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Revista de biología marina y oceanografía
On-line version ISSN 0718-1957
Rev. biol. mar. oceanogr. vol.50 no.2 Valparaíso Aug. 2015
ARTÍCULOAnnual, seasonal and daily variation in the abundance of the South American sea lion Otaria flavescens in two breeding colonies in northern Chile
Variaciones anuales, estacionales y diarias en la abundancia del lobo marino común Otaria flavescens en dos colonias reproductivas del norte de Chile
Maritza Sepúlveda1,2, Macarena Santos1,2, Rodrigo Veas3, Lily Muñoz1, Danai Olea1, Rodrigo Moraga2 and Walter Sielfeld4
1Centro de Investigación y Gestión de los Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile. firstname.lastname@example.com
2Centro de Investigación Eutropia, Ahumada 131, Oficina 912, Santiago, Chile
3Programa de Investigación Marina de Excelencia (PIMEX), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Casilla 160-C, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
4Departamento de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique, Chile
Los estudios de variaciones de abundancia de las poblaciones a distintas escalas temporales permiten comprender cómo dichas poblaciones fluctúan en el tiempo y cuáles son los factores que influyen sobre dichas variaciones. Se analizaron los patrones de abundancia del lobo marino común (SASL, Otaria flavescens) a escalas diaria, mensual y anual en 2 loberas reproductivas del norte de Chile. Adicionalmente, se evaluó el efecto de El Niño sobre los patrones anuales de la especie. La abundancia de lobos marinos en Punta Negra (PN) disminuyó desde 1994 a 2011, mientras que en Punta Patache (PP) aumentó, aunque el número de crías fue proporcionalmente bajo. Los resultados demuestran un efecto importante de El Niño sobre la abundancia de lobos marinos, especialmente para hembras + juveniles en PN. La abundancia mensual de hembras y juveniles fue mayor en invierno, mientras que para machos adultos y subadultos no se encontró ningún patrón. Finalmente, durante el día la abundancia incrementa hasta llegar a un máximo hacia fines de la tarde, especialmente en el caso de hembras y juveniles. No se encontraron diferencias en los patrones de abundancia entre las épocas reproductiva y no reproductiva para ninguna de las clases de sexo/edad. Este estudio muestra que la abundancia en PP y PN muestra periodicidades anuales, mensuales y diarias, y que dichas periodicidades están condicionadas tanto por factores intrínsecos (e.g., época reproductiva) como extrínsecos (e.g., hora del día, El Niño). A escala anual, los resultados indican que aún a una escala local, las tendencias de abundancia en 2 colonias pueden ser diferentes.
Palabras clave: Circaritmos, actividad en tierra, Otaria byronia
Studies on population abundance variations at different temporal scales contribute to the understanding on how these populations change over time and what are the factors influencing those variations. We analyzed daily, monthly and annual haul-out abundance patterns of South American sea lions (SASL, Otaria flavescens) in 2 breeding colonies of the north of Chile. Additionally we analyzed the effect of El Niño events on the sea lions' annual patterns. The abundance of sea lions in Punta Negra (PN) decreased from 1994 to 2011, whereas in Punta Patache (PP) increased, although the number of pups was proportionately low. Our results indicated a strong effect of El Niño over the abundance of sea lions, especially for females + juveniles in PN. The haul-out monthly abundance of females and juveniles increased during austral winter months, whereas adult and subadult males did not show a clear pattern. Finally, the haul-out abundance tended to increase throughout the day reaching a maximum by late afternoon, especially for females and juveniles. No difference in daily patterns between breeding and non-breeding seasons for any of the sex/age classes was found. This study shows that the number of animals in the PP and PN breeding colonies presented annual, monthly and daily periodicities, and that these periodicities are conditioned by both intrinsic (e.g., breeding period) and extrinsic (e.g., time of day, El Niño) factors. On an annual basis, our results indicate that even at a local scale, SASL population trends at 2 colonies may be different.
Key words: Circarhythms, Haul-out activity, Southern sea lion, Otaria byronia
Monitoring programs examining spatial and/or temporal variability in the abundance of a population are critical for both basic and applied ecological studies. Traditionally these programs have been used for management of populations or species, but during the last decades they have gained additional importance as a tool to evaluate natural and anthropogenic influences over fluctuations in population abundance, thus providing a better understanding of the factors causing those fluctuations (Frost et al. 1999, Jemison et al. 2006). In this context, short-, medium-, and long-term estimations of population abundance contribute to the understanding on how they change over time and what are the factors influencing those variations (Jemison et al. 2006).
Otariids (sea lions and fur seals) spend part of their lives in terrestrial habitats on land or ice to raise young, mate, molt, and rest (Riedman 1990, Reder et al. 2003). However, the time these animals spend on land is highly variable, because it depends upon several factors affecting strongly their daily, seasonal and even annual terrestrial abundance and haul-out behavior such as prey availability, predator avoidance, thermoregulation, breeding activity, and environmental effects (e.g., tides, weather, and time of day) (Reder et al. 2003). Depending on the temporal scale, these factors have more or less relevance in the haul-out abundance of sea lions.
The South American sea lion Otaria flavescens (SASL, Shaw, 1800) lives across a broad latitudinal range along the Chilean coast with a population size estimated in about 165,000 sea lions (Venegas et al. 2002, Bartheld et al. 2008, Sepúlveda et al. 2011, Oliva et al. 2012). After a significant reduction of the sea lions population during the sealing period in the middle of the twentieth century (Sielfeld 1999), last surveys performed in Chile suggested that the population is now recovering, at least in northern and southern Chile (Bartheld et al. 2008, Oliva et al. 2012). This population recovery is mainly associated to cessation of hunting, but also is due to the intrinsic capacity of most otariids for rapid population growth and expansion (Bradshaw et al. 2000, Gerber & Hilborn 2001), and due to current protective legislation, the establishment of nature reserves, and increases in food resources (Lalas & Bradshaw 2003). In addition, oceanographic fluctuations, changes in ocean productivity, as well as fishery activities may affect the abundance in the long-term (Bradshaw et al. 2000, Read et al. 2006). In this context, low frequency environmental perturbations like El Niño events could modify the quality of sea lions habitat causing important effects on their abundance trends (Sielfeld & Guzmán 2002, Soto et al. 2004, 2006). In particular, the ENSO 1997/1998 caused massive pup mortality for SASL in Chilean and Peruvian coasts, thus showing a strong regulatory effect on the SASL population (Sielfeld & Guzmán 2002, Soto et al. 2004, 2006). The analysis of a population trend by means of annual estimations is therefore useful in understanding the factors involved in the growth of a population and also to understand ecosystem dynamics (Bowen et al. 2003).
Besides long-term abundance trends, SASL exhibits marked seasonal abundance fluctuations, mainly explained by the notable breeding period that occurs in this species, extending from January to March (austral summer) (Acevedo et al. 2003, Sepúlveda et al. 2012). During this period, the abundance of sea lions in the rookeries arises due to the presence of newborn pups, and adult males and females also that remain on land defending their territories, and caring for and suckling their pups, respectively (Sepúlveda et al. 2012). At the end of this period, most males disperse out to feed and rest (Sepúlveda et al. 2001, Acevedo et al. 2003, Muñoz et al. 2011). Females on the other hand remain with their pups in the colony, alternating their time between pup attendances on land and foraging trips to the ocean (Campagna & LeBoeuf 1988, Muñoz et al. 2011). During the rest of the year (April to December), sea lions of all ages and sex classes can be seen in the rookeries, although the number of sea lions hauled-out vary considerably in different months (Sepúlveda et al. 2009, 2012). Thus, breeding season constitutes a strong component influencing haul-out patterns on this species.
Previous studies have demonstrated a strong diurnal component to SASL haul-out abundance, with few hauled-out sea lions in the morning and maximum numbers of hauled-out individuals in the afternoon (Sepúlveda et al. 2001, 2012), mainly due to the effects of time of day and height of tides. In particular, time of day has typically been examined to determine daily trends in haul-out patterns, relating observed patterns to ambient temperature, intensity of solar radiation, and prey availability in the water column (Calkins et al. 1999). Several studies, both in SASL (Sepúlveda et al. 2001, 2012) and in other species of otariids (e.g., Stirling 1968) have documented a maximum peak of abundance on land during the early afternoon. This pattern could be in response to air temperature, with sea lions more likely to haul-out under conditions of high temperature (Carlens et al. 2006, Andrews-Goff et al. 2010). However, variation of this pattern according to month of year and to different age/sex classes of the SASL has also been described (Sepúlveda et al. 2012).
