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Minimalism style furniture from China
Over the last decade or so, the "minimalistic" trend has become much more than just a trend. In the world today, minimalism is almost seen as a way of life. In interior decorating, it is simply a design philosophy. Architecture and the art of interior designing state that minimalism is about achieving a better design using the simplicity found in space, materials, color and details. It is also all about restraint in terms of editing places so as to obtain a certain degree of clarity.
Most people prefer a minimalistic style of furniture in their homes because minimalistic spaces project a vibe of calmness, warmth and beauty in simplicity. If you are planning on decorating your home the minimalist way, here are some things to look out for:
1. Quality over quantity: The entire ideology of minimalism furniture is that less is more. It is often a common misconception that minimalism means being frugal and spending less on furniture pieces. Quite contrary to that belief, minimalism is more about picking out few basic pieces but making sure that they are of the best quality available.
2. Keep the furniture simple: When it comes to interior designing, it is quite easy to get carried away with the hundred different choices available in the market. On first thought, it might seem like every piece of furniture that you lay your eyes on is a necessity. However, if you are opting for a minimalist style of furniture, then downplaying the furniture is extremely important. Choose simple basic pieces that are functional. Make sure that the design does not have too many elements that clash with one another or with any other piece of furniture that you intend to place in the room.
3. Pick a showstopper: This simply means to pick one single piece of quality furniture that will stand out in the room. This can be a couch, a wicker chair or even a coffee table. Keep that piece of furniture as your centrepiece and build a story around it using art, plants or even lamps. This is done to add a certain wow factor to the room while still sticking to the theme of minimalism.
4. Colours and textures: When you hear the word minimalistic furniture, the first colour that would probably come into your mind is neutrals. Hence, stick to a basic neutral colour palette comprising mostly of browns, beige and white. If those colours become extremely basic for you, you can always add a small corner piece that will reflect a pop of colour. However, do not be afraid to play around with textures. You can pick furniture pieces that are made of multifarious materials. Examples of such textures are glass, cloth, timber and canvas. These textures give the home a rich and elegant feel.
5. Let art dominate your home: Most people do not consider pieces of art around the house as minimalism. However, since you are sticking to an extremely basic colour palette, it is imperative that you bring back life into the home. Thus, you can either add a feature wall which is of a contrasting colour, making it the accent element or you can hang up pieces of art. These can be simple paintings that speak to you; maybe a quote or two even. At the same time, do not cramp up all the walls and all the space that is available. Allow open space to simply relax into the expanse.
Thus, if you are a minimalist and you want your home to be a reflection of your personality, then simply keep in mind these few tips and tricks the next time you decide to go furniture shopping.
Are you designing your new home, a restaurant or are you working on any other interior design projects for which your require minimalism style furniture and don't know where to purchase the best quality furniture at competitive rates? If that is the case you should know that minimalism style furniture can be bought in China at very competitive prices!
The city of Foshan (China) accommodates more than 5,000 furniture factories! Such a huge selection of furniture at low prices can't be found in any other city in the world! Interested? To buy minimalism style furniture just contact us and schedule your visit to Foshan for only 5-7 days. Please click here for more information.
We at Globus provide door-to-door services for all your furniture needs. We assist you before, during and after your purchase and make sure that you get exactly what you desire at the best possible rates and the highest possible quality. Just let us know what you are looking for and we get back to you with the most convenient solution.
Find our contact details here or send the message below!
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The SEO market is changing. When SEO first started, you could rank just by keyword-stuffing your meta tags. Once that was phased out, there was a period when you could easily get ranked by link spamming. Those days are over as well.
Today, SEO is rapidly moving in a new direction. Here are some of the many trends active in today's world of SEO.
Moving Away: SEO Keyword Density, SEO Keyword Strategies
There were a few strategies that were popular a few years ago that simply don't matter today.
Keyword density more or less doesn't matter anymore. A few years ago, experts recommended trying to keep your keyword density somewhere around 3% to 6%. Today, it truly doesn't matter.
In the past experts also recommended bolding your keywords in places or using your keywords in your subheads. Again, this doesn't play much of a role any longer.
Moving Towards: Multimedia for SEO
Using videos, audio, and web presentations is becoming an increasingly effective way to gain rankings in the search engines.
Building a strong reputation using multimedia takes time. The idea isn't to try and launch one viral video and be set for life. Instead, the idea is to do a podcast every week, or a video every week until you have a solid reputation built.
The more often you can publish, the better. High-quality videos and audios generate a lot of backlinks, especially once you have a strong reputation.
Moving Away: SEO Low-Quality Links
Many of the low-quality link tactics that worked even just a year ago are weighed very lowly today.
For example, links from article marketing are weighed very lowly today. Writing a bunch of articles and sending them to EzineArticles or GoArticles simply won't do all that much for your rankings. In fact, EzineArticles itself was hit very hard by Panda in 2011.
Another example is social media profile links. Links from easy-to-create profiles no longer send much link juice.
Moving Towards: SEO Quality Indicator Metrics
Google is using more and more metrics to try and determine whether or not your site is a high-quality website.
How does Google do this?
One metric it looks at is how often people come back to your site. It looks at how often people stay on your website. It looks at the ratio of content to advertisements on your site.
Google looks at literally hundreds of different factors and tries to determine whether or not your site is of high quality.
It's very hard to fool Google's artificial intelligence, especially since so little is known about it today. The best way to rank in the new world of SEO is to just give Google what it wants: high-quality content.

subset: commoncrawl


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DaVinci Labs Grape Seed-100
Product Details
- Brand: DaVinci Labs
- Product Code: grape-seed-100-DL-90-cpsls
- Quantity per Container: 90 Capsules
Grape Seed-100 Extract from DaVinci Laboratories is a dietary supplement to promote immune system, vascular, and skin health.
Grape Seed-100 may help people with
- Recurrent or persistent skin or respiratory concerns
- Ongoing joint, immune, circulatory and vascular issues
Grape Seed-100 provides 95% proanthocyanidins (PCOs) in each capsule. PCOs have potent antioxidant properties that may inhibit problematic reactions within the body. This action can help reduce swelling caused by injury.
PCOs can also neutralize and eliminate free radicals, which can badly damage cell structures, causing a lowered immune response and leaving you prone to degenerative diseases.
PCOs may also
- Support capillary strength
- Help wounds heal
- Reduce pain from pancreatitis
- Reduce levels of bad cholesterol
- Enhance night vision
- Slow down the degenerative effects of aging on the skin
Professional-grade products adhere to the strictest standards for purity and potency, and use the highest-grade ingredients available.
Nutrition Facts
Supplement Facts
1 capsule contains:
Grape Seed Extract 100mg
---Yielding: Proanthocyanidins 95mg
Other Ingredients: rice flour, vegetable cellulose.
Contains NO: GMOs, gluten. This product is vegetarian.
Recommended Use:
Adults: As a dietary supplement, take 1 capsule, twice daily, with a meal, or as recommended by a healthcare professional.
If you are pregnant or nursing, please consult your healthcare professional before using this product. Keep out of the reach of children.


