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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article
Sec. Food Chemistry
Effects of High Temperature Frying of Spinach Leaves in Sunflower Oil on Carotenoids, Chlorophylls, and Tocopherol Composition
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
Spinach is one of the highly consumed vegetable, with significant nutritional, and beneficial properties. This study revealed for the first time, the effects of high temperature frying on the carotenoids, chlorophylls, and tocopherol contents of spinach leaves. Spinach leaves were thermally processed in the sunflower oil for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min at 250°C. Reversed phase HPLC-DAD results revealed a total of eight carotenoids, four chlorophylls and α-tocopherol in the spinach leaves. Lutein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and β-carotene-5,6-epoxide were the major carotenoids, while chlorophyll a and b' were present in higher amounts. Frying of spinach leaves increased significantly the amount of α-tocopherol, β-carotene-5,6-epoxide, luteoxanthin, lutein, and its Z-isomers and chlorophyll b' isomer. There was significant decrease in the amounts of neoxanthin, violaxanthin, chlorophyll b, b' and chlorophyll a with increase of frying time. The increase of frying time increased the total phenolic contents in spinach leaves and fried sunflower oil samples. Chemical characteristics such as peroxide values, free fatty acids, conjugated dienes, conjugated trienes, and radical scavenging activity were significantly affected by frying, while spinach leaves increased the stability of the frying oil. This study can be used to improve the quality of fried vegetable leaves or their products at high temperature frying in food industries for increasing consumer acceptability.
Frying of foods is one of the traditional methods of food preparation. Frying is usually carried out in edible oils or fats as medium of choice. During frying triglycerides components of the oil or fats are oxidized at varying degree and are degraded (Aniolowska et al., 2016). The primary products formed are oxidized triglycerides (Zeb, 2015), which upon further oxidation produces secondary oxidation compounds such as various aldehydes and ketones. These oxidized products are toxic and have been found to negatively contributing to the quality of foods. However, it has been found recently that phenolic compounds present in the frying medium trap these toxic aldehyde and thus reduces toxicity (Zamora et al., 2016). It is thus important that some natural antioxidants should be present or may be retained in order to decrease toxicity during frying (Sunil et al., 2015). Both natural and synthetic antioxidants when heated at frying temperature could protect against the oxidative stress in the obese individuals (Perez-Herrera et al., 2013). Tomato products (Zeb and Haq, 2016), sea buckthorn products (Zeb and Ullah, 2015) and plant leaf extracts (Esposto et al., 2015) were used as good scavenging agents for decreasing toxic properties in in vivo or in vitro model systems. Vegetable leaves are of the special interest in food preparation.
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a green leafy vegetable widely consumed in food preparation or as a food itself. Spinach contributes to several properties of the foods such as chemical, rheological, nutritional as well as sensory characteristics of the food (Khan et al., 2015). Spinach leaves are rich in carotenoids such as lutein and β-carotene. The composition of major carotenoids such as lutein ranges from 37 to 53 μg/kg, neoxanthin from 10 to 22 μg/kg, violaxanthin ranged from 9 to 23 μg/kg, while β-carotene contents are present in the range of 18–31 μg/kg (Bunea et al., 2008). In vitro digestion revealed an increase in the liberation of carotenoids especially lutein and β-carotene (Eriksen et al., 2016). Spinach powder was used as natural food grade antioxidants for the preparation in deep fried products (Lee et al., 2002). However, thermal treatment and high pressure produce changes in color and chemical attributes of an oil based spinach sauce (Medina-Meza et al., 2015). There is a lack of information about the changes in the carotenoids, chlorophylls, and its interactions with lipid oxidation during deep frying of vegetable leaves such as spinach. This study was therefore aimed for the first time to evaluate the interactions of lipid oxidation and changes in the pigment contents during frying of spinach leaves in sunflower oil.
Materials and Methods
Chemicals and Reagents
Lutein, β-carotene, chlorophyll a, BHT, and methanol were from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). MTBE and ammonium acetate was purchased from Daejung Chemicals (Daejung, Korea). Ultrapure deionized double distilled water was prepared using Labtech distillation system (Namyangju, South Korea). All other chemicals and reagents were of analytical HPLC standard with highest purity. Luteoxanthin and mutatoxanthin standard was prepared from violaxanthin by acidification and subsequent TLC as reported previously (Gallardo-Guerrero et al., 2013). Similarly, lutein isomers were prepared using thermal stress and subsequent purification with TLC (Kimura and Rodriguez-Amaya, 2002).
Sample Collection and Preparation
Indigenous fresh leaves of the Spinacia oleracea (oriental spinach) were collected from the local market in Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The sample (1.0 kg) was randomly sampled from the open air marketed shelf. The latitude, longitude of sampling area is 34.65° and 72.033° and altitude of 2,288 ft. Fried and unfried spinach leaves were grinded during day light and control conditions to avoid further oxidation of carotenoid contents.
Frying of Leaves
The leaves were washed and cut into several pieces with dimension of 1 cm in length from all sides for the equal effects of heat processing. Representative samples of spinach leaves (200 g) were fried in sunflower oil (500 g) heated to the temperature of 250°C continuously for 15, 30, 45, and 60 min in laboratory open fryer. The unheated sample was taken as control. The selection of timing was based on the level of frying leaves in terms of visual color changes, while temperature was the one commonly used in Pakistan for street food frying, and mimicking the high temperature processing (pre-heating) in food industries (Weber et al., 2008). Each fried leaves and oil samples were collected in caped glass tubes and stored in refrigerator at −20°C till analysis.
Extraction of Carotenoids
Carotenoids extraction was carried out using the method from the recent work (Zeb, 2017). Sample processing and extractions were carried out under daylight, the mild nitrogen environment in a closed fume hood at 25°C, and in the absence of pressurized air, sunlight and high temperature. Briefly, one gram of fried and unfried grinded spinach paste was mixed with ice cold acetone (5 mL) and vortex for 60 min. Then 10 mL of absolute ice cold ethanol containing 0.1% BHT was added and again vortex for 30 min. The extractions were repeated until discoloration of spinach leaves. The solvent was evaporated under vacuum at 35°C. The residue was dissolved in to HPLC solvent (2 mL) and filtered using Agilent PFTE syringe filters (0.45 μm) and transferred into HPLC vials. Standard calibration curves of α-tocopherol, β-carotene epoxide, violaxanthin, lutein, its Z-isomers, and chlorophyll a were prepared for quantitative analyses. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) calculated from the standard curves were 0.4, 0.7, 0.9, 0.8, 0.05, 0.08, 0.31, 0.08 ng, and 2.5, 1.3, 1.6, 2.1, 1.1, 1.3, 2.0, 2.2 ng, for tocopherol, β-carotene epoxide, violaxanthin, luteoxanthin lutein, 9-Z-lutein, 9′-Z-lutein, and chlorophyll a, respectively.
Carotenoids, chlorophylls and α-tocopherol were separated using a reversed phase HPLC system. The HPLC system (Agilent 1,260 Infinity Better) was equipped with quaternary pump, degasser, auto-sampler, and diode array detector. The column was an Agilent rapid resolution column (Agilent Zorbax Eclipse C18, Agilent Technologies, Waldbronn, Germany) with the specification of 4.6 × 100 mm, 3.5 μm maintained at 25°C. The tertiary gradient system consists of solvent A as methanol: deionized water (92: 8, v/v) with 10 mM ammonium acetate, solvent B was deionized water containing 0.01 mM and solvent C was MTBE (100%) (Zeb, 2017). The flow rate was fixed at 1 mL/min and injection volume was 50 μL. The gradient program was started with 80% A, 18% B, and 2% C. At 3 min the gradient was 80% A, 12% B and 8% C, which reached 65% A, 5% B with 30% C. The gradient then finally reached 60:0:40 (A:B:C)% at 40 min with post gradient elution of 10 min for recovery of the initial gradient. The spectra were recorded in the range of 190–750 nm and the chromatograms were obtained at 450 nm using OpenLab Chemstation software (Agilent Technologies, Germany). The identification of carotenoids, chlorophylls, and α-tocopherol were based on either the available standards, their retention times, or by comparing the absorption spectra reported in the literature. The identified compounds was quantified from the peak area using respective calibrations and represented as mg/100 g of the fresh weight basis.
Lipid Peroxidation
Lipid peroxidation was studied using a validated spectrophotometric method described recently (Zeb and Ullah, 2016) as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Briefly lipid peroxidation products were extracted from the oil and leaves (1 g) samples using glacial acetic acid. The extract (1 mL) was mixed with 1 mL of thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reagent. The mixture was shaken for 1 h at 95°C. The absorbance of the room cooled mixture was measured at 532 nm in triplicates. The TBARS was measured as μmol/g of the sample.
Chemical Characteristics of Oil
Chemical characteristics such as peroxide values, free fatty acids, conjugated dienes, and trienes of the fried and unfried sunflower oil samples were measured using standard AOCS methods (Firestone, 1998).
Total Phenolic Contents
Extraction of phenolic compounds was carried out using methanol-water (50:50, v/v) from 1 g of the test sample. Total phenolic contents (TPC) of the oil and spinach leaf samples were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) reagent with optimized procedure as reported recently (Zeb and Rahman, 2017). Briefly, the sample extracts were mixed with 2 mL FC reagents and 2 mL Na2CO3 (7.5%) and incubated for 1 h. The absorbance of the samples were measured at 765 nm against the blank. The TPC was measured as mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per 100 g of sample against the standard calibration curve of gallic acid.
Data Analyses
The data obtained was analyzed for statistical significance using one way analyses of variance with the help of Sigma-plot version 13.0.0 trial version 2014, (Systat Software, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA) for windows with post hoc Tukey test.
Results and Discussion
Pigment Composition of Spinach Leaves
Figure 1 showed a good separation and identification of 13 pigment compounds with details as given in Table 1. Peak 1 was identified from the standard compound as α-tocopherol with λmax of 292 nm. Tang et al. (2005) showed that spinach leaves and vegetables supply significant amounts of tocopherol. Peak 2 was identified as β-carotene-5,6-epoxide from the standard compound prepared from the oxidation of β-carotene (Zeb, 2012). Peak 3 was found to be all-E-neoxanthin with λmax of 466, 436, and 416 nm. This compound was identified from the work of Minguez-Mosquera et al. (1992). Similarly, peak 4 was identified as all-E-violaxanthin λmax of 470, 440, and 416 nm from the standard compound. All-E-violaxanthin has strong photo-protective role in the leaf by transferring electron or energy from the chlorophylls to zeaxanthin (Pfündel and Bilger, 1994). The amount of violaxanthin was less (5.15 mg/100 g) than reported in a Belgium spinach variety (9–23 mg/100 g; Bunea et al., 2008). Luteoxanthin was identified as peak 5 with λmax of 448, 422, and 398 nm and elution time of 10.9 min. Compound 6 was found to be mutatoxanthin with λmax of 452, 424, and 400 nm. Lutein was eluted at the retention time of 14.5 min with characteristics λmax of 472, 446, and 422 nm. The amount of lutein was higher (19.1 mg/100 g) than reported recently in the Slovenian spinach variety (5–15 mg/100 g; Simonovska et al., 2013). Two 9-trans isomers of lutein i.e., 9-Z-lutein and 9′-Z-lutein were also present in <2 mg/100 g and were identified as peak 8 and 9 respectively. Peak 10–13 were chlorophyll b, b' and its isomer and chlorophyll a. Among the chlorophylls, a high amount (19.3 mg/100 g) of chlorophyll a was present, followed by chlorophyll b' with concentration of 15.6 mg/100 g. Chlorophylls are photo-synthetic pigments and are present in large amounts in vegetable leaves. The results of the present study reported a lower amounts of total chlorophylls in Indian spinach leaves than reported by Singh (2016). The author showed that phytochemical level in the spinach can be increased by foliar spraying of chitosan treatment. Thus, chitosan treatment, variety, location and uses of direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) may be the reasons of difference in the phytochemical composition. It was suggested that the real time mass spectrometry analyses can provide a plus point to this study, which will help to determine the exact structure of chlorophyll isomer and several un-identified compounds detected.
Figure 1. A representative HPLC-DAD chromatograms of Spinach leaves at 450 nm. (A) Unfried samples, (B) Fried samples of 60 min. The details identification is given at Table 1.
Effects of Frying on Carotenoids Contents
Table 2 shows that significant (p < 0.01) increase occurred in the amounts of α-tocopherol with an increase in heat treatment time. Tocopherol is a strong natural antioxidant, which stabilizes frying oils (Aladedunye, 2014). The increase stability of sunflower oil may be due to the presence of tocopherol in spinach leaves as well as in the sunflower oil. Similarly, a significant (p < 0.01) increase was also observed in the concentration of β-carotene-5,6-epoxide from 1.44 to 6.64 mg/100 g of the control to 60 min of heat treatment. The formation of this epoxide is a well-known phenomenon during thermal treatment of β-carotene (Zeb, 2012). Epoxy carotenoids are more stable than carotenes during thermal stress model system (Hadjal et al., 2013). The increase in β-carotene-5,6-epoxide may thus be due to stability and increased formation from β-carotene. All-E-neoxanthin (2.62 mg/100 g) increased significantly (p < 0.05) at 15 min of thermal treatment and significantly reduced to 1.27 mg/100 g during 30 and remained stable till 45 min of treatment. A significant increase occurred and reached to 2.18 mg/100 g during 60 min of treatment. All-E-violaxanthin decreased significantly (p < 0.01) from 5.15 to 0.78 mg/100 g at control and 60 min treatment respectively. The decrease of violaxanthin was highly correlated with increase of luteoxanthin amounts. Similarly, mutatoxanthin increased at 15 min, but was found to decline significantly (p < 0.01) with increase of thermal treatment.