In the north of Chile, Region of Tarapacá, a population size of about 22,000 sea lions has been estimated (Bartheld et al. 2008). Two of the most important breeding colonies on this area are Punta Patache and Punta Negra, with approximately 950 and 1250 individuals, respectively (Bartheld et al. 2008). These rookeries are important not only because of their reproductive condition, but also because they are at a very short distance from the coast (< 50 m) and nearby to a sector of high industrial activity. For these colonies we predicted a strong annual, seasonal and diurnal haul-out abundance pattern. In particular, higher SASL abundance is predicted during the breeding period and also during the early afternoon. On the other hand, it is predicted a negative effect of El Niño events over the sea lions abundance. In this context, the objectives of this study were (1) to determine the daily, monthly and annual haul-out abundance patterns of different age/sex classes of SASL in Punta Patache and Punta Negra breeding colonies in northern Chile; (2) to examine trends in population size on these two breeding colonies, and (3) to analyze the potential effect of the El Niño and La Niña events on the abundance of SASL on these colonies during the study period.
Study area
This study was carried out in 2 breeding colonies of the SASL in northern Chile: Punta Patache (PP; 20º48'S; 70º12'W) and Punta Negra (PN; 20º50'S; 70º10'W) (Fig. 1). PP is composed by 3 rocks located at about 50 m in front of mainland Chile, whereas PN is a rock at a distant of about 30 m from the coast.
Population surveys of South American sea lions
Annual fluctuations in abundance
In both colonies, photographic surveys were made during the breeding seasons of 1994 throughout 2011. Surveys were performed in February, because this month represents the peak of the breeding season for the SASL in the Chilean coast, when most individuals are present at the rookery for reproduction, and almost all pups are already born (Acevedo et al. 2003, Sepúlveda et al. 2009, 2012). For each survey, and during 3 consecutive days, colonies were photographed. Observers were situated in land in front of the colonies, which are both located about 50 to 100 m off the coast of mainland Chile (Fig. 1). Photographs were taken sequentially and slightly overlapped to guarantee complete coverage of the site. Three independent observers counted the number of sea lions from the photographic records using Photoshop software. Final values were estimated by averaging the counts from the 3 observers, with a maximum error of 10% among them. Counts falling out from the fixed error were repeated. For each survey, the result with highest abundance of sea lions found in both colonies was considered.
Figure 1. Breeding colony study sites for South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens).
Black dots indicate the places where observations were made
Figura 1. Colonias reproductivas del lobo marino común (Otaria flavescens) en el área de estudio.
Los puntos negros indican los sitios de observación
Monthly fluctuations in abundance
Field work took place at the 2 colonies once a month from October 2010 to September 2011. For each month an aerial survey was performed in a Cessna 150 airplane at an altitude of 120-150 m with a speed of 100-150 km h-1. A set of photographic records was taken with digital cameras CANON 40D and NIKON D300s, zoom lensed 100-400 and 70-200. As mentioned earlier, 3 independent observers counted the number of sea lions from the photographic records, using the same criteria mentioned above.
Daily fluctuations in abundance
Punta Patache colony was monitored 3 days/month by two observers from October 2010 to September 2011. The number of sea lions was counted using 10×15 binoculars and hand tally counters. Counts were conducted at 60-min intervals between 08:30 and 18:30. Counts were averaged between the observers, with a maximum error of 10% among them. Observations points were the same as mentioned above (also see Fig. 1). For each month, sea lion counts were averaged for each time of the day, and then expressed as a proportion of the maximum number of sea lions during the day. Thus, the proportion of sea lions at the time of maximum haul-out abundance was one. This procedure eliminated monthly differences in the number of sea lions in the colony (Lake et al. 1997).
Categorization by age/sex classes
In each of the 3 analyses (annual, monthly and daily) individuals were classified according to age/sex classes as adult males, subadult males, females, juveniles (both sexes), and pups (both sexes). Age and sex were determined from differences in size, body shape and/or coloration (Hamilton 1934, King 1983). Additionally, a category called `unknown' was included for those animals which due to their position in the colony could not be assigned to any of the previous categories. Pups were considered as a separated age class from January to April, and as juveniles from May to December. This is because from May pups are difficult to distinguish from juveniles > 1 year, due to similarities in both size and color.
Data analyses
To evaluate potential annual fluctuations in abundance, the temporal series of abundance for both colonies were compared using the non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test due to the data was not normally distributed. Analyses were done for each age/sex class separately. Surveys performed from 1994 to 2010 did not discriminate females from juveniles; thus both age/classes were analyzed together. Similarly, no distinctions were made between adult males and subadult males. In addition, to assess the population trend of O. flavescens in the study area, the finite population growth rate (λ) was calculated for the historic abundance data as: λ= Nt+1/Nt (Begon et al. 2006). We only used the rate of change in pup numbers as a measure of the population trend, because pup counts may lead to more accurate estimates (Dans et al. 2004), and because they are also a measure of the productivity of a population (Trites & Larkin 1996).
A potential relationship between the temporal series of abundance in both colonies during the breeding seasons and El Niño-Southern oscillation (ENSO) events was evaluated. As a quantitative assessment, the multivariate ENSO index (MEI) (Wolter & Timlin 1993, 1998) was used (NOAA-ESRL)1. Monthly data from 1993 to 2010 was considered. To integrate MEI values calculated before and during the breeding period of the species, MEI index was averaged from November of a particular year to February on the following consecutive year. MEI index is known to have positive values during the warm phase of ENSO (e.g., El Niño), whereas during the cold phase has negative values (e.g., La Niña). If a negative effect of La Niña or El Niño events is found over the sea lions abundance, then a bell shaped relationship between MEI index and sea lions' abundance is expected, with maximal abundances when MEI values are near zero. To corroborate this, a quadratic model was adjusted to the temporal series of abundance by a Non-linear least-square method. A quasi-Newton method was used with 1,000 iterations of the algorithm. This analysis was done separately for males, females + juveniles, and pups from both colonies.
Finally, to visualize possible patterns and/or differences among age/sex classes, and between breeding (January to March) and non-breeding (April to December) seasons, a series of average daily and monthly haul-out distributions analyses were built. In order to test differences in haul-out distribution, a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed for each age/sex class. To test whether the proportion of sea lions hauled-out varied significantly with time of day and/or among different months, a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used (Underwood 1997) having time of day (11 levels), and month (12 levels) as factors, and the proportion of sea lions as the dependent variable. In order to satisfy assumptions for normality proportion data was logit-transformed [log (y / (1 - y))] (Warton & Hui 2011). If a factor was significant, a Tukey HSD post hoc test was computed to test which factor levels differed. For daily analysis, the data set utilized was the proportion of sea lions hauled-out at each time of day per month (3 observations per month as replicates). All statistical analyses were ran in Statistica 7.0 software (StatSoft Inc. 2004) with alpha= 0.05.
Annual variations in abundance
The temporal series of abundance of males, females + juveniles and pups during the breeding seasons of 1994 to 2011 are shown in Fig. 2. All series showed significant differences in mean abundance (Males: W= 71.5, P= 0.002; Females + juveniles W= 85.0, P < 0.001; pups W= -111.5, P < 0.001) over time. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test indicated significant differences of abundance distribution between the 2 localities for males (DN= 0.64, P < 0.01), females + juveniles (DN= 0.67, P= 0.003), and pups (DN= 0.94, P < 0.001).
Figure 2. Time series of South American sea lions abundance (number of sea lions per breeding season)
for males, females + juveniles, and pups. Punta Negra (PN) is indicated in
black circles and Punta Patache (PP) in white squares
Figura 2. Series de tiempo de la abundancia de lobos marinos (número de lobos marinos comunes por época reproductiva)
para machos, hembras + juveniles, y crías. Punta Negra (PN) se indica en
círculos negros y Punta Patache (PP) en cuadrados blancos
In PN, from 1994 to 2004, the corresponding finite population growth rates (λ) obtained through historic abundance of pups showed a neutral to slightly positive trend (Fig. 2). A notable exception was found in 1998, when a drastic drop in the total abundance (including pups) was registered. The abundance of sea lions exhibited a slight decrease from 2005 to 2008. Taking into account the number of pups and the total abundance counted in 1994 and compared to 2011, the population of O. flavescens has decreased in this colony. A different situation has been registered in PP. In this locality no pups were registered until 2004, even when the total abundance of sea lions was increasing. From 2004 to 2008 the number of pups showed a positive trend, especially during 2008. Finally, during 2011 when the highest number of sea lions was registered in this colony, the number of pups was proportionately low.
The relationship between the abundance of sea lions and the MEI index showed differences between males and females + juveniles. The abundance of males in both PN and PP did not show a clear pattern with the MEI values (Figs. 3a and 3b). In PP, only in 1993/94 and 2006/07 breeding seasons, the abundance was double and triple the mean abundance registered during the rest of the years, respectively. At PN colony, females + juveniles showed a clear relationship with the MEI index (Fig. 3c). On the contrary, they did not show a relationship with this index at PP (Fig. 3d). Similarly, pups showed a clear relationship with the MEI index (Fig. 3e) at PN colony, with lower values of abundance obtained during the 1997/98 ENSO. Finally, no relationship was found between pups and the MEI index at PP (Fig. 3f).
