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Tuatha De Danaan
The Tuatha Dé Danaan according to tradition as recorded in the Book of Invasions (Lebor Gabála Érenn) were the fifth group to 'settle' in Ireland. The name translates as 'the people of the goddess Danu'.
The pre-Hellenic Greeks were known as the Danai and were, according to an Egyptian source, the descendants of Danaus. Furthermore, the Danai have been linked with the legendary Tuatha dé Danaan of Ireland as well as the Shardana of Sardinia.
Egerton Sykes thought that the Tuatha de Danaan were refugees from Atlantis, an idea he expressed in his 1949 edition of Ignatius Donnelly's Atlantis.
Another popular belief is that the Tuatha dé Danaan were descendants of the Hebrew tribe of Dan. Walter Baucum and in particular Yair Davidiy have written extensively on the people of Dan and their possible migration routes. Leonardo Melis also links the Shardana with the lost tribe of Dan as well as the Tuatha Dé Danaan.
In The Megalithic Odyssey [1797] Christian O'Brien proposed that an order of Sumerian 'Sages' brought advanced knowledge to Egypt, Britain and Ireland and further afield. Along the way, they or their leaders are remembered by different names, Osiris, Tuatha dé Danann, Druids or in Mexico as Quetzalcoatl!
>David Hatcher Childress referred to the Tuatha de Danaan in Lost Cities of Atlantis, Ancient Europe & the Mediterranean [620], listing a range of theories, often conflicting, relating to their origins. Unexpectedly, Robert Charroux was of the opinion that they were Mayans from Central America [p425]. Childress relates that Jacques Valleé proposed that the de Danaan were 'interdimensional fairy-folk that arrived in glowing UFOs'! He also quotes the equally entertaining comments of N.L. Thomas, who wrote that 'the Tuatha were a people possessed of magic wonders, the supreme artists of wizardry, who came to Ireland, not by ship, but descended from the northern sky [1952.81]. Childress, apparently beguiled by this added "it is fascinating to think that the Tuatha de Danaan arrived by airships, rather than boats. This may be merely a legend, or perhaps it actually chronicles the landing of ancient airships in Ireland." I think it is far more likely that they arrived on flying pigs.<
Pyramids are designed and built to be very stable structures. They are first encountered in Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium BC, known as ziggurats. Unfortunately, they were built of sun-dried mud bricks and so, over time have crumbled. These early pyramids were stepped with between two and seven tiers. Their function was ceremonial.
Pyramids around the World
Pyramidal structures are now to be found around the globe; whether this is a consequence of diffusion or independent design is uncertain, possibly both.
For Ignatius Donnelly, the pyramids of Egypt and Central America were the results of a shared heritage originating in Atlantis. However, the millennia that separate their construction in the two regions would seem to militate against this idea.>Nevertheless, in 1967 Egerton Sykes published a paper supporting diffusionism with particular reference to pyramid building on both sides of the Atlantic(fk).<
The Mayan pyramid at Mirador in Northern Guatemala was thought to be the largest in the world, by volume, at 2.8 million cubic metres, however, the Great Pyramid of Cholula is 4.45 million cubic metres(au)(bq). This is now rivalled by the Mayan pyramid at Toniná, Chiapas(bd). The great Giza pyramid is 2.5 million cubic metres in volume.
Even more spectacular was the 1996 discovery of pyramids on the southern Atlantic coast of Brazil dated as early as 3000 BC, predating the earliest Egyptian Pyramids by a few hundred years. However, two sites in Peru, Caral, and Sechin Bajo have claimed pyramid complexes with dates of 3500 BC(j). Very ancient pyramids have also been claimed for Crimea(af).
What is arguably the greatest concentration of pyramids in the world is to be found in the Lambayeque Valley of northern Peru, numbering 250, built of mud brick, and dated to circa 750-1100 AD. The late Philip Coppens referred to the valley in his book, The New Pyramid Age [0759] and it was also the subject of a BBC documentary(an).
Apart from Meso-America, pyramids have also been discovered as far apart as the Canaries (dx), Sicily, Sardinia and Mauritius(k) as well as Ukraine(dw), and China(cp). Russia is claimed to have pyramids in the far east near Vladivostok(fc) and the Kola Peninsula(dc) in the west near Finland! A website by Gabriele Lukacs, dedicated to possible European pyramids is now available(g). The remains of three pyramids have also been identified on the Greek Peloponnese, one of which has been dated to 2720 BC ± 580 years. (dr)(ds)
In 2005, an ongoing debate was ignited when the Bosnian-American 'archaeologist' Semir Osmanagic announced that he had identified a gigantic manmade pyramid beside Visoko, 30km north of Sarajevo. Highly publicised excavations began in 2006. Readers should be aware that Osmanagic has expressed [0519] rather bizarre notions including a belief that the Maya were descendants of the Atlanteans who in turn arrived on Earth from the Pleiades!
Osmanagic has also published a fully illustrated paper on the Koh Ker pyramid in Northern Cambodia, which he claims to act as an energy amplifier(eb).
A French commentator, Douglas Moonstone, disagreed with Osmanagic's suggested origin for the Atlanteans suggesting instead that they came from the constellation of Orion and that the "Neanderthals fled their bases on another near planet, probably a planet of Sirius B and a planet of Alnitak, as we have seen in previous volumes, and they have saved Hopis, Sapiens, in a space station in orbit."(cc)
On one side, we had Philip Coppens offering support for Osmanagic(cl), while on the other, an on-site investigation by Robert Schoch concluded that the Visoko 'pyramid' was probably not man-made!(cm).
Osmanagic updated his claims in December 2011(o) and as recently as August 2016, He was still offering a spirited defence of his views(bi).
Gigantic pyramids have also been proposed for Germany by K. Walter Haug(ab). and demonstrated on his heavily illustrated website(aj).
Maxim Yakovenko was the founder of the world-pyramids.com website(bf). in 2008. It has a range of interesting articles that relate to pyramids around the globe. Unfortunately, the news section does not appear to have been updated over the past two years.
A recent (2010) site, lists(h). the eight largest pyramids in the world. Also, a wide range of free papers, in pdf format, relating to the Giza Pyramids is available online(l).
Perhaps even more dramatic is a recent claim(q) of a pyramid older and larger than the Great Pyramid at Giza, known as Mount Sadahurip in Garut, West Java, Indonesia. However, the proliferation of step pyramids is not very well known, but Dhani Irwanto has, at least, partially redressed this in a 2019 article on his website(ey).
July 2012 saw Linda Moulton Howe publish(r) a two-part illustrated article about an anomalous feature in Alaska which has been identified as a buried pyramid larger than the Great Pyramid at Giza. This feature was first identified twenty years ago, but the story appears to have been suppressed, according to a retired U.S. Counter-intelligence officer who contacted Howe. A comparable claim has also been made for pyramids in Antarctica and later shown to be a hoax(w).
Now for some further light relief, earlier in 2012, a nonsensical report(s) of an underwater glass pyramid in the Bermuda Triangle emerged. I'm sure it will be soon followed by a sighting of Elvis creating crop circles in Antarctica.
In September 2013, it was reported(y) that "researchers have discovered an underwater pyramid 60 meters high with an 8000 meters square base near the Bank De João de Castro, between the islands of Terceira and São Miguel" in the Azores. Shortly afterwards the Portuguese Navy denied the existence of any such structure.(aa) This claim has now spawned its own website(ad).
Even more ridiculous was a report in the UK's Daily Star which claimed that an underwater pyramid estimated to be between 3.5 and 11 miles across had been spotted on Google Earth, situated off the coast of Mexico in the Pacific(cd).
Finally, it appears that to satisfy the public interest in pyramids the meaning of the term itself has been extended to include a range of natural features as well as man-made structures. Robert Schoch is happy to see Newgrange as a type of pyramid, others see Silbury Hill as a pyramid(e). while some writers apply the term to mountains as is the case with Jeff Nisbet(f). who sees 'pyramids' in Scotland. Nisbet attempts to justify his view with a very unconvincing suggested link between ancient Egypt and Scotland incorporating freemasonry and Princess Scota(bh). Similar stories are widespread in Ireland where Scota is allegedly buried in Kerry in Gleann Scoithin, now known as Foley's Glen. Scotia was another ancient name for Ireland. Andrew Power expands on the Scota story in his Ireland: Land of the Pharaohs [1026] as well as Ralph Ellis [1684] and Loraine Evans [1781].
This claim of an Egyptian link with Ireland has been recently repeated by Steve Preston in his Egyptians in Ireland [1183]. David Halpin, an Irish writer from Carlow, has also written a three-part paper on the connections between Egypt with Ireland(av).
Pyramids of Egypt
The actual number of Egyptian pyramids recorded is variously cited as 118 or as many as 138. However, the greatest number of pyramids is to be found in Sudan, with around twice as many as Egypt, but are far less spectacular(df).
August 2012 brought a report(u) that two possible new Egyptian pyramid complexes have been discovered using Google Earth. However, subsequent inspection on the ground showed them to be less interesting(v).
Egypt's oldest pyramid is generally accepted as that of King Djoser (2687-2668 BC), a six-stepped structure at Saqqara(dh).
For anyone coming to the subjects of the pyramids and Sphinx at Giza for the first time should begin by reading Giza The Truth [1690] by Ian Lawton and Chris Ogilvie-Herald, which offers a unique overview of the place, the personalities and the politics involved in the 3 square kilometres of this amazing site.
A site providing a wonderful 360º view of the Giza Plateau is now available(m). while another site offers a remarkable panoramic aerial view(t).
Another site offers a remarkable collection of old images of the pyramids dating back to the mid-nineteenth century(be). Also in the 19th century, a book by Dr Everett W. Fish can give modern readers a flavour of ideas regarding the pyramids to be found in the 1880s(du).
Wim Verhart has written a paper in which he argues the pyramids on the Giza Plateau were designed with an overall mathematical plan in mind((dz).
Another matter that has caused continual controversy is the layout of the three Giza pyramids. Robert Bauval is probably best known as the original promoter of the Orion Correlation Theory, which claims that the layout of three principal Giza pyramids mirrors 'Orion's Belt' in that constellation. This received widespread coverage when it was outlined in The Orion Mystery [1707]. written by Bauval and Adrian Gilbert and in Keeper of Genesis [1050]. written with Graham Hancock, published two years later. In fact, Bauval first published his theory in 1989 in Discussions in Egyptology(cw).
However, Andrew Collins has disputed the OCT and has instead offered evidence that the alignment of the three principal Giza pyramids matches more closely the 'wing' stars of the Cygnus constellation than the 'belt' of Orion!(dg).
