011 Fukushima nuclear power disaster. Yet how much of this devastation is attributable to recent widescale military experimentation off of the Pacific and Atlantic Coasts?
The toxic combination of "Shock & Awe" Bomb Blasts, Sonar use, Missile Exercises, Live-Fire Weapons Testing, Lasers, Electromagnetic Weapons, and Experimental Weapons Testing all negatively impact marine life and our oceans.
Click here to view Peterson's March 11, 2014 video addressing the escalation of U.S. Navy Warfare Testing and the areas in which the U.S. Navy is currently conducting Live-Fire Warfare Practice.
Public Comment Due by April 15, 2014, on U.S. Navy NWTT Website for Northern California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho & Alaska. Read the Northwest Training & Testing EIS/OEIS Draft EIS/OEIS on the U.S. Navy Website & Make Your Public Comments or Ask Questions:
U.S. Navy Website: http://nwtteis.com/
Call Your Elected Officials Today in Washington D.C. Toll Free: (1-866) 220-0044
1) Request a 30 to 60 Day Extension of Time for Public Comment (U.S. Navy NWTT Draft EIS/OEIS)
2) Contact U.S. Senator Barbara Boxer, Requesting Congressional Hearings to Protect Our National Marine Sanctuaries, Biologically Sensitive Areas, Marine Reserves, Coral Reefs & Other Coastal Regions from "Shock & Awe" Navy Warfare Testing.
*** The U.S. Navy Map below outlines the areas in which the U.S. Navy is now conducting warfare testing in the Pacific, Atlantic & Gulf of Mexico.
Relevant Documentation
1) These areas now include the entire coastal region of the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico
See U.S. Navy Atlantic Fleet Warfare Testing Range (AFTT) Map & Final EIS/OEIS (November 25, 2013)
U.S. Navy Website: http://aftteis.com/
NOAA Permits to "harm" marine mammals in AFTT Range 2013-2019
2) The U.S. Navy Hawaii/Southern California Range
See U.S. Navy Warfare Range Map & Final EIS/OEIS (December 23, 2013)
U.S. Navy Website: http://hstteis.com/Home.aspx
NOAA Permits to "harm" marine Mammals 2013-2019
3) The U.S. Navy Northern California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho & Alaska Range
(U.S. Navy Draft EIS – Public Comment Due by March 25, 2014)
See U.S. Navy Warfare Range Map & Draft EIS/OEIS (2014) U.S. Navy Website: http://nwtteis.com/
U.S. Navy December 18, 2013 Application to NOAA to "Take" Marine Mammals Between 2015-2020:
4) The U.S. Navy Mariana Islands Range in the Pacific (U.S. Navy Website Deleted 2014)
Navy Application to NOAA for Permit to "Harm" Marine Mammals April 2013:
NOAA Website: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/permits/mitt_loa_application2013.pdf
NOAA Website for Navy Renewal Application for 2012-2015:
5) The Gulf of Alaska (U.S. Navy Website Deleted 2014)
NOAA Website U.S. Navy Permit to Harm Marine Mammals:
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Website Which Lists "Takes" from All Sources Permitted by National Marine Fisheries Service: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/permits/incidental.htm
Mendocino Coast Says NO to U.S. Navy Weapons Testing – March 7, 2014 – Fort Bragg, California
The Navy, in the above video, refused to answer any questions to this group as a whole attending the Navy Open House Meeting. The Navy would only answer questions individually at their individual Navy stations outside of the group meeting room. This restricted the ability of everyone attending their meeting to hear the answers to questions posed by the group as a whole. We allege that the U.S. Navy Open House process violates the National Environmental Quality Act (NEPA).


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Top Web Page Hosting Tips For Your Benefit
As more people find ways to make money online, websites have become increasingly popular. Many reasons exist for setting up websites; no matter what yours is, web page hosting is something you must study. To obtain some foundation knowledge about this, read this article.
Find out what kinds of web pages you can create using each potential web host. A lot of free services will only provide you the tools necessary to build your own pages or let you use their templates, but not add overly dynamic personal scripts. If you need to have a scripting page that's dynamic, a pay host that's affordable is the way to go.