Table 2. Effects of frying on the carotenoids, chlorophylls, and α-tocopherol contents in Spinach leaves in sunflower oil at 250°C.
All-E-lutein was 19.1 mg/100 g and significantly (p < 0.001) increased to 37.5, 44.2, 47.8, and 50.0 mg/100 g corresponding to 15, 30, 45, and 60 min of thermal treatment respectively. These results are in contrast to the results of Arnold et al. (2014), who showed that heat treatment reduced lutein contents in spinach leaves. This may be due to the liberation of lutein from protein or lipid bound form to free lutein, as in the current work, the separation has not detected exactly the ester of lutein. It was also possible that lutein from oil medium enters the leave matrix and contributed to the increased amounts. Eriksen et al. (2016) showed that in vitro digestion of spinach liberate carotenoids especially lutein and β-carotene. Similarly, the 9-Z-isomers of lutein also increased significantly (p < 0.01) with increase of thermal treatment. This confirms the hypothesis that lutein from bound form contributed to the unbound as well its isomer formation.
The amount of chlorophyll b and b' decreased significantly with increase of thermal treatment. Chlorophyll b initially increased to 3.14 mg/100 g from its control values of 2.1 mg/100 g and then reduced significantly (p < 0.01) to 0.13 mg/100 g at 60 min of thermal treatment. Chlorophyll b' isomers decreased initially to 2.05 mg/100 g at 15 min from 2.61 mg/100 g of the control values and reached 3.61 mg/100 g at 60 min of thermal treatment. There is a positive correlation between the increase of chlorophyll b' isomers and decrease of chlorophyll b and b' contents, which suggests their degradation to its chlorophyll b' isomer. Previous studies (Teng and Chen, 1999) showed that pyrochlorophylls and their derivatives were produced during heating. Thus, it is possible that the isomer of chlorophylls may be pyrochlorophyll, which need further investigation using mass spectrometry to confirm.
Effects of Frying on Total Phenolic Contents
Figure 2 showed the changes in the total phenolic contents of frying oil and spinach leaves fried at 250°C. The TPC of the unfried spinach leaves was 585.6 mg/g of GAE, which increased significantly (p < 0.05) till 45 min of frying, while a significant decrease was observed at 60 min (1075.5 mg/g GAE). In case of frying oil, TPC increased significantly at 45 and 60 of frying, however, the amount of TPC in oil was very small as compared to the spinach leaves. In a study of Turkmen et al. (2005), the TPC in the spinach showed an increase retention with different cooking methods. The initial increase may be due to the liberation of phenolic compounds from the leave matrix. The decrease of TPC at 60 min of frying may be due to the degradation of phenolic compounds as well as leaching to the frying medium. Ismail et al. (2004), showed that TPC significantly decreased in the water boiled spinach, cabbage, kale and shallots leaves. The authors suggested that the degradation of phenolic compounds during boiling may be reason of loss in TPC. In case of sunflower oil, the TPC decreased significantly (p < 0.05) at 15 min and increased further with increase of frying time. The increase in the TPC was highly correlated (R2 = 0.8435) with a decrease in the TBARS values of the sunflower oil. The present results are in agreement with the Silva et al. (2001), who showed that the addition of phenolic compounds increased the stability of sunflower oil. These authors showed that caffeic acid derivatives showed an increase in the stability of sunflower oil than α-tocopherol. The present results indicate that during frying of spinach leaves, increase in the TPC occurred in the sunflower oil, which may be responsible for the increase in stability and decrease in the lipid peroxidation. Thus, spinach or spinach containing products may contribute to the increase in the stability of frying oils.
Figure 2. Changes in the total phenolic contents (TPC) during frying of spinach leaves at 250°C in sunflower oil. Different letters (a–d) in the same bars represents significance at (p < 0.05) of n = 5. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of replicate readings. The error bars in each column represent its corresponding SD values.
Effects of Frying on Chemical Characteristics of Oil
Lipid peroxidation was determined using TBARS produced during frying with values as shown in the Figure 3. Sunflower oil and spinach leaves have a TBARS values of 0.81 and 0.51 μmol/g respectively. A significant increase was observed in the TBARS values at 15 min of frying at 250°C to 18.45 and 4.59 μmol/g in oil and spinach leaves respectively. A significant (p < 0.05) increase occurred in the TBARS values in the fried leaf samples, which is in accordance with the reported literature that thermal treatment increase TBARS contents (Domínguez et al., 2014). The strongest correlation in the TBARS values with increasing frying time was a clear indicator that TBARS contents of the oil was assimilated in the leaf matrix. Thus, it is important to minimize the TBARS contents in the fried foods.
Figure 3. Changes in the TBARS values during frying of spinach leaves at 250°C in sunflower oil. Different letters (a-e) in the same bars represents significance at (p < 0.05) of n = 5. Values are expressed as mean ± SD of replicate readings. The error bars in each column represent its corresponding SD-values.
In order to understand the interactions of lipid oxidation during frying of vegetable leaves, it is imperative to evaluate the chemical characteristics of frying oil. Four quality parameters, i.e., peroxide values (PV), free fatty acids (FFA), conjugated dienes (CD) and trienes values (CT) of the frying oils were determined. Figure 4A showed the changes in the PV of the sunflower oil during frying of the spinach leaves at 250°C. Peroxide values increased significantly (p < 0.05) of the control (2.30 meq/kg) to 30.65 meq/kg of the 60 min of frying. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference between the PV-values of 30 and 45 min of frying. The results are in agreement with the previous findings (Zeb and Murkovic, 2013; Ramadan, 2015). The non-significant changes during 30 and 45 min may be due to the increased availability of carotenoids and phenolic compounds in the system. The increase of TBARS in the leaves samples was highly correlated (R2 = 0.9599) with the increase in the peroxide values of oil. This suggests an accumulation of oxidized species of triacylglycerols such as hydro-peroxides, hydroxides, and epoxides in fried oil, enters the spinach leaves matrix and oxidized further to form secondary lipid peroxidation products.
Figure 4. Changes in the chemical characteristics of sunflower oil during frying of spinach leaves at 250°C. (A) Peroxide value of oils, (B) Conjugated dienes, trienes and free fatty acids of oils, and (C) Radical scavenging activity. Different letters (a-d) in the same bars represents significance at (p < 0.05) of n = 5 measurements. Values are expressed as mean ± SD of replicate readings. The error bars in each column represent its corresponding SD-values.
Figure 4B showed that changes in the CD, CT, and FFA-values of fried sunflower oil samples. The CD-values increased significantly at 15 min of frying with no significant difference till 45 min of frying. A significant increase in the CD-values of the sunflower oil was obtained at 60 min of frying. Similar observations were also reported in the CT and FFA-values. Ramadan (2013) showed that CD and CT-values of sunflower oil increased with increase frying time, which was also the case in our work. The non-significant difference in the CD and CT-values may be due to the presence of natural antioxidants in the sunflower oil and spinach leaves. Natural antioxidants from the plant sources were good scavengers of free radicals that stabilize FFA, CD and CT-values of fats and oils (Aladedunye, 2014). This suggests that antioxidants such as carotenoids and tocopherol (Table 1) in the spinach leaves contributed toward the control formation of secondary lipid peroxidation products in sunflower oil during frying.
Figure 4C revealed the changes in the radical scavenging activity (RSA) of the spinach leaves and sunflower oil samples. The RSA-values of the spinach leaves showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease with respect to the increase in the frying time. There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the RSA-values after frying at 15 min, but had no significant effects on increasing the frying time. The non-significant effects of frying time may be due to the increase in the phenolic and carotenoid contents, which are leached to the sunflower oil during frying. The addition of phenolic compounds or carotenoids extend the stability of the oil toward thermal stress (Esposto et al., 2015). These results indicated for the first time, that spinach leaves when fried in sunflower oil at high temperature, the stability of the oil increased due to the leaching of phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Thus, foods products comprising of spinach and edible oil when prepared at relatively high temperature may retain important phytochemicals.
The study presented the effects of high temperature frying of spinach leaves on the carotenoids, chlorophylls and α-tocopherol for the first time. Spinach leaves revealed eight carotenoids, four chlorophylls and α-tocopherol. Lutein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin and β-carotene-5,6-epoxide, chlorophyll a and b' were present in higher amounts. Frying of spinach leaves increased significantly the amount of α-tocopherol, β-carotene-5,6-epoxide, luteoxanthin, lutein, and its Z-isomers and chlorophyll b' isomer. Significant decrease in the amounts of neoxanthin, violaxanthin, chlorophyll b, b' and chlorophyll a occurred with the increase of frying time. The increase of frying time increased the total phenolic contents in spinach leaves and fried sunflower oil samples. Chemical characteristics of sunflower oil such as peroxide, free fatty acid, conjugated dienes, conjugated trienes, and radical scavenging activity were significantly affected by frying and the presence of spinach leaves had a positive role in oil stability. This study can be used to improve the quality of fried vegetable leaves or their products at high temperature frying in food industries for consumer acceptability.
Author Contributions
The work is part of the project financed to AZ, who designed the experiments, carried out HPLC analysis and interpretation, PN collected samples, did rest of the experiments, AZ interpret results and wrote the paper.
The authors are highly grateful for the financial assistant by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan under National Research Program for Universities (NRPU), project No. 2344.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Turkmen, N., Sari, F., and Velioglu, Y. S. (2005). The effect of cooking methods on total phenolics and antioxidant activity of selected green vegetables. Food Chem. 93, 713–718. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.12.038
Weber, J., Bochi, V. C., Ribeiro, C. P., Victório, A. d. M., and Emanuelli, T. (2008). Effect of different cooking methods on the oxidation, proximate and fatty acid composition of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) fillets. Food Chem. 106, 140–146. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.05.052
Zamora, R., Aguilar, I., Granvogl, M., and Hidalgo, F. J. (2016). Toxicologically relevant aldehydes produced during the frying process are trapped by food phenolics. J. Agric. Food Chem. 64, 5583–5589. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02165
Zeb, A. (2012). Oxidation and formation of oxidation products of β-carotene at boiling temperature. Chem. Phys. Lipids 165, 277–281. doi: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.02.005
Zeb, A. (2015). Chemistry and liquid chromatography methods for the analyses of primary oxidation products of triacylglycerols. Free Radic. Res. 49, 549–564. doi: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1022540
Zeb, A. (2017). A simple, sensitive HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of carotenoids, chlorophylls and α-tocopherol in leafy vegetables. J. Food Meas. Characterization. doi: 10.1007/s11694-017-9472-y. [Epub ahead of print].
Zeb, A., and Haq, I. (2016). The protective role of tomato powder in the toxicity, fatty infiltration and necrosis induced by oxidized tallow in rabbits. J. Food Biochem. 40, 428–435. doi: 10.1111/jfbc.12234
Zeb, A., and Murkovic, M. (2013). Pro-oxidant effects of β-carotene during thermal oxidation of edible oils. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 90, 881–889. doi: 10.1007/s11746-013-2221-4
Zeb, A., and Rahman, S. U. (2017). Protective effects of dietary glycine and glutamic acid toward the toxic effects of oxidized mustard oil in rabbits. Food Funct. 8, 429–436. doi: 10.1039/C6FO01329E
Zeb, A., and Ullah, F. (2016). A simple spectrophotometric method for the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in fried fast foods. J. Anal. Methods Chem. 2016, 5. doi: 10.1155/2016/9412767
Zeb, A., and Ullah, S. (2015). Sea buckthorn seed oil protects against the oxidative stress produced by thermally oxidized lipids. Food Chem. 186, 6–12. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.03.053
Keywords: carotenoids, chlorophylls, spinach leaves, frying, HPLC-DAD, leafy vegetables
Citation: Zeb A and Nisar P (2017) Effects of High Temperature Frying of Spinach Leaves in Sunflower Oil on Carotenoids, Chlorophylls, and Tocopherol Composition. Front. Chem. 5:19. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00019
Received: 25 December 2016; Accepted: 06 March 2017;
Published: 22 March 2017.
Edited by:Dejian Huang, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Reviewed by:Michael Erich Netzel, University of Queensland, Australia
Uma Devi Palanisamy, Monash University, Malaysia
Copyright © 2017 Zeb and Nisar. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Alam Zeb, firstname.lastname@example.com