Early 2020 brought a claim by amateur historian Matt Sibson that there had been a fourth large pyramid at Giza. His contention is based on a sketch by a Danish sea captain, Frederik Ludvig Norden, in 1737, that appears to show this fourth edifice. The only explanation offered for its disappearance is that it was dismantled in the 1700s to build the city of Cairo! I would have thought that considering the effort required to dismantle a pyramid from the top down would have been much greater than quarrying new blocks. The larger pyramid blocks would need to be cut anyway. Then you would expect that at least the base or its location would still be identifiable today! This is just another incredible attention-seeking effort by Sibson(eo).
Manu Seyfzadeh wrote a lengthy paper(di). on the orientation of one particular minor stepped pyramid on Elephantine Island on the Nile. He concluded that it was associated with Sirius, which was so important to the ancient Egyptians as the heliacal rising of Sirius coincided with the summer solstice which heralded the next flooding of the Nile.
While the theory of Bauval & Gilbert is very well known, a more elaborate claim was proposed by Scott Creighton in his The Giza Oracle [1817], in which he suggests that 11 pyramids in the Giza complex along "with the Great Sphinx forms a grand 'Precession Wheel', indicating key dates from humankind's remote past – and indeed, its future"!(cy).
John Patrick Hill, an independent researcher, claims that "Barringer Crater, Stonehenge and Giza are all related to one another." He tells us that the distance between the outside corners of the main Giza pyramids is 0.72 miles which is the exact diameter of the Barringer Crater! As Michael Caine would say "Not many people know that" (dv).>Hill had this paper published on the Academia.edu website, but it has now been removed. I have saved a copy, without images, as Archive 6555.<
Further alignment claims and debate relating to two shafts that some believe were originally directed at particular stars(cx).
Date of the Egyptian Pyramids
The Pyramids of Egypt are generally accepted to have been constructed in the third millennium BC in the period 2700 – 2150 BC. However, some investigators have inferred much greater antiquity for some of these remarkable structures particularly the Great Pyramid (G.P.) at Giza. They believe that pushing back the date for the construction of the Great Pyramid and/or Sphinx endorses the possibility that Plato's early date of 9600 BC for the Atlantean War is factual.
Hossam Aboulfotouh calculated the date of the building of the Great Pyramid at Giza as 3055 BC, which he claims was also the time of the Deluge or what he refers to as the "tsunami of the Mediterranean".(da)(db)
Perhaps related to the Deluge is the claim from archaeologist Sherif el Morsi that he has evidence that indicates that the Great Pyramid had been covered by seawater(em)(en).
David Rohl in his introduction to Andrew Collins' Gateway to Atlantis [072] refers to the work of Egyptologist Kate Spence who "demonstrated that the north alignment of all the Old Kingdom pyramids shifted through time in the relative position of the circumpolar stars. This tracking of the north celestial pole (relative to the stars) plots the known wobble in the earth's axis of rotation (referred to as precession), which can be dated using astronomical retrocalculations." Spence concluded that the Great Pyramid had been built c.2470 BC(ej). Archaeastronomer Giulio Magli has taken issues with some of Spence's claims(ek).
Ralph Ellis, a British researcher, has investigated the erosion to be seen at Giza, Meidum, and Dashur and concluded [0517] that there is evidence for an 8000 BC or an even earlier date for the construction of these structures(a). Ellis also has an article on the internet outlining his evidence for an earlier date for the construction of the Great Pyramid. More recently Robert Schoch announced the discovery of evidence of erosion INSIDE the Great Pyramid suggesting that a more ancient core had been exposed to the elements for a long period before being built upon to give us the structure we have today.
Edgar Cayce 'revealed' in 1932 that the Great Pyramid was built over a hundred years from 10,490 to 10,390 BC(ap). At the other end of the time spectrum, Huang Heqing, a professor in the department of art and archaeology at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, amused the world with the claim that the Egyptian pyramids were built in the 19th century, he goes further and maintains "that all the achievements of ancient Western cultures were fabricated in the nineteenth century", including the Parthenon, the Temple of Zeus in Athens and the ruins of Persepolis in Iran(cu).
The late Joseph Jochmans related [0518] how it was recorded that the outer casing stones showed water marks halfway up the height of the Pyramid before the Arabs removed them. Geologists have found evidence of a final catastrophic flooding event in Egypt circa 10,000 BC. Furthermore, radiocarbon dating of organic inclusions in a fourteen-foot layer of silt around the base of the Great Pyramid offered a date of around 9600 BC.
This suggested extended age for the pyramids has been incorporated into the argument to prove the possible existence of other advanced ancient civilisations that were concurrent with the 9600 BC date given by Solon for the antiquity of Atlantis.
Understandably, these revolutionary ideas have been met with fierce opposition by established archaeologists. This is a debate that will run for some time yet.
The earliest historical references to the pyramids can be found in early Egyptian and Greek documents(ch). However, the oldest known papyri, discovered at the Egyptian site of Wadi el-Jarf offer evidence supporting a date of about 2500 BC for the construction of the Great Pyramid, which reinforces conventional dating theories. One of the documents, written by Merer an overseer, records details of the construction of the final stages of the G.P.(ce). This, of course, seriously undermines the extended antiquity of the pyramids by proponents such as Graham Hancock.
Zecharia Sitchin, the controversial 'alternative' historian, entered the fray in 1980, with the claim that the only concrete evidence that the Great Pyramid had been built by Khufu, was an inscription forged by Colonel Richard Howard-Vyse(d). (see below). Philip Coppens has also written an article(cq). about Sitchin's claim. The Howard-Vyse forgery debate has been stirred up again by a researcher, Scott Creighton, who produced copies of Howard-Vyse's papers to support the claim of fraud(ah). If true, this would lend some support to a redating of the structure.
2014 began with a report that two idiotic Germans, Dominique Goerlitz and Stefan Erdmann, had chiselled off part of the 'Vyse' cartouche from inside the Great Pyramid, which led to an international incident. They claim that the objective of their foolhardy act was to demonstrate that the Pyramid is older than generally accepted and was a remnant of the Atlantean empire(z). A March 2015 statement issued by Dr Goerlitz offers a quite different view of the episode(ei). I have published an English translation as Archive 6944.
At the opposite end of the speculation-spectrum is a recent book by Emmet Sweeney, The Pyramid Age [0520], in which he claims that the pyramids were in fact far more recent and bravely suggests a date of around 800 BC for their construction. In this regard, it is to be recorded that the Bible makes not the vaguest reference to one of the greatest wonders of the ancient world. It has been erroneously stated that Herodotus, a prolific recorder of trivia who claims to have travelled as far south as Elephantine, failed to mention the pyramids. This is not true, as can be seen in Book II of his Histories 124-134. However, it is possible that it was meant to say that Herodotus did not refer to the Sphinx! It has been claimed that he was describing the pyramids at Dashur and not Giza(ao)!
In May 2013, Peter James, a structural engineer, published a new theory on why the building of pyramids ceased(x).
The Pyramid Builders
For a long time, it was thought that the pyramids had been built by slaves, possibly Israelite. Recent years have seen this idea debunked(at)(fd). and reinforced by papyri put on display for the first time in July 2016, which indicates that the pyramid builders were paid and were not slaves (or extraterrestrials)(be)(dy). A sober review of the development of pyramid building and the technology involved was offered by Owen Jarus in June 2016(bo).
Unfortunately. some commentators who have attributed the construction of the Great Pyramid to extraterrestrials, who cannot accept that the Egyptians built the pyramids, in desperation have interpreted the existence of the pyramids as 'evidence' of extraterrestrial visitations!(ae).
One such proponent is Peter Lemesurier who identifies the Elohim of the Old Testament as the designers of the GP and that they came from the star Sirius [1798]. He claims that they left prophetic messages in the structure of the GP for humanity.
Many and varied are the claims regarding the pyramid builders and their methods, including that they were built by refugees from Atlantis(bl). In October 2017 Gerry Cannon & Malcolm Hutton claimed (bx). that the Great Pyramid was built by an advanced civilisation, which may have been Atlantis! Graham Hancock holds similar views.
>Gernot L. Geise offers the following comment, "In order not to have to trouble some extraterrestrials for the construction of the pyramids, an early human high culture can certainly be assumed. The available periods of time for the development of such cultures are completely sufficient after Cremo & Thompson proved that "modern man" is already millions of years older than conventional science would have us believe.
The pyramids of Giza present me with the following picture: The builders of the pyramids – whoever they were, wherever they got their knowledge from and wherever they came from – possessed a high level of technology that was far superior to ours today. This is an inevitable fact, because the pyramids prove it: we cannot (yet) rebuild them with our current technology. However, Pharaoh Cheops (if he existed) would probably have laughed out loud if he had been told at the time that future archaeologists would have interpreted his little temples around the pyramid as a sign that he had built the gigantic structure…"(fj)<
Even more entertaining is a claim by two Irishmen, Francis J. and Francis P. Ward, that druids from Ireland, which they consider to have been Atlantis, built the pyramids at Giza!(bt)
Rico Paganini is the creator of the Giza Legacy website that offers some interesting titbits of background information relating to the Giza structures(eg). Much of the content consists of excerpts from his book of the same name. However, when he came to discuss a possible Atlantean connection he completely fell off the cliff of reality as the excerpt below reveals!
"According to the ancient tales, the Atlanteans lived according to the role model of the Lemurians. There were three Atlantean cycles or three periods when civilization flourished in the Atlantic era. People there are said to have had mental skills including telepathy (which remained active among the Aborigines in Australia until the 20th century), telekinesis, teleportation and similar powers. This made them seem like gods to other cultures to the east and west of Atlantis. The Atlanteans were technically adept and built megalithic structures, such as the great pyramids in Giza. However, in the later period the people in Atlantis had begun to place their own wills above that of their kings, and priests and even above the will of the gods, until, as happened before when Lemuria flourished, they were attacked from outer space." Consequently, I suggest that you treat anything that he has written with great caution.
The Great Pyramid Building Methods
It has been suggested that the course of the Nile was different at the time of the pyramid building, which together with canals enabled the building materials to be brought closer to the Giza Plateau, saving time and effort(fh).
The idea that a gently sloping ramp was used has been a popular idea for a long time, but weaknesses in the concept were soon apparent. For example, the material required to build some of the proposed ramps, with the required incline, would have been greater than the pyramid itself. Franz Löhner developed what he calls a 'rope roll' to demonstrate that simple technology available to the Egyptians could have been used to lift the pyramid's blocks into place. Löhner has worked in a quarry and consequently has an intimate knowledge of the practicalities involved. He has co-authored a book (German only) [1590], with Dr Heribert Illig which expands on his idea, and has developed an interesting website(cg), in English and German, with further information.
