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An Insight into Sweet Potato Weevils Management: A Review
Sweet potato is an important food crop that is grown widely in tropical and subtropical regions. Sweet potato weevil is the most disastrous pest affecting sweet potato plantations, causing millions of dollars losses annually. An effective integrated pest management (IPM) method will help to prevent economic losses, and it is crucial to understand the factors that contribute to weevil infestation and strategies that are available to overcome them. This review summarizes the (1) mechanisms of action of weevil on sweet potato and (2) contributing factors in weevil infestation, followed by (3) discussion on current IPM practices used in the different regions, including intercropping, entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria, sex pheromones, and pesticides. Lastly, it also focuses on (4) applications of advanced biotechnology and genomics strategies towards reducing weevil's infestation in sweet potato plantation.
1. Introduction
Sweet potato is currently ranked as the seventh most important crop in the world with a total production of 103 million tonnes in 2013 [1]. It is produced largely in Asia (accounting for up to 76.1% of world production in 2013), followed by the African continent (19.5%) [1]. The top five producers of sweet potato in 2014 were China, Nigeria, Uganda, Indonesia, and the United Republic of Tanzania [1]. Sweet potato is one of the five most important crops in 40 developing countries besides rice, wheat, maize, and cassava [2]. Despite the crop's economic importance, widespread sweet potato weevil infestation results in losses of millions of dollars annually [3].
Since weevils are widely dispersed in tropical regions of the world, their management is the key issue faced by farmers in major sweet potato producing countries. The four main species of weevils that cause the most harm to sweet potato plantation are Euscepes postfasciatus (Fairmaire), Cylas formicarius (Fabricius), Cylas puncticollis (Boheman), and Cylas brunneus (Fabricius) [4, 5]. Euscepes postfasciatus is a South American species that is more prevalent in Central and South America. Cylas formicarius is an Asian species but is usually found throughout the tropical regions worldwide including North America, the Caribbean, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Cylas brunneus and Cylas puncticollis are African species and are restricted to Africa. There are other species of sweet potato weevils in the tropical regions in Africa, for example, the rough sweet potato weevil (Blosyrus spp.) and striped sweet potato weevil (Alcidodes dentipes and Alcidodes erroneous), but their damage to sweet potato cultivation is not as severe as the main species (Cylas spp.) [6].
1.1. Sweet Potato Weevil Infestation by Regions
Sweet potato weevil is by far the most destructive pest of the sweet potato plant. The degree of infestation varies from region to region but weevils nevertheless cause severe damage to plantations. A research conducted by the Taiwan Agricultural Chemical and Toxic Substances Research Institute Council of Agriculture revealed that the damage caused by sweet potato weevil reduced sweet potato production in Taiwan by 1–5%, while the damage in extensive commercial produced fields was up to 18% [7].
In China's Guangdong Province, yield generally shrunk by 5–20% and, in some cases, by up to 80% [8]. In Vietnam, farm-level plantations losses were documented to suffer up to 40% of reduction in yield [9]. Losses of 3–80% were recorded in Indonesia, throughout several locations and seasons [10] and with higher damage observed during the dry season [11]. In Malaysia, exact losses in the field were not recorded in recent years; the only documented figure was a 1970 study showing 80% yield loss or 4 tons/acre [12]. In the Philippines, sweet potato yield was reduced by 50% due to C. formicarius infestation [13], while in Japan (Amami Islands), losses were recorded at 15% [14].
Cylas spp. were found to be the major pest in the tropical regions in Africa. Losses were recorded to be as much as 73% in Uganda [15] depending on the planting period and 15–20% in yield in Tanzania [16]. In other areas in the continent, losses have been shown to reach up to 100% [17, 18].
In the United States, the southern states of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and North Carolina produce 75% of sweet potato supply [19]. While the main pests affecting sweet potato plantations in these regions include sweet potato weevils, wireworms, white grubs, sweet potato flea beetle, cucumber beetle, white fringed beetle, and sugarcane beetle, weevils cause the worst damage to this crop [19]. In Southern Florida, up to 80% (average 69%) of losses in sweet potato yields have been reported, mainly contributed by the death of infested plants [20]. Due to the severity of this problem, several workshops were conducted by universities in this state to bring together all parties involved to develop plans for pest management in sweet potato production [19]. Through these activities, IPM strategies were implemented (such as pheromones trap and usage of selected approved pesticides); farmers were also given information about planting strategies (bedding and soil preparation) to minimise infestation and the introduction of sweet potato cultivar with higher resistance to weevils (such as Regal) [21].
In the Dominican Republic, sweet potato farm-level losses due to weevil infestation were estimated at 39% [22]. Weevil is also found in all provinces of Cuba where sweet potato plantations are located and, in the absence of adequate control, losses have been shown to reach up to 45% [23].
1.2. Sweet Potato Weevil Mode of Action
Although different subspecies of sweet potato weevils can be found in different geographical locations, their modes of action remain the same [24]. Sweet potato weevils generally cause serious damage to all parts of sweet potato plant throughout their life cycle, from egg to adult. When laying eggs, female weevils excavate cavities and create egg-laying punctures in the roots. The eggs are laid below the surface of the roots and covered with dark colour excrement from the female adults [24]. As a result of the unsightly punctures, the appeal of the roots and market price of sweet potato become greatly reduced, resulting in major economic losses.
Hatching will generally occur in a week after oviposition by females. Hatched larvae will start making tunnels inside tubers and feed inside galleries [25]. The tunnels inside the tubers of sweet potatoes will be filled with excrement from the larvae. As the larvae feed, the sweet potato will impart a bitter flavour and terpene odour, making it unsuitable for the consumption of human or livestock. The presence of terpenoid reduces the marketable yield and root quality of sweet potatoes [26]. Mining of sweet potato tubers by larvae is the principal cause of sweet potato damage. The tuber becomes spongy in appearance, riddled with cavities, and dark in colour [26]. Beside that, larvae also mine into the vines of sweet potato, causing it to darken, crack, and collapse. Apparent symptoms of weevils infestation will be yellowing of the vines but this usually only occur after heavy infestation [26].
Larvae tunnelling inside the tubers will indirectly facilitate the entry of soilborne pathogens, which can cause further damage from secondary infections by fungi and bacteria [25]. In addition, the larvae will cause damage to the vascular system, which then reduces the number and size of future storage roots. Subsequently, adults will start emerging and will start feeding on leaves, vines, tender buds, and storage roots of sweet potato by punctuating the surface. Since most of the infestations generally occur below the soil level, these problems can go undetected until harvesting season arrives. Observations from the different regions of sweet potato plantations summarize the factors that can contribute to sweet potato weevil infestation. This information is important as a preventive measure against future infestation.
2. Factors Influencing Sweet Potato Weevil Infestation
2.1. Physical Attributes of Sweet Potato
Host plant resistance plays an important role in the management of serious insect pests [27]. Apart from the nutritional quality of its tuber, the physical attributes of sweet potato, including its flesh colour, neck length, shape, thickness, and skin colour, influence the infestation by sweet potato weevils. Oval- and round-shape sweet potato tubers were more severely infested by sweet potato weevils compared to elongate, spindle, and long stalked ones. Besides, cultivars with pink and red coloured tubers as well as lobed leaves and thin foliage were considered less susceptible compared to brown and white coloured tubers [28].