Monthly variations in abundance
All age/sex classes showed significant differences in abundance among months (Table 1, Figs. 4 and 5). The only exceptions were for males in PN and for pups in PP. In general, males and subadult males did not show a clear pattern of abundance during the year. In PN, the number of males decrease in spring, whereas subadults were absent (Fig. 4). In PP, maximum proportion for males and subadults males were found in June, and from October to January, respectively (Fig. 5). On the other hand, females and juveniles tended to increase their proportion of individuals hauled- out during austral winter (June to September), both in PN and in PP (Figs. 4 and 5).
Table 1. ANOVA results showing hourly and monthly differences in haul out behavior of total, adult males, subadult males,
females, juveniles and pups South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens). Hourly analysis corresponds to
Punta Patache colony only. Monthly comparisons were performed for Punta Patache (PP) and
Punta Negra (PN) colonies. Statistical significant differences are marked in bold
Tabla 1. Resultados del ANOVA mostrando las diferencias diarias y mensuales en la abundancia en tierra del total de animales,
machos adultos, machos subadultos, hembras, juveniles y crías del lobo marino común (Otaria flavescens).
El análisis diario fue realizado únicamente en la colonia de Punta Patache. El análisis de variaciones mensuales fue
realizado para Punta Patache (PP) y Punta Negra (PN). Diferencias significativas se indican en negrita
Figure 4. Average monthly proportion (logit transformed) of total South American sea lions hauled-out during the year in
Punta Negra breeding colony for the total number of animals, adult males, subadult males, females,
juveniles and pups. Bars correspond to HSD Tukey interval of 95% confidence. Non-overlapping
intervals denote significant differences between mean values
Figura 4. Proporción mensual promedio (transformadas) del total de lobos marinos en tierra a lo largo del año en la colonia
reproductiva de Punta Negra para el total de animales, machos adultos, machos subadultos, hembras,
juveniles y crías. Las barras corresponden al intervalo HSD Tukey con un 95% de confidencia.
Intervalos que no se solapan indican diferencias significativas entre los valores promedio
Figure 5. Average monthly proportion (logit transformed) of total South American sea lions hauled-out during
the year in Punta Patache breeding colony for the total number of animals, adult males, subadult males,
females, juveniles and pups. Bars correspond to HSD Tukey interval of 95% confidence.
Non-overlapping intervals denote significant differences between mean values
Figura 5. Proporción mensual promedio (transformadas) del total de lobos marinos en tierra a lo largo del año
en la colonia reproductiva de Punta Patache para el total de animales, machos adultos, machos subadultos,
hembras, juveniles y crías. Las barras corresponden al intervalo HSD Tukey con un 95% de confidencia.
Intervalos que no se solapan indican diferencias significativas entre los valores promedio
Daily variations in abundance
The daily proportion of total individuals hauled-out tended to increase throughout the day, from about 60% at 8:00 am to 90% at 4:00 pm (Fig. 6). ANOVA results indicated that the total number of sea lions, females and juveniles had significant differences among hours, while males and subadult males did not (Table 1). The highest abundance of females and juveniles was found at the end of the observation period (Fig. 6).
Figure 6. Average daily proportion (logit transformed) of total South American sea lions hauled-out during a year in
Punta Patache breeding colony for for the total number of animals, adult males, subadult males,
females, juveniles and pups. Bars correspond to the HSD Tukey interval of 95% confidence.
Non-overlapping intervals denote significant differences between mean values
Figura 6. Proporción diaria promedio (transformadas) del total de lobos marinos en tierra a lo largo del año
en la colonia reproductiva de Punta Patache para el total de animales, machos adultos, machos
subadultos, hembras, juveniles y crías. Las barras corresponden al intervalo HSD Tukey
con un 95% de confidencia. Intervalos que no se solapan indican diferencias
significativas entre los valores promedio
Considering the entire study period, there was no difference between breeding and non-breeding seasons for any of the sex/age classes. Females and juveniles showed a very similar pattern, with no significant differences in hourly proportion of haul-out distribution between breeding and no breeding seasons (Kolgomorov-Smirnov test, P > 0.05). In the case of males and sub adult males (Fig. 7), there is not a clear increasing trend from morning to evening, except for males during the breeding season. Female global haul-out distribution was found to be different to that of males and subadult males, whereas subadult males differed with juveniles (Table 2). Finally, the haul-out distribution of pup showed differences with all other sex/age classes (Table 2).
Figure 7. Daily distribution of average proportion (data logit transformed) of hauled- out South American sea lions in
Punta Patache for breeding (circles) and non-breeding (triangles) seasons
Figura 7. Distribución diaria de la proporción promedio (transformada) de lobos marinos en tierra
en Punta Patache para las épocas reproductiva (círculos) y no reproductiva (triángulos)
Table 2. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (D) comparing average hourly proportion of haul-out distribution among
age/sex classes of South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) in Punta Patache
breeding colony. Statistical significant differences (P) are marked in bold
Tabla 2. Test de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (D) que compara el promedio de la proporción horaria de la abundancia en
tierra del lobo marino común (Otaria flavescens) de distintas clases de edad/sexo en la colonia
de Punta Patache. Diferencias significativas (P) se indican en negrita
Annual variations in abundance
Annual variations in the abundance of SASL were recorded at the 2 studied colonies. Historically, PN was the only breeding colony for O. flavescens in the area. The abundance of sea lions in this colony increased from 1994 to 1997, followed by a drastic decrease in 1998. The increase in the number of sea lions registered in the 1997 breeding season corresponded to the maximum peak of abundance during the study period, before the ENSO 1997/98 event. According to Sielfeld & Guzmán (2002), the increase in population abundance on this colony during this year, coincided with the finding of some individuals in non-traditional sites around PN, and may be explained by immigration of sea lions from the north, probably in search of food. On the other hand, the decrease registered during 1998 coincided with one of the most severe El Niño events registered in the last century (see below).
A different scenario was found in PP. In this colony, a positive trend has been registered during the last years. In particular, the presence of pups has been recorded only since 2004. The absence of pups before that year could be explained by overexploitation of this colony during the 20th century, resulting in significant reduction of their stocks (Sielfeld pers. obs.). The increase in animal abundance from 2004 may be due to a recovery after a prolonged period of hunting, as has been reported recently for O. flavescens in the coast of Argentina (Dans et al. 2004).
The increase of sea lions abundance in PP coincided with a decrease in PN. These opposite trends suggest an exchange of individuals between both sites. In fact, a recent study made on sea lions from PP equipped with GPS tags demonstrated that sea lions usually visit PN and other colonies in the area (Hevia 2013). Movement of animals between colonies may have a significant influence on the abundance estimations, due for instance to a decrease in the abundance of a colony that may be explained by an increase in another site but not necessarily by an increase and/or decrease in the population growth of the species.
Our results indicated a strong effect of El Niño over the abundance of sea lions, especially in the case of females and juveniles in PN colony. El Niño event causes a decreasing in prey availability, thus increasing the length of foraging trips taken by lactating females, and reducing the frequency of females returning to nurse their pups at land (Arntz & Fahrbach 1996, Soto et al. 2004, 2006). This could result in massive pup mortality as it has been reported for SASL in Chilean and Peruvian coasts (Limberger 1990, Majluf 1991, Arntz & Fahrbach 1996, Sielfeld & Guzmán 2002, Soto et al. 2004), but also for other otariids, such as Galapagos fur seals (Arctocephalus galapagoensis) (Trillmich & Limberger 1985), Galapagos sea lions (Zalophus wollebaeki) (Trillmich & Limberger 1985) and California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) (DeLong et al. 1991). In particular, the 1997/98 event was characterized by SASL abortion and premature birth during 1997, mortality of yearlings and adults during 1998 and a strong reduction of birth during the same year (Sielfeld & Guzmán 2002) and during subsequent breeding seasons (Soto et al. 2004). In PN in particular, after El Niño 1997/98 event, the population of sea lions had never reached historical numbers (Sielfeld & Guzmán 2002). ENSO events were shown to have a strong regulatory effect on the SASL population in northern Chile. The effect of El Niño on the recruitment rates persists during the present time, whereby the death of pups (females reaching maturity after 3 years), 1 year old young (females reaching maturity after 2 years) and 2 years old young (females reaching maturity after 1 year) resulted in a reduction of the reproductive female population, actually maintaining low pup production (Sielfeld & Guzmán 2002).
