This paper aims to develop successful strategies for improving government data openness at state level in China based on its current status of Open Government Data (OGD) against the Open Data Barometer (ODB).For this purpose, firstly, primary and secondary data on the index scores of countries around the world from 2013 to 2016 were collected through the websites of ODB, followed by a statistical analysis of the data which showed the correlation of the indicators of the ODB, emphasized by the co efficiency between the indicators. Secondly, through the quantitative analysis of their survey on individual indicators in China, the authors found that the overall readiness of China's OGD is acceptable, especially at the local government level, but its implementation and impact is still relatively backward. Further analysis of the assessment results of sub indicators identified the specific problems in China's OGD. Finally, based on the correlation of indicators and the results of China's assessment, the authors proposed the strategies for the improvement of China's OGD from the perspectives of readiness and implementation, which will facilitate an overall upgrade of national government data openness in the way of improving the performance on individual backward sub-indicators and addressing the identified problems. The "vertical" improvement of China's readiness is featured with a promotion of the common upgrade of execution and impact while the "horizontal" increase of execution leads to the development of subsequent impact. In addition, a comparative study showed that the former strategy has a slight advantage over the latter in terms of the expected results. This research is of practical significance as it will help to identify, prioritize, and address the most critical issues of government data openness in China.


Estimates of past emission inventories suggest that toxic heavy metal pollution in Europe was highest in the mid‐1970s for lead and in the mid‐1960s for cadmium, but these previous estimates have not been compared to observations. Here, alpine ice‐cores were used to document cadmium and lead pollution in western Europe between 1890 and 2000. The ice‐core trends show that while lead pollution largely from leaded gasoline reached a maximum in ~1975 as expected, cadmium pollution primarily from zinc smelters peaked in the early‐1980s rather than in ~1965 and was up to fourfold higher than estimated after 1975. Comparisons between ice‐core trends, estimated past emissions, and state‐of‐the‐art atmospheric aerosol transport and deposition modeling suggest that the estimated decreases in cadmium emissions after 1970 were based on overly optimistic emissions reductions from the introduction of pollution control devices and other technological improvements.


The recent accumulation of information with regard to the physiology of the liver has served to provide the medical profession with new clinical and laboratory criteria of hepatic disorders. The therapeutics of hepatic disease has lagged somewhat behind the general advance of knowledge in this field, although a number of notable contributions have been made to both medical and surgical management. GENERAL PREVENTIVE MEASURES The liver, like the kidney, is susceptible to injury from infections and toxic substances; among the latter may be mentioned a group of chemicals, such as phosphorus, chloroform, phenylhydrazine, trinitrotoluene, tetrachlorethane, trinitrophenol and carbon tetrachloride, all of which have been shown to produce hepatic lesions in the experimental animal or in man. Alcohol has always loomed large as an etiologic agent in portal cirrhosis and, while no conclusive experimental proof of its relation to hepatic disease has ever been offered, clinical experience has established its importance


OBJECTIVE
To analysis various complications of 30 patients of breast augmentation by injected polyacrylamide hydrogel and discuss the treatment through periareolar incision.

METHODS
All patients were classified according to the different complications. Open suction technique and partial mastectomies via periareolar incisions were performed in all patients, Only one patient had immediately breast reconstruction with prosthesis, five patients received secondarily breast prostheses implantation via a axillary incision.

RESULT
All the symptoms were relieved after remove of polyacrylamide hydrogel.

CONCLUSIONS
Polyacrylamide hydrogel should be prohibited for injected breast augmentation at present. A double-blinded randomized clinical study, controlled animal experiments and a large sample questionnaire survey for complications are necessary. The periareolar approach is valuable technique and can remove polyacrylamide hydrogel as completely as possible.


Vocational decisions are important decisions for adolescents. This article takes television effects into account. A literature review for the occupational world in TV programs reveals a strong focus on some occupations as well as small cultivation effects plus learning effects from mediated role models. A secondary analysis of 2 panel waves was undertaken to study the effect of media role models on occupational aspiration. Television usage in a program segment correlated with corresponding aspirations. A process models showed a strong effect of career aspiration in 1 panel wave on related television usage and career aspirations in the following panel wave.


Viruses often establish persistent infections by causing dysfunctional T cell responses. Little is known about the role of sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) in the immune response to viral infections; even though, its enzymatic product, sphingosine 1-phosphate, is well-known to regulate versatile cellular processes. In this work, we demonstrate that during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13 (LCMV Cl 13) infection in mice, SphK2 functions to limit CD4+ T cell responses, which aids in the establishment of virus-induced immunosuppression and viral persistence. The infection of SphK2-deficient (SphK2−/−) mice with LCMV Cl 13 resulted in kidney disease and ultimately mortality, which was not observed with acute infection by the Armstrong strain of LCMV. Following infection, SphK2−/− mice were shown to have increased LCMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells prevented the infection-induced death of SphK2−/− mice, which indicates T cell-mediated immunopathology. With the use of LCMV epitope-specific TCR transgenic mouse lines for adoptive transfer studies, SphK2 was shown to have intrinsic negative function in CD4+ T cells, but not CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, SphK2−/− CD4+ T cells were able to promote endogenous, virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Importantly, oral treatment of LCMV Cl 13-infected mice with an SphK2-selective inhibitor increased the number of LCMV-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and led to the accelerated termination of LCMV Cl 13 persistence, without causing mortality. Our results suggest that transient SphK2 inhibition is a promising novel immunotherapeutic strategy for the control of persistent viral infections.


Process for the selective production of oxidized furan derivatives starting from 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural in the presence of a solvent, an oxidation agent, a catalyst, and optionally a base, which process is characterized in that the oxidation process is carried out continuously in flow, and there are provided means for varying reaction parameters.


From the inception of nuclear power, thorium-based fuels have been of interest due to the abundance of thorium ore and to potential neutronic advantages in the efficiency of creating new fissile materials in the core. Early reviews of nuclear fuel cycles tended to conclude that the uranium cycle, currently used in nuclear power plants, was more preferable than the thorium cycle, partly because of its simpler reprocessing and fabrication. The conditions of the nuclear industry have changed, focusing on high burnup once-through fuel cycles (no reprocessing). This creates incentives for further analysis of the thorium-based cycle to assess improved economic performance and safety margins in addition to the expected reduced waste production and enhanced proliferation resistance. This thesis analyzes alternative thorium-based fuel approaches from a thermalhydraulics point of view. The proposed cycle's performance is optimized given constraints that will facilitate the implementation of the concept in typical commercial power plants. The new designs are based on a seed and blanket configuration, where the seed region is rich in uranium fuel (U-235), thus is the


Selected Contents in this book are: High Spin States and Transfer Reactions; Microscopic Nucleus-Nucleus Potential and Comparison of it with Optical Potential; Algebraic Approach to Reaction Theory; Complimentary Between Electromagnetic and Hadronic Probes of Nuclear Structure; Extraction of Exclusive Amplitudes from Time Dependent Hartree Fock Calculations for Heavy-Ion Scattering, and Fermion Dynamical Symmetry Model.


Nowadays, the globalization of the manufacturing enterprises requires collaboration across frontiers. In order to attain effective collaboration, the information about the product life cycle must be captured and administrated in a way that supports the decision taken during the product development. In this context, the manufacturing process information needs to be shared between manufacturers. The moulding process is quite complex involving many variable process parameters like pressure, temperature and time settings. These process parameters have to be optimally set in order to improve part quality and maximize the production capacity of the injection moulding machine. In this paper we propose an approach to designing distributed knowledge-based software platform for injection mould industry. The user requirements to the software tools and the key features of our design are defined. The basic principles and the architecture of the software platform and decision support tools are considered.


In this work, we have measured the rate coefficients of the reactions of isopropyl (propan-2-yl), sec-butyl (butan-2-yl), and tert-butyl (2-methylpropan-2-yl) radicals with molecular chlorine as a function of temperature (190–480 K). The experiments were done in a tubular laminar flow reactor coupled to a photoionization quadrupole mass spectrometer employing a gas-discharge lamp for ionization. The radicals were homogeneously produced in the reactor by photolyzing suitable precursor molecules with 193-nm pulsed exciplex laser radiation. The bimolecular rate coefficients were obtained by monitoring the radical decay signals in real time under pseudo–first-order conditions. The rate coefficients of all three reactions showed negative temperature dependence. The bath gas used in the experiments was helium, and the rate coefficients appeared to be independent of the helium concentrations employed ([2.4–14] × 1016 cm−3) for all three reactions. The rate coefficients of the reactions can be approximated in the studied temperature range by the following parameterizations:

k(i‐C3H7•+ Cl 2)=(3.70±0.12)×10−11×(T/300K)−(1.98±0.10) cm 3s−1

k(s‐C4H9•+ Cl 2)=(4.90±0.20)×10−11×(T/300K)−(1.92±0.19) cm 3s−1

k(t‐C4H9•+ Cl 2)=(4.46±0.18)×10−11×(T/300K)−(2.97±0.14) cm 3s−1

We estimate that the overall uncertainties of the measured rate coefficients are ±20%. We were able to observe 2-chloropropane (i-C3H7Cl) product for the i-C3H7● + Cl2 reaction. No products were observed for the other two reactions, and the reasons for this are briefly discussed in the text.