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I'm Perry Ann. A photographer, dog mom and professional bubble bath taker serving joyful clients for almost a decade. I began my business when I was just 18 years old, and now I want to share what i am up to from my home in Macon, GA!
One of my FAVORITE things to talk about is senior posing. Posing in front of the camera can be SO overwhelming, especially at the beginning of your session, and I love being able to share what I've learned in order to ease the nerves of some of my Seniors. Some of the questions I get […]
When choosing your wedding photographer, take care in selecting someone you feel understands you - someone who will document all your most precious moments, stolen glances, laughter or tears in instances when people are so present they forget they're being photographed. Find someone that speaks to you on both a personal & emotional level. This is so important because, when the vows are committed, the music is wrapping up, and the flowers have dried, what will still stay with you and last forever are your wedding images.
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Cette page regroupe l'ensemble des publications de Futuribles sur cette thématique (Vigie, revue, bibliographie, études, etc.)
Institutions - Société, modes de vie
American Theocracy. The Peril and Politics of Radical Religion, Oil and Borrowed Money in the 21st Century
Économie, emploi - Institutions
Quelle France en 2035 ? Choisir aujourd'hui
Le BIPE a dégagé trois scénarios possibles en fonction des comportements des particuliers, des entreprises, de l'État et des institutions financières sur les 30 prochaines années - à environnement macroéconomique inchangé et croissance démographique constante. Pour cela, le BIPE a développé une « étoile du progrès », outil d'évaluation qui tient compte de critères économiques, mais aussi environnementaux, socio-économiques et de longévité : insertion des jeunes dans la vie active, prise en charge des périodes de dépendance, révolution du temps libre des ...
(482 more words)
Économie, emploi - Institutions
Pension Reform and the Development of Pension Systems : An Evaluation of World Bank Assistance
L'Agenda 2012 : 37 propositions pour une meilleure maîtrise de la dépense publique
Économie, emploi - Institutions
Les Fonds de pension. Entre protection sociale et spéculation financière
Économie, emploi - Institutions
La Machine à exclure. Les faux-semblants du retour à l'emploi
Institutions - Société, modes de vie
Le Descendeur social : enquête sur les milieux populaires
Institutions - Société, modes de vie
Quand la ville se défait. Quelle politique face à la crise des banlieues ?
Économie, emploi - Institutions
The Untenable Rigidity of Public Expenditure in France
With the parliamentary debate on the French budget for 2006 in full swing, Alexandre Siné sets out the prerequisites for a proper understanding of the issues surrounding public expenditure. The topic is of course frequently aired in the media. But the questions of public finance are generally treated either by focusing on "totem" figures whose size is beyond the instinctive grasp of the normal person (a deficit of 46.8 billion euros - why not 60?) or by highly technical discussions (annexes to the main budget, Title III, etc.) that are meaningless to the man or woman in the street.
So we are very grateful to Alexandre Siné for giving us here an expert's analysis, focusing on a few crucial topics, that is easy to understand and essential for a genuine reflection about how much flexibility the French authorities will have in the future. Indeed, this article shows to what extent the national budget is shaped - aside from all the attempts to optimise it generated every year by the fertile imagination of the services of the finance ministry - by expenditures that "increase slowly but surely". This is fairly clear from the parliamentary voting mechanism that operated under rules set in 1959 whereby the "services votés" - i.e. the minimum amount that the government considers to be indispensable in order to maintain public services at the level of the previous year - were voted on as a whole, although they account for more than 90% of public expenditure.
Today, the 2001 "organic law" which applies to financial legislation (called LOLF) has altered this procedure. But simply applying this law will not do anything to change the salient fact affirmed by Alexandre Siné: that this structural rigidity in the national budget constitutes an abdication of political control, as every year parliament has less and less say in the financing of the central government, except to continue to sell off the state's assets as long as there are any to sell.
Public Futures Studies: Themes and Variations
In 2004 Futuribles, in partnership with the Aleph group of the French Commissariat général du Plan, launched a series of articles with the aim of enlightening readers about what is happening in other countries in the area of futures studies. Seven articles have been published, presenting the main national specialist bodies and the approach to strategic thinking guiding public decision-making in various countries (Germany, Japan, Sweden, South Africa, etc.).
To round out the series Bruno Hérault analyses the methods used in other countries: which topics are most commonly examined? How are they treated? What kind of lessons are learned? While being careful to avoid hasty benchmarking - whereby what works in one country is applied to another even though their situations are quite different - Bruno Hérault offers a fairly detailed comparative survey. Most countries undertake some form of futures studies (institutional, geographic, scientific, environmental or social); the topics studied vary depending on circumstances, but the same topics tend to crop up regularly on the agendas of specialist organizations and think-tanks.
Économie, emploi - Institutions
Conservatism versus Freedom. The Contribution of Amartya Sen
Winner of the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1998, Amartya Sen is known above all for his work on indicators of poverty and development which now form the basis of the international comparisons produced every year by the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) in its Human Development Report. One of his other main concerns is cultural freedom and the promotion of democracy - a universal value that he feels is too often monopolized by the West. André-Yves Portnoff knows Sen's work well and stresses here the contribution of his thinking in these two fields; he is delighted by the ethical rigour that the Indian scholar brings to his work.
Institutions - Ressources naturelles, énergie, environnement
Precaution and Democracy. A Short History of the CPRT
What a strange country France is, where the state claims to be the sole and exclusive embodiment of the common good and yet, as a result, it is incapable of tolerating the existence of independent agencies where discussions could take place that might challenge the rightness of public decision-making. Jean-Jacques Salomon provides yet another example, writing from his own experience as the President of the Collège de la prévention des risques technologiques (CPRT), set up by Michel Rocard when he was French Prime Minister.
Jean-Jacques Salomon starts by stating what he understands by the precautionary principle, which is all too frequently accused of paralysing the spirit of invention and innovation necessary for progress. He goes on to stress how important it is to have independent agencies capable of assessing advances in science and technology, given that the applications are, as we all know, becoming ever more ambivalent, their potential outcomes ranging from the best to the worst. Yet, as the former President of the CPRT argues, these agencies are misfits in the French political and institutional system, and the authorities therefore suspect them of wanting to hinder the projects drawn up by the orthodox civil service.
After explaining how the CPRT operated, illustrating his account with several particularly striking examples, Jean-Jacques Salomon describes how the Collège finally came to be closed down. In addition to this specific instance, he obviously also demonstrates clearly the French public authorities' desire to run everything their way without countenancing the slightest opposition, nor even accepting that their choices should be a matter for democratic debate, highly necessary though that is.
Économie, emploi - Institutions
Freedoms in the Arab World. On the Arab Human Development Report 2004
"The Arab World finds itself at a historical crossroads. Caught between oppression at home and violation from abroad, Arabs are increasingly excluded from determining their own future." So begins the cover blurb for UNDP's recent Arab Human Development Report 2004. Towards Freedom in the Arab World (New York: United Nations, 2005, 248 pp.).
Contrary to what some commentators might think, in particular given recent events in Lebanon, the Arab world is still far from embracing democratic principles as many wish that it would. For the moment, as Jean-Jacques Salomon argues in discussing the UNDP report, respect for basic freedoms is compromised in many Arab countries by dictatorship, authoritarian rule and their cultural heritage. Many lag behind in their respect for freedoms of various kinds and for human rights, but also with regard to female emancipation and improvements in education. Yet unless the Arab countries deal with these problems and institute "indigenous" democratic reforms, it is unlikely that a "renaissance of the Arab world" will ensue.
Reforming the Federal Administration in the United States. On the Volcker Report and its Critics
For several years now, the question of state reform has frequently been under discussion in France, where no government of any political party has been able to make real progress in this regard, as the mounting public deficit shows. Yet the topic is also in the news in countries that some commentators hold up as models, such as the United States.
As Thierry Vircoulon argues here, from a reading of two books on ways of reforming the US Federal administration recently published on the other side of the Atlantic (Urgent Business for America: Revitalizing the Federal Government for the 21st Century. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 2003, and High-Performance Government. Structure, Leadership, Incentives. Santa Monica: Rand Corporation, 2005), the problem of how to reorganize what the Federal administration does, and how the many public agencies deliver their services, has been under examination for some years now in the US. The debate about methods of public management, finding ways of improving performance using criteria normally applied in the private sector, benchmarking, etc., is sometimes very similar to the discussion of these subjects in France. It has been given a further boost since 9/11 since the concern with security implies certain changes and a renewed reliance on the state.
France under Chloroform
An exasperated cry from Michel Drancourt, bemoaning the fact that France too often blames the European Union for the country's inability to make the changes that are now necessary - especially reform of the public administration.
When "Civil Society" Enters Politics - Books by Francis Mer and Luc Ferry, two Former French Ministers
Against the background of economic problems in France that have now persisted for several decades and that no government of any political complexion has managed to solve satisfactorily - as was shown at the end of February 2005 when the unemployment rate once again rose above the worrying threshold of 10% of the economically active population - the appointment to the French government in June 2002 of two ministers who were not professional politicians raised the hopes of some commentators.
With the arrival of Francis Mer - previously chief executive of the firm Usinor - and Luc Ferry - a philosopher and writer - "civil society" entered the world of political decision-makers. Would this be a more effective way of undertaking reforms and explaining them to voters? Unfortunately, less than two years later, both men were let go in circumstances that left them puzzled and led them, some months later, to examine their experiences as non-elected appointees surrounded by professional politicians who were constantly worried about their media image since the prospect of elections was never far away.
Michel Drancourt has read both books - Vous, les politiques... (You, the Politicians), Paris: Albin Michel, 2005; Comment peut-on être ministre? Essai sur la gouvernabilité des démocraties (How to be a Minister? Essay on the Governability of Democracies), Paris: Plon, 2005 - for Futuribles. Here he presents the main ideas and expresses some concerns about the efficiency of the French style of government.
The European Constitution. Its Source, Virtues and Weaknesses
Less than two months before the referendum vote on the European Constitution in France, the political debate has begun, muddling principles, presentation and plenty of other issues that have little relevance to the question being asked. The French voter has good reason to be concerned about many topics, such as a stagnant economy, rising unemployment (in France as in Germany), relocation of manufacturing abroad. It has not helped matters that every time there has been a change of government, the main political parties (in particular the Centre-Right Union pour la majorité présidentielle and the socialist party) have not hesitated to blame "Europe" or globalization for all the problems that they have not been able to deal with themselves.
Now that the European Union has been enlarged to 25 members for almost a year and after a decade of institutional problems, the ratification of the Constitution agreed by the member states is a big step. The main French political parties are well aware of this and are urging a "yes" vote, but this "yes" is blighted by internal quarrels and disagreements that help to confuse the issues.
Robert Toulemon is President of the Association française d'études pour l'Union européenne and an acknowledged expert on the subject. Here he tries to bring the debate back to the basic issue: the Constitution itself, and not the political and socio-economic context in which it is being presented to French voters. He offers a detailed and balanced analysis of the text: its source, the areas where it makes (or might make) advances, but also the lacunae and weaknesses that exist and that a more federalist approach might well have avoided. His position, which is amazingly balanced, coming from a committed European, should not deceive us: how France votes in the referendum will have a decisive impact on the future of the European Union and the role that it will play in global affairs. There is no doubt that a setback now would be fatal.
CR table ronde
Institutions - Recherche, sciences, techniques - Ressources naturelles, énergie, environnement
Protocole de Kyoto : l'enjeu de la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre
En guise d'introduction, Hugues de Jouvenel a rappelé que nous étions à la veille de l'entrée en vigueur du protocole de Kyoto (il est entré en application le mercredi 16 février 2005 dans les 127 pays du monde l'ayant ratifié). L'expertise de Pierre Radanne, a-t-il souligné, s'avère donc tout à fait bienvenue pour nous en éclairer les enjeux.
Institutions - Population - Société, modes de vie
No More Smacking?
Futures studies should not be content merely with conducting high-level "macro" analyses but should also be concerned with revealing trends that affect people as individuals. It is therefore extremely important to be able to develop foresight techniques related to everyday life, so as to highlight via particular facts or ideas the changes taking place in the way we live and what they reveal. This article by Julien Damon is a perfect example of such an effort to apply foresight to daily life. It looks at an apparently banal topic - smacking - and shows how modern attitudes to smacking reflect a real shift in approaches to bringing up children and in respect for their rights and freedoms.
The author begins with a brief survey of laws against corporal punishment of children in different countries. He outlines the debates on this issue that stirred up public opinion in Canada and the United Kingdom, and then discusses the French situation.
He goes on to present the arguments used by those in favour of anti-smacking legislation, especially in the United States and France. He notes the growth of a major lobby in France to alert parliamentarians to the problem of corporal punishment within the family.
Finally, Damon argues that this mobilization of opinion reflects major changes in society and in the family: although corporal punishment has clearly been on the decline for several decades, there is now a move to prohibit it by law. Beyond the debate about authority versus liberty, it is also a matter of whether people want a society based on trust or on legal norms.
Institutions - Société, modes de vie
« Jusqu'où ira la « judiciarisation » de la société ? »
Institutions - Société, modes de vie
Debate about the Risks of France Declining: the Camdessus Report
In May 2004, having made the revival of the economy and of employment its top priority, the French government (via the minister responsible for the economy at the time, Nicolas Sarkozy) asked Michel Camdessus (former head of the IMF and honorary governor of the Bank of France) to produce a report on the economic and financial outlook for France along with proposals for corresponding strategic policy options. Among other things, the report was also supposed to "shed some preliminary light on the structural obstacles hindering the dynamism" of the French economy.
The report, produced under the guidance of Michel Camdessus and drawing on contributions from about 20 experts with a wide variety of backgrounds, was handed over on 19 October 2004. Under the title Le Sursaut ("The Sudden Start"), it adopted a highly alarmist tone as to the prospects for the French economy: with the risk of failing to keep up, the lack of jobs, the growing debt, etc., it argued that the country is in a downward spiral and that swift action is needed in order to prevent it reaching rock bottom. The report then proposed a range of priority policy directions, in particular aimed at making the labour market more flexible, developing services, fostering education and research, etc.
The very pessimistic tone of the report and its perceived bias towards market forces generated controversy in France, with some commentators fearing that it might become the "Bible" of the current government. Futuribles here provides a platform for two economists with opposing views of the Camdessus Report: Michel Drancourt sees it as a "lucid" assessment of the state of France, whereas Gilles Cazes thinks that the prescription proposed is best forgotten.
Chapitre Institutions
Ce chapitre est extrait du Rapport Vigie 2016 de Futuribles International, qui propose un panorama structuré des connaissances et des incertitudes des experts que l'association a mobilisés pour explorer les évolutions des 15 à 35 prochaines années sur 11 thématiques.