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From full speed to fast stop, the COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted both the music industry and our local music scene. While there's nothing like the atmosphere and energy at a live music show, many Big Island musicians have turned to live streaming and recording new material during the global crisis.
Part Two of this series continues with a cross-section of talented Big Island musicians who talk about their experiences while in this isolation period.
Michael Suprenant is a producer, composer, engineer, drummer, and runs Mana Music Studio, a full-service recording studio in Kea'au on the island's east side. His wife, Sarah Bethany, is a world-class vocalist and musician based in Hawaii, performing shows and recording vocal, piano, and keyboard tracks around the world.
How are you spending your creative time during this pandemic?
[Suprenant] Due to unexpected demand for childcare, i.e., my 4-year-old Benjamin, I have been spending most of my time trying to catch up on mixing, mastering, and production work. However, I have been able to carve out some creative time to work on my wife's album, which is one of my favorite things to do. I have also been putting some time into developing the scope and brand for my business thanks to my partner.
Do you have any plans to release any new material, and will there be any COVID-related songs?
Yes, new music is being released by artists with whom I am working for sure. Some of which are directly COVID-related, and some are indirectly COVID-related. It is difficult in this climate to see how something could be released without any COVID influence whatsoever. Our daily lives have become so unfamiliar as we navigate these new conditions; it has to be impacting the music in some way.
How are you connecting digitally with your audience?
Recording and streaming live performances have become a daily conversation now. Before it was rarely talked about. One thing we are doing at the studio is that we are just about ready to launch the Mana Music Sessions YouTube channel. It will feature live studio performances with great video and audio production. It seems like there is a demand to help artists put their live performances out there for their fans and this is one way we are supporting that effort.
What's the first thing you want to do when the live music returns to the venues?
Our dear friend and primary musical partner, Matt Spencer (along with his beautiful family) has moved to the mainland. So, Sarah and I are not sure exactly what our live performance strategy will become. We discuss it all the time. For sure, it will be a very different experience with the loss of such a musical giant like Matt. We are certainly looking forward to the next Big Island Jazz and Blues Festival at the Mauna Kea this year. It has been rescheduled for early December. We'll see if it happens!!
Chase Kauhane and his brother Carl are no strangers to our local music scene. They grew up playing music together and in 2010 formed the trio Life In Pursuit. In 2014, their Nickel & Dimin' It album was nominated for Best Alternative Album for the annual Na Hoku (Hanohano) Awards. Their new group is called Olelo, which offers original music that covers their faith and life experiences.
Do you have any plans to release any new material, and will there be any COVID-related songs?
[Chase] We have a song called "Take The Leap" that we plan to release by the end of July. Although the song was written and recorded pre-COVID-19, it's a song that is about stepping out in faith and facing your fears and we're very excited to share a little bit of hope for our family and friends. The song was written by myself and my brother Carl Kauhane, and songwriters Nittanee Paris and Cameron Stymeis.
How are you connecting digitally with your audience?
Live streams! And we've been intentional to not only share our music, but also to take this time to check in on our fans and our community during this quarantine season. Music is so powerful by itself, but it's even more powerful with context!
What's the first thing you want to do when the live music returns to the venues?
I want to take my wife out on a date and enjoy an evening of real live music, give a hug to whoever will hug me, and leave the largest tip I can for the staff and the musicians!
From Hilo to Hawi, you're more than likely to catch the popular music duo known as Long Tall Deb and Colin John. Colin John spent his youth in Memphis, Tennessee, where he played trumpet, electric bass, and then switched to guitar while soaking up classic Chicago blues and Memphis soul. In 2009, Colin reconnected with his friend, Deb Landolt [aka Long Tall Deb], a powerhouse soul and roots singer from El Paso, Texas. Colin and Deb have been performing worldwide to enthusiastic audiences in the USA, Canada, France, England, India, and Nepal.
How are you spending your creative time during this pandemic?
[John] I've been digging deep into my Hawaiian lap steel playing and transferring songs on them not normally associated with the instrument; everything from Willie Nelson to the Beatles and original material too.
I've been doing regular live streams with my friend L.T. Smooth on Wednesdays at 5 p.m. as well as unplanned streams by myself and Dagan Bernstein.
I am also doing remote streams with my partner Long Tall Deb even though we're 5,000 miles apart. At first, we tried using Zoom, but the lag was too much to get the music synced properly. So, we ended up doing songs by me playing the instrumental parts and sending them to Deb via Dropbox or SMS. She would then sing her part, put the whole shebang into MovieMaker, and edit the piece together. So, it appears that we are doing a Zoom type performance but that is what is working for us now.
Do you have any plans to release any new material, and will there be any COVID-related songs?
Always working on new material! I'm looking at doing an all-instrumental album of classic pop and soul numbers played on the electric sitar, called, "Pop! Goes The Baby Sitar", inspired by the inventor of the instrument, Vinnie Bell. Deb and I are also collaborating remotely. As for COVID-oriented, I wouldn't rule it out.
How are you connecting digitally with your audience?
Through the regular live streams, mostly through Facebook. That seems to be where most of my friends and fan demographics are hanging out these days. It's like having a captive audience since not many presently have a whole lot going on. I am happy that music makes people happy and uplifts them during these dark and uncertain times, so people tell me. I hope to be bringing something of value that makes people comfortable.
What's the first thing you want to do when the live music returns to the venues?
I would suggest being cautious and proceeding slowly; every day seems to offer a glimmer of hope, but I think it would be unwise to jump back to "normal" (whatever that may have meant, pre-pandemic).
I think it's human nature to want to experience what we have become accustomed to but I would also hope that people would have taken this downtime to evaluate what is really important in life, and conversely what is not.
Obviously, music is a healer, so we don't want to blow it by opening everything up at once.
I see venues doing more house concert type shows, with fewer musicians onstage and fewer seats. Is that a viable and sustainable business model? It's hard to say. I think a combo of smaller shows, particularly outdoors and continued streaming will be the way forward for us all, both artists and music fans and concertgoers.
Steve Roby is a music photojournalist, an L.A. Times bestselling author, and a Big Island filmmaker. He's been featured in the NY Times, Rolling Stone, and Billboard Magazine. Roby is also the Managing Editor of Big Island Music Magazine.
Featured image: Tim Mossholder.


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Beats Flex Earphone Wireless - Black
- BATTERY LIFE - Up to 12 hours of listening time
- CUSTOMIZED FIT - All-day comfort with Flex-Form cable and four eartip options
- APPLE HEADPHONE CHIP - Powered by the Apple W1 headphone chip for seamless connectivity
- THE MUSIC STOPS WHEN YOU DO - Magnetic earbuds with Auto-Play/Pause
- LISTEN WITH A FRIEND - Audio Sharing lets you wirelessly share audio with another pair of Beats headphones or AirPods
- EXTENDED WIRELESS RANGE - Class 1 Bluetooth for extended range and fewer dropouts
- ON-DEVICE CONTROLS - On-device controls for music, calls, and voice assistant
Shipping Options
✓ Store Pickup ✓ Same Day Delivery
Payment Methods
✓ Cash on Delivery ✓ Card on Delivery
6 Month Warranty
Warranty provided by
Read more about Product Warranties
Free Delivery
We deliver everywhere in Qatar. Check out if you are in the Free Delivery Zones
Payment Methods
We accept both Cash and Card on Delivery
In-store Pickup
Pick your products at no additional charge at our stores. Here is how you can Reach Us
From the Manufaturer
Goes where you go
Magnetic earbuds and Auto-Pause1 keep your music on deck when you take the earphones out, and Auto-Play starts it back up when you put them back in.
Powerful sound you can share
Get accurate bass and ultra-low distortion with an advanced acoustic platform featuring custom layered drivers, and then use one-tap Audio Sharing to sync with other Beats headphones or AirPods2.
Up to 12 hours of listening time
And don't break for battery life—use 10-minute Fast Fuel for 1.5 hours of playback when battery is low3.
Connect and control
Easily connect via the Apple W1 chip4, get extended range and fewer dropouts with Class 1 Bluetooth®, and control volume, music, and calls with on-device controls.


text: Andrew King is a postdoctoral scholar in critical care informatics. His interests are in context-aware systems, decision support, team decision making, HCI, and machine learning. For his dissertation, Andrew developed a prototype Learning Electronic Medical Record (LEMR) that observes clinician information seeking behavior and applies it using machine learning to direct the future display of patient data. Andrew has won Best Student Paper at the American Medical Information Association (AMIA) Annual Symposium 2016 and won Best Student Paper at the AMIA Informatics Summit 2017. Andrew is now developing a voice-interactive virtual assistant for ICU care teams.