The most persistent question relating to the pyramids and in fact all megalithic structures is "how did they manage to build them using such large heavy rocks and blocks"? Many ingenious solutions are on offer but perhaps the most remarkable is that proposed by W. T. Wallington who has demonstrated(n) that using basic materials, which were available to the Egyptians, one individual can manipulate a 4500kg stone block. His website includes a remarkable video clip of his method. A review(bu) of this video is worth a read. More recently a collaboration between Matter Design and CEMEX Global R&D has demonstrated that irregularly shaped cement objects weighing many tons can be moved easily by hand, suggesting that the manpower required to build many ancient monuments was far less than is generally assumed today. The conclusion is that technique is the key to how many of the 'impossible' structures of the past were constructed(ci). Ashley Cowie has written an article in which he looks at how these techniques may have been applied to the construction of the megalithic walls of Cuzco in Peru, the ancient capital of the Inca(cj). Cowie also holds that a huge earthquake caused a major change in Inca construction methods(ck).
Two suggestions that still have considerable support are that (A) many of the stone blocks were 'cast' in situ as proposed by Joseph Davidovits(bm) and (B) that an internal ramp within the pyramid was used as claimed by Jean-Pierre Houdin(bn).
Antoine Gigal has drawn attention to another proposal of some years ago from Hasan Sayid Ahmed, who claims that the ascending and descending passages were used as ramps(el).
In 2006, Dr Michel Barsoum of Drexel University of Philadelphia claimed to have proof that the Egyptians had used lime-based cement in the building of the pyramids(cz).
What may be relevant was what was found at Giza(bk) and described as 'melted limestone', which led Robert Schoch to consider it the result of a 'plasma event'.
Margaret Morris offers a comprehensive account of the features of the Great Pyramid and possible construction methods on her website(bb) and in three books [683][1200][1201]. Morris is a supporter of Joseph Davidovits who proposed the controversial idea that the building blocks of the Pyramid were cast in situ.
In 2007, petrographer, Dipayan Jana, refuted Davidovits' theory and as far as I'm aware, no rebuttal has been forthcoming from either Davidovits or Morris. Later in 2008, Ioannis Liritzis and his team also challenged the theory of Davidovits, when they pointed out that the material used to build Egypt's most famous monuments "contain hundreds of thousands of marine fossils" that are distributed throughout the rock in a manner compatible with natural rock(dd).
However, it struck me that if Davidovits was correct, this 'rock' might instead be some of his liquid geopolymer that had been spilt and hardened in the sun!
In 2019, Fehmi Krasniqi produced a three-and-a-half-hour video(cv) on the building of the Egyptian pyramids, primarily based on Davidovits' claim that the Egyptians used a form of concrete to make the building blocks in situ. However, Krasniqi ventures beyond Egypt, suggesting that the ancient Egyptians travelled to America, stopping off for supplies in Atlantis, now the Azores.
Davidovits has also gone beyond Egypt for evidence of artificial stone being used to create some ancient monuments, in Tiwanaku, Puma Punku and Easter Island(ff). While it is beyond my competence to argue with Davidovits' chemistry, there are a number of details that still trouble me. In Egypt, the proposal that pyramid blocks were cast rather than carved, there are no images in any of the tombs and temples portraying such a practice. Secondly, casting implies the use of moulds, of which no remains have been found and finally a study of the Great Pyramid reveals that the blocks are of many different sizes, which would require a multiplicity of different moulds in a country where timber is in very short supply.
The catchpenny.org website agrees that "the theory is very nice and well-described. Unfortunately, it totally ignores a huge body of evidence. Davidovits works hard to explain away the existing quarries, the abundance of tools found during the Third and Fourth Dynasties, and the decrease in pyramid quality after the Fourth Dynasty." (dq)
A 2014 study(ag) revealed that the Egyptians were able to move the pyramid building blocks over wet sand. "By using the right quantity of water they could halve the number of workers needed." This is comparable with the documented method employed by the Chinese to transport 200/300-ton blocks used in the construction of their 'Forbidden City'(ai). In October 2018 it was revealed that the remains of a ramp flanked by two staircases with postholes were discovered at an ancient quarry at Hatnub in Egypt's Eastern Desert. "Using a sled which carried a stone block and was attached with ropes to these wooden posts, ancient Egyptians were able to pull up the alabaster blocks out of the quarry on very steep slopes of 20 per cent or more."(cf). While this may explain how blocks could have been moved, with relative ease, to pyramid building sites, it does not tell us how the pyramids were actually constructed.
Mario Pincherle in his book, La Grande Piramide [1835], offers a radical explanation of how the Egyptians raised the huge granite slabs used to roof the King's Chamber and the relieving chambers above it. Pincherle studied Herodotus' references to the pyramids and concluded that an ingenious process of wetting and then drying wooden blocks, slowly forced the slabs up the slope of the Great Gallery(dk).
Twenty years ago Chris Dunn wrote an interesting article for Atlantis Rising magazine(es) in which he discussed the possible reasons for constructing the relieving chambers in the manner that the Egyptians did, concluding that they did so because the granite beams above the King's chamber were an essential and integral part of making this pyramid machine……hum!!!! Subsequent editions of AR brought further comments from readers on the subject(et).
In an article(ew) by Steven Mehler, he wrote that "Chris Dunn suggests that there is evidence that the Great Pyramid may have experienced a cataclysmic event, an explosion, some time in its distant past which ended its role as an active power plant, a machine, which Dunn proposes was its primary function. I further advanced Dunn's hypothesis of an explosion in the pyramid in my book, The Land of Osiris."
Australian Paul Hai has now offered an ingenious suggestion for the construction of the pyramids using an unusual pulley system. He arrived at this theory based on components that are still available and decoding of chapter one of the Old Testament Book of Ezekiel combined with some comments from Herodotus. He offers all this in an extensive and fully illustrated website(fg) as well as a book Raising Stone 1 [1941].
By way of complete contrast is the opinion of Gernot L. Geise, who, as a guest author offered a controversial paper on the Atlantisforschung.de website with the self-explanatory title of 'The Giza pyramids were not built by ancient Egyptians'(dl). He maintains that the Egyptians lacked the technology to build the pyramids, but instead, were constructed by a much older and more advanced civilisation.
Naturally. there are those among us, who will never be happy with conventional explanations and the mystery of the Egyptian pyramid-building methods has provided an ideal opportunity to serve up exotic solutions. One of the most commonly offered is that some form of levitation was employed; a claim usually based on an account by Al-Masudi, who reported that a 'magic papyrus' was used(dn). Others have claimed the use of sound to achieve levitation. However, although this is theoretically possible it has been shown to be impractical(do). [I should mention that William Bramley published also published a book entitled The Gods of Eden in 1989 [1942]+]
Lawton & Ogilvie-Herald discuss the possible use of sonic levitation in the building of the pyramids in Giza the Truth [1690.203]. However, They were at the receiving end of criticism from the late John Anthony West in 2000, when West published an article in Atlantis Rising magazine that ended with a scornful "The point is that the facile assurances given by Ogilvie-Herald/Lawton endorsing the orthodox view are illegitimate, their exclusion of contrary, genuinely informed opinion is typical of their selective bogus scholarship, and their long-winded acoustic levitation hypothesis is pure speculation and self-contradictory besides. We still don't know how the pyramids were built/ Period. Full stop."(er)
Alan Alford discussed the acoustics of the Great Pyramid in Pyramid of Secrets [010] and in a paper in Atlantis Rising magazine #50(ez).
Nevertheless, a paper entitled ORMUS and Pyramids by Barry Carter refers extensively to the work of Dr Philip Callahan (see: Smutny, Pavel | (atlantipedia.ie) who has associated paramagnetism and the Great Pyramid(dt).
Mike Molyneaux offers a study of the building techniques of the ancient Egyptians and their application to the construction of the pyramids and the raising of obelisks(dp).
In a paper by Domenic A. Narducci III entitled In Control of the Pyramids in which he outlines the need for Geometric Control (GC) that must have been employed in the building of the pyramids. He defines GC as "a system of procedures that establishes and then maintains the geometry of a structure during the course of the construction process." He offers a detailed description of the procedures used by the Egyptians(ec).
Great Pyramid's Function
Edward Malkowski supports(ax) the ideas of Edward Kunkel(ay) and John Cadman(az), who believed that the Great Pyramid was designed to function as a water pump. However, Malkowski goes further, suggesting that this pump was used to generate subtle electrical fields that were used to assist plant growth, which seems unnecessary, considering the fertility of the Nile Valley was renewed naturally by the annual flooding of the river.
Frank Joseph also referred to Kunkel's theories in an Atlantis Rising article in edition #56(fa). Two issues later, Joseph returned to this idea of the Great Pyramid having an electrical function. The title of the article was Atlantis and the Great Pyramid, so to justify the inclusion of Atlantis he added The citadel of Atlantis, where the holy-of-holies was enshrined, as defined by Plato, was the same diameter (seven hundred fifty-eight feet) as the base side of the Great Pyramid. This revelation becomes clear only after the dimensions of the citadel, as given in Greek stadia for Plato's account, are transposed into an original Egyptian unit of measurement, known as the aroura." His fertile imagination did not bring him to explain what the other two huge pyramids at Giza were for!(fb)
>Hermann Waldhauser has also proposed that a hydraulic system was used in the Great Pyramid as explained in a series of articles by Stefan Erdmann(fi).<
Steven Myers has written two books(ba) on the subject of ancient Egyptian hydraulics.
In 2001, Joseph P. Farrell published The Giza Death Star [1917*], in which he claimed that the Great Pyramid has been designed as a weapon of mass destruction! His website has a number of papers relating to the pyramids(eu).
In 2009, Dean Talboys published his theory(co). which suggests that the remarkable internal features of the GP, including the King's Chamber and the Grand Gallery, were part of a device that used seawater to generate enough torque to drive an electric dynamo. Talboys suddenly ends his dissertation with the unexpected admission that "we are still left with the problem of what to do with the electricity it generates we could, at least, be a little closer to understanding why someone went to all that trouble"!
Nearly half a century ago, Kurt Mendelssohn (1906-1980), a physics professor put forward the idea in The Riddle of the Pyramids [1885] that "what mattered was not the pyramid – it was the building of it. The pyramid does not represent an aim in itself but the means to achieve an aim: the creation of a new form of society. These huge heaps of stone mark the place where man invented the state."
Many and varied are the theories that have been put forward regarding the intended function of the Great Pyramid. A most recent (Jan.2021) has been offered by Konstantin Borisov, who suggested that the purpose of the Great Pyramid of Giza was to emit free electrons to the Ionosphere, to create light on the planet! This capability was enhanced by Giza's location near the maximum geographical centre of Earth and the use of nummulitic limestone in the construction of the Great Pyramid! Further details are revealed in an article published on the Ancient Origins website(ct).
