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Rohingya: Repatriation
Bachelet: Returning Rohingya refugees to Myanmar would place them at serious risk of human rights violations
[Editor's text bolding]
GENEVA (13 November 2018) – UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet on Tuesday urged the Government of Bangladesh to halt plans for the repatriation of more than 2,200 Rohingya refugees to Myanmar, warning that the returns would be in violation of international law and put their lives and freedom at serious risk.
The refugees in Cox's Bazar are the victims of human rights violations committed in the midst of the violence that erupted in August 2017, which led to the flight of more than 725,000 people. Many witnessed the killings of members of their families and the burning down of their homes and villages. Refugees have stated repeatedly that they do not wish to return under current conditions.
The Office also continues to receive reports of ongoing violations of the rights of Rohingya remaining in northern Rakhine, which include allegations of killings, disappearances and arbitrary arrests, as well as widespread restrictions on the rights to freedom of movement, health and education. About 130,000 internally displaced people (IDPs), many of whom are Rohingya, remain in camps in central Rakhine.
Another 5,000 IDPs remain in No Man's Land between Myanmar and Bangladesh while more than 4,000 are in Aung Mingalar ward in Sittwe, where they are subjected to a wide range of restrictions. Hundreds of thousands of people in other parts of Rakhine also remain deprived of their rights to freedom of movement, to basic services and livelihood – as well as their right to a nationality.
Some of the refugees have threatened suicide if they are forced to repatriate, and two elderly men in Cox's Bazar have already attempted suicide.
"We are witnessing terror and panic among those Rohingya refugees in Cox's Bazar who are at imminent risk of being returned to Myanmar against their will," High Commissioner Bachelet said. "Forcibly expelling or returning refugees and asylum seekers to their home country would be a clear violation of the core legal principle of non-refoulement, which forbids repatriation where there are threats of persecution or serious risks to the life and physical integrity or liberty of the individuals."
"The human rights violations committed against the Rohingya in Myanmar amount to the worst atrocities, including crimes against humanity and possibly even genocide. With an almost complete lack of accountability – indeed with ongoing violations – returning Rohingya refugees to Myanmar at this point effectively means throwing them back into the cycle of human rights violations that this community has been suffering for decades."
Bachelet called on the Government of Myanmar to show its seriousness in creating the conditions for return by addressing the root causes of the crisis in Rakhine state, in particular the systematic discrimination against and persecution of Rohingya.
High Commissioner Bachelet appealed to the Government of Bangladesh to ensure scrupulously that any repatriation takes place in line with international standards of voluntariness, safety and dignity, with full transparency, and only when the conditions are right.
"The history of the Rohingya in Myanmar is one filled with repeated episodes of violence, flight and return," Bachelet said. "We need to speak with one voice to stop this cycle from repeating itself yet again."
[UNICEF] Geneva Palais briefing note: Rohingya refugee repatriation and the situation in Rakhine State, Myanmar
Press release
[Editor's text bolding]
GENEVA, 16 November 2018 – This is a summary of what was said by Christophe Boulierac, UNICEF spokesperson in Geneva – to whom quoted text may be attributed – at today's press briefing at the Palais des Nations in Geneva.
"This week we have seen widespread reports that Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh may be forcibly repatriated to Myanmar, reports that UNICEF views with the utmost concern, with particular concern at how such a move would affect children.
"Yesterday our colleagues working in Unchiprang camp in Cox's Bazar – one of the camps targeted for repatriation – witnessed a large demonstration by Rohingya refugees against the plans for repatriation. The camp authorities reinforced the message that while they are ready to repatriate refugees on a voluntary basis, no Rohingya refugees will be forced to return to Myanmar if they do not wish to do so.
"We welcome this move by the Bangladesh government. UNICEF wholly supports the approach of UNHCR in relation to this question. Any repatriation must be voluntary, sustainable, conducted in safety and with dignity. We would take grave exception towards any moves to repatriate children that do not conform to these criteria. Children should not be separated from their parents or guardians. Children should not be exposed to any levels of stress or discomfort during repatriation, nor should any child that is ill be repatriated.
"Unofficial polls conducted by our UNICEF colleagues in the camps have all reached the same conclusion. The overwhelming majority of refugees are unwilling to be repatriated unless their safety can be guaranteed. The consensus is that while conditions in the camps are tough, they remain preferable to the perceived risks of returning to Myanmar. For many, the trauma they witnessed during their exodus from Myanmar at the end of 2017 is still fresh in their minds.
"It is easy to understand their concern. Rohingya children and families who remain in Rakhine State continue to face particular hardship and are in need of humanitarian assistance due to ongoing restrictions on their freedom of movement and limited access to essential services such as health and education.
"Just a few days ago, on 13 November, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights stated that it continues to receive reports of ongoing violations of the rights of Rohingya remaining in northern Rakhine, which include allegations of killings, disappearances and arbitrary arrests, as well as widespread restrictions on the rights to freedom of movement, health and education.
"Many organizations that worked in northern Rakhine State prior to August 2017 have been unable to resume activities to the extent desired or previously held due to restrictions by the Government of Myanmar. UNICEF along with the humanitarian community in Myanmar, continues to call for unhindered access, including simplified access procedures, to enable the timely and predictable delivery of life-saving aid, protection assistance and build confidence among communities.
"So whilst the situation in Myanmar remains incredibly worrying, we also have concerns for Rohingya refugee children in Bangladesh. Education remains high on our list of concerns – particularly for teenagers in the camp. Their plight was outlined by UNICEF in a Child alert released in August this year. We aim to continue our work providing a network of Learning Centres (LCs) and Child Friendly Spaces (CFSs). There are now more than 1100 learning centers run by UNICEF and its partners in the camps reaching 124000 children with education.
"UNICEF calls on the international community to continue working with the governments and civil society of Bangladesh and Myanmar in support of Rohingya children and families, towards longer term solutions to this crisis, based on respect for and protection of the human rights of all Rohingya people."


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Consequently, the typically outgoing Amanda acquired a moderate situation of agoraphobia and became one thing of the shut-in, and ended up gaining plenty of fat.
"I perceived this fat gain as normal, however, because in the us females be gaining any just ol' number of fat unless they will have some type of medical issue. But my medical practitioner was not having it!
"a great deal of hospitals have a fat limit. Also for Japanese ladies it is super-stressful. You will find ladies here who will be dieting before their physician appointments them hell for gaining too much weight because they fear the doctors will give. In reality, the reason why my child came to be the she was is because she was induced a week early day. The medical practioners did not desire me to gain any longer weight.
"It's additionally rough when you've got to see women that are japanese they truly are expecting and half the full time they don't really also look expecting," she adds. "At one of my appointments there was clearly a girl who was simply starting labor and I also did not also understand she was expecting. And me personally being obviously larger, we felt like I happened to be constantly being when compared with them."