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- Europe
- England
- North England
- Yorkshire & The Dales
- South Yorkshire
- Sheffield Hotels
- {{ 'Sleep Hotel' | removeHotels }}
Sleep Hotel
33 Scotland Street, Sheffield, S3 7BS •
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About this property
Please note: This description has not been updated for over a year and may be out of date.
Quality, self check-in accommodation situated in the heart of city centre, we are just walking distance from most of the the major attractions that Sheffield has to offer. We are close to major transport links, train,bus and tram plus all major music venues, theatres and all University sites. We have rooms to suit singles, couples and groups.
We are a family run business and aim to make your stay in Sheffield as pleasant as possible. All our rooms have television, tea & coffee making facilities. We have an easy out of business hours self check in, so you can let yourself in anytime. PLEASE NOTE we do not have someone on the front desk 24 hours and we do not have a private car park. *Free WI-FI in the reception area. * So whatever reason you are visiting Sheffield, visiting friends, seeing your favourite band, attending a meeting we hope we can be of assistance. PLEASE NOTE: The hotel does not serve food however there is a Tesco Express in walking distance of the hotel and also a cafe across the road. Please ask the hotel for directions to it (or any other nearby amenities, pubs etc)' Please note that when you reserve a room via Laterooms. com your reservation is subject to the terms and conditions of Sleep Hotel. Any damage or breakages must be reported to the hotel and any damage or excessive mess will incur a further charge. A full copy of our terms and conditions is available on request direct from the hotel.
Hotel policies
From 16:00 hours
Until 11:00 hours
Important information
01/09/2013 to 30/09/2022 - Please provide mobile number. IMPORTANT, we're self check in and don't have someone on the front desk 24 hours. If your card declines for any reason your booking will be cancelled. Parking on meters. The price shown is based on the occupancy and dates you have searched for. Prices and availability are subject to change based on the arrival date, number of nights and occupancy searched for. All prices are inclusive of all local taxes.
Pets are not allowed
Hotel Non-Smoking Throughout, Smoking allowed in public areas
Wi-Fi Available, Wi-Fi Available In Public Areas
In room entertainment
In room facilities
Tea/Coffee making facilities in each room
Ground floor bedrooms
Reviews ( 48 )
Our reviews are from genuine LateRooms.com customers. We verify that the customer has stayed before leaving a review.
4/6 Overall
4/6 Cleanliness
4/6 Customer service
2/6 Food quality
4/6 Room quality
4/6 Value
67% would recommend it to a friend
4/6 Verified
Nice cheap accommodation - perfect for a place to sleep after a day/night out.
Low frills but for the sake of a 10/20/30 quid saving, who actually needs a receptionist..Joe B
6/6 Verified
Brilliant little hotel, nice homely feel, loved the self check in and self check out,


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Hickory High School principal Rebecca Tuttle has been charged with DWI after an arrest during a wreck on January 3, 2020.
Tuttle crashed into the back of a parked car in Hickory, NC and then started to back up and hit a pedestrian, officials say.
There were no passengers in her vehicle.
Tuttle's car then ran off the road and backed down a hill and over a road before colliding with a building, officials say.
According to emergency responders, Tuttle told officers she hit the building after hydroplaning. Officials documents state Tuttle's blood-alcohol level was twice the legal limit.
Recommended for you
Hickory Schools released this statement:
"We are aware that an administrative employee was involved in an automobile accident this past Friday night, Jan. 3, 2020, after which criminal charges were filed. Upon receiving information regarding this concern, Hickory Public Schools acted in accordance with district policy. This matter will not affect the students' school day or the school's standard operation. As a small school district, we are asking that everyone continue to work together"


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Dessert with avocado mousse on a bed of bananas
This translation has been done by an automatic system, therefore we apologize if it isn't perfect. If you find any mistake or you have any suggestion for a better translation, please contact us.
For 4-6 people
2 bananas
1 avocado
150 ml oat milk
4-6 tablespoons of agave syrup
goji berries for garnish
A cool dessert ideal for many different times: a tasty snack for the kids, a delicious break for adults, a dessert for a dinner with friends or just a cuddle for sheer indulgence ... healthy and full of energy!
Peel the avocado and cut it into pieces, then whisk it into the glass using an immersion blender, after adding the vegetable milk and a natural sweetener (agave, maple syrup or cereal malt).
Blend until a smooth and vaporous mousse.
Slice bananas and arrange on dessert plates, then sprinkle with avocado mousse and garnish with some goji berries to enrich this dessert and make a more attractive presentation.
This dessert is prepared at the time, since both bananas and avocados tend to oxidize quickly. If they are served fresh, you can keep them in the refrigerator for a couple of hours.
Thanks to Emanuela Barbero, webmaster di Vegan3000 e autrice di libri di cucina vegan
Thanks to Emanuela Barbero, webmaster di Vegan3000 e autrice di libri di cucina vegan


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- This event has passed.
A Little Lunch Music
May 14, 2015 @ 12:00 pm - 1:00 pm
A Little Lunch Music is a casual performance presented by Jule Collins Smith Museum of Fine Art and musician Patrick McCurry, series coordinator. You can sit and listen to the entire performance, dine in the Museum Café from 11 a.m. to 2 p.m., browse the shop, or explore the galleries.
On Thursday, May 14, we welcome pianist Vadim Serebryany.


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Perception of risk is different across countries
Concerning the predictors of perceived risk, some of them differed across countries; for example, perceived social support (from family and spouse) was related to the perception of risk in the Ecuadorian sites, but not in Mexico (Jones et al., 2013). Given that this study was exploratory in nature (see source document for full reference), the exact explanation for observed cross-country differences was not provided. Nevertheless, the variety of findings on effects of contextual factors on risk perception can serve as an illustration of how subtle differences between different places are and how important it is to take them into account when planning programmes for people living in the areas affected by natural disasters.
Note: See source document for full reference.
Applicable to:
Cultural Factors: Local knowledge, Customs/traditions/rituals
Hazards: Natural hazards
Disaster Phases: Prevention
Types of Actors Concerned: Non-active citizens


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Jun. 26, 2022 05:38 PM EDT
EUGENE, Ore. (AP) — Noah Lyles pulled in front of teenage sensation Erriyon Knighton at the finish to win the 200 meters at the U.S. track and field championships...
By The Associated Press Jun. 27, 2021 03:02 PM EDT
By Eddie Pells And Pat Graham Jun. 16, 2021 05:27 PM EDT


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Welcome to Spartan Plumbing, Heating & Cooling
Live help 24/7 and 100% satisfaction guaranteed on all the services from Spartan Plumbing, Heating & Cooling. We are an affordable licensed plumber and air conditioning company in Tucson, AZ.
Are you a homeowner looking to clear a clogged drain? Or maybe you manage a large commercial property and need top-notch pipe bursting services. Spartan Plumbing, Inc. is ready with the right solution, whether it's a basic repair or large-scale project.
We set out in 1987 with just one pickup truck and a box of tools. By listening to our customers' needs and promising to provide the best service in the area, we have grown to become one of Tucson's elite plumbing companies. In 2003, we were nationally recognized with the Presidential Award for Business Excellence.


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General Information and Pricing
Base Transcription Price: $150 per audio hour
Premium Proofing: +$50 per audio hour
Time Codes: +$25 per audio hour
Multiple Speakers: +$25-75 per audio hour, depending on difficulty
Difficult Audio (including highly technical content): $+25-150 per audio hour, depending on difficulty
Rush Fee: +$100-150 per audio hour, depending on difficulty
Our goal is to be fair in all dealings, and so we will only charge a multiple speaker, difficult audio, or rush fee when it is absolutely necessary.
Amount billed is rounded to the nearest minute. So, for example, a 59-minute audio file would be billed as .9833 hours rather than 1 hour; a 2-minute audio file would be billed as .0333 hours, etc.
We accept check, cash, direct deposit, and all major credit cards. We typically send an invoice at the conclusion of a project or at predetermined project checkpoints.
Our standard turnaround is within 1-3 business days, depending on the context. So, for example, a 6-minute single-speaker dictation may be easily turned around in 1 day or even on the same day, but a 4-hour unmoderated focus group may be on the higher end.
Rush fees are also context-dependent. The above-mentioned 6-minute single-speaker dictation may not require a rush fee for same- or next-day delivery, but the 4-hour focus group would require a rush fee for the same turnaround.
We strive to be accommodating to most reasonable turnaround requests, and thus avoid rush fees whenever possible.
You can upload to us via our website at www.rogersword.com/upload, or you can share files with us using your preferred file sharing service.
We typically deliver transcripts via email in .doc format. Other formats and delivery methods available upon request.
We have three levels of verbatim: standard, legal verbatim, and video editing verbatim.
Standard is lightly edited for readability and clarity, eliminating minor verbal tics and stutters.
Legal verbatim contains all spoken words but eliminates some insignificant word repetitions and verbal tics.
Video editing verbatim contains all spoken words as well as the significant verbal tics and word repetitions.
There is no price distinction between the three levels of verbatim.
All Rogers Word Service transcripts are proofed and checked before delivery to the client. We also offer premium proofing. Premium proofing entails detailed research into proper names, technical terminology, acronyms, foreign language terms, etc., as well as extra review on difficult sections of audio, to ensure a transcript that is essentially "ready to publish." Due to the thorough nature of premium proofing, turnarounds tend to be a bit longer.
These are our basic rates, and they may change up or down depending on the nature and requirements of the proposed project.
Please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com if you have any questions or if you would like to discuss a project.