Donald E. Jennings has speculated that the Great Pyramid and its polished, and possibly painted casing stones, could have sent sunlight from the pyramids to other important locations.(dj) Today, only remnants of the original layer of casing stones remain. This is often explained as the result of being removed to be used as a building material for the expanding nearby Cairo. Another explanation on offer is that the casing stones were shed by earthquakes. Some years ago, Will Hart published an article in Atlantis Rising #42-43(ex) in which he questioned both of these theories.
2014 also saw the publication of Pyramid Gravity Force(ac) by John Shaughnessy in which he claims that "The pyramids were built to prevent and/or control tectonic plate movement, volcanic activity, tidal waves, major earthquakes, land movements and the magnetic field movements on Earth." I suggest that all the Amazon reviews be read before purchasing.
It was recently revealed(ar). that, Ben Carson, a former Republican candidate for the US presidency, once proposed to an assembly of students at Andrews University that the Egyptian pyramids were built to store grain! This idea has been traced back to the sixth century, when there was a belief that the pyramids had been the granaries of Joseph, as Julius Honorius (Cosmographia, c. 500 CE), Antoninus of Piacenza (Itinerary 43, c. 570 CE), and Geoffrey of Tours (History of the Franks 1.10, 594 CE), among others, all testify! This theory was later popularized by works such as 'The Book of John Mandeville', a hugely popular 14th-century travelogue."(bs).
In early 2021, Konstantin Borisov published his hi-tech explanation for the purpose of the GP which he proposed "was to emit free electrons to the Ionosphere, to create light on the planet . The hydrogen gas produced in the subterranean chamber was used as a source of electrons needed for the process." (ef).
Perfection of the Great Pyramid!
Among the numerous mysteries related to the Great Pyramid is the fact that each side of the structure is actually slightly concave, making it the only known eight-sided pyramid (pedants would probably claim nine sides, including the base). This feature was first photographed in 1940(al). Jean-Paul Bauval has written a paper on this concavity, arguing that it was a design feature and not a construction error. He goes further and proposes "that the geometry generated by the concavity on the overall shape of the monument shows a clear relationship, whether intended or by accident, between the Egyptian Royal Cubit (RC) to the meter unit (m). Finally, this geometrical design has the peculiarity of creating a 'virtual space' at the top of the monument on which might have been placed a spherical object"(cr).
The assumed accuracy of the orientation and dimensions of the Great Pyramid was recently called into question by Mark Lehner and Glen Dash(bj).
Apart from the disputed question of the age of the Great Pyramid, its very structure has prompted its own share of debate with persistent claims that its location, dimensions, and orientation have significance in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and geography. Lists of these connections are available online(p).
A June 2016 report revealed(bc). that the builders of the Great Pyramid had made a very minor miscalculation resulting in the west side being around 5 inches longer than the east side. The research team, led by Dash and Lehner, also noted that the pyramid is not oriented as precisely with the cardinal points as we have been led to believe since "The pyramid's north-south axis (or meridian) runs 3 minutes 54 seconds west of due north while its east-west axis runs 3 minutes 51 seconds north of due east, he told Live Science. The east-west axis also runs through the center of a temple built on the east side of the pyramid. These measurements mean that the Great Pyramid is oriented just slightly away from the cardinal directions, the degree of error from north-south and east-west being almost the same." However, these very minor defects cannot detract in any way from the magnificence of the structure constructed so long ago.
In a 2018 paper(ca), Glen Dash returned to the very slight misalignment of the Great Pyramid with the cardinal points."The builders of the Great Pyramid of Khufu aligned the great monument to the cardinal points with an accuracy of better than four minutes of arc or one-fifteenth of one degree." Dash claims that the engineers who designed the plans for the Great Pyramid used the fall equinox to seamlessly align this pyramid to the cardinal points. "He also claims that all three major Giza pyramids exhibit the same degree of error in that they are rotated slightly counter-clockwise from the cardinal points."(fe). In fact, all three of the largest Egyptian pyramids – two at Giza and one at Dahshur – are remarkably aligned, in a way you wouldn't expect to see from an era without drones, blueprints, and computers.
Manfred Greifzu has also written a fairly forensic study of the orientation of the Giza pyramids for the atlantisforschung.de website(dm).
November 2017 began with an exciting claim published in Nature magazine(bv). that a huge cavity had been identified above the Grand Gallery in the Great Pyramid of Giza. This discovery was made using non-invasive technology, which suggests that physical verification will require some degree of interference with the structure of the pyramid, which may not be allowed by the Egyptian authorities. The initial announcement was quickly followed by a refutation of the claim of a void over the Grand Gallery by Zahi Hawass(bw). Nevertheless, further investigation now (2019) seems to have confirmed the existence of this void(cn).
Not long after, it was reported in the UK's Daily Mail that an Italian archaeoastronomer, Giulio Magli, believes that the void at the centre of the Great Pyramid houses a throne made from meteorites, used to help the pharaoh in the afterlife(bz). Magli has previously received public notice with a paper that explored the possibility that Göbekli Tepe had been constructed to "celebrate and successively follow the appearance of a new, extremely brilliant star in the southern skies: Sirius."(ca).
In 2020, some notes of Isaac Newton's from the 1680s were auctioned, which revealed Newton's interest in the pyramids. It seems that "Newton was trying to uncover the unit of measurement used by those constructing the pyramids. He thought it was likely that the ancient Egyptians had been able to measure the Earth and that, by unlocking the cubit of the Great Pyramid, he too would be able to measure the circumference of the Earth." (cs).
The pseudoscience of pyramidology took off in the 19th century, with a range of outlandish claims(aq), based on external and/or internal dimensions of the Great Pyramid, supporting anything from the British Israelites or the early Jehovah's Witnesses to being a source of divine prophecy!
In the 20th century, Adam Rutherford, a British Israelite, founded The Institute of Pyrmidology in 1940. Between 1957 and 1974, Rutherford published a set of four books on the subject, although a fifth volume was planned [1772]. When Adam died, his son James took over the Institute, but following his death in a car accident, the Institute ended.
Also in the mid-20th century, we had crazy pyramid ideas being offered by John O. Kinnaman including a report that "Dr Kinnaman said that during their 1924 investigation of the Great Pyramid they (Kinnaman & Petrie) located a hidden vault which contained amazing technical objects, including what appeared to be an anti-gravity machine or parts of such a machine, and thousands of crystal prisms which they speculated may all have been brought from Atlantis."(ed). Unsurprisingly, no evidence was produced.
Richard W. Noone is the author of 5/5/2000: The Ultimate Disaster which seems to have achieved near cult status. J. Douglas Kenyon wrote a favourable review of Noone and his book in Issue 14 (1999) of Atlantis Rising magazine (AR). Noone published a further article in AR #22 supporting his doomsday claim(eq).
"Noone studied the mysterious mathematics of the Great Pyramid and calculated its cosmic calendar. He concluded that the end of history was pinpointed on May 5, 2000, and he correlated the doomsday date to a cataclysmic melting of the polar ice caps." However, when Noone's date for the promised catastrophe passed without any major event occurring, comments became more critical(ep).
Nevertheless, pyramidology was given a new twist in November 2015 when a Spanish architect, Miquel Pérez-Sánchez, added the old alphanumeric system of gematria to the mix and claimed that he had identified the name 'Atlantis' when 'translating' some of the dimensions in the structure of the Great Pyramid(by). Scott Onstott is also a modern advocate of the existence of Mathematical Encoding in the Great Pyramid.(as)
For those interested in the possible significance of numbers and the Great Pyramid, there are three related papers available on Keith M. Hunter's website(aw).
Ralph Ellis, mentioned above, is a controversial English revisionist of biblical and ancient Egyptian history, who bravely argues(b) that Mount Sinai, of Ten Commandments fame, was in fact the Great Pyramid of Giza [656]! John Taylor (1781-1864) claimed in 1859 that Noah was the builder of the Great Pyramid [1451]. Even more imaginative was the claim by C.E. Getsinger in the 1920s that Noah's Ark was in fact the Great Pyramid(bp)!
[1942]+ https://www.academia.edu/27402718/Bramley_William_The_Gods_of_Eden
(a) Archive2925
(b) Archive 2926
(d) Archive 2494
(e) http://www.physicsforums.com/showthread.php?t=207802
(f) http://www.mythomorph.com/
(g) https://www.european-pyramids.com/galerie
(h) http://www.touropia.com/largest-pyramids-in-the-world/
(i) http://www.independent.co.uk/news/worlds-oldest-pyramids-are-discovered-1353095.html
(j) Archive 2138
(k) http://www.gigalresearch.com/uk/pyramides-maurice.php
(l) (99+) (PDF) dating civilizations Jonathan Gray | NoStarPanel TruthSeeker – Academia.edu
(m) http://www.360cities.net/image/pyramid-of-khafre#105.63,0.00,96.0
(n) Pyramids, Stonehenge, Easter Island and the Great Pyramid explained by Wallace Wallington! (archive.org)
(o) http://piramidasunca.ba/eng/latest-news/item/7778-world-history-and-bosnian-pyramids-2011.html
(p) Archive 3620
(q) http://realitysandwich.com/132648/great_pyramid_garut/
(r) Updated Part 1: Is There A Large Pyramid Underground Between Mt. McKinley and Nome, Alaska? – Earthfiles
(s) http://www.apparentlyapparel.com/2/post/2012/03/pyramids-of-glass-submerged-in-the-bermuda-triangle.html
(t) http://www.airpano.com/360Degree-VirtualTour.php?3D=Egypt-Cairo-Pyramids
(u) https://www.seeker.com/lost-egyptian-pyramids-found-1765918313.html
(v) https://web.archive.org/web/20161202051640/http://cosmiclog.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/09/04/13661093-see-the-google-pyramids-up-close?lite
(w) https://web.archive.org/web/20150905142440/http://www.mountainguides.com/report_2006.shtml (See Last Image)
(x) http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/05/mystery-solved-a-new-theory-about-why-egypt-stopped-building-pyramids/275738/
(y) http://beforeitsnews.com/beyond-science/2013/09/giant-underwater-pyramid-found-near-azores-island-associated-with-atlantis-portuguese-navy-investigating-2443658.html
(z) Why did two German 'hobbyists' deface a cartouche of Khufu inside the Great Pyramid and what does it have to do with Atlantis? (archive.org)
(aa) http://www.unexplained-mysteries.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=255178&st=75
(ab) http://www.migration-diffusion.info/article.php?year=2013HYPERLINK "http://www.migration-diffusion.info/article.php?year=2013&id=375″&HYPERLINK "http://www.migration-diffusion.info/article.php?year=2013&id=375″id=375
(ac) https://web.archive.org/web/20200225142822/http://www.pyramidgravityforce.com/
(ad) https://web.archive.org/web/20190604070011/https://www.azores-pyramid.org/
(ae) http://robertjrgraham.com/?s=Pyramids
(af) Archive 3619
(ag) http://phys.org/news/2014-04-ancient-egyptians-pyramid-stones-sand.html
(ah) Archive 2806
(ai) http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/incredible-discovery-reveals-how-chinas-forbidden-city-was-built-001001#!bdmL22
(aj) megalith-pyramiden.de (archive.org)
(al) http://www.catchpenny.org/concave.html
(am) See: Archive 2564
(an) http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00792v2
(ao) See: Archive 2818
(ap) The Stars Above, the Great Pyramid Below: 10,400 BCE | Edgar Cayce's A.R.E. (archive.org)
(aq) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramidology
(ar) Ben Carson: Egyptian Pyramids Built For Grain Storage, Not By Aliens Or As Tombs (archive.org)
(as) http://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-africa-opinion-guest-authors/mathematical-encoding-great-pyramid-002323
(at) http://www.jpost.com/Features/War-of-the-pyramid-theorists
(au) http://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-americas/once-hidden-plain-sight-and-surprisingly-ignored-great-pyramid-cholula-020650?utm_source=Ancient-Origins+Newsletter&utm_campaign=56d12fe000-Top_Trending_Stories_Dec_No2_REAL_14_12_2015&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_2dcd13de15-56d12fe000-85158329
(av) http://www.ancient-origins.net/opinion-guest-authors/thoth-s-storm-new-evidence-ancient-egyptians-ireland-005187
(aw) Lost Age Secrets, World Mysteries & Forbidden Knowledge (archive.org)
(ax) http://nexusilluminati.blogspot.ie/2012/01/new-theory-for-great-pyramid.html
(ay) https://web.archive.org/web/20191118024438/http://www.linux-host.org:80/energy/ebuilt.html
(az) https://web.archive.org/web/20200318074200/http://sentinelkennels.com/Research_Article_V41.html
(bb) Archive 3057
(bc) http://www.livescience.com/55118-great-pyramid-giza-is-slightly-lopsided.html
(bd) http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/researchers-confirm-recently-discovered-tonina-pyramid-largest-pyramid-mexico-020433?nopaging=1
(be) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3692283/The-diary-pyramid-builder-Oldest-papyrus-existence-details-workers-shifted-stones-sheep-ate-reveal-secrets-inside-Great-Pyramid-Giza.html
(bf) https://web.archive.org/web/20180723084725/http://world-pyramids.com/en/
(bg) https://www.ancient-code.com/15-extremely-rare-ancient-images-of-the-pyramids-of-giza-youve-probably-never-seen/
(bh) http://www.ancient-origins.net/myths-legends-europe/scota-mother-scotland-and-daughter-pharaoh-003798
(bi) http://dailygrail.com/Hidden-History/2016/8/The-Man-Who-Discovered-the-Bosnian-Pyramid-Answers-Critics
(bj) http://www.archaeology.org/issues/227-1609/trenches/4738-trenches-egypt-pyramid-measurement
(bk) http://www.dailygrail.com/Hidden-History/2016/8/What-Created-Melted-Limestone-Beside-the-Pyramids-Giza
(bl) https://web.archive.org/web/20150627184535/https://dublinsmick.wordpress.com/2012/08/25/the-atlanteans-built-the-great-pyramid-not-the-egyptians/
(bm) https://www.geopolymer.org/archaeology/pyramids/are-pyramids-made-out-of-concrete-1/
(bn) Archive 3631
(bo) http://www.livescience.com/32616-how-were-the-egyptian-pyramids-built-.html
(bp) The Thomson Review, Thomson, Illinois, July 19th, 1922 – p.3
(bq) http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/12/04/mexico-is-hiding-the-world-s-largest-pyramid.html
(br) https://web.archive.org/web/20200218000652/http://gizapyramid.com/oldphotos1.htm
(bs) http://io9.gizmodo.com/10-bizarre-theories-about-the-pyramids-that-dont-involv-1648634533
(bt) http://beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2012/02/the-great-pyramid-was-built-by-the-druids-of-ireland-1795923.html
(bu) https://www.anvilfire.com/bookrev/index.php?bodyName=wallington/forgotten_technology.htm&titleName=The%20Forgotten%20Technology%20by%20Wallace%20Wallington
(bv) http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaap/ncurrent/full/nature24647.html
(bw) https://phys.org/news/2017-11-egypt-archaeologist-criticises-pyramid-void.html
(bx) Archive 3618
(by) http://www.lavanguardia.com/lacontra/20151031/54437578233/la-contra-miquel-perez-sanchez-pla.html
(bz) https://www.inquisitr.com/4731167/great-pyramid-may-contain-an-iron-throne-made-of-meteorites-says-new-theory/
(ca) http://www.nescientist.com/article/mg21929303.400-worlds-oldest-temple-built-to-worship-the-dog-star.html
(cb) https://www.inquisitr.com/4793103/an-archaeologist-may-have-finally-unraveled-the-mystery-of-the-flawless-alignment-of-the-great-pyramid-of-giza/
(cc) https://earthistheaim.wordpress.com/
(cd) https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/weird-news/713508/Atlantis-found-proof-conspiracy-google-earth-underwater-pyramid-Mexico-video-google-maps
(ce) https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/ancient-egypt-shipping-mining-farming-economy-pyramids-180956619/
(cf) https://www.livescience.com/63978-great-pyramid-ramp-discovered.html
(cg) https://www.cheops-pyramide.ch/khufu-pyramid/e-mail.html
(ch) https://web.archive.org/web/20190105210122/http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/ghizahistoricaccounts.htm
(ci) https://www.archdaily.com/915358/these-smart-megalithic-stones-can-move-and-assemble-easily-with-the-hands
(cj) https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/ancient-megalithic-structures-0011761
(ck) https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/machu-picchu-earthquake-0011195
(cl) https://www.eyeofthepsychic.com/nap_art4/
(cm) https://web.archive.org/web/20200219065954/http://www.robertschoch.net/Bosnian%20Geology%20Robert%20Schoch%20%20Pyramids%20Colette%20Dowell.htm
(cn) https://www.dailygrail.com/2019/11/mysterious-hidden-chamber-in-great-pyramid-confirmed-by-new-scans/
(co) https://old.world-mysteries.com/dtalboys_gp1.htm
(cp) https://web.archive.org/web/2/https://www.eyeofthepsychic.com/nap_art8/
(cq) https://web.archive.org/web/20190128150937/https://www.eyeofthepsychic.com/nap_art9/
(cr) https://www.academia.edu/27541864/THE_CONCAVITY_OF_THE_GREAT_PYRAMID_a_design_feature_Did_the_designer_know_the_Meter_Unit?email_work_card=view-paper
(cs) Revealed: Isaac Newton's attempts to unlock secret code of pyramids | Isaac Newton | The Guardian
(ct) Has the Function of the Great Pyramid of Giza Finally Come to Light? | Ancient Origins (ancient-origins.net)
(cu) Art History Professor in China Claims Egyptian Pyramids Are Modern Fakes – JASON COLAVITO
(cv) The Movie Great Pyramid K 2019 – Director Fehmi Krasniqi – Bing video
(cw) Discussions in Egyptology, volume 13, 1989, pp. 7-18
(cx) https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/are-the-egyptian-pyramids-aligned-with-the-stars
(cy) The Giza Oracle: A New Theory Concerning the Design of the Pyramids of Giza – Graham Hancock Official Website
(cz) Solving the Mysteries of the Pyramids | Drexel Engineering (archive.org)
(da) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266350431_THE_HORIZON_THEORY_PART-I_ORIGINAL_CONCEPT_PLAN_OF_THE_PYRAMIDS_PLATEAU
(db) https://web.archive.org/web/20190603114325/http://www.geocities.ws/fotouh28/H-Aboulfotouh-Horizon-II.pdf
(dc) https://www.eyeofthepsychic.com/nap_art10/
(dd) Pyramids packed with fossil shells › News in Science (ABC Science) (archive.org)
(de) Zangkunchong : Ancient Art Homepage (archive.org)
(df) In The Reign Of The Black Pharaohs (freerepublic.com)
(dg) (99+) (PDF) Orion: The Eternal Rise of the Sky Hunter | Andrew Collins – Academia.edu
(dh) https://www.ancient.eu/article/862/the-step-pyramid-of-djoser-at-saqqara/
(di) https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=79265
(dj) The Egyptian pyramids produce reflections that illuminated other places? (unexpectedufo.net)
(dk) http://www.gizapyramid.com/pincherle.htm
(dl) Die Pyramiden von Gizeh wurden nicht von Altägyptern erbaut – Atlantisforschung.de (Ger)
See: Archive 6401 | (atlantipedia.ie) (Eng)
(dm) Pyramid Puzzles – Atlantisforschung.de (German)
(dn) Understanding the Ancient Art of Levitation (liveabout.com)
(do) https://brucedrinkwater.com/2016/12/01/acoustic-levitation-of-the-pyramids-is-theoretically-possible/
(dp) http://www.catchpenny.org/mmbuild.html
(dq) http://www.catchpenny.org/theories.html
(dr) https://eaglesanddragonspublishing.com/the-pyramids-of-ancient-greece/
(ds) Diamantis Koutoulas – Elliniki Agogi. Dec. 2001 p 1823
(dt) http://www.subtleenergies.com/ormus/tw/pyramids.htm
(du) https://archive.org/details/egyptianpyramids00fish/page/n1/mode/2up?q=hyksos
(dv) Archive 6555 | (atlantipedia.ie) *
(dw) https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/sep/07/ukraine.tomparfitt
(dx) https://atlantisonline.smfforfree2.com/index.php?action=printpage;topic=8693.0
(dy) https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/article/who-built-the-pyramids/
(dz) https://www.academia.edu/51260091/The_Mathematical_Layout_of_the_Giza_Plateau_RESUME
(ea) https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/chinese-pyramids-of-xian
(eb) https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-asia/revealing-mysterious-story-koh-ker-pyramid-cambodia-008013