Their child, Kina, but, came to be a healthy and balanced 6 pounds (2.7 kg).
"Even a doctor himself was fuckoncam.net astonished. He had been like, вЂWow, she is smaller compared to we thought.' "
Amanda also endured bouts of postpartum depression
"we think most of the postpartum dilemmas originated in perhaps perhaps maybe not help that is having" she describes. "Many Japanese women, when they have actually their children, each goes house for like 30 days directly and their moms more or less care for them which help them become accustomed to having a newborn around. But it down from Hokkaido because of an injury, so I had to figure out how to do a lot of things on my own for me, my mom wasn't able to come to Japan until Kina was 2 months old, and Daisuke's mom wasn't able to make. And I also'm variety of a perfectionist and so I wished to try everything, therefore I got burned away really fast."
Amanda has discovered a deal that is great these hardships, and stocks her wealth of real information and experience through her web log and YouTube channel. Nevertheless, she is unearthed that her online existence attracts a great deal of young admirers of Asian guys, and she does not quite understand how to simply take that.
"I've found that Daisuke is something a lot to my relationship of the girls look as much as. We see where they may be originating from, but I'm not sure you got this, you can get that man,' or should I be like, вЂHey, this is just what happened to me if I should be like, вЂYeah, girl. Never offer your heart for the man that is japanese. Guys are simply guys.'
"we got a concern last week from the girl that is dating a Japanese man in the us, asking what was the essential difference between dating an Asian guy in the us and dating an Asian guy within an Asian nation. Plenty of girls are simply so fascinated about that. A number of them fetishize Japanese males, and I also did not even understand which was thing until we stumbled on Japan."
We informed her similar was real for a lot of men that are western
"Yeah, but i believe the distinction is guys will come to Japan and satisfy women that are japanese quick," she claims, "but also for ladies, particularly black colored females, dating can be so nerve-racking because many Japanese guys are acutely timid or they truly are fearful of conversing with black colored ladies due to the stereotypes of us being noisy, and ghetto and frightening and whatnot. So lots of black colored females kinda side-eye white girls whom flaunt their relationships with Asian males. You will see on YouTube you can find great deal of white ladies who make videos about Japan, and their experiences will vary from black colored ladies."
"White ladies are the best," she describes. "White women can be that which we feel Japanese guys are seeking. In cases where a Japanese guy will probably date a foreigner, this is exactly what an attractive foreigner is: a white girl. They are the people into the ads, they may be the people within the movies, they truly are the standard. There are also articles that say black colored females and Asian guys are ranked the smallest amount of desirable. Therefore plenty of young black girls whom started to my web log or YouTube channel are incredibly astonished to see a woman that is black my situation because they truly are so used to seeing white females getting these relationships want it's absolutely absolutely nothing."
But, nowadays, Amanda's happy. Your home she is built here with Daisuke and Kina that is 10-month-old has well well worth most of the battles she actually is endured.
"It could be very hard being therefore distinct from the norm, but i've a support that is good back and a spouse that lets me rant about life right right here whenever i have to, therefore I guess i am simply endowed."
In terms of advice to females seeking to secure a fantastic guy like Daisuke, she advises making the effort to arrive at understand yourself and using a web page away from that Japanese gaman (perseverance) handbook.
"we feel I waded through a lot of crap to get here like I super-lucked out, but. When you're hunting for love in Japan, like somewhere else, you gotta have persistence, you gotta know very well what you need, and do not be seduced by the okey-doke, 'cause there is a large number of dudes that you'dn't always see your self with long-lasting that you could accept out of desperation. Simply spend your dues, carry on those dates, have the individual away, and that knows, perchance you'll get fortunate, too."
This line — part three of my show on black colored females with Japanese beaus and biracial kiddies — would be the final, for the present time. The reaction happens to be tremendous, surpassing my objectives by a damn sight! Therefore, many thanks!

subset: commoncrawl


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I'm happy to report that my eyes and ears have returned to normal about the Heretic / Sonic Boom and Liverpool International Festival Of Psychedelia Experience from the weekend. I've not managed to get a minute to hit the blog this week but when I do my loves will be up on Tumblr HERE
Pen to paper action happened last month and my September Exploratorium Column for The 405 is now up for your delectation HERE, Octobers ink is ready to splurge any second..
You can check out the September Wichita Recordings Podcast which has now been posted online, either on the Wichita Soundcloud account or by subscribing on iTunes HERE. The October installment is incoming and features an Interview with Sky Larkin about their new album 'Motto' and I also catch up with Aaron from Peaking Lights too.
02/10/13 Bolton FM 10pm – midnight
On tonights show I've got a Record Of The Week from Night Beats, it's called 'Sonic Bloom' and i'll be sharing three tracks off it whilst throwing shapes in the studio. One of my albums of the year for sure..
I'll be chatting The Orwells about releasing an album in the US, working with Dave Sitek and playing house parties.
With a show sandwiched with fresh new flavours, there will be no chance of hunger tonight..
05/10/13 Amazing Radio 1 – 3pm
The Black Angels step onto the bandstand this week to tip an artist who I simply can't wait to hear a record from.. I return to the fields of Beacons Festival (again – it was a busy weekend!) to chat to TRAAMS about their current home, working with Rory Atwell and MJ (Hookworms) on their album, 'Grin', Fatcat Records and stacks more. Freshnet moderator and Arts Council bod Chris Bye returns to big up an underrated north west outfit. Finally, this week saw the release of PINS debut album 'Girls Like Us' and Faith joins us to talk about the album artwork..