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Drink like a bee
What you need:
- 5 cups or bowls of different shapes and sizes e.g. tall and thin/ flat and open. Label each container 1-5. These will be your 'flowers'
- Drinking straws. These will be your 'bee tongues'
- Scissors
- A jug of fruit juice, squash or water
- Piece of paper & pen to draw a table
What to do:
- Fill the containers halfway with your preferred liquid. Fruit juice & squash are sugary like nectar but water works fine.
- Cut the straws into 5 different lengths.
- Draw out a table like the one below onto a piece of paper to record your results.
- Now try and drink some of the liquid from each container using the different length straws. If you can drink from a container with a straw write 'Yes' in the table, if not write 'No'.
Hi, my name is Ellen and I've always been interested in insects. I'm currently a PhD student at the University of Oxford working at the Oxford Bee Lab. I look at the nutrition of different UK pollens for bumblebees.
One of the reasons bees visit flowers is to drink the sugary nectar they produce as it helps give them energy for their intensive flight. Bees feed from flowers by poking their tongue, known as a proboscis, into the flower and lapping up the nectar. In some flowers the nectar is easy to reach so can be collected by lots of different insects. But some flowers want to restrict the number of different insects that take their nectar by hiding it deeper inside. The foxglove below has tall thin flowers, which means only bees with long tongues can reach the nectar. These long-tongued bees are more likely to visit other foxgloves. This increases the flowers' chances of pollination with the same species.


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Monday, November 7, 2022
Dr. J. Scott Smith, Superintendent of Schools, 301-475-5511, ext. 32178
LEONARDTOWN, MD – The Board of Education of St. Mary's County will be meeting on Wednesday, November 9, 2022, with an executive session beginning at 8:00 a.m., followed by an open meeting at 9:00 a.m. The public may also watch the meeting live via www.smcps.org/streaming.
For more details, please call (301) 475-5511, ext. 32177.


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Hosting events & Sarah Mayberry on romance, euphemisms & independent publishing
Katherine's been invited to do an event with Graeme Simsion, which let's face it is pretty awesome but what's she meant to actually do? She gets advice from Kate, who is as luck would have it, a pretty awesome host.
Then the hosts chat to award winning romance author, Sarah Mayberry. They talk about writing romance, euphemisms and independent publishing.
Check out show notes for this episode on our website www.thefirsttimepodcast.com or get in touch via Twitter or Instagram @thefirsttimepod.
Don't forget you can support us and the making of Season Two via our Patreon page https://www.patreon.com/user/overview?u=14470635! Thanks so much.