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write #
Is there any way to control what control sequence is sent to a device when a "write #" is executed?
I have an application that establishes a banner at the top of the terminal window and when we do a "write #" the banner disappears. I need to be able to recreate the banner line as part of the screen clear.


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Hello ~fname~,
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10 hours
no cancellation
Begin the tour by meeting your driver or tour guide at your hotel lobby with a warm smile. You will be driven to the middle of Bali in Ubud village. There you can stop at the popular sacred monkey forest, where you will find around 700 Balinese long tailed macaques in wild. Walk along the 12,5 hectares forest as the perfect place for the healthy monkeys. Find three temples inside guarded by the monkeys live in harmony.
Next, drive to the north of Ubud to stop at the magical Tegalalang rice terrace to see the real traditional farmer activities in their daily activities. Not far from this area you will have a chance to visit traditional coffee plantation with its popular animal poo coffee.
Swing on a giant swing overlooking the haunted valley will be soon becoming your favorite activity. Make a unique picture for your social media feeds. Next, enjoy your included lunch with the jungle atmosphere.
After that, you will visit Tirta Empul a holy spring temple. You can see how Balinese people doing a holy blessing before they pray at the main temple. And your last stop is Tegenungan waterfall with a beautiful green surrounding make the area very fresh. Take a short walk to get closer to the waterfall or just see the view from the top hill.