Saturdays 1-3pm on Amazing Radio on DAB in Dublin, London and the south east, online at http://www.amazingradio.com or via our free iphone / android app
25/09/13 Bolton FM
The Black Angels Interviewed :: The Sufis ROTW :: NEW MUSIC
28/09/13 Amazing Radio
Fun Adults Interviewed :: Goldheart Assembly on the bandstand :: Von Pip Tips


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- Research Article
- Open Access
- Published:
Erythropoietin Protects the Intestine Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats
Molecular Medicine volume 13, pages 509–517 (2007)
1434 Accesses
84 Citations
Previous studies have shown that erythropoietin (EPO) has protective effects against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in several tissues. The aim of this study was to determine whether EPO could prevent intestinal tissue injury induced by I/R. Wistar rats were subjected to intestinal ischemia (30 min) and reperfusion (60 min). A single dose of EPO (5000 U/kg) was administered intraperitoneally at two different time points: either at five minutes before the onset of ischemia or at the onset of reperfusion. At the end of the reperfusion period, jejunum was removed for examinations. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant defense system were assessed by biochemical analyses. Histological evaluation was performed according to the Chiu scoring method. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Apoptotic cells were determined by TUNEL staining. Compared with the sham, I/R caused intestinal tissue injury (Chiu score, 3 ± 0.36 vs 0.4 ± 0.24, P < 0.01) and was accompanied by increases in MDA levels (0.747 ± 0.076 vs 0.492 ± 0.033, P < 0.05), MPO activity (10.51 ±1.87 vs 4.3 ± 0.45, P < 0.05), intensity of eNOS immunolabelling (3 ±0.4 vs 1.3 ±0.33, P < 0.05), the number of TUNEL-positive cells (20.4 ± 2.6 vs 4.6 ± 1.2, P < 0.001), and a decrease in catalase activity (16.83 ±2.6 vs 43.15 ±4.7, P < 0.01). Compared with the vehicle-treated I/R, EPO improved tissue injury; decreased the intensity of eNOS immunolabelling (1.6 ± 0.24 vs 3 ± 0.4, P < 0.05), the number of TUNEL-positive cells (9.2 ±2.7 vs 20.4 ± 2.6, P < 0.01), and the high histological scores (1 ± 0.51 vs3± 0.36, P < 0.01), and increased catalase activity (42.85 ± 6 vs 16.83 ± 2.6, P < 0.01) when given before ischemia, while it was found to have decreased the levels of MDA (0.483 ± 0.025 vs 0.747 ± 0.076, P < 0.05) and MPO activity (3.86 ± 0.76 vs 10.51 ± 1.87, P < 0.05), intensity of eNOS immunolabelling (1.4 ± 0.24 vs 3 ± 0.4, P < 0.01), the number of TUNEL-positive cells (9.1 ±3 vs 20.4 ± 2.6, P < 0.01), and the number of high histological scores (1.16 ± 0.4 vs 3 ± 0.36, P < 0.05) when given at the onset of reperfusion. These results demonstrate that EPO protects against intestinal I/R injury in rats by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. We attributed this beneficial effect to the antioxidative properties of EPO.
The restoration of blood flow to an ischemic region leads to tissue injury at a greater rate than the original ischemic insult, an event called reperfusion injury. Among the abdominal organs, the small intestine is probably the most sensitive to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced injury (1). It occurs frequently in a variety of clinical conditions, including mesenteric artery occlusion, abdominal aneurism surgery, trauma, shock, and small intestinal transplantation, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality (2). Although the exact mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal I/R injury have not been fully elucidated, it is generally believed that oxidative stress mediators such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and nitric oxide (NO) play an important role (3).
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein cytokine produced primarily by the kidney in the regulation of red blood cell production. In addition to this well-known and widely recognized effect, many studies have shown that EPO also acts as a tissue protecting factor (4–7). The favorable effects of the EPO-related changes are not fully understood, although its antiapoptotic, antioxidative, and antiinflammatory properties as well as its angiogenic potential seem to be related to the EPO-mediated protective effect (5,8,9). The protective effects of EPO are mediated through the tissue-protective EPO receptor, consisting of a heteromeric complex containing an EPO receptor and a β common receptor subunit (10). However, little is known about the presence and protective role of EPO and its receptor in the intestine. Juul SE et al (1999) have demonstrated that EPO receptors are expressed on the intestinal tissue in rodents and humans (11). EPO was found to have a beneficial effect on intestinal damage such as colitis (12), necrotizing enterocolitis, (13) and anastomosis (14) in animal models. Previous studies have shown that EPO exhibits protective effects on tissue injury associated with I/R in many tissues such as cardiac (15), kidney (16), liver (17), lung (18), brain (19), and retina (20). However, it is not known whether EPO has a protective effect in the intestinal injury associated with I/R. Under the light of these data, the aim of the present study therefore was to determine whether recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has a protective effect on intestinal I/R injury in rats.
Materials and Methods
Male albino Wistar rats (200–250 g) were used in the present study. All the animals were kept under optimum conditions (21 ±1° C, 40 to 70 percent humidity, 12/12 darkness-lightness cycle) at Dokuz Eylül University's Laboratory Animal Unit and were fed ad libitum with standard pellet diet and water. The experimental protocol was approved by Dokuz Eylül University's Ethic Committee for Animal Research.
Experimental Groups
The rats were randomly divided into four groups as described: (a) Sham group: All the surgical steps were performed, except that intestinal I/R was not induced. Animals were kept under anesthesia for the duration of the intestinal I/R method. The sham group served as control of I/R group; (b) I/R group: Intestinal I/R was performed and served as control of rHuEPO-administered groups; (c) EPO + I/R group: Intestinal I/R was performed and rHuEPO was administered five minutes before the onset of ischemia; (d) I + EPO + R group: Intestinal I/R was performed and rHuEPO was administered at the onset of reperfusion.
A single dose of rHuEPO (5000 U/kg) was injected via i.p. route. rHuEPO (NeoRecormon, Roche, Germany) were purchased commercially.
Technique of Intestinal I/R
Feeding of the animals was stopped 12 h prior to the start of the intestinal I/R procedure and they received only water. The rats were anesthetized with urethane (1500 mg/kg, i.p.) and their temperature was regulated by means of a lamp light bulb during the test. Intestinal I/R was induced as follows: The rats were placed in the supine position and secured in the dissection tray. The abdominal region was shaved and cleaned with antiseptic solutions. The intestinal region was reached by means of midline laparotomy. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) was subjected with care and occluded with an atraumatic microvascular clamp, thus intestinal ischemia was created in 30 min. Ischemia was recognized by the existence of pulseless or pale color of the intestine. The abdominal region was then closed. Following ischemia, the clamp was removed and 60 min reperfusion was induced. The return of the pulses and the reestablishment of the pink color were assumed to be the reperfusion of the intestine. At the end of reperfusion, the jejunal segment was taken out, and the animals were killed by exsanguination.
Tissue Preparation for Biochemical Analysis
All tissues were washed two times with cold saline solution and homogenized using a glass Teflon homogenizer (B. Brawn, Germany) in buffer at a ratio of 1/10 (50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH: 7.8, containing 0.5 mmol/L PMSF, 10 µg/mL aprotinin) after cutting the tissue into small pieces with scissors and centrifuged at 2500g. Malondialdehyde (MDA) analyses were measured at this homogenate stage. The homogenate was then centrifuged at 45 000g for 30 min. The supernatant was used for colorimetric determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities. For glutathione (GSH) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay, tissue preparation details were mentioned in the analysis section. All preparation procedures were performed at +4° C. All homogenates were stored at −80° C prior to testing.
MDA Assay
The MDA assay was based on the condensation of one molecule of malondialdehyde with two molecules of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) in the presence of reduced agents. The TBA + MDA complex was analyzed by HPLC system as described by Tatum et al. (21). Briefly, the HPLC system (Shimadzu VP Class, Shimadzu Corporation, Japan) consisted of a LC-10 ADVP pump system (Shimadzu VP) equipped with an automatic injector (SIL-10 ADVP), RF-10XL fluorescence detector and a personal computer using Class VP 6.1 Software. Aliquots of TBA + MDA samples were injected on a C18 column (Nucleosil 100–5, 150–4.6 mm; Macherey-Nagel Incorporation, Bethlehem, PA, USA) maintained at 30° C, followed by fluorimetric detection at 550 nm after excitation at 340 nm. Serial concentrations (0.75 µM − 50 µM) of 1, 1, 3, 3-tetraethoxypropane (TEP) were used as standard. Measurements were expressed in terms of MDA normalized to the tissue protein content.
