The present invention has the following general formula novel compounds corresponding to (I) and methods for preparing these compounds, as well as human or animal pharmaceutical (in dermatology, and also cardiovascular diseases, immune diseases and / or lipid the use of these compounds in pharmaceutical compositions or cosmetic compositions intended for use in) in the field of diseases associated with metabolism. [Formula 1]


Despite different existing methods, monitoring of free muscle transfer is still challenging. In the current study we evaluated our clinical setting regarding monitoring of such tissues, using a recent microcirculation‐imaging camera (EasyLDI) as an additional tool for detection of perfusion incompetency.


INTRODUCTION Studying the autonomy-performance relationship for insurance agents is important. Primacy is usually given to the personal selling side of the promotional mix (over sales promotion and advertising) in the insurance industry due to the complexity and diversity involved in the requirement to identify likely prospects, interest them in the product best suited for them, handle complex objections, and provide effective follow up after the sale (Dubinsky and Yammarino, 1985). Agent supervisors have a vested interest in maximizing agent production since agent performance has a direct bearing on agency revenue. Insurance agent supervisors should be particularly interested in any variable over which they have direct control that increases agent performance. One such variable is agent perceived autonomy (Yammarino and Dubinsky, 1990). Churchill, Ford, and Walker's (1997) Model of the Determinants of Salesperson performance identifies perceived autonomy as a determinant of salesperson performance. Research supports the generally positive relationship between perceived job autonomy and salesperson performance (Yammarino and Dubinsky, 1990; Dubinsky and Yammarino, 1985). However, some researchers have found both non-significant (Yammarino and Dubinsky, 1990; Orpen, 1986; 1985; Parasuraman and Alutto, 1984; and inverse relationships (Orpen, 1979) between these two variables. Although the reasons for these findings are unclear, it has been noted that when researchers fail to find expected relationships well supported in the literature, the presence of moderating variables is likely (Orpen, 1985; Griffin, 1981). A likely personality variable that may moderate this relationship is need for autonomy. Salespersons who perceive congruency to exist between their perceived autonomy and their need for autonomy should perform better than those who find discrepancies between their need for autonomy and their perceptions of the amount of autonomy they have in their job. Although the likelihood of need for autonomy to moderate this relationship seems to be high, little attention has been given to testing this relationship. Autonomy as a Need of Salespersons Autonomy has been identified as an inherent part of a salespersons job (Yammarino and Dubinsky, 1990; Becherer and Morgan, 1982). Autonomy has been established as a psychosocial need for salespeople who have reached the establishment' stage of their career, supporting the idea that need for autonomy varies with respect to time on the job (Dalrymple and Cron, 1992). Autonomy is often a necessary part of the job since salespeople often are in a boundary spanning role between the customers on the one hand and the organization on the other (Yammarino and Dubinsky, 1990). Insurance agents in particular have been cited as needing autonomy (Comer and Dubinsky, 1985) although new insurance agents have been found to have less need for autonomy than do more established agents (Dalrymple and Cron, 1992; Rich, 1990). That different sales people have different needs for autonomy is exemplified in the finding that differences in the need for autonomy among salespeople in general have been noted in the literature (Dalrymple and Cron, 1992) as well as among insurance agents in particular (Rich, 1990; Comer and Dubinsky, 1985). Additionally, internal salespeople such as manufacturer's agents, are thought to have a lower need for autonomy than that of external salespeople such as insurance agents (Mahajan, Churchill, Ford, and Walker, 1984). Thus, it appears that although sales jobs in general have been seen to be highly autonomous jobs with respect to other types of non-sales jobs, sales jobs themselves can also be dichotomized into high and low needs for autonomy. Generally, salespeople in positions that are external to the firm such as insurance agents or manufacturers' agents have higher requirements for autonomy than do salespeople in internal sales jobs such as retail or company sales. …


Abstract : Given a normal stationary process x(t) with zero mean, the probability p(delta t) that x(t) = o is solved for some t in the interval (t sub o, t sub o + delta t). It is found that cos(pi p(delta t)) = R(delta t)/R(0), where R(tau) is the autocorrelation of x(t).


As a great change in gorernment governance,the administrative service center is important innovation in the Chinese government governance model.In practce,the center has faced difficulty.Therefore,in order to promote innovation in the organizational model of the administrative service certer,it is necessary to get the legal support and the suppert from government,to promote the combination of the process reproduction of the center and the organization reproduction of the center,and to timely organize interfunctional groups paying attention to matched reform.


Structural simulations were conducted for the high backpressure reactionary industrial steam turbine using finite element method,multi-physics thermosetting coupling method and nonlinear contact theory.The steady state temperature field and comprehensive stress field under criteria and ultra-criteria condition were calculated,and a comparison was made for the strength of exhaust hood and the steam tightness of horizontal flange under above two conditions.Corresponding suggestions were subsequently proposed for the structure improvement to overcome the deficiency occurring under ultra-criteria condition,such as increasing the wall thickness,changing the bolt material,size and location,and resetting the pre-tightening loads,etc.Results show that the simulation data under criteria condition agree well with that of the design criteria,which proves the calculation method to be accurate.Compared with the criteria condition,the strength safety margin of exhaust hood under ultra-criteria condition drops from 3.16 to 2.42,and the contact gap of rear shaft seal rises from 0.047 mm to 0.082 mm,both of which have exceeded the design criteria.The newly improved structure can meet all the requirements on performance indicators in actual engineering projects.


The spectra of sunset yellow,tartrazine and ponceau 4R were analyzed by ANN-BP algorithm,and the computation and analyzing method of simultaneously determinating three kinds of coloring matter was proposed.And sunset yellow,tartrazine and ponceau 4R in beverage were simultaneously determinated,the mean recoveries of sunset yellow,tartrazine and ponceau 4R were 99.61%,103.45% and 98.50%,respectively.The paralysis in the procedure of ANN training was avoided by the improved BP algorithm and a simple transformation method for target vectors was put forward.Compared the results from ANN-BP spectrophotomeytry with that from partial least square spectrophotomeytry,it shows that BP neural network can obtain satisfactory analyzed result just like partial peast squares do.


This study aims to develop learning media based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Geography subject in high schools. This research was designed to develop space-based geography learning media with various data formats (multimedia) and interface design easy to operate. This study uses a quasi-experimental design to examine whether there is an influence of the use of GIS in geography learning. The subjects of the study were social class elevnth graders at SMAN 15 Kota Bandung, Indonesia which is the experimental site as well. On class (social class 2) was selected to an experimental group and the other class (social class 4) served as a control group. The instrument used is a multiple choice test. The analytical technique used is Kolalogov-Smirnov. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion, it can be concluded that the development of GIS-based geography learning media can be developed as a geography learning media by designing an easy and simple application interface to be used by teachers and students as well as databases that are in accordance with the curriculum. GIS-based learning media developed showed significant influence on learning achievement of learners. The experimental class performed higher learning achievement than the control class.


The open method of coordination (OMC) has introduced a shift with the traditional legal instruments set up by the Treaty. Its introduction was initially supposed to favour more 'flexibility' and 'openness' in the community legal order. After a presentation of the OMC, this article intends to provide an assessment of the OMC's implementation in the ten new Member States. It displays that the OMC is sometimes far from his initial purposes, and in consequence needs to a certain extend, to adapt some of the guidelines and to clarify its legal bases. It concludes with a critical appraisal of the use of the OMC as itself, which should be imbricated in the community.


This paper introduces the background and technical characteristic of anode bonding,gives the gist of anode material and cathode material selection,then the vista of anodic bonding application.


Self-made kaolin/sodium lignosulfonate graft acrylic acid and acrylamide superabsorbent composite(KLPAAM) are used to measure the effect of the different using amount of KLPAAM resin,different fertilizer solutions(single or mixing salt solutions) on the water-retention ratios and the moisture contents in different characteristic soils.Under the natural evaporating condition,when the mass concentration of KLPAAM superabsorbent composite in different characteristic soils is 0.5%,the decreasing soil water retention ratios of three different characteristic soils such as soil,river sand and soil/river sand=1/1 are obviously slower and the water retention property is raised than that without KLPAAM resin.Among all tested fertilizer solutions,the decrease of the water retention ratios in different characteristic soils for 10% urea solution,and 10% urea/0.1% NaH2PO4 mixing solution is the slowest,that is,the water retention property is the best,while that for 0.5% KCl,0.1% NaH2PO4/0.5%KCl mixing resolution is the most fast,that is,the water retention property is the worst KLPAAM superabsorbent composite is still more fit for the sand-containing soil with the non-electrolyte fertilizer solutions.


In this paper, development of intelligent sensor for magnetic guidance system of robot and vehicle is described. A position sensing is very important in a guidance system. A vehicle or a robot was identified their location by magnetic marker in the magnetic guidance system. A magnetic sensor have a characteristic of re-magnetization that when the sensor exposed to a magnetic disturbing field, the sensor elements are broken up into randomly oriented magnetic domains that leads to sensitivity degrading. This problem is solved that designed hardware. Also, offset of the sensor eliminated to sensing algorism. The proposed sensor is verified high sensitivity state for measuring magnetic fields through experiment.


The root causes of the gap between knowledge creation and innovation in Russia are qualified as the result of an imbalance in the exchange of resources between sectors in the innovation chain. This hypothesis, based on the systemic economic paradigm, is tested by assessing the input and output variables in sector productivity. The inconsistency and incompleteness of the data determine the use of soft measurements. Results: no actor, especially researchers and society, receives sufficient resources to adequately perform their functions. To overcome the gaps, a systematic approach within a humancentered model is required.