(ec) In Control at the Pyramids – World Mysteries Blog (world-mysteries.com)
(ed) http://thesecondsight.blogspot.com/2006/12/great-pyramid-of-lunacy.html
(ef) https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-africa/has-function-great-pyramid-giza-finally-come-light-009861
(eg) https://evol-forum.ch/giza-en/?noredirect=en_US
(eh) Prehistorical History – GIZA-LEGACY (archive.org)
(ei) Press Release by Dr. Dominique Goerlitz & Stefan Erdmann – Atlantisforschung.de
(ej) (99+) (PDF) Ancient Egyptian chronology and the astronomical orientation of pyramids | Kate Spence – Academia.edu
(ek) https://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0307/0307100.pdf
(el) Who Solves The Mystery Of The Great Pyramid Building ? (gigalresearch.com)
(em) The Menkara petrified shallow marine creature (gigalresearch.com)
(en) https://curiosmos.com/fossil-discovery-suggests-the-pyramids-and-sphinx-were-submerged-under-water/
(eo) Missing Fourth Great Pyramid of Giza may Finally Have Been Found (thevintagenews.com)
(eq) Atlantis Rising magazine #22 https://media.oiipdf.com/pdf/8cc846c3-42b2-4ec1-b499-50cb1008e2c0.pdf
(er) Atlantis Rising magazine #23 http://www.pdfarchive.info/index.php?pages/At
(es) Atlantis Rising magazine #29 http://www.pdfarchive.info/index.php?pages/At
(et) Atlantis Rising magazine #31 http://www.pdfarchive.info/index.php?pages/At
(eu) https://gizadeathstar.com/?s=great+pyramid
(ev)Atlantis Rising magazine #35 http://www.pdfarchive.info/index.php?pages/At
(ew)Atlantis Rising magazine #39 http://www.pdfarchive.info/index.php?pages/At
(ex) Atlantis Rising magazine #42/43 http://www.pdfarchive.info/index.php?pages/At
(ey) Pyramids Building | Atlantis in the Java Sea (atlantisjavasea.com)
(ez) Atlantis Rising magazine #50 http://www.pdfarchive.info/index.php?pages/At
(fa) Atlantis Rising magazine #56 http://www.pdfarchive.info/index.php?pages/At
(fb) Atlantis Rising magazine #58 http://www.pdfarchive.info/index.php?pages/At
(fc) Pyramids discovered in Russia 'twice' as old as Egyptian could rewrite human history | MRU MEDIA (mysteriesrunsolved.com)
(fd) Records of the pyramid builders: discovering eye-witness accounts of a legendary construction project | The Past (the-past.com)
(fe) The Secret of The Pyramids' Perfect Alignment Might Be Explained After All (sciencealert.com)
(ff) https://www.geopolymer.org/library/video/they-came-from-america-to-build-easter-island/
(fg) Ezekiel 1-29 decoded via the re-discovery of ancient Egypt's four-lobe pinion-pulley via composite artifacts, proves Khufu's Great Pyramid was constructed with mass production techniques requiring well developed critical flow analysis for perfect completion within the historically documented twenty year time-frame. (haitheory.com)
(fh) https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/pyramid-builders-0017205
(fi) Hermann Waldhauser's Theory of the Great Pyramid Stefan Erdman (erdmann–forschung-de.translate.goog) (English) *
(fj) Die Pyramiden von Gizeh wurden nicht von Altägyptern erbaut – Atlantisforschung.de (atlantisforschung-de.translate.goog) (Eng)*
(fk) Is Atlantological diffusionism 'old news'? – Atlantisforschung.de (atlantisforschung-de.translate.goog) *
Lelewel, Joachim Ignacy
Joachim Ignacy Lelewel (1786-1861) was a Polish historian, geographer and political activist. He published a number of multi-volume historical works. Regarding Atlantis he also published a map(a) in 1831[1760] which located Plato's Island in the Atlantic directly west of the Strait of Gibraltar. While the map only shows lines of latitude, its longitudinal orientation is rather askew. Although it includes a distorted Britain it completely omits Ireland!
However, Lelewel considered Atlantis to be an invention inspired by the ancient stories of the Isles of the Blessed.
(a) Atlantis, Map, 1831 Wall Art, Canvas Prints, Framed Prints, Wall Peels | Great Big Canvas
Darwin, Charles
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) is reported in Wikipedia (a) to have been "dismissive of the ideas that others had put forward of sunken continents like Atlantis." This opinion is dated to around 1855.
Edward Forbes was one of the first, in 1846 [1471], to hypothesise the existence of a continent in the Atlantic linking Ireland, the Azores and the Iberian Peninsula, which was popularly called 'Atlantis'. Charles Darwin described his idea as 'speculative'.
This would appear to conflict with Marco Ciardi, who claimed that Darwin had accepted the existence of Atlantis, I presume later, but did so "under the influence of, among others, the botanist J. D. Hooker" and "reverted to the hypothesis of a lost continent to which the Atlantic islands testified since they constituted the tips of its highest mountains." This information was cited by Pierre Vidal-Naquet in The Atlantis Story [580.xxii].
Ignatius Donnelly sent a copy of his Atlantis to Darwin, but received a less than enthusiastic response(b).
(a) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_Darwin%27s_theory
(b) https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/friday-odds-and-ends-on-aliens-atlantis-and-more
Castro, Domingos Leite de
Domingos Leite de Castro (1846-1916) was a Portuguese commentator who identified the Atlantic seaboard of Europe as Atlantean. The following is a poor machine translation of his original 1912 Portuguese article[1480][1481];
["A Atlântida era apenas o litoral atlântico da Europa desde o Atlas até à Irlanda; "Atlantis was only the Atlantic coast of Europe from the Atlas to Ireland; O reino de Atlas, um The kingdom of Atlas, a dos dez reinos da Atlântida, foi o primeiro, o mais importante do grupo, e o que lhe deu o nome; of the ten kingdoms of Atlantis, was the first, the most important of the group, and what gave it the name; Os the outros eram: Cádis, Cartara ( Cartaya ?), o Sacrum (compreendendo S. Vicente e Santa Maria), os others were: Cadiz, Cartara ( Cartaya ?), The Sacrum (comprising S. Vicente and Santa Maria), the Saefes e Cempses ao sul da Arrábida, Oliusippo , Brigância, Grã-Bretanha e Irlanda; Saefes and Cempses to the south of the Arrábida, Oliusippo , Brigance, Great Britain and Ireland; A Grande Ilha da The Big Island of Atlântida não era nada mais que a Grã-Bretanha, isto é, um dos dez povos que ocupavam esse litoral; Atlantis was nothing more than Great Britain, that is to say, one of the ten peoples who occupied this coast; As Dez Ilhas Cassitérides eram muito provavelmente o mesmo que os Dez Reinos da Atlântida, The Ten Cassitérides Islands were very probably the same as the Ten Realms of Atlantis considered the tin entire market."
Murias according to Egerton Sykes was an Atlantean city situated near Bimini, which was destroyed when sea levels rose around 10,000 BC(a).
There is an Irish tradition that names Murias as one of the four cities of the Tuatha dé Danaan(b), who came to Ireland a thousand years before the Celts.
The pre-Hellenic Greeks were known as the Danai and were, according to an Egyptian source, the descendants of Danaus. Furthermore, the Danai have been linked with the legendary Tuatha dé Danaan of Ireland as well as the Shardana of Sardinia, who are thought to be part of the Sea Peoples.
A popular belief is that the Tuatha dé Danaan were descendants of the Hebrew tribe of Dan. Walter Baucum(c) and in particular Yair Davidiy(d) have written extensively on the people of Dan and their possible migration routes.
(a) Atlantis, A New Concept. Pt.1, Atlantis May-June, 1974
(b) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann
(c) Tracing Dan – Introduction (originofnations.org)
National Geographic *
National Geographic or Nat Geo are the registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society and are now, sadly, part of the Murdoch communications empire. Its magazine and TV channel enjoy global recognition. Undoubtedly, NG has enhanced our view of the world around us. One piece of NG trivia is that the word 'tsunami' first appeared in an English language publication in the September 1896 edition of National Geographic Magazine.
In May 1922 NG published its first picture of Stonehenge, now a century later it returned to this remarkable monument for its cover story in its August 2022 edition. It highlights how the use of new technologies has greatly enhanced our knowledge of the site and the people who built it. Jim Leary, a lecturer in field archaeology at the University of York admits that "a lot of the things we were taught as undergraduates in the 1990s we know now simply aren't true." This beautifully illustrated article is a useful update on developments at this huge UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Generally, NG has avoided controversy, but not always(a), so it will be interesting to see how its new chief James Murdoch, a climate change denier(b), will deal with the NG views on the subject up 'til now(c). However, for me, it was something of a surprise when NG tackled the subject of Atlantis.
In 2004 NG News published a short article(d) highlighting the theories of Ulf Erlingsson and Rainer Kühne, who, respectively, were advocates for Ireland and Spain as Atlantis locations. Also in 2004, Zeilitsky and Weinzweig claimed to have found submerged man-made structures near Cuba and subsequently sought US government funding for further research there. It has been suggested that NG objected and further exploration did not take place! In 2006 NG gave the Atlantis in America theory of Zapp & Erikson an airing(e).
However, in 2012, Andrew Collins offered a different account of the Zelitsky funding difficulties(m).
In a short 2011 article(l)., NG trotted out the now generally abandoned idea that Atlantis had been a continent. The idea was obviously later dumped by NG as well when James Cameron et al. went looking for Atlantis in Malta, Sardinia and Santorini in 2016.
December 2012 saw NG publish an article on Doggerland, without any reference to the suggestion that there might be an Atlantis connection. NG has also voiced the scepticism of well-known commentators, such as Robert Ballard and Charles E. Orser jnr(f).
However, I find that the NG treatment of Atlantis is inconsistent. In October 2011 an anonymous article(k) on one of their sites, entitled The Truth Behind Atlantis: Facts, declared that Atlantis was continental in size (and so must have been located in an Ocean?) This is based on a misinterpretation of the Greek word meison. Nevertheless last year NG had Simcha Jacobovici, remotely guided by James Cameron, scouring the Mediterranean, from Spain to Sardinia, Malta, and Crete for evidence of Atlantis. This attention-seeking exercise found nothing but a few stone anchors that proved nothing and inflicted on viewers an overdose of speculation!
NatGeo TV aired a documentary(g) in 2015 relating to earlier excavations in the Doñana Marshes of Southern Spain by a Spanish team and partly hijacked by Richard Freund. A new NG documentary, hyped with the involvement of James Cameron and Simcha Jacobovici, was filmed in 2016, and later broadcast at the end of January 2017. Initially, it was thought by Robert Ishoy to be in support of his Atlantis location of Sardinia, but at the same time, Diaz-Montexano was convinced that his Afro-Iberian theory was to be the focus of the film. To coincide with the airing of the new documentary D-M has published a new book, NG National Geographic and the scientific search for Atlantis[1394] with both English and Spanish editions.
Jason Colavito was promised a screener but had the offer subsequently withdrawn. One wonders why.