The level of infestation in the different sweet potato genotypes was reported to be related to the concentration of kairomones in the periderm of the tubers. For example, boehmeryl acetate, a kairomone identified in sweet potato tubers surface, acts as an ovipositional stimulant for female weevils [29]. This finding was supported by Nottingham et al. [30] who discovered triterpenol acetate on the root surface of the genotype "Centennial" which has shown similar function to other kairomones. This suggests that selection of sweet potato genotypes with increased deterrents or decreased concentration of kairomones such as boehmeryl acetate and triterpenol acetate may significantly facilitate sweet potato resistance to weevils [27]. Therefore, the selection of sweet potato variety is important for the control of sweet potato weevils.
Deep-rooting and early maturing varieties (90 to 120 days) are about four times less susceptible to infestation than shallow-rooting and late maturing varieties (180 days or more). As a result, both deep storage roots and early maturing varieties tend to reduce the severity of weevil damage [31]. More than 95% of oviposition by female weevils happens in the first 35 cm of vines and planting of infested cuttings is one of the ways of distributing sweet potato weevils [31]. Therefore, treatment of infested stem cuttings with insecticides or Beauveria bassiana is currently being practised to reduce weevil infestation.
2.2. Age of Stem Cutting
Female weevils tend to lay eggs in the older portions of vines, especially when they cannot access the roots or the storage roots are absent. Since planting of infested cuttings or vines will spread weevil infestation, weevil-free cuttings of sweet potato vines produced by dipping in an insecticide solution are recommended [32]. Older portions of cuttings are usually severely infested with weevils, while younger cuttings are rarely infested with weevils. This notion is supported by a field study, which showed increase in number of weevils in vines in increased vine age [33].
2.3. Altitude and Season
Weevil infestation has a strong relationship with the location altitude and planting season of sweet potato. Several studies have concluded that higher temperature may increase the growth rate of insect's population as well as the risk and severity of the outbreaks [34, 35]. In Kerala, India, tuber damage by weevil infestation was observed to be less serious in lowland (up to 22%) compared to upland (4 to 50%) [36]. On the other hand, a study in Kabale District, Uganda, reported higher number of Cylas spp. infestation at lowland (up to 1814 meters above sea level) (77%) compared to the number of Cylas spp. at higher altitude (1992–2438 meters above sea level) (23%) [37]. The rate of infestation in this case may be also affected by other reasons such as method used in planting, sanitation level in that area, and the variety of sweet potato planted.
According to Bhat [38], the incidence of weevil infestation was higher when planting in the period from August to November (87.4%) compared to the planting in the period from June to July (10.9%). A study conducted in India showed that tuber damage was higher (71%) during summer season (February–May) compared to monsoon season (June–September) (45%) [36]. Thus, weevil infestation can be reduced by proper planning of planting and harvesting time as well as the planting location.
In addition, sweet potato weevil relies strongly on cracks in dry soil to reach the storage roots, as they cannot dig. Hence, weevils cannot reach roots which are well buried under the soil. The enlargement of roots near the soil surface and the stress from soil moisture can increase the chances of producing cracks and exposure of roots to the weevils. The incidence of damage caused by sweet potato weevils was observed to be lesser during wet season compared to dry season as the absence of cracks hinders weevils from accessing the roots [39–41].
3. Current Strategies to Overcome Sweet Potato Weevil Infestation
3.1. Mixed Cropping or Intercropping
Some farmers practise mixed cropping systems with sweet potato, rice, cowpea, maize, ginger, and yam to reduce the incidence of sweet potato weevils. Pillai et al. [42] reported that intercropping sweet potato with colocasia, rice, or cowpea resulted in up to tenfold reduction in the infestation of sweet potato weevil (4.8–11.54 weevils per kg of tubers) compared to monocrop of sweet potato (217.5 weevils per kg of tubers) in Kerala, India.
Besides, effective crop rotations also resulted in lower tuber damage (ranged from 7 to 9%) compared to monoculture of sweet potato (52%) [43]. Crop rotation method was found to be effective in controlling weevil infestation as the number of weevils captured by sex pheromone traps in areas with monoculture of sweet potato exceeded exponentially compared to pheromone traps in areas planted with sweet potato rotated with potato [44].
Additional steps such as elimination of crop residues will also increase the effectiveness of IPM. For instance, a field sampling in Cuba showed that 0.7 tonnes of crop residues per hectare could harbour approximately one million weevils. Aside from this, new sweet potato plantings are also recommended to be separated from older fields (approximately 1 km) as the risk of weevil infestation increases with the age of sweet potato fields. This distance length was chosen as the estimated dispersal ability of the weevils from invading a new plantation [45, 46]. In Japan, alternative crops were suggested to farmers to be planted between sweet potato plantations, for example, yam (Dioscorea japonica), "senryo" (Chloranthus glaber), and edible sunflower [47].
3.2. Mulching, Irrigation, and Reridging
Since dry soil allows weevil to reach the target roots, an important strategy to deter infestation is by preventing soil cracking. This can be achieved by irrigating frequently or hilling a small area around the sweet potato plant in order to prevent the entry of weevils into the roots. An experiment was conducted by Talekar [48] to determine the potential of mulching materials such as rice straw and plastic film in reducing the infestation of sweet potato weevils by spreading them over the planting site of sweet potato. The result showed that rice straw and plastic film successfully reduced weevil infestation by 55% and 35%, respectively. Mulching materials were found to minimize soil cracking and conserve soil moisture and provide a physical barrier that reduced the entry of weevils to roots.
Reridging is another approach that works to prevent the entry of weevils into tuber and oviposition by female weevils, but this works best only when performed at the tuber formation stage. Palaniswami and Mohandas [49] conducted a study in India to investigate the efficiency of reridging in sweet potato plant in reducing the infestation of weevils. It was observed that the weevil infestation was significantly reduced by this method.
Soil cracking due to deficiency in irrigation or drought will facilitate the entry of eggs into the roots. Therefore, in Cuba, sweet potato was commonly planted during rainy season because less irrigated fields were 4 to 5 times more infested with weevils compared to well-irrigated fields. Besides, weevil associated damage also increase by over 4 times if harvesting was delayed by 30 days; hence, it is necessary to harvest mature crops before the infestation level reached 3% [50, 51].
3.3. Sanitation
Sanitation practices play a vital role in protecting sweet potato from pests with limited flying capacity such as sweet potato weevil. Weevils that survived in stems and roots will infest neighbouring sweet potato plants. To overcome this problem, crop residues in the field must be destroyed after harvest [52]. Traditionally, infested sweet potato fields were flooded to induce the rotting of leftover plant materials and to reduce the chances of weevil infestation in neighbouring plants. However, it was only in 1987 that experiment to study the effect of flooding of infested fields on the weevil densities in sweet potato plantation was conducted [47]. This was conducted by maintaining standing water over recently harvested weevil-infested sweet potato fields for approximately 4 weeks. The results showed that the number of insects (including larvae, pupae, and adults) per plant decreased over the flooding duration from 1 week to 4 weeks, demonstrating that flooding could be a safe and cost-effective method to reduce weevils infestation in sweet potato plantation.