Thiobarbituric acid (TBA), 1,1,3,3-Tetraethoxypropane (TEP), butylated hydroxytoluen (BHT), potassium monobasic phosphate (KH2PO4), potassium dibasic phosphate (K2HPO4), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS), ethanol, pyridine, n-butanol, and HPLC grade methanol were obtained from Sigma Chemicals, Germany.
Determination of MPO Activity
MPO activity was measured in tissues with commercially available ELISA kit (Bioxytech MPO-EIA, Oxis Research, Portland, OR, USA). Briefly, tissue samples were homogenized in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH: 7.8, containing 0.5 mmol/L PMSF, 10 µg/mL aprotinin, five percent 0.5 percent hexa-decyltrimethylammonium bromide (HETAB), and centrifuged at 40,000g for 15 min at +4° C. Then, the supernatant was assayed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The absorbance was read at 405 nm using Multi-Detection MicroPlate Reader (Synergy HT, BioTek Instruments, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA). Quantifications were achieved by the construction of standard curve using known concentrations of MPO. Results were expressed as ng/mg protein.
Determination of SOD Activity
For determination of SOD activity, the colorimetric assay (Bioxytech SOD-525, Oxis Research) was used. This method is based on the SOD-mediated increase in the rate of autooxidation of tetrahydrobenzofluorene in an aqueous alkaline solution to yield a chromophore with maximum absorbance at 525 nm. This absorbance was measured by spectrophotometer (Varian, Carry 50 UV-Visible, Australia). Results were expressed as U/mg protein.
Determination of CAT Activity
CAT activity was determined by means of commercially available colorimetric assay (Bioxytech, Catalase 520, Oxis Research) and performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. One unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of catalase that is available causing a change in absorbance at 520 nm for ten minutes. CAT activity was expressed as U/mg protein.
Measurement of Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) Activity
GSH-Px activity was measured by automated spectrophotometric method (Hitachi Modular Analytics, Roche Diagnostics Inc., Tokyo, Japan). The enzymatic reaction was initiated by the addition of cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH) to the reaction mixture containing GSH, NADPH, EDTA, NaNO3, and glutathione reductase. The change in the absorbance at 340 nm was monitored.
Measurement of GSH Levels
Colorimetric assay for assessment of reduced glutathione concentration (Bioxytech, GSH-400, Oxis Research) was used. Firstly, the tissue was homogenized in precipitation reagent (Bioxytech GSH-420, Oxis Research) and homogenate was centrifuged at 3000g for ten minutes at +4° C and upper aqueous layer was used for assay. Then, the level of reduced glutathione was measured at 412 nm by spectrophotometer (Varian, Carry 50 UV-Visible, Australia). Results were expressed as umole/mg protein.
Protein Determination
The protein content in each tissue sample was determined using the bicinchoninic acid protein assay (BCA) (Sigma Chemicals, Germany). Bovine serum albumin was used as a standard (22).
Histological Analysis
Serial sections were taken from ten percent formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of intestinal tissues and stained with Hematoxilen & Eosin (H&E). Tissue injury in the intestinal mucosa was evaluated using light microscopy according to the criteria described by Chiu et al (1970) and graded from 0 to 5 (23). The grades are: Grade 0: Normal mucosa; Grade 1: Formation of subepithelial detachments at the tip of the villi with capillary congestion; Grade 2: Subepithelial detachments exerted a moderate amount of upward push on the mucosa epithelium; Grade 3: Large subepithelial detachments exerted a massive amount of upward push on the mucosa epithelium along the villi and few denuded villus tips were observed; Grade 4: The villi were denuded to the level of lamina propria and dilated capillaries; Grade 5: Presence of ulceration, disintegration of lamina propria, and hemorrhage.
Detection of Apoptosis by TUNEL Method
Four-micrometer-thick sections were collected on poly-L-lysine-coated glass slides. The nuclear DNA fragmentation of the apoptotic cell was labeled in situ by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl treatments with xylene and rehydration with progressively decreasing alcohol concentrations followed by phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), each section was treated with 20 µg/mL proteinase K (Sigma) in 0.1 mol/L Tris/HCL buffer (pH 7.4) for 15 min. After rinsing with PBS, endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked with three percent hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for five minutes. After rinsing with PBS, they were incubated with 0.5 U/µL terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (Boerhinger Mannheim, Germany) and 0.05 nmol/µL biotinylated deoxyuridine triphosphate in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase buffer (Boerhinger Mannheim) for 60 min in a humidified chamber at 37° C. Each slide was then observed with a microscope to check the staining quality before image acquisition. For each animal, five sections were analyzed by counting apoptotic bodies in five randomly chosen fields.
Immunohistochemical staining was used to locate eNOS expression in jejunal tissue. Sections were incubated at 60° C overnight, and then deparaffinized in xylene for 30 min. After rehydrating through a graded ethanol series, sections were treated with two percent trypsin at 37° C for 15 min. Sections were then incubated in a solution of three percent H2O2 for 15 min to inhibit endogenous peroxidase activity. Next, the sections were incubated overnight with anti-eNOS antibody (GeneTex, Inc, San Antonio, TX, USA) and then for another 30 min with the biotinylated mouse secondary antibody. The bound secondary antibody was then amplified with Vector Elite ABC kit (Vectastain, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA). The antibody-biotin-avidin-peroxidase complexes were visualized using 0.02 percent DAB and nuclei were counterstained with Harris hematoxylin. The sections were finally mounted onto lysine-coated slides. The images were analyzed using a computer-assisted image analyzer system consisting of a microscope (Olympus BX-50, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a high-resolution video camera (JVC TK-890E, Japan). This analysis was performed in at least ten areas per jejunal section, in two sections from each animal at ×40 magnification. The immunolabelling scores were evaluated blindly. Immunolabelling intensity was graded as mild (1), moderate (2), strong (3), and very strong (4).
Statistical Analysis
SPSS statistical package was used for data analysis (version 11.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The difference among groups was assessed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test was used to examine the difference between two groups. Statistical significance was accepted for the P values lower than 0.05; the arithmetic mean ± S.E.M. was used to define distribution.
Effects of rHuEPO on MDA Levels and MPO Activity in the Intestinal Tissue Subjected to I/R in Rats
MDA levels examined as an indicator of lipid peroxidation are shown in Figure 1A. Compared with the sham group, MDA levels in the jejunal tissue in the I/R group were found to have increased (0.747 ±± 0.076 vs 0.492 ± 0.033 mmol/mg protein, P < 0.05). As for the rHuEPO-administered groups, a significant decrease in the MDA levels was observed in the I + EPO + R group (0.483 ± 0.025 vs 0.747 ± 0.076 mmol/mg protein, P < 0.05), while there was a decrease in the EPO + I/R group but the difference was not significant when compared with I/R group (P > 0.05).