The effects of El Niño seem to be more important in females, and less drastic in males. These results are opposite to what was found by Soto et al. (2004) who indicated that more than 60% of territorial males died as a consequence of the El Niño in the Peruvian coast. It is possible that in our study area males were not as drastically affected as females as they were in the Peruvian coast due to: (1) males do not need to return to the colony to nurse a pup in a short time, and thus they can leave and forage to other places; (2) males are able to travel more than 300 km away from the colony, about twice than females (Campagna et al. 2001), thus may have more option to access food; and (3) similarly, they are able to dive more deeply than females and juveniles (Campagna et al. 2001) being potentially less affected by El Niño effects.
Monthly variations in abundance
The PP colony showed a marked seasonal variation in abundance and age/sex composition. This variation in abundance was mainly due to variation in the number of females and juveniles, because these categories were the most abundant in the colony. On the contrary, we observed that males and subadult males showed a scattered behavior, being more abundant during spring and summer months. According to these tendencies, and even when PP is currently considered as a breeding colony due to the presence of pups, its seasonal patterns are more according to a non-breeding or haul-out colony. In a non-breeding colony, lowest numbers of sea lions are present in summer since the majority of animals move to breeding colonies during this season, and only subadult males and old males that do not participate in reproduction stay on this kind of colonies (Rosas et al. 1994). On the contrary, the abundance in haul-out colonies usually increases during summer due to sea lions returning to the resting colonies and showing a higher abundance of sea lions from March to December (Sepúlveda et al. 2001).
This unexpected pattern in PP could reflect changes over time in the sea lion colonies due to many influential factors, such as for instance human exploitation (Grandi et al. 2008). It has been described that an increasing sea lion population could go through a recolonization process that can be divided into phases (see Roux 1987). The population at PP is probably found in a survival phase extending from the cessation of human exploitation and to the initiation of breeding activities (Roux 1987, Grandi et al. 2008). In this context, although the presence of pups was already reported in this colony, it still does not show the typical monthly and seasonal patterns of the breeding colonies (Acevedo et al. 2003, Pavés et al. 2005, Sepúlveda et al. 2009), and therefore the classification of breeding and non-breeding colonies should be reviewed (Crespo 1988). As established by Grandi et al. (2008) in SASL colonies from the Atlantic coast, the structural and compositional changing process of a colony (from non-breeding to breeding) begins with the establishment of juveniles followed by the incorporation of adult males, subadult males, or both, which yields mixed composition colonies.
Daily variations in abundance
A pattern in the daily abundance of females and juveniles SASL in PP colony was observed, with an increase in the abundance of these age classes by late afternoon. Similarly to our results, Rosas et al. (1994) in the Atlantic coast, and Sepúlveda et al. (2001, 2012) in central Chile both working with non-breeding colonies, described a similar behavioral pattern in which groups go out from the colony at sunset and come back at sunrise, with greatest number of animals found on land at noon. These studies all suggested a diurnal component in the haul-out behavior of South American sea lions, with most individuals present on land late in the afternoon. A similar pattern has been also documented in other species of pinnipeds, such as Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddellii (Lake et al. 1997), and New Zealand fur seals Arctocephalus forsteri (Stirling 1968).
Sepúlveda et al. (2012) working in a breeding colony from the central coast of Chile found that sea lions (males, females and juveniles) have a peak of haul-out numbers at approximately 1:30-4:30 pm, earlier than the one found in this study. These authors related their patterns to the effects of both air temperature and to feeding habits of their prey, which concentrate mainly on the surface during the night (Fraser et al. 1995). Thus, nocturnal feeding of the South American sea lion may be favored by energy saving due to easier access to prey (Thompson et al. 1998). However, these explanations may not work in the northern coast of Chile because: (1) air temperature is higher than in central-South, and also does not show high variation along the day, and (2) a pelagic foraging of this species has been reported in the study area, with mean dives of 17 m in depth (Hevia 2013). This author also found that sea lions showed foraging dives during both day and night times, which suggests that SASL in the study area do not need to save energy and thus may feed at different hourly periods. Similar results have been reported in the Atlantic coast, with sea lions diving both at day and night (Riet-Sapriza et al. 2013, Rodríguez et al. 2013). This diurnal and nocturnal foraging behavior of SASL may be also related with the vertical distribution of the anchovy (Engraulis ringens), which is restricted to the first 30 m (Bertrand et al. 2008), thus being available to marine predators during both day and night.
Conclusions and recommendations
This study shows that the number of animals in the PP and PN breeding colonies presented annual, monthly and daily periodicities, and that these periodicities are conditioned by different intrinsic (e.g., breeding period) and extrinsic (e.g., time of day, ENSO) factors. On an annual basis, it is important to note that even when the two colonies are very close, no similar trends were found. In this context, our results indicate that even at a local scale, sea lion population trends can be different.
The understanding of the factors causing variation in the status of long-lived and slow reproducing species, such as O. flavescens, is especially difficult, since it requires a long-term study. Therefore, long term demographic studies quantifying life history parameters and detecting trends are necessary. Thus, accurate population estimates of the South American sea lion are an essential baseline for developing management and conservation strategies.
We acknowledge P. Inostroza, J. Barraza, F. Velásquez and G. Pavez for their help in the field, and to Patricia Zárate for language corrections. Financial support for this research was obtained from Compañía Minera Doña Inés de Collahuasi (CMDIC) through the project GMS 2010/22.
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Acevedo J, A Aguayo-Lobo & W Sielfeld. 2003. Eventos reproductivos del león marino común, Otaria flavescens (Shaw 1800), en el norte de Chile (Pacífico suroriental). Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 38: 69-75. Full text via SciELO
Andrews-Goff V, MA Hindell, IC Field, KE Wheatley & JB Charrassin. 2010. Factors influencing the winter haulout behaviour of Weddell seals: consequences for satellite telemetry. Endangered Species Research 10: 83-92.
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Begon M, CR Townsend & JL Harper. 2006. Ecology: From individuals to ecosystems, 738 pp. Blackwell, Oxford.
Bertrand A, F Gerlotto, S Bertrand, M Gutiérrez, L Alza, A Chipollini, E Díaz, P Espinoza, J Ledesma, R Quesquén, S Peraltilla & F Chavez. 2008. Schooling behaviour and environmental forcing in relation to anchoveta distribution: An analysis across multiple spatial scales. Progress in Oceanography 79: 264-277.
Bowen WD, L McMillan & R Mohn. 2003. Sustained exponential population growth of grey seals at Sable Island, Nova Scotia. ICES Journal of Marine Science 60: 1265-1274.
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Lake SE, HR Burton & MA Hindell. 1997. Influence of time of day and month on Weddell seal haul-out patterns at the Vestfold Hills, Antarctica. Polar Biology 18: 319-324.
Lalas C & CJA Bradshaw. 2003. Expectations for population growth at new breeding locations for the vulnerable New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) using a simulation model. Biological Conservation114: 67-78.
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Majluf P. 1991. El Niño effects on pinnipeds in Peru. In: Trillmich F & KA Ono (eds). El Niño: responses to environmental stress, pp. 55-65. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Muñoz L, G Pavez, P Inostroza & M Sepúlveda. 2011. Foraging trips of female South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) from Isla Chañaral, Chile. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals 9: 140-144.
Oliva D, LR Durán, M Sepúlveda, W Sielfeld, R Moraga, G Pavez & L Muñoz. 2012. Cuantificación poblacional de lobos marinos en las Regiones X y XI y propuesta de escenarios de manejo. Informe Final Proyecto FAP ID 4728-46-LP, 135 pp.
Pavés HJ, RP Schlatter & CI Espinoza. 2005. Patrones reproductivos del lobo marino común, Otaria flavescens (Shaw 1800), en el centro-sur de Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 78: 687-700.
Read AJ, P Drinker & S Northridge. 2006. Bycatch of marine mammals in U.S. and global fisheries. Conservation Biology 20: 163-169.
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Riet-Sapriza FG, DP Costa, V Franco-Trecu, Y Marín, J Chocca, B González, G Beathyate, BL Chilvers & L Hückstädt. 2013. Foraging behavior of lactating South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) and spatial-temporal resource overlap with the Uruguayan fisheries. Deep-Sea Research II 88-89: 106-119.
Rodríguez DH, M Dassis, A Ponce de León, C Barreiro, M Farenga, RO Bastida & RW Davis. 2013. Foraging strategies of Southern sea lion females in the La Plata River Estuary (Argentina-Uruguay). Deep-Sea Research II 88-89: 120-130.
Rosas FC, MC Pinedo, M Marmontel & M Haimovici. 1994. Seasonal movements of the South American sea lion (Otaria flavescens, Shaw) off the Rio Grande do Sul coast, Brazil. Mammalia 58: 51-59.