3.4. Entomopathogenic Nematodes
Biological control method using entomopathogenic nematodes has been found to have beneficial interaction with sweet potato and offers a promising way to suppress sweet potato weevil population. The entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae, have high reproductive potential and are safe to nontarget organisms, two characteristics which make them attractive for use against pests such as sweet potato weevils [53].
Infective juvenile entomopathogenic nematodes penetrate the body cavity of larvae via the mouth or breathing pores by using a tooth-like structure that pierce into the host soft intersegmental membranes [54]. Once inside, the nematodes start releasing pathogenic bacteria, Photorhabdus by Heterorhabditidae and Xenorhabdus by Steinernematidae, into the larvae body cavity, where the bacteria will reproduce rapidly and cause larvae death within two days [55, 56]. Mutualistic relationship exists between the bacteria and nematodes in which the bacteria supply nutrients to the nematodes by killing the insect host, while the nematodes provide shelter to the bacteria [57].
The use of entomopathogenic nematodes in controlling sweet potato weevils offers several advantages: they are environmentally safe, infective juveniles can be used together with most pesticides [58, 59], and they are host-specific [60]. Jansson et al. [61] conducted an experiment to test the effect of entomopathogenic nematodes on C. formicarius and the results showed that the application of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae bacteriophora) consistently reduces damages to sweet potato roots and is thus suitable to control weevil infestation.
3.5. Entomopathogenic Fungi
Entomopathogenic fungi are by far one of the most effective biological control agents of sweet potato weevil due to their host-specificity. Entomopathogenic fungi are one of the first organisms involved in biological control of pests and recently more than 700 species are found to be pathogenic to insects [62]. These fungi infect their hosts by entry into the host, followed by evasion of host defence reactions and multiplication and finally exit from the host [63]. The physicochemical features of disease development require interaction of entomopathogenic fungi with the insect host's outer tissues before producing toxic metabolites to evade or interact with the insect's defense mechanisms, though some metabolites were found lacking this ability [64, 65].
Several mechanisms are used by entomopathogenic fungi to evade the insect host defense system within the hemolymph, including changes in outer cellular layer of the fungi and the production of immunomodulating substances to suppress host defense system [66, 67]. Entomopathogenic fungi produce a relatively high level of toxic metabolites, enabling them to tolerate the insect's immunological defense system. For instance, Beauveria bassiana produces 10 kDa of a proteinaceous metabolite to kill the larvae at metamorphosis stage by disrupting the granulocytes [68]. The death of the insect host usually is a result from depletion of nutrient resources, mechanical damage, and toxicosis [62].
Protein contributes 70% of the cuticle layer; thus proteases secreted by entomopathogenic fungi play an important role in digesting protein and penetrating the cuticle layer [69, 70]. The cuticle degradation by proteases starts with the absorption of enzyme onto the cuticle by nonspecific electrostatic bonds, followed by protease active site contact with specific peptide sequences (on the cuticle) and lastly the hydrolysis of amino acids or peptide fragments of the cuticular protein. Besides, entomopathogenic fungi also secrete lipoxygenases, phospholipases, and lipases in order to degrade the host epicuticle which contains fats, lipoprotein, and waxy layers [71]. These three enzymes hydrolyze ester linkages in glycerophospholipids of host cuticle and result in cell lysis, destabilization of membranes, and release of second messengers [72].
Numerous studies and laboratory experiments have proven that entomopathogenic fungi are useful in the control of sweet potato weevil. Reddy et al. [73] conducted a field study to compare the effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi, insecticides, and combination of both entomopathogenic fungi and insecticide in controlling sweet potato weevil by determining the adult weevils' mortality. Results showed that Metarhizium brunneum with spinosad (insecticide) and Beauveria bassiana with spinosad caused 100% adult weevil mortality at 48 hours after treatment, while Metarhizium brunneum and Beauveria bassiana alone required 168 to 192 hours after treatment to cause 100% mortality. Beside that, Ondiaka et al. [74] conducted an experiment to determine the effect of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae on adult Cylas puncticollis and fecundity and viability of female Cylas puncticollis eggs. The results showed that spraying of Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae caused adult mortality between 62.5% and 89.2%. In addition, adult females treated with both fungal species laid less eggs compared to control, suggesting that the fungi can reduce fecundity and egg viability significantly.
3.6. Bacterial Insect Pathogens
Bacteria insect pathogen can grow, multiply, and develop within an insect host, causing considerable damage to the host. Bacteria enter insect host through the oral cavity or outer integument, which consists of cuticle and epidermis. Bacteria need to overcome several threats after they have entered the insect host via the oral cavity, and these include high concentration of hydrogen ion and antibacterial substances in plant (insect food) and low oxidation-reduction potential in gut, which restrict the proliferation of bacteria. The bacteria establish themselves by penetrating epithelial cells of the gut and invading host hemocoel, which will eventually reduce the nutrients in the host gut, causing starvation or sickness to the host [75].
Biocontrol agents are generally divided into three main groups: Group 1—agents will recycle naturally to exert permanent effect of pest control once they are introduced into the pest population; Group 2—agents disappear quickly from the pest population and they must be reapplied regularly; and Group 3—agents can behave like Group 1 or Group 2 based on the combination of pest species, environment, and agent strains. Among the most commonly used bacteria in pest management, industrially produced Bacillus popilliae falls into Group 1, which has long-term economic control on pests. On the other hand, industrially produced Bacillus thuringiensis falls into Group 2, which has practical but transient control of pests, and lastly Bacillus sphaericus falls into Group 3, which has mixed characteristics of Groups 1 and 2 [76].
Group 1 bacteria produce spores near the soil surface. Larvae, which feed on the roots below soil surface, will eventually consume the bacterial spores that have contaminated their food. The rate of disease development depends on temperature, spore size, and spore dosage. Long-term parasite-host balance can be ensured due to the absence of toxins, involvement of vernalization, and the complexity of Group 1 bacterial spores [77]. Group 2 bacteria produce crystal toxin, which attacks host gut wall, impairing enzyme secretion and lowering the pH of the gut so that the spores could germinate [78]. The multiplication of Group 2 bacteria in the host gut results in mouth paralysis, septicaemia, starvation, larvae death, reduced egg production, infertility, and bacteria sporulation. However, the application of Group 2 bacteria as outdoor microbial insecticide possesses several disadvantages such as the inability to spread widely among pest populations, rapid disappearance, and being easily destroyed by solar radiation [79]. On the other hand, partial digestion of Group 3 bacteria will release toxin after ingestion of spores and the toxin will penetrate into the peritrophic membrane before expressing its toxicity. Group 3 bacteria will usually multiply rapidly, sporulate, and infect healthy larvae after the disintegration of cadaver [80].
The application of bacteria in controlling pests offers several advantages including long shelf life of bacterial spores, high resistance to unfavourable environment, and small size that permits effortless design as chemical pesticides. Furthermore, bacteria are safe to nontarget organisms including beneficial flora and fauna, have low production cost, and do not require safety precautions during their application [75].