C. elegans is a well-established model organism for understanding the neural circuit and the molecular basis of animal behaviors [1]. Worm researchers benefit from the fully delineated connectome of 302 neurons and extensive study of individual neuronal function [2]. Two-third of the neurons in C. elegans exist in paired form with spatially symmetric feature, and it is observed that some of these spatially symmetric neuron pairs function asymmetrically [3]. For example, the olfactory AWC neurons develop asymmetry stochastically, and this asymmetry lead to functional difference by expressing different odor receptors [4]. Furthermore, the AWC but not the AWC regulates peripheral lipid metabolism upon sensing the odorant 2-butanone [5]. Other neurons such as ASE and PLM also show asymmetry, and connectome analysis indicate that more neurons might have asymmetric characteristics [6][7]. Nonetheless, other than AWC and ASE, neuronal asymmetry is generally not well-understood since the promoters for expressing gene in an asymmetric fashion is lacking. Thus, the authors of this study tried to solve this problem by utilizing the photo-caged Cre to drive gene expression asymmetrically [810]. The Cre is photo-caged by the incorporation of 6-nitropiperony-lysine (a non-canonical amino acid) into its catalytic site. Upon light stimulation, the 6-nitropiperony-lysine converts to lysine, making the Cre catalytically active. The Cre in turn activates the target gene (Channelrhodopsin) expression by removing the transcriptional stop sequence placed upfront. By light stimulating only one neuron at a time, this system allows asymmetrical gene expression in C. elegans neurons.


In 2004, David G. Lowe published his paper "Distinctive Image Features from ScaleInvariant Keypoints" (Lowe, 2004, [2]), outlining a method he developed for finding distinctive, scale and rotation invariant features in images that can be used to perform matching between different views of an object or scene. His method, Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) combines scale-space theory and feature detection, geared toward a broad variety of applications in the field of computer vision, such as object recognition and stereo correspondence. As a part of the course Advanced Image Analysis at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), we conducted a mini-project where we 1) studied Lowe's work, 2) tested SIFT, 3) implemented a portion of SIFT ourselves, and 4) applied SIFT (combined with RANSAC algorithm) to automatic image stitching and automatic calculation of the fundamental matrix.


We calculated the temperatures of ice spheres in the mesosphere by establishing an equation for the balance among the power absorbed by the particle from the solar and terrestrial radiation fields, the power emitted by the particle as thermal radiation, and the power transferred from the particle to the atmosphere by collisions with air molecules. In some cases the particle temperature that ensues can result in a saturation vapor pressure at the ice surface that exceeds the pressure of the ambient atmosphere, and the particle can therefore not continue to exist. Equilibrium particle temperatures have been analyzed to study atmospheric exclusion limits for ice spheres in the mesosphere as a function of particle radius and altitude.


Optimal care for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes is well described in guidelines, such as those of the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes. High‐income countries can usually provide this, but the cost of this care is generally prohibitive for lower‐income countries. Indeed, in most of these countries, very little care is provided by government health systems, resulting in high mortality, and high complications rates in those who do survive.


Glutaraldehyde (Glut) fixed bioprosthetic valves fail due to progressive dystrophic calcification. Many treatments have been proposed to eliminate calcification but none have been entirely successful. Calcitonin (CT) and sodium bisulfite (BSF) have recently been introduced as independent anticalcification reagents. It is postulated that their combined effect, along with the addition of the detergent Tween 80 and alcohol at 37°C, may efficiently minimize tissue calcification due to aldehyde adduct formation and elimination of lipids.


With a multitude of primary resource materials now available on the Internet, people are able to access rich content to aid in their understanding of trends, events, and relationships across recorded history. However, understanding the content and making meaning from it is often still a struggle. Primary source documents, intrinsically powerful in many ways, are still static materials, often from times and places relatively foreign to many of our K-12 learners. In order for learners to make optimal meaning from these documents they need to do more than passively read them; they should also have an opportunity to interact with them through writing and communication with peers and teachers. The journaling features typically available for use with the newly emerging Tablet PC technology can allow teachers to use best practices in reading comprehension instruction to have their students interact with rich primary source document content. This short paper will focus on how the Tablet PC can be used as a tool to facilitate this interaction between the learners and primary source documents.


The invention discloses a polypropylene functionalized master batch, and cotton polypropylene blended yarn, polypropylene viscose blended yarn, cotton polypropylene blended fabric, polypropylene viscose blended fabric, polypropylene filament yarn and cotton yarn blended woven fabric, and polypropylene filament yarn and viscose yarn blended woven fabric all prepared by employing the polypropylene functionalized master batch. Products prepared according to the invention has no harm to human bodies, are capable of repelling mosquitos, resisting acarid, resisting mildrew and resisting bacteria for a long period, and the products are degradable, can be washed at low temperature, have humidity elimination and warm keeping functions, and can be widely used.


The last decade has seen innovations that make video recording, manipulation, storage, and sharing easier than ever before, thus impacting many areas of life. New video retrieval scenarios emerged as well, which challenge the state-of-the-art video retrieval approaches. Despite recent advances in content analysis, video retrieval can still benefit from involving the human user in the loop. We present our experience with a class of interactive video retrieval scenarios and our methodology to stimulate the evolution of new interactive video retrieval approaches. More specifically, the video browser showdown evaluation campaign is thoroughly analyzed, focusing on the years 2015–2017. Evaluation scenarios, objectives, and metrics are presented, complemented by the results of the annual evaluations. The results reveal promising interactive video retrieval techniques adopted by the most successful tools and confirm assumptions about the different complexity of various types of interactive retrieval scenarios. A comparison of the interactive retrieval tools with automatic approaches (including fully automatic and manual query formulation) participating in the TRECVID 2016 ad hoc video search task is discussed. Finally, based on the results of data analysis, a substantial revision of the evaluation methodology for the following years of the video browser showdown is provided.


In this paper, we attempt to extend the definition and existing local error bound criteria to vector-valued functions, or more generally, to functions taking values in a normed linear space. Some new primal space derivative-like objects – slopes – are introduced and a classification scheme of error bound criteria is presented.


In their address of structural racism in healthcare, Sabatello and colleagues (2021) provide both a remarkable review of the empirical literature regarding the disproportionate impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on racialized minorities in the United States as well as potential paths to substantially address the sociopolitical injustices from which these inequalities arise. It is true that the COVID-19 crisis provides a unique opportunity to do so as it exacerbates and sheds light on the various dimensions into which structural racism translates into health inequalities, granting them, in the authors' words, a "spectacle" visible to all (Sabatello et al. 2021). One of the potential policy options they propose to help remedy the problem is the establishment of a Truth and Reconciliation Commission (hereinafter referred to as TRC). Ideas that underlie the establishment of such commissions include the collection of public testimonies, acknowledgment of past and present wrongdoings, identifiability of acceptable process of reparation and eventually healing from past traumas, allowing both the oppressor and oppressed to move forward. We wish to highlight and stress the importance of a concept key to the success of such a commission or more broadly to the success of any policy that seeks to achieve the inclusion of marginalized social groups, that of epistemic injustice. Epistemic injustice has been the subject of growing interest in critical social theory but is still scantly present in bioethics and public health ethics. Broadly speaking, epistemic injustices are those injustices that pertain to knowledge production and its conditions, either through denials of testimonies or collective misunderstandings of a marginalized social group's experiences. We first give a brief account of epistemic injustice and explain how the concept relates to racism in healthcare, and then turn to what taking epistemic justice seriously entails for institutional design when trying to achieve substantive inclusion.


The summer heat often makes growing vegetables in the tropics very difficult, sometimes too difficult. Now the weather has cooled down, it's time to start planting our winter crops.


The moral imperative of biodiversity conservation and protection of endangered species resonates with most people, as does the importance of protecting the rights of vulnerable people. To understand the spaces of agreement and dissent, it is important to disentangle the twin moral imperatives of conservation and social justice from the canons and dogmas informing conservation, actual conservation strategies, and the outcomes for humans and non-human species.