Once again NG promotes the region of the Doñana Marshes as a possible location for Atlantis(i), based on rather flimsy evidence, such as six ancient anchors found just outside the Strait of Gibraltar. They estimate the age of the anchors at 3,000-4,000 years old. unfortunately, they are not marked 'made in Atlantis'. Rabbi Richard Freund, never afraid to blow his own shofar, makes another NG appearance. Jacobovici throws in the extraordinary claim that the Jewish menorah represents the concentric circles of the Atlantean capital cut in half, a daft idea, previously suggested by Prof. Yahya Ababni(k).
What I cannot understand is why this documentary spends time dismissing Santorini and Malta as possible locations for Plato's Atlantis and at the same time ignoring the only unambiguous geographical clue that he left us, namely that the Atlantis alliance occupied part of North Africa and in Europe the Italian peninsula as far as Tyrrhenia (Tuscany) and presumably some of the islands between the two.
Overall, I think the NG documentaries have done little to advance the search for Atlantis as they seem to be driven by TV ratings ahead of the truth. Perhaps, more revealing is that Cameron is not fully convinced by the speculative conclusions of his own documentary.
Jason Colavito, an arch-sceptic regarding Atlantis has now published a lengthy scathing review(j) of NG's Atlantis Rising, which is well worth a read. While I do not agree with Colavito's dismissal of the existence of Atlantis, I do endorse the litany of shortcomings he identified in this documentary.
For me, NG's credibility as a TV documentary maker has diminished in recent years. Just one reason is the "2010 National Geographic Channel programme, 2012: The Final Prophecy, enthused about an illustration in the Mayan document known as the Dresden Codex (because of where it is now kept), which was claimed to show evidence of a catastrophic flood bringing the world to an end in 2012. This illustration included a representation of a dragon-like figure in the sky spewing water from its mouth onto the Earth beneath, which has been taken by some, although by no means all, experts in Mesoamerican mythology to indicate the onset of a terminal world-flood. However, no date was given, so the link with 2012 is entirely spurious (Handwerk, 2009; Hoopes, 2011)."(n)
(a) National Geographic Shoots Itself in the Foot — Again! (archive.org) *
(b) https://gizmodo.com/national-geographic-is-now-owned-by-a-climate-denier-1729683793
(c) https://web.archive.org/web/20200717231929/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/climate-change/
(d) See: Archive 3582
(e) https://www.dcourier.com/news/2006/oct/02/atlantis-theory-by-local-anthropologist-makes-nat/
(f) http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/archaeology/atlantis/
(g) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyEY0tROZgI & https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=choIyaPiMjo
(h) https://mosestablet.info/en/menorah-tablet.html
(i) https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/more-signs-mythical-city-atlantis-its-mysterious-civilisation-found-spanish-marsh-1603470
(j) https://www.jasoncolavito.com/blog/nat-geos-atlantis-rising-a-stew-of-fake-experts-motivated-reasoning-and-weird-claims-that-judaism-contains-atlantean-theology
(k) https://www.dailykos.com/story/2017/5/5/1659107/-Descendants-of-Lost-Atlantis-may-be-wait-for-it-Jews
(l) https://channel.nationalgeographic.com/the-truth-behind/articles/the-truth-behind-atlantis-facts/
(m) https://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread374842/pg11
(n) Doomsday Cults and Recent Quantavolutions, by Trevor Palmer (q-mag.org) (about 2/3rds down page)
Sarkar, Pabhat Rainjan (L)
Pabhat Rainjan Sarkar (1921-1990) was an Indian philosopher and spiritual leader with followers in over 130 countries. I am reliably informed that he expressed a number of beliefs regarding Atlantis, the core of which was that it was a huge continent that existed in the Atlantic. He also believed that Atlantis joined Africa and Iberia with a landbridge at Gibraltar. The destruction of Atlantis by an extensive earthquake separated Europe from Africa and also led to the creation of the Sahara.
In the book, Travels with the Mystic Master(a) by Dada Dharmavedananda, Sarkar is quoted as saying that " The old Atlantis is now underwater except for parts of Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Iceland."[1209.208]
(a) https://www.scribd.com/doc/11386818/Travels-With-the-Mystic-Master
Runggaldier, Philip
Philip Runggaldier (1963- ) "is a geography graduate with a keen interest in ancient archaeology, mythology and ancient texts." He is also the author of Atlantis and the Biblical Flood[1166] in which he offers evidence of a megaflood around 14,700 years ago which devastated southwest Britain and southeast Ireland. He believes that this disasterous event caused the destruction of Atlantis and was the source of the biblical story of the Deluge.
He attributes this megadeluge to the breaching, on two occasions, of an ice dam that had contained a vast lake where the Irish Sea Basin now exists. This caused the catastrophic inundation of the plain on the then exposed Celtic Shelf to the south as well as the land east and west in Britain and Ireland.
Runggaldier should have stopped at this point as his research had possibly revealed new important information deserving of further investigation.
However, he went on to suggest, without any great enthusiasm, that Atlantis may have been situated on that Celtic Plain. In fact, I suspect that the introduction of Atlantis was just a marketing ploy – 'Atlantis' in a book title will always inflate sales!
Ward, Francis J. & Francis P.
Francis J. Ward (1922- ) & Francis P. Ward (1951- ) are an American father and son team who have taken up the idea of Ireland being Plato's Atlantis(a). They quote from Ulf Erlingsson, Cedric R. Leonard and the eccentric Conor MacDari in support of their view, which is that "Atlantis was a global, maritime empire based in Ireland". They also modestly claim that "Among other ancient mysteries, we have solved the hidden message of the Great Pyramid(b), and the riddles of King Arthur and the Knights of the Roundtable, the Fisher King, Pahana—the Lost White Brother, the Kalki incarnation of Vishnu, and the fulfillments of the Star, Branch, and World Ruler Prophecies."
Their first book, The Truth Against the World-Red Phoenix Rising & the Return of the Thunder Gods[1156], but their supporting website(c) is currently offline, which may not be a bad thing!
(a) https://beforeitsnews.com/conspiracy-theories/2012/02/the-lost-civilization-of-atlantis-is-ireland-1702516.html?currentSplittedPage=0
(b) https://www.a-w-i-p.com/index.php/2011/11/24/the-hidden-message-of-the-great-pyramid (Link broken July 2o20) See: Archive 2835
(c) See: https://web.archive.org/web/20120728100841/https://www.thetruthagainsttheworld.net/


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As of this writing, Google Search no longer officially supports Internet Explorer 11, marking the beginning of the end of Microsoft's now-old browser.
Internet Explorer 11 was first released in 2013 as part of Microsoft's Windows 8.1 version, before being ported to the ever popular Windows 7. Although we didn't know it at the time, Internet Explorer 11 would be the final version of Microsoft's web browser, eventually replaced by Microsoft Edge with the launch of Windows 10 in 2015.
Until Microsoft made the bold decision to rebuild the Edge browser on Google's Chromium engine, Edge was not available to users of devices with older versions of Windows. This left Internet Explorer 11 as the default browser on Windows 7, 8, and 8.1, unless you decide to install a third-party browser like Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox.
Because of this, Internet Explorer has consistently managed to maintain a relatively high usage rate, with StatCounter reporting that the browser had more than 1% of the desktop browser market share in September 2021, compared to Google Chrome's 67%. Although this may seem small, consider the large number of desktop devices that access the Internet; 1% of this total is still a significant amount. And that doesn't even take into account the many corporate users who are forced to use Internet Explorer for some legacy applications.
Keeping web apps compatible with Internet Explorer 11, as you might expect, requires extra work from the developer, as Google has so far chosen to maintain support for the legacy browser. That is changing today, according to a tweet from Malta Ubl, a software engineer at Google, sharing that the company's flagship product, Google Search, no longer officially supports Internet Explorer 11.
According to the tweet, the Google research team "did the math," which likely means they calculated the cost of maintaining proper support for Internet Explorer 11 versus the value of retaining those customers. Based on its latest decision, Google has apparently decided that "it's time" to ditch Internet Explorer 11, at least with Google Search.
It's important to note that Google didn't just stop Internet Explorer 11 from using Google Search, leaving people unable to search the web. Instead, Internet Explorer customers now have a rudimentary "fallback experience" for Google search, which can perform basic searches but is not as comprehensive as Google on modern browsers. To put it plainly, results pages aren't appealing, but at least actionable for those who just can't use Chrome, Edge, or Firefox.
If you see this new Google Fallback Experience on your own computer, now is the time to upgrade your web browser. The Google home page will display a recommendation to install Chrome, but you might prefer to use Microsoft's revamped Edge browser, which is available on Windows 7 and 8 and even includes an "Internet Explorer mode" for compatibility. with legacy applications.
With Google Search being one of the most critical applications on the web today, it may only be a matter of time before more businesses and developers follow suit, leaving Internet Explorer 11 unable to do so. access the Internet at large. This isn't even the first recent example of Google moving away from the legacy browser, with the entire Workspace suite – including Gmail and Google Docs – no longer working on Internet Explorer.
We reached out to Google for details on the change, but they didn't respond until after the post.
Learn more about Google search:
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Check out 9to5Google on YouTube for more information:

subset: commoncrawl


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Kate tells you how to conquer NaNoWriMo
October 31, 2012
Be prepared for a handful of students around the building to be mysteriously unavailable after school, to be muttering under their breath about word count and plot devices, and seizing any chance to type frantically on a computer while refusing to show you what they're doing.
I will be one of them.
No, we're not suffering from a mysterious and unknown disease; we are just writers on a deadline.
November is National Novel Writing Month, aka NaNoWriMo, where students throughout the building, and the country, are encouraged to try their hand at writing a 50,000 word novel in 30 short days. That's an average of 1,667 words every day.
That's a lot of words.
But it is possible; I can attest. Last year I was one of two RB students who successfully typed out those last few words the evening of November 30th, along with then-senior Abigail Perez-Gonzalez. It was an amazing experience, and I'm looking forward to repeating it.
For everyone willing to give it a try, there is an informational meeting at 3:15 p.m. on Thursday, November 1st, in the library. Failing that, you can talk with English teacher Bridget Wilmot for information about the program or inquire in the library. You can also visit NaNoWriMo's official web site.
The purpose of the challenge is to have fun, and if you don't finish, you are not alone. Whatever you get written is still an accomplishment and more than someone who didn't even start. So why not give it a try?
To help you out, here are some tips and strategies that I figured out last year. However, I'm posting them with the disclaimer that everyone's writing style is different, and what worked for me, may not work for you.
Ignore the Laws of Coherency:
No one has to read it. Ever. So feel free to make conversations that don't quite make sense or change the focus halfway through the story. Along the same lines, don't bother wondering, "Is this a good idea?" If you think you can write it, give it a go.