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cor·ner·stone [kawr-ner-stohn]
-- something that is essential, indispensable, or basic: The cornerstone of flexible packaging is film.
-- the chief foundation on which something is constructed or developed: The cornerstone of the flexible packaging industry are the converters.
The cornerstone (or foundation stone) concept is derived from the first stone set in the construction of a masonry foundation, important since all other stones will be set in reference to this stone, thus determining the position of the entire structure.
This year's Top 25 Converters includes converters that are the cornerstone of the flexible packaging industry. These converters are doing something right. Whether that's ensuring large amounts of manpower, numerous manufacturing facilities, or making a smart acquisition, one determining factor is key: its people.
Something in the management and procedures of these companies have brought them to this level of success. And that, my fellow flexible packaging friends, is the secret we are all itching to know. According to the Flexible Packaging Association, flexible packaging in the United States is a $26.4 billion industry. Our Top 25 Converters list accounts for over three-fourths of that impressive number.
As the saying goes, competition breeds success. Read on to hear about your competition. You may find some nuggets of wisdom in the next few pages, or you may find some savvy business plans. Either way, I think you'll be able to take something away from these success stories.
Top 25 Converters Methodology
We used a similar methodology to last year's Top 25 listing.
To ensure the most accurate listing, we first went down the list of companies to make sure they are flexible packaging converters, and to include converters that have been acquired, merged, or inadvertently left off last year's list.
After careful consideration, the new list of companies was researched using information from Hoover's Online database and D&B Million Dollar Directory – Total US database.
Once information from those databases were collected, we went directly to the companies to confirm or correct the information we collected.
Rankings are in order of sales revenue for the 2010 fiscal year, and should only reflect flexible packaging.
We are happy to report that all but two companies graciously offered us the correct information, making this one of the most accurate lists yet.
1. Bemis Company, Inc.
2010 Sales (in millions): $4,840
Neenah, Wisconsin
At the top of the list is Bemis Company, Inc., a name often mentioned in flexible packaging, and for good reason, too. This powerhouse has been expanding its presence for years. After completing its Alcan Packaging Food Americas acquisition in March 2010, Bemis started revamping some of the purchase. 2010's addition to the Bemis family included enhancing a packaging research facility in , Wisc. The was implemented in the former Alcan Packaging Food Americas technical center. "We're going to be moving the 'legacy' R&D Bemis people in there with the Alcan people so we can start to have better exchanges of technology," quoted Henry Theisen, president and chief executive officer in an interview with local news outlet Post Crescent in August 2010.
Bemis Company, Inc.
(920) 727-4100
2. Sealed Air
2010 Sales (in millions): estimated $4,490
Elmwood Park, New Jersey
This past year brought back nostalgia to Sealed Air Corporation with the celebration of its 50th Anniversary. By the end of the 1950s, inventors Marc Chavannes and Al Fielding introduced Bubble Wrap cushioning and launched the Sealed Air Corporation. Fifty years later, Bubble Wrap brand is one of the most recognized brands across the globe and Sealed Air has grown to employ more than 16,000 people with operations in 51 countries. "Over the past 50 years, Sealed Air and customers have been witness and part to massive change," said William V. Hickey, president & CEO, Sealed Air in a Feb 2010 press release.
Sealed Air Corporation
(201) 791-7600
3. Sigma Plastics Group
2010 Sales (in millions): $2,350
Lyndhurst, New Jersey
Sigma Plastics Group is a force to be reckoned with. Chairman and CEO Alfred Teo commented on the Sigma's inclusion in the listing, saying, "We are honored to be on the Top 25 Converters list. We continue to grow through acquisitions, and are in the middle of a possible acquisition right now. More positive news to come."
Sigma Plastics Group
(201) 933-6000
4. Berry Plastics Corporation
2010 Sales (in millions): $1,700
Evansville, Indiana
Randy Hobson, EVP Commercial Development told Flexible Packaging, "Berry Plastics is proud to be an industry leader in flexible packaging. We are committed to being a full-service, world class packaging and materials supplier partner to the many customers and industries we serve."
Berry Plastics Corporation
(812) 424-2904
5. Printpack Inc.
2010 Sales (in millions): $1,200
Atlanta, Georgia
Printpack is proud of its five packaging awards it brought home in 2010. Printpack was also busy acquiring the facility, allowing the company to enter into the Medical Packaging Market. The facility manufactures films that are converted into header bags and forming films for sterilizable medical devices. Dennis M. Love, president and CEO, stated in a 2010 press release, "We have been investigating the medical packaging market for quite some time. Timing was right to acquire Amcor's Marshall facility.
Printpack Inc.
(404) 460-7000
6. AEP Industries
2010 Sales (in millions): $800.57
South Hackensack, New Jersey
AEP Industries' website touts itself as "The Single Source for Polyethylene Films." AEP prides itself on offering over 15,000 multi-purpose and flexible packaging films, so that its customers can fulfill its business needs. AEP's stance: "As a leader in flexible packaging products, AEP uses state-of-the-art, technology to consistently produce the highest quality flexible film available."
AEP Industries
7. Exopack LLC
2010 Sales (in millions): $785.10
Spartanburg, South Carolina
2010 was a busy year at Exopack. An affiliate company of Sun Capital Partners, Inc., Exopack made an agreement with Bemis to purchase two of its facilities, completed in July 2010. One month later, it announced the formation of a Corporate Research and Development team at that site.
Exopack president and Chief Operating Officer, Tom Vale, commented on the Top 25 listing, "Over the past five years, Exopack has invested over $135 million in new technologies and resources, yielding growth in the areas new package development, production capabilities and technological innovation. We take pride in being recognized as a trusted partner in the development and manufacture of flexible packaging solutions that address the evolving needs of our customers while providing positive bottom-line results."
(864) 596-7116
8. Graphic Packaging International, Inc.
2010 Net Sales (in millions): $675.60
Marietta, Georgia
"2010 was another strong year for Graphic Packaging, where the key to driving productivity and improving margins was to execute a solid strategy that works regardless of the operating environment. We demonstrated that as long as we focus on our strategy, optimize our core business, grow through innovation, and build the right culture, we will deliver results. And in fact, that's exactly what happened at Graphic Packaging in 2010," said David W. Scheible, president and CEO, in a shareholders newsletter.
Graphic Packaging International, Inc.
(770) 644-3000
9. Hilex Poly Co. LLC
2010 Sales (in millions): $500.00
Hartsville, South Carolina
In April 2010, Hilex Poly partnered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to join its WasteWise program. Stan Bikulege, president and CEO of Hilex Poly stated, "As the industry leader in recycling, we are proud of our waste reduction efforts to date and have set an ambitious goal of using 40 percent recycled content in our products by 2015." The WasteWise program focuses on three key elements of waste reduction – recycling, buying or manufacturing recycled content products and preventing the production of waste in the first place.
HilexPoly Co., Inc.
(843) 857-4800
10. Packaging Dynamics Corp.
2010 Sales (in millions): $498.00
Chicago, Illinois
Like its Top 25 Converters peers, Packaging Dynamics Corp., was busy with an acquisition in 2010, announcing its agreement to purchase Marcal Chicago, LLC. "The acquisition of Marcal Chicago is an exciting step in the development of Packaging Dynamics," commented Roger Prevot, Packaging Dynamics' CEO in an October 2010 press release. "Marcal Chicago provides a number of strategic benefits to our BagcraftPapercon food packaging business including a broader product line, an expanded customer base and a well respected brand."
Packaging Dynamics Corp.
(773) 843-8000
11. Hood Packaging Corp.
2010 Sales (in millions): $463.00
Madison, Mississippi and Burlington, Ontario, Canada
In September 2010, Hood Packaging acquired American Synthetics of Goose Creek, South Carolina. The facility specializes in manufacturing woven polypropylene packaging with modern equipment and innovative technology. The new facility positions Hood Packaging to offer a full line of food, pet food, animal nutrition and lawn and garden packaging.
Hood Packaging Corp.
(800) 321-8115
12. Winpak Ltd.
2010 Sales (in millions): $427.50
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
In reaction to being listed as a top converter, Bruce Berry proudly told Flexible Packaging, "It is an honor to be recognized with such a distinguished group of companies." Winpak's Flexible Packaging division's website offers the company's business model for this market sector: "Winpak has become a leader in the flexible packaging industry by providing customers with innovative products, packaging expertise and operational excellence."
Winpak Ltd.
(204) 889-1015
13. Bryce Corp.
2010 Sales (in millions): $398.00
Memphis, Tennessee
For Bryce Corp., a family-owned company, 2010 meant planning to expand with a new press and additional employees. In November 2010, the company's plan for a $9 million expansion was highlighted in the Memphis Business Journal. In the article, Richard Flynt, senior vice president of operations at Bryce, commented that the expansion will help the company meet demand in one of the few parts of the manufacturing industry that hasn't seen a decline. Food packaging is an estimated $200 billion annual industry, according to Paul Rickman, senior vice president of sales for Bryce. No further comment was offered by Bryce Corp.
Bryce Corp.
(800) 238-7277
14. Sonoco Products Co.
2010 Flexible Sales (in millions): $342.00
Hartsville, South Carolina
Known for innovative easy-open, re-closeable bags and specialty pouches, as well as promotional ink technologies, Sonoco also offers solutions that support smart, sustainable resource use. Harris E. DeLoach, Jr., chairman and CEO told Flexible Packaging, "As a top company for flexible converters, we're committed to growing and diversifying our flexible service offering. Innovations, such as our patented SmartSeal reclosable technology for Nabisco cookies and our recently announced MIRRORINK Process, will continue to help drive our flexibles expansion."
Sonoco Products Co.
(800) 377-2692
15. Ampac Holdings, LLC
2010 Sales (in millions): $300.00
Cincinnati, Ohio
Ampac's focus on innovation includes the Vapur anti-bottle, redeveloped to include an antimicrobial; the Sprout Baby Food brand introduction with linear tear and reclosability; and E-Z ZIP has led to significant product growth for Unilever's Hellmann's brand, among other customers. Ampac has also added box pouch capability to a wide range of innovative pouch formats.
John Baumann, president and CEO, told Flexible Packaging, "Ampac drives transformation and packaging performance by creating package concepts that are more innovative, progressive and dynamic than those used by competitive brands. Ampac's comprehensive approach to packaging is an effective balance of rigorous, technology-driven thinking and exceptional creativity."
(800) 527-2557
16. Duro Bag Manufacturing Co.
2010 Sales (in millions): estimated $290.00
Florence, Kentucky
Duro Bag Manufacturing has this Quality Statement on its website: "Every employee at Duro Bag is empowered to effectively manage our company's resources in order to meet or exceed our customer's requirements and expectations in quality and service." With its impressive position on the Top 25 Converters listing, it seems this statement rings true.
Duro Bag Manufacturing Co.
(800) 879-3876
17. American Packaging Corp.
2010 Sales (in millions): $280.00
Rochester, New York
For over 100 years, American Packaging Corp (APC) has been developing and commercializing unique specifications for a myriad of packaging applications.
Peter B Schottland, president and CEO said to Flexible Packaging, "Interesting to see APC in the Top 25 once again. Hard not to reflect on our journey of almost 110 years as a family business owned by first the Kardon family thru the 1960s and now my family. From the streets of making fish and coffee bags to one of 's elite flexible packaging companies is quite something to say the least. Our commitment to our customers, employees, suppliers and our industry as a whole has never been stronger."
American Packaging Corp.
(800) 551-8801
18. Amcor Flexibles
2010 Sales (in millions): $270.00
Mundelein, Illinois
According to Amcor Flexibles' website business operations, "This Business Group combines the current Amcor Flexibles Food and Flexibles Healthcare businesses with the Alcan Global Pharmaceutical and Food Europe Packaging businesses. The combination of these Flexibles businesses is designed to create an integrated business and to take full advantage of opportunities to deliver outstanding customer solutions to the food, healthcare, home & personal care and industrial markets."
Amcor Flexibles
(847) 362-9000
19. Prolamina
2010 Sales (in millions): $250.00
Lake Forest, Illinois
A newly formed company, Prolamina is the brainchild of founder/chairman/CEO Harold Bevis. "My business thesis has been to create as big a company as I can," Bevis told Flexible Packaging. After his tenure with Pliant, Bevis concocted the concept of forming a super company. He's already acquired two companies at the penning of this article, with a third acquisition underway. Bevis has folded formerly known Jen Coat and Excel Pac into Prolamina. Bevis' plans: "My game plan is to build a couple billion dollar company by acquiring small converting companies." Don't be surprised to see Prolamina's Top 25 Converter ranking be higher up on the list in 2012.
20. Coating Excellence International LLC (cei)
2010 Sales (in millions): $220.00
Wrightstown, Wisconsin
In a statement released by the company, "Coating Excellence International (cei) has shown strong growth since its inception in 1997 by continual focus on providing the industry's best quality and service to its customers. Ongoing investment in state-of-the-art converting equipment, new focused manufacturing facilities and next generation technologies enable cei to continue this growth momentum. cei is very pleased to be listed as a Top 25 Converter, as this reflects its commitment to its customers and strong focus on the flexible packaging industry."
Coating Excellence International
(920) 996-1900
21. Pregis Corp.
2010 Sales (in millions): $165.00
Deerfield, Illinois
Pregis' exciting 2010 news included naming a new president of global protective packaging. Kevin Baudhuin was named president, global protective packaging, in October 2010. Baudhuin joined Pregis in December 2007 as president of the company's North American protective packaging business. During his tenure, he has spearheaded development of innovative protective packaging solutions while also bringing significant performance improvement and growth to Pregis, and will continue to do so.
Pregis Corp.
(800) 834-9441
22. Shields Bag & Printing Company
2010 Sales (in millions): $134.00
Yakima, Washington
"During the past few years, the economic downturn has forced us to intensify our product diversification efforts. We are still underway, but to date have been successful in moving away from heavy dependence on traditional heavy duty shipping sacks and more on barrier food packaging and consumer packaging with high resolution graphics. To be recognized as a Top 25 Converter is a testament to the hard work and loyal dedication of our 490 employees. Shields Bag & Printing was founded on intense employee involvement and we continue to grow because of this philosophy," Chris Daniels VP sales & marketing, told Flexible Packaging.
Shields Bag & Printing Company
(800) 541-8630
23. Scholle Packaging Inc.
2010 Sales (in millions): $120.00
Irvine, California
"Scholle Packaging, the pioneer of Bag-in-Box, is a world leader in bag-in-box packaging for the food, beverage and industrial markets. We are committed to providing locally-manufactured products with unprecedented innovation, quality and customer service. Inspired people, vertically-integrated processes and global manufacturing capabilities allow us to rigorously control our manufacturing standards," Scholle company information states.
Scholle Packaging Inc.
(949) 955-1750
24. Oracle Flexible Packaging, Inc.
2010 Sales (in millions): $96.50
Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Oracle's company website says, "Oracle is a preferred manufacturer of industry-leading flexible packaging laminates. Innovation, combined with a demonstrated commitment to quality and customer satisfaction, fuels the outstanding customer loyalty and success that Oracle has enjoyed for over eight decades."
Oracle Flexible Packaging, Inc.
(336) 777-5000
25. Nordenia
2010 Sales (in millions): approx. $80.00
Jackson, Missouri
2010 offered Nordenia some innovation with the launch of its FlexZiBox. Flexible and robust at the same time, easy to carry and well suited for volumes up to 55 pounds – that is Nordenia's FlexZiBox packaging. Nordenia launched this concept in the to broaden its portfolio.
Nordenia USA, Inc.
(573) 335-4900