Your domain name should be registered with an outside company. If you register it with your web host and the company goes under, you could end up losing your name. If you register your domain through your host, they have control of it.
Always check into the security precautions provided as you shop for a web host. Multiple threats are discovered every day on the Internet, making your site a target. Ask if the host you are using has protected themselves, and you from attacks that will cause harm, including DDoS threats. What will the potential risks to your website be if your host is attacked?
Make a list of priorities prior to choosing a web host. Match your 'must have' list with services offered by the companies that you are considering. Making this type of list will help you avoid making a decision based solely on one factor, such as price, rather than finding the best deal for your needs.
Once you have selecting your web page hosting company, you should opt to make payments on a monthly basis, as opposed to committing to a longer period of time. You can't predict what your business will be or what your host will do in the upcoming months. If your business grows too big for the host or your business closes, you may lose the money you paid, unless the host states otherwise.
Depending on what kind of traffic and how much your site gets, is how website hosting companies will charge you. Some will charge different amounts while others use flat rates, so figure out beforehand.
Free Web
One way to save money on website operating costs is to find a free hosting service. A free web host will place ads that are out of your control on the site, and you will not have as much space as you might want. If you want a professional site though, avoid free web page hosting.
Be aware of your web host's guarantee policy and whether they offer money back if you're not satisfied. If you find the service isn't working as well as you hoped, you should be able to get a refund. The time frame for this is generally 30 days. Many webhosts advertise themselves better than they are.
It is also good to talk with other customers whenever possible. These channels are helpful for finding honest, unbiased reviews and feedback that can make your decision much easier. You can also determine if these companies have earned your confidence during these discussions. You can get great information from current customers of a web page hosting company.
Reputation is crucial to good web hosts. Articles and reviews about choices in hosting can help you find the services that have trusted reputations. In the same manner, those that are less than reliable, and have a bad reputation, will be reviewed badly online too.
Dedicated Server
Considering using a dedicated server in order to improve your website hosting service. Using a dedicated server can give you access to more bandwidth, space for storage, and website security. This allows your customers to get a top-notch experience during their visit to your site. Remember, happy customers tend to return to your site.
Hopefully this article has shed some light on some of the confusing terms and inner workings of web hosting. Now, it's time to move information into action. Once you take this step, your blog or website will be better positioned for success.


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Enchanted Knight
Like a few others, this shapeshifter class came into the world through the power of the Veilstorms. One of Arthur's childhood friends, Menw, was touched by a Veilstorm. Though he appeared unchanged, Menw went into a deep coma. Over the next decade, his body was slowly encased in what looked like a moth's cocoon. Over the next thirty years, the cocoon changed shape and color, before it finally cracked open, revealing an unchanged Menw. However, appearances can be deceiving. He had gained the power to change shape, and shared his gift with others. And so, the Guild of Enchanted Knights was born.
To change is human, to truly transform, divine.
Bane Samples
Receives reduced healing and power from life buffs.
When the user strikes another player who is more wounded than the user, the user's damage is reduced.
Boon Samples
The longer the user remains in a single transformation, the greater the power of abilities used in that form, up to a capped amount. If the user is taking and dealing damage, the user's power increases faster.
The properties of armor and weapons equipped by the user have their stats incorporated into their transformations. These grant offensive and defensive bonuses relative to equipment quality and power.
Component Samples
Transforms the user into the form of a Griffin, capable of bursts of speed and high slashing and piercing damage, while applying debuffs to the target.
The immense claws of the Griffin rend armor and flesh, inflicting slashing or piercing damage and applying a stacking debuff that reduces the target's armor class for a brief duration after each strike.
A channeled series of piercing attacks that deal moderate damage, which increases with each successive strike. If the final strike successfully pierces the target's armor, a bleed damage over time debuff is applied to them for a long duration.
A heavy attack with a high stamina cost that deals slashing damage and causes bleed damage over time. If this attack strikes a wounded body part of an already bleeding target, it applies a debuff that increases subsequent damage to the same body part for a brief duration.