Dynamic modeling and active vibration control for a typical flexible solar array of spacecraft by using piezoelectric actuators is discussed. It is different from the simplified beam or plate model for the solar array in the literate, a coupled dynamic model of the solar array with piezoelectric actuators is developed firstly. Especially, a four-node rectangular piezoelectric plate element is presented to discretize the smart solar array. Secondly, a LQR controller is designed to control the vibration of the solar array. Numerical simulation shows that the vibration of solar array could be suppressed efficiently by using piezoelectric actuators.


Presidents attract extremely smart, ambitious people to serve in the White House, but the quality of the advice the president receives depends upon how he or she uses the available talent. Chief executives face daunting challenges in evaluating the onslaught of information, judging the perspectives of their subordinates, and ensuring that they receive advice based on presidential perspectives rather than the priorities of their subordinates. Political scientists who study presidential decision making have come to consider several factors as central to understanding White House organization and process: the level of centralization, the extent of multiple advocacy, and the use of honest brokers to manage advice to the president. This article examines President Obama's decision-making style with respect to these three factors and uses several case studies to illustrate them: economic policy, detainee policy, and decision making on the war in Afghanistan.


If you give presentations, you know all the things that can go wrong once you involve a computer. Maybe you should leave your laptop computer at home; now you can project shows onto screens from your personal digital assistant (PDA). The advantages are obvious. There is no longer any need to lug a notebook computer with you, with all its expense and fragility. Laptops are magnets to thieves; they can take minutes to boot up; and they can be finicky about connecting to digital projectors. Even the video cable can turn on you and render your entire slide show in deep magenta.


Several solid state quantum computer schemes are based on the manipulation of electron and nuclear spins of single donor atoms in a solid matrix. The fabrication of qubit arrays requires the placement of individual atoms with nanometer precision and high efficiency. In this article we describe first results from low dose, low energy implantations and our development of a low energy (<10 keV), single ion implantation scheme for 31Pq+ ions. When 31Pq+ ions impinge on a wafer surface, their potential energy (9.3 keV for P15+) is released, and about 20 secondary electrons are emitted. The emission of multiple secondary electrons allows detection of each ion impact with 100% efficiency. The beam spot on target is controlled by beam focusing and collimation. Exactly one ion is implanted into a selected area avoiding a Poissonian distribution of implanted ions.


Abstract Relative efficiency of selection based on sire families housed in individual versus colony cages was determined from the genetic correlation of production traits observed in the two cage environments. Two separate experiments, using a sample from the North Central Randombred White Leghorn Population, were conducted simultaneously to compare production in single cages with that in 4-bird and 9-bird colony cages, while initially holding density constant in the colony cages (413 cm2/bird). In each experiment, sire families were split between single and colony cages in a replicated manner. Records were obtained from 20 to 72 weeks of age on eggs per hen-day (EHD), egg weight (EW), days survival (DS), egg mass (EM), and eggs per hen housed (EHH). The mechanisms operating to reduce production in colony cages were shown to be cumulative in nature. Reductions of EHH and EM in 4-bird cages were due to a decline in EHD per bird. Further reductions of EHH and EM in 9-bird cages were due to increased mortality (DS). The only genetic correlation significantly (P


A sewage treatment control system is designed to improve the efficiency of papermaking wastewater treatment system. The automation control system is based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), coded with Very-High-Speed Integrate Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL), compiled and simulated with Quartus. In order to ensure the stability of the data used in FPGA, the data is collected through temperature sensors, water level sensor and online PH measurement system. The automatic control system is more sensitive, and both the treatment efficiency and processing power are increased. This work provides a new method for sewage treatment control.


Introduction by Frances C. Hutner Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow: Women's Lives at Home and at Work by Frances C. Hutner Women in Management: What It Will Take to Attain Truly Equal Opportunity by Jennifer S. Macleod Doing It Whose Way? Women in Leadership by Ruth B. Mandel Varieties of Spiritual Experience: Women and Religion from the 1960s to the 1990s by Rosemary O'Brien Women's Spirituality II: An Alternative to Organized Religion by Francesca Benson Feminist Therapy: An Update and a Glimpse into the Future by Violet Franks and Hanna Fox Literary Criticism and Language by Laura Curtis Women and Risk by Regina H. Kenen Women's Sexuality from the Inside Out by Gail Walker Bibliography Index


Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) occurs when the amounts of enzymes secreted into the duodenum in response to a meal are insufficient to maintain normal digestive processes. The main clinical consequence of PEI is fat maldigestion and malabsorption, resulting in steatorrhoea. Pancreatic exocrine function is commonly assessed by conducting a 3‐day faecal fat test and by measuring levels of faecal elastase‐1 and serum trypsinogen. Pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy is the mainstay of treatment for PEI. In adults, the initial recommended dose of pancreatic enzymes is 25 000 units of lipase per meal, titrating up to a maximum of 80 000 units of lipase per meal. In infants and children, the initial recommended dose of pancreatic enzymes is 500 units of lipase per gram of dietary fat; the maximum daily dose should not exceed 10 000 units of lipase per kilogram of bodyweight. Oral pancreatic enzymes should be taken with meals to ensure adequate mixing with the chyme. Adjunct therapy with acid‐suppressing agents may be useful in patients who continue to experience symptoms of PEI despite high‐dose enzyme therapy. A dietitian experienced in treating PEI should be involved in patient management. Dietary fat restriction is not recommended for patients with PEI. Patients with PEI should be encouraged to consume small, frequent meals and to abstain from alcohol. Medium‐chain triglycerides do not provide any clear nutritional advantage over long‐chain triglycerides, but can be trialled in patients who fail to gain or to maintain adequate bodyweight in order to increase energy intake.


Rural house with outbuildings for sale in San Giacomo, Atri, in good position with panoramic views of the sea, Abruzzo countryside and mountains.


This paper introduces a method for the blood lipid reducing estimation of the milk powder by animal experiment. The function of the formula milk have been tested by the Wistar rats which were offered with certain milk powder. The milk powder could reduce the total cholesterol( TC) and the total triglyceride( TG) in serum obviously when controlled with high fat group( P 0. 01) ; They could increase the HDL CHO level in serum( P 0. 05) . The formula milk powder could inhibit the excessive growth of the weight of the rats. The coronary artery tissue slices from the experimental Wistar rats were observed under microscope. The milk powder could reduce the invasion of the high fat feeding. It can be concluded that the milk powder can prevent and ameliorate the AS.


With the advancement and increase in applicability of Information Technology (IT) in several fields, number of computers and related equipments are increasing with a tremendous rate. This growth has resulted into large energy conservation and adverse effect on environment. Energy is consumed not only to run these equipments but also in the cooling required for these systems. Environment is getting affected due to harmful effect on soil and underground water because of disposal of e-waste and increase in green house gas emissions. Thus there is a need to save energy and environment by making the use of IT in more efficient manner which will reduce the consumption of energy and reduce the harmful effects on environment, which is nothing but greening the IT. With the optimization in the various processes involved in the use of IT (hardware and software) and proper management of e-waste, this is possible. Thus use of IT itself should be in more optimized manner. Another aspect is that, IT can also help in other areas, to create a more energy efficient and environment friendly world. For example, reducing transportation by making use of video conferencing and internet, reduce use of paper by using electronic documents, monitoring performance of equipments to reduce energy consumption etc. Internet can be used to create awareness among people about environment and energy saving and get ideas, solutions to various problems through social networks. Green IT can be implemented by various ways like reducing power consumption by improving habits of computer users and business processes, analyzing power dissipation at various levels, reducing idleness of systems, sharing of resources etc. The technologies like Virtualization and consolidation, Deduplication, Information lifecycle management will help to increase energy efficiency of Data Centers. E-waste should be reduced, recycled and properly disposed off to save environment.


This Element presents and discusses the main trajectories in the evolution of the concept of ambiguity and the most relevant theoretical contributions developed around it. It specifically elaborates on both the intrinsic perspectives on ambiguity as an inherent part of organizational decision-making processes and the more recent strategic perspectives on discursively constructed strategic ambiguity. It helps illuminate the path ahead of organizational scholars and offers new avenues for future research. This is important given the ever more pervasive presence of ambiguity in and around organizations and societies.


Objective: To survey the constitutional types of TCM and syndromes in the patients with colorectal polyps,study the relationships between constitutions and syndromes. Methods: The constitutional types of TCM were surveyed by standard in Classification and Determination of Constitution in TCM and the syndromes types of TCM were differentiated.The correlation between constitutional types of TCM and syndromes was analyzed. Results: The higher frequency of constitutional types of TCM are yang deficiency and tendency of yang deficiency constitution 92 times,qi deficiency and tendency of qi deficiency constitution 88 times; The main syndrome are spleen-stomach weakness syndrome( 31%),middle energizer deficiency and viscera cold syn drome( 22%); Syn drome of liver depression and qi stagnation is correlated to qi stagnation constitution,yin deficiency constitution,and blood stasis constitution( P 0. 05). Conclusion: The constitutional types of colorectal polyps are mostly yang deficiency and qi deficiency constitution; The main syndrome types are mostly spleen-stomach weakness syn drome and middle energizer deficiency and viscera cold syn. Syn of liver depression and qi stagnation is correlated to qi stagnation constitution,yin deficiency constitution,and blood stasis constitution.


The physicochemical and sensory properties of barley Kochujang added with germinated barley powder were periodically examined during storage at 20 for 40 days. The pH of barley Kochujang added with germinated barley powder increased gradually according to the level of added germinated barley powder, whereas it decreased gradually during storage. On the other hand, acidity showed the opposite relationship with addition level. Salinity of the samples decreased gradually according to the amount of added germinated barley powder. Amino nitrogen content of barley Kochujang increased gradually according to the amount of added germinated barley powder, whereas it increased gradually during storage. L-, a-, and b-values of samples increased gradually according to the amount of added germinated barley powder, whereas they decreased gradually during storage. As a result of the sensory evaluation, barley Kochujang added with 5% germinated barley powder was found to be superior in taste, viscosity, and overall preference. Sensory evaluation revealed that addition of 5% germinated barley powder was optimum for improving Kochujang quality.


With the exponential growth of the web multimedia contents, illegal video copies are widespread and easy to be obtained from search engines and video sharing websites. For video copyright protection, near-duplicate video retrieval becomes more and more important. In this paper, we proposed a Pattern Set based Dynamic Programming (PSDP) algorithm to retrieve near-duplicate videos efficiently and effectively. In addition, the precise positions of the near-duplicate segments in videos can also be located. To better deal with the slow/fast motion and the dropped frame problem, the Time-shift Pattern set Similarity (TPS) is then applied. Two datasets are used to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method, and the experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the compared approaches in terms of precision and execution time in both two datasets.


Rape is an extremely serious violent crime.Eac h nation put heavy penalties on rapists.But statistics shows that the rate of ra pe still goes up year by year.So we can conclude that penalty is not the only avai lable way to control a crime.We should take some precautionary measures at the s ame time.Situation criminal prevention is an operatable way to prevent a crime.T his article tries to use the theory to deal with rape. \ \


While analyzing high dimensional data-sets using deep neural network (NN), increased sparsity is desirable but requires careful selection of "sparsity parameters." In this paper, a novel distributed learning methodology is proposed to optimize the NN while addressing this challenge. To address this challenge, the optimal sparsity in the NN is estimated via a two player zero-sum game in the paper. In the proposed game, sparsity parameter is the first player with the aim of increasing sparsity in the NN while NN weights is the second player with the goal of improving its performance in the presence of increased sparsity. To solve the game, additional variables are introduced into the optimization problem such that the output at every layer in the NN depends on this variable instead of the previous layer. Using these additional variables, layer wise cost-functions are derived that are then independently optimized to learn the additional variables, NN weights and the sparsity parameters. To implement the proposed learning procedure in a parallelized and distributed environment, a novel computational algorithm is also proposed. The efficiency of the proposed approach is demonstrated using a total of six data-sets.


Background In the search for occult metastases in lymph nodes or circulating tumour cells, a reverse transcriptase—polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) assay was developed to detect tumour‐specific splice variants of the transcript of the CD44 gene. The assay was highly sensitive and could detect ten tumour cell per 106 leucocytes.


Increasing body of epidemiological studies suggest that sleep deprivation at early life stages (childhood and adolescence) is associated with behavioral and cognitive impairment. While these studies are important, yet, the relationship between early life sleep deprivation and development of later life psychiatric symptoms is not clearly understood. While examining the link between early life sleep deprivation and later life behavioral and cognitive well‐being is important, conducting such clinical studies in children are difficult. Therefore, animal models are valuable in studying the behavioral and biochemical consequences of early life sleep deprivation across the developmental course. Extended wakefulness increases cellular metabolism and induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation leading to oxidative stress. Hence, we examined the role of oxidative stress on behavioral impairment caused by early life SD. We employed two groups of male Sprague Dawley rats; control (CON) and sleep deprivation (SD) groups. Rats, at postnatal day (PND) 19 were subjected to SD for 14 days, (6–8 hours/day) using Pinnacle automated sleep deprivation system. Behavioral and cognitive tests were performed at three stages; early adolescent (PND32), late adolescent (PND60) and adult stage (PND90). Rats in the SD group exhibited anxiety‐like behavior at PND32 and 60 but not at PND90. Interestingly, SD rats did not exhibit depression‐like behavior at PND32 or at PND60 but developed depression‐like behavior at PND90, as indicated by increased immobility time in forced swim test compared to control group. Plasma levels of corticosterone (indicator of stress) were significantly increased in SD rats compared to control rats. We conclude that early life sleep deprivation during postnatal brain development, by engaging oxidative stress cascades, might alter the normal synapse formation and pruning causing anxiety‐like behavior early in life (at PND32 and 60), which in later life transforms into depression‐like behavior (PND 90).


Abstract. The purpose of the study is to study the state of the cardiovascular system of calves in scar acidosis. In order to simulate metabolic disorders, crushed barley was injected into the rumen cavity through the fistula at a dose of 10.0-21.0 g/kg of animal body weight, which led to deep biochemical disorders of scar digestion with a pronounced clinical picture of acute rumen acidosis, and after 3.5-4.0 hours - metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis leads to disruption of the functions of all systems, including changes in cardiovascular ac- tivity, which were recorded by clinical examination, electrocardiography, as well as clinical and biochemical blood analysis. As a result, changes in the work of the cardiovascular sys- tem were established, characterized by pronounced ventricular arrhythmia, a decrease in the minute volume of blood ejected by the heart, a violation of the function of automatism, conduction and contractility of the heart muscle.


Indirect visual displays (IVDs) play a significant role in providing full-spectrum views of the immediate environment in closed systems (e.g., tanks). However, currently little is known about how different fields of views (FoVs) in IVDs influence operator's decision-making in scenarios requiring search and shoot operations. The primary objective of this study was to determine the influence of varying degrees of FoVs on human decision-making in a terrainbased search-and-shoot scenario. A total of 25 participants performed in two FoV designs that were presented to them in a random order: A 180*2 FoV, where the computer screen was split into two sections (top and bottom) and each section provided a 180° FoV of the outside scene (front and back); and, a 90*4 FoV, where the computer screen was split into four sections, where each section provided a 90° FoV of the outside scene (front, back, left, and right). Results revealed that performance was better, frustration was less, and effort was less in the 180*2 FoV compared to the 90*4 FoV; however, the mental demand was more in the 180*2 FoV compared to the 90*4 FoV. We highlight the implication of our results for operator's decision-making in IVD tasks.


T4, T3, rT3, and TSH were measured in cord blood of infants born in mild to severe endemic goiter areas and nonendemic urban areas in South and North America. A significantly high rT3 concentration was found in newborns living in the urban area of South America as compared to a Canadian newborn population. There were no differences among the various thyroid parameters in the groups of newborns studied. Blood from goitrous mothers showed significantly higher concentrations of T3 and TSH than nongoitrous mothers. However, these changes did not affect the concentrations of thyroid hormones, rT3, or TSH in the fetal circulation.


Background: Rapid cartridge-based molecular test panels targeting multiple pathogens are increasingly available, improve pathogen detection and reduce turn-around-time but are more expensive than standard testing. Confirmation that these test panels contribute to improved patient or health service outcomes is required. Methods: In March 2021, our pediatric hospital laboratory implemented the BioFire Filmarray™ meningitis/encephalitis (M/E) panel as an additional routine test for all cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected from infants <90 days or from any patient in the emergency department. A retrospective chart review was done to ascertain changes in clinical outcomes, antimicrobial prescribing practices, and hospital length of stay, comparing two discrete 6-month periods: preimplementation (March–August 2019) and postimplementation (March-August 2021). Results: Both pre- and postimplementation groups were similar at baseline, except the preimplementation group had a higher proportion of infants with enterovirus and parechovirus meningitis. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of median length of stay (2.94 vs 3.47 days, p = 0.41), duration of antibiotic treatment (2.0 vs 2.3 days, p = 0.25), need for central venous access (12.9% vs 17%, p = 0.38) or hospital-in-the-home admission (9.4% vs 9%, p = 0.92). A similar proportion of infants received aciclovir (33% vs 31%), however, a reduction in duration was observed (1.36 vs 0.90 days, p = 0.03) in the postimplementation period. Conclusions: Introduction of the Biofire Filmarray™ M/E panel for routine testing of CSF samples reduced the duration of antiviral prescribing but had only a minor impact on antibiotic prescribing practices or health service outcomes in our pediatric hospital. The introduction of new laboratory testing needs to be supported by a comprehensive stewardship program to see optimal outcomes from new testing platforms.