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Sepúlveda M, D Oliva & F Palma. 2001. Daily and annual circarhythms activity in the South American sea lion Otaria flavescens (Carnivora: Otariidae) at the central zone of Chile. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 36: 181-187. Full text via SciELO
Sepúlveda M, P Inostroza, D Oliva, MJ Pérez-Alvarez & R Moraga. 2009. Seasonal variation in the abundance of South American sea lions Otaria flavescens in Isla Chañaral colony, Reserva Nacional Pingüino de Humboldt, Chile. Revista de Biología Marina y Oceanografía 44(3): 685-689. Full text via SciELO
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Received 13 November 2014 and accepted 28 January 2015
Associated Editor: María José Pérez Álvarez


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Investor Carrot Review Converting Real Estate Leads
If you have actually landed below and also you have actually been considering obtaining an Investor Carrot site after that you will ENJOY this testimonial. Be sure to experience whatever in this article as you will certainly see case studies, demonstration's, web site templates as well as extra so you can make the decision on whether or not this is for you …( I'll even reveal you the 6-figure blueprint if you linger). Converting Real Estate Leads
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subset: commoncrawl


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The aim of Literature for the People is to counter the unfortunate bad reputation which literature in general has been accumulating over the past decades, especially poetry. Many people have been given to understand that literature is an art reserved for only the privileged few, such as academics or critics, whilst many parochial literary organizations have made it next to impossible for new and aspiring writers to find publication for their works.
History, however, shows that literature and poetry had their origins in the aim of entertaining all the people. Most storytellers, poets and many playwrights made their first debut on the market streets, the squares, in open theatres and even in taverns. The present parochial hierarchy seems to have forgotten that literature and poetry are both communicable mediums and should reflect the reality of true sagas that each and every person has experienced throughout his short journey on Earth. No one has the right to deprive this field that offers such great entertainment from any living person by treating it as if it belongs to them by some divine right.
You have done much for the Canadian literary community, and I am very grateful. The quality of the printing and binding is first rate. I am confident that no contributor will complain about the production values. Having work by like John B. Lee, Elana Wolff, and George Elloitt Clarke will draw attention to the magazine. And once the interviews start appearing, the magazine will hit a new level. I believe 'Literature for the People' will be an important magazine". Superior Literary Quality, Expert Publication Design. It is more like a book than a periodical. It will stand the test of time, and be worth reading over and over again.
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The magazine is intended to connect the average person and those who document in many forms the stories of real people and true eventsthrough both poetry and prose in everyday language.This is a magazine for the people and aims to be one of the leading communicable literary publications of the 21st century. The editors are proud to present some of the most prolific and illustrious writers who want readers to assimilate their problems with their own life sagas. This issue is an international publication which includes writers, poets, book reviewers and opinionists from the UK, the USA, Canada, Cuba and...BUY NOW
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UNIFY THE WHY, was the theme of our 2018 global sales summit, an internal event for employees that are involved in the sales aspect of the business. I designed the branding of the event be complimentary to the Innovid brand and filmed this series of interviews to create this video.
Created in Illustrator, After Effects
Innovid, 2015


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October 16-21, 2006; Xi'an, China
This is a reminder for deadline
registration,hotel reservation and travel tips.
This is a reminder that the DEADLINE
for registration is 21 July 2006, which is one week away. We have
managed to locate a bigger lecture hall that can accomodate a larger
number of participants, and
so we have relaxes the original limit of 150 participants in order
to accommodate the demand. Nevertheless, there is a very high
oversubscription for oral presentations, and if you wish your
request to be considered, you must register by the deadline. The
final program will be drafted by the SOC immediately after the
deadline. We will notify the registered participants whether they
have been assigned a talk or a poster soon thereafter.
A number of you have registered but have not sent in a title and
abstract;please do so now. We need this information to prioritize
the requests for talks. If you have sent in your title and abstract
already, please check them carefully to make sure that they actually
appear properly (under the list of participants or link to the
abstract booklet).
If there is any
missing information, contact Fan Zhang (email@example.com)
We also remind you that the DEADLINE
for hotel registration is 01 August, but once again we encourage you
to register as soon as you can. We are currently negotiating with
the hotel to see if we can obtain an even better discount for the
participants (40% instead of 20%). This is not yet certain, but the
more rooms we can book early the better price we can secure. It so
happens that October is a very busy season for travel in Xi'an. In
fact, there is a large business convention the week prior to our
meeting, which we fear might affect the availability of rooms for
our meeting.
Finally, a note on visas. Remember that almost all nationalities
require a visa to enter China. For many nationalities (including
US), you do not need any special paperwork (e.g., invitation letter)
to request a tourist visa, which is all that is required for the
purposes of attending a meeting. For details on how to apply for a
visa in the US, see, e.g.,
If you want to avoid the hassle of applying on your own, there are a
number of agencies that can handle it for you for a fee; see, e.g.,
Also, most travel agencies in or near Chinatowns would be happy to
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take care of this early; remember that you have to temporarily
give up your passport.
Air China and China Eastern Airlines seem to be offering the best
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Beijing or Shanghai. Some China Eastern flights are co-shared with
American Airlines, so for US astronomers who might need to use a US
carrier, this would qualify. You can often get a better deal than
what you can get on the internet by going to a Chinese-operated
travel agency, if you can find one. A final tip: many agencies would
also be willing to give you an invoice stating that you are using a
US-based carrier, even if you are not.


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I made these wallet cards for the girls to keep with them and help them remember their ultimate goal!
*They have the Laie, Hawaii Temple on them, since we are in Hawaii. I can not guarantee, but will try to make other temples by request…..however, they will not be available until the 17th at the earliest.
I laminated them so they will hold up!
Right click and SAVE AS for JPEG or
For PDF version click HERE
Washington DC Temple PDF Version


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A man died of COVID-19 four days after bonding out of the custody of the Jefferson County jail — the second Colorado jail inmate to die days after release.
The man transferred to the Jefferson County facility from the Denver jail system on April 16, Jefferson County Sheriff's Office spokesman Mike Taplin said in an email. The man was then transferred to a hospital on April 25 for respiratory issues before bonding out of custody on April 28.
The man, who tested positive for COVID-19, died four days after bonding out, Taplin said. The sheriff's office will not release the identity of the man.
Taplin said it's unclear whether the man contracted COVID-19 at the Jefferson County jail or elsewhere, and that a public health investigation will determine where the infection happened. The Denver jails also are sites of COVID-19 outbreaks.
But state health officials connected the death to the outbreak at the jail, he said. Outbreak data released Wednesday by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment attributed the death to the Jeffco jail outbreak.
"Although the inmate was not in custody at the time of death, because of the link to the outbreak, there is that one death statistic," Taplin said.
State outbreak data released Wednesday shows that 22 inmates at the Jefferson County jail have tested positive for the coronavirus and eight more are presumed positive. A staff member at the jail also has tested positive for COVID-19.
The May 2 death is the second connected to outbreaks at Colorado jails. Another man, 78-year-old Charles Peterson, died on April 1 after being released from the Weld County jail two days earlier. Staff at the re-entry center he had been released to said in court filings that Peterson tested positive for COVID-19.
Source: Read Full Article


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Tuesday, January 15, 2008
三日坊主 (mikka bouzu)
In Japanese, there is an expression "三日坊主" (mikka bouzu), which means "three-day monk". It is used to describe people who start things with big promises and great enthusiasm, but never see them through to the end. A person who decides to get in shape, buys a $1000 membership to a health club and a new training wardrobe, and ends up training like gangbusters only to quit three weeks later would be a 三日坊主. Let's all strive to NOT be 三日坊主 in 2008!
8 comments:
- SF said...
Here are a few things why some people never see it through the end:
Time...Lets face it, some people are impatient and they want fast results. They place unrealistic schedule on their goals, and as soon as they miss their appointments about where they should be, they quit.
Goals. We have to be honest with ourself and carefully evaluate our goals. Its good to have big goals but it is also better to have incremental goals to reach those big goals. Say you want to bench 200 pounds by the end of year. Your current bench is 150. So you set up small goals througout the year, i.e. in 2 months my bench will be 170, and the next 2 months, my bench will be 190 etc...
Patience. Patience is something everyone has to learn. Even though one did not reach his goals, he/she must not give up and never lay off. Be a dog that bites and never let go, and you will see yourself reaching your goals one day.
Failures and mistakes. In this real world, the road is not a yellow brick road. Failures will come whether you like it or not. You can do everything right, but everything can still go wrong. Pick yourself up, learn from your failures/mistakes, and attack your goals again and again.
Thats all I can think for now, and I am sure there are plenty more.
- January 15, 2008 at 3:51 PM
- Boris said...
Good stuff. Thanks SF.
- January 15, 2008 at 4:22 PM
- Taikei Matsushita said...
I heard and saw a lot of 三日坊主 description but never an actual picture of a 坊主 !!
Nice one!
- January 15, 2008 at 5:17 PM
- Brett Jones said...
I'm going to borrow this if you don't mind - that is a priceless piece of wisdom and I love the Tao of Pooh! Great stuff.
- January 16, 2008 at 7:28 AM
- Boris said...
Thanks Taikei!
You bet! I'd be flattered.
- January 16, 2008 at 7:44 AM
- Unknown said...
Boris, I'm going to follow in Brett's footsteps here too. I haven't been to your blog in a while. This is brilliant stuff!
Thanks for sharing these pearls.
- January 18, 2008 at 10:24 AM
- Boris said...
Thanks Doc!!!
- January 19, 2008 at 8:16 PM
- Steve Bach said...
Nice outfit :-)
- August 14, 2009 at 6:06 PM


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Advantages of Teaballs
Advantages of Teaballs
Teaballs are plant extracts pressed into tablet form. The extract pressings can be dissolved in hot and cold water, producing a tea-like beverage. An ultra-thin, mineral protective layer prevents the teaballs from sticking together. In contrast to soluble tea (instant tea), Teaballs do not contain any additives such as sweeteners or flavor enhancers.
For our Teaballs we use only selected tea leaves.
Steam extraction of the leaves. Important ingredients are preserved in the process.
The essence of the plant is processed into powder.
The powder is pressed into the Teaballs form.
Dusting, checking solubility, size and weight.
Fill the dispenser, stick it on and send it to you!
100ml tea * contain on average:
Calorific value ………………………………… ..1,3kJ (<1kcal)
Fat ………………………………………………………… .. <0.1g
– of which total Fatty acids ……………………… <0.1g
Carbohydrates ………………………………………. <0.1g
– of which sugar …………………………………… .. <0.1g
Dietary fiber …………………………………………… <0.1g
Protein …………………………………………………… .. <0.1g
Salt ………………………………………………………… .0.001g
* when prepared with four teaballs with 200 ml of water (= 1 cup)
The bagless tea alternative was invented by Dipl. Ing. Simon Schmidt from Gründau in the Main-Kinzig district. Simon's strength is clearly his distinctive wealth of ideas. Back in 2017, he received the Hessian Founders' Prize for one of his inventions. He developed a repair process for rail track parts. What is special about Simon's inventions is that they are not just in one subject area. He has already developed products and business ideas in a wide variety of industries. For example, he has already worked on batteries for electric cars, a sales platform for video games and consoles, and a tool that is supposed to succeed in drilling perpendicular holes and threads without the usual and costly machines. Teaballs are the latest invention of the 35-year-old industrial engineer. If you want to know what Teaballs are made of, click here: Teaballs Ingredients. On the FAQ page you will find the answers to the most frequently asked questions. Now you can find out how Simon came up with Teaballs.
The invention of Teaballs is based on the desire to avoid tea bags. Dipl. Ing. Simon was on vacation and sat at a beautifully laid breakfast table. During the brewing time of his tea he thought about how to avoid the waiting time as well as the stains and waste of the tea bags. When he got back home, he got right to work tinkering with the idea with his sister.
How Teaballs are made
The manufacturing process first begins with the plant from which the extracts are to be obtained. Only selected leaves of the plant are then put through a gentle steam extraction process that preserves all the valuable ingredients. The powder is then processed and pressed into the typical tablet form. This is followed by refining and quality control, where the teaballs are dusted and tested for size, weight and solubility.
Did you know…
Our Teaballs are filled in the workshops of the Behinderten Werk Main Kinzig e.V. (BWMK)!


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What is Forex Scalping?
In forex trading, a trade can go wrong in a nanosecond, and you have only your stop loss to protect you from dire consequences.
One way of managing this risk is to scalp: In forex scalping, a trader opens and closes a trade in less than five minutes – average trades are one to two minutes long. The shorter the time the trade is open, the less chance for disaster to strike.
Of course, it also means that the profit will be minimal. This is why forex scalpers make dozens of trades every day.
To succeed at forex scalping, you have to be able to make a decision very quickly. But this doesn't mean that you have to have nerves of steel. What you need, instead, is to have worked out an elaborate trading strategy before the trading day begins.
A forex scalper should make a written, detailed forex trading plan, and then note the complete results in the trading journal. This plan takes into account longer-term trends, and how they will appear in a specific trading period.
The significant danger in forex scalping is one really bad trade. This can wipe out all your small gains amassed during several trading days. For this reason, the successful scalper spends a great deal of time with an eye on the chart, looking for that one clear-cut opportunity for a quick win.
This kind of strategy is not really for a beginning trader. Forex scalping requires long experience of what to expect on the market. The beginning trader should concentrate on developing market knowledge with very carefully placed trades. When you have a really good idea of how a given currency pair is likely to react over a period of time, that's when you should consider scalping.
Scalping calls for a good broker
Some brokers do not allow scalping. Check carefully with your broker before you start. Others actually support it, so seek those out.
If you do plan to scalp in forex, make sure you have a reliable broker, one who offers tight spreads on a regular basis (the spread between the bid and ask price is what you have to pay before you begin to make any money on a trade).
If you are to trade often for a small profit, the spread is a factor as it takes time to get through a large spread before seeing even a tiny profit.
Watch out for your leverage. Make sure it is adapted to your budget and trading style. Very high amounts of leverage are dangerous in scalping: it's probably unwise to try more than 50:1.
This may limit your scalping opportunities to some extent if you plan on working with exotic currencies where spreads tend to be wide. If you start out, at least, with the major currency pairs, you are more likely to have opportunities with tight spreads.
There is another good reason to start off your scalping with the majors. The major currency pairs like USD/GBP or EUR/JPY see vast amounts of investment every day from large institutions, professional traders and brokers. This makes for orderly trading, as they remain relatively stable – you are not likely to see USD/GBP go plunging to be nearly worthless. Even a market shock caused by a central bank announcement of something of equal force will not create wild swings.
Carry Pairs and "the Guppy"
Another excellent opportunity for the scalper is what is called "carry pairs." The term comes from the "carry trade," which is very popular in Japan among small investors.
In a carry trade, you borrow Japanese yen at a low-interest rate. With these yen, you buy a currency that has a high-interest rate. The interest you earn on the high-interest currency goes to pay off the low interest on the yen loan and leaves you with a profit. Similarly, a carry trade in forex means buying yen at a low rate and then investing the yen in a higher-interest-rate currency. The Swiss franc, another low-interest currency most of the time, is also often used in this kind of trade.
There is, however, one currency pair with major currencies that is famous for its volatility. That is GBP/JPY, commonly referred to as "the guppy" (that is just from pronouncing the letters gup -y).
The guppy is exceptionally volatile, and trading it successfully is one of the excellent skills for forex traders. Profits are high, in that the guppy moves fast. Losses are high too, as you might guess.
A guppy scalper has to get through a large spread based on the volatility of the currency. But if you guess right, your chances of making a lot of pips are strong. It's probably best that beginners stay away from the guppy, but once you have some experience under your belt, you might go for it. Watch it carefully for a couple of days before you try.
If you are just starting forex scalping, look for range-bound trading. This is the paradise for forex scalpers, as you just keep betting on the observed market movements. Apparently, it never lasts forever, but a short period of scalping in orderly trading can be quite profitable.
Take your time, make a good plan, and go to work.


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What is RM Cash
Sign in or create an account to get RM cash on orders and open more site features.