Transforms the user into the form of a Basilisk, capable of inflicting debilitating diseases.
Noxious vapor inflicts a poison debuff on the target, greatly reducing the amount of healing they receive and preventing their wounds from being cured for a brief duration. If the target receives a wound while the debuff is active, its duration is extended.
A channeled effect that immobilizes the user, and reduces the movement speed and increases the ability preparation and recovery times of the target over time. The amount of time spent channeling and any damage dealt to the target during the duration increases the power of this debuff.
Projects an effect, based on the Primary component used, in a small cone in front of the user, affecting enemies who are close and facing the user.
Transforms the user into the form of a Demon, capable of dealing high damage and using buffs to add chaos damage to their attacks.
Deals moderate direct chaos damage, and applies a brief chaos debuff that inflicts a small amount of chaos damage to the target each time they activate an ability. If used against Spirit enemies, its damage is increased.
Directly applies an effect to a hostile target at medium range, based on the Rune component used. Stacking the same effect on the target increases the effect's power and resets the effect's duration.
A powerful high-speed projectile with a high activation time that passes through characters in a straight line. On reaching its maximum distance or colliding with a non-character object, it then detonates over a small area, applying an effect based on the Rune component used with it to the closest enemy in range.
Applies a buff to the user's weapon that causes each successful subsequent weapon strike to apply an effect based on the Rune component used. Damage dealt by this buff increases its duration.
Divine Intervention Sample
Metamorphic Transfiguration
The user quickly shifts forms, retaining the bonuses of their previous form, and keeping the power built up with Chosen Form in their new transformation.
Destructive Reconstitution
If killed while in a transformation, returns the user to their normal body with full health. A chaos debuff is also applied that prevents the use of their previous transformation for a long duration.
Death Curse Sample
Retaliatory Transformation
On death, the user's hostile target is transformed into a mostly harmless bunny, with greatly reduced stats for a brief duration based on the power of their Chosen Form. If the target is killed before the transformation expires, all nearby Enchanted Knights gain an equal amount of power to their current Chosen Form.
Black Rider
Also known as the Dullahan, the Black Riders are a frightening vision on the field of battle. These headless riders may be the most terrifying of all the shapeshifters. While their attacks may not be as physically powerful as those of their opposing Realms' counterparts, their ability to spread fear and use their severed heads and spinal cords as weapons makes them quite the challenging foe.
My death heralds yours!
Bane Samples
While transformed, radiant and fire debuffs have their power increased on the user, and the user also takes increased damage from radiant and fire attacks.
Stamina regeneration is progressively reduced based on time spent in transformed states.
Boon Samples
Dealing damage builds Incorporeal Descent, allowing greater progressive degrees of Defilement transformation as thresholds are reached.
The properties of armor and weapons equipped by the user have their stats incorporated into their transformations. These grant offensive and defensive bonuses relative to equipment quality and power.
Component Samples
The user takes on an early stage of Defilement, transforming into a ghastly undead state, and replacing the user's weapon with a barbed, spine-bone spear.
Deals piercing damage with a bonus to armor penetration. Deals bonus death damage when successfully penetrating the target's armor.
A fast, positional strike with low preparation and recovery time that deals bonus damage. If this attack successfully penetrates the target's armor and the target's affected body part has already sustained a wound, this effect applies a death debuff that causes the target's panic rating to increase if the same body part is damaged.
Increases the recovery time of a spear attack to add a physical debuff which causes bleeding if the attack successfully penetrates the target's armor. If the affected body part was already bleeding, this attack increases the duration of the bleeding debuff and deals bonus damage.
The user takes on an advanced stage of Defilement, severing their head, which can be used as a projectile, and granting reduced ability preparation and recovery times. Also applies the benefits of the user's previous defilement as a chaos buff.
The head of the user separates from their body, and can be used as a projectile and point of origin for ability effects. The head will automatically return to the user if they move to its location on the ground, or if they travel too far from it. If the head is returned by moving too far away, its cooldown time is greatly increased.