This technology relates to a real-world allow for very similar motion parallax of an image processing apparatus, an image processing method and a program. The image processing unit based on position information showing a viewer or the like to correct a depth value consisting of the depth image, the depth value represents a position as an input image in the depth direction in the pixel of a color image of a predetermined view of the external input. This technique can be applied to an image processing apparatus for processing, for example, the position information correction based on the depth image as the image processing is performed.


Microfinance is not a recent development, and neither is the development of regulation and supervision of microfinance institutions (MFIs). Every now developed country has its own history of microfinance. It is important to recognize this because it presents a view different from that of many in the microfinance community who associate microfinance with credit NGOs and believe that microfinance was invented in Bangladesh some 20-odd years ago. Attributing the origin of microfinance to recent initiatives misses not only the historical depth and scale of microfinance, but also centuries of experience, which means: learning from trial and error, failure and success. The beginnings in Europe were all informal and small-scale, including informal savings clubs, among them the box clubs in England during the 18th century.


The purpose of the present study is to investigate two-dimensional flow in a valve chamber of a spool valve commonly used for hydraulic power applications when the valve is instantly opened and closed repeatedly. A two-dimensional model of the spool valve was designed to view the jet flow in a valve chamber using the hydrogen bubble method. The spool is directly moved by an oil hydraulic actuator to open and close the valve repeatedly. The illuminated flow fields were recorded with a video system using a CCD B/W camera. A digital-image processing technique was employed for yielding quantitative flow field information. The time variation of the jet angle was obtained by a image-processing technique. A numerical simulation by a source distribution method and discrete-vortex method was used to analyze the two-dimensional jet flow being issued from the orifice of the spool valve. A prediction of the jet flow pattern, pressure distribution and force was undertaken. Furthermore, the behavior of the jet flow was researched by comparing the numerical flow visual results with the experimental flow visual ones. As a result, this study proved that the present calculation method is very useful in analyzing the unsteady jet flow issuing from the orifice of a spool valve. A deeper understanding of the behavior of the jet flow and fluid properties for repeated spool-valve opening and closing has been realized by this experimental and numerical flow visual examination.


This paper attempts to explain the scope for bancassurance models and strategy as feasible source of fee based, non-interest income. India has the largest banking network on one hand and lower insurance penetration and insurance density on the other hand. While analyzing the present trend on banks handling insurance products , it also highlights some of the likely issues in general as well as specific problems faced by banks , as result of which bancassurance has suffered. The paper concludes by suggesting strategies and policies to make bancassurance a win-win situation for all the parties involved, the customer, the insurance companies and the banks.


The survey of environment datum line with ecological environment in the lead is within the studies of deep\|sea mining. It is of great importance to the protection of the ocean natural environment, in which the study of sediments is indispensable. Study of the sediment type and its clastic composition shows that the surface sediments are mainly diatom\|radiolarian ooze, and siliceous clay and deep sea clay of one or two stations or layers. Radiolarian remains in the clastic sediments are absolutely predominant in quantity. They are mainly biogenic and very few from volcanic outbreak and land\|derived matter. The characteristics of the sediment composition are closely related to deposit environment. The above results provide basic information for symthetic research of chemistry, biology and geotechnics etc., and contribute to understanding the change of background environment.


Persistence of DDT was decreased by flooding and rice straw amendment with increased formation of DDD in several soils studied. The DDD formed decreased further over a period of time. Studies with 14CDDT also showed DDD as the major degradation product with DDE, DDOH, DBP, DDM and dicofol occuring in low amounts. Rice straw amendment decontaminated the DDT‐polluted soil to a considerable extent.


The author responds to four reviews of his book Impossible Training. He describes how the book came into being, discusses his attitude to the Freud—Ferenczi and Klein—Winnicott debates, and raises the dangers of rigid views as to what is truly psychoanalytic and what is truly relational. The global scene of psychoanalytic training today is discussed. It is suggested that critiques do have an impact on psychoanalytic education and that in spite of its flaws and inner contradictions, this education raised generations of sophisticated thinkers and sensitive clinicians.


Background: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) is an important medical problem comprising approximately 15% of all pregnancies. Sperm DNA damage and level of seminal ROS may have a role in RPL. Objectives: The main aim of the present study was to appraise the efficacy of antioxidants for improving these parameters in RPL


Is equality in abortion care achievable care? Health care workers perspectives of providing abortion care to foreign-born women in Sweden


Biomass energy via gasification is an attractive substitute of fossil fuels. The distribution of biomass on the earth is scattered, so transportation and collection of biomass complicates the supply of biomass especially when the gasification rely on one type of biomass. Therefore, cogasification of different biomass is proposed as a potential solution for interruption-free gasification. Beside, unwanted by-products such as tar that cause blockage in downstream equipment can be minimized through the use of catalyst in gasification to accelerate tar reforming process. In this study, catalytic co-gasification of blended feedstock of 70% wood chips and 30% coconut fronds was carried out in a downdraft gasifier using limestone as primary catalyst. The effects of catalyst loading (0%, 30%, 50%, and 70% w/w) on syngas composition, gas yield, carbon conversion efficiency and heating value of syngas were investigated. The results showed that at 50% biomass to catalyst ratio, maximum H2 content of 11.39%, CO of 17.88%, carbon conversion efficiency of 69.49%, gas yield of 1.68 Nm 3 /kg and higher heating value of syngas 5.11 MJ/Nm 3 were achieved. Higher catalyst loading (70%) blocked the air passage, which caused poor gasification. No more than 50% catalyst suggested for stable co-gasification operation.


Occupational conditions of female workers engaged into main occupations of mechanical rubber production (rubber mixing machine operator, rubber mixture rolling-mill operator) are characterized by hazardous combined influence of chemical and physical factors of occupational environment: acrylonitrile vapors, occupational noise, vibration. Equivalent noise levels exceed maximally allowable level up to 22 dBA (MAL<80 dBA); the work conditions are assigned to hazardous (class 3.1– 3.3). The air at workplace of rubber mixing machine operator and rubber mixture rolling-mill operator demonstrate 5.5 times increased acrylonitrile level, if compared to the one in a reference group. Female workers of the main group demonstrated dysbalance of sex hormones: up to 2.0 times increased serum levels 17-OH-progesterone, prolactin and estradiol and 1.3 times lower serum FSH, when compared to the same serum levels in female workers of the reference group. Higher serum level of 17-OH-progesterone and lower serum FSH appeared to have high (EF=54.12%) and extremely high (EF=78.74%) degree of occupational conditionality.


We study the notion of continuous orbit equivalence of finitely-aligned higher-rank graphs. We show that there is a continuous orbit equivalence between two finitely-aligned higher-rank graphs that preserves the periodicity of boundary paths if and only if the boundary path groupoids are isomorphic. We also study eventual one-sided conjugacy of finitely-aligned higher-rank graphs and two-sided conjugacy of row-finite higher-rank graphs.


The Netherlands is set to follow Denmark and the United Kingdom in introducing a national system for blame free reporting of medical errors. The Dutch Healthcare Inspectorate argues in its annual report for 2003 that systematic reporting would improve the safety of patients but requires a cultural change.

Under the proposed system, staff who made mistakes, provided they were not grossly negligent, would be protected …


The Tanjungpinang Kota District Office is a public organization located in the Tanjungpinang City area. Tanjungpinang Kota sub-district has the task of carrying out the wheels of government and public services at the sub-district level. The achievement of these goals is certainly influenced by the performance of the organization as a whole. As a sub-district located in the City, this is certainly a representation of other sub-districts that researchers are interested in discussing. This study aims to analyze how the performance of the Tanjungpinang City District organization in achieving goals according to the vision and mission. To see the performance of Tanjungpinang City, the researchers looked at various aspects, namely, productivity, responsiveness, service quality, cooperation, resource use and timeliness. The second objective is to describe the factors inhibiting organizational performance in Tanjungpinang Kota District. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with reference to the concept of performance indicators coupled with the existing conditions at the research locus. Based on the results of the study, it can be explained that the organization's performance has been going well, such as the indicators of productivity, responsiveness, service quality, cooperation and timeliness. The indicators that still have obstacles are human resources and infrastructure.


Summary 1. Partial and slow dissociation of mouse liver in vitro that occurs on treatment with phosphate indicates a K+ independent factor involved in aggregation of cells. 2. The presence of low concentrations of hy-drocortisone during dissociation in phosphate causes the aggregation into long fibers of an intercellular material. 3. Dissociation effected with phosphate has been attributed to a'de-stabilization'of the intercellular matrix.


Semantic object segmentation is an important step for object based coding, content based access and manipulations. We propose a segmentation scheme for image sequences which provides initial region information for the semantic object representation of those applications. Our objective is to develop a segmentation method which has hardware friendly architecture, and incorporates static and dynamic features simultaneously in one scheme. In the initial stage, a multiple feature space consisting of luminance (chrominance), motion, and texture features is transformed to one dimensional label space by using Self Organizing Feature Maps (SOFM) neural networks. The next stage is an edge fusion in which edge information is incorporated into the neural network outputs to generate more precisely located boundaries of the segmentation. The segmentation results of both gray level image sequences and color image sequences are evaluated using evaluation metrics. The results show the validity of the proposed scheme.


Main Stadium roof of Wuhan Sports Center Second phase is the flat double-reticulated shell-string structure.Based on construction characteristics of the structure,central area structure was integrally hoisted by large-scale trunking controlled hydraulic jack,and then was jointed in length at high space.Correspondingly,peripheral areas were supported by over-site scaffold,and were jointed at high altitude.Based on hoisting steps,construction conditions were simulated by ANSYS software to provide theoretical basis for construction scheme.Practice shows that smooth construction can be ensured by pertinence scheme preparation according to simulating results.


GE and NAVAIR are working together to find and develop practical techniques to reduce jet noise on legacy tactical aircraft such as the F/A-18. Noise is an important issue for the Navy that has grown dramatically over the last number of years. The two most important issues are the hearing loss induced during operations of these aircraft on aircraft carriers and the impact to communities around Naval Air Bases and training sites. A near term noise reduction goal of 3 dB has been established by NAVAIR as the first step in a much longer term plan to significantly reduce the noise felt in both of these situations. A near term solution for noise reduction implies that it can be implemented in the existing fleet with relatively little impact to the current air vehicle and the way it is operated, deployed, maintained, and funded. These constraints quickly limit the magnitude and types of changes that can be made to legacy engines or exhaust systems. In 2009, a static acoustic test on an F404 engine demonstrated that chevrons are equally effective at reducing noise all the way to full afterburner conditions. This test also measured thrust and the chevrons were demonstrated to result in very minimal performance impact at sea level static conditions. These two results are very important, as this was the first demonstration at full scale of practical noise reduction at afterburner conditions with minimal thrust impact. This paper will report on this latest test.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


An example of watershed disturbance activity undertaken to gain access to the oil sands is large scale mining in the Athabasca basin, Alberta, Canada. One of the remedial activities of this disturbance is the reclamation of the disturbed lands. In the process of reclamation, the overburden soil is placed back into the mined pits and reformed with soil covers (alternatively called reconstructed watersheds). In the design process of reclamation, a major concern is hydrological sustainability, which includes the soil's ability to store enough moisture for the water requirements of vegetation growth and land-atmospheric moisture fluxes. Typically, the goal of the reclamation is to restore the disturbed watersheds, so that they mimic the natural watersheds in terms of the ecological sustainability. Therefore, a comparative evaluation of the hydrological sustainability of the reconstructed watersheds with natural watersheds is required. The considered reconstructed watershed in this study (the flat top of the South Bison Hill, Fort McMurray, Alberta, which is about 6 years old) constitutes a thin layer of a peat-mineral mix (20 cm thick) overlying an 80 cm thick secondary (glacial till) layer on the shale formation, mimicking the natural soil horizons of undisturbed watersheds. As the reconstructed watershed is located in the boreal forest region, a mature boreal forest (Old Aspen site, about 88 years old) located in the Southern Study Area (SSA), BOREAS, Saskatchewan, Canada, is considered as a representative of natural watershed. The A-horizon with 25 cm of sandy loam texture, the B-horizon with 45 cmthick sandy clay loam, and the C-horizon with 40 cm of a mixture of sandy clay loam and loam are considered in this study. An existing System Dynamics Watershed (SDW) model (lumped and site-specific) is modified and adapted to model the hydrological processes of the reconstructed and natural watersheds, such as soil moisture, evapotranspiration, and runoff. The models are calibrated and validated on daily time scale using two years data (growing season) in each case. The hydrological processes are simulated reasonably well despite the high complexity involved in the processes of soil moisture dynamics and the evapotranspiration, for both study areas. Using the modified and calibrated models, long term simulations (48 years) are carried out on both the reconstructed and natural watersheds. Vegetation properties are switched between the reconstructed and natural watersheds and two scenarios are generated. Consequently, long term simulations are performed. With the help of a probabilistic approach, the daily soil moisture results are used to address the comparative soil moisture storage capability of the watersheds. The results indicate that the selected reconstructed watershed is able to provide its designed store-and-release moisture of 160 mm (a requirement of the land capability classification for forest ecosystems in the oil sands) for the vegetation and meteorological moisture demands at a non-exceedance probability of 93%. The comparative study shows that the reconstructed watershed provides less moisture for


Systems theory has been applied to organizations other than clinical families. This paper presents an example of applying systems theory and strategic family therapy techniques to a collegiate sports team. The sports psychology literature strongly supports the significance of the mental edge, the mental part of sports, to an athlete's performance. Sports psychology, as a separate discipline of psychology, recognizes and works with athletes towards peak performance through mental edge training. However, sports psychologists generally work from an individual, linear perspective. This paper discusses the consultation process with an athletic team working from a systems model. A systems approach, while working towards similar goals as sports psychology, utilizes a different framework and technique. Implications for athletic organizations and the field of family therapy are reviewed.


In long trains, the braking signal from locomotive control valve takes a few seconds to reach the end cars. As a result, there is a time delay in the braking of the neighbouring cars (locomotives and wagons). This causes the running of rear cars into front cars, thus producing large forces in the buffers and couplers. The induced compression and tensile forces are mainly of longitudinal nature and considered to be responsible for large amount of expenses regarding rolling stock and track repairs as well as deterioration of safety operation of the trains. The effects of the train brake delay time on longitudinal dynamic behaviour of the freight trains are investigated in this article using simulation method. The freight trains considered are those currently operating in Iranian railways. The simulations are carried out for three different cases of long, medium, and short brake application delay times. For each case, three different train forward velocities are considered. The computed results presented here include in-train compression and tensile forces. Different modes of longitudinal dynamic interactions along the train length are also observed by simulations. The results are compared in order to give some new insight into the effect of train braking delay time on train longitudinal dynamics during braking.


In the current context featuring diversified textbook construction, there are some problems in the textbook construction and selection in higher medical colleges and universities: the quality of textbook is varied between good and bad, the innovation of textbook is reduced to tokenism, and the textbook is increasingly voluminous and costly. These problems have led to our further thinking on the textbook construction and selection in higher medical colleges and universities: putting more emphasis on the textbook construction in higher medical colleges and universities by carrying out in-depth research on textbooks; implementing hierarchical management of textbook construction to facilitate the formation of mainstream textbooks; establishing a scientific quality evaluation system for textbooks; establishing supervision and restraint mechanisms to standardize the selection process of textbooks.

Key words:
Higher medical colleges and universities; Textbook construction; Textbook selection; Problems; Reflection


Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. Metastatic disease is usually found in the bones, lungs, regional lymph nodes, liver, and brain. Metastases to the gastrointestinal tract occur in less than 1% of cases. We report an unusual case of metastatic invasive lobular carcinoma presenting as gastric outlet obstruction seven years after the initial diagnosis. To our knowledge, this is the first time that endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration is used to establish a definite diagnosis of recurrent invasive lobular carcinoma to the gastrointestinal tract causing gastric outlet obstruction.