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Aired 4 years ago - Nov 09, 2018
(The Smoke Seen in the Dream Now Rises) McGarrett investigates a cold case from the 1940s, one that his grandfather and the famous Honolulu detective Chang Apana worked on, and he tries to deduce how the case could have been solved. Also, McGarrett and Danny get ready for the opening of their restaurant.
Mouse over thumbnail for slideshow
Or scroll and see one by one:


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Boston Pizza has always been a favorite for me.
Tonight, BF and I ventured out to try out their promotional BP Bundle for $9.00! We were seated right away. The restaurant was full but luckily, there was an available table for us. We got this older Filipino server who would make funny comments like "What can I get for you, Boss?" or "It's dinner time."
BF ordered: Cup of Soup, Yam Fries & Creamy Spaghetti Bolognese. Two thumbs up for him. He likes his comfort foods.
I ordered: Tossed Garden Greens with Blue Cheese, Cactus Cut Potatoes & Panzerotti Roll. I really enjoyed my meal. The salad was good as it was already flavored with vinaigrette in addition to blue cheese I layered on for more flavor. The potatoes were like freshly deeped fried chips. There was a spicy punch to them that made my tongue burst in delight. For me I always like to try something different, what is a panzerotti roll? I decided to make a stab at it. It was like a pizza crusted roll filled with veggies, salami, pepperoni meat, and cheese. It was yummy and filling at the same time. So I recommend it!
Boston Pizza Unit Trust Fund trades on the Toronto Stock Exchange. I am a unit holder since May 2008. I receive a monthly distribution of $23. 35% gain since I bought into it. I'm really happy with this investment I made. Only thing I'm regretting is not buying more shares at that time.


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Ghost of Tsushima, Sony's last big first-party exclusive before the PlayStation 5 arrives later this year, is finally here.
Jin is able to find charms along the course of his journey, with each one offering buffs and potentially altering your playstyle. Here's how to get them and what they do.
Read More: Ghost of Tsushima: Release Date, Platforms, Trailers and Everything We Know
Ghost of Tsushima: Charms Guide
Charms are items that can be unlocked by honouring shrines and equipped within the "Gear" menu.
They come in four versions: Defense, Stealth, Utility or Offense.
As an example, the defensive charm "Charm of Okuninushi" helps Jin recover health while out of combat, while the utility charm "Charm of Unseen Respite" boosts Jin's health when using smoke bombs.
Experimenting with charms is key to taking on some of the game's tougher encounters.


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Sounds like your "30 ball" practice sessions are going well.
Remember to take what you learned and not let any Goodboys get into your head about your swing. I was at the driving range on Sunday after softball. I'm happy to say I was hitting them well. Taking your advice 3/4 backswing. You know what Doug? that 3/4 swing actually works because it cuts the chances of a slice or hook during the follow through. I think some instructors swear by it. I know the hole layouts are more narrow and not as long as the cape in N.H.? Which is I guess is good.
I will make a 3-day. scoreboard next week when I'm on vacation.
Take care and see you at the show.
P.S. Paula Creamer would be a great date!
Comment by Cubby — June 28, 2010 @ 8:35 pm
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In Your Light
In this original painting:
There is an undeniable boost one receives from sunlight in mid winter. This piece is from an uphill ski where the we couldn't help but smile back at the rays ... "In Your Light."
Thank you! You did good. By purchasing this piece you are supporting an artist AND a portion of your sale will go to Protect Our Winters (POW).
Read more about my process, inspirations and other daily paintings on my Instagram.
Medium: oil on stretched canvas.
Size: 6"(H) x 6"(L)
*This painting is unframed with dark painted edges.
Painted with only professional artist quality oil paints.
Signed on the back and front-2021 piece
Artist retains all reproduction rights and copyrights.
Copyright 2021 Carrie Pill
*Free shipping or local delivery!*
(I would love to deliver this piece if it's new home is within reasonable driving distance of Rutland, Vermont.)
Display pictures are a color reference only. Keep in mind that colors may vary slightly.