Projects the user's head from its current position at a hostile target, gaining power from corpses it passes by. Deals death damage on striking the target and falls to the ground, creating an aura which applies a lingering death debuff that deals death damage over time to nearby enemies. If this attack kills an enemy, it has no cooldown time and requires no activation cost on subsequent activation, within a brief duration.
The user's head emits a scream that increases the panic rating of nearby enemies and applies a death debuff to them that greatly reduces their movement speed for a brief duration. If the user's head was attached to their body, this debuff also increases the amount of damage affected targets take from death attacks for its duration.
The user takes on an advanced stage of Defilement, increasing in size and growing a layer of bone armor that suppresses the negative effects of wounds previously sustained and increases damage dealt with death abilities based on the total number of wounds the user has sustained.
The user channels to gather power over time from nearby corpses. These provide a damage-absorbing shield for a moderate duration or until broken by damage, with its health based on the amount of power gathered.
The user's damage-absorbing shield explodes on expiration, dealing death damage to nearby enemies based on its amount of remaining power. Enemies with existing wounds that are affected by the explosion take bonus death damage, and have a death debuff applied to them that increases the damage they take from death attacks for a brief duration.
The user's shield absorbs only a portion of incoming damage, but deals death feedback damage to enemies who attack the user. The shield regenerates its power based on the amount of death damage dealt by the user.
Divine Intervention Sample
Overflowing Defilement
A channeled ability where the user permeates an area with death energy, applying a portion of the benefits of their current defilement as a death buff to their nearby group members for a moderate duration. The user gains a death buff for the same duration increasing the damage of their death abilities based on the amount of damage dealt by their group members.
Death Curse Sample
Final Defilement
On receiving a fatal wound, the user takes on a horrific transformation, becoming the personification of death for a short duration. The user gains a death buff which allows their next attack within a limited duration to deal high bonus death damage and cause a high amount of panic. When this attack is used or when the buff expires, the user dies.
Child of Loki
Like the famous trickster god, members of this class love to take on the forms of other beings. Unlike the other Realms, the power of this class comes from their animal forms, and not from their weapons or abilities. Practitioners of this class have more forms available to them than their counterparts from the other Realms. They gain this knowledge through an oral tradition passed down by their order. It was begun by the very first skin-changer, who heard it from Loki himself.
My children shall exceed me!
Bane Samples
Physical damage mitigation from armor is reduced, and the user suffers increased encumbrance from equipment.
The user takes an amount of chaos damage when applying Gift abilities based on the duration of the previous gift, up to a maximum damage cap after a long duration.
Boon Samples
Cures one wound from the user's most damaged body part each time a Gift is changed.
The properties of armor and weapons equipped by the user have their stats incorporated into their transformations. These grant offensive and defensive bonuses relative to equipment quality and power.
Component Samples
Transforms the user into a spirit form of Fenrir (wolf), capable of stealing health when attacks penetrate their target's armor, and of providing group chaos buffs using howls. The cooldown for this begins when another Gift is activated.
Bites the target, dealing high piercing damage. If this attack successfully penetrates the target's armor, it returns a portion of the damage dealt as health to all body parts of the user. This attack gains bonus damage if the target is poisoned.
Applies a chaos debuff to all nearby enemies that increases their panic rating based on damage dealt to them by the user over a moderate duration. Affected targets that reach their maximum panic rating take greatly increased damage from the user's attacks while the debuff is present.
Grants a chaos buff to the user that greatly increases the health returned by their attacks. This buff also cures a wound to the user's most wounded body part each time they inflict a wound on an enemy while the buff is present.
Transforms the user into a spirit form of Sleipnir (horse), capable of increased movement speed and charging attacks, that can deal crushing damage and knock back enemies. The cooldown for this begins when another Gift is activated.
After a long activation time, increases the user's movement speed for a brief duration, or until their next attack, and grants their next attack high bonus crushing damage and a moderate knockback.