A method for iodination of olive oil and oleic acid using iodine chloride labeled with I/sup 131/ in chloroform-alcohol solution was developed. These methods can be used to give preparations with high specific activity. (tr- auth)


Primary health care (PHC) holds great potentials to improve maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) outcomes. However, there has been limited documentation of its effects on increasing universal access to maternal, newborn, and child health services in sub-Saharan Africa. Also, not adequately known are the most effective interventions to improve the delivery of PHC services in the region. The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review of empirical evidence of interventions that improved access and quality of PHC services for maternal, newborn, and child health in sub-Saharan Africa. The protocol was registered on Prospero (Registration number CRD42019126029). Using terms related to primary health care and MNCH, we searched African Journals Online (AJOL), PubMed/Medline, Popline, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, WHO Repository (IRIS), Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Cochrane Library, and reference lists for studies published in English between 2000 and 2019. Studies were included in the search if they reported interventions, and strategies implemented to improve quality and access to primary health care for maternal, newborn, and child health in sub-Saharan Africa. A total of 25 studies were included in the review. Effective interventions included financial incentives, task-shifting, community-directed engagements, training of providers, mobile health, cost-sharing, and supportive supervision among others. The result of this review contributes useful insight to guide the reformation, and development of new policies and programs for improving access and quality of primary health care delivery in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly to improve maternal and child health in the region. However, strategies to scale and sustain the successes need to be in place.


Editorial Note

Prof. Badar Alam Iqbal, Guest Editor of Special Issue "COVID-19 and Regional Development [Economic and Social Development] in Africa, writes an Editorial for this Special Issue. Through this editorial, the researchers may find the special issue as a value addition to the existing literature on the theme. All five papers were received on the different aspects of the theme providing an interesting reading and deeper insight into the issue.


We present the first long-term characterization of the lower ionosphere of Mars, a region previously inaccessible to orbital observations, based on an analysis of radar echo blackouts observed by MARSIS on Mars Express and SHARAD on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter from 2006 to 2017.  A blackout occurs when the expected surface reflection is partly to fully attenuated for portions of an observation.  Enhanced ionization at altitudes of 60 to 90 km, below the main ionospheric electron density peak, results in the absorption of the radar signal, leading to a radar blackout.  MARSIS, operating at frequencies between 1.8 and 5 MHz suffered more blackouts than SHARAD, which has a higher carrier frequency (20 MHz).  More events are seen during solar maximum while  there is no apparent relationship between blackout occurrence and crustal magnetic fields. Blackouts do occur during both nightside and dayside observations, and have an interesting variation with solar zenith angle.   Analysis of MAVEN Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) electron counts between 20 and 200 keV during selected events demonstrates that these electrons are responsible for such events, and we investigate the minimum SEP electron fluxes required to ionize the lower atmosphere and produce  measurable attenuation.  When both radars observe a radar blackout at the same time, the SEP electron fluxes are at their highest. For certain events, we find that the average spectrum responsible for a blackout is particularly enhanced at the higher energy end of the spectrum, i.e. above 70 keV .   This study is, therefore, important for future communications for human exploration of Mars.


A modification of the double-medium technique of Iandolo and Ordal (1966) was used to study heat injury in the obligately psychrophilic marine bacterium Vibrio marinus MP-1. Results using this tech...


Abstract Fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) is an important source of C and energy in aquatic systems, but the decomposition of FPOM has rarely been studied. Litterbags were used to study the decomposition of particles in 2 size fractions of FPOM in surface sediments of a cypress swamp in southeastern Louisiana for slightly over 1 y. Particles in both size fractions followed linear decay models, but fine particles (0.25–1 mm) derived from the remains of coarser material decomposed more slowly than very fine particles (0.063–0.25 mm) that probably were derived from a number of sources. The activities of 6 microbial extracellular enzymes involved in the degradation of lignocellulose also were analyzed, and enzymatic decomposition models were developed to relate the decomposition of particles in each size fraction of FPOM to microbial activity. Very fine particles decomposed more rapidly than fine particles, although enzyme activities were lower, suggesting that this material was more efficiently degraded than fine particles. Enzymatic activity also was measured on particles in 2 size fractions of unconfined FPOM in sediment, and the enzymatic decomposition models were used to predict instantaneous mass-loss rates. Unconfined fine particles decomposed 1.5× faster than fine particles confined in litterbags, whereas unconfined very fine particles decomposed 2 to 4× faster than very fine particles confined in litterbags. Confining FPOM within litterbags clearly led to underestimation of decomposition rates, which might be more effectively determined using enzymatic decomposition models. The differences in microbial activity and decomposition rates between particles in different size fractions show that the concept of FPOM as uniform particles <1 mm in diameter is simplistic, and that a more accurate concept would recognize the distinction between different sizes of particles that might be derived from different sources.


Over the past few years we have been exploiting the unexplored uses of amine oxides in organic synthesis. In fact, whilst the chemistry of sulfur and phosphine oxides has been studied in detail, the nitrogen analogues have received far less attention. This is suprising when we consider that amine oxides have one of the largest dipole moments of any functional group. As a consequence of this they are invariably hydrated and are often thermally unstable.Work within the group has shown that amine oxides that are intramolecularly hydrogen bonded are stable, highly crystalline materials. Our initial studies focused on the amino acid proline.


Heats of adsorption and sticking probabilities have been measured for NO and O2 on clean and oxygen precovered Ni{100} at room temperature by single crystal adsorption calorimetry (SCAC). Adsorption is initially dissociative for both species and the initial heat of adsorption is 536 kJ/mol for O2 and 426 kJ/mol for NO. From these data the initial heat of dissociative adsorption of N2 on Ni{100} is estimated to be 136 kJ/mol. With increasing coverage the adsorption heat for both NO and O2 decreases due to repulsive interactions between adsorbed adatoms; the magnitude of the pairwise repulsive interactions between oxygen adatoms in nnn sites is estimated to be about 40 kJ/mol by fitting the experimental data for O2 dissociative adsorption with a Monte Carlo simulation. The pairwise repulsive interaction between nitrogen and oxygen and between nitrogen adatoms in nnn sites is obtained as about 100 kJ/mol. Due to the high magnitude of lateral repulsive interactions between adatoms, a critical coverage of NO i...


The paper deals with the implementation of the strategy as a key element of the strategic process. Developed organizational and management mechanism of the process of implementation of the strategy involves the exercise of choice of methods and resources management in accordance with the nature of the factors of internal processes (capacity) of the enterprise and the external environment in which it operates, and to exercise control on the basis of information on the implementation of the organization's processes and stakeholder satisfaction in accordance with the principles of quality management. To evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of a procedure for strategic verification. Statistical processing of the data obtained by the method of rank correlation has identified strategic indicators, most affecting the level of strategic impact. Integrated use of expert and mathematical processing of information provides a more complete picture of the impact of the implementation of the strategy. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n1s3p475


Based on irreversible thermodynamics, the criterion for judging the satisfaction of consistency conditions in rate-dependent constitutive relationship is deduced by introducing four basic hypotheses. Formulas for solving internal variables are given. It makes the rate-dependent model applicable no matter whether the consistency conditions can be satisfied or not.


Run-of-the-mill liquid bleach, aqueous NaOCl, is an attractive green option for industrial oxidations. It's cheap and doesn't explode, and its waste product is table salt. But it is tough to work with and inefficient at large scale. Now researchers have determined that a crystallized bleach, sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate, oxidizes organic species more efficiently, often with higher yield and selectivity, than dilute household bleach (Org. Process Res. Dev. 2017, DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00288). A few years ago, researchers at Nippon Light Metal (NLM) figured out a way to manufacture a stable, crystalline form—NaOCl•5H2O. In new research, Yoshikazu Kimura of Iharanikkei Chemical Industry, Masayuki Kirihara of Shizuoka Institute of Science & Technology, and coworkers, including at NLM, explored using the compound in a variety of industrial oxidations. The crystal is "a superior substitute" to aqueous bleach, Kimura says. The catalyzed oxidation of bulky secondary alcohols to ketones is "an especially rema...


Globally, the idea of inclusive democracy is synonymous with the participation, deliberation, and representation of citizens in the management of the affairs of nation-states. In the light of this global picture, South Africa's constitutional democracy and its inclusive education policy ensure the right to education for school-going children (from foundation, to the intermediate and senior phases). Unfortunately, the zones of exclusion (i.e. difficulties to exercise the right to education) have shown that in post-apartheid South African schools, inclusive education gains have not been enjoyed by the intended recipients-the learners. This means that despite the formalisation of inclusive education policies by the state, substantive inclusion (i.e. active participation, deliberative engagement, and participatory representation) remains a distant dream for many school-going children in South Africa. Against this backdrop, the authors show that formal inclusive policy in schools in South Africa is split between social changes on one hand, and political democracy on the other. Consequently, the authors support the call for a continual struggle by (or for) educable learners who fall within the zones of exclusion in post-1994 South Africa. Ultimately, the authors argue that the realisation of substantive inclusive education depends on the protests of the excluded, who struggle in the interstices of zones of exclusion that have created and deepened the gulf between the ideal and the achievement because democratic inclusive education is at a crossroad; it is extended and dragged in opposite directions in post-1994 South Africa schools.