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Ball and Buck is a high-end outdoor shoe and clothing maker, and it's now celebrating driving adventures with the custom Jeep CJ-8 ARB Overland Edition. The company is offering a limited run of these rugged trucks. Pricing starts at $125,000, and orders require 6 to 12 months to deliver.
This custom Jeep CJ-8 Scrambler gets lots of equipment to make it a better off-roader, a lot of which comes from ARB. The brand supplies the front and rear air-locking differentials, an air compressor for willing the tires, snorkel intake, rack system, LED spotlights, propane tank storage area, extra water and fuel tanks.
Gallery: Ball and Buck Jeep CJ-8 Scrambler ARB Overland Edition
The vehicle also has custom steel bumpers with towing shackles at both ends. A Warn M8000 winch is at the front, and there's a reinforced trailer hitch at the tail. The roof rack also has floodlights pointing backward.
When it's time to camp or take a rest, an extending awning provides so shade. In the back, there's a dog cage for bringing your pup along.
The Jeep Trucks:
Buyers can select two powertrains. The standard option is GM's LMF 5.3-liter V8. It's part of the LS family of engines from vehicles like the 2010-2014 Chevrolet Express and GMC Savana half-ton vans. The other option is a Cummins R2.8 four-cylinder turbodiesel for an additional $45,000.
The CJ-8 debuted in 1981 as Jeep's entry into the small truck market. It used a stretched version of the CJ-7 chassis. Generally, there were four- and six-cylinder engine options, although a V8 was available only in 1981. Sales lasted until the 1986 model year.
Ball and Buck's CJ-8 is a neat rig but is for a very specific buyer who is looking for modern off-road ability with a classic look. Even if you're planning on getting a rugged rig, $125,000 is going to buy a whole lot of vehicle for the job.
Source: Ball and Buck


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Belgium's Van Acker (a member of both the Revolting Cocks and Mussolini Headkick, leader of the short-lived 3 Angry Poles, etc.) is one of the few members of the Chicago/Brussels industrial axis willing to display a gentle side. The cover of his first solo album (aka The Ship) shows him smoothly decked out like a character from Fassbinder's Querelle, and the grooves inside match the image — suave, continental, but slightly off-kilter Eurodisco with a certain quaint regard for listenability. Contributors include Anna Domino and Blaine Reininger. The 12-inch EP is a compilation of two Belgian singles, including a remix of the album's "Heart and Soul."
Luc Van Acker
See also: Mussolini Headkick


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Coin QuestAdd to Favorites
Saved to Favorites
Phone: (225) 308-1939
Professional Coin Grading Service
Numismatic Guaranty Corporation
International Society of Appraisers
Gemological Institute of America
American Gem Society
European Gemological Laboratory
Appraisers National Association
Appraisers Association of America
American Numismatic Society
Better Business Bureau
Trey was very helpful and knowledgeable about the currencies we discussed. He'll help you with all your needs!
Trey is absolutely amazing. He knows exactly what he doing. He makes sure you get what came for. I recommend Coin Quest to everyone!!!
It was a five star experience at Coon Quest. Trey was knowledgeable about the coins we discussed. It was a friendly, laid back place . It's great to find someone who is honest, easy to talk to and knowledgable in one place. So glad I found Coin Quest and Trey.
If you shop anywhere in Baton Rouge for precious metals or coins other than Coinquest you are doing yourself a disservice. Trey has never failed to help educate and give the absolute best customer service in any of my transactions with his store. I always leave with a smile on my face after my purchases.
If You Want The Best, Forget The Rest...If You Want The Best Deal, Trust Me Trey Keep It Real!!!! If I Were You I Would Take My Gold/Silver to #1TeamCoinQuest.
The first time I met Trey I brought in a portion of my collection to sell, my grandfather used to own a coin shop in Pennsylvania so I know a good bit about coins I pretended like I knew absolutly nothing just to see if he would try to take advantage of me like some of the other coins shops around here do, he was actually very honest, informative, and knowedgable. He explained everything just like my grandpa would have. He is the only guy br I will do business with now!
#customer for life
Trey truly loves his job, both interesting &knowledgable, he's consistent in providing a memorable experience. Coin Quest is the best!
BEST dealer in town! i ALWAYS leave there satisfied! Trey is the most personable, down to earth guy so it makes doing business with him so awesome & fun :)
I was so lucky to have found this place to sell some coins... Trey treated me honestly and fairly showing me all current prices- but the best part was how knowledgeable he was on the history of the coins. A true history buff and an honest businessman- I will always recommend Coin Quest and Mr. Trey to anyone!!
I brought in some broken jewelry, odd earrings, and pieces that had been sitting in my jewelry box for years. The amount they offered me was way above my expectation. The owner was friendly and very informative. I like to shop estate sales, and he told me what items he would be interested in buying. I have sold to him twice now, and I am looking for more things to bring next time.
This is not like the other businesses here in town, Trey see's this as more than just his business, it is more of a personal interest to him. He knows the little things and the back stories about items and you can actually learn more about the item at Coin Quest. He really "knows his stuff" and enjoys the business. I will always give him my business, and I have been to most places in town before, but Coin Quest by far!
Just sold my coin collection to Trey....i was very nervous at first so i went to his office to meet him....I walked in and felt very comfortable and was greeted with a smile and kind words...Trey came to my house because i had a big collection...I was VERY satisfied with the results of the sale and how informative and honest he is....I would recommend COIN QUEST to anyone selling or buying and i WILL be back to do business with him
Trey is by far the most professional and knowledgable person in this industry that I have ever dealt with. I came in to simply get a quote for a ring I was considering selling. He educated me on the type of gold and diamonds that the ring contained to justify the price he offered me for it - which was great! He made me feel comfortable about my decision to sell the ring. Additionally, he is very well-educated on the type of items that he sells and buys. You can tell he is passionate about his work. I will definitely be coming back to see him again!
If you are looking for a reputable dealer/ buyer of gold, silver& diamonds... go see Trey! I did! Awesome service and excellent payouts on your old jewelry! They also deal in gold and silver coins! So check Trey out! You won't be disappointed!
I would recommend all of my friends to go see Trey at Coin Quest. In fact I already have told some friends to go there. Trey was very courteous and friendly, which made it a pleasure to do business there! He took the time to go through my coin collection to give me top dollar! I will definitely be doing business with Trey at Coin Quest in the future and I suggest everyone to do the same. Thanks Trey for a pleasurable experience and I look forward to doing business with you again!
I sold Trey a silver coin collection and he offered me 3 times what I had hoped for. I have told several friends about Coin Quest. I am a very satisfied customer and will do business here for many years.
I have been to numerious " we buy gold" shops and always left feeling like I had been robbed but at Coin Quest I was given more for my gold than any other place I had ever been. The owner is kind, courteous and above all honest.
Phone: (225) 330-8616
Address: 5734 South Sherwood Forest Boulevard, Baton Rouge, LA 70816
Website: http://www.coinquestbr.com


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One thing I have always loved about hobbies is the way limits are only set by yourself. There is a simple excitement in finding things outside the realm of things found in hobby shops to solve problems or enhance your hobby.
As a kid, the hobby shop guy told me how to use sewing thread dipped in clear nail polish to make spark plug wires for model cars. I tried it it was a terrible mess but it gave me the idea that there was a freedom you could have at creation if you were willing to think.
I built my first stick balsa planes around the same time and it all became possible because the hobby shop guy told me to get a ceiling tile and wax paper to build my plane, by the way, it was a Guillows Fairchild 24 build by number. Previously I had been deterred from the project at the cost of a building jig I thought I needed.
Years later when I raced off-road R/C cars we found that hand brushes glued upside down in Tupperware bins filled with Simple Green was the best thing for cleaning tires and making the rubber tacky for the next heat. Best of all it beat fancy expensive traction compounds.
Hobbies make you innovative, it tickles your brain unlike other things do, helps you find a solution that might be in your kitchen drawer, down the floor polish aisle in the store or in your wife's sewing kit.
At this point in my rambling, you may wonder what the title has, if anything to do with this post, well it does.
I both wet and dry sand models in prep for painting and building as well as buff them. When dry sanding or buffing, I have noticed a large amount of static build up where it's done, even with a tack cloth. I set it aside for a moment and it starts to yank particles in the air back to it. I use the Tamiya Paint stand a lot to hold bodies, parts etc. so I grabbed my Static Guard and sprayed the stand's underside and boom no static on the body or parts when I set it on the stand. I also sprayed the underside of my table and that really helped on sweeping up the dust from my sanding.
I occasionally build R/C planes from Foam and I plan to try this when I sand and cut the styrofoam that usually clings to anything and everything. I have to admit I have not heard anyone comment about battling static when dealing with plastics, but maybe someone might find this useful.
- Hobby Dude