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Optimum Yacht Racing Team is back in base in Nautical Club Kalamaki, and OPTIMUM 3-ASPIDA-SAXOBANK rests on its cradle high above the sea. The 51st Aegean Rally, the top offshore and most challenging event in the Offshore Sailing Calendar in Greece and one of the oldest and toughest in the Mediterranean is over and Team OPTIMUM wrote another glorious page by competing successfully for 20th time since 1994 that it was established.
"We were almost 30 years old when we raced the 31st Aegean Rally as first time skippers of OPTIMUMM (Mumm 36) back in 1994. Prior to that and since 1981 we have participated in 6-7 Aegean Rally editions as crew on MARVIN and MARVIN AGAIN of Stamatis Lazos. That first night on the first leg from Faliro to Andros in force 9 winds and confused seas upwind in Kavo Doro, we did not only passed the test posting a 1st place but fell in love with the challenge. Since then, every year par 1996, we prepared boat and crew for another tough edition, on a different route, with new competitors, in terms of skippers, crews and boats. The glory of winning the 50th edition with 5-0 last year did not let us realize how far we have gone as OPTIMUM YACHT RACING TEAM. It was this year and our 20th tough challenge that went all the way to the wire to end up in 2nd place that led us to look back and realize that no other team/owner/skipper has launched 20 top notch challenges and has posted 16 podium positions, 7 of which are 1st place. We may be allowed to call it "Aegean Glory". We also realized that these tough Aegean continuous tests and tastes of glory allowed us to be the only tough enough Greek team that keeps participating successfully in the Rolex Middle Sea Race, a true international long offshore sailing 600-mile race. This long and tough written record will hopefully get richer as the team moves forward and induces changes across all areas. We are hungry for more and our crew is better than ever to keep pushing hard. Our sponsors ASPIDA Maritime Security and SAXO BANK lived the Aegean action and can't wait for the next challenge which is even tougher and is called 35thRolex Middle Sea Race starting and finishing in Malta in October. See you all there", is the call and findings from our longstanding skippers-duo of Nikos Lazos and Pericles Livas.
Since this is the concluding article for the 51st Aegean Rally we are proud to repeat the battle-hardened crew of OPTIMUM 3-ASPIDA-SAXOBANK that included: Alexis Maroungas, George Chatzigeorgiou and George Eliopoulos at the bow dept, Nikos Apostolakis and Giannis Kapos at the pit, trimmers Alexis Chrysochoides, Gerasimos Petratos, Manolis Markogiannakis assisted by grinders George Kyragiannis, George Belesis, Panos Moraitis and Antoine Drilias and guided by navigator Manos Roudas. Trimmer Lambros Nakis and bowman Alexandros Sofroniadis joined in Ios for the last victorious leg to Sounio replacing Giannis Kapos and Manos Roudas and refreshing our team spirit. The title of MVP for this Rally splits equal to two and goes to trimmers Manolis Markogiannakis and Gerasimos Petratos for their focused commitment during and after every leg of the race and for underlying what the Optimum team spirit is all about.
OPTIMUM 3-ASPIDA-SAXOBANK, was also used as a test bench/lab for R & D for technical supporters Quantum Sails for our sail wardrobe,Kapa Ropes Technology for advanced ropes and the newly addedNanophos Marine Pioneering Nanotechnology for extra slippery/no drag hull and appendages. We are proud and thankful for their support and the same goes for our thousands of fans that cheered us up all along the way, following the great media work delivered by mastman/mediaman Yorgos Eliopoulos.
Please, stay tuned…


text: On Tuesday, July 13, Carbondale trustees met for their first regular hybrid meeting. The meeting room is now expanded thanks to a retractable wall and four large television screens that broadcast a Zoom feed of remote attendees. A camera simultaneously streams the board on YouTube, speaking into microphones that… read more →