Don't Get Hung Up on Writer's Block
You don't have time. While writer's block usually arises from something earlier in the story going wrong, don't go back and fix it! Just keep going, even if you realize the scene you are writing may be utterly pointless.
Avoid Contractions
Don't use "don't." Why bother when using "do not" gives you twice as many words?
Write a Little Every Day
Help keep your mind in the right place. 1,667 words a day sounds like a lot, but trying to write 11,669 words in a weekend might be even harder.
Change Your Habits
Taking a break from watching TV for a while might be a good idea.
Don't Dread It
Don't go home each day worrying about all the writing you have to do. If it's not fun, it's not worth it.
Stick in a Random Giant Octopus
If you don't have any more ideas, try a reference to something random that no one else will understand.
Accept the Challenge
Team up with a family member or a friend. When you see what progress they've made, you'll want to match them.
Don't Research
I would caution you against writing something you'll need to research, since you won't have the time. Write about what you know or invent something else completely new.
Homework? What Homework?
I'm not saying ignore your school work, but prioritize and manage your time. if you can finish your homework in the five minutes at the end of class instead of chatting to a neighbor, you've got some extra time for writing later!
Don't Ignore the Obvious
Type the story and look at the word count tally. Do not write by hand!
Do you have your own strategies and ideas? Share them through a comment! I need to hear them if I'm going to finish my second book!


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2 Pine Street
Providence, RI
Carved out below street level on Pine Street along the Riverwalk in downtown Providence, Capriccio offers international cuisine with a Northern Italian flair and an elegant, wine cellar ambiance. For more than 40 years, guests have enjoyed dining along with an extensive, award-winning wine selection, as well as Champagne, rare cognacs and signature cocktails. In 1979, Capriccio created the "Official Cocktail of Providence," The Jeweler's Hammer, paying homage to the city's status as Costume Jewelry Capital of the World. It was unveiled at the largest jewelry convention and exposition in the world at the Providence Civic Center in the spring of 1979.
Bartender: Bryan Dolan
Cocktail: The Jeweler's Hamme
- 1 ½ oz Vodka
- 3 ½ oz White grape juice
- Liberal splash of soda water
- Fill a cup with ice, combine all ingredients, stir and garnish with a whole white grape.
"We wanted something totally unique and very New England," said Capriccio Owner Vincenzo Iemma. "After months of experimenting, our bartenders hit on white grape juice as the key ingredient … Nowhere was the ingredient found in any recipe in any of the bartender source books." Iemma said the Jeweler's Hammer owes part of its name to the "camouflaging effect of the white grape juice over the vodka. The cocktail is elegant, refreshing and makes a sparkling statement, just like a piece of fine jewelry."


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Better Than Bamboo is a company that provides exceptional eco-friendly products that are manufactured in an environmentally and ethically responsible way. The logo represents an abstract Palm leaf plate which is one of their main product.
Cookt is a website with food recipes and videos. This logo concept was a proposal that illustrates their message: online recipes and finding the fun in cooking.
Payset is an online bank , a future side project for jubiter.com . The brand identity is focused on the main brand messages: online bank, money transfer, exchange and the initial for Payset.
This dino logo was a proposal for a decking company. The 'n' letter was transformed into a dinosaur which stands on the word 'Decking" giving the idea of the quality and resistance of the deck.
Straffic is a private performance marketing network. The identity represents a combination of car traffic viewed from top, the digital world and the 'S' letter from the business name.
Sea Mammoth is a company that started as sock business called Mammoth Socks which evolved into a clothing and accessories business. The logo mark is a representation of a bold and abstract mammoth that can be easily printed and embroidered on clothing.
This clever Bench logo was made for a small business that makes custom starboard storage, benches and tables for boats. It is a simple logo type with a smart hint of a bench in the letter 'H'.
Make a drone is a company that sells disassembled drones that kids build at home. Their mission is to inspire the kids by educating them about science through hands-on, easy-to-make drone kits that they build and fly themselves. The hands give the idea of the building which is positioned in the shape of a drone. The 4 different colors give it a playful kids vibe.
Welt Concept is a creative web development agency based in Germany.
The word welt means world and that's why the logo illustrates a combination of an atom and a planet with the use of negative space.
Autentique is a document signing online platform. The initial letter mark has a file fold which interprets the idea of a document. This is used also separate as a logo mark.
Abstract and minimal unicorn logo with a custom type. The gradient used is representative for the rainbow colors which fit the unicorn idea.
Illustrative logo made for a fruit shipping company. It is a creative and playful combination of a banana and a boat/ship giving the idea of fruit shipping.
WpCrib is a blog website with WordPress resource for beginners & pros. Quality tips, tutorials, tricks, and interviews to build better WordPress sites.
Lighthouse logo concept created with the use of negative space and flat colors. The logo mark works perfectly well in colors as in one color.
Paper Plane Games is an online store for board games, The logo has a playful and adventurous feel by illustrating a pilot flying a paper plane.
This logo was made for a car dealership based in Kazakhstan.
It s a clever combination of a wolf head and a car in motion given by the use of negative space.
Proposal for a software creating business. Creative and simple mascot logo of an octopus that mimics curly brackets used in coding.


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A cross-sectional examination of the profile of chiropractors recruited to the Australian Chiropractic Research Network (ACORN): a sustainable resource for future chiropractic research
Adams, J., Peng, W., Steel, A., Lauche, R., Moore, C., Amorin-Woods, L. and Sibbritt, D. (2017) A cross-sectional examination of the profile of chiropractors recruited to the Australian Chiropractic Research Network (ACORN): a sustainable resource for future chiropractic research. BMJ Open, 7 (9). e015830.
Available under License Creative Commons Attribution Non-commercial.
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The Australian Chiropractic Research Network (ACORN) practice-based research network (PBRN) cohort was established to provide sustainable infrastructure necessary to address lack of rigorous investigation and to bridge the research-practice gap focused on chiropractic care for future years. This paper presents the profile of chiropractors recruited to the ACORN PBRN, a nationally representative sample of chiropractors working in Australia.
Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a cohort study of chiropractors in Australia.
All registered chiropractors in Australia were invited to participate in the ACORN study and those who completed a practitioner questionnaire and consent form were included in the PBRN cohort.
A total of 1680 chiropractors (36%) were recruited to the cohort database. The average age of the PBRN participants is 41.9 years and 63% are male. The vast majority of the PBRN participants hold a university degree.
General practitioners were identified as the most popular referral source for chiropractic care and low back pain and neck pain were the most common conditions â € often' treated by the PBRN chiropractors. The chiropractors in this PBRN cohort rated high velocity, low amplitude adjustment/manipulation/mobilisation as the most commonly used technique/method and soft tissue therapy as the most frequently employed musculoskeletal intervention in their patient management.
The ACORN PBRN cohort constitutes the largest coverage of any single healthcare profession via a national voluntary PBRN providing a sustainable resource for future follow-up. The ACORN cohort provides opportunities for further nested substudies related to chiropractic care, chiropractors, their patients and a vast range of broader healthcare issues with a view to helping build a diverse but coordinated research programme and further research capacity building around Australian chiropractic.
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[PHOTO GALLERY] To start season, girls ultimate plays with thrill
April 10, 2019
After returning for a second year, the Girls Ultimate Team is ready to grow. Last year was the team's first year of existence. In their first game of the season at the Randolph Campus on Historic Lang Field, the team defeated Cretin-Derham Hall with a final score of 10-3.
Senior and captain Elea Besse, who started playing ultimate frisbee last year, looks forward to improving as a team.
"It's super fun to have all the girls back from last year come back and remember their strengths from last year. And to continually build that team chemistry with them makes playing games and scrimmaging more fast pace and more competitive. But having new players is always fun too. Seeing them learn a new sport that takes all the positive energy and competitiveness from other sports makes me realize that's why I join ultimate," Besse said.
For her second year, junior and captain Libby Cohen feels ambitious for the season after this win.
"Our coaches always tell us that the way we're going to win is to have fun. And I think we did that last night as we put forth our best effort, but we also had a lot of fun, and it really showed and we pulled through with a win," she said.


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In 2015, Bloodstrike emerged as one of the most exciting and promising new death metal acts with In Death We Rot. The album took the sound pioneered by Swedish titans like Grave and Dismember, and added extra servings of vocal ferocity and rhythmic punches to the skull. On October 13, Redefining Darkness Records will release the band's second album, Execution of Violence, which promises a more atmospheric take on the Denver band's take on HM-2-pedaled brutality.
Holly Wedel is the band's lead singer, and has sung for other Denver-area bands Torrid Flesh and Nexhymn. In the interview below, she talks about how Bloodstrike came together, forged their style, and plans for the near future. While you're reading, be sure to check out "Creeper" below, off of Execution of Violence:
For those readers who don't know much about Bloodstrike, how did your band come together?
For about as long as I've know Jeff (Jeff Alexis, guitarist) we've always talked about starting an old school Death Metal band, and we finally had the chance to in 2013. Before we even started writing we decided to ask Joe. He is a friend from the scene and we felt he was a prefect fit. After that we found Ryan online. He was giving drum lessons and we asked him if he had any students that would fit and he said he wanted to do it. We all get along great and work together well.
What drew you to create death metal in the style you play? Was it a desire to pay tribute to the classic sounds, or perhaps a way to create your own spin on something?
I've listened to death metal and extreme metal my whole life so it was natural for me to play something heavy. I've always played in brutal bands. And yes it was my desire to play in the old school Swedish vein. Unleashed have always been a favorite along with Grave and Dismember. While we worship those classic sounds I think we've put our own spin on this genre while staying true to that chainsaw style.
I was a big fan of In Death We Rot. What can I and other fans expect with Execution of Violence?
This album is a heavier and darker album. Both musically and lyrically, the new album has an essence of what we've become as a band. We've become a better and tighter band since the first album. I've gone further with my songwriting and lyrical content. We took our time writing this album, making sure it portrays who we are as a band.
As the vocalist, do you mainly contribute lyrics, or do you like to provide advice/guidance on where a song goes, musically speaking?
Yes I write all the lyrics. I spend time reading and researching fucked up ass people and events. It's something I enjoy doing. It's intriguing to me to learn about certain types of things that go on in the world, it's educational. When the guys write the music I get a certain feeling from how the song feels to me. I get my inspiration to write the lyrics from those feelings.
Does Bloodstrike have any touring plans coming up for this year?
Yes we do, we're stoked to be releasing our second album on the day our tour starts. We play in Denver on Friday October 13th and then head south for a couple weeks with our friends Forceps. We stop in Albuquerque to play with Suspended which will kick ass. We were also recently asked to play Denver Death fest in late October. That might be it for the year but we're talking about getting out of the country for a few shows next year so stay tuned.
You can pre-order Execution of Violence through Redefining Darkness.