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Waikoloa, Hawaii
Welcome to Kolea 2C, a 2147 SF, 3 bedroom, 3 & 1/2 bath Kolea Penthouse. This Villa has all of the bells and whistles, which combine to make a Kolea condominium so sought after. The Villa is steel framed with concrete floors, and features African mahogany trim, vaulted ceilings, dormer windows, Viking and Subzero appliances, all in a spacious and tasteful floor plan. The 9' retractable lanai doors in the great room lead to a generous lanai, which features a summer kitchen, with a Viking BBQ, a sink, and a refrigerator. An additional smaller lanai off the master bedroom is a great place to drink your morning coffee. Located on the quiet side of this gorgeous complex, the property is far enough away from Waikoloa Beach Drive to minimize traffic noise. The Lot across the street has been converted into a garden & lawn area by its owner, greatly enhancing the Villas's ocean & coastline views. 2C also has views of beautiful Anaehoomalu Bay from the lanai, kitchen, and guest bedroom. Kolea is the only beach front development within the world famous Waikoloa Beach Resort. Kolea owners enjoy direct access to Anaehoomalu Bay from the Beach Club. The "A-Bay" as it is called locally, offers numerous water sport options. The Beach Club features an infinity pool, workout facility, as well as two guest hales which are a unique feature of this gorgeous complex.The guest hales can only be reserved by Kolea owners for their friends and families. Just a short stroll down the beach is the LavaLava Beach Club, a great place to watch the sunset with your feet in the sand while enjoying your favorite beverage. Within walking distance of Kolea are numerous options for upscale entertainment, dining, and shopping. The Waikoloa Beach Resort includes two golf courses, as well as an outdoor amphitheater for concerts and cultural events.2C is currently a successful vacation rental. Please enjoy the video for this outstanding listing. Come live your dreams at Kolea today!
Contact Seller


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David and Goliath
Underdogs, Misfits, and the Art of Battling Giants
Other Editions of This Title:
Digital Audiobook (9/30/2013)
Hardcover, Large Print (10/15/2013)
Hardcover (10/1/2013)
Paperback, Spanish (1/19/2021)
Paperback, Chinese (9/1/2020)
CD-Audio (10/1/2013)
Paperback, Vietnamese (4/1/2014)
Compact Disc (10/1/2013)
Three thousand years ago on a battlefield in ancient Palestine, a shepherd boy felled a mighty warrior with nothing more than a stone and a sling, and ever since then the names of David and Goliath have stood for battles between underdogs and giants. David's victory was improbable and miraculous. He shouldn't have won.
Or should he have?
In David and Goliath, Malcolm Gladwellchallenges how we think about obstacles and disadvantages, offering a new interpretation of what it means to be discriminated against, or cope with a disability, or lose a parent, or attend a mediocre school, or suffer from any number of other apparent setbacks.
Gladwell begins with the real story of what happened between the giant and the shepherd boy those many years ago. From there, David and Goliath examines Northern Ireland's Troubles, the minds of cancer researchers and civil rights leaders, murder and the high costs of revenge, and the dynamics of successful and unsuccessful classrooms—all to demonstrate how much of what is beautiful and important in the world arises from what looks like suffering and adversity.
In the tradition of Gladwell's previous bestsellers—The Tipping Point, Blink, Outliers and What the Dog Saw—David and Goliath draws upon history, psychology, and powerful storytelling to reshape the way we think of the world around us.
Praise For David and Goliath: Underdogs, Misfits, and the Art of Battling Giants…
"Provocative....David and Goliath is a lean, consuming read."—John Wilwol, San Francisco Chronicle
"As always, Gladwell's sweep is breathtaking and thought-provoking."—Joe Nocera, New York Times
"Fascinating....Gladwell is a master of synthesis. This perennially bestselling author prides himself on radical re-thinking and urges the rest of us to follow suit."—Heller McAlpin, Washington Post
"What propels the book, like all of Gladwell's writing, is his intoxicating brand of storytelling. He is the master of mixing familiar elements with surprise counter-intuitions, and then seasoning with a sprinkling of scientific evidence....Gladwell is a master craftsman, an outlier amongst authors."—Rob Brooks, Huffington Post
"Gladwell's most provocative book yet. David and Goliath challenges how we think about obstacles and disadvantages, drawing upon history, psychology, and powerful narrative talent to rethink how we view the world around us and how to deal with the challenges life throws at us."—Susanne Jaffe, Columbus Dispatch
"Gladwell has made a career out of questioning conventional wisdom, and here he examines the allegedly unlikely triumph of the weak over the mighty and shows it's not so unlikely after all. 4 stars."—Judith Newman, People Magazine
"Engrossing.... Gladwell's singular gift is animating the experience of his subjects. He has an uncanny ability to simplify without being simplistic: clean and vivid Strunk and White prose in the service of peerless storytelling."—David Takami, Seattle Times
"Contemporary society can't escape history when Malcolm Gladwell explains the world as he does with David and Goliath."—Jane Henderson, St. Louis Post-Dispatch
"In David and Goliath, Malcolm Gladwell explores the dynamics that inform and effect our everyday lives. By analyzing the Biblical account of the clash between David and Goliath, Gladwell presents a bold new interpretation of the lessons we should apply from it."—Today Show
Back Bay Books, 9780316204378, 352pp.
Publication Date: April 7, 2015


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LG's planning to milk teasers for the delicious-looking new Chocolate over the next month, but Tweakers.net might have spoiled the surprise: They say its secret feature is an 800x344 display—yeah, that's a heady 21:9 aspect ratio.
Supposedly, the info was gleaned from a UA profile for the phone, technically the BL40, though we couldn't find any reference to any of those specs inside of it. Other info possibly revealed by the UA profile is that it's running LG's own OS and Obigo Q7.3 browser, and maybe a 5-megapixel camera.
It also almost seems too weird, even given the funky specs that the Korean phonemakers often resort to in their blood feud—I mean, hello LG watch phone. But at the same time, I could see an LG exec totally think that this is the best idea ever. Which would be dandy, just don't make it suck to use, okay? [Tweakers.net via Unwired View]


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Get Smart
My Review:
This movie version of Get Smart lacks a lot of the charm and quirkiness of the old television series. Steve Carrell steps into the role of Maxwell Smart, rookie agent 86. The part seems tailor made for Carrell, it's not a big stretch for him acting-wise given the other characters he has played so well. Max is also a little dry, a little clueless, a little overconfident. Dwayne Johnson (who dropped the nickname "Rock" for this movie) is suave, experienced agent 23. Anne Hathaway is charming as the love interest, agent 99. Max and 99 get set up on a case, Max is inept, but smarter than the bad guys. 99 falls for him, but doesn't have confidence in his abilities. Misunderstandings and hilarity ensue, and all's well that ends well… of course!
Get Smart- -
When the identities of secret agents from Control are compromised, the Chief promotes hapless but eager analyst Maxwell Smart and teams him with stylish, capable Agent 99, the only spy whose cover remains intact. Can they work together to thwart the evil plans of KAOS and its crafty operative?