Channeling this places the user in an enhanced spirit form for a brief duration. While in their enhanced form, the user gains increased movement speed, and cannot be affected by physical or magic types except death, shadow, chaos, and void, which have their power on the user greatly increased. When the channeling ends, the user returns to the basic spirit form and applies a chaos debuff to nearby enemies that greatly reduces their movement speed for a duration based on the amount of channeling time used.
A channeled effect that increases the movement speed of the user and their nearby ally target, as long as they stay within range. It also suppresses any leg wounds and movement-impairing debuffs on both the user and their ally target for the length of its duration.
Transforms the user into a spirit form of Jörmungandr (snake), capable of using piercing attacks that apply poison damage when penetrating the target's armor. The cooldown for this begins when another Gift is activated.
Bites the target, dealing high piercing damage with moderate armor penetration. If this attack penetrates the target's armor and a poison debuff is not present, it applies a poison damage over time debuff to the target. Poison damage dealt by this debuff is increased based on the remaining health of the target's affected body part. If a poison debuff is already present on the target, this effect increases the damage the existing poison inflicts over time.
Bites the target, dealing low piercing damage with high armor penetration. If this attack penetrates the target's armor and a poison debuff is not present, it inflicts a long duration poison debuff that inflicts low poison damage over time. If a poison debuff is already present on the target, this effect increases its duration.
Bites the target, dealing high piercing damage with low armor penetration. If this attack penetrates the target's armor and a poison debuff is not present, it inflicts a poison debuff that deals escalating poison damage over time. If a poison debuff is already present, this effect increases the poison damage it deals by an increasing amount over its duration.
Divine Intervention Sample
Epic Calamity
Greatly increases the power of the user's current Gift, increasing their size and the power of their abilities.
Death Curse Sample
Apocalyptic Cataclysm
Fissures open in the ground around the user and violently erupt with the spirit kindred of the user's current Gift. Enemies who come into contact with the spirits have a chaos debuff applied to them based on the type of spirits present:
- Wolves – Increase panic rating and apply a chaos debuff that greatly reduces movement speed and increases ability preparation and recovery times.
- Horses – Knock enemies back and deal crushing damage.
- Serpents – Apply a poison debuff that deals poison damage over time for a brief duration, or if a poison debuff is already present, greatly enhance the damage taken from all previously present poison effects.


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Spider-Man has made it a habit of appearing in a new costume in every MCU movie he appears in. Lucky for us, we get to see some pretty incredible Spidey suits come to life like the Iron Spider in Avengers: Infinity War, and we almost got even crazier suits in the movie, according to early concept art.
A Twitter user posted pictures of an art book that showcases early concept art for Spider-Man's suit in Avengers: Infinity War. Among the suits included in the art book are the classic red and blue suit he wore in Spider-Man: Homecoming and more understated versions of the Iron Spider suit. One of the photos even has a picture of Spider-Man battling Thanos' monster creatures while Doctor Strange is tied up similarly to how Ebony Maw tied him down in the New York scene.
But the suit that caught our eye the most was the black and gold suit we've never seen before. Most of the suit is black while the center spider insignia and some parts of the fists are gold. From our perspective, it doesn't look like it's the symbiote suit, but instead just another crazy concoction Tony Stark cooked up.
The black suit looks truly awesome and it's something that would have been epic to see in action if it had been incorporated into the movie. And we may end up getting that wish yet. Spider-Man is rumored to be wearing an all-black suit in Spider-Man: Far From Home.
Additionally, the concept art also shows off another suit that the web slinger is going to wear in Spider-Man: Far From Home. It's the red and black suit that has already been confirmed by Spider-Man himself, Tom Holland. As far as Spider-Man suits is concerned, more is always better.
Add magic to your living space with these string lights
String lights add personality and soft light to your living space. Here are some of the best.
Disguise your little one with the help of a themed costume
From roaring lions to hoppy bunnies, costumes speak to every child's unique spirit. And we've collected our favorite options.
The Galaxy S20 Ultra's Space Zoom camera is amazing and a bit creepy
The Galaxy S20 Ultra supports up to 100X zoom, which Samsung calls Space Zoom, but is it any good? Can a phone really product usable photos at 100x zoom? We've got our Galaxy S20 Ultra already so join us to find out!
Spoil the father in your life with these amazing finds
It's easy to honor dad when you've found the right gift, but the right gift isn't always easy. To assist, we've compiled a list of the best presents around.


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All the information you need to make your visit to SPAC unforgettable…
The Saratoga Performing Arts Center is nestled within the 2,400-acre Saratoga Spa State Park.
Saratoga Spa State Park, distinguished by its classical architecture and listed as a National Historic Landmark, is noted for its diverse cultural, aesthetic and recreational resources. In addition to the nationally-known Saratoga Performing Arts Center, the Spa Little Theater, the National Museum of Dance, Saratoga Automobile Museum, Gideon Putnam Resort and the Roosevelt Baths and Spa, the park offers a multitude of traditional recreation opportunities.
The Peerless Pool Complex consists of a main pool with a zero-depth entry, separate slide pool with a 19-foot double slide and a children's wading pool with a mushroom fountain. The slide pool has a minimum height requirement of 48 inches tall. The Historic Victoria Pool is a smaller pool surrounded by arched promenades. Both pool areas include food and beverage services, showers, locker rooms and restrooms.
The Saratoga Spa State Park Golf Course offers two beautiful golf courses; a championship 18-hole course and a challenging 9-hole course, complete with pro shop and restaurant. For more information and to reserve a tee time online, visit Saratoga Spa Golf.
The gentle terrain offers picnic areas and shady stream side trails, suitable for the nature-lover or the casual walker, as well as certified running courses used by joggers and high school and college athletes. Winter activities include cross-country skiing on approximately 12 miles of trails, ice skating, and ice hockey.
What to see and do in and around the Park
- Saratoga Auto Museum
- Gideon Putnam Resort and Spa
- Spa City Farmers' Market
- Saratoga Spa State Park Bird Conservation Areas
- National Museum of Dance
- Homemade Theater
- Wired Coffee Roasters
- Saratoga Spa Golf
- Hall of Springs
- Roosevelt Spa
- Opera Saratoga
- National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame
What to see and do outside the Park
Accommodations: From luxury hotels to cozy B&Bs, there are so many great places to stay. Whether you prefer the bustle of downtown Saratoga or off-the-beaten-path quiet, no matter what your travel budget is, Saratoga has a place waiting for you. Click here for a list.
Restaurants: Saratoga is a foodie's heaven, offering up cuisine from the simple to the sublime, with flavors from around the world. From authentic Italian to classic French to innovative American to world-class cuisine, local menus of Saratoga restaurants offer creative entrées to satisfy any palate. Learn more here.
Shops: If you like to shop, you'll really like downtown Saratoga. It has everything – unique clothing boutiques, department stores, cozy cafes, fantastic book stores, natural food grocery stores, artist galleries, and so much more! Learn more here.


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Rexpeed CT9A Carbon Fiber Gauge Cluster (Evo 7/8/9)
A must-have if you are a carbon fan! These are overlay stickers made from real carbon fiber. Just peel off 3M film on the backside and stick them on. Easy install and easy removal. Available in 2x2 weave only.
- This product does not qualify for free shipping. Shipping will be added at checkout.
Customer Reviews
Perfect fitment and the carbon looks so damn good. definitely a great upgrade on the look of my gauge cluster
10/10. Looks really nice. Fit perfectly
This gauge cluster overlay fits perfect and looks great! Always a pleasure to get a JDC product in the mail. It is nice to have a company that's is actively making product for and older JDM car! 10/10
Always a pleasure ordering from JD Customs.
Payment & Security
Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information.


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Ian, a graduate from Morristown High School in Morristown, New Jersey, played under Coach Hank Manning for four years at Pace University. He was the starting First Baseman for both his Junior and Senior years. Ian was named a team captain his Senior season. In his last two years as a starter, Ian hit .298 and .308. He has received multiple awards and recognition for academic excellence while a player at Pace. Ian graduated with a Master's Degree in Communications, along with a minor in Journalism.
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