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Intelligence and Surveillance
Stephan Davidshofer[1][2][3]
Christian Olsson[4][5][6]
|2014, 2015
|Political Violence and Security Practices
- Political violence and the practice of security
- The birth of modern warfare: war-making and state-making from a Western perspective
- Transformations of war and violence in Europe
- War beyond the West: is the modern state a Western invention?
- What is non-state violence? The Case of Afghan Conflict
- Intervention: Reinventing war?
- Security professionals: bureaucratization, institutionalization, professionalization and differentiation
- The transformation of contemporary security practices: between war and global policing?
- The transformation of contemporary security practices: the logic of risk
- Privatized coercion: from mercenarism to private military companies
- Intelligence and Surveillance
How can the logic of intelligence, its transformations, but also the intelligence professions and the different intelligence agencies, their transformation, be read and understood through the common thread of state building and the role of violence management in the process of state building and its contemporary aftermath? Intelligence is both a practice and a profession, there is a fairly clear affinity in terms of risk logic.
The emergence of intelligence within the State and the structuring of its various agencies[modifier | modifier le wikicode]
Birth of Intelligence[modifier | modifier le wikicode]
The spy is a very common actor in our landscape and our everyday imaginary world. Nevertheless, intelligence is an institutionalized practice. The will to know where the occult and secret dimension of politics is something that has always existed. The practice of secrecy and intelligence, but also of concealment and conspiracy is something that has always existed. In the exercise of power, there is always an occult secret part. Inform him is very early appeared in the practice of war, knowing the movements of his enemies is a valuable information in the course of a fight and a war.
It was only from the second half of the 19th century onwards, and at the beginning of the 20th century, that intelligence was established as a specific discipline that became professionalized and institutionalized. Alain Dewerpe talks about a bureaucratization of secrecy. Dewerpe wrote Espion which is an excellent book on the advent of information. The invention of modern intelligence is linked to the emergence of the state, which is linked to a widely discussed phenomenon of bureaucratization and rationalization. This results in rationalisation. A bureaucratic logic takes us away from the romantic view of intelligence. A logic of bureaucratization means that when we talk about intelligence, we are in a logic of knowing as precisely as possible. We're gonna know better than guess. When the modern state is interested in intelligence, it will do so in the form of bureaucratization with a desire to have more and more accurate intelligence.
A programme of Total Science[modifier | modifier le wikicode]
According to this logic, intelligence becomes a total science with the aim of informing political decision making. It's a political science of state secrecy. As early as the 19th century, intelligence, by institutionalizing and bureaucratizing itself, proposed to go relatively far. We are in positivism, that is to say, we are moving towards a logic of trying to have the most total science possible. Intelligence is intended to go beyond the social sciences. Intelligence informs political decision making just as political science is supposed to do. In this institutional context, intelligence is a total science. In 1789, Des Essarts says that there are no limits to state security when its security is engaged. Intelligence becomes the service of state security, which is gradually institutionalized. This information is primarily police information. There is an obsession with microscopic detail with an attempt to have a perfect knowledge of society.
Since the beginning of the 19th century, there has been a police knowledge that was developed, eventually giving rise to the notion of "State security" and "State protection". At the doctrine level, it is rather at the level of military know-how that intelligence will be structured. We have seen the importance of looking separately, but also in parallel to the police security logic, we are faced with parallel development. Police development is linked to state security, but also to the practice of war itself. Until Napoleon, intelligence was not something permanent. A trusted officer was mandated to make reconnaissance, intelligence was carried out in a temporary form. There was no intelligence structure remaining. With the establishment of a second office, a permanent monitoring structure was set up. In an increasingly total logic of warfare, the practice of security extends to the entire political space. In a total war, we are no longer only interested in intelligence on the ground, but also in knowing what is happening behind the lines and in particular the morale of the population, the state of the country's living forces itself, its population, its resources; there is a need to map everything. From the moment that the idea of intelligence is implemented as a total science as Dewerpe postulates, intelligence is limited only by the means at its disposal. The current mass monitoring is because it is technologically possible, one remains in a will of total knowledge, but one cannot have and must analyze.
It is at the beginning of the twentieth century that it was institutionalized as known today. The first secret service bureaucracies emerged in particular around the fight against anarchist movements in Europe. Russian and Austro-Hungarian intelligence was among the most active in the struggles against opponents, anarchists and early communists. An authoritarian regime is obsessed with an internal enemy. Intelligence watchers are interested in looking for an enemy and finding out what is happening abroad. Very early on, cooperation was established between states that were not necessarily democratic in terms of intelligence. In Switzerland, the birth of intelligence is linked to the will to fight against subversive elements, but also to a strong push by foreign governments in order to be able to exchange information about these potentially subversive elements installed in Switzerland. The birth of the federal police force is strongly linked to this demand for cooperation.
At the turn of the 19th century, around the fight against anarchy and various other subversive elements, the first secret services appeared, as they appear today in Europe. From the 1930s to the 1950s, there was an expansion and intensification of these bureaucracies. In the United States, the CIA was only created after the Second World War. There is an intensification as there will be more and more efficient services. It was only in the 20th century, then, that the idea and practice of permanent and institutionalised secrecy became established.
Nature of the information and its agencies[modifier | modifier le wikicode]
What is intelligence as it is practiced and how does it work? What are the different canons of the trade?
Two definitions can be distinguished. According to Stéphane Leman-Langlois,"Intelligence is the logical, useful and efficient organization of a series of information on a particular subject. It's a pretty narrow definition. One of the central issues of intelligence and information and the triage of information that is analysis. According to Jacques Baud,"The primary purpose of intelligence is to provide the decision maker with information relevant to his decision-making and to inform the decision. It is the "raw material" of the decision and should therefore ideally be based on accurate, accurate, complete and objective information ". This definition is more operational. We see the importance of intelligence, that is to say, we do not make good decisions without good information; we need a concrete and objective definition.
Quite quickly intelligence is distinguished by different practices. Three can be distinguished, but there is a fairly extensive literature on the subject:
- criminal intelligence: refers to perpetrators, events, sentences, networks, assets and liabilities, travel, places, means of transportation, methods of communication, but which have in common to be related to common crime. We are in a classic police intelligence logic because to conduct an investigation, we need information in order to build a file that allows us to be investigated. Intelligence is an integral part of the judicial police. We are going to gather clues, but as such it is not evidence, but evidence to investigate a case. Intelligence is part of criminal justice, but framed within a legal framework that is a rule of law. Intelligence can be provided within a specific legal framework.
- Security Intelligence: deals with the prevention of attacks on national security (subversion, foreign interference, espionage, terrorism). Security intelligence extends abroad and concerns the protection of the state, at the internal level, we are in the "high police". Security intelligence is something that is spreading, especially abroad. Criminal intelligence is internally regulated by a legal framework, and external intelligence is not regulated by the same rules. The same rules do not apply to intelligence services if they are internal or external. One is a legal framework and the other is beyond the domain of state reason.
- military intelligence: refers to the equipment, manpower, movements, methods, technologies, strategies and tactics of foreign military forces. In a new security environment, we can see that military intelligence is no longer necessarily the main component of intelligence today, even if it exists everywhere.
But intelligence is not evidence. These types of information differ in the context in which they occur, but in any event, regardless of the type of information collected, intelligence is not evidence. The evidence is of a different nature, it is aimed at charging individuals and must meet strict legal criteria. Thus, knowledge is not equivalent to being able to prove.
There are two types of intelligence sources: open and closed sources. An intelligence officer will not only be interested in closed sources:
- Open sources ": in general, corresponds to what is available to the public, i. e. the media, official documents, publications, public speeches, trials, expert reports, internet or annual reports;
- Closed sources "" sources "": what is confidential, reserved, exclusive use, or "secret defence"; infiltration, denunciation, direct observation, interception, surveillance, exchanges, analysis with "added value".
There is enough distinction between the types of sources with human intelligence:
- HUMINT "(Human Intelligence): corresponds to all human sources, testimonies, infiltration, observation, interrogations, denunciation, direct listening.
- SIGINT SIGINT (Signal Intelligence): here we group together the various interceptions of communications, and by extension the sources involving a form of surveillance technology.
This distinction is very important and today is the focus of much debate in the intelligence community as since 9/11, American intelligence has shifted to technological intelligence. The PRISM program is about technology intelligence. From the NSA's perspective, this is the most effective way to do intelligence. This has always been a structuring dimension of intelligence and today, technological intelligence is being promoted and increasingly used.
Intelligence has been theorized in the form of an intelligence cycle that will identify a need, collect information and then process the information by analyzing it. Since we cannot know everything, we are going to enter into interpretive logics entering into proactive logics. The last stage of the cycle is dissemination and communication to States, but also to private actors. Economic intelligence also operates on the same principle. Private intelligence follows the same logic in the information cycle, its logic and processing.
Intelligence agencies are thus very diverse and obey different logics according to their field of action, whether it is internal or external, there will be agencies that will distinguish themselves. In the United States, the FBI conducts criminal investigations does not necessarily operate proactively, whereas the CIA deals with the outside world acting outside the United States, which is not subject to the same rule as the FBI. Targeted killings take place outside any legal framework. The internal is the external is structuring in the constitution of intelligence agencies. After 9/11, one of the main criticisms was that the CIA and the FBI had not cooperated enough. Things are going the same way in other countries. In France, there was the DGSI inside and the DGSE outside, there is this differentiation between internal and external and what distinguishes the two is a legal framework. In Switzerland, there was the SRS and SAP which in 2010 merged. It is the idea of merging intelligence services in a world where threats have become transnational. There is considerable reluctance within agencies with different work cultures, but it is also legally complicated because these agencies operate according to completely different logics.
Two objections must be kept in mind when we talk about intelligence agencies, which is the opposition between internal and external with the mission of fighting crime and protecting the ground.
The transformation of intelligence practices: towards mass surveillance?[modifier | modifier le wikicode]
We will see that when we look at contemporary logics and transformations, these distinctions are beginning to break down and blur between the internal and external, between a clear legal framework and no legal framework, but also between the private and the public.
Intelligence and new challenges of globalisation[modifier | modifier le wikicode]
We see that with the imposition of a discourse on globalized security, there will be a need to transform intelligence as a practice and thus reorganize it by moving the lines. According to the 2008 CSS ETH report,"At the end of the Cold War, the threat spectrum became more complex and broader. There was no central stereotype of the enemy. We see how the end of the Cold War reappears as an admission of loss of meaning. That's the confession we're lost. The purpose of intelligence is to be able to make prospective analysis all the more if one is completely lost. We're going to need more and more prospective analysis. We fall into the logic that intelligence officers become like a form of meteorology. This part of the intelligence profession will become extremely important. The rationality and logic of risk have extremely clear affinities with intelligence taking on an increasingly important role. We're in a risk rationality. At the end of the Cold War, there appeared a fairly clear affinity between the affinities underlying the practices and the logics underlying those practices. For Didier Bigo, we went from the red wire to the green wire. If there is confusion is a lack of understanding, it is also because there is confusion is an incomprehension in the heads of people who are supposed to explain what is happening. We are faced with fears that are within our very societies, being both in a transnational and societal logic of our societies. Intelligence is faced with the same problems and will reorganize itself according to this same problem common to the different professions and practices.
Does the broadening of the threat spectrum in a global security context justify a transformation of intelligence practice?
Edouard Snowden worked for a private company that worked with the NSA. This whistleblower revealed the existence of NSA mass surveillance programs such as PRISM and other integrative platforms. PRISM, also known as Xkeyscore, involves delivering large amounts of data from private players such as Skype and Facebook and telecoms without users being notified in advance. The upstream is truly representative of mass monitoring by connecting to cables to extract information directly from them. We are not looking for something specific, there are flows in which we will store something we are looking for. Beyond the NSA, which deals with electronic surveillance, other countries have been more or less involved in this matter. The NSA and other agencies collaborated with other intelligence services to conduct mass surveillance beyond democratic and parliamentary scrutiny. Some states will work together, but not on everything. France also has a system managed by the DGSE with a upstream project, notably on cables in Djibouti. Even with Great Britain, there are cases where the NSA did not exchange information. Collaboration takes place on specific issues, particularly in terms of counter-terrorism issues. Various intelligence specialists exchange information, the best known of which is the Bern Club.
From targeted to mass surveillance[modifier | modifier le wikicode]
The upstream logic means that we don't know why the data are collected because we can monitor everything is anything. There is a difference between targeted intelligence and mass surveillance. There is an imbalance with respect to a targeted intelligence operation since the same data could be targeted for counter-terrorism, illegal immigration or economic intelligence. The more targeted way of functioning is linked to a way of doing things in liberal democracies, that is, there is a sort of tacit agreement that a democracy functions according to a logic of power and counter-power with the possibility of bringing intelligence services to order.
The transition to mass surveillance is not insignificant. In the past, this was justifiable in relation to suspicions, we were going to target someone in relation to a specific framework. The shift to mass surveillance is not insignificant because it completely reverses the burden of proof. We are in a reverse logic of mass surveillance where the challenge is to manage information flows, it is up to individuals to lift the suspicion on their behaviour by showing transparency. Everyone is potentially suspicious. This idea is typical of an authoritarian regime and a police state that is controlling its population because we fear that it threatens us. Mass surveillance is for authoritarian states.
At the end of the 1980s, it was made public that the Swiss federal authorities and cantonal police forces had observed about 900,000 people in Switzerland (700,000 people and organisations according to official sources) more or less actively and had thus produced fact sheets on these people. The purpose of this file was to protect Switzerland from subversive communist activities. The discovery of the card scandal raised widespread protests at the time. This undermined confidence in the Swiss state. Finally, all departments and the army maintained secret databases. There was an obsession with files with between 700,000 and 900,000 people registered for a population of 6 million in Switzerland. There have been a series of parliamentary committees that have brought out cases.
In general, in liberal democracies, there is no mass filing except for a few exceptions such as Switzerland with the case of cards. We have remained in a logic of democratic collective, currently, Switzerland, on the issue of data protection has a protective legislation and where the intelligence services are relatively controlled and supervised. During the Cold War, the entity that dealt with the card was the BUPO, the Bundespolizei. Intelligence in Switzerland today has changed a lot.
A distinction must be made between an authoritarian regime and a liberal democracy. The practice of mass surveillance finds it rather difficult to find its place in a democratic system. A democratic regime could be differentiated from a police regime based on the scale of intelligence surveillance. This consensus has been somewhat undermined today. It is precisely the purpose and scale of surveillance that differentiates a democratic regime from a police state.
Transforming National Security[modifier | modifier le wikicode]
It would be untrue today to think that we are in an Orwellian logic referring to the 1984 work with an eye that would keep an eye on everyone in order to monitor and control people. One of the issues in order to understand the arrival of mass surveillance and the acceptance of mass surveillance in our liberal societies is that there is a transformation in liberal democracies in the report to surveillance. There is a need to identify new enemies in a context of globalization of the threat. Resistance to mass surveillance has been weakened by the September 11 attacks and the War on Terrorism. The questioning becomes that of the relationship between security and freedom. There was a perception of the relationship between security and freedom as a balance. That was the image that was served during those years. From the moment we accept this image, it is security that wins because we are afraid. Technological innovations allow the processing of a much larger volume of data, henceforth, one manages a huge number of data. The Echelon program, which was unveiled in the early 2000s, was based on a series of stations in the United States, Great Britain, and also in New Zealand to receive almost all telecommunications around the world. In this context, there will be some form of redefinition of national security. The lines will get blurred.
In this context, it is becoming increasingly difficult for the judiciary to supervise intelligence activities. In other words, by benefiting from the vagueness between internal and external, but also between the private and the public, it becomes all the more difficult for the judiciary to supervise intelligence. In this indifference between the internal and the external, between the fight against crime and the protection of the State, it is becoming increasingly difficult to distinguish between the interests of the State, i. e. what is really dangerous and, above all, which indistinguishes the interests of the State from those of private actors. All this mixing creates some kind of madness. Mass surveillance goes beyond the defence of privacy, and this mass surveillance questions the very definition of democracy, since these are practices that cannot be legally supervised and controlled. Recently, Switzerland has signed the PMR agreements with Russia, which are agreements for the exchange of traveller information between countries, but we do not know what happens to this data.
The question of the acceptance of mass surveillance in liberal society raises a paradox. In a democracy, mass surveillance raises the paradox that it is justified in the name of protecting our democratic values, i. e. we are going to accept surveillance for our own protection.
Towards mass cyber-surveillance?[modifier | modifier le wikicode]
Mass monitoring was made possible by the change of scale by technological means not previously available. This is now possible. This series of programs based on technological intelligence in relation to human intelligence has produced effects. This is not only a reason for surveillance, but there are different reasons that will explain the implementation of these mass surveillance tools. The practice of mass surveillance involves dangers. A series of programs since the early 2000s such as PNR or MATRIX, and developing integrated platforms, have blurred the distinction between targeted surveillance (justified by the fight against crime) and data mining, which by its logic entails the risk of extending the scale and nature of surveillance. The very logic of intelligence will have consequences, that is to say, knowing who decides which reading key to choose. While there is consensus on what is dangerous, there are different ways of dealing with these problems. The way we deal with information, decide what we get out of it or profile it, are the fruits of different agencies that do not necessarily agree. It is possible to use the same data to do a lot of things. There is a digitisation of the state reason that means of surveillance are no longer there to give orders, but to ensure protection.
We could also say that we are transforming ourselves too. Perhaps something that has changed is that there is a certain acceptance that assumes that we are all more or less involved in these networks. In the Orwellian vision, surveillance has an oppressive form. Today, monitoring logic is accepted as part of everyday life. Perhaps these means of surveillance have finally been accepted because they are there to protect us.
Conclusion[modifier | modifier le wikicode]
Where to draw the red line? What is acceptable or unacceptable about monitoring and what can be done about it? Is that acceptable and should we drop some of our freedoms, are there legal provisions that would allow us to draw a red line between what is acceptable and unacceptable?
Today, when we see the answers to the PRISM case in particular, we are in a geopolitical cyber-political situation where the reaction of most States has been a national reaction to guarantee the security of their own citizens. The question of a sovereign answer was ultimately only to recreate a form of geopolitics in cyberspace. In After Snowden: Rethinking the Impact of Surveillance published in 2014, it is shown that this is not a cosmopolitan reaction, the answers are quite national.
Bibliography[modifier | modifier le wikicode]
References[modifier | modifier le wikicode]
- ↑ [Davidshofer | University of Geneva] - Academia.edu
- ↑ Publications de Stephan Davidshofer | Cairn.info
- ↑ Davidshofer, Stephan. "La Gestion De Crise Européenne Ou Quand L'Europe Rencontre La Sécurité : Modalités Pratiques Et Symboliques D'une Autonomisation." Http://Www.theses.fr/, Paris, Institut D'études Politiques, 1 Jan. 2009
- ↑ Page personnelle de Christian Olsson sur le site de l'Université Libre de Bruxelles
- ↑ Page de Christian Olsson sur Academia.edu
- ↑ Profile Linkedin de Christian Olsson


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Amid rising concern over prescription drug pricing, Senator Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) has begun an investigation into whether drug makers are exploiting loopholes to widen the market for so-called orphan drugs.
The move comes after accelerating scrutiny of this lucrative corner of the pharmaceutical market. Under the Orphan Drug Act, which was passed in 1983, the Food and Drug Administration began approving medicines to treat rare diseases that affect fewer than 200,000 people. The incentives to fill these unmet medical needs include tax credits and seven years of exclusive marketing rights.


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