Morgan in ID
Great fit but washing it is a challenge. Looks like you should take out the pads, but when I did, an elbow pad broke a corner off - so now I just soak the whole thing. Kind of expensive too, but it's a breathable and light protection option.Read All Reviews
wendy in CA
Great product. Wish I had these years before. Have a hurt wrist for years and now with this brace I don?t even feel it. Finger hole material wears out so make sure to have a replacement on hand.Read All Reviews
JUN in BC
GOOD QUALITY AND WELL DESIGNED. I'm use it for single track mostly. light weight. good air flow. very comfortable. also very slim . you can easily fit it under jersey . a bit pricy!Read All Reviews
Eric in CA
Pricy compared to others, but I think in this case you get what you pay for and it looks well made and it should last me quite a while. (Edit: Indeed it has been holding up well). Now that I'm 50+ years old and don't heal as quickly as before I'm adding this to get some rib, shoulder, and back protection. I purchased the Extra Large (XL) after reading reviews on the web. I'm 6'5" and 200+ with about 35" waist and probably 43" chest. The fit of the padded jacket/jersey is verging on being snug, but not too tight. If I had another 2" of waist or chest (say 215-220#) Id probably want the XXL. Being a tall guy I would like it more if the upper arms and forearms were each about an inch longer, and in an ideal tall-guy world the overall chassis would be another 1"+ longer in the torso. But I cant complain too much as the stretchiness allows a decent fit. The outer chest and back protector feels very substantial and well made. A good fit for my build. I would definitely recommend this as it is one of the few which gives some decent rib protection. I wear the inner armored jacket over a moisture wicking base layer tank top, then my jersey, then the outer chest/rib protector, then my hydration pack goes on last.Read All Reviews
william in GA
I was trying to find a little more protection than just a roost guard and figured I needed a little more protection as I just started racing hare scrambles after not ridden in over 25 years and came across the moose xc1 body armor and that led me to finding xcr guard jersey. I contacted moose to find out the differences between the 2 since its only a $10 price difference. The xcr guard jersey has upgraded armor and the armor is also vented more than the xc1 body armor. I rode my first race with it today and it was more than comfortable, After having it on for about 15 min I didn't even notice I was wearing it. it was 80 degrees outside today. I wore it alone under my jersey just incase It go to hot. But its mesh material did not hold in any heat at all, I sweated a little bit but as long as the bike was moving I stayed comfortable the whole time. I'm 5'7" 175lbs 42" chest and the L/XL fits perfect. I could of worn a compression shirt under it and it still would of fit comfortably. I ordered the sm/med at first because the review video on the xc1 body armor video had the dude from RM wearing a sm/med and it seemed to fit him perfect. We are about the same size so I tried it but it was way to tight but the guys at Rm made it easy to return for the L/XL, ( had it in 3 days ) Guess the xcr guard jersey sizes might be a little different. I could not find a review of this one any where. I hope this helps anyone thinking of purchasing. Overall I am more than happy with this product! An forgot to mention I took a spill on my 2nd lap, landed on my left elbow right where the elbow armor is and the material still looks new. No tears or rips in the mesh at all.Read All Reviews
Dirtbum in ID
I separated my AC joint and this brace works well to keep the joint stable and closed for healing. I will likely be wearing it for a long time to provide protection while riding.Read All Reviews


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The MINDS Foundation is a student-run NGO that is taking a grassroots approach to eliminating stigma and providing medical, educational, and supportive care for patients suffering from a mental illness in developing countries.
If you're interested in joining, come attend our first meeting of the semester!
- Date: Sunday, January 30
- Time: 5:00 PM – 6:00 PM
- Place: Allbritton 304
- Cost: Free!
- For more information: Click here.
(Visited 5 times, 1 visits today)


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Top Invisalign Invisible Braces Dental Office In San Gabriel – The Dentistry Professionals
We really want to thank you for taking into consideration InStyle Dental to be your next top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel. It's our pleasure just to have you here visiting our website. We realize that there are plenty of other ideal dentists you could possibly utilize. It really is our very purpose to help you out in getting in contact with the exact dentist service you are interested in. Proudly serving our clients is our joy, and we'd love a chance to grant our dentistry services to you. In choosing InStyle Dental as your next top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel, you would be experiencing unequaled service for a price that's very reasonable.
Our solutions will always be backed by our guarantee to satisfy you every single time. There aren't any exceptions. Giving you peace of mind is the thing that really matters to us. Our job, as the reputable top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel, isn't to gouge your wallet with dentistry services you do not have the need for, but to set-up a permanent business relationship together. We take amazing care of our customers and clients, so you can comfortably be prepared for nothing less than the most optimum experience with us. If you're searching the most revered top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel, call InStyle Dental without delay!
The Best Way to Decide on The Ideal Top Invisalign Invisible Braces Dental Office In San Gabriel
Deciding upon the most appropriate top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel is definitely a truly problematic endeavor. With so many awful, "take your money" dentistry service providers on the market, tracking down genuine dentists you're able to have confidence in is very difficult. There are a number of really fundamental criteria to consider before making that definitive determination of who exactly your next dentistry provider will be. The most crucial feature is that they are licensed and insured. In the event you work with a dentist that doesn't possess these significant qualifications, you probably are taking needless risks that are going to lead to costing you serious money. Being sure your top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel is thoroughly insured and licensed is absolutely vital, and must be your main goal.
Also a thing to watch out for is sensible pricing. Not too low, but not too high-priced. A great many dentists all over will offer you "a price of a lifetime", so that they can get you invested in them. As soon as they have you in their hold, they will almost always slam you with outrageous prices that you will have no choice but to pay. This sort of strategy is a lot more common nowadays, so it's best to be very careful to try to avoid these dentistry services in San Gabriel. The major difference between getting the optimum aid in your dentistry need, and being taken advantage of, all inevitably boils down to the decision you are going to make when deciding on your dentists. So do your research, and make certain that the top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel that you work with meet up with these substantive factors.
Perform A Comprehensive Review of Your Top Invisalign Invisible Braces Dental Office In San Gabriel
Anytime you are in the market researching the ideal dentists in San Gabriel, aimlessly settling on one from the classifieds listings isn't usually the best path to take. With the number of alternative services and providers to choose from, how would you manage to understand which top invisalign invisible braces dental office stands out as the most reliable match for your requirements and your special issue? The chances of locating the reputable dentist in this way will not be very good whatsoever. The reality is, it is not only extremely difficult, but not worth the negative consequences involved. Inadequately settling on your next top invisalign invisible braces dental office is more than likely to pull you through a great deal of painful incidents before you pick anyone that is equally proficient and economical. You need to make sure that you always take the time to find the perfect top invisalign invisible braces dental office, for a value that's good.
Don't Undervalue Customer Evaluations
It isn't a clear-cut venture, but just before deciding upon your dentist, make sure that you attempt to see if they have an excellent repute. There's nothing much more telling and showing than accurate reviews. These testimonials will provide you considerable guidance on precisely how the top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel actually work for their consumers. To look at these comments, you can visit a number of different review online sites like Yelp and Angie's List. It's possible to explore the Google Plus Reviews likewise, to see whether or not the top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel which you are planning on employing merits the total amount finances you are going to be forking over. It is seriously quite important that you hold the right understanding in front of you, for you to fully contrast your prospective dentistry solutions. Choose to succeed by deciding on the best suited top invisalign invisible braces dental office, and do not underestimate those prized customer reviews!
The Depended on Top Invisalign Invisible Braces Dental Office In San Gabriel
Our many years of valuable experience in the dentistry sector is what's enabled us to grow into the trustworthy top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel. Our reputation of content customers speaks for itself. As far as customer satisfaction, we really are the pros. We will not overcharge for our products and services, and share professional strategies to each customer. Over the years, a large number have called upon us, at all hours throughout the day, to assist with their dentistry issues. Being the depended on top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel is simply never something we take frivolously. With each and every single client, no matter how big or small the case could very well be, we're always all set to go that extra mile for you. Whenever we get started on performing for you, make no mistake that InStyle Dental won't only work with you, but we are going to also educate you, to make it easier to evade forthcoming hardships.
Our top objective is to save you as much cash as we can without sacrificing the level of service we provide. All of our services are priced as budget-friendly flat-rates, so you do not need to fret about paying us by the hour. The dentistry know-how we can provide to your scenario will definitely put you at ease. Leave the grunt work to us, and let InStyle Dental be the dentists that actively pleases you!
The Highly Innovative Dentist
Over the years, the dentistry market has actually evolved from an extremely primitive state, to an extremely high quality field of work. Dentists have actually risen to the task and have really benefited the world with top quality dentistry innovations and ideas. We all can breathe a lot easier understanding there are adequately trained professionals available who have actually acquired the understanding to assist in the forward movement. This proficiency is shown masterfully by InStyle Dental, which indicates to our capability to adapt to the ever changing dentistry field. We are not stuck in past times using out-of-date techniques and procedures, rather, we are committed to be completely knowledgeable in every aspect of the dentistry field in today's modern world.
Each single one of our dentists are authorized and completely educated to take on anything you might need. No matter if your requirement is little, huge, or anything in between, you can definitely rely on us to be the appropriately educated and competent top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel. Don't risk time and cash to a dentistry business that is stuck in the old ways of accomplishing things.
The Dentists Promising Traditional Customer Care
With so many options, items, and new technologies now offered within the dentistry marketplace, it's sometimes difficult to know which solution will not only help you best, but will also last the test of time. That is why our dentists take our company view of offering clients "new innovation and developments with the very same traditional service" very seriously, as we don't merely have the knowledge needed to protect your investment decision, but will furthermore completely explain why a specific solution would best suit your requirements. We know that the openness in the way we perform our business, and our high level of dedication to our client's satisfaction is what sets us apart. We're not pleased until you are pleased with the result. We're dentists who back up our work and will always put you main priority.
Premier Dentistry Solutions – So What Do The Professionals Really Do?
To find high grade, trusted dentistry services, there are many things you can check ahead of time in order to reduce the risk of picking someone that really makes your problems a whole lot worse. So what exactly is it that the qualified dentists do? The Dentistry is a highly skilled profession absolutely constantly in great demand, simply because of the truth that every person and business at some time or another will certainly be needing dentistry services. The primary role of a dentist is to offer you, with service that is of high expert quality, something that is lacking in lots of other dentistry companies. They also offer a range of other helps that are way too many to mention here. While your buddy from work may know an individual, that knows some other guy who may have some degree of experience, for any significant dentistry scenario, this is a major NO-NO, and needs to be completely avoided.
Your top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel should certainly have an established track record with sparkling testimonials. Working with an unlicensed individual to assist you is a tremendous risk that's just not worth taking. The second worst thing you could do is open the Telephone directory and choose the very first entry offering the services that you are interested in. This also encompasses going with the dentistry company that offers the most affordable prices without having done any research ahead of time. Remember, going too cheap in the start will soon enough cost you in the long run. Choosing an expert to be your dentistry service is essential.
Qualifications vs Working Experience
Seeking out the dentistry experts which have the fundamental qualifications is rational and does have some worth, but probably the most important quality that makes proficient dentists is a lot of in-field experience. This is often generally obtained through internships and apprenticeships and must be something you comprehensively look into it before making your choice. You will find that the premier dentists have qualifications as well as many years of notable experience. Please don't be scared to get ahold of us and ask about the experience of the dentist in question prior to calling them out. The more years on the job is certainly better. So selecting a certified top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel with lots of experience will certainly limit the danger and put you at ease.
What Need to Expect From Your Chosen Top Invisalign Invisible Braces Dental Office In San Gabriel
As with any line of business, you definitely should expect your selected dentist to be punctual, polite and friendly right from the very start. Anything less than that, you might want to give thought to turning them away and preparing a complaint or publishing a negative review on the internet about them. means everything and will tell you a lot about the kind of work they will provide. It is very important to expect the proper things from the dentists
WARNING: Exceptionally Low Dentistry Rates Can Equal to Lower Quality Service
Commonly, but not always, (there are rare exceptions), the company quoting the minimal prices will most likely not be the top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel who will be able to carry out the job at a standard that will make it through the most crucial test. That test is the test of time. Most will like you to believe that you will be conserving lots of money simply by using them, but the daunting fact is you'll be in need of assistance from some other top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel not too long after. This is attributed to the dentist doing the smallest amount to give the appearance of a job well done, knowing completely that they didn't do it right the first time. The least expensive companies may well rush to get the job done and have employed a substantially less specialized staff. Skepticism really needs to be raised when the cost of the top invisalign invisible braces dental office is simply too good to be true.
The Significance of Selecting Dentists with References
When you are looking for your new top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel, inquire of relatives for references. They will have already had someone in for similar work, and they can tell you who you can count on, plus who to stay away from. But if your family and friends hadn't previously used anyone, talk to co-workers or any other folks you depend on throughout your area for some suggestions. Anybody might appear as if they are aware of what they are doing, but you cannot simply take their word for it. Make sure you are able to speak to former consumers to really have an idea of what you should expect out of this company.
As soon as a dentistry service offers a list of testimonials, be sure to make use of it. Speak to the people from the list, and inquire about the quality of the work, how carefully the dentist came to their first estimate, and whether or not the work was completed based on the promised timeline. Prior to choosing your top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel, you want to have a good idea of the things you require. It is tough for the dentist to supply a cost quote over the phone if they've not identified your dentistry need themselves. It could be even more troublesome if you cannot illustrate what your precise need is. Setting up a visit or meeting to go over the concerns would be the most helpful approach, and will ensure that the two of you are on the same page. For anybody who is on the search for the most ideal top invisalign invisible braces dental office, it all starts off with excellent communication between you and the service provider.
Conclusion – Do Your Research to Get The Right Top Invisalign Invisible Braces Dental Office
- Don't hire a novice dentist to handle the job.
- Stay clear of unfriendly and uncooperative dentists.
- If unsure, get a second and even third opinion from other trusty dentists.
- Run away from dentistry establishments showcasing the cheapest prices.
- Only try to use the top invisalign invisible braces dental office in san gabriel that will guarantee quality service.


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• • •
Prior to Wednesday, Clara Baena had never broken 71 in her collegiate career. Now, after a final-round 6-under 66, the Auburn sophomore not only has a new personal-best collegiate round, she also has her first college victory.
Baena shared medalist honors Wednesday at the "Mo"Morial with Florida State's Kayla Jones at 7-under 209. The performance by Baena also helped the Tigers to the team title at the Texas A&M Traditions Club in Bryan, Texas.
Auburn finished at 4-under 860, 13 shots better than the Seminoles.
Texas A&M (881) and Houston (895) placed third and fourth, respectively, while Tulsa and Kentucky tied for fifth at 37-over 901.
Baena was joined with two other Auburn players in the top 10, Sophia Schubert (T-5) and Alex Harrell (T-9). Texas A&M freshman Maddie Szeryk was solo third.


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You will locate software for almost any amount of expertise and interest. Think of your financial plan, your present degree of expertise, and how long you're ready to dedicate to learning a new skill. An app should help young folks save money or make money.
The War Against Editing
Sometimes the template offers one form of occurrence. Advanced editing will probably cost you a small extra along with the 1 picture credit, based on your own requirements.
Obviously, when you take advantage of a Mac, the exceptional iMovie includes it. Just as it's easy to use doesn't follow that Wondershare Filmora Video Editor scrimps online attributes. It's just another very capable video editor that's also free.
Usually it is possible to get in touch with the photographer afterwards and provide a top-up fee in case you decide you'd like their image for a tube poster to market the record, for instance. It may be due to having large picture files. The program supports a huge array of image formats and allows you to make all of the important edits you will have to have a fundamental product photo.
Fantastic photography isn't about the technology. Crooked photos seem sloppy. Detach the trailer for the picture is simpler to view.
Video editing is merely among the heaviest tasks a device can do. Preferably with a rather large display, because Avid's interface is very detailed and several tools are tiny. The slider-bar interface isn't difficult to navigate, and does not feel cluttered with lots of editing alternatives to pick from.
Whatever that reason is, you would like the perfect video editing applications you have the ability to discover. As a result of its support for numerous file formats, most users don't need to be worried about compatibility problems. Creating a video editing program for any mobile device may be an excruciating experience as a consequence of insufficient hardware capacities and other elements.
If you get the premium version it unlocks all the restricted functions that likewise means it takes much more input formats and it produces a bigger choice of file types. There's simply no lack of video editing computer software applications to select from. The computer applications can be set up quite easily and once it's been fired up users must see that editing videos from different formats that are diverse is straightforward.
The Good, the Bad and Editing
There are lots of aspects to think about when searching for the perfect video editing program. With all the complimentary, professional and easy-to-use video editing applications available, not only are you able to make premium quality videos, but you are ready to do this with hardly any investment. It isn't too difficult to promote a program when you bring a brilliant idea for your very first time available on the marketplace.
It's entirely understandable an author can drop track of a number of smaller details within the design of writing a novel. The Hemingway program is especially helpful for bloggers because it is a medium where simplification is the key to success. So pro are what to do.
The Upside to Editing
Gadget Hacks also did a brief tutorial on how to use the Circular program. Phone camera isn't something new.
On the last apps, the features are included in a bar under the editing screen. The Adobe team is extremely famous. While the toolkit appears to draw inspiration out of Lightroom, it's somewhat streamlined so it may be simpler for novices to begin on any app.
On top of this, you will not need to deal with sub-par video editing app. Regardless, it remains an outstanding selection for newcomer editors. Android video editors can be of excellent assistance at the exact same time you edit a video and possess the capacity to make it appear far more attractive.
If you're looking for a whole expert grade video editor that is also free, then Hit Film Express is the very best alternative. All things considered, Pinnacle VideoSpin is a fantastic video editor.
The History of Editing Refuted
You are able to also create and save your very own outstanding editing presets. Premiere Elements 15 has a great deal of amazing editing features, permitting you to edit each facet of your video.
You will have the ability to access different settings to enhance your video based on your liking. The app works in both selfie and normal film mode, however it rotates the screen so that you have to film horizontallya choice that's known to grow the grade of your video and enables the video to be utilized on a range of displays ( besides a smartphone). There are free and Pro editions, but the primary distinction is the output signal formats and you're restricted to 720p resolution.
Whispered Editing Secrets
Which is best for you will be determined by the quantity and caliber of videos that you want to create. Everyone got a pretty good camera. In only a couple of taps, you will be uploading videos that are excellent in no time flat.
You have the capacity to convert all video formats and it costs nothing. You may have records for a variety of functions. It's one of the most computing-intensive activities round, so you are going to need the very best laptop or desktop you'll be able to afford if you're serious about trimming your own movies.
In case you have some experience editing movie, certain places will appear quite familiar while others are going to take some opportunity to become used to before feeling comfortable. As soon as you've crafted the ideal slice of content, another thing to do is to print it across your social networking channels. Once you realize how to edit, then you're going to want some content ideas.