Investigating factors that contribute to bone loss and accretion across populations in remote settings is challenging, particularly where diagnostic tools are scarce. To mitigate this challenge, we describe validation of a commercial ELISA assay to measure osteocalcin, a biomarker of bone formation, from dried blood spots (DBS).


Photovoltaic (PV) power systems are becoming one of the most developing investment areas in the field of Renewable Energy Sources (RES). A statement of the status quo of PV power systems in Greece, and their contribution towards the improvement of power system reliability, is the scope of the present paper. Siting and installation of PV power systems is performed according to a recent Greek law, along with environmental and geographical constraints. Meteorological data are computed, formulated and imported to appropriate software in order to simulate the PV units and generate their power output. Data


In this study football language is shown to consist largely of semi-fixed phrases with conventionalized functions. Superficially similar phrases have developed separate functions. The phrases under study are largely restricted to football and sports reporting, and therefore it is argued that they are register markers. As such, they both support social cohesion and social exclusion. The investigation comprises match reports, and, to a lesser extent, play-by-play commentary. The phrases typically have fixed cores and variable slots. The focus is on phrases containing the words net, minute(s) and whistle. Goal-scoring phrases are based on metonymy (hit the back of the net) while time is usually expressed with metaphors (in the nth minute). This study uses an interface developed by Fletcher 2003/2004 to extract frequent phrases. The material comes from the British National Corpus, on which Fletcher's database is based, with additional material from The Independent on CD-ROM.


ABSTRACT In Lusaka, the capital of Zambia, vernacular commercial signage—often hand painted by local sign writers—has evolved in conversation with sweeping economic privatization and liberalization initiatives enacted since the 1990s. Many of Lusaka's sign writers employ tactics that visually link their work to globally dominant design practices as they simultaneously imbue global brand imagery with Zambian specificity. Hinging upon visual and historical analysis of locally made commercial signs, in conversation with the macro- and micro-processes of globalization, this article examines these tactics of improvisation and appropriation to investigate how they both reflect and shape contemporary Zambian narratives of locality and cosmopolitanism. By harnessing powerful brand imagery for individual and community interests as well as public and private institutions, Lusaka's sign writers have repositioned seemingly marginal vernacular practices at the center of everyday cultural production in the globalized economy.


The jury has returned narrative verdicts at the inquests of the six people who tragically perished in the Lakanal fire of July 2009. Southwark Council has issued a statement in response to the verdicts. In addition, an Q&A provides further information on key issues.


Measurements of average heat-transfer and friction coefficients and local heat-transfer coefficients were made with helium flowing through electrically heated smooth tubes with length-diameter ratios of 60 and 92 for the following range of conditions: average surface temperature from 1475 to 4533 deg R, Reynolds number from 3230 to 60,000, heat flux up to 345,000 Btu per hour per square foot of heat-transfer area, and exit Mach number to 1.0. In general, the data of this investigation correlated with air data at lower temperatures obtained in previous investigations. (auth)


A variety of test methods are available to evaluate the solderability of printed wiring board [PWB] surface finishes. A new test has been developed which better simulates the capillary flow physics of typical solder assembly processing, especially surface mount soldering. The work was conducted under a cooperative research and development agreement between Sandia National Laboratories, the National Center for Manufacturing Sciences, and several PWB fabricators (AT&T, IBM, Texas Instruments, and United Technologies Corporation/Hamilton Standard) to advance PWB interconnect systems technology. Particular attention has been given at Sandia to characterizing the effects of accelerated aging in a simulated indoor industrial environment on subsequent PWB solderability. The program`s baseline surface finish was copper. Solderability testing on ``as-fabricated`` and ``pre-stressed copper`` pad-strip geometries was performed with Sn-Pb eutectic solder and three different fluxes at four different reflow temperatures.


The piezoresistivity of carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced nanocomposites is modeled using a multiscale damage modeling technique. Two phenomena of piezoresistivity are studied, the inherent piezoresistivity of the CNTs and the electrical tunneling effect. The damage model is developed under the framework of continuum damage mechanics (CDM) with a physical damage evolution equation inspired by Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. This damage model is applied to a nanocomposite unit cells with randomly dispersed CNTs. Orders of magnitude change in piezoresistivity is observed as the nanocomposite changes from non-damaged state to damaged state. This study provides insights into the prevailing mechanisms associated with piezoresistivity in the damaged and undamaged state of the CNT reinforced nanocomposites at the sub micro scale.


Microplastics, as an emerging environmental contaminant, have attracted increasing attention worldwide. Previous studies have addressed this environmental problem in either the marine or continental environment, but ignored the water bodies in between. Coastal lakes are transitional aquatic systems and may play an important role in transport, reworking and redistribution of plastics across catchment scale. Here, we report results of our investigation of plastic pollution in sediment of a coastal lake, the Dishui Lake, in Shanghai, China. The lake is located in coastal Shanghai and connected to the East China Sea via a 7-km long canal. Sediment samples were collected from around the lake and the canal. Plastic particles were detected in the sediment with various shapes, colors and compositions. The total particle count in the canal sediment was orders of magnitude higher than in the lake sediment. Polypropylene was the dominant polymer in the sediment. Our results suggest that coastal lakes can serve as a reworking zone for accumulation and reworkings of plastic particles, and a buffer zone contributing to plastic pollution in the marine environment. This study addresses the most understudied area of plastic pollution, i.e., reworking and redistribution of plastic debris at catchment scale across the marine and continental environment.


Early gastric cancer (EGC) is defined as gastric cancer confined to mucosa or submucosa, regardless of the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis. Generally, patients with multifocal EGC have two or three lesions but rarely have more than three lesions. In this article, we present a patient who was admitted to the hospital with complaints of epigastric pain and fatique. His endoscopic examination revealed four EGC lesions. We performed endoscopic mucosectomy for all lesions successfully. Endoscopic mucosal resection is an organ conservative approach and can be performed to patients with early multifocal gastric cancer. During this procedure life-threatening severe complications can occur. In our experience, severe bleeding occured during mucosectomy and our patient underwent subtotal gastrectomy. Abbreviation: EGC: Early gastric cancer.


In high-density gas discharges in which the electrons, but not the ions, are confined by a magnetic field, the radial density profile is often observed to have a triangular shape, as if the ionization were concentrated on axis. However, such profiles can also result from nonlinear diffusion, in which the diffusion coefficient varies inversely with density.


This study focuses on the lived experiences of students with blindness in learning and using Braille for academic purposes at Haramaya University, Ethiopia. A descriptive phenomenology design was employed, and eight students with blindness were purposefully selected to be the sample for this study. Data were collected using substantive interviews. A digital audio recorder was used to capture the voices of respondents. The data were translated into English using Google Docs and Google Translate (supported by VB audio virtual cable). Then, the data were coded, themed, and analyzed using QDA Miner Lite software. Thematic analysis was used to analyze collected data. There are three main themes and seven subthemes among students with blindness based on their actual experiences learning and using Braille for academic purposes. These are characteristics of blind students who have learned Braille and are using it for learning; contributing factors for knowing Braille and using it; benefits of using Braille; impacts of knowing but not using Braille for academic purposes; reasons for knowing but not using it for learning; factors influencing not learning using Braille; and characteristics of blind students who did not know Braille. The practical intersections of students with blindness knowledge of Braille and their use of it for academic purposes influence their lived experiences. The study encourages and advises administrators of academic programs, curriculum and software developers, and policymakers, including practitioners, to consider Braille interpretation service issues to increase participation and meet the needs of students with blindness during teaching–learning programs in the study area.


ABSTRACT In the chemical and nutritional analyses of pumpkin, the size of bulk sample recommended by the method of reference, makes the process time consuming and difficult to execute. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate different sampling methods to indicate the most suitable one to replace reference method to determine the levels of total carotenoids, total soluble solids, and moisture in pumpkin. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments and 18 replications. The proposed methods consisted basically in changing the way of taking bulk samples from the fruits: cylinders method, quartile method, and the slice method. Samples obtained by proposed methods were analyzed for moisture content, total carotenoids and total soluble solids. Results obtained by each proposed method were compared against the method of reference. Cylinders method showed the best results and was the easiest to be carried out, consuming only about 1/10 of the time required in relation to the method of reference. The cylinder method was rapid, efficient, reliable and exhibited the greatest suitability for replacing the reference method.


A new test method for nitrite as nitrosoalkylresorcinolate is proposed. The method is based on the especially easy nitrosation of alkylresorcinols (R) with nitrous acid formed from nitrite in acidic solutions, and on the subsequent formation of a coloured complex with a transition metal cation (Me). The main oil shale originated phenols, 5-methylresorcinol and 2,5-dimethylresorcinol, are applied as R and the cobalt, nickel, copper and iron(II) cations as Me. Effect of nitrite, R, and Me concentration, and pH on the absorption is described. Under the optimum conditions found (0.01 mol dm –3 of 5-methylresorcinol and CoSO 4 , pH 4), Beer's law is obeyed in the concentration region of nitrite 0.1–10 mg dm –3 .


Satellite derived solar irradiance over 25 locations in the 5 climatic zones of Nigeria (tropical rainforest TRF, Guinea savannah GS, Sahel savannah SHS, Sudan savannah SUS, and Mangrove swamp forest MSF) was analyzed. To justify its use, the satellite data was tested for goodness of agreement with ground measured solar radiation data using 26-year mean monthly and daily data over 16 locations in the 5 climatic zones. The well-known R2, RMSE, MBE, and MPE statistical tests were used and good agreement was found. The 25 locations were grouped into the 5 climatic zones. Frequency distribution of global solar irradiance was done for each of the climatic zones. This showed that 46.88%, and 40.6% of the number of days (9794) over TRF and MSF, respectively, had irradiation within the range of 15.01–20.01 MJ/m2/day. For the GS, SHS, and SUS, 46.19%, 55.84% and 58.53% of the days had total irradiation within the range of 20.01–25.01 MJ/m2/day, respectively. Generally, in all the climatic zones, coefficients of variation of solar radiation were high and mean values were low in July and August. Contour maps showed that high and low values of global solar irradiance and clearness index were observed in the Northern and Southern locations of Nigeria, respectively.