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Have you ever desired to have a third eye or the ability to be in multiple places at the same time for security purposes? Since that is not possible, you can realize your desire by investing in one of the best home security camera systems.
Some time back, having surveillance cameras was an expensive endeavor reserved for a few who could afford it. On the other hand, things have changed with time. The lack of security cameras in your home these days seems a bit odd.
Whether you want to get an inside or outside view of your house, security cameras can capture all the activities without fail.
- 1 Why You Should Install Security Camera System
- 2 Buying Guide for the Best Home Security Camera Systems
- 3 Best Home Security Camera Systems Reviews
- 4 Wrapping Up
Why You Should Install Security Camera System
When it comes to spending, it is wise to spend only on things that make life easier. This way, you don't have to mess up your savings.
There are several reasons as to why you need to install security cameras around your home. Some of them include:
Discouraging Criminals
One of the reasons why most homeowners go for security cameras is to deter intruders. The presence of surveillance cameras will, most times, stop criminals from attempting to break into your home.
Since most thieves scale a premise before striking, the mere sight of outdoor cameras may thwart a break-in. unfortunately, using dummy cameras may not help much since burglars can easily tell between a real and a fake camera.
Assisting in Police Investigations
In case there are incidents like burglary that happen at your home, an installed security camera can be of great help in police investigations.
Professionally installed home security cameras will record all the action, and police can use these videos to apprehend the culprits.
Other forms of evidence may be contested, but a real-time video recording is almost foolproof.
Besides helping in apprehending criminals, the best home security camera systems can help in the return of stolen items and prevent future crimes. With pictures and videos from these cameras, it will be easy to validate your claim for insurance benefits.
Checking on Family
When parents have to work and kids spend some time alone, security cameras would help with monitoring what the children are up to.
Without a doubt, you want to be sure that your child is safe even when you aren't around. Therefore, if you invest in cameras with remote motoring features, you can easily check on what is happening to your children while still at work or running errands in town.
Using a wireless camera system would also help check on your pets if they live or spend time alone outdoors.
Buying Guide for the Best Home Security Camera Systems
Although most home security cameras are similar in their functions, some features set the best above the basic ones. So, it would help if you looked at these components before making a purchase when shopping for the best home security camera systems.
Video Resolution
A blurry video will be of no help if you need it for evidence in court or elsewhere. Therefore, you need to make sure that the camera you install has at least an HD resolution; the higher, the better.
Smart Device Integration
Today, homeowners are relying on smart home technology for home security. Therefore, the best home security camera system should easily integrate your installed devices. If you have several smart devices, go for an all-in-one home monitor.
Viewing Angle
The wider the security camera's field of view, the better the camera is. Most of the modern home security cameras have views that are at least 130 degrees. This allows you to get a perfect view of any given room.
Night vision
Most burglars will break into houses in the dead of night. Therefore, you need to invest in a security camera system that will automatically switch to night vision and take clear pictures. Go for a camera that can see deep into the darkness.
Wireless range
Unlike corded cameras, you can move wireless cameras to any place as you wish. All the same, the camera should maintain a strong connection within the compound regardless of the distance from the router.
This feature allows you to set when your camera will turn on or off. It is useful when you only want coverage during specific times. Some cameras that use geofencing will turn on when you are away and turn off when you are home.
Motion Detection
Some home security systems have motion detecting features. When the sensors detect any movement within the camera's range, they trigger video recording. To avoid false alerts, the system should be customizable.
Battery Backup
Since some burglars cut electricity when they want to break in, your security system should have a power back up. Also, power outages do happen, and you don't want to wallow in uncertainty. Therefore, a good security system should have some battery as a backup.
Best Home Security Camera Systems Reviews
Wyze Cam Pan 1080p Pan/Tilt/Zoom Wi-Fi Indoor Smart Home Camera with Night Vision
Are you looking for a security camera that will not fail in capturing every single moment? Well, then here is a device that will not let you down.
The system's pan, tilt, and zoom features allow you to control the camera such that you can see every angle of your room. Also, the Wyze Cam Pan can automatically monitor your place if you use the four predefined waypoints.
Specifically, the panning camera can make a 360 degree left/right rotation, and a 93 degree up/down tilt.
The camera system uses 2.4GHz Wi-Fi, and the app is sharable amongst family members. This allows all the members to check on what is happening at their homes from anywhere.
Again, the camera allows you to live-stream FHD videos from your home in real-time from anywhere using your smartphone.
At the same time, the Wyze App has two-way audio feature that allows you to keep in touch with family and friends. Also, you can use your voice to control the device.
In addition, the Wyze Cam Pan automatically records 12-second video clips whenever it detects sound or motion. The system then stores the video in cloud storage for up to 14 days for free.
In absolute darkness, the camera's night vision feature can see up to 30 feet.
- Covers almost every part of the room
- Features push notification
- Has a 2-way audio feature
- Motion and sound detection
- Had strong night vision
- 14 days of cloud storage for recorded videos
- Doesn't support 5 GHz Wi-Fi
- Power cord limits placement
Ring Stick Up Cam Battery HD security camera with two-way talk
At times, a wireless camera system is the most ideal when it comes to home surveillance. So if you want the best battery-powered camera, the Ring stick up is here for you.
First, the device has a two-way audio feature that allows you to see videos and speak with people on the other end.
Since the camera is battery powered, it is ideal for use anywhere in your home, indoors and outdoors.
Most of all, with the Ring Protect Plan, you can record and store videos for up to 60 days. Also, you can share videos and photos with a lot of ease. All the same, you have to buy the subscription for this plan separately.
With a single Ring app, you can watch over the whole premise through multiple Stick up cams. You can place the cameras on a flat or mount them on a wall using mounting brackets. Also, you can mount them on ceilings using the mount for Stick Up Cam.
The word wireless may scare some folks who may think the system is sophisticated in installing. All you have to do is insert the battery pack and then connect the device to Wi-Fi.
- Ideal for indoor and outdoor use
- Has a two-way audio system
- Features motion-activated sensors
- The system is wireless
- Videos are available for up to 60 days
- The battery has a short life
The best home security camera system should combine home security features with environmental sensors and smart home cameras. That's what Canary home security camera offers.
First, the Canary CCTV camera works with Alexa, Google Home, iOS, and Android. This makes it easy to monitor your home from anywhere with the Canary app.
The camera also features a two-way talk system and can store your videos for up to 30 days. Also, you get unlimited video downloads with the Canary app.
Since the system connects with your mobile phone, you will receive instant notifications once the app notices any movement.
At the same time, the camera has a wide-angle lens that covers about 147 degrees. Most importantly, the cam's FHD videos, automatic night vision, image pan, and zoom ensure that you have a crystal clear view of your home at all times.
The Canary has an AI-powered intelligence that helps in-person detection backed up by smart alerts.
- Direct linking to emergency services
- Combines the security and environmental sensors
- Works with popular operating systems
- Learning tech adjusts to your habits.
- Full HD video
- Only sees 20 feet into the darkness
Wrapping Up
When you have to be away from home, don't let anxiety overwhelm you. With the best home security camera systems, you can keep yourself updated with real-time details about your home.
Since most security cameras operate almost in the same way, it is prudent to look at which system has superior features to the others.
With security cameras, you can easily discourage criminals from invading your home. If they do, it would be easier to apprehend them based on the videos. CCTV video can also help to validate your insurance claim.
So go ahead and pick one today.


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I've tried all sorts of things and still haven't found something to help get rid of it. I'm 33 years old. If you strongly recommend something please let me know. As my doctors holistic and not holistic cannot figure out how to resolve this. Thank you!
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text: The largest city park in Rotterdam: the Kralingse Bos. This green oasis is a real attraction for anyone who wants to flee the city from time to time for some fresh air and peace. Nature lovers can enjoy a walk through the forest, sunbathers head for the beach, toddlers can splash in the paddling pool or play in the petting zoo and there's a climbing forest for the older kids. You can skate, jog or cycle around the lake, or sail on the lake, to your heart's content, while on the waterside terraces, the bitterballen (typical Dutch savoury snack) are served. If you live in Crooswijk or Kralingen, this is your backyard. Pure enjoyment!


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Dayany + Wisam
A Syrian Boy and a Brazilian girl. This is the tale of their lives, their family and friends and how the come together for this beautiful wedding video in Waikiki. When we met them, we couldn't forget their joy and easy smile. Guests from all over the world (17 nationalities) gathered here in Portugal to celebrate this beach ceremony!
Wedding Planner – Fashion Moments Eventos
Video – Make Me Feel Weddings
Photography – Ricardo Marta
Venue – Waikiki


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- maybe it wasn't that god used to talk to the people but that the people used to recognize the truth when spoken from the god within. #god #truth #feelthemusicWe are all living inside a thought within the cosmic mind. #growing #backtothegardenA song hit my sad bone on my way to work so naturally I played it on repeat all the way in and cried a great big cry for this horrible terrible beautiful world. #shipsinthenight #ryanmontbleu #feelingthemusic #youareunderstoodI will take my share of life for all the time I have it and invest it all in Love. And it will be a life well spent. #love #feelthemusic #justloveI don't want to know what separates you from the others. I want to know what gives you integrity. And how you connect most to this world. It is our separateness that got us here. And it must be our wholeness that brings us back. #recentering #polarity #evolution #feelthemusic #backtothegardenI strive to grieve you in a creative way. Not destructive. Not in a love eating way. In a love feeding way. I don't want bitterness in place of you. I want a love so big it must reach you no matter how far apart in time and space we are.
Tag Archives: love will never die
In Memory of Gavin Wolfe: Learning the Strength in Bending from the Man of Steel
Posted on October 8, 2014 by the.way.i.bee
Sometimes life really tosses us around. We are thrown up into the air. Spinning with no ground to stand on, everything around is suddenly unfamiliar, nothing makes sense. Caught in a whirlwind, we can't grasp anything we see. Everything is moving too … Continue reading →
Posted in Live and Learn | Tagged gavin wolfe, grieving, helping friends cope with great loss, love will never die, making sense of loss, mourning, staying open, superman | 5 Comments


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Newcastle has hit the lead.
Daen Gagai has put the Knights in front with a brilliant solo try.
Melbourne Storm beat St George Illawarra Dragons 12-4
Gold Coast news
Penrith Panthers 24-18 over Canterbury Bulldogs
Gagai ran through half of the Gold Coast Titans team to score. He displayed tremendous pace and swerve to touch down.
Watch it here.


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How has place-based family philanthropy evolved over time? Pride of Place: Sustaining a Family Commitment to Geography is a study of place-based foundations and funds. A place-based foundation or fund is committed—often exclusively—to a particular geographic region of the country.
Rather than look first to comparing the contrasting decisions—why a place or issue basis for giving—this study is designed to examine how family foundations and funds committed to place are sustaining (or not sustaining) that commitment over generations.
Go to Resource
Content Partner: National Center for Family Philanthropy
Content Partner Website
Is your resource available to the public or only your members?:


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Two African Americans Appointed to Dean Positions at State Universities
Filed in Appointments on November 10, 2020
LaKeisha L. Harris has been appointed dean of the School of Graduate Studies and Research at the University of Maryland Eastern Shore in Princess Anne. Dr. Harris joined the department of rehabilitation faculty in 2006. In 2018 she was appointed interim associate vice president for research.
Dr. Harris received a bachelor's degree in psychology from Bowie State University in Maryland. She holds a master's degree in rehabilitation counseling from Bowling Green State University in Ohio and a Ph.D. in rehabilitation counselor education from the University of Iowa.
Hub Brown will be the next dean of the University of Florida College of Journalism and Communications. Brown will assume his new position on July 1, 2021. He currently serves as associate dean for research, creativity, international initiatives and diversity, and an associate professor of broadcast and digital journalism at the Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University.
Brown has been a member of the faculty of the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications since 1996. A native of Omaha, Nebraska, Brown earned bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln.