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Replacing Dead Tissue in the Heart: Research and Discoveries
Linda Crampton is an experienced teacher with a first-class honors degree in biology. She writes about the scientific basis of disease.
Exciting and Potentially Important Discoveries
When someone experiences a heart attack, cells in their heart die. Unlike the case in some parts of the body, the dead cells aren't replaced with new ones. This means that not all of the patient's heart beats after their recovery, despite medical treatment for the heart attack. The patient may experience problems if a large area of their heart is damaged.
Two groups of scientists have created potential solutions for the problem of dead cardiac tissue. The solutions work in rodents and may one day work in us. One solution involves a patch containing heart cells derived from stem cells. The patch is placed over the damaged section of the heart. The other involves the injection of a gel containing microRNA molecules. These molecules indirectly stimulate the replication of heart cells.
Most heart attacks occur when a coronary artery in the heart becomes blocked. Doctors can often (but not always) treat the symptoms of a heart attack, prevent further damage to the heart, and help the body deal with the results. At the moment, they can't replace dead heart cells to any significant extent, however.
Heart Cells and Electrical Conduction
Muscle Cells of the Heart
The heart is a hollow sac with muscular walls. The walls consists of specialized muscle cells found nowhere else in the body. The cells contract when electrically stimulated. In the body, the electrical current in nerves and muscles is created by the flow of ions, not electrons. Heart cells are also known as cardiac muscle cells, cardiocytes, cardiac myocytes, and myocardiocytes.
The SA Node or Pacemaker
The sinoatrial or SA node is also referred to as the pacemaker of the heart. The node is located in the upper part of the wall of the right atrium, as shown in the illustration below. It generates the regular electrical impulses, or action potentials, that stimulate the contraction of the heart. The SA node's activity is regulated by the autonomic nervous system, which causes the heart rate to increase or decrease as necessary.
The Electrical Conduction System
The SA node stimulates both atria to contract as it sends a signal along the heart's electrical conduction system. The signal is sent along the Bachman's bundle to the left atrium, as shown in the illustration below. The AV (atrioventricular) node is located at the bottom of the right atrium and is stimulated when the signal reaches it.
Once the AV node is stimulated, it sends an impulse along the rest of the electrical conduction system (the bundle of His, left and right bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibres) and triggers the ventricles to contract.
An Artificial Pacemaker
An artificial pacemaker can be implanted in the heart to help SA node and electrical conduction problems. When the contractile cells in the heart muscle die, however, they can't be replaced. They no longer respond to electrical stimulation and don't contract. Scar tissue often forms in the area.
A large area of damaged heart tissue may be debilitating for the patient and may lead to heart failure. The term "heart failure" doesn't necessarily mean that the heart stops beating, but it does mean that it can't pump blood well enough to provide all of the body's needs. Everyday activities may become difficult for the patient.
Stem Cell Types and Facts
Duke University scientists have created a patch that could be placed over the damaged area of a heart and trigger tissue regeneration. The patch contains specialized cells derived from stem cells. Stem cells are unspecialized but have the ability to produced specialized cells when stimulated correctly.
Stem cells are a normal component of our body, but except in specific areas they aren't abundant and aren't active. The activated cells offer the exciting possibility of replacing body tissues and structures that have been damaged or destroyed.
Stem cells have different potencies. The word "potency" refers to the number of cell types that a stem cell can produce.
- Totipotent stem cells can produce all of the cell types in the body as well as the cells of the placenta. Only the cells of the very early-stage embryo are totipotent.
- Pluripotent cells can produce all of the cell types in the body. Embryonic stem cells (except for those at the very early stage of development) are pluripotent.
- Multipotent cells can produce only a few types of stem cells. Adult (or somatic) stem cells are multipotent. Though they're referred to as "adult" cells, they're found in children, too.
In an interesting advance in science, researchers have discovered how to trigger specialized cells from our bodies to become pluripotent. These cells are known as induced pluripotent stem cells to distinguish them from the natural ones in embryos.
An Experimental Patch for a Damaged Heart
According to the Duke University news release referenced below, stem cells likely to produce heart muscle cells have been injected into ailing human hearts in clinical trials. The release says that "there do seem to be some positive effects" from the procedure, but most of the injected stem cells have either died or have failed to produce cardiac cells. This observation suggests that an improved solution to the problem is needed. The Duke scientists think that they may have found one.
The scientists have created a patch that is likely large enough to cover damage in the human heart. The patch contains a variety of heart cells derived from pluripotent stem cells. Both natural stem cells from embryos and induced ones from adults produce the required cells. The cells are placed in a gel in a specific ratio. Researchers have discovered that humans cells have the amazing ability to self-organize when placed in a suitable environment, as happens in the gel patch. The patch is electrically conductive and able to beat like heart tissue.
The patch isn't ready for human use yet. Improvements need to be made, such as increasing the thickness of the patch. In addition, a way of fully integrating it into the heart needs to be found. Small versions of the patch have been attached to mouse and rat hearts and have functioned like heart tissue, however. In 2019, the lead researcher at Duke University announced that the patch is now big enough to test in large animals. The research is complex and requires time, but the end result could have wonderful benefits. The video below shows a beating heart patch but has no sound.
In order to understand the details of the second experiment related to heart repair, it's helpful to know a little about two nucleic acids—DNA and messenger RNA. A DNA molecule has the shape of a double helix. In the illustration below, part of the molecule has been flattened in order to show its structure more clearly.
DNA Structure and Function
DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is present in the nucleus of almost every cell of our body. (Mature red blood cells don't contain a nucleus or DNA.) A molecule of DNA consists of two long strands twisted around each other to form a double helix. Each strand consists of a sequence of "building blocks" known as nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a phosphate section, a sugar called deoxyribose, and a nitrogenous base (or simply a base). There are four bases in DNA: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. The molecular structure can be seen in the illustration above.
The bases of a single DNA strand repeat in different orders, like the letters of the alphabet as they form words in sentences. The order of the bases on a strand is very significant because it makes up the genetic code that controls our body. The code works by "instructing" the body to make specific proteins. Each segment of a DNA strand that codes for a protein is referred to as a gene. A strand contains many genes. It also contains sequences of bases that don't code for proteins, however.
The bases on one strand of the DNA molecule determine the identity of those on the other strand. As the illustration above shows, adenine on one strand always joins with thymine on the other, while cytosine on one strand joins with guanine on the other.
Only one strand of a DNA molecule codes for proteins. The reason why the molecule must be double stranded is beyond the scope of this article. It's an interesting question to investigate, though.
In the artistic representation of the DNA molecule shown above, the sides of the "ladder" represent the phosphate-deoxyribose backbone of each strand, and the rungs represent the bonds between the bases that hold the strands together.
Messenger RNA Function
Genes control the production of proteins. DNA is unable to leave the nucleus of a cell. Proteins are made outside the nucleus, however. One type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) solves this problem by copying the code for making a protein and transporting it to where it's needed. The molecule is known as messenger RNA or mRNA. An RNA molecule is quite similar to a DNA one, but it's single-stranded, contains ribose instead of deoxyribose, and contains uracil instead of thymine. Uracil and thymine are very similar to each other and behave the same way with respect to binding to other bases.
The two strands of a DNA molecule temporarily separate in the region where RNA is being made. The individual RNA nucleotides come into position and bind to those on one strand of the DNA (the template strand) in the correct sequence. The sequence of bases in the DNA strand determines the sequence of bases in the RNA. The RNA nucleotides join together to make the messenger RNA molecule. The process of making the molecule from the DNA code is known as transcription.
Once its construction has finished, the messenger RNA leaves the nucleus through pores in the nuclear membrane and travels to cell organelles called ribosomes. Here the correct protein is made based on the code in the RNA molecule. The process is known as translation. Nucleic acids are made of a chain of nucleotides while proteins are made of a chain of amino acids. For this reason, making a protein from the RNA code could be viewed as translating from one language to another.
There are other types of RNA in our cells besides messenger RNA. One of these types is microRNA, or miRNA. This is the kind that may be significant in healing the heart. All kinds of ribonucleic acid in our body are made by transcription from DNA, as described above. They have different functions from one another, however.
MicroRNA Facts
The second potentially important discovery with respect to heart muscle regeneration comes from scientists at the University of Pennsylvania. It relies on the action of microRNA molecules, which are short strands containing non-coding bases. Each molecule contains about twenty bases. The molecules belong to a group known as regulatory RNA.
Regulatory RNA molecules are not as well understood as the RNA molecules involved in protein synthesis. They seem to have many important functions and are thought to play a role in a wide variety of processes. Many scientists are exploring their actions. MicroRNA is a relatively recent and very interesting discovery.
Gene expression is the process in which a gene becomes active and triggers the production of a protein. MicroRNA is known to interfere with a protein's manufacture, often by inhibiting the action of messenger RNA in some way. By doing this, it's said to "silence" the gene. In the video below, a Harvard professor discusses microRNA.
An Injectable Gel for the Heart
The reasons why heart cells don't regenerate isn't completely understood. In the hope of repairing damage to mouse hearts, University of Pennsylvania scientists created a mix of miRNA molecules known to be involved in cell replication signaling. They placed the molecules in a hyaluronic acid hydrogel and then injected the gel into the hearts of living mice. As a result, the scientists were able to inhibit some of the "stop" signals that prevent heart cells from reproducing. This allowed new heart cells to be generated.
Signaling pathways often involve specific proteins. The miRNA molecules may have worked by inhibiting the formation of these proteins via their interference with messenger RNA molecules.
As a result of the treatment with miRNA, the mice who had experienced a heart attack "showed improved recovery in key clinically relevant categories". These categories reflected the amount of blood pumped by the heart. In addition to showing functional improvements in the mouse hearts after treatment, the researchers were able to demonstrate that the cardiac muscle cells had increased in number.
The researchers are aware that using miRNA to inhibit "stop" signals and indirectly promote cell replication could be dangerous instead of helpful. Increased cell division occurs in cancer. A problem could also develop if the miRNA molecules trigger reproduction of cells other than contractile cells in the heart. The scientists want to promote the proliferation of heart cells for long enough to be helpful and then to stop the process. This is one of the goals of their future research.
Researchers have explored the effects of miRNA in isolated cells and in rat and mice hearts. Though more research is needed, a second group of scientists has found that a particular version of miRNA has benefits in rats who have experienced a myocardial infarction, or a heart attack.
Hope for the Future
Although the new techniques described in this article have only been used on rodents at the moment, they offer hope for the future. Two of the news reports that I describe were released on successive days, even though the studies were performed by scientists from different institutions. This might be a coincidence, or it might indicate that the amount of research into helping damaged hearts recover is increasing. This could be good news for people who need help. Future discoveries could be very interesting.
References and Resources
- A list of common symptoms of a heart attack from the Mayo Clinic
- Treatments for a heart attack from the NHLBI or National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (Like the above website, this site has other helpful information about heart attacks.)
- Stem cell information from the National Institutes of Health
- DNA and RNA information from the Khan Academy
- Information about a beating heart patch from Duke University
- Lab-grown tissue patch could fix ailing hearts from Duke University
- Facts about an injectable gel that helps heart muscle to regenerate from the Medical Xpress news site
- MicroRNA-221 is cardioprotective and anti-fibrotic in a rat model of myocardial infarction from cell.com
This content is accurate and true to the best of the author's knowledge and does not substitute for diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, prescription, and/or dietary advice from a licensed health professional. Drugs, supplements, and natural remedies may have dangerous side effects. If pregnant or nursing, consult with a qualified provider on an individual basis. Seek immediate help if you are experiencing a medical emergency.
© 2017 Linda Crampton
jacobkilmer99 on July 09, 2018:
I began feeling what could be considered indigestion, I took 2 tums but it persisted, I then began feeling generally "achy" in my upper back and upper arms, with constant chest pains. I had two heart attacks that year, finally i was diagnosed of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), my Cardiologist ordered an angioplasty and discovered a closed artery, then another cardiologist was called in to place a stent in the artery to open it up. I was hospitalized for a total of 2 weeks. I was prescribed Effient, a blood thinner and two other medications. My condition improved but got worse again within a year, so i started on a natural CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE TREATMENT from Rich Herbs Foundation, the herbal treatment was wonderful, no attack since treatment. I had a total decline in symptoms. Visit ww w. richherbsfoundation. c om. I do lots of walking. Lost some weight, but was never heavy. Eat differently. I feel good overall.
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on March 22, 2018:
I'm sorry about your husband's experience, Margie, but I'm glad he received treatment. Thanks for the visit.
Margie's Southern Kitchen from the USA on March 22, 2018:
My husband had by-pass surgery, he had almost total blockage. He had to also have a defibrillator and pacemaker. This is very interesting discovery. Thanks for great information.
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 13, 2017:
Thank you very much for the comment, Natalie.
Natalie Frank from Chicago, IL on December 13, 2017:
Great hub, Linda. It provides excellent information and provides hope for future treatment of heart attacks.
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 11, 2017:
Thank you for such an interesting comment, Larry. I appreciate it very much.
Larry Fish on December 11, 2017:
What an amazing article, Linda. I am amazed at the advancement in medicine since I was a little boy. I remember when the first heart transplant was done and now it has become fairly routine. My medical care is in the Duke University healthcare system and they are the best. The do a lot of research at Duke University. I remember seeing on the news maybe a year ago that at Duke they were injecting polio into brain tumors and found out that it greatly reduced some of the tumors and some tumors completely disappeared. Duke University Hospital is only a ten minute drive from where I live. Again thanks for such an interesting and informative article.
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 06, 2017:
Thank you very much for the comment, Nikki.
Nikki Khan from London on December 06, 2017:
Hi Linda,,
Another useful and amazing hub,,very informative for heart problems.Learnt a lot regarding treatments, how heart works, what problems can be occurred and what solutions are available.
Thanks for sharing dear.
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 05, 2017:
Hi, Dora. Yes, the discoveries are hopeful. I hope they are eventually helpful for people with heart problems.
Dora Weithers from The Caribbean on December 05, 2017:
Good information with not only knowledge but hope. Thank you for sharing such positive research; on a topic we're all concerned about.
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 05, 2017:
I appreciate your visit and comment, Devika.
Devika Primić from Dubrovnik, Croatia on December 05, 2017:
An educational topic and you know how to share such topics in detail. The heart is powerful and when there is a problem it can be complicated.
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 04, 2017:
Thank you, Kari. The news is great. It will be wonderful if the discoveries help humans.
Kari Poulsen from Ohio on December 04, 2017:
It's great to know that we are finding new ways to regenerate heart tissue. This will be very helpful to many people. I found your article well-written and very informative. Thanks for the wonderful news! :)
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 04, 2017:
Hi, Chitrangada. I hope the research does help those in need and that the discoveries are ready for use as soon as possible. I appreciate your comment.
Chitrangada Sharan from New Delhi, India on December 04, 2017:
A very informative and well researched article! As always, you provide in-depth information, which will be useful to many. Good to learn about the ever growing research in this field, which will help those who are affected.
Thanks for the education!
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 03, 2017:
Thank you very much, Peggy. The potential uses of stem cells are certainly exciting. The future looks interesting!
Peggy Woods from Houston, Texas on December 03, 2017:
This is exciting news! So much research is being done with stem cells. Hopefully more people with damaged hearts will have better outcomes in the years to come. You always write such in depth and well researched articles! It is a pleasure to read them.
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 03, 2017:
Thanks, Bill. I think it's fascinating stuff, too! I hope the research leads to some great developments.
Bill De Giulio from Massachusetts on December 03, 2017:
Thanks for the education Linda. Fascinating stuff. Hopefully this leads to a breakthrough in treating heart disease. Great job as always.
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 03, 2017:
Thank you very much for the comment and the share, Patty!
Patty Inglish MS from USA and Asgardia, the First Space Nation on December 03, 2017:
Thanks for this exciting information! I can't keep up with all the journals, so am glad to see your article. I 'll be sharing it.
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 03, 2017:
Hi, Heidi. I think that it's an exciting development, too. It should be very interesting to folllow the updates. Thanks for the comment.
Heidi Thorne from Chicago Area on December 03, 2017:
This is an exciting development! With heart conditions topping the list of causes of death, it's definitely urgent to find solutions. We'll be anxious to see updates as this research continues. Thanks, as always, for sharing your knowledge and insight with us! Have a great weekend!
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 02, 2017:
Thank you for the interesting and thought-provoking comment, Flourish. I'm very sorry about your grandmother's situation. I wish there were better ways to help people with dementia.
FlourishAnyway from USA on December 02, 2017:
For the appropriate patiens, these advances are true gifts. But I wonder sometimes with all these impressive advances in medicine if the whole person isn't sometimes sacrificed. My grandmother received an experimental heart treatment and it worked beautifully. The problems is, however, that she has dementia and the surgeons prolonged things from that respect. Plus, heart surgery can often produce a brain fog in itself. Her mind is now toast but the ticker is solid.
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 02, 2017:
I'm sorry that your father died at such a young age, Bill. I think it's one of the sad facts of life that people die from horrible diseases when a relatively short while later much better treatments or even cures are found.
I hope you enjoy your weekend, too, Bill.
Bill Holland from Olympia, WA on December 02, 2017:
I think about my dad...he died three days short of his fiftieth birthday from a heart attack. He had a smaller one three months before that, and I have no doubt that if that had been today rather than 1969, he would have survived because of the new knowledge and procedures. He was just in the wrong place at the wrong time, unfortunately. Thanks for the information, Linda. Enjoy your weekend.
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 01, 2017:
Hi, Simon. Thanks for the comment. Yes, I assume the cells would have to come from the patient. It will be interesting to see how the patch develops. I hope it eventually becomes useful for humans.
Simon Lam on December 01, 2017:
Hi Linda!
Very thorough and interesting article! For the stem cell patch, would the cells have to come from the patient as to avoid rejection if this method is developed in humans?
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 01, 2017:
Hi, Jackie. It certainly would be wonderful to solve the problem. I'm sorry that your mother died of a heart attack. I hope that we soon have better ways to prevent heart attacks and to help people recover from them. Thank you very much for the comment.
Jackie Lynnley from the beautiful south on December 01, 2017:
Wouldn't that be wonderful to have this problem solved, Linda?
My mother lived a very long life but still she died of a heart attack with no resuscitate because of her weak bones. So naturally it is something I would like to not have to worry about, nor would anyone I am sure.
Your writings are so complex and informative and I could not begin to do anything like this but I sure appreciate your work and sharing with us.
Great information and always a pleasure to learn something new.
Thank you
Linda Crampton (author) from British Columbia, Canada on December 01, 2017:
Thank you so much for such a lovely comment, Manatita! I appreciate your visit a great deal.
manatita44 from london on December 01, 2017:
Another brilliant piece! My line of work, but you have made it extremely interesting and very informative. I guess that we will conquer this area soon and one day, perhaps, prevent heart attacks. A very necessary and amazing Hub; one filled with Light and much promise.


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House in Montgomery goes for $575K
A 3,366-square-foot house in Montgomery has changed hands. The property at 33 Sycamore Lane was sold in December 2019. The $575,000 purchase price works out to $171 per square foot, which is below the Montgomery median of $223. Price per square foot is a useful way to compare the value of homes of different sizes, but it does not account for the many other factors that affect home prices.
These nearby houses have also recently changed hands:
- A 2,252-square-foot home at 25 Toth Lane in Rocky Hill sold in October 2019 for $495,000, a price per square foot of $220.
- A 2,855-square-foot home at 17 Newport St. in Rocky Hill sold in October 2019 for $690,000, a price per square foot of $242.
- A 2,808-square-foot home at 8 Bedford Drive in Rocky Hill sold in September 2019 for $573,000, a price per square foot of $204.
In 2019, 345 houses sold in Montgomery, where the median sales price was $645,000.
See what homes have sold in your area by searching our historical database of New Jersey property sales, and find other useful public information in DataUniverse.
This story was automatically generated using real estate transaction data from the state of New Jersey. If you have a question or find a mistake, please email us at .

subset: commoncrawl


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IBM Teams Up With ARM for 14-nm Processing
Intel and IBM and TSMC and Samsung have all competed against one another in the area of shrinking the size of the design rules that govern their production lines for processors. Each new successively smaller generation has to be tested, piloted and put into production with big amounts of failed product along the way. And even as the point of diminishing returns comes with each new process shrink, the drive is on to continue the march to progress, smaller chips, and new partners along the way.
AppleInsider | Inside the iPad: Apples A4 processor
AppleInsider calls a few strikes against hyperbole and supposition found in articles written about the Apple iPad A4 processor. Here now is a more likely accounting of what Apple's chip design mergers and acquisitions really bought for the iPad development team.
Apple A4 processor really stripped-down Cortex A8? | Electronista
Following further articles published on the Apple iPad cpu, new reports are surfacing the custom CPU Apple created called the A4 may be an ARM Cortex A8 single core cpu with integrated graphics GPU and controller logic.
AppleInsider | Custom Apple A4 iPad chip estimated to be $1 billion investment
What's the point of licensing computer chip designs from another company if it costs about the 1/3 the price of building it yourself? That seems like a rhetorical question, but I always assumed that people who licensed technology from ARM holdings were aiming to save tons of money compared to fabricating the chips themselves. So how does the Apple iPad A4 cpu figure into this? Well it's a custom CPU, but according to NYTimes creating a new cpu is serious business.
Apple A4 SOC unveiled – It's an ARM CPU and the GPU! – Bright Side Of News*
"iPad is powered by our own custom silicon. We have an incredible group that does custom silicon at Apple," company co-founder Steve Jobs said during Wednesday's keynote. "We have a chip called A4, which is our most advanced chip we've ever done that powers the iPad. It's got the processor, the graphics, the I/O, the memory controller — everything in this one chip, and it screams."


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The Rice Business Women's Organization is dedicated to empowering graduate women in business in order to propel more women into leadership positions in the corporate world and to enhance diversity in the workplace.
Rice Business Women achieves this goal through:
- Organizing networking events with alumni, professional women, and local National Association of Women MBA (NAWMBA) chapter members
- Planning the annual Women in Leadership Conference at the Jones School
- Providing support through mentoring opportunities
- Hosting events and workshops that empower our members
- Raising awareness through community outreach
What's in it for you?
- Internal Support System: building a network within your class and school.
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- Women empowerment through WILC: opportunity to meet and hear from women leaders
Thank you for your interest in and support of our organization! We invite you to e-mail us at firstname.lastname@example.com if you would like to stay connected and get more involved with Rice Business Women.


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If someone today were to suggest the New York City's tech scene was little more than a suburb of Boston's, they would be laughed out of the room, and rightly so. But that was the conversation that the skeptics were having not so long ago recalled Brad Svrluga, general partner at Primary VC. He, along with Steve Schlafman, principal at RRE Ventures and Jonathan Lehr, managing director at Work-Bench, gathered last Tuesday at Work-Bench's offices to discussed the state of the New York City technology ecosystem; its progress, problems and promises. The discussion, moderated by senior TechCrunch writer Anthony Ha, began with a question on the biggest differences from 5 year ago.
Steve, who at the time was a principal at one of the original New York seed funds Lerer Ventures, noted that there is a lot less FOMO and more patience amongst investors. "It was the height of second wave with Twitter, Tumblr and Foursquare," he recalled. "If you looked at the capital base, seed funds were just getting started. Now there's a lot more maturity on investor and operator side. Not to say it was manic, but now it's more carefully considered." Brad saw it a bit differently, "it was manic, it was insecure but it was real." But he didn't see renewed caution around funding as a major disadvantage "it's harder to raise that incremental dollar but not to build a company."
Jonathon, who came from IT at Morgan Stanley and founded Work-Bench, an enterprise tech fund and coworking space, reflected on the growth of the community in general. Johnathon started the NY Enterprise Technology Meetup 5 year ago and has seen it grown to now over 5000 members. Brad pointed out that the departure of individuals like Johnathan from the finance industry is part of what spurred the second wave of NY tech. "The financial crisis was the best thing to happen to tech scene. Tech became cool. Now there is a legitimate swagger," Brad remembered "there was a discussion that 'is New York a suburb of the Boston tech ecosystem?' Now that seems absurd, but people said that."
Yet despite increasing draw tech has had in recent years, the panel agreed that the shallow talent pool has hampered the growth of the ecosystem. "the biggest void is in marketing and operations specific to large software companies" claimed Steve. "Companies are raising $40 or $50 million dollars and they need to be able to put that money to work." He described the situation of a Lerer Ventures portfolio company that expanded their operations to the west coast. "They hired an SVP of marketing there and they can just pluck talent from big companies like oracle." Brad saw the problem as more deep seated; "we don't have that multigenerational talent that the valley does" and Jonathon echoed the sentiment "one thing we're missing is enterprise exits." But Brad identified the problem even further up the pipeline. "We will suffer as long as we don't have a MIT or Stanford. NYU and Columbia are not even close; the quality of their computer science and engineering departments aren't even close." He went on "if I were mayor for a day, I would make the Cornell tech project twice as big, twice as soon."
Bottlenecks aside, everyone agreed strong tailwinds, both general and specific to New York, would drive the growth of the ecosystem in the years to come. For one, the maturation of both tech infrastructure and business model will help spur the creation of new companies. "No one questions SaaS or Cloud these days" observed Brad. "They start building at the business logic level of the stack. Now there's a premium on UX design." He argued that since companies no longer worry about putting their data in the cloud, industries that we're previously hesitant to adopt technology solution are now more open. "You can see verticalization; salesforce had to be for everyone, now you can target niches and focus on customer context." One advantage of this; "New York City leads in potential customer's way, way more than anyone else." Johnathon reiterated the proximity advantage enterprise software companies have in New York. "There's now a propensity to buy software from early stage companies. They buy less software buy in west, they build it themselves or use open source. Finance, they buy tons and tons of tech to stay ahead of curve." However, he also noted constraints of that model. "You have to build alongside the companies. You have to talk about ideas and understand their pain points."
Even more fundamentally, purchasing practices have changed because the purchasers have changed. "Millennials grown up on the web and then go into industry and see broken processes," Steve observed. "They see unnecessary paper work and old programs in Excel. People that are living that pain point start asking 'why isn't that in cloud?' The generation that has grown up on the web has the impetus to start these companies and solve these problems." Brad also discussed a difference in receptivity to technology. "When you were trying to sell in the 90s, you were selling to people who started in 70s. Even senior management, who might be 45 years old, probably sent their first email in college; that changes everything." He elaborated, "what we looking for is what industries weren't touched by the first wave of this, who is just becoming web enabled?"
All in all, the discussion gave an honest, self-critical, but hopeful evaluation of the city and community that we are all a part of. In light of the tremendous progress of the last five years, and problems that will be face over the next, the unmet potential for the ecosystem was undeniable. Steve concluded "in NY, we're still early days, there's a lot of room to grow."


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The Los Angeles Lakers played three games this past week and won all of them, although they played poorly in the final contest against the weak Atlantic Hawks.
The Lakers had a disappointing start to the season but have now prevailed in five of their last six games and finished the week at 7-6, their first winning record in two years.
The biggest change during the week was the addition of center Tyson Chandler, who brought exactly what the Lakers were missing: Toughness, rebounding and additional defensive presence in the middle.
LeBron James had another strong week, adeptly balancing when to let the young players assert themselves and when to take over the game himself. The Lakers completed a stretch of tough games against playoff teams to start the season and are now in a period when they have a chance to pad their record against some weaker opponents.
Following is a summary of what went right and what went wrong the past week.
What Went Right
The signing of Chandler paid immediate dividends for the Lakers, as he debuted against the Minnesota Timberwolves and made crucial plays to secure the win. He had 12 rebounds the following game against the Sacramento Kings, and finished the week with a game-winning block against the Atlanta Hawks as the clock expired.
The defense, which has been the biggest problem all season, was improved during the week. The Kings entered the game with a winning record and have one of the league's better offenses, yet the Lakers held them to 86 points, the first time all year they held an opponent to under 100 points.
Josh Hart had another good week defensively, and Kyle Kuzma had some strong moments on that end of the floor as well. Kuzma is much maligned for his defense — sometimes fairly, sometimes unfairly — but to anyone who watches closely, it is obvious that he came into the season determined to improve. He is getting better and working hard at it.
Against the Timberwolves, four Lakers players finished with 20 or more points: James, Kuzma, Hart and Brandon Ingram. It was the kind of balanced scoring the Lakers hope to achieve regularly.
The team also finished with a season-high 15 3-pointers made, led by Hart with five and Kuzma with four, which was crucial because the Timberwolves had a franchise-record 20 3-pointers that night.
JaVale McGee enjoyed another strong week. In the game with the Timberwolves, he played solid defense but it was the first time this season when he did not record a block. He bounced back with impressive blocks against the Kings and Hawks.
As for the rest of the team, several players had good moments although they were sporadic.
It was good to see Lance Stephenson have a bounce-back game against the Kings, since he had been struggling and his playing time had dropped. Stephenson hit two big three-point shots in the third quarter that were important in stopping the Kings' momentum after it had shifted in their favor. He did the same thing in the fourth quarter of the Hawks game.
Kentavious Caldwell-Pope lost his starting role after a poor start to the season, but he did not go into a funk. This past week he started to look more comfortable coming off the bench and knocked down some important three-point shots.
Lonzo Ball had good moments defensively and made some great passes, but a trend emerged when in each of the three games, he did not play much or at all in the fourth quarter. While Ball still started each game, his playing time was diminished.
Hart was the Lakers best three-point shooter this week, which was instrumental on a team that does not feature many long distance shooters. James noticeably improved his three-point shooting, although he also showed a tendency at times to settle for throwing up very long,low percentage shots.
Kuzma had his best three point shooting game of the year against the Timberwolves, when he made 4-of-7.
In a week in which the Lakers won all three of their games, the biggest positive aside from James was the continued play of McGee and the addition of Chandler, which has the potential to turn the season around.
What Went Wrong
Although the Lakers did not lose this past week, that does not mean everything was positive.
Turnovers were a huge problem. Against the Hawks, the Lakers had 15 turnovers in the first half alone. James, Stephenson, Ingram and Rajan Rondo were especially sloppy with the ball.
The problem was never more evident than in the game against Sacramento. The Lakers had a 20-point lead and it looked like it would be an easy win. Suddenly, they had two consecutive sloppy turnovers resulting in high-flying dunks for the Kings, which rallied the crowd.
It turned the entire game around and a few minutes later the Kings had nearly evened the score behind impressive shooting by De'Aaron Fox, and what should have been a laugher of a game turned much more competitive.
Missed free throws were also a big problem. Against the Kings the Lakers made only 7-of-17 attempts. Against the Hawks, James was bailed out by an offensive rebound from Kuzma and a last-second block from Chandler after missing two free throws with the game on the line, as James did against San Antonio earlier this season.
Another problem resurfaced against the Hawks that has plagued the Lakers this season: a complete meltdown in the fourth quarter and squandered a 15-point lead. Everyone stood around the last four minutes, watching James go one-on-one, and it was ugly.
There is no way to sugar coat the fact that Ingram had a poor week, especially against the Kings and Hawks. Typical was the 10 points and 6 turnovers he had against Atlanta. Now in his third NBA season, Ingram is being counted on to be the second-best player on the team and a consistent 20 points-per-game scorer, but it hasn't happened yet.
Ingram appears to have all the confidence in the world, and he certainly is aggressive, but he has developed a bad habit of dribbling too much, letting the shot clock run down, and then losing the ball or throwing up a wild shot.
The situation with Ball continues to be an uneasy one. The way that point guard minutes have been divided with Rondo, and the fact that James has the ball in his hands much of the time, forces Ball to play off-ball and undermines his opportunity to do what he does best.
While Rondo has closed games, the irony is that Ball is the better player. He is much better defensively and moves the basketball far better than Rondo who tends to over-dribble while using up most of the shot clock.
Neither one offers much scoring-wise, but Ball is far more likely to hit a key three-point shot at a big moment which he did a couple times this past week, especially against Atlanta.
Rondo played a lot but did not have a great week. He is fine coming off the bench and playing 18-20 minutes a night, but this week he mostly played "starters minutes" and finished the games except against the Hawks when neither he nor Ball was on the court.
Part of the Lakers problem in fourth quarters is that the ball stops moving while James and Rondo use up the shot clock with incessant dribbling.
In the end, it was a successful week with the good outweighing the bad. Ingram has not emerged as a strong second option, and Kuzma has not shown the three-point shooting prowess he did for most of last year, which are problems.
As a result, the Lakers were doing it by committee this week with James leading the way and different players stepping up each night, which has started to look like a successful formula.


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Are you looking for a comfortable and private location for your holiday in Jesolo?
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From the Mirafiori aparthotel, you can admire a splendid view of the sea and move easily towards the center of the town, to discover the typical local specialties or to relax with an aperitif. Jesolo, a renowned holiday resort, offers natural beauty and attractions for young and old: shops, public places, bars, ice cream parlors and an evening and night life full of emotions.
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Stacer's Bowriders are more than just a comfortable ride; they are ready for all round family fun on the water.
The Bowrider range features the Easy Rider models, starting with the 479 are perfect for a fun filled day on the water.
Also featured in the Bowrider range are the Sportster models starting with the 549, which have an in board MerCruiser engine and can cater for more passengers.
National Sales & Marketing Manager Damien Duncan says the Bowrider range has been a popular option for families wanting a larger boat.
"The Easy Riders have been very popular amongst families, with the all round abilities of these models to be used for water skiing, tube riding, fishing or even a leisurely cruise, there is something for everyone," he said.
"A majority of the Bowrider range has been built on the EVO Series II Hull to deliver a soft ride and remarkable stability and with such a wide variety in the range there is a model to suit every family.
"For first time boating families, the 509 Easy Rider is the perfect start to on water adventure with plenty of space while being superb value for money.
"Alternately the 549 Sportster is an excellent model for the more experienced boating family with a duck board for water sports and a sun lounge to relax on afterwards," he said.
The Bowriders are packed with a long list of features, with the Easy Rider models including rod holders, glove box, handy drink holders, bimini and envelope for sun protection and an underfloor fuel tank.
The Sportster models feature a deluxe sun lounge, in board MerCruiser engines, underfloor fuel tank, plenty of rod holders for storage, power steering and upholstered side panels.
With Stacer's Ready 2 Go packages families won't have to wait long to experience what this all rounder range has to offer, with Easy Rider models at a starting price of $25,698 and the Sportster models starting at $36,538 (prices exclude dealer delivery, freight, boat and trailer registration and on water costs).


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Human beings have been aware of the Winter Solstice – the crux point of "the season" – for thousands of years, and making up light-filled ways to celebrate it. The farther away from the Equator they lived, the more unsettling they found the shortening hours of daylight as the Solstice drew nearer. What if the sun went away and never came back? Wise and experienced village elders undoubtedly reassured their younger counterparts that the days would lengthen again, that there would be more harvests. This might have been the very earliest human manifestation of the concept of "faith," eventually to be dignified by Christianity as one of the three Cardinal Virtues.
But some people probably still worried enough about the cold and the dark and the dwindling larders to figure that a little sacrifice to the gods couldn't hurt. Fire being an earthbound manifestation of solar energy, it was reasoned that building a really big outdoor fire – preferably in a high place where the sun would be sure to see it – might be flattering to the sun god, or a way of summoning him/her back from his/her southward wanderings. Among the Celts, the Winter Solstice thus became one of the annual Fire Festivals, with bonfires an essential part of the ritual.
Build a bonfire
Incidentally, the word bonfire literally means "bone fire": When properly dried, animal bones burn well enough, but their charnel odor wasn't deemed very appealing for indoor spaces, so they would be saved for use as fuel outdoors. Fire-festival rituals sometimes involved fertility or divination: Herders would drive their flocks between two fires in the belief that the smoke would enhance their ability to breed, and women wishing to conceive would leap over the fire. Oatcakes called bannocks would be baked at the edge of the fire, with tiny silver charms in a variety of shapes hidden in the batter. Whatever you bit into would forecast your fortunes in the year to come.
If you're looking for ways to manifest your inner Pagan, a bonfire can be a festive way to go, if you have the right outdoor space. A firepit or stone fire ring is best, obviously, but any vegetation-free spot can be made to work if you have a burn permit and adequate means nearby to control the spread of your fire. I used to use a bare clay drainage swale, when I had a backyard, and accumulated scrap wood for the purpose for months in advance. Singing, chanting and dancing typically accompany the burning ritual.
Yule logs are oak or ash
The Yule log, burnt indoors in a fireplace, is another tradition that dates back many centuries in Germanic and Scandinavian countries. Long before Yule was taken to mean the same thing as Christmas, the word (possibly derived from a Saxon root meaning "wheel") referred to the season hinging on the Winter Solstice, ranging in length from three days to two whole months. Haakon I, a tenth-century king of Norway, is said to have decreed that Yule must be celebrated until all the ale runs out, however long that took, with fines imposed on holdouts. Feasting on lots of meat was also a popular custom, with the practical benefit that less fodder would be required to keep livestock alive until the following spring. So the concept of overindulging in "holiday cheer" predates Christianity in Europe as well.
If you have a fireplace and want to start a family tradition of burning a Yule log, here are some basics: First, for luck, the log should be either harvested on one's own land or received as a gift – never tainted by the exchange of money. (Put one on your wish list ASAP.) Second, the most appropriate types of wood to use are ash, associated with Yggdrasil the World Tree in Norse mythology, and oak, associated with the solar deity whose reign begins with the Winter Solstice, the Oak King.
The Oak King corresponds to Odin, of course, who in turn corresponds to Santa Claus. Druids of old would go into oak groves on the day of the Winter Solstice to cut sprigs of that magical parasite, mistletoe, with a golden sickle and catch it in a cloth so that it never touched the ground. In Norse mythology, mistletoe was the only substance that could kill the shining god Baldur – another solar deity – and the famed folklorist Sir James Frazer identified the plant as the Golden Bough that enabled Aeneas to visit Hades and return safely in the Aeneid.
Conveniently, both ash and oak make superior, long-burning firewood. The proper traditional way to burn a Yule log involves dousing all the lights and fires in your home, then lighting a candle – or better yet, a remnant from the previous Yule's log – to kindle a "newfire" for the coming year. Decorated with red ribbons and holly leaves and dusted with flour for prosperity, the log is supposed to burn slowly and steadily for as long as possible, and not allowed to go out on its own or burn down to nothing. Someone should be on hand to extinguish it when only a small fragment remains. Kept within the house, that fragment was once believed to protect the structure from lightning strikes.
If you don't have a fireplace, or a good source for a free oak or ash log, a candle-lighting ritual is an excellent substitute. Place one red taper for each family member in a circle on a table, with a larger red pillar candle in the center. Turn off all the lights; hold hands quietly, contemplating the internalized peace of darkness and longing for the sun's exuberant return. Then, light the central candle, and let each family member take turns lighting one smaller candle from its flame to represent them. Set the lit candles back on the table and allow them to burn down.
Or you might want to make up your own family solstice ritual. Bear in mind that light should be an important element. There's a reason why the ancient Britons precisely aligned megalithic monuments such as Stonehenge and Newgrange to frame the sun at dawn, noon or sunset on the Winter Solstice. Other cultures around the world did this as well, one New World example being the famous "Sun Dagger" superimposed on a spiral petroglyph in New Mexico's Chaco Canyon.
Hot tubs filled with yuzu fruits
Evergreen plants, especially those with red fruits such as holly and bayberry, make outstanding household decorations that span the cultural divide between the Christian and Pagan notions of Yuletide. Red, orange and gold all qualify as solar colors. In Japan, people take relaxing soaks on the Winter Solstice in tubs or hot springs with fragrant, bright-yellow, sun-shaped yuzu fruits floating in the water. Mithraic Persian traditions for the solstice holiday called Yalda involve feasting on round red pomegranates, along with lighting bonfires that burn all night long. Today, no animal sacrifice is necessary, but providing ample food and drink to fuel your family and guests through a long cold winter's night is a perennially festive tradition.
So, never mind Christmas or New Year's Eve; what will you be doing on the night of December 21?


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1. Chocolate is a natural anestheticEvery time a regular piece of chocolate gets into our stomach, the cocoa contained in it causes a small injection of the elixir of happiness into our brain. This is due to the development of additional endorphins (natural opiates) and the activation of the pleasure centers of the brain, which can even lead to a reduction in real pain sensations .2. Melting chocolate slices in the mouth causes a more pleasant sensation than a kissIn 2007, researchers from the University of Sussex studied the heart rate and brain waves in 20 couples during a kiss, and then during their eating of chocolate. In all cases, chocolate in the mouth caused a more intense reaction than someone else's tongue!3. Chocolate makes your skin youngerGerman researchers suggest that flavonoids in chocolate absorb ultraviolet light, which can really help protect the skin from aging and increase its blood flow to it.
In the long run, this results in significant rejuvenation and improvement of your skin .4. It is a reliable source of energyChocolate contains caffeine and theobromine, which increase the level of your energy. The darker the chocolate, the more energy you get. And, unlike any energy drinks, chocolate does not lead to a catastrophic drop in energy in a few hours.
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chocolate5. The use of chocolate was previously condemned by the Catholic ChurchIn the action of chocolate, witchcraft and seduction were seen, and his lovers were all considered to be blasphemers and heretics . Probably there is something in this, is not it?6. You can even smell chocolateHere in this study it was proved that even a simple smell of chocolate increases theta brain waves that cause relaxation.
Comparing the effect of the smells of different foods, scientists came to the conclusion that only chocolate fluids have a pronounced relaxation effect.7. Chocolate makes us smarterA 2006 study showed that eating foods that have a high cocoa content within five days can increase blood flow to the brain, thereby improving its performance. Therefore, it is not surprising that people who have chocolate in their diet are much better able to understand and stay clear for longer.
8. Chocolate does not harm your teethIn 2000, Japanese scientists established that chocolate is less harmful to the health of your teeth than many other sweet foods. This is because the antibacterial properties of cocoa beans compensate for a relatively high level of sugar.9.
In the Mayan civilization, cocoa beans were a currencyThe value of the goods at that time was expressed in the amount of cocoa beans that could be obtained for them. The slave cost 100 beans, the services of a prostitute were estimated at 10 beans, and 20 beans were asked for a turkey. There were also counterfeiters who made fake beans from painted clay.10. Chocolate is stored forever (in the right conditions)The chocolate bar, found in the parking lot of the legendary Admiral Richard Byrd near the South Pole, is very well preserved. Despite the past 60 years, it is quite usable.
11. Chocolate gives us the vision of superheroesAccording to a study published in the journal Physiology ; Behavior , a large piece of dark chocolate can help us better distinguish between low contrast objects. These are, for example, cars in bad weather or pedestrians wearing dark clothes in the evening.chocolate12. Reducing the risk of diabetesFlavonoids, contained in cocoa, have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce the risk of developing diabetes by increasing the sensitivity to insulin.13. Chocolate helps to lose weightScientists from the University of Copenhagen found that eating dark chocolate causes a feeling of satiety and helps reduce the consumption of other sweet, salty and fatty foods. Thus, thanks to chocolate it is much easier to stick to a healthy diet and lose extra pounds!14.
Increased libidoAccording to Italian researchers, women who regularly eat chocolate have a much more intense sex life. They have a higher level of attraction, excitement and satisfaction from sex.What a great news, is not it? There is, however, one important detail that must be taken into account. The fact is that not all chocolate is equally useful. In dark chocolate contains twice as much antioxidants than in milk. In addition, dark chocolate gives us less calories than milk chocolate, which has a high content of saturated fats and calories simply because it contains milk.If you want to really benefit from chocolate, then always choose dark chocolate containing at least 70% cocoa.


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This full size expanded polystyrene car was produced for a
function celebrating the super hero that drives it. The
iconic Batmobile was constructed of .9 lb density EPS and
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Brand: XCEL
Color: Neoprene Black
- NECK CRADLE- our supportive and strong neck cradle block gives you an excellent angle to rest any size fretboard for adjustments, maintenance and detailing on guitars, ukulele, banjos, violins, basses etc
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Details: Color:Neoprene Black The Xcel Premium neoprene guitar block and guitar mat will help you do repairs and maintenance on your string instruments safely and securely. Trying to do repairs on the floor or directly on a table or hard surface can lead to scratches, dings and unwanted damage. This affordable and eco-friendly mat is designed specifically to create a safe space to do the necessary maintenance on the instruments you love. Great for acoustic guitars, electric guitars, ukulele's, mandolins, violins and other stringed instruments. This product is made from recycled materials right here in the USA. The surface provides traction while you work and is soft yet completely durable. The block is the perfect companion to the work mat to create a workable angle. It is safe to use with all guitars however we do not recommend leaving instruments with nitrocellulose finish on the rubber for prolonged periods of time. Enhance your instrument workspace with the Xcel premium neoprene guitar mat!
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CARBAMAZEPINE Synthesis, SAR, MCQ, Structure, Chemical Properties and Therapeutic Uses
IUPAC nomenclature
Carbamazepine belongs to class anticonvulsants.
Physiochemical Properties
|Molecular weight
|236.27 g/mol
|Physical appearance
|White to off-white powder.
|Melting point
|Soluble in alcohol, acetone,; practically insoluble in water.
|Octanol/water partition coefficient
|Presence of ring
|Dibenzazepine ring
|Number of chiral centers
|Not present
Mechanism of Action
i. Carbamazepine binds and blocks neuronal sodium channels / voltage sensitive calcium channels.
ii.This results in blockage or suppression of neuronal depolarization and hypersynchronization.
iii. Seizures cause due to hypersynchronization is controlled.
Structure Activity Relationship
SAR tricyclic antidepressants can be summarized as follows:
- Amino group and side alkyl chain do not affect the activity
- Presence of 4 carbons or more on the side chain decreases the activity.
- Methyl substituents on amino groups increases activity.
- Substitution on amino group with ethyl or larger groups increases the toxicity and decreases the activity of drug.
- Removal of the benzene ring makes the drug inactive.
Method of synthesis
Reaction of 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine with potassium cyanate to get carbamazepine.
Therapeutic Uses
Carbamazepine is used for:
- Prevention and control of seizures
- Providing relieve from certain nerve pains
Side Effects
Side effects of Carbamazepine are:
- Dizziness
- Drowsiness
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Unsteadiness
- Dry mouth
- Headaches
- Liver problems
- Loss of appetite
- Dark urine
- Mouth sores
- Blurred vision
- Swelling of ankles
- Numbness
- Confusion
Q.1 Choose the correct option related with the mechanism of action of drug carbamazepine?
a) It binds and blocks neuronal sodium channels
b) It binds and blocks voltage sensitive calcium channels
c) Neuronal depolarization and hypersynchronization takes place
d) All of the above
Q.2 Therapeutic use of drug carbamazepine is/are?
a) Prevention of seizures
b) Prevention of blood clotting
c) Prevention of Diabetes
d) All of the above
Q.3 Which amongst the following are the correct statements with respect to the SAR of drug carbamazepine?
I. Amino group and side alkyl chain do not affect the activity
II. Presence of 4 carbons or more on the side chain increases the activity.
III. Methyl substituent on amino groups decreases activity.
IV. Substitution on amino group with ethyl or larger groups increases the toxicity and decreases the activity of drug.
a) I, IV
b) II, III
c) II, IV
d) I, III
Q.4 5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine ca be converted into carbamazepine by reaction with?
a) Methanol
b) Potassium cyanide
c) Potassium cyanate
d) Ethanoic anhydride
Q.5 Correct sequence for the True/False for the physiochemical properties of the drug Carbamazepine is?
I. Molecular weight = 136.24
II. Melting point = 190.2oC
III. White to off-white powder
IV. Ring structure absent
a) FFTF
b) TFFT
c) FTTF
d) TFFF
Q.6 Correct statements for the IUPAC nomenclatures of the drugs are?
I. Carbamazepine: 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide.
II. Loxapine: 1-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexaneacetic acid
III. Gabapentin: 8-chloro-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzo[b][1,4]benzoxazepine
IV. Thiopental: 5-ethyl-5-pentan-2-yl-2-sulfanylidene-1,3-diazinane-4,6-dione
a) I, II
b) II, IV
c) I, III
d) III, IV
Q.7 Match the following drugs with their correct classifications-
|i. Carbamazepine
|A. Anxiolytic agent
|ii. Diazepam
|B. Anticonvulsant
|iii. Buspirone
|C. Benzodiazepine Antipsychotic drug
|iv. Loxapine
|D. Benzazepine Antipsychotic drug
a) i-B, ii-D, iii-C, iv-A
b) i-B, ii-C, iii-A, iv-D
c) i-C, ii-B, iii-D, iv-A
d) i-A, ii-D, iii-A, iv-C
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Traditional Irish Music
Composing/Arranging for my new CD "German Tin Whistle Maniac" finished :-)
It will be a very basic tin whistle CD - just D-whistle and some guitar backings AND an ebook with all tunes and chords.
The pic shows one of my tunes which is very suitable for every traditional Irish session! Enjoy :-)
Recording starts in May in a 300 years old water mill - Mühle der Freundschaft (mill of friendship, near Osnabrück, Germany)
Also from my last album "A Morning Tune"
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La Jolla, CA – A gene that speeds up the maturation process in plants, resulting in earlier development and flowering, has been isolated by a team of scientists at The Salk Institute.
La Jolla, CA – The living cell is the prototypical shape-shifter. At any given moment, it will reorganize itself to move, grow, replicate and even die.
La Jolla, CA – Should you hit the treadmill before hitting the books?
La Jolla, CA – To make sure your heart's in the right place, you need to add just the right amount of vitamin A.
La Jolla, CA – A home movie of toddlers will show them wobble and weave, often to the amusement of adult viewers. But for babies born with the rare genetic disease ataxia-telangiectasia, commonly known as A-T, what may seem like normal and adorable lack of polish accelerates into a progressive and pervasive loss of muscle control and early death.
La Jolla, CA – The three-dimensional structure of a linchpin enzyme plants need to thrive – and one viewed as a key player in the growing nutraceutical market – has been revealed in atomic detail by scientists at The Salk Institute.
La Jolla, CA – During the turbulent '60s, the phrases "flower power" and "petal power" were counterculture slogans that invoked peace and love. Though science has yet to design flowers capable of fulfilling the wishes of a bygone era, researchers at The Salk Institute are learning more about the genetic power behind flower formation that one day could yield designer blooms.
La Jolla, CA – Joseph R. Ecker, one of the nation's leading authorities on the molecular biology and genetics of plants, will be joining the faculty of The Salk Institute, effective next summer.
La Jolla, CA – A single gene can transform embryonic tissue destined to form a wing into a leg instead, Salk Institute investigators have found. Their studies were performed in chickens, and the gene, called Tbx4 , appears to be involved in limb formation in mammals as well, including humans.
La Jolla, CA – With the aid of a common virus used to ferry a clotting factor gene into liver cells, a team led by researchers at The Salk Institute for Biological Studies has cured a form of hemophilia in mice.
La Jolla, CA – A computer program developed by a Salk-led team has been trained to distinguish among a number of facial cues, helping to sort false from genuine expressions. What's more, the program performs as well as a psychologist trained to read faces and markedly better than human non-experts.
La Jolla, CA – Can regular exercise strengthen the brain? According to a new Salk study, animals that get regular voluntary exercise on running wheels grow more new brain cells than sedentary counterparts.
La Jolla, CA – Like a sextant that helps guide ships at sea, a specific combination of genes has been identified that directs newly born nerve cells to their final destinations in developing organisms.
La Jolla, CA – Zinc has long been recognized as an essential trace element, and a current study led by Salk Institute investigators shows it to be an integral part of ion channels, structures that regulate communication among nerve cells.
La Jolla, CA – To paraphrase a classic rock anthem, flies missing a gene that affects sexual behavior "can't get no satisfaction" no matter how hard they try.
La Jolla, CA – Forget something lately? If so, perhaps you should try an extra helping of sweet potatoes or other vitamin A-rich foods on the holiday table.
La Jolla, CA – Like their human counterparts, all mice are not created equal when it comes to learning new tasks.
La Jolla, CA – Like bubbles fizzing from fine champagne, it has long been assumed that our supply of brain cells steadily diminishes through our lives, never to be replenished. According to a landmark Salk study, however, new cells are born in human brains, even in mature individuals.
La Jolla, CA – The first steroid hormone unearthed in 30 years is a chemical cousin to the molecule that lures pigs to truffles, and like that rare and elusive fungus, it is in a class by itself.
La Jolla, CA – Although it's now common wisdom that dietary fat is related to some cancers, medical researchers have not understood the underlying mechanisms. In research reported in the September 1 issue of Nature Medicine, scientists at The Salk Institute for Biological Studies identify a molecular link between fat metabolism and colon cancer. The results may also be relevant to breast and prostate cancer, common cancers that are also associated with dietary fat.


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Henry RUggs II WR Alabama Las Vegas Raiders 13.
Below are the umpire's assignments on run plays, pass plays and special teams-plays.
Tua Tagovailoa QB Alabama Miami Dolphins 6.
Pizza Hut is the No.
• MiLB has launched MiLB CommUNITY First, a national initiative developed in conjunction with Feeding America to raise funds for local food banks and to honor individuals risking their lives on the front lines of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Isaiah Simmons LB Clemson Arizona Cardinals 9.
Players who have applied for early entry have the right to withdraw their names from consideration for the Draft by notifying the NBA of their decision in writing ten days prior to the 2020 NBA Draft.
Lionel Messi 3.
toy industry saw dollar sales increase by $256 million to $3 billion Q1 , a 7% increase over the same time period last year.
The effort also includes a donation of 1 million meals to Feeding America, • Tennis Channel will bring live matches back to viewers this weekend, May 1 through May 4, with the Tennis Point Drew Sample Womens Jersey Series in Germany.
Jocelyn Willoughby G F Virginia Phoenix Mercury 11.
Players who have applied for early entry have the right to withdraw their names from Shareef Miller Authentic Jersey for the Draft by notifying the NBA of their decision in writing ten days prior to the 2020 NBA Draft.
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Provision of the Award
One student award of $2,500 will be paid annually directly to a post-secondary institution, considered a "qualified donee" by Canada Revenue Agency and the Income Tax Act, to cover such items as tuition, books, lab fees, or residence costs. The award cannot be used by the recipient to cover any costs related to academic research.
The Scholarship recipient will not receive the scholarship funds directly as a cheque. Instead, UEX Corporation, on behalf of the Scholarship Committee, will deposit the Scholarship funds directly to the account of the recipient at the post-secondary institution that they will be attending the following fall.
General Information on the Scholarship
The Scholarship was established in 2021 in honour of Colin Macdonald by the UEX Board of Directors to recognize Colin's formative contributions to the uranium exploration industry in Saskatchewan, his key role as a founding Director of UEX Corporation, and his long and outstanding contribution to the Company over his tenure as Director, which included several years as Chair of the Board.
The UEX Board of Directors passed a resolution in August, 2021 under which UEX will provide $2,500 annually fund the scholarship and will cover any additional costs associated with managing the scholarship and the Scholarship Committee. The Scholarship Committee will be comprised of UEX's Executive Officers and one UEX employee representative.
The Scholarship will be awarded annually in August.
Eligibility of Candidates:
Candidates shall possess a degree in geology or geological engineering and intend to pursue or are currently pursuing post-graduate studies at a Canadian university (at the Masters or Ph.D level) in geology or geological engineering, with a preferred focus on mineral exploration. Candidates will have a minimum of six months remaining to complete their studies to be considered eligible.
Candidates shall clearly demonstrate their preference to continue their professional career in the mineral exploration industry upon completing their current post-graduate degree program. Candidates currently pursing or who are contemplating continuing onto post-doctoral studies will not be eligible for the Scholarship. Candidates may be asked to show evidence of their intention to work in the exploration industry upon graduation before being considered for the award.
Candidates with permanent residency in Canada will be given preference by the Scholarship Committee. Canadian residents may complete their post-graduate studies at any Canadian university to retain their preferred status
While the Scholarship Committee shall use the above criteria to determine who is eligible for the award, the final decision is at the discretion of the Committee. The Committee reserves the right to modify the terms and criteria under which the eligibility of candidates are judged at any time.


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The National Post's Jonathan Kay will take over as editor-in-chief of The Walrus magazine and all of its content platforms at year's end, the foundation behind the Canadian publication announced Wednesday.
"In the coming months, I look forward to collaborating with the magazine's staff to help make the publication's renowned content widely read on a wider range of platforms, and to infuse into the Walrus Foundation some of the energy that has characterized the National Post during the 16 wonderful years that I worked there," Kay said in a release.
Kay has been the Post's managing editor for comment for the past decade. He has worked as a media panelist on CBC television and radio shows such as The National and Q, and his columns and essays have appeared in publications including the New Yorker and the Wall Street Journal.
Kay will replace John Macfarlane, the magazine's current editor and co-publisher, who announced over the summer he would retire at the end of this year. Kay is scheduled to join The Walrus Dec. 1.
Reactions on social media to Kay's appointment were mixed Wednesday, with some, including Kay's current coworkers, applauding The Walrus' decision and other's, like Toronto-based freelancer Jeet Heer, lamenting it.
"Well, there goes The Walrus," Heer posted on Twitter, followed by nine more tweets criticizing The Walrus foundation's decision.
Many online were surprised by Kay's appointment but Shelley Ambrose, The Walrus' executive director and co-publisher, welcomed Kay, calling him a "really smart person" who is engaged in all kinds of discussions relevant to Canadians.
"Jonathan is a trained lawyer, a trained engineer, a wonderful writer, an editor, and has done everything as varied as being a media panelist on Q and on The National to ghostwriting Justin Trudeau's book. That's a pretty wide-ranging area of thought," Ambrose said.
Ambrose said she thinks appointing Kay as editor-in-chief is an "interesting and excellent" choice for The Walrus.
"I think that people have their idea of what the Walrus is, and The Walrus is not one thing."
Current editor and co-publisher Macfarlane said The Walrus foundation thought Kay was "far and away the best man for the job." He said he wouldn't know what to say to anyone calling the choice controversial.
"(Kay) puts into (the National Post) a wide range of views. The Walrus can't and doesn't want to occupy any single place on the ideological continuum and he's done a very good job of running his pages in a way that is consistent with that principal."


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Ziip Rainbow Candy 4 Pods
Buy Ziip Rainbow Candy 4 Pods | Ziip Rainbow Candy 4 Pods for sale
Ziip Rainbow Candy Pods 4ct – Compatible Pods for JUUL Kit Each Ziip pod contains 1mL of e Juice Ziip Pods Rainbow Candy Features:
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- Pack of four
These Juul-compatible pods tout a new record of technology's ability to blend an amalgamation of different flavors into one without creating a flavorful mesh, whereby each taste and flavor will be individually recognized. The Juul-compatible ZIIP Pods Rainbow Candy delivers the same instinctual flavor profile as skittles do, where each little bite provides a different flavor. When you vape this goodness, your palate will be endowed with one after another flavor essence that will never allow one to experience boredom. This rare flavor needs to be properly tasted and experienced, for it provides a true, once in a lifetime experience unlike many other contemporary flavors.
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Training program at Lake Erie Correctional Institution hopes to offer inmates a head start on a second chance
CLEVELAND — Editor's note: The video in the player above is from a story published in November 2020.
The pandemic has battered the restaurant industry, forcing many eateries and bars to close. But even as customers return, businesses are struggling to find enough workers, especially in the kitchen.
For years, restauranteur Brandon Chrostowski of Edwins has been offering a recipe to help train more workers by teaching ex-offenders the fundamentals of culinary arts.
In Ohio, there's another effort independent of Chrostowski's work, but with a similar mission to give people second chances. It will also potentially help the restaurant industry recover from the pandemic.
An hour's drive from Cleveland's restaurant scene, a 50-acre campus sits just off the main road in quiet Conneaut.
It's not a school, but a privately run prison housing 1,700 men convicted of theft, assault, and other crimes that earned them time at this medium-security facility.
Like many prisons, the Lake Erie Correctional Institution is trying to teach inmates life and job skills to keep them from returning.
"In order to prepare these men for world we have to treat them like men and that's what we are doing," said Douglas Fender, Lake Erie Correctional Institution's warden. (The facility is run by private prison company CoreCivic.)
Just before the pandemic hit, the prison and its work-training partners began writing a new recipe to keep recidivism rates low. The ingredients: Cooking and hospitality classes. Last month, corrections officials unveiled the pilot program.
"This program is the quintessential example of what it is that we hope to be able to provide to the people in our care, so that they can leave us and hopefully never come back to see us except when I go to your world-class restaurant and you see my face and say, 'Hey, I know her,'" said Jennifer Sanders, the superintendent of the Ohio Central School System, which runs education programs at state prisons.
Inmates who complete the six-month-plus program – which includes classes in food preparation, safety, and presentation — will receive nationally recognized credentials from the National Restaurant Association and the American Federation of Chefs.
"[Credentials] give them instant credibility when they go into a food industry establishment to apply for a work. And it's great time for them to find work," said Dave Miller, the Chief Operating Officer of Trinity Services Group, which provides food service and the training program at the prison.
15 inmates are in the first class, including Shawn Cunigan, a 54-year-old Dayton man who's spent half his life in prison.
"If I just stayed in that block, I'd do the same old thing, I'd do my time, I'd get out, and then be liable to go back to doing the same old things," Cunigan said. "I'm not saying that I would, but it's there, and if I don't do something different, then I'm going to be right back into the same thing."
Cunigan hopes to impress his family when he gets out this time.
"My family always wanted me to them some [meal] when I come home," he said. "Now I'm going to fix them more. This time that I'm going to fix them some Blinni and smoked salmon. Some bruschetta. I'm going to fix them something that I learned here."
Initially nervous about his future, he's already feeling a sense of accomplishment.
"Before I had to speak – and the chef knows – I would say the wrong words in my speech and the wrong things about food," he said. "Today I feel like I aced it. I'm very proud of myself for what I've done, and I hope my family will be proud of me. I'm going to try to do better for myself and do better for people around me."
The Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Corrections follows the progress of inmates after they leave prison in part to gauge the success of training programs. So, it will be a while before we know if these inmates find a new life in the food industry.
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Wallenberg Molecular Medicine Fellow – Virus -membrane interactions
The complex and dynamic nature of the plasma membrane is essential for the multitude of physiological processes that occur at the cell surface. The viral infectious cycle begins and ends with cell surface interactions, from finding the target cell for infection to the escape of viral progeny. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that underlie how viruses interact with the cell surface is essential to designing viral therapies. My group utilizes a multidisciplinary approach based on the combination of in vitro cell-surface mimics of varying complexity and live-cell microscopy to elucidate these mechanisms. In particular, my group is currently focused on the mechanisms modulating the binding and release of Herpes Simplex Virus from cell-surface carbohydrates. Additionally, we are developing and implementing bioanalytical assays to detect, sort, and characterize viruses on the single particle level in order to better understand the role of population heterogeneity in viral populations. Finally, we are also developing biosensor platforms for the testing of anti-viral drugs.
For more information, visit the group webpage: https://ballylab.com/.


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Sci-comm burrito is a bimonthly-ish gathering of people who work in science communication, outreach or public engagement in Manchester. We normally meet at Barburrito on Piccadilly Gardens at around 6pm, have a burrito then sit around having a drink afterwards. For the time being we'll plan to sit on the tables outside, so make sure you're dressed for the weather (and if it's really grim, we'll improvise on arrival).
Upcoming burrito dates (subject to change - join the mailing list for confirmations/reminders):
Monday 12th December 2022: meeting outside Barburrito on Piccadilly Gardens at 6.30pm and going to the Christmas markets for some food
"Because of #scicommburrito I now belong to a community. I also get to eat burritos regularly." - Alison Atkin, Osteoarchaeologist and Science Communicator
"#scicommburrito has enriched my life with both Sci Comm and Burrito." - Dr. Liz Granger, Biologist and Science Communicator
email@example.com ~ @stecks on Twitter


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Here are some critical Week 8 football games to watch in San Juan County
Piedra Vista vs. Roswell
The Panthers have home field advantage against the Coyotes this time in a critical 5A rematch.
Piedra Vista, which is averaging 39 points in its last four games, would be another step closer to a possible first-round bye in the 5A playoffs.
Roswell beat PV 26-14 in last year's matchup, which kept PV from potentially getting a first-round bye in 2018.
The Panthers (5-1) must get a win over a foe of Roswell's caliber to be ready for a deeper 5A playoff run. It won't be easy, though.
Roswell (6-0) is also putting up blistering numbers on the scoreboard. Roswell is averaging 55.3 points a game, including 54-plus points scored in each of its last three games.
Expect a high-scoring slugfest in this one.
Kirtland Central vs. Moriarty
The Broncos (2-3) need a second quality victory to aid their chances at returning to the 4A playoffs in November.
Kirtland opened 2019 on a rough note, but it has a golden opportunity to make up ground facing the Pintos (2-4) on Homecoming night.
Both sides are fighting to stay in the 4A playoff picture, and a win over a 4A adversary will only help bolster Kirtland's postseason résumé.
Matt Hollinshead covers sports for the Daily Times. He can be reached at 505-564-4577 and on Twitter at @MattH_717.


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Actress Michelle Williams and Hamilton director Tommy Kail scooped up a $10.8 million townhouse in Brooklyn Heights.
The deal for the 3,000-square-foot home may be one of the most expensive for the neighborhood, according to the Wall Street Journal.
The couple, who paid for the 1820s-era home through a trust connected to Kail also acquired a plot of land behind the house, according to the WSJ. The property was not on the market when it sold.
Other celebrities have been drawn to Brooklyn Heights of late. A year ago, actors John Krasinski and Emily Blunt dropped $11 million on a pair of apartments at the Standish building.
This is not Williams' first real estate purchase in the borough. In 2015 the actress paid $2.5 million for a mansion in Prospect Park. Williams sold a townhouse in Boerum Hill in 2014 for $8.8 million.
Kail and Williams, who recently worked together on the television show "Fosse/Verdon," are engaged and expecting their first child together. [WSJ] — Mary Diduch


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Learn To Ride A Motorcycle
In Five Minutes
::: by V. Subhash :::
A 'how to ride a motorbike' tutorial for those who can ride a scooter
Of course, you can learn to ride a motorbike in five minutes! For most of my life, I did not know how to ride a motorbike. But, when I had to do, it took me only five minutes. On my first ride on my first bike, I travelled nearly 100 kilometres, across two cities and one national highway.
If you already know how to ride a motorized two-wheeler such as a scooter, then you know how to ride a motorcycle. Believe me. What you do not have is the mechanical knowledge of how a motorcycle has to be operated. This book will teach you that in an hour or less. Acquiring the skill takes less than five minutes and honing it will require a few weeks of practice.
|Ebook (EPUB)
|The paperback version of this book is available on Amazon India from a third-party seller at an exorbitant price. It is not really worth it. Do not buy it.
- Target: Anyone who can ride a scooter/scooterette (not that skateboard-like thingy)
- Published in: July 2020
- Pages: 40 (30 pages of real content)
- Table Of Contents
- Your First Motorbike
- Know Your Motorbike
- Starting The Motorbike
- Learning Clutch Control
- Riding On First Gear
- Bringing The Motorbike To A Stop
- Shifting Gears
- Slowing Down
- Turning Around Corners
- Rider Tips & Tricks I Wish I Knew From The Beginning
- From the motorbike's manual
- Battery care
- Helmet care
- Side storage box
- Over the tank storage pouch
- Riding down a twisty road
- On a slope or incline
- Save fuel by coasting
- When riding at night
- Lane safety
- Picking up a heavy bike
Acknowledgements & Thanks
I would like to thank Unsplash.com and these contributors for the royalty-free photographs.
Instructional Video Playlist
I learned to ride motorcycles from several online videos. Some of them are included in this online playlist and also mentioned in the book.
NOTE: The use of these photos/videos does not indicate a commercial relationship with the author. Neither does it imply that the above endorse me or my book.


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If you have followed my blog for some time, you may have picked up on the fact that my wife is my muse. She was the one who encouraged me to begin blogging in the first place. As I look … Continue reading
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Peggy Morgan lost her Invicta FC 18 featherweight bout to Megan Anderson on Friday, and she came away from the fight with her left cheek so swollen that it didn't even look like a cheek anymore. It happened in the first round after Anderson hit her with a number of massive punches, as you can see here courtesy of Bleacher Report:
And the result wasn't pretty. When she sat down at the end of the round, her cheek had already ballooned up.
Here's what her cheek looked like before the fight.
But to her credit, she was light-hearted about it afterwards, saying that nothing was broken and even cracking a few jokes.


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"You Have My Vote"
You Have My Vote!" by A.J. Rasmussen
We have a nightmare of choices for this edition of the preidential race. Who is the best choice from who we have to choose from? I don't really know who I would choose, if given the chance?
I ran across a story of a lady in my business class textbook. Her name, Anne Mulcahy. She was asked to become the new CEO for Xerox (unsure of the year). It wasn't an easy choice for her though, because she would be entering a company who for three years had seen steeply declining revenues, and increasing losses. With a growing debt ($17.1 Billion), only $154 Million of cash on hand, and stock that had dropped from a high of $64 per share, to $4.34 per share - she was very nervous and feared the thought of being responsible for ultimate failure and the effect it would have on 96,000 employees and retirees.
She made the tough decision though and took over the CEO position. Before she left the position, she had righted the ship, and brought Xerox back to profitability. An unreal feat. Why not Anne Mulcahy for President!? She isn't running, but could you imagine someone in the whitehouse who might actually be able to "balance the budget", and possibly bring our country out of debt! Without knowing anything about this woman, I would seriously consider her as a viable choice as President, someone who could at least turn us around financially. Maybe whoever does become President ought to look at bringing her onto the staff to handle the finances?
Anne Mulcahy, you have my vote!!