MPO activity examined as an indicator of neutrophil accumulation is shown in Figure 1B. Compared with the sham group, MPO activity in the jejunal tissue in the I/R group were found to have increased (10.51 ± 1.87 vs 4.3 ± 0.45 ng/mg protein, P < 0.05). As for the rHuEPO-administered groups, a significant decrease in the MPO activities was observed in the I + EPO + R group (3.86 ± 0.76 vs 10.51 ± 1.87 ng/mg protein, P < 0.05) while there was a decrease in the EPO + I/R group, but the difference was not significant when compared with the I/R group (P < 0.05).
Effects of rHuEPO on Antioxidant Activity in the Intestinal Tissue Subjected to I/R in Rats
The levels of enzymatic activity (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) and non-enzymatic levels (GSH) in the jejunal tissue are shown in Table 1. Compared with the sham group, the I/R group exhibited slight changes in the enzymatic activity of SOD and GSH-Px and also in the levels of GSH, but these differences were not significant (P > 0.05); however, a significant decrease was determined in the level of CAT activity (16.83 ± 2.6 vs 43.15 ± 4.7 U/mg protein, P < 0.01). As for the rHuEPO-administered groups, only the EPO + I/R group was found to have an increased CAT activity (42.85 ± 6 vs 16.83 ± 2.6 U/mg protein, P < 0.01) when compared with the I/R group.
Effects of rHuEPO on Histological Changes in the Intestinal Tissue Subjected to I/R in Rats
H&E staining was carried out to determine the histological changes in the jejunal tissue. Histological evaluation was performed according to the Chiu scoring method. Data related to scoring obtained by means of H&E staining as well as the microphotographs are shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. As expected, no mucosal injury was observed in the sham group. According to the Chiu scoring system, the injury in the I/R group was found to have increased compared with the sham group (3 ± 0.36 vs 0.4 ± 0.24, P < 0.01). It was determined that rHuEPO administered both before ischemia and at the onset of reperfusion significantly prevented the mucosal injury caused by I/R (EPO + I/R 1 ± 0.51, P < 0.01 and I + EPO + R 1.16 ± 0.4 vs I/R 3 ± 0.36, P < 0.05, respectively).
Effects of rHuEPO on the Apoptotic Changes in the Intestinal Tissue Subjected to I/R in Rats
Localization of apoptotic cells in the jejunal tissue was made using the TUNEL staining method. The number of apoptotic cells (TUNEL-positive cells) is shown in Figure 4. Microphotographs of apoptotic cells stained by the TUNEL method are shown in Figure 5. Fewer TUNEL-positive cells were observed in the sham group (4.6 ± 1.2). Compared with the sham, the numbers of TUNEL-positive cell were found to have increased in the I/R group (20.4 ± 2.6 vs 4.6 ± 1.2, P < 0.001). However, a decrease in the numbers of TUNEL-positive cell was observed in rHuEPO administered in groups both before ischemia and at the onset of reperfusion groups (EPO + I/R 9.2 ± 2.7 and I + EPO + R 9.1 ± 3 vs I/R 20.4 ± 2.6, P < 0.01).
Effects of rHuEPO on the eNOS Expression in the Intestinal Tissue Subjected to I/R in Rats
We used immunohistochemical staining to localize eNOS expression. Immunohistochemical staining was scored in a semiquantitative manner to determine the differences between the groups in the distribution patterns of intensity of eNOS immunolabelling of the intestinal tissue (Figure 6). The intensity of the staining was recorded as mild (1), moderate (2), strong (3), and very strong (4). Microphotographs of eNOS immunoreactivity in the jejunal tissue are shown in Figure 7. According to the scoring system, the intensity of eNOS immunolabelling in the I/R group was also found to have increased compared with the sham group (3 ± 0.4 vs 1.3 ± 0.33, P < 0.05). However, it was determined that rHuEPO administered both before ischemia and at the onset of reperfusion significantly decreased (EPO + I/R 1.6 ± 0.24, P < 0.05 and I + EPO + R 1.4 ± 0.24 vs I/R 3 ± 0.4, P < 0.01, respectively).
Given the fact that histological assessment made using a microscopic scoring system has been accepted as a good standard in the evaluation of I/R injury in the intestinal tissue (23,24), the present study has established that a high single dose of rHuEPO administered both before ischemia and at the onset of reperfusion protected the intestinal tissue against I/R injury in rats. Data from the present study demonstrate that antiapoptotic, antioxidative, and antiinflammatory properties seem to be related to the EPO-mediated protective effect against intestinal I/R injury. The present study, to the best of our information, is the first study demonstrating the effects of rHuEPO in preventing the I/R-induced intestinal injury.
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the intestinal I/R injury. In the intestinal tissue subjected to I/R, activated neutrophils induce tissue injury through the production and release of ROS and cytotoxic proteins (for example, proteases, MPO, lactoferrin) into the extracellular fluid, constituting the inflammatory cascades that trigger the radical-induced I/R injury (3,25,26). MPO activity is commonly used to measure the extent of inflammation in intestinal tissues subjected to I/R injury (3). In the present study, intestinal I/R caused an elevation in tissue MPO activity, indicating the presence of enhanced leukocyte recruitment in the inflamed tissue, while the increased intestinal MDA level, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, verified the oxidative damage in the intestinal tissue.
Some researchers reported the antiinflammatory properties of EPO against I/R induced tissue injury (9,19,27). The present study determined that the MPO activity decreased with the application of rHuEPO, but a significant decrease was observed in the group in which rHuEPO was administered at the onset of reperfusion. The inhibition of neutrophil recruitment into the tissue is reflected by the partial capacity of rHuEPO to reverse the neutropoenia observed during reperfusion.
ROS are potent oxidizing agents, the damage of cellular membranes by lipid peroxidation being a major consequence. Previous studies established that EPO inhibits lipid peroxidation in the oxidative damage induced by in vitro (28,29) and in vivo (17,30,31) models. These studies also established that EPO inhibited lipid peroxidation induced by strong hydroxyl radicals (-OH) formed by iron-mediated Fenton reaction. In the present study, it was found that rHuEPO administered at the onset of both ischemia and reperfusion caused a decrease in MDA levels, but a really significant decrease was observed in the group in which rHuEPO was administered at the onset of reperfusion. The present study as well as a number of other previously conducted researches demonstrated that EPO had a direct antioxidant function by scavenging ROS from the environment. EPO is a glycoprotein hormone containing approximately 30 percent carbohydrate, 11 percent sialic acid, 11 percent total hexose, and 8 percent N-acetylglucosamine. Cross et al (1984) has shown that small glycopolypeptides are powerful -OH scavengers (32). Such scavenging action, as they have pointed out, is to be expected from the high sugar content of the glycopolypeptides. Thus, protection by EPO may be mediated through the scavenging action of its sugar moiety. Mechanistic studies suggest that Bcl-2 might be mediated in the antioxidant activity of EPO (33).
There are many studies revealing the association of EPO with the antioxidant system. These studies showed that EPO increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px (28,29,34–37). In the present study, it also was found that rHuEPO administered prior to ischemia significantly elevated the level of CAT activity when compared with the I/R group. In conformity with the results obtained from previous studies on the antioxidant system, we found that EPO might be capable of increasing the activity of CAT or restoring this enzyme, which decreases due to I/R in the intestinal tissue. Findings obtained from the present study and a handful of previously conducted studies have verified that EPO might be capable of acting as a direct antioxidant as well by activating antioxidant defense mechanisms.
Apoptosis, known as programmed cell death, is a form of cell death that serves to eliminate dying cells in proliferating or differentiating cell populations (38). However, activation of apoptosis in pathologic states results in rapid and extensive cell death with consequent tissue dysfunction. Previous studies reported that apoptosis is a major mode of cell death in the intestinal damage induced by I/R (39,40). In the present study, the number of TUNEL-positive cells as an indicator of apoptosis increased significantly after 30 min ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion in the jejunal tissue. In previous studies dealing with I/R injury, EPO enhanced functional and morphologic tissue recovery, mainly through its antiapoptotic action. For example, rHuEPO was found to be effective in reducing the number of TUNEL-positive cells in I/R-induced injury in the heart (41). Sharples et al (2004) determined that rHuEPO reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells prior to both ischemia and reperfusion in renal I/R injury (16). In the present study, an increased number of TUNEL-positive cells in the jejunal tissue subjected to I/R was also reduced by rHuEPO. Despite well-characterized reductions in apoptosis after EPO treatment, the mechanisms mediating the effects of EPO are not yet fully understood. It was reported that Jak2-STAT-Bcl-2 pathway are involved in mediating the antiapoptotic effect of EPO (42).
Oxidative stress is known to induce apoptosis by damaging DNA, oxidizing membrane lipids, and/or directly activating the expression of the genes/proteins responsible for apoptosis (43–45). Kojima et al (2003) have reported that oxidative stress after I/R plays an important role in induction of apoptosis in the intestinal mucosa (46). In the present study, increased oxidative stress in intestinal I/R may be responsible for apoptosis. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of EPO on the I/R-induced ROS production may be the underlying mechanism for its protective effect against apoptosis.
Although NO is an important signaling molecule in physiological processes, its protective or detrimental role in intestinal I/R injury is still controversial. It has been reported that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-derived NO may have a protective role at the onset of I/R of the small intestine (47). However, evidence also suggests that eNOS can become "dysfunctional" during oxidative stress. It has been demonstrated that superoxide anions may react with NO released by eNOS and thereby turn into cytotoxic oxidant peroxynitrite (48). Therefore, an altered function of eNOS may play a role in intestinal I/R. In the present study, the 30 min ischemia followed by 60 min reperfusion increased eNOS expression in the jejunal tissue. These results show that intestinal I/R injury may be related to increased NO production associated with eNOS, producing peroxynitrite. However, our study showed that increased eNOS expression induced by I/R decreased with rHuEPO treatment, thus it might be reducing peroxynitrite, and causing enhanced intestinal I/R injury. These results demonstrate that inhibitory effect of EPO on the eNOS-mediated NO overproduction may be the underlying mechanism for its protective effect against intestinal I/R injury. However, these results contradict a recent study which has demonstrated that EPO increases eNOS expression in cardiomyocyte in both in vitro and in vivo models of I/R (49). On the other hand, previous studies in cultured endothelial cells indicated that EPO had little or no effect on increasing eNOS activity (50,51). Wang and Waziri (1999) reported that 24 h incubation of human coronary artery endothelial cells with EPO-inhibited NO production and eNOS expression (52). Calapai et al (2000) showed that increase of NO production in the hippocampus, as observed after ischemia, was reduced in animals treated with rHuEPO (53). Briefly, as reviewed by Li et al (2002), effects of EPO on eNOS expression are still controversial (54). Nevertheless, elucidation of the role of NO pathway in intestinal protection of EPO will need further investigations.
In conclusion, a single dose of EPO protects the intestinal tissue against I/R injury in rats, demonstrating antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. Future experiments will be needed to precisely explore the EPO signaling pathways in the intestine to delineate the benefits of EPO therapy and incorporate its potential use into clinical practice in the future.
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This research was supported by grants from Dokuz Eylul University Research Foundation (Project 2005. KB. SAG.031).
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Guneli, E., Cavdar, Z., Islekel, H. et al. Erythropoietin Protects the Intestine Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rats. Mol Med 13, 509–517 (2007). https://doi.org/10.2119/2007-00032.Guneli
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2119/2007-00032.Guneli
- Chiu Scores
- TUNEL-positive Cells
- Intestinal Tissue
- rHuEPO
- Jejunal Tissue


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Come early july I am moderating two discussion panels intended for enrollment/admission commanders to share their very own career guidance and comprehension. We are all concerned, no matter what this profession, using succession preparation, i. deb. identifying the particular 'next generation' of ability. Maybe is actually just because a graduation months and As a former reading or perhaps listening to loads of speakers currently, or maybe it's because I'm slightly cheesy, but since I've been planning my things I realized that my advise for the profession sound extremely similar to commonly being a chum.
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Due to popular demand we are keeping the paper submission deadline of our ICG prize track open until the end of the month. We've already received more submissions than our first competition last year, and a number of other submitters have been putting their finish touches to submission. Its easy to submit as you just have to have your unpublished work in bioRxiv and use our integrated b2J functionality to click it through to us. Winning entries will again get registration and travel covered to come out and present their work in Shenzhen in late October. Carrying out open and transparent peer review the submissions so far can be viewed on our Preprint.Space conference page, and you can see more in our blog and the guidelines below.
Papers submitted for review should follow our scope and represent original, previously unpublished work that use, produce, or provide analysis tools for large data in 'omics fields.
See the icg-13.org website and competition page for more information, and for further questions concerning the submissions, please contact the GigaScience editors at firstname.lastname@example.com.
ConGen-ial Conferences
On the topic of deadline extensions, another meeting we are supporting this summer is ConGen (Recent Advances in Conservation Genetics), where we are supporting two GigaScience scholars (see GigaBlog). Our EiC Laurie will be attending the meeting at Front Royal, Virginia, U.S.A. from August 19 – 30th. Late registration is still available for a few places on the course, so make sure you sign up from their website here. The course is co-directed by winner of last years ICG prize Taras Oleksyky, so you can get a taste of the type of research you will learn about from the video of his Solenodon genome talk here.
We have a busy summer going to a number of other conferences, including as silver sponsors and exhibitors at GCCBOSC (hopefully getting more submissions for our popular Galaxy series), and if you know anything about our summer traditions, at ISMB. With the journal originally launching back at ISMB2012 in Long Beach we've been celebrating our birthday every year, and in Chicago this year we will have one of our famously boisterous birthday bashes on Sunday 8th. For more details watch this space, and if you are at any of these meetings we look forward to catching up.


text: Evie Kiyoko Yokoyama EVIE KIYOKO YOKOYAMA Evie Kiyoko Yokoyama passed away gracefully on 9/15/2016 at the age of 70. She will be remembered most for her zest for life and love for her family. She enjoyed traveling, watching movies, arts and crafts, cooking, and spending time with her family. She is survived by her husband, Herb Yokoyama; daughters Lori (& Dave) Kodama, Leigh (& Shane) Arakaki, 5 grandchildren: the Cheesecakes, Big & Little C; 4 siblings, Margaret Oshiro, Katherine (& Hiroji) Taki, Harry (& Paula) Sumida, and Larry (& Jackie) Sumida, her loving in-laws, nieces, and nephews. Private services held. SHARE ON FACEBOOK SHARE VIA EMAIL Our deepest condolences to the family and friends of the deceased ADVERTISEMENT Explore more Search Records for Evie Kiyoko Yokoyama with Ancestry® Discover Evie Kiyoko Yokoyama Family Story with Ancestry® AncestryDNA® with Traits Discover Details of Your Family History - Search Records with Ancestry® Sponsored by Ancestry


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Montreal couple cleared of terror charges, boyfriend guilty of explosives-related offence
El Mahdi Jamali, 20, and Sabrine Djermane, 21, were arrested in spring 2015
A young Montreal couple who said they were planning to visit Greece in 2015 were acquitted by a jury Tuesday of accusations the trip was really part of a covert plan to join the terrorist group ISIS.
El Mahdi Jamali, 20, and Sabrine Djermane, 21, were each facing three charges:
- Attempting to leave Canada to commit a terrorist act.
- Possession of an explosive substance.
- Committing an act under the direction of, or for the profit of, a terrorist organization.
Djermane was found not guilty on all three charges. Jamali was found guilty of possessing an explosive without a lawful excuse, which carries a maximum sentence of five years, compared to the 14 he faced under the original explosives charge.
Quebec Superior Court Justice Marc David, the trial judge, ordered the couple released after reading the verdict. Both have been detained since April 2015.
Given his time served, David told Jamali later in the day his sentence was already purged. Lawyers for the couple said the verdict represented the best possible outcome and sent a clear message to the public.
"At the end of the day, aside from the guilt of Mr. Jamali on a reduced charge, Sabrine Djermane and El Mahdi Jamali are not terrorists," said Charles Benmouyal, Djermane's lawyer.
But despite the acquittals, the couple still faces a long list of conditions stemming from a peace bond that was issued separately from the criminal charges, and which remains in effect.
Those conditions include a prohibition against using social media, checking in weekly with the RCMP and avoiding Montreal's Assahaba mosque, linked to the controversial imam Adil Charkaoui.
"If we asked for these conditions, and maintain the [peace bonds], it's because there are still reasonable grounds to believe in the possibility of offences," prosecutor Lyne Décarie said Tuesday afternoon.
Décarie indicated the Crown would return to court on Jan. 16 to seek to have the peace bond conditions imposed for a fixed period of time. She did not say whether the Crown planned to appeal the verdict itself.
"We'll study the judge's instructions to the jury," Décarie said.
Defence argued pair were planning a vacation
When they were arrested in the spring of 2015, Djermane and Jamali were 19 and 18, respectively, and were living together and attending Collège de Maisonneuve.
During the three-month trial in a Montreal courtroom, Décarie tried to convince the jury that Djermane and Jamali, who had plans to fly to Greece two weeks after the arrest, were planning to eventually travel to Syria.
Décarie pointed to evidence including a recipe for a pressure cooker bomb, which was found on the bedside table in the couple's condo.
The jury also heard how during their investigation, RCMP officers discovered a pressure cooker and a dollar-store bag full of ingredients required for that recipe, including matches, a clock, coffee filters and nails.
The lawyers for Djermane and Jamali did not mount a defence.
But during closing arguments, Jamali's lawyer tried to convince the jury that there was no firm evidence that his client supported the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, and nothing proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the couple had any kind of plan to go to Syria.
Instead, he suggested the two were just planning to visit Athens, as tourists.
"The jury understood that reading La Presse or Radio-Canada articles about the Islamic State is not a crime," Tiago Murias said Tuesday.
"The jury understood that there is a difference between informing yourself, being curious, and going beyond that."
The defence also suggested that if the pair had truly planned on making a bomb, they wouldn't have left the recipe out like that, when they knew the RCMP had suspicions.
The couple's lawyers also argued that what the prosecution was trying to pass off as ingredients for bomb making were, in fact, nothing more than innocuous household objects.
Djermane's lawyer said the Crown was relying on circumstantial evidence, which ultimately failed to sway the jury.
"The conclusion that the jury had to draw was that there wasn't only one explanation possible based on the evidence that was gathered," Benmouyal said.
Life goes on
Over the five days of deliberations, the jury posed two questions to the judge. One involved the definition of "knowingly" in relation to the charge of attempting to leave Canada to commit terrorism.
The second question was about whether a list of bomb-making materials could itself be considered an explosive substance. David told them it could not, but it could inform their view of how the seized materials intended to be used.
After 2½ half years behind bars, the couple will now be looking to put the ordeal behind them, their lawyers said.
"They still love each other. They have a future together, and that's what they're going to concentrate their efforts on," Benmouyal said.


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By Prince Charles Dickson
A woman has a child by you and you still say you do not see her inside "know her mind"; would you have her expose her intestines?
Today, my admonition is targeted at the people of Nigeria…when I say we, let me use it as it appears in the Nigerian constitution…
"We the people of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, having firmly and solemnly resolve, to live in unity and harmony as one indivisible and indissoluble sovereign nation under God, dedicated to the promotion of inter-African solidarity, world peace, international co-operation and understanding, …for the purpose of promoting the good government and welfare of all persons in our country, on the principles of freedom, equality and justice, and for the purpose of consolidating the unity of our people; AND ENGAGING IN ALL FORMS OF ILLEGALITY/LAWLESSNESS AS IT IS PROFITABLE IN OUR SYSTEM UNDER THE BROAD NAME NIGERIA and 'CORRUPTION' AS SURNAME.
The last take of the above paragraph in capital is mine. Many including this writer have argued that Nigeria's problem is largely that of leadership, bad governance, electoral malpractice, feeding bottling federalism, ethnicity, religious conflicts, lack of good roads, poor healthcare, et al, all anchored on corruption.
But the truth is that corruption in Nigeria is not a political affair or leadership matter. Corruption in Nigeria is a case of all of us.
A woman has a child by you and you still say you do not see her inside…In my alumni, the University of Jos, it cost several thousands of naira to get admission whether you are qualified or not. It varies from as little as N20-200k depending on the field of study or the link-man/woman, is he or she ASUU or NASU, an ordinary lecturer or professed professor?
Its not a Unijos thing, it is across most federal and state universities, polytechnics and even unity secondary schools…hands are greased, all manner of frauds are perpetuated, students are asked to pay all manners of bills 'acceptance', 'caution', 'language' and 'computer' fees incorporated into tuition.
You buy handouts and you pass whether you opened it or not, it is often the tutors' gateway to passing his subject.
In 2012, bail is still not free, and women cannot be admitted to bail a suspect or accused. You report a case, you are responsible for purchasing stationary or fueling the patrol van, and from complaint, in a minute you could be the accused.
Taulpaul Oselen captures it when he shares… "I make N200,000/daily from 'collections' at the TINCAN port–that's a Custom Officer."
The LASTMA chap makes more money every week on the streets of Lagos from drivers, than his monthly pay. From adjusting of meters and reconnections of wires, the PHCN official makes several thousands on the side for services not provided.
Do you how much people pay for redeployment to NYSC officials, how much it cost to get 'posted' to lucrative states and parastatals and how our daughters engage in 'sex for marks', step up to 'sex for service' and finally 'sex to be retained'.
The male folks just pay for or rather buy the marks, posting and job. Its a big business called 'corruption', an organized crime with willing buyers and those selling.
Recruitment into the Nigerian Police cost about N150k as a constable. Its applicable in the Civil Defense. Just like the various armed forces, civil service, and several government agencies.
Applicants for jobs in University College Hospital Ibadan have to pay N1k with the bank teller attached to the application for jobs. Millions of naira ripped from desperate unemployed populace by her very own in acts that is nothing but corruption.
The official cost of the Nigerian passport is less 10k but visit an immigration office, you must pay 'facilitation fee' if you need it properly done and in good time.
"To speed up the process, applicants have to put 'small something' in an envelop for me, so their documents can reach my boss." That's the MD's secretary.
If you don't 'sort', your file will simply disappear and reappear only at the right price. 'Supposedly' responsible parents buy 'exam leaks' for their kids irrespective of class/status.
"I know your story is of utmost importance to Nigerians but if you are not willing to share the 'brown envelope', I'm sorry I'll have to cover something more profitable for me." That's Mr. Journalist talking. If the envelope is heavy, lies can sail.
You are faced with a queue either to board a cab, use an atm, purchase fuel–you pay to jump the line or to prove you know the boss, you break the rules. We are almost all guilty.
We don't run a monarchy so leadership largely stems from citizenry. So even the very patriotic few almost take the surname because 'his people' will encourage him to 'please steal o', it is our turn to benefit from the surname corruption.
An EFCC suspect paid tithes with stolen monies. Off course private jets must be flown.
Affidavits are hot cakes because lying about our age is lucrative, you must be 26 as of your last birthday with NYSC discharge certificate and have not less than 3 years experience. So after deducting several years on the resume we still include Muslim/Christian on it as faith.
The 'big boys' don't do carrying of ballot boxes, they don't kill directly, they give 'us' peanuts, they know us, they were once one of us. The problem is us…with a little prodding we take on the surname corruption.
Corruption has no religion, an imam and reverend collaborated to swindle faithfuls in Taraba, we fight each other in the name of natives, non-indigenes but deep down we only await our opportunity to 'chop' from the national cake.
'Pay', 'collection','runs', 'sorting', 'kicks', 'pay', 'facilitation fees', 'drop', 'chop money for the boys 'are some of the few terms used to denote corruption.
A woman has a child by you and you still say you do not see her inside "know her mind"; would you have her expose her intestines? Let's forget those stealing billions, how about you looting a few hundreds, thousands, and millions. Are we really ready to do a change of name from corruption to integrity. Time will tell.


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Wind River to Showcase FACEâ"¢ COTS Solution Stack at FACE Air Force TIM and Exposition
The demonstration is a reference platform of an integrated FACE COTS solution stack based upon industry-leading technology from Wind River, Core Avionics & Industrial LLC (CoreAVI), Esterel Technologies, GE Intelligent Platforms, and Real-Time Innovations (RTI). The operating system foundation of the solution stack is Wind River VxWorks® 653, a COTS platform for delivering integrated modular avionics (IMA) applications. Used in nearly 300 programs, VxWorks 653 will enable a wide range of commercial and military applications to be deployed on FACE platforms.
The solution stack also includes the CoreAVI RTCA DO-178C-certifiable OpenGL SC graphics driver, Esterel SCADE Displayâ"¢, GE Intelligent Platforms FORCE1â"¢ Open Reference Computing Environment for FACE application development, and RTI Connextâ"¢ DDS.
"Wind River is very pleased to team with fellow industry leaders to promote interoperability and reuse across avionics platforms and systems, which is the underlying theme of the FACE approach,†said Chip Downing, senior director of aerospace and defense at Wind River and chair of the FACE outreach subcommittee of the FACE Business Working Group. "A complete FACE solution stack using COTS components can significantly accelerate a program's time-to-market, reduce both risk and cost, and rapidly generate DO-178C and other safety critical and security certification evidence, further improving program metrics.â€
As a principal member of the FACE Consortium, a managed consortium of The Open Group, Wind River is active in the steering committee, and technical and business working groups. The FACE Consortium was formed in 2010 and builds upon the tenets of open architecture, IMA, and modular open systems architecture by defining a standardized method of interface between software components and architectural segments.
To advance the proliferation of this COTS solution, Wind River will also be participating in a web seminar on March 26 with Esterel, GE Intelligent Platforms, and RTI discussing the objectives of the FACE Consortium, and how open architectures, such as the FACE reference architecture, create opportunities to use COTS solutions in critical environments. To register for this web seminar visit bit.ly/11bTmpD.
For more information about and to register for the FACE Air Force TIM and Exposition, visit www.opengroup.us/face/meetings.php?action=show&mtid=50. To learn more about Wind River aerospace and defense solutions, visit www.windriver.com/solutions/aerospace-defense/.
About Wind River
Wind River, a wholly owned subsidiary of Intel® Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC), is a world leader in embedded and mobile software. Wind River has been pioneering computing inside embedded devices since 1981 and its technology is found in more than 1 billion products. Wind River is headquartered in Alameda, Calif., with offices in more than 20 countries. To learn more, visit Wind River at www.windriver.com or on Facebook.
Wind River is a trademark or registered trademark of Wind River Systems, Inc. and its affiliates. Other names may be the trademarks of their respective owners.
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