3.7. Sterile Insect Technique
Irradiation of sweet potato weevil with gamma rays is known as sterile insect technique (SIT). It is frequently used for the sterilization of weevil in tubers meant for long storage or export purposes [81, 82] and for the release of irradiated weevils into environment for eradication programmes [83].
The sterile males will vastly outnumber wild males and compete for the females in mating. The mating of sterile males with females will not produce offspring, resulting in a dramatic reduction in the next generation population [84]. Other than affecting fertility, the increase in absorption of radiation also causes negative effects on somatic cells and reduces the insect quality [85]. For instance, radiation damages the midgut epithelium, which disrupts the insect's nourishment process [86].
Setokuchi et al. [87] conducted a long-term experiment to investigate the efficiency of sterile insect release method to eradicate Cylas formicarius in the field. They irradiated weevils with 80 Gy, stained them with fluorescent dyes, and released them in a release zone in 1994 and 1995. The weevils were monitored using pheromone traps and root traps (1994 to 1995) and the effect of sterile weevil release was reexamined in 1996. The results showed that the number of unmarked weevils caught in the release zone was reduced to nearly zero in 1995 and no living weevils were captured in both pheromone and root traps during the reexamination in the release zone in 1996. This showed that sterile insect release method is useful in controlling sweet potato weevil infestation.
More recently, Kumano and colleagues [83] have conducted experiments to determine the irradiation effect (200 Gy dose) on the mating ability in Cylas formicarius elegantulus male by comparing the longevity, mating performance, and mating competitiveness with the control male. The results showed that the survival of male weevils decreased drastically after being irradiated with gamma rays. Beside C. formicarius, SIT has also been used to target E. postfasciatus (West Indian sweet potato) but due to the lack of effective attractant, the dispersal activity of this pest is currently limited [46].
To sum up, sterile insect technique is a viable method to reduce weevil population in sweet potato plantation. However, the effect of their release into the environment in the long term, ecosystem consequences, effects on ecological needs, and potential of resistance should be well studied before this method can be widely practised [88].
3.8. Chemical Control
Various synthetic chemical insecticides are currently used in sweet potato plantation to prevent or treat sweet potato weevil infestation. Organophosphates chlorpyriphos and imidacloprid, which are chloronicotinyl insecticides, act primarily on the insect central nervous system by binding irreversibly to insect nicotinic receptor, leading to nicotinergic neuronal pathway obstruction and eventually failure in production of acetylcholinesterases. Acetylcholinesterases are required to break down or deactivate acetylcholine in chemical synapse. The lack of this enzyme will result in accumulation of acetylcholine, overstimulation of cholinergic synapses, paralysis, and eventually the death of the insect [89].
Mason and Jansson [90] conducted an experiment to compare the toxicity of five insecticides: parathion, carbamate methomyl, chlorpyrifos, chlorinated hydrocarbon endosulfan, and carbamate carbaryl, against adult Cylas formicarius using Petri dish bioassays in laboratory. The results showed that organophosphates parathion and chlorpyrifos were the most toxic as they had the lowest LD50 values (1.97 and 5.12 μg/g of wet biomass), followed by methomyl (6.03 μg/g of wet biomass), endosulfan (57.44 μg/g of wet biomass), and lastly carbaryl (297.41 μg/g of wet biomass). Due to their higher toxicity, chlorpyrifos and parathion were suggested for the control of sweet potato weevils. In a separate study, Hwang and Hung [91] conducted a field experiment to test the efficacy of five insecticides: chlorpyrifos, phorate, terbufos, fensulfothion, and carbofuran, in controlling sweet potato weevils, by applying the insecticide twice to soil before planting and during earthing up. The results showed that chlorpyrifos had the highest rate of control (76.8%), followed by fensulfothion (51.3%), phorate (44.9%), carbofuran (38.8%), and lastly terbufos (38.0%). In both studies, chlopryrifos demonstrated a high efficacy in suppressing sweet potato weevil infestation and hence it is widely used in the integrated pest management of this pest.
3.9. Sex Pheromone Trap
Sex pheromone trap is widely used to capture adult sweet potato weevil in plantation owing to its high efficiency [92]. The trap is usually designed with synthetic pheromone lure such as (Z)-3-dodecen-1-ol (E)-2-butenoate together with ethyl acetate and is usually placed at ground level to facilitate the entrance of adult weevils, which will then be killed by the insecticide inside the trap. Pheromones are used in three ways: mass trapping to reduce insect pest population, insect populations monitoring using pheromone traps, and mating disruption by applying high dosage of pheromone in the atmosphere [92].
(Z)-3-Dodecen-1-ol (E)-2-butenoate, isolated from female sweet potato weevils and synthesized chemically [93], is a successful mating disruptant of sweet potato weevils [94]. This novel compound provides several economic applications such as the detection of weevil outbreaks, the monitoring of an existing weevil population to schedule eradication programmes, and the control of mating in adult populations by attracting a large portion of male weevils or by disruption of mating through inhibitory properties [94].
Reddy et al. [95] conducted a field study in Guam to determine the efficacy of controlling Cylas formicarius using bucket traps with (Z)-3-dodecen-1-ol (E)-2-butenoate. Their effectiveness was measured by the total damages caused by weevil and the total sweet potato yield for that season. The results showed that sweet potato roots damage in both locations with traps was very low (< one feeding hole per root) from June to September, compared to locations without traps (approximately 38 feeding holes per root) during the same duration. The sweet potato yield in fields with traps was higher (13.47 tonnes per hectare at Inarajan and 14.59 tonnes per hectare at Yigo) compared to fields without traps (7.86 tonnes per hectare at Ija and 8.26 tonnes per hectare at Dededo), proving that pheromone traps are effective in reducing the damage done by sweet potato weevil due. Reddy et al. [96] also conducted a study to evaluate four parameters (size, trap colour, trap design, and height of traps placement) that influence the effectiveness of sex pheromone trap used together with (Z)-3-dodecen-1-ol (E)-2-butenoate. The result showed that medium-sized red Pherocon (USA) unitraps (13 cm × 17.5 cm) were more effective to increase the efficacy of sex pheromone traps for sweet potato weevils.
In a separate study, Smit and colleagues [97] conducted field experiments to determine the efficacy of mass trapping of C. brunneus and C. puncticollis by using decyl (E)-2-butenoate and dodecyl (E)-2-butenoate, one of the important components of adult sweet potato female weevil sex pheromones. The traps, baited with 0.1 mg of decyl (E)-2-butenoate and dodecyl (E)-2-butenoate, were placed in 0.5-hectare fields. Four trials with durations ranging from 31 to 37 weeks were carried out. The results showed that a maximum reduction in the population of male Cylas brunneus and Cylas puncticollis (89%) was achieved from the four trials. This proved that pheromone traps baited with female sex pheromone could reduce the male sweet potato weevil population effectively and ultimately reduce the chances of mating in the population.
4. The Future of Sweet Potato Crop
Advancements in molecular biology tools including Next Generation Sequencing have provided multiple advantages in the understanding and study of economically important crops. Currently, the International Potato Center (CIP), the main research organization working on root crops, is collaborating with the University of Ghent to determine the sequence the whole genome of Ipomoea batatas cv. Huachano using SOLiD complete genome shotgun sequencing. The lack of whole genome sequencing data of sweet potato has hindered DNA fingerprinting, development of molecular markers, and genetic analyses of this crop. DNA fingerprinting is important in many crop species for the identification of crops to protect the rights of plant breeders. Monden et al. [98] had conducted DNA fingerprinting based on the two active retrotransposon families (Line-type LIb and LTR-type Rtsp-1) in sweet potato, which exhibited high insertion polymorphisms, by using the MiSeq sequencing platform. The polymorphism of these insertion sites was very high (91.4%) and the insertion sites, which are cultivar-specific, were successfully converted into amplified region markers. The markers helped in the precise identification of sweet potato cultivars.
Tao et al. [99] conducted a transcriptomic study on sweet potato to further understand the molecular mechanism and gene expression in different tissues at different developmental stages as well as the biotic and abiotic stress responses in sweet potato. From this study, a large number of genes were found responding to drought, salt, heat, and osmotic stress such as those encoding metallothionein (MT), aquaporin (AQP), and abscisic acid responsive elements binding factor (AREB). Understanding the expression patterns of these genes could possibly lead to a stronger crop in the near future. Prior to this, two other sweet potato transcriptomes were sequenced by the International Potato Center and the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences of China using the Roche-454 pyrosequencing technology [100] and the Illumina/Solexa RNA-Seq technology [101], respectively. These studies have led to new paths in collating differentially expressed genes in the different tissues at the different development stages. This will also allow better understanding of the different genes involved in the pathways and provides information for further modification in gene expression to improve the quality of the crops.
Aside from this, development of orange-fleshed sweet potato with high level of beta-carotene is seen as a strategy to improve the nutritional status of millions of children in developing or underdeveloped countries. However, conventional breeding of orange-fleshed sweet potatoes are difficult due to their genetic complexity, thus marker-assisted breeding tools must be developed to assist in their breeding. A study was conducted to determine the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for starch, beta-carotene, and dry matter content in sweet potato [102]. The identification of QTL was based on the hexaploid sweet potato mapping population that resulted from a cross between Beauregard and Tanzania sweet potato cultivars in USA. QTL analysis in two parental maps [103] revealed 12 QTL for starch content, 8 QTL for beta-carotene, and 13 QTL for dry matter content in storage root. The results improve our understanding of these important traits in sweet potato, which are important for the development of marker-assisted breeding tools to increase sweet potato breeding efficiency.
The development of transgenic sweet potato with foreign genes that confer additional properties such as insect resistance is important to reduce economic losses due to pest infestation. The progress of breeding sweet potato with weevil resistance is slow due to scarcity of sweet potato varieties that display significant resistance levels [104], hindering progress in this area. Most of the early works focused on the transformation of sweet potato with proteins that decrease sweet potato digestibility for insects. Newell et al. [105] transformed sweet potato with mannose binding snowdrop lectin and cowpea trypsin inhibitor. Both transgenic sweet potatoes showed a moderate increase in resistance of sweet potato weevil. In a separate work, Cipriani et al. [106, 107] transformed soybean Kunitz type trypsin inhibitor and rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor into sweet potato. However, the transformation works, which focused on proteinase inhibitors, were abandoned due to concerns regarding nutritional impact of the proteins on human diet and after observing a small increase in weevil resistance against the proteinase inhibitors [108].
A number of studies have supported the high efficiency usage of Bacillus thuringiensis in controlling different pests including sweet potato weevils. García et al. [109] transformed the stems and leaves of sweet potato with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying nptII and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) endotoxin gene. The plants were then tested for resistance against sweet potato weevil under controlled conditions. Their results showed that the transgenic sweet potato carrying Bt gene had higher resistance compared to control plants (weevil damage on the normal sweet potato was five times higher compared to transgenic). The transformation of crops with Bacillus thuringiensis Cry proteins showed promising results in pest control through the expression of insecticidal compounds. Morán et al. [110] conducted a study to transform Cry3A gene into sweet potato roots to fend against sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius. The transformed sweet potatoes were able to express Cry3A protein but this research was discontinued, as the control of Cylas formicarius with Cry3A was not promising. Ekobu et al. [111] conducted an experiment to evaluate the toxicity of Cry proteins to Cylas puncticollis and Cylas brunneus. They showed that three Cry proteins: ET33/34, Cry7Aa1, and Cry3Ca1 had LC50 below 1 μg/gram diet, thereby proved that these transformed sweet potatoes can be used against weevil infestation.
Other biotechnological approaches have also shown promising results on pest control, including introduction of small RNA viruses that interfere with weevil life cycle [112], spider venom toxins [113], and RNA-mediated interference [114]. RNA-mediated interference promotes posttranscriptional gene silencing and has been used in insect management and virus disease resistance development in sweet potato. For example, Kreuze et al. [115] conducted an experiment to develop sweet potato with RNA silencing-mediated resistance to sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus. They found that 50% of the tested transgenic events showed mild or no symptoms of infection of the virus and the accumulation of the virus in the transgenic sweet potato was significantly reduced.
In all, the understanding of the biology of sweet potato weevil infestation is essential so that specific preventive method can be designed. Numerous strategies and techniques have been used in the different regions; however, until recently, they only serve to suppress the potential damages by the weevils without addressing the underlying problem. The momentum in biotechnology research field has given the sweet potato industry a promising future. Despite the absence of transgenic weevil resistance sweet potato in the market, hopefully, the various research teams currently working on this can release the long-awaited transgenic sweet potato to consumers soon.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
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Now Askinosie has manufactured its first product solely for the benefit of others, in this case, the students of Malagos Elementary School in Davao, Philippines, one of the regions from which Askinosie sources its beans: Tableya, a hot chocolate drink.
Unlike Askinosie's other hot-chocolate products, which are powders, Tableya is made from cocoa beans that have been roasted and ground and pressed into tablets that dissolve in hot water. Also unlike Askinosie's other products, it's made and packaged in Davao, by the Parent Teachers Association at Malagos School, and shipped to Askinosie's Springfield factory with the beans. All profits from Tableya will go toward establishing a school hot-lunch program.
Lunch, alas, does not consist of chocolate. Instead it's a fortified soy rice meal, prepared daily by members of the PTA.
As for the Tableya itself, Askinosie educator and spokeswoman Mallory Roth describes it as "very thin, not thick like hot chocolate. It's very refreshing. It's equal parts cocoa solids and cocoa butter, which gives it a nice mouthfeel. The beans have notes of vanilla, browning sugar, toasted almonds and a subtle floral character."
Tableya is currently available on Askinosie's website and also at the company's factory storefront, should you ever find yourself in Springfield. Roth says it's available to wholesalers, too, but there will be no wholesaler discount because all the money will be going to the school.

subset: commoncrawl


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2020 Chevrolet SS Price, Horsepower, Release Date
2020 Chevrolet SS Price, Horsepower, Release Date – This SS may be the manufacturer 415 horsepower go back to the back-generate sedan industry. Featuring its 6.3 litre V 8 lent through the past-era Corvette, a few repeat the SS is definitely the same as some sort of Camaro automobile. The actual Chevrolet SS is actually a several-doorway automobile by using a really small subsequent, though with a few significant functionality references-which include back-tire travel, a new guidebook indication,
2020 Chevrolet SS Design
Exterior Design
Restricted inside creation, any SS can be fairly exceptional eyesight in the streets. It is actually offered as being a halo vehicle for any sedan collection the fact that at this point involves all of the Sonic and even Impala. Considering that it is time being a Pontiac, the automobile went about somewhat of a diet program, utilising lightweight aluminium in areas, for example, the engine and also fenders to be able to shed pounds. They have additionally lastly already been blessed together with contemporary telematics, such as the menu process how the G8 lacked.
That SS appearance is sort of universal in the Chevrolet collection. Seem much closer, although, and you also notice qualities of your traditional back-generate sedan. It can be nevertheless some sort of excellent condition, many years right after comparable human body sections were actually launched around the G8, by using a lighting upkick to the tail and even scoot muscle tissue-automobile dimensions. The actual seat has got a lot of changes when compared to the Pontiac, by using glowing blue inside lighting effects along with other modern areas featuring to create that to a far more present day rate. Adjustments mainly included the particular external surfaces. That gotten any modified front side fascia along with top to bottom channels with the outside corners, Guided entrance trademark lighting, useful engine air vents, and also 19-"aluminium rims by using coloured wallets. On the inside, it again received a typical navigation method.
Interior Design
Around the top of the safe practice, every single Chevy SS offers 8-10 safety bags as current gear, which include a set of joint safety bags intended for top travellers. The rearview video camera, side of the road leaving and even ahead-accident alert methods, and then sightless-place screens are also integrated. All the SS will not be, and also probably is definitely not, evaluated by simply possibly of your national essential safety organisations provided it is reduced product sales.
Leather material furniture, twin-area intelligent weather conditions management, heated up and also ventilated top car seats, keyless accessibility, drive-switch start off, remote control commences, a new go upwards exhibit, and even 220 watts Bose mp3 are incorporated. Same goes with Chevrolet MyLink, which happens to be managed using an 8. In. Touch-Screen and will assist handle fingers-totally free interactions, multimedia, and also infotainment programs over an attached smartphone.
2020 Chevrolet SS Engine
There is indeed merely one serp provided from the SS a new 415 horsepower, 6.2-litre little-obstruct V-8 raised in the Camaro along with the final Corvette. Designed for 2014, just a 6-pace automated had been accessible, while some sort of 6-velocity guide was developed the virtually no expense choice for 2015. The big V-8 transmits its results on the back rims, and also GM affirms any SS may go to 60 miles per hour in approximately 4.7 secs. In case you are trying to find a super smiling sedan, maybe you might have overlooked the purpose. This Chevrolet SS built with any guidebook controls 14 miles per gallon area, 22 freeway, 17 put together, based on the EPA. The automated controls 14/20 miles per gallon in line with the organisation.
2020 Chevrolet SS Release Date And Price
The particular discharge night out is probably at the end for 2020, even though presented the period along with the hectic schedule, it is actually not clear if its program is going to be recognised consequently. This selling price label is another go scratcher. The quicker designs would probably opt for around $45,005 and a lot more, and this you should possibly be simply no different. By natural means, extra gear and also other expenses are not necessarily provided.


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[ Help | Earliest Comments | Latest Comments ]
[ List Earliest Comments Only For Pages | Games | Rated Pages | Rated Games | Subjects of Discussion ]
Single Comment
Kings. A modest variant with more than one king. (8x8, Cells: 64) [All Comments] [Add Comment or Rating] Derek Nalls wrote on 2007-06-16 UTC
I think Sam Trenholme's concern about drawishness is well-founded. So, I have abolished castling (a special move designed to enhance the protection of a single king) from all variants of Mirror West Chess. Furthermore, there are variants included where the 2 royal pieces have the movement of a wazir or ferz instead of a man (i.e., king). The submission I just sent to Zillions Of Games consists of 48 variants total.


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The Assistant Librarian performs professional, digital, and archival services for both internal and external library customers with an emphasis on archiving court history and assisting with digital services through the website. The incumbent performs additional administrative duties in the absence of the supervising librarian. The incumbent also:
- Maintains and assists with digital services and archiving (including the library website).
- Make recommendations regarding website content, especially archival court and library materials, and develop, update, and maintain the library website.
- Develop information access aids such as indices, research guides, and online tutorials.
- Assist the supervisory librarian in completing a variety of digital court history and library projects.
- Assist with research services for judges, chambers staff, court personnel, and other users of the library.
- Utilize both print and electronic sources to locate and identify information, compile legislative histories, conduct literature searches, and provide other specialized research support.
- Arrange interlibrary loan of materials for court personnel.
- Assist with collection development and resource selections. Assist with evaluating, reviewing, selecting, and deselecting resource materials.
- Assist with the preparation of library publications in both print and electronic formats, such as newsletters.
Required Qualifications:
- M.L.S. Degree or equivalent from ALA-accredited library school
- Archiving and editing experience in the context of digital collections or website development experience.
- Minimum of one year of librarian experience that provided an opportunity to acquire a thorough knowledge of the basic concepts, principles, policies, practices and theories of librarianship.
- Effective oral and written communication skills and strong customer service orientation.
Preferred Qualifications:
- Knowledge of library databases and software applications, including website development.
- Knowledge of digital archives and records management.
- J.D. or combination of education and law library reference and research experience.
- Ability to telework when necessary and work an 8-hour day between 8:30-5:00 p.m. (Mon.-Fri.).
- Knowledge of the general concepts, principles, and practices of law librarianship.
- Experience/skills in searching online legal and non-legal databases.
- Experience with an Integrated Library System (SIRSI preferred) and Microsoft Office 365/SharePoint.
To Apply: Please forward resume with cover letter and resume electronically to:
Heidi Frostestad Kuehl, Circuit Librarian
William J. Campbell Library of the U.S. Courts
219 South Dearborn Street – Room 1637
Chicago, Illinois 60604
E-Mail: email@example.com
URL: http://www.ca7.uscourts.gov
Closing Date: Resumes received on or before June 30, 2021 will receive full consideration. However, resumes will be accepted until the position is filled.


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Combining elegance with comfort, this cardigan is made from luxurious bamboo fabric. Whether you let the front panels drape open or wrap them close around you like a shawl, this versatile garment will provide an essential layer for your eco chic lifestyle.
Featuring 'Music of the Spheres print designs by Blake Wylder. Sacred geometry and the flower-of-life make up the back ground of this multi-layered piece. Fractal fern fronds thread the geometric patterns suggesting the sacred qualities of the natural world.
Hand printed by Ewelina Pankowska..
The above images represent examples from a limited edition series. The garments you receive are a part of this series, however, they will all be slightly unique. The artist's choice of print placement and hue varies between garments. Our pictures represent some of the variations you might receive.


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Y'all…, I had a child-sized root wet float this evening, and, for the past couple hours since, I have felt sick to my stomach. Definitely in that gray area that is much too close to vomiting than I prefer. As we know, vomiting is one of the most miserable things for me in life, and I make strong efforts to stay away from it.
That being said, though I have always loved rootbeer floats, I do not foresee my having many more in the near future. Not that I have processed sugar or dairy or sodas almost at all, but still…, Whenever I do have something outside of my norm now, it is not likely to be a rootbeer float.
How odd…
Post-a-day 2021


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Peer-to-peer (P2P) payment services make it easy for you to send and receive money digitally between friends and family. These services can be used for anything from splitting a dinner bill among friends to paying back your cousin for concert tickets.
While P2P services are very convenient, it is important for you to follow good security practices when using them to help keep your money safe. When you send someone money using a P2P service, the money is transferred from your account immediately, and the transaction is usually irreversible, making these services ideal payment mechanisms for fraudsters.
If you shared your personal information, like your online banking credentials, with a contact you suspect may not be legitimate, please call us at 800-628-7070. We are here to help, and we will work to recover any lost funds when it is possible. However, you are responsible for any losses from payments that you authorized.


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Vince Vaughn was arrested early Sunday morning for allegedly driving under the influence.
According to the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, Vaughn was busted by Manhattan Beach PD at 1:09 AM and booked into custody at 4:03 AM.
He was charged with a misdemeanor and his bail was set at $5,000.
According to the Manhattan Beach PD, Vaughn was stopped at a DUI checkpoint where he was arrested and charged with driving under the influence.
The Blast reached out to a rep for Vaughn — so far, no word back.
Vaughn is best known for his role in "Swingers," alongside Jon Favreau. He most recently appeared in the film, "Brawl in Cell Block 99."
Want More From The Blast?
For all the latest breaking celebrity and entertainment news, be sure to follow TheBlast.com on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Apple News, and YouTube.


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Sumptuous new book explores the splendour of Versailles, loved by everyone from Louis XIV to Jeff Koons
Versailles: even the word itself has become synonymous with French glamour, the architectural equivalent of Queen Marie Antoinette. The principal royal residence of France's Kings and Queens from Louis XIV to the French Revolution, it was originally intended as a modest hunting lodge, but soon outgrew its humble origins, becoming one of the most famously opulent palaces in history.
It has been the backdrop of some of the most famous diplomatic missions, glittering parties and other momentous occasions, with its former guests reading like a roll-call of the most important people in history: from Queen Victoria to the Kennedys, Benjamin Franklin to Mozart.
Now, its almost 350-year history (as well as its secrets) has been collated into one sumptuous volume by Assouline, edited by president of the Château de Versailles, Catherine Pégard, (former editor in chief of Le Point newspaper and former advisor to President Nicolas Sarkozy) and Mathieu da Vinha, scientific director of the Château de Versailles Research Centre.
Versailles: From Louis XIV to Jeff Koons by Catherine Pégard and Mathieu da Vinha is out now with Assouline


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Emergency Wrong Fuel Recovery in Annacurra
Wrong Fuel Recovery from a Local Company in the
Annacurra Area
Among the reasons our company has chosen to focus mainly on the Annacurra area is that we would like to be able to minimise the time that you're left stood around and because it's our regional area. We believe in good old fashioned customer service and healing our customers how they should be handled. As soon as you end up in need of wrong fuel recovery you are at a disadvantage and might feel vulnerable. Towing 247 friendly yet professional approach will put you rather than having to wait around for hours on end for someone to come out to you will make the incident not as traumatic.
We are a business who understand the need to be back on the road as soon as possible with minimum of fuss in the event of a breakdown. We're a common sight in the Annacurra region and locals are extremely used to seeing our wrong fuel recovery traveling to and from, in and around Annacurra. Our reputation for fast responses when a car needs a lot of attention is the thing that keeps people coming back time and time again.
Our dedicated staff also specialise in accident recovery. Being involved in a collision on the street is a less than pleasant experience. Our response team will be on hand to assist you when we have police clearance we'll take care of the elimination of your automobile so that it repaired and may be examined as appropriate when you need it most.
As with wrong fuel recovery companies we endeavour to restore van or your car then and , getting you back on the street and on your way. Should the vehicle want the interest of a garage we'll ensure your automobile is quickly and economically loaded onto the transporter (even though occasionally towing is a choice ) so you might get your car fixed and yourself home.
The excellent thing about being a company is having the ability to call upon residents and past clients for trusted recommendations. Included in the community we put a high value on getting the work done right the first time. Whether you are new to the area or just passing through, you might be confident our first class support is equally like our reputation suggests.
In regards to restricting the nuisance that accompanies being included at a breakdown in or around we are the experts. Get in touch with us as and when you need us and rescue our information that you understand that in the event you want us, our variety is still close at hand.
With no vehicle many people would find themselves seriously inconvenienced. Public transportation is frequently unreliable and people relish the notion of hanging round a train station late at night. Until something goes wrong, being on the road and independent is more convenient. You are in the Annacurra region and if the worst should happen you need not worry as help is at hand.
Annacurra (Irish: Áth na gCurraigh) is a small village in South-East County Wicklow, Ireland. It is located just off the R747 road which runs from Arklow to Baltinglass and is about 1.5 miles from Aughrim. The River Derry runs through the village.
The village has a GAA club and have been very successful in the early days of the GAA. The club won the first three Senior championships between 1887–89 and went on to win the championship a total of nine times.[1] Currently the club are a senior team having ended years of heartbreak by winning the intermediate championship in 2010.[2] The club play their home games at Joey Doyle Park and their colours are green and yellow.[3] Clubman Alan Byrne was a star of Mick O'Dwyer and Harry Murphy's Wicklow senior football team and lined out at corner or full back.[4]


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"You work for 25 years at something," says momentous western Massachusetts studio potter Mark Shapiro, "and if you do it with commitment and an open spirit, your work changes, grows, and deepens." Even as it continues to consist of functional teapots, cups, and platters, architectural boxes and ovoid sculptural jugs, its finite forms accommodate new configurations, surprising new unities of size, shape, color, and texture.
After establishing yourself at crafts shows and joining the nation's finest potters, you find your work being invited for solo exhibitions at the Ferrin in Lenox, the AKAR in Iowa City, the Clay Studio in Philadelphia, and, from October 9th – 27th, at the Lacoste Gallery in Concord, Massachusetts. Within weeks of the Lacoste exhibit, your friends and paid apprentices help you unload your wood-burning brick kiln. You stack it500 pieces from a single firingon shelves and skids in the studio you built on a rise above your early American saltbox house in the country.
You'll pack up and ship off to Lucy Lacoste a significant portion of this unloading, 50 pieces or more, and trust her to place the work on pedestals and shelves in the back of her gallery. In the quiet white space, your work will form one aesthetic whole, more than it did when it found itself in group exhibits.
"You go from being someone who makes the stuff and sells it, however you can," you say if you're glad to have worked this hard to get here, "to someone who gets to think about the work in groups." Nearing 50, you enjoy "more opportunity," you say if you're Mark Shapiro, "to make pots that speak to one anotherthat speak about a moment in time," not from miscellaneous bursts of inspiration but from sustained interest in the "shape-shifting nature of clay" and the sense of contributing to the "compelling records of the human touch on the earth."
Your exhibit includes teacups with black calligraphic scribbles on their facets; iron and coppery green bowls and platters with black concentric whorls or variegated rings on their bottoms; plump teapots with stout spouts and any number of surface patterns, some with horizontal rows of scribbles and bands, some with alternating vertical stripes; squat boxes with granular, salt-glazed surfaces; solid, irregularly cylindrical vases with an expressive gesture of squiggles on each flattened facet; tall boxes, tapering toward the top, with striped and banded sides; and tall jugs narrow at base and lip and plumped out proportionately in the middle, as if swollen by something living inside them.
At the opening, you talk about the influencesthe early American stoneware you've been interested in lately, the Asian ceramics traditions you've honored all alongand a bit about the techniquethe soda ash in your firing, the locally mined materials in your glazingand then you go back home to western Mass to make more pottery, to see if your work will "continue to reveal additional possibilities and depths" the way it so reliably has thus far.


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Health News
New Warning for Common Antibiotics
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a class-wide warning for a group of antibiotics commonly used to treat urinary tract and respiratory infections.
Flu Rx May Be Safer Than Once Thought
Despite past concerns, a popular flu medication did not appear to increase the risk of suicide in children and teens, a new study found.
Opioids and Infection Risk
Opioid use may increase your risk of infectious diseases like pneumonia and meningitis, according to a new study.
How Chronic Viral Infections Affect the Brain
As people age, cognitive functions like memory and judgment can change. And viral infections might have something to do with that.
On World AIDS Day, CDC Urges HIV Prevention Pill
Dec. 1 is World AIDS Day. And this year's theme is "The Time to Act Is Now."
Life's Simple 7: More Than Heart Health
The American Heart Association (AHA) has identified seven simple steps people can take to reduce their risk of heart disease. But new evidence suggests that the AHA's "Life's Simple 7" may wind up benefiting much more than patients' hearts. {C}
Cirrhosis Survival Spiked
Good news for cirrhosis patients: Survival may be much more common than it once was.
Smoking: A Habit to Kick for Life
If you need another reason to quit smoking, keep reading. New evidence supports past findings that smokers face a raised risk for many health problems.
Smoking May Be Even Riskier Than Once Thought
Smokers, it's never too late to quit — and there may now be even more good reasons to do so.
What a Daily Drink Might Do for Your Heart
That nightcap or glass of wine with dinner may be doing more than just relaxing you at the end of a long day. It could be boosting your heart health.
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We know this is hard.
We're so glad you have taken the courageous step of seeking help.
We're confident that together we can work to help you find the necessary tools to face and overcome these challenges. Whether you're struggling with anxiety, separation and divorce, or aging, it is important to know you don't have to be alone in this journey. We have the experience to help you achieve your goals, overcome your struggles, and live a more fulfilling and meaningful life.
We understand no two individuals are the same, and we tailor our sessions together to address challenges unique to you. We will work together to understand the root cause of your struggles and address those issues with long-lasting strategies, helping you get closer to the life you've always wanted.
We're ready when you are. Contact us today and let's get to work.
• Start enjoying life again
• Conquer fears and uncertainty
• and live authentically
Have some questions first? You can always reach out here, or email us directly at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Fourth of July events
July 3
Perry Township Stark County Park District pre-Independence Day band concert with the all-volunteer Canal Fulton-Clinton Community Band, 3 p.m., Petros Lake Park trail shelter, 3275 Perry Dr. SW. Guests are asked to bring lawn chairs or blankets.
Sebring Saint Ann Church Fourth of July Weekend Community Breakfast, 7 to 11:30 A.M., 323 S. 15th St. Cost: $6 for adults, $3 for children 5 to 12, free for those 4 years and younger. Info: (330) 938-2294 or (330) 938-2033.
July 4
Alliance Activities, food, music, door prizes, fireworks at dusk, 5 to 10:30 p.m., Silver Park, 2930 S. Union Ave. (state Route 183).
Bolivar Fort Laurens Independence Ceremony, 1 p.m., near the Tomb of the Unknown Patriot of the American Revolution, off Interstate 77 at Exit 93. Guest speaker: U.S. Rep. Zack Space, D-Dover. Also features local singer Ron Barkett, American Revolution Re-enactors from the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment and Bolivar Mayor Rebecca Hubbel. The road leading to the towpath and the museum will be closed from 12:45 to 2:15 p.m. Info: (330) 874-2059 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Massillon Fourth of July Picnic in the Park, 11 a.m. to dark, Stadium Park, 301 18th St. SE; picnic, games, Little Miss Liberty and Little Uncle Sam contest at 11 a.m., train ride, petting zoo, tug of war, musical entertainment starting at noon, fireworks at dark. Sponsored by the Picnic in the Park Committee. Info: (330) 904-5010.
Sherrodsville Atwood Lake, fireworks at dark, ignited near Atwood Lodge at 2650 Lodge Rd.
Sherrodsville Atwood Lake, fireworks at dark, ignited near Atwood Lodge at 2650 Lodge Rd.
July 5
North Canton July 4th race, 8:10 to 10:30 a.m., 2-mile or 5-mile course. All are welcome. Register online at www.signmeup.com/ncymca until July 2 at 7 p.m. or at the North Canton YMCA, 200 S. Main St.
• North Canton Jaycees and Quaker Steak & Lube Celebration in the Park, parade starts at 10:30 a.m. from Hoover High School Stadium and heads west to Main Street. Celebration in the Park starts at 6 p.m. and includes food vendors, music and fireworks at dusk. Info: Jennifer Reider, president North Canton Jaycees, (330) 933-7353 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
If your community is having a July 4th celebration, let us know via e-mail at email@example.com. Visit CalendarofOhio.com for more holiday events.


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After earning his undergraduate degree in politics from Willamette in 2006, Tyler continued his work with Oregon State Senator Dr. Alan Bates, serving nearly eight years as medical clinic manager, personal assistant and, ultimately, as chief of staff in the Senator's legislative office. Tyler returned to Willamette in 2007 as a member of the Office of Annual Giving. Tyler served in multiple positions, finally as the director of annual giving, helping to achieve record years in dollars raised while leading the team.
In January 2013, Tyler joined Occidental College in Los Angeles as Assistant Vice President for Alumni Engagement. There he served as leader of the Oxy Annual Fund, Alumni and Parent Engagement, Engagement Communications and Donor Relations programs. Tyler's efforts helped Occidental achieve record growth in raising unrestricted support for the Annual Fund, increasing dollars raised by 60 percent in three years. An expansion in Alumni and Parent Engagement saw record numbers of participants in engagement activities, including reunion and homecoming weekends, regional and virtual activities. Across all three programs, alumni and parent volunteer activity grew three-fold. During his time at Occidental, Tyler was promoted to Associate Vice President for Alumni and Parent Engagement.
In July 2016, Tyler returned home to Willamette. In his current role as Associate Vice President for University Relations, Tyler oversees the Willamette Annual Fund, Alumni and Parent Engagement, Engagement Communications and Donor Relations & Stewardship teams.
When away from work, Tyler enjoys spending time with his wife, Katie (Bechtel) '06 MBA'12 and their two daughters.


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Fr Bernie Gilgun's homily, May 4, 2007
posted by Mike on May 8th, 2007
This is a recording of a homily by Father Bernie Gilgun, from his weekly Mass at the Mustard Seed in Worcester, Massachusetts. You can download the mp3 (3MB) or see other formats. You can also subscribe (RSS) to the podcast.
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