The flexural strength of multistory flat-slab buildings subjected to combined vertical and horizontal (sidesway) loadings is investigated by inelastic theory. It is postulated that the columns will be made strong enough so that failure will occur in the slabs. Yield-line theory is used to determine the flexural strength of the slab-column joints and to analyze the overall flexural collapse mechanisms of the slabs when the structure is subjected to the combined loadings. Equations and graphs are presented that will also facilitate the limit design of orthotropically reinforced slabs against sidesway-type flexural failure of both the slab-column joints and the overall slab structure. The bending moments for which the columns must be designed are also obtained in the course of the slab-design process.


I take pleasure in communicating to this Journal an abstract of the magnetic observations recently made in Mexico under the direction of this Observatory.1 The designations of the respective observers used in the tables are:

M. M. A.—Manuel Moreno y Anda.

A. D. C—Abel Diaz Cobarrubias.

V. G.— Valentin Gama.


The development of Western contemporary historiography and historical theory is the theoretical source that Ankersmit advocates "sublime historical experience". The demonstration in Marx and Engels' s German Ideology provides the basic method to understand the "sublime historical experience"that Ankersmit called in the history of rural everyday life. The intrinsic relationship between the country and its regional natural conditions is the fundamental prerequisite to understand the rural historical experience. Along with the transformation from the regional history to the world history,the interaction between city and country is widely shaping the development of historical experience in the rural everyday life.


Type III resistant starch (RS3) was produced from native sago starch using different processing conditions. Native sago starch contained 93.5% total starch, of which was 25.8% amylose and 67.7% amylopectin. A sample with the highest RS3 content (35.7%) was produced when the native sago starch was suspended in distilled water, gelatinised by autoclaving at 121°C for 1 h, followed by debranching with 20U pullulanase per g starch at 60°C for 24 h, autoclaved again at 121°C for 1 h before storage at 4°C for 24 h. The sago RS3 sample contained 54.0% amylose and 38.8% amylopectin. The powder had solubility, swelling power, water-holding and oil-holding capacity of 27.4%, 2.8g/g, 1.7g/g and 1.1g/g, respectively. Treatment of the sago RS3 with 0.5M HCl acid at 60°C for 24 h produced HCl-sago RS3 with 68.30% RS3 content. The solubility and swelling power of HCl-sago RS3 was 14.9% and 1.9g/g, respectively. Different processing conditions had significantly influenced the amount and properties of RS3 produced from sago starch.


Based on the estimation methodology on the potential of the war against terrorism on the transformation of doctrine, the conclusions based on the predictive analysis are: (1) The potential for the war against terrorism has a very strong relevance to the prediction of changes in military campaign doctrine in the long term by producing new war strategies both in terms of ends-means-ways as a result of High Impact Low Probability, (2) Through predictive analysis with extrapolation model, it is found that threats, strategic environment and tradition or history are variables that are expected to remain unchanged, especially in the short term in influencing the preparation of Military Campaign Doctrine, (3) The Projection Model determines if Threat is the variable that changes the most so that it will affect changes in the Military Campaign Doctrine in the short to medium term, (4) Looking for the best solution in realizing the best Military Campaign Doctrine. This can be followed by designing a simulation of the New War Strategy as a result of forecasting the Military Campaign Doctrine.


In the present, the relationship of supply chain among enterprises has been researched widely. Certainly, supply chain is very good mode in production activities between enterprises, but there were a few scholars took their attention to how to setup supply chains. According to human's habits in trade whenever in domestic or in foreign trade, a modeling method of supply construction for users on one kind of product is submitted, and a method for comprehensive evaluating CONFIDENCE of suppliers ahs been given. Based upon these results, users can make decisions to select suppliers, even if to built supply chains.


The emergence of database natural language interface has facilitated database access and search by more and more non-professional users. In the process of natural language transformation, node mapping is the most basic and critical step, especially the mapping of value nodes. However, the method of traversing the database to search value nodes is inefficient. In this paper, we propose a novel "Value-Attribute" mapping method based on hierarchical structure inverted index to quickly search the fields which the value belongs to. First of all, we design a first-level inverted index, creating the mapping between values and attributes. Then in this period, the criteria are proposed to determine whether or not to create inverted index for a field. To optimize the first-level inverted index, we classify the inverted index according to the data type and add the B+ tree data structure. Finally, the experimental results on real medical dataset verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed hierarchical structure inverted index.


Retinoblastoma is a cancerous disease that affects the retina, and primarily affects young children. To date, the primary treatment goal of retinoblastoma is to save the child's life, while the preservation of the eye and its functionality are the secondary goals. Reoccurrence of tumors is mainly attributed to the persistence of cancer stem cells. EpCAM+ Y79 retinoblastoma cells behave like cancer stem cells and are recognized as cells that are resistant to treatment. We demonstrate an effective technique to treat retinoblastoma cancer cells, using femtosecond laser pulses and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)‐targeting gold nanorods (Au‐NRs). Complete assessment of the optimal laser parameters required for the development of a translational retinoblastoma cancer treatment is provided. Both an MTS cellular metabolism assay and a fluorescence viability assay demonstrate an astonishing cellular viability drop, to ≈10%. Right after laser irradiation the cellular membrane ruptures. Calculations and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) imaging show that Au‐NRs reach melting temperature after laser pulse exposure. Delivering femtosecond laser pulses directly onto the retina to treat retinoblastoma through the medium of the eye is possible without interacting with its compartments—making this treatment ideal for this type of cancer. This treatment methodology would be an invaluable tool for treatment of chemotherapy‐resistant and radiation‐resistant cancers.


The invention provides an acrylic coating composition with enhanced oil and water resistance and scrub resistance, which comprises the following components in total weight: 20 to 60 weight portions of acrylic latex, and 0.05 to 1.0 weight portion of fluorocarbon surfactant. The invention also provides a method for preparing the acrylic coating composition with the enhanced oil and water resistance and the scrub resistance, which comprises the step of mixing 0.05 to 1.0 weight portion of the fluorocarbon surfactant, 0.05 to 1.0 weight portion of polyethyleneglycol ether dispersant, 0.1 to 5.0 weight portions of polyfluortetraethylene micro powder and 20 to 60 weight portions of the acrylic latex to obtain the acrylic coating composition with the enhanced oil and water resistance and the scrub resistance.


This paper focuses on the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the sectoral (agriculture, industry and service) growth pattern of Bangladesh economy over the last 11 years, 1995-2005. The research deals with data from secondary sources and estimates the relationship based on Pearson Correlation Co-efficient. The analyses reveal that FDI inflow in the industrial sector does not appear to correlate much with industrial growth, however, it relates better with service sector growth. FDI inflow in service sector is fairly well correlated with the growth in that sector as well as in the industrial sector. FDI in agricultural sector does not have any close relationship with the sectoral growth pattern. One interesting point is that over the period 1995 to 2005, the country enjoyed a positive net FDI inflow except 2003 and 2004, when foreign investors have taken out more money than they have pumped into the country through repatriation of profit/dividend, capital and repayment of loans with foreign banks and other sources. The paper also deliberates on some policy suggestions and recommendations for weighing up the advantages and disadvantages of FDI to ensure enhanced growth and sustainability. 1 The author is an Assistant Director of 'Policy Analysis Unit' at the Research Department of Bangladesh Bank. He is indebted to Professor Syed M. Ahsan, Resident Economic Advisor, for his valuable guidance, and also to Dr. Md. Habibur Rahman, Senior Research Economist for his valuable contribution. The author thanks Dr. Sayera Younus, Dr. M. Solaiman, Md. Ghulam Murtaza, Md. Ezazul Islam, Md. Shahiduzzaman, Mainul Islam Chowdhury, Md. Nehal Ahmed and Md. Habibour Rahman for their valuable comments on the paper. The views expressed in this Note, however, are of author's own and not necessarily reflect the views of the Bangladesh Bank. 3


The calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor is an uncommon lesion that occurs in both jaws. This odontogenic neoplasm is generally asymptomatic, found either in routine radiographic examination or when causing bone expansion. The purpose of this report was to describe a case of calcifying cystic odontogenic tumor involving mandible in a 9-year-old girl, as well as discuss the importance of careful diagnostic procedures for the correct final diagnosis and establishment of the most appropriate treatment of this uncommon odontogenic lesion that can affect the patients of the pediatric group.


:  One of the most remarkable characteristics of recent cultural theory is its obsession with the early Christian apostle Paul. With this interest in Paul as contemporary cultural theory, a panoply of modern identities find themselves obsolesced, scrambled, or otherwise useless. This essay attempts to find new points of orientation within those scrambled identities that have appeared with this new Paul, and the essay does so by exploring the idea that we are now repeating a Pauline moment of kairos, that apocalyptic moment in which meaningful transformation of the world may occur.


Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria could enhance plant growth by providing plant growth regulators such as phytohormones to activate the metabolic activities of plant roots, so as to protect plants from attack by phytopathogens or reduce the disease severity by secreting antibiotics or siderphores, competing for the ecological niches or nutrition, and inducing plant defense responses. In this study, Bacillus mycoides (BM) CHT2402 was used to test its ability on growth promotion of different crops. The abilities of BM CHT2402 to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and ammonia (NH3) were observed. Media mixed with cell suspensions of BM CHT2402 increased the fresh weight of tomato, watermelon, and lettuce plants, especially on Ming-feng NO.3 cultivar of lettuce. Media irrigated with cell suspensions of BM CHT2402, however, had no significant growth-promoting effects on these plants. Media mixed with cell suspensions of BM CHT2402 applied on three different lettuce cultivars could promote lettuce growth, but different growth-promoting effects were observed depending on the cultivars tested.


New results for the strength of the symmetry energy are presented which illustrate the complementary aspects encountered in reactions probing nuclear densities below and above saturation. A systematic study of isotopic effects in spectator fragmentation was performed at the ALADIN spectrometer with 124Sn primary and 107Sn and 124La secondary beams of 600 MeV/nucleon incident energy. The analysis within the Statistical Fragmentation Model shows that the symmetry-term coefficient entering the liquid-drop description of the emerging fragments decreases significantly as the multiplicity of fragments and light particles from the disintegration of the produced spectator systems increases. Higher densities were probed in the FOPI/LAND study of nucleon and light-particle flows in central and mid-peripheral collisions of 197Au+197Au nuclei at 400 MeV/nucleon incident energy. From the comparison of the measured neutron and hydrogen squeeze-out ratios with predictions of the UrQMD model a moderately soft symmetry term with a density dependence of the potential term proportional to (ρ/ρ0)γ with γ = 0.9 ± 0.3 is favored.


To solve the uncertain data in wireless sensor networks,an efficient algorithm for processing the wireless sensor network uncertain data is presented.According to the data of the uncertainty probability density to process distribution probability clustering,and use Hilbert encoding technology mapping the multi-dimensional data to a 1-D data space,through the uncertainty of the data HPDBSCAN algorithm based on Hilbert-R tree index for the uncertainty data clustering.The experimental results show that HPDBSCAN algorithm pretreatment effect is better than other clustering algorithm and it is suitable for more uncertainty data clustering.


(d) Certain individuals in "'trachoma" families appear to have an inherent immunity to the disorder. There is little reason to presuppose that they had not been repeatedly infected as no undue precautions .have been instituted to protect themselves against others within the same household. -(e) Some cases become quiescent with the history of totalabsence of treatment. The lid condition shows no signs of any activity and casual examination of the pannus shows a relative anaemia. The blood vessels in the area are noted with the 8 magnification glass. How treacherous is this condition only observation and time will tell. Such cases are classified as "arrested." (f) Trachoma does not run-a steadily progressive and destructive course. Periods of exacerbations are interpolated between those of the dormancy of sub-chronicity. Many cases of natural ''arrest " may prove to be only manifestations of a dormant state. Limited observations to date would appear to confirm this. In conclusion it may be stated that every effort is being expended compatible with available finances, to bring the situation under control. Dr. E. L. Stone, Director of Medical Service, of the Department of Indian Affairs, is to be commended for instituting the campaign which, it is hoped, will ultimately eradicate trachoma in the Indians of Canada. In this connection, it is most important to keep enthusiasm alive and be prepared to be undeterred by apparent regressions in certain areas. The characteristic chronicity of the disorder will only be overcome by persistent effort. Education of the rising generation with subsequent co-operation on their part, will undoubtedly prove the most potent factor in the solution of the trachoma problem in their people.


CPI has put forward site selections and preliminary feasibility studies for China's inland nuclear power plants, and carried out the technical exchanges and surveys with foreign partners in the last two years. Based on the above, the idea was proposed in this paper that inland nuclear power plants should be built to solve environmental pollution and energy shortage in some inland areas of China. In addition, several key problems were discussed in detail such as the principle, site feature, installed capacity, hydraulic facilities, hydrology, large parts transportation, feasibility and safety evaluation of China's inland nuclear power plants. That is, along with economic development and reasonable layout of nuclear power plants, the general planning, site protection should be strengthened, and one or two inland nuclear power plants should be launched as soon as possible.


Objective To highlight developments in the taxonomy of eating disorders since Russell's original description of bulimia nervosa (BN) in 1979 and through 3 versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Method Criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN), BN and binge eating disorder (BED) are systematically described. Results While criteria for AN remain largely unchanged between DSM-III-R and DSM-IV, the subclassification of binge/purge and restricter subgroups endorses previous research findings. For BN, the definition of "binge" has occupied considerable attention both in quantitative and qualitative terms. The arbitrary choice of 2 episodes per week as a minimum frequency is also discussed in light of recent data from the Ontario Health Supplement. A third eating disorder, BED, is now included in the appendix of DSM-IV under Eating Disorders — Not Otherwise Specified category. The potential overlap between this disorder and nonpurging BN is discussed. Finally, the relationship between eating disorders and other psychiatric disorders including depression, schizophrenia, obsessional, and conversion disorders is considered as well as the continuum from preoccupation with weight to eating disorder. Conclusion While significant advances have been made in understanding and classifying eating disorders during the past 15 years, further empirical work is necessary to clarify areas of uncertainty.


Nurses experience stress throughout their careers. Rella, Winwood, and Lushington published a study which focused on stress at the beginning of a nurse's career, and ranked the nursing profession as one of the most emotionally, mentally, and physically demanding occupations alongside such professions as prison workers, and law enforcement. Every day job strains can weigh heavy on the individual, resulting in what is known to the healthcare profession as "burnout" (Rella, Winwood, & Lushington, 2008). Studies have shown that stress is detrimental to a person's health and contributes to decreases in the retention rates of nurses in the healthcare !eld. Nurses under stress tend to have a decreased level of positive patient outcomes that lead to a decrease in patient care (Chin, Lin, Wang, & Hou, 2009).


From the late 1990s up to until recently, China's approach to Southeast Asia and various territorial and maritime disputes was to engage in ogood neighbour policyo and bilateral negotiations. In the recent years, however, Beijing's actions have somewhat departed from this broadly benign approach. For China, energy security and maritime development are the main considerations. Moreover, China's maritime capabilities are growing rapidly, including maritime law enforcement, military power projection and offshore drilling. As tensions in the South China Sea increases, external players such as the U.S., India and Japan have become increasingly involved in the territorial dispute. Consequently, the issue has gone beyond territorial claims and access to energy resources, as the South China Sea has become a focal point for rivalry among the big powers. This makes the dispute more complicated and dangerous, arousing concerns that the development of China-ASEAN relations will be affected.


The embodiment of the invention provides a radio frequency path, comprising a first antenna, a low noise amplifier, a power divider, at least two first single-pole multi-throw switches, at least four first filters and at least two first radio frequency chips, wherein the power divider divides a received radio frequency signal into two paths of first radio frequency sub-signals, the two paths of first radio frequency sub-signals are transmitted to the at least four first filters, the at least four first filters corresponds to at least four filtering frequency bands, the at least four first filters can cover the frequency bands relating to at least six kinds of CA (Carrier Aggregation) techniques, the first radio frequency sub-signals are filtered by the at least four first filters, and the at least two first radio frequency chips process the filtered first radio frequency sub-signals, so that the radio frequency path can support multiple combination of CA techniques, and the flexibility of the radio frequency path is improved.


Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a coolseason turf and forage grass for which most genetic improvement efforts have focused on end-use quality characteristics, such as dry matter forage yield or turf quality, rather than on traits associated with seed yield, such as seed retention (Stewart and Hayes, 2011; McDonagh et al., 2016). Seed yield in perennial ryegrass is the product of two components: seed number and seed weight. Genetic improvement in seed retention may increase seed yield by significantly increasing the seed number harvested.


In the past, researchers gave more attention to indoor air chemical pollution caused by decoration. Recently, some new problems of indoor air pollution have been found,which were more harmful to human health and more difficult to be controlled. In this paper, three new problems of indoor air pollution were introduced. At the same time, the bottleneck problems and their future development of the indoor air pollution control technology were discussed.


**t Dr. Kolliker, of Strasburg, says that the results he has 0 Gained from its use are little or nothing. ^ cabman has lately been deprived of his sight by " tip~~^hat awful amusement of small boys. We do wish the u nor i ties and the " arms of the law" would forbid these 111 ted pieces of wood being sent flying at random through e streets. Accidents are only one day wonders, unforPeople say, " How dreadful ! " and that is about ey do to prevent their recurrence.


The performance aspects of the PAC (protection-against-collision) optical packet network are discussed. An analysis is made of the delay-throughput performance of this network for uniform traffic patterns. Results show that in geographically distributed applications the maximum achievable throughput (normalized to the transmission rate) is typically between 0.4 and 0.5 per channel. For example, the maximum achievable throughput is between 400 and 500 Gb/s for a 1000-channel system with a 1-Gb/s transmission rate. In a centralized switch, the (normalized) maximum achievable throughput can approach 0.8 per channel. These values are higher than previously published optical systems.<<ETX>>


Target assignment is a significant method to improve the efficiency of the search radar. By analysing the several basic factors for target assignment, this paper puts forward an algorithm for target assignment of the search radar net based on the detection probability of radar. The results of using the algorithm can meet the demand of the real system.


The study aim is to identify the opportunities for the United Arab Emirates (UAE) educational sector during COVID-19. A survey was conducted among a sample of 100 teachers from 20 UAE higher education institutions. Teachers use online learning tools that cannot fully provide the benefits of face-to-face meetings with students. The research methodology is based on primary and secondary data analysis. Teacher questionnaire was formed; it contains 9 questions on distance learning actualization in a pandemic. Only 25% of those surveyed agreed with the inclusiveness and ease of remote learning technologies use, 20% expected that after a lockdown, learning could return to the status quo; 55% disagreed that the technologies used stimulate creativity and have an evidence base. Among key findings are that almost all respondents (95%) see the necessary reform of distance education for its further adaptation in the post-COVID-19 period. The study shows a significant imperfection of the applied online learning technologies. Studies from around the world have shown that school shutdowns have had similar consequences for most education systems.

Keywords: COVID-19; education; online learning; pandemic outbreak; teaching and learning.


ChIP-seq is able to capture the genomic profiles for histone modification by combining chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with next generation sequencing. However, enriched regions generated from peak finding algorithms are evaluated only based on the limited knowledge acquired from manually examining the relevant biological literature. This paper proposes a novel framework of incorporating multiple knowledge sources, consisting of information extracted from biological literature, Gene Ontology, and microarray data, in order to precisely analyze ChIP-seq data for histone modification. The information is combined in a unified probabilistic model to rerank the enriched regions generated from peak finding algorithms. Through filtering the reranked enriched regions using some predefined threshold, more reliable and precise results could be generated. The combination of the multiple knowledge sources with the peaking finding algorithm produces a new paradigm for ChIP-seq data analysis.


Students of the history of lexicography have often entertained what may be called the personal heresy; that is, in the old dictionaries they have found, or thought they found, the personalities of the dictionary-makers. Such minor delusions are made possible by a major error, the failure to realize that the lexi cographer, like other compilers, has few opportunities for originality, few temptations to eccentricity, and every inducement to follow the beaten track. It is true that down to the nineteenth century lexicographers were more per sonal and less scientific in their work than the editors of the Oxford Dictionary and their successors, and if no dictionary-makers had been innovators, there would be no history of lexicography; but, at least in the history of English lexicography, the student will be safest if he refuses to recognize, in any given case, the reflection of a personality or the innovation of a creative mind until he has exhausted the possibility of sources and models in the earlier tradition. This generalization may be applied even to the study of the greatest lexi cographers. In fact, the achievement of at least one of the giants among them has been somewhat misunderstood precisely because his relations to his prede cessors have never been properly estimated. Certainly Samuel Johnson's Dictionary was a new thing in English lexicography; but if one considers not only the earlier English dictionaries but the classical dictionaries, the technical dictionaries, and especially the dictionaries of the French and Italian academies, it may very well be argued that Johnson asked no new questions, gave no new answers, and invented no new techniques. Rather he had the intelligence to see what his age demanded, and the courage, industry, learning, and skill to meet that clear demand. In another place we hope to support this judgment with evidence which recent studies have accumulated and with fresh evidence of our own; but the present note is concerned only with the less serious of the two errors which we have noted, the unwary attempt to find Johnson the man in the definitions given by Johnson the lexicographer. Here again it must be admitted that the attempt has not been totally unsuccessful; the man and the lexicographer were after all one man, but a man whose great accomplishment is distorted when such definitions as those of cough, excise, lexicographer, network, and oats, care lessly removed from their context both in Johnson's own Dictionary and in the tradition of English lexicography, are treated merely as the reflections of a vivid personality. Specifically, what Lane Cooper and others have done for the defi nition of oats,1 we shall try to do for whig and lory. Though Johnson's entries under both words are familiar, for convenience they are here repeated:


A simulation of the space robotic arm navigation task is described. This simulation is used in both a human-in-the-loop simulation experiment to generate human performance data, and is coupled with a computational model of the human: MORIS, whose outputs are compared to the human operator data for both nominal conditions at three levels of operation, and for automation-failure conditions. Scan mediated model predictions of automation failure response are validated by the human performance data. This paper describes an effort to model the astronaut controller of a space-based robotic arm, such as that found on the space shuttle or International Space Station. Such an arm is designed to both grasp objects within its "hand" (called the end-effector or EE) and transport them to 3D points in the environment by manipulating arm joints of the shoulder elbow and wrist, along multiple degrees of freedom. Two 2-axis controllers are typically employed; one controlling rotation of the wrist and EE, and the other controlling 3D translation of the EE. the operator must continuously be aware of constraints on the and wrist rotations to freeze time consuming recovery process the operator must also monitor workspace avoid collision and elbow hard constraints obstructions) in


ABSTRACT Coordinated Specialty Care (CSC) for a recent onset of psychosis is widely implemented in the U.S., yet high disengagement rates persist. Integrating a Positive Youth Development approach (e.g., Transition to Independence Process (TIP) Model) may boost CSC engagement. TIP and CSC experts (n = 14) compared the TIP fidelity scale to an international CSC fidelity scale. Notes were thematically coded. To become more PYD-informed, CSC providers might: (1) re-conceptualize recovery, engagement, and goals; (2) adopt developmentally attuned language uniting multidisciplinary staff; and (3) strategically involve and expand participant social networks. Findings lay groundwork for CSC providers to integrate strategies to prevent premature disengagement. Takeaways Positive Youth Development practices likely can be integrated into Coordinated Specialty Care for first-episode psychosis. The TIP Model's multi-phase developmentally focused futures planning process and strategic social support involvement may boost CSC engagement. The TIP Model holds merit for uniting multidisciplinary perspectives on CSC teams, promoting team collaboration and young person (and family & other relevant supportive people) engagement.


We present results from both theoretical and experimental studies of the noise characteristics of mode-locked superfluorescent lasers. The results show that observed macroscopic broadband amplitude noise on the laser pulse train has its origin in quantum noise-initiated ''phase-wave'' fluctuations, and we find an associated phase transition in the noise characteristics as a function of laser cavity detuning.


This paper studies tandem queues where the ith customer has the same service time, Xi, at each queue and capacity at each queue is finite. The behaviour of the tandem queue is examined in the prese...


Embodiments of the present invention disclose low-quantification and high-strength coating white board paper and a preparation process thereof. The low-quantification and high-strength coating white board paper comprises raw paper and a surface coating layer, wherein the surface coating layer further comprises a pre-coating, a middle coating and a surface coating, the coating materials of the pre-coating and the middle coating comprise 70-90% of calcium carbonate, 10-30% of kaolin, 0.1-0.3% of a dispersant, 8-12% of an adhesive, 0.3-0.7% of a water resistant agent, and 0-0.5% of a lubricant, and the coating materials of the surface coating comprise 50-70% of calcium carbonate, 20-50% of kaolin, 0-10% of a plastic pigment, 0.1-0.3% of a dispersant, 10-14% of an adhesive, 0.4-1.0% of a water resistant agent, and 0.4-1.0% of a lubricant. According to the present invention, with the optimized design of the pulps in each layer of the coating white board paper, the core pulp ratio is preferably selected, the coating material formula and the filler adding process are improved, the reliable film transfer type surface sizing is adopted, and the low-quantification and the high-strength of the paper board are ensured.


Aluminium foils (99.99% purity) and single crystals (99.999% purity) were charged with hydrogen using a gas plasma method and electrochemical methods, resulting in the introduction of a large amount of hydrogen. X-ray diffraction measurements indicated that within experimental error there was a zero change in lattice parameter after plasma charging. This result is contradictory to almost all other face-centred cubic (f.c.c.) materials, which exhibit a lattice expansion when the hydrogen enters the lattice interstitially. It is hypothesized that the hydrogen does not enter the lattice as an interstitial solute, but instead forms an H–vacancy complex at the surface that diffuses into the volume and then clusters to form H2 bubbles. Small- and ultra-small-angle neutron scattering (SANS, USANS) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were primarily employed to study the nature and agglomeration of the H–vacancy complexes in the Al–H system. The SAXS results were ambiguous owing to double Bragg scattering, but the SANS and USANS investigation, coupled with results from inelastic neutron scattering, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy, revealed the existence of a large size distribution of hydrogen bubbles on the surface and in the bulk of the Al–H system. The relative change in lattice parameter is calculated from the pressure in a bubble of average volume and is compared with the experimentally determined value.


This paper proposes a phonological analysis of the Bengali intonational system, using a descriptive framework developed by Pierrehumbert (1980) and others. Our analysis bears on a number of theoretical points. We argue that the Bengali facts support a typology of intonational tones that includes only pitch accents and boundary tones, and that the docking sites for boundary tones are the phrase edges provided under the theory of the Prosodic Hierarchy (Selkirk 1980). We show that Bengali intonational contours are governed by the obligatory Contour Principle (OCP), which forbids adjacent identical tones. Underlying contours that violate the OCP are converted to permissible surface forms by a phonological rule. We also bring Bengali data to bear on a long-standing controversy concerning phrasal stress: Bengali can be shown to have a default, phonologically assigned phrasal stress pattern; thus phrasal stress assignment cannot be reduced exclusively to focus and other semantic factors.


(name of student), Students occasionally need to take prescription or non-prescription medication while they are at school. To help ensure that students receive the needed medication and that the medication is not misused, the school district has developed rules for the administration of medication in school. These rules are detailed in the enclosed Administrative Regulation 506.2.2AR, Administrating Medication. Please note the following points: • With the exception of inhalers, epi-pens and insulin, all prescription medication must be kept in the office of the school nurse and must be administered by the school nurse or other appropriate school personnel. • Written authorization from a student's parent or guardian, and medication in a prescription bottle or original container, is required before a school nurse will give a student prescription or non-prescription medication. • If prescription medication remains in the nurse's office after the end of a school year or when the student is no longer attending the school, the nurse will contact the student's parent or guardian to pick up the medication. If the medication is not picked up within 30 days of the date of notification, it will be destroyed.


Objective To analysis the relation between acute phase of illness in patients with stroke and hospital acquired pneumonia(HAP).Methods 117 patients with acute stroke recent hospitalization were selected to accept the observation form about acute phase of illness and clinical manifestation of stroke.Results In 117 patients with acute stroke,HAP occurred in 55 inpatients(47.01%),62(52.99%) inpatients without HAP.In stroke inpatients with HAP,CT midline displacement,complication,mean hospitalization time,OHS score were obviously higher than those in stroke inpatients without HAP,but the mean scores of MMSE,MODS,NIHSS and MBI were obviously lower than those in stroke inpatients without HAP(P0.05 or 0.01).Conclusion Severe illness in acute phase and poor manifestation in patients with stroke is easy to occur HAP.


This paper describes recent solutions for microwave instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM)systems based on integrated microwave photonics, with particular emphasis on the use of waveguide Bragg gratings (WBG)as a possible approach for the creation of a monolithic photonic IFM system.


Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) has been widely used in aerospace,
 military weapons, new energy and high-end vehicles due to its specific and
 superior strength, low density and long-lasting wear resistance. The
 processing of CFRP is very different from the traditional metal processing
 because of its heterogeneous structure, anisotropy and superior wear
 resistance of CFRP. Usually, CFRP has often various defects in mechanical
 processing and water jet processing, such as interlayer tearing, fiber
 pull-out, delamination, tool wear, and abrasive penetration. Through laser
 processing, the problems of CFRP materials existing in mechanical processing
 can be overcome. However, due to the huge differences in thermal physical
 properties such as thermal conductivity and vaporization temperature of
 carbon fiber and resin in CFRP, its laser processing also turns out to have
 some issues, such as heat-affected zone and fiber end expansion. This paper
 summarizes the research results of CFRP laser processing in China and
 internationally. Research progress was introduced in detail from various
 aspects including laser and material mechanism as well as laser processing
 parameters. It reports the experimental and theoretical studies covering the
 process accuracy in edge quality and the thermal characteristics in terms of
 heat-affected zone. Eliminating the heat-affected zone in the polymer matrix
 are considered the major obstacles of CFRP industrial applications. The
 methods of improving processing efficiency by increasing material removal
 rate and reducing processing time were reviewed. The influence of different
 thermal conductivity of carbon fiber and resin matrix in CFRP on the
 processing quality was discussed. Finally, the development trend and
 challenges of thermal conductivity of carbon fiber and resin in CFRP in
 theoretical modeling were proposed.


By using cointegration and error-correction representation methodology, this paper tested the causal relationship among human capital accumulation, exports, and economic growth using data pertaining to Taiwan's real GDP, real exports, and higher education attainment over the period 1952-95. The main findings of the paper are that human capital accumulation fosters growth and stimulates exports, while exports promote long-run growth by accelerating the process of human capital accumulation. Taiwan's case study thus supports the human capital-based endogenous growth theory and the export-led growth hypothesis. Copyright 2000 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.


Based on the one dimensional simulation model of the GEELY engine MR479Q,simulation researches about an EFI engine fueled with gasoline-ethanol were developed using this 1-D model.It was found that without any modifications on the engine,gasoline with an appropriate proportion of ethanol could promote the power performance slightly,but increase the specific fuel consumption because of the LHV than that of gasoline.


At finite $N$, the number of restricted Schur polynomials is greater than or equal to the number of generalized restricted Schur polynomials. In this note, we study this discrepancy and explain its origin. We conclude that for quiver gauge theories, in general, the generalized restricted Shur polynomials correctly account for the complete set of finite $N$ constraints, and they provide a basis, while the restricted Schur polynomials only account for a subset of the finite $N$ constraints and are thus overcomplete. We identify several situations in which the restricted Schur polynomials do in fact account for the complete set of finite $N$ constraints. In these situations, the restricted Schur polynomials and the generalized restricted Schur polynomials both provide good bases for the quiver gauge theory. Finally, we demonstrate situations in which the generalized restricted Schur polynomials reduce to the restricted Schur polynomials.


Introduction: One element of reproductive health that directly concerns human well being is reproductive tract infections (RTI). The magnitude of the problem of RTIs is a growing public health concern in developing countries like Bangladesh. Aim: A study was carried out in the out patient department of a busy urban clinic with an attempt to study the Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs). Materials and Methods: A descriptive type of cross sectional study was carried out in the Gynaecology OPD of an urban clinic at Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh during the period from July 2007 to December 2007. The study population includes the women of reproductive age group (15-49 years). Among 1061 reported women 176 respondents were selected for the study with a systematic purposive sampling technique. Data were collected from prescription sheets of the concerned gynecologist, laboratory investigation reports and questionnaires used for interview. Results: Mean age of the respondents was 30.56+6.1. Among 176, 174 (98.86%) were married. Depending on clinical symptoms 32 (18.19%) were diagnosed as RTI, after clinical examinations 39 (22.16%) and while after laboratory investigations 42 (23.9%) were diagnosed as RTI. Among 39 provisionally diagnosed RTI cases 13 (33.33%) were diagnosed as PID, 10 (25.64%) as mixed infection and 05 (12.82%) as vulvovaginitis clinically. Among 42 confirmed RTI cases 16 (38.09%) were confirmed as bacterial vaginosis, 04 (9.52%) as trichomoniasis, 07 (16.66%) as candidiasis, 06 (14.28%) as mucopurulent cervicitis while 01 (2.38%) was diagnosed as syphilis. Among 28 abortion cases 10 (35.71%) developed RTI while among 38 MR cases 18 (46.36%) developed RTI. Among 34 IUD users 22 (64.7%) developed RTI while for other contraceptive method users only 19 (15.8%) developed RTI. Conclusion: Although the study was in a limited scale and the findings of it will not only serve as a guideline for taking preventive measures, but can be used as a basis for future research and planning. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i1.19415


Since its discovery in the early eighties, methylalumoxane (MAO) has grown from an academic serendipity to an industrial commodity. Today it is produced on a large scale and widely used as a cocatalyst for various olefin oligomerization and polymerization processes. Despite years of investigation, not much is known about the exact nature of MAO. We have investigated MAO and modified its structure in order to gain a better understanding of its configuration and working principles and to develop more stable, well-defined cocatalysts. TEM studies into the large MAO particles show a highly regular material consisting spheres connected in a chain like fashion. These spheres grow over time through sintering of the particles. Replacement of the O2− for in MAO for RO− and (RO2)− moieties led to isolatable complexes that give insights into the possible hydrolysis pathways of trimethylaluminum during MAO synthesis. Similarly the O2− could be replaced for a RN2− fragment again leading to well-defined structures based on the size of the R substituent. Unfortunately these clusters do not functions as cocatalysts. Alternative nitrogen based ligand frameworks allow for the isolation of complexes with a masked three-coordinate Al site. These are highly reactive towards small molecules but are inert towards polymerization precatalysts. Replacement of part of the (MeAlO)n units with ArB(OH)2 or HB(NRH)2 fragments gave again well-defined results. Easy ligand exchange between Al and B gave for unprecedented complexes whereas the introduction of bulky substituents led to the isolation of various boralumoxanes. These were found to be mildly active cocatalysts.


Crustal faults and sharp material transitions in the crust are usually represented as triangulated surfaces in structural geological models. The complex range of volumes separating such surfaces is typically three-dimensionally meshed in order to solve equations that describe crustal deformation with the finite-difference (FD) or finite-element (FEM) methods. We show here how the Boundary Element Method, combined with the Multipole approach, can revolutionise the calculation of stress and strain, solving the problem of computational scalability from reservoir to basin scales. The Fast Multipole Boundary Element Method (Fast BEM) tackles the difficulty of handling the intricate volume meshes and high resolution of crustal data that has put classical Finite 3D approaches in a performance crisis. The two main performance enhancements of this method: the reduction of required mesh elements from cubic to quadratic with linear size and linear-logarithmic runtime; achieve a reduction of memory and runtime requirements allowing the treatment of a new scale of geodynamic models. This approach was recently tested and applied in a series of papers by [1, 2, 3] for regional and global geodynamics, using KD trees for fast identification of near and far-field interacting elements, and MPI parallelised code on distributed memory architectures, and is now in active development for crustal dynamics. As the method is based on a free-surface, it allows easy data transfer to geological visualisation tools where only changes in boundaries and material properties are required as input parameters. In addition, easy volume mesh sampling of physical quantities enables direct integration with existing FD/FEM code.


. Objectives: 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] starts to rise from the first trimester of pregnancy and increases maternal intestinal calcium absorption. The preferred method in the diagnosis of Vitamin D deficiency is the measurement of 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D]. However, fetal and placental structures produce 1,25(OH)2D and affect calcium metabolism during pregnancy. In this study, we aimed to evaluate 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D levels in early pregnancy. Methods: Thirty-eight pregnant and 28 non-pregnant women were included in the study. Their 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, calcium, albumin, and parathormone levels were evaluated. Results: 25(OH)D levels were below 20 ng/mL in both groups, but lower in the pregnant group (mean 12.3 [±7.5] ng/ mL in pregnant, and 19.4 [±14.4] ng/mL in non-pregnant, p=0.017). 1,25(OH)2D levels were higher in the pregnant group (mean 105.9 [±29.2] pg/mL in pregnant, and 81.5 [±31.9] pg/mL in non-pregnant, p=0.003). Conclusion


Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of different surgical methods of hypospadias.Methods:Our hospital urethra bifida patients were divided into group A different surgical approach,group B and group C,Duckett surgery treatment in group A,group B to Snodgrass patients for treatment,Group C patients with scrotal midline skin island flap for treatment.Results:A,B Both surgical success rate in patients with no significant differences(P0.05);scrotal midline skin island flap spell the chance of complications was significantly lower than the other two group(P0.05).Conclusion:The different surgical procedures for hypospadias crack treatment,each type of surgery each point should be considered in the clinical use of the patient's situation to develop appropriate surgical treatment,in order to effectively improve the prognosis of patients.


Multilevel voltage source inverters are superior solutions for medium-voltage (MV) and high power applications, which can meet the requirements of high power density, efficiency and power quality. This paper presents a novel Neutral-Point-Clamped Half-Bridge (NPC-HB) eleven-level inverter topology which is composed of two power switches at fundamental frequency connected in series with the positive and negative poles of the DC voltage source and a seven-level NPC-HB inverter. Only ten switching devices are needed to generate eleven voltage levels, which improves the power density of the inverter system with fewer switches. Besides, the DC voltage utilization ratio of the proposed topology is higher than 1. After the comprehensive analysis of the operation principles of the proposed topology, a proposed compound modulation strategy based on phase-disposition pulse width modulation (PD-PWM) suitable for the eleven-level inverter is described in detail. With the proposed modulation strategy, the violent fluctuation of flying capacitor voltage is solved when the modulation degree is high. Simulation and experimental results verify the validity of the proposed topology and modulation strategy.


Abstract A pivotal question in the historiography of Stalinism is the degree to which coercion or popular support drove the Soviet war effort in World War II. This article addresses this question by examining the mass mobilisation of women to labour in the vital wartime logging and timber industry. It examines the means by which women workers were recruited; the incentives or otherwise used to promote production; and the daily lives of these women. The principal purpose of the article is to evaluate the coercive and motivational mechanisms by which the Soviet party-state mobilised women for this punishing labour.


Abstract This study evaluates the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on oil price, exchange rate and stock market performance, and the implications for Transnational Corporations (TNCs) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow in Nigeria. The study used daily data over the period 1 Decebber 2019 to 31 May 2020. The study employed descriptive and causality techniques. The study observed that COVID-19 had adverse effects on oil price, exchange rate and stock market performance in Nigeria. Also, the study observed that COVID-19 had more impact on oil price, exchange rate and stock market performance than the 2009 and 2016 global recessions. The causality estimate showed that oil price had significant influence on exchange rate and stock market performance while exchange rate significantly influenced stock market performance. The study concluded that impact of COVID-19 pandemic on oil price, exchange rate and stock market performance had implications for TNCs and FDI inflow in Nigeria.


Background: Under nutrition and overweight in children co-exist in developing countries and may persist into adulthood. Interpretation of body mass index (BMI), a useful measure of nutritional status in children requires age related reference standards, many of which were developed from different international sources. It is necessary to determine which of these reference standards is most suitable for use in the assessment of BMI distribution among adolescents in Nigeria. Objective: To determine the prevalence of thinness, overweight and obesity using the World Health Organization (WHO), International Obesity Task Force (IOTF), and Centre for Disease Control (CDC) reference standards and assess their level of agreement amongst adolescents in Sokoto metropolis. Methods: 800 students were selected through multi-stage sampling technique from secondary schools. BMI was classified according to three reference standards (WHO, CDC, IOTF). Data was analysed with SPSS version 22. The level of agreement between the reference standards in diagnosing nutritional status was assessed using Kappa statistics. Level of significance was put at p< 0.05. Results: The prevalence rate of thinness was highest with the IOTF at 22.6% compared to 19.4%, and 19.6% by the WHO and CDC respectively. The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were highest with the WHO reference standards at 7.0% and 1.3% followed by the IOTF (6.1% and 0.6%) and lowest with the CDC (5.8% and 0.3%). Substantial agreement was observed between WHO and IOTF (Kappa = 0.77), while the level of agreement was 0.68 for IOTF/CDC and 0.64 for WHO/CDC. All agreement statistics were significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The WHO and IOTF reference charts may be more suitable for our population.


Three ferroelectric copolysiloxanes with different molar mass have been synthesized. Mechanical measurements and electro-optical switching behaviour in both cell and thin film geometry are reported. Removal of short chains doubled M n and slowed down electro-optical switching but the mechanical properties were not affected. A further twofold increase in M n by chain extension did not affect electro-optical switching times but improved the mechanical properties markedly.


Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) is one of the most popular supervised dimensionality reduction (DR) techniques. However, LDA only captures global geometrical structure information of the data and ignores the geometrical variation of local data points of the same class. In this paper, a new supervised DR algorithm called local intraclass variation preserving LDA (LIPLDA) is proposed. We also show that the proposed algorithm can be extended to non-linear DR scenarios by applying the kernel trick.


Research in the morphology-angioarchitecture and ultrastructure-of cerebral veins has been widely neglected in past decades; investigation was mainly focussed on the arterial side of brain circulation. This circumstance has certainly had a negative impact on the development of knowledge in clinical medicine about cerebral venous disease. Cerebra} venous pathology and its consequence is, however, a frequent problern in clinical neurosur- gery, both with regard to operative techniques and conservative manage- ment. Therefore, it is not surprising that the initiative to collect, for the first time, data on our present knowledge in basic research of cerebral veins, their structure and function under normal and pathological circumstances, came from clinicians. Regarding the cerebral veins the clinician has primarily in view the dysfunctions originating from embryogenetic malformations, phlebitic obstruction, tumourous shunts, or traumatic lesions. But in addition to that, particular attention should be paid to the microstructure ofthe venous vessel walls, their barrier function, and the venous vasomotor system. Studying these interrelationships has for a long time been both fascinating and of immediate interest to me.


A method of obtaining the magnetic properties of the random mixture of plural kinds of magnetic atoms (including nonmagnetic atoms) in both the site and the bond problems is presented. The specific heats and the susceptibilities of the one-dimensional binary mixture and the binary Bethe lattice are exactly given. The phase transitions of both the Bethe lattice and the ordinary two- and three-dimensional lattices are also discussed. It is shown that the phase boundary of an ordinary binary mixture in the site problem is rather similar to that in the bond problem when JAAJBB > 0 and JαJβ > 0, while they are quite different when JAAJBB < 0 and JαJβ < 0. In the latter case, the two critical lines of ordinary lattice, on which the uniform or the staggered susceptibility diverges, cross at some value of concentration of magnetic atoms, while they are separated by the paramagnetic phase in the bond problem. The experimental result for (MnxCr1−x)Sb is similar to the former and that for Co(SxSe1−x)2 is similar to ...


Ethnic conflict has complex causes and diverse effects,ranging from petty slights to murderous violence.On the one hand,there is the easily observed negative correlation that supports the familiar "contact hypothesis": the more personal contact,the less conflict.On the other hand,there is the positive correlation suggested by many historical and sociological studies of contact situations: More contact and more conflict.How can higher levels of contact be associated with both increases and decreases in the indicators of ethnic antagonism? The theories associated with contact and conflict relationship provides a possible answer to this question.


Located in the stores of Finland's National Board of Antiquities is a collection of Roman glass obtained at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries from the eastern Mediterranean region with funds from the Antell Commission. This body of material is not the result of any systematic collection. Although the glass objects were obtained as part of a purchase of other Graeco-Roman items, they nonetheless form a uniquely uniform entity. The oldest acquisitions to the collection were made in Stockholm in the 1890s from Egyptian material brought by F. R. Martin from his expeditions to Egypt and Cyprus (NM [National Museum] 5982). Another important body of material consists of the Palestine collection gathered by Arthur Hjelt for the museum (NM 6100). In the early 1900s material from the historical-ethnographic collections of the Imperial Alexander University were also transferred to the National Museum of Finland (NM 14560). These items mostly consisted of donations from the staff of the university. Chronology and typologies, as well as their diversity and also their absence, are the main problem of research in early collections of glass obtained by museums. Roman glass has no uniform chronology, but rather several concurrent ones. There is, however, a certain conservativeness in manufacturing techniques and the forms of objects and artefacts. Most of the significance of the items had already been lost prior to their being added to the collections of the National Museum of Finland because their find context is unknown. By identifying manufacturing techniques and with the aid of dated parallels I have been able to lay a basis for dating individual objects in the collection. The eastern Mediterranean region could be established as the area where the pieces were made. Almost all the objects are of blown glass, and can thus be dated to the period of Imperial Rome. Of the overall collection of some seventy documented pieces, a number of the most common utility and type objects were selected here for more detailed investigation.


The transaction of pollution discharge licenses is an economic stimulating method based on market :The sellers economical return from selling the rest valid term of pollution discharge license is a kind of market compensation because it is helpful to reduce the environmental external diseconomics .While the other party (the customer)pays for the pollution discharge license because the cost of reducing pollution is too high .The cost of the licence is actually the price of external diseconomics .So , the transaction of pollution discharge license is very important to realizing the internalization of exteriority , applying environmental protection technology and promoting the industrialization of environmental protection .In order to implement the transaction system of pollution discharge license smoothly , its necessary to build supplementary mechanisms such as pollution discharge license controlling environmental capacity , pollution discharging targets with certain prices and the combined adoption of economic methods and the transaction of pollution discharge license .[ Ch , 6 ref .]


An internet terminal (110), which is a home terminal apparatus, is comprised of: a communication unit (111) for sending and receiving packet data; an encryption unit (112) for encrypting and decrypting packet data; a packet generation unit (113) for generating packet data to be sent to a server apparatus (200); a protocol determination unit (114) for determining a communication protocol to be used between the internet terminal (110) and the server apparatus (200); a control information request unit (115) for reading in packet data and a control request packet that includes a control request; a control unit (116) for receiving control information and controlling the internet terminal (110) or a terminal apparatus (103) accordingly; a server certificate authentication unit (117) for authenticating the validity of a server certificate sent by the server apparatus (200); a client certificate management unit (118) for sending a client certificate to the server apparatus (200); and a storage unit (119) for storing a terminal ID and other information.


When humans are exposed to chemicals, they are not exposed to just one chemical at a time. A vast number of chemicals pervade our environment. Exposures, whether simultaneous or sequential, are to chemical mixtures. The standard definition of a chemical mixture is any set of multiple chemicals regardless of source that may or maynot be identifiable thatmay contribute to joint toxicity in a target population [1, 2]. By some estimates, up to 6 billion tons of waste is produced annually in theUnited States. Several years ago, the US Office of Technology Assessment estimated 275 million of those tons were hazardous. Most waste finds its way to more than 30 000 toxicwaste disposal sites across theUnited States, amajority ofwhich theUSEPAhas categorized as uncontrolled hazardous waste sites [3]. Thus far, traditional risk assessment, even with its inherent shortcomings, has helped to control chemical exposures to that waste reasonably well, as evidenced by statistics on longevity, health status, and world population growth. Yet, new health and environment indicators have raised disquieting questions, and a consequent growing concern is that this success might be short-lived. One reason is an alarming, logarithmic increase in the synthesis, manufacture, and use of chemicals worldwide as "developed" and "developing" countries compete to provide their populations an improved quality of life. Tohelpmeet these concerns, theWorldHealthOrganization (WHO), as part of its harmonization of approaches project, recently published a report onmethods and approaches for risk assessment of chemical mixtures [4, 5]. Former US Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld once said with regard to intelligence reports


The motivation behind the exploration was to examine the adequacy of action situated strategy in showing science in understudies of in optional classes. The Test bunch educated by action situated strategy was contrasted and the benchmark group which was instructed in the traditional course book approach. Maintenance test consequences of the two gatherings were contrasted altogether and furthermore objectivewise with discover whether various sorts of exercises has any huge impact on the maintenance limit of understudies. The strategy utilized in the examination is exploratory technique. The reliant variable is the accomplishment of understudies while the autonomous variable is the instructing strategy.


Multicarrier DS‐CDMA is an effective approach to combat fading and various kinds of interference. In this paper, we present an overlapped multicarrier DS‐CDMA system, wherein each of the rate 1/M convolutionally‐encoded symbols is also repetition coded and transmitted using overlapped multicarriers. However, since the frequency spectrums of successive carriers are allowed to overlap, the transmission bandwidth is more efficiently utilized. The effect of the overlapping percentage between successive carriers of a multicarrier DS‐CDMA system on the performance is investigated to determine the overlapping percentage showing the best performance. We suggest two methods for sub‐band overlapping variation. One is to allow variation of sub‐band overlapping percentage when the total number of subcarriers is fixed. The other is to increase the number of sub‐bands (the number of repetitions R) with fixed subband bandwidth. Given a total number of subcarriers MR, we show that the BER variation is highly dependent on the roll‐off factor β of a raised‐cosine chip wave‐shaping filter irrespective of convolutional encoding rate 1/M and repetition coding rate 1/R. We also analyze the possibility of reduction in total multi‐user interference by considering the variation of both the roll‐off factor (0 < β ≤ 1) and the sub‐band overlapping factor (0 < λ ≤ 2), and show that the proposed system may outperform the multicarrier DS‐CDMA system in [3].


Government institutions digitalization is an important element of development in advanced systems. The adoption of e-Government has great potential for the effective interaction between citizens and policymakers. The trends for development and digitalization of governmental activities raised the necessity for the adoption of the e-government in public sector institutions. The key factors affecting the adoption of e-government in the Kurdistan Region have been investigated in this study. The study has also been made to highlight obstacles that limited government capability to elude the paper-based system and to measure the extent of public support in approaching the new administration, which sought to be a pre-condition for its successful implementation. The exploratory research design has been used and data has been collected through a questionnaire. Four key factors that affect the implementation of e-government in public sector organizations of Kurdistan Region have been identified: motivational factor, personal factor, technical factor and reliability factor. All factors have a positive connection with e-government adoption, but they are not equally influencing the process of its implementation. The motivational factor is more effective compared to other factors due to the perceived benefits of the system to the citizens, but the personal factor has the least impact on the adoption of e-government. It has been determined by the study that citizens appreciate the perceived values created by the e-government as it minimizes routines and inefficiency of public administration that burden their resources. It has been highlighted that there is a positive impression for citizens on the adoption of e-government, which supports the successful implementation of the process. It has been said in the study that IT infrastructure development, adequate training, public awareness and more motivation on perceived benefits can profoundly guarantee the success of e-government adoption and can become an important tool of reform in public sector institutions. Its successful implementation can also improve the quality of public sector management and work on the delivery of public services in an effective and efficient manner.


When any equipment is running, the physical collision occurs in the machinery, which requires the hydraulic buffer devices to absorb and dissipate the impact energy in order to avoid the large vibration and even the damage to the structure caused by the impact load on the equipment. Therefore, the design of hydraulic buffers is very necessary.

Through the analysis of the research status of hydraulic buffers, some valuable conclusions are extracted from the representative and prospective results to predict the future research and development direction of hydraulic buffers.

The researches on hydraulic buffers are summarized and compared, and the characteristics of energy absorption and energy consumption of hydraulic buffers are expounded. Combined with the principle of hydraulic buffers, the related patents of hydraulic buffer are studied.

By tracing the characteristics of different types of hydraulic buffers, the main problems existing in the development of hydraulic buffers are analyzed, such as short working life, low energy absorption efficiency, etc. Solving such problems as a prerequisite, the patents' development of the structure and design method of hydraulic buffers is prospected.

The optimization and development of hydraulic buffers are conducive to improving the energy absorption efficiency and frequency of hydraulic buffers. This paper, thus, summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different kinds of hydraulic buffers by tracing and summarizing the previous patents, learning that the most widely used buffer is the porous hydraulic buffer, but the cushioning performance of core rod buffer is more, which is the main development trend in the future.


The present study aims to highlight the demographic profile of fatal road traffic accidents (RTAs) in individuals under the age group of 30 years in Union Territory of Pondicherry, South India. The study is an autopsy based observation of fatal road traffic accidents during the year 2012–2014. Fatal road accidents are less common before noon. A male preponderance (82.5%) was observed with a male-female ratio of 4.7: 1. Individuals in the age group of 21 to 30 years formed the most vulnerable (28.0%) group. Most of the accidents took place on National highways (36.9%). Majority of the victims were two wheeler occupants (48.5%) followed by pedestrians (23.7%). In most fatal accidents vehicle involved was two wheelers (56.4%) followed by four wheelers (14.5%). Head and facial injuries (46.5%) were the most common. 82.6% of victims belonged to Hindu religion. Head injury accounted as the cause of death in majority of cases (41.9%). 67.2% of victims were unmarried & 35.7% were uneducated.


Geochemical studies of marine sediments indicate that most Oceanic Anoxic Events (OAEs) appear coincident with Large Igneous Province (LIP) volcanism. OAE 1d records peculiar paleoceanographic changes and global carbon cycle perturbations, however, its association with volcanism has not yet been supported by robust geochemical evidence. To examine the potential role of volcanism we investigated the mercury (Hg) concentration and isotopic record of OAE 1d interval at the Youxia section, southern Tibet. The interval prior to OAE 1d is marked by a combined positive Δ199Hg and Hg content shift, which suggests a volcanic Hg source. These findings are consistence with a prominent increase in sea surface temperatures and atmospheric CO2 before OAE 1d. We suggest that eruption of the central portion of the Kerguelen LIP may have been the main source of the Hg anomaly and resulted in global environment perturbations that drove the onset of the anoxia event.


Numerous experiments intended to clarify the fertilizing questions of peat land have been established at the Experimental Station of Leteensuo and carried on through fairly long periods without interruption. Short-time reports of these experiments have been given in several connections. The results obtained over longer periods have recently been analysed with reference to the Sphagnum bog fertilizing tests, which have thrown light on the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as potassium fertilization (5, 6). Moreover, Takala (6) has reported on the experiments arranged with a view to clarifying the effects of phosphate fertilization. In the following, the significance of potassium fertilization on the fen area of the Experimental Station of Leteensuo will be described on the basis of the results derived from three field tests. The persons supervising the experiments in different years have been mentioned in a previous publication (4, p. 2). With reference to shorter periods, these tests have been analysed by Malm (3) and Hir-


Weather extremes are the showcase of climate variability. Given their societal and environmental impacts, they are of great public interest. The prevention of natural hazards, the monitoring of single events, and, more recently, their attribution to anthropogenic climate change constitute key challenges for both weather services and scientific communities. Before a single event can be scrutinized, it must be properly defined; in particular, its spatiotemporal characteristics must be chosen. So far, this definition is made with some degree of arbitrariness, yet it might affect conclusions when explaining an extreme weather event from a climate perspective. Here, we propose a generic road map for defining single events as objectively as possible. In particular, as extreme events are inherently characterized by a small probability of occurrence, we suggest selecting the space–time characteristics that minimize this probability. In this way, we are able to automatically identify the spatiotemporal scale at which the event has been the most extreme. According to our methodology, the European heat wave of summer 2003 would be defined as a 2-week event over France and Spain and the Boulder, Colorado, intense rainfall of September 2013 a 5-day local event. Importantly, we show that in both cases, maximizing the rarity of the event does not maximize (or minimize) its fraction of attributable risk to anthropogenic climate change.


Capacitively and inductively coupled plasmas were investigated in order to deposit functional plasma polymers. Considering plasma chemical and surface processes, comparable films can be obtained with both plasma sources yielding distinctly higher deposition rates for ICP. While the gas phase processes scaled with the energy input into the plasma, the surface processes were controlled by the energy dissipated during film growth (ion bombardment).