ABSTRACT To understand problems related to career choices that may be encountered by tourism and hospitality graduates before they enter the labor market, we developed a career anxiety scale for tourism and hospitality graduates. In this study, 479 valid questionnaires were returned by 4th-year university students from departments of tourism and hospitality at 10 universities. In accordance with the results, we established 4 dimensions (personal ability, irrational beliefs about employment, employment environment, and professional education training) for the career anxiety scale, which comprised 25 questions. This scale makes a crucial contribution to tourism and hospitality education and academic research.


In November 2011, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) released a muchanticipated report on the Iranian nuclear program,1 highlighting the fact that Iran has made significant progress on research and development toward a possible nuclear weapons program. Nonetheless, the report concluded that Iran's leaders had yet to make the decision to actively pursue the bomb.2 Despite this assessment, however, many world leaders and decision makers have come to the independent conclusion that Iran is not just developing the capability, but in fact has made the political decision, to build a nuclear arsenal. This judgment is reflected in numerous statements by heads of state in the Middle East and in the United States. For example, in a March 2010 press conference, U.S. President Obama declared: "The long-term consequences of a nuclear-armed Iran are unacceptable." In November 2010, a leaked diplomatic cable revealed that King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia had privately and repeatedly urged the United States to "cut off the head of the snake" by launching a military strike against Iran's nuclear facilities. Similarly, in 2010, the Egyptian Ambassador to the United Nations declared: "If the Iranian program proves to be a military program . . . [it will] be a threat to . . . Egypt and to all the countries in the Arab world." Certainly, Israel's leaders also have been unequivocal in their rhetoric, declaring that Iran without question is pursuing nuclear weapons and that action must be taken immediately to stop Tehran from doing so. 3


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The results of the development of a mathematical model of a gas turbine plant (GTP) SGT5-4000F with an annular low-emission combustion chamber are presented. This plant has a low NOx emission and a high coefficient of performance (COP). The obtained results of mathematical modeling are integrated into the domestic environment of dynamic modeling of technical systems "SimInTech". The obtained results were verified by comparing the model values with the trends of the real technological parameters of the gas turbine unit taken from the archive of the automated process control system of the power plant. According to the results of the experimental studies carried out on the model with changes in the electrical load from 280 to 160 MW, it is shown that the model allows you to control the combustion process in the combustion chamber, depending on the composition of the fuel, evaluate the change in NOx emissions and provide an analysis of the stability of the gas turbine compressor according to surging in conditions of changing temperature and humidity of the incoming air.


The membrane touch panel is gradually becoming more popular and it is necessary that the optimum design based on theoretical analysis is used for developing the high reliable touch panel. In this paper, the touch force needed for the sheets of membrane touch panel to come into contact with a finger, P0, is analyzed theoretically using the model of continuous plate which is supported by array of dot spacers placed at a pitch, and which is uniformly loaded. As a result, it is shown that the numerical solutions calculated by the deflection equation of the continuous plate model approximately agree with the experimental results. It is also clarified that the touch force P0 depends on the ratio of spacer height to sheet thickness, h/t, the ratio of sheet thickness squared to spacer pitch, t2 / a, the ratio of loaded area to spacer pitch and the spacer pitch ratio, and that the touch force P0 is in direct proportion to both h/ t and (t2 / a)2. Also, a process of optimum design is suggested.


We prove that it is consistent that there exists a subgroup of the symmetric group Sym(λ) which is not included in a maximal proper subgroup of Sym(λ). We also consider the question of which subgroups of Sym(λ) stabilize a nontrivial ideal on λ.


This study was performed to develop accelerated life test methods for agricultural tractor transmission receiving variable load. To acquire parameters for calculation of accelerated life test, endurance tests were performed under different torque conditions. Test results showed that the shape factor of Weibull distribution was 1.5 and fatigue damage exponent was 5.4. The calculated test time was 5,877 hours under the conditions of average life (MTBF) 3,000 hours and 90% reliability for one test sample. According to the linear cumulative damage rule, test time could be reduced using increased test load. Test time could be reduced by 252 hours when 1.2 times of the rated load compared with 0.67 times of the rated equivalent load calculated by load spectrum of the agricultural tractor. Calculated acceleration coefficient was 23.3.


Based on 30 m~2 Parabolic Trough Collectors(PTCs) experimental devices,the simulation on the performance of(PTCs) was carried out.Analyzing the process of the solar radiation converted to solar thermal energy,we developed an energy transfer model of PTCs,and a simulation program was obtained.The effects of key parameters of operating and collector structure on the performance for the PTCs were investigated.The relationship of efficiency with the solar flux,the heat transfer fluid flow rate,the wind speed,the diameter of the receivers was also found.The results showed that collector efficiency increased with the increase of the solar flux,and the heat transfer fluid flow rate, and the optimal receiver diameter was obtained.The encouraging results will provide a reference for the design of PTCs.


We propose a robust scheme for the implementation of two-qubit phase gates with a cavity QED system. After the gate operation the computational basis states are equally damped by the decoherence effect and thus the gate error is suppressed. The scheme is based on resonant atom–cavity interaction and thus the operation speed is high. During the atom–cavity interaction no external laser fields are required and thus the gate errors arising from external sources are suppressed.


Abstract
Previous literature shows that activation requirements for welfare recipients reduce welfare participation. However, the effect of mandatory activation on welfare entry and exit rates has not been fully examined. In this article, we use a rich set of register data that covers the entire population of Stockholm to study how the introduction of activation programs aimed at unemployed welfare recipients in various city districts affects the probability of individuals entering and exiting social assistance (SA). Our results show that mandatory activation has no overall average effects on SA entry or SA exit. However, we do find a significant negative effect of mandatory activation on the SA entry rate for young individuals and for unmarried individuals without children. For unmarried individuals without children, we find a positive but statistically insignificant effect on the probability to leave SA. Thus, individuals with fewer family responsibilities seem to be more responsive to the reform.


The promising directions of recreational enterprises development based on rental and concession as to using of territories' recreational potential as well as establishment of cluster formations It is proved that concessional and rental form of activity organization of recreational enterprises will allow improving of investment relations between governmental bodies, self-governing authorities and households on the one part and concessionaireinvestor on the other. It is determined that spreading of concession agreements in recreational entrepreneurship sector in drainage amelioration areas will allow at least partial overcoming of deficit of foreign investments and advanced experience attraction to these areas' economy. Moreover, applying of concessional agreements to corporative and municipal sectors as well as household sector will promote legalization of a set of business activities being shady nowadays.


The 28-year-old female patient was admitted to our clinic with symptomatic, frequent, drug-refractory (β-blocker/propafenone) premature ventricular contraction (PVC) (Figure 1 A). Both echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance showed normal values of cardiac chamber size and function, without valvular dysfunction. Using an electroanatomical 3D system (Carto 3 UniVu) and ablation catheter (Thermocool SmartTouch) (Biosense Webster, Diamond Bar, CA, USA), activation maps of both the right and left ventricles and the coronary sinus (CS), respectively, were created. Despite delivery of radiofrequency (RF) energy with 30–40 W to the interventricular septum from the left and right side the ablation was unsuccessful. Thus, based on the local signals, fluoroscopy view and 3D map, RF energy application was performed within the coronary sinus in the proximity of the posterior cardiac vein (MCV) (Figures 1 A–C). In the 60th s of the successful RF application with 20 W, signs of ischemia were present in the 12-lead electrocardiogram. Urgent coronarography showed acute occlusion of the distal circumflex artery (LCx) (Figure 1 D). Successful wire crossing and recanalization were achieved with the coronary guide wire. Prolonged inflation with a 2.25 × 12 mm semi-compliant balloon demonstrated a suboptimal result and therefore a 2.5 × 15 mm sirolimus-eluting stent (Orsiro, Biotronic AG, Büllach, Switzerland) was implanted, with an optimal angiographic result (Figure 1 E). At discharge and in 6 months' follow-up, there was no evidence of recurrence of ventricular extra beats in 24-hour Holter monitoring. Based on the medical history, physical examination and the results of the additional tests, no signs of coronary artery disease were found. Coronary artery occlusion is a rare complication of RF catheter ablation reported previously, with an incidence rate less than 0.2% [1]. Acute injury at this particular location is most commonly related to RF application during ablation of the accessory pathway in postero-septal localization or in proximity of the posterior interventricular vein (MCV) [2]. Most reports and a large group of studies describe occlusion of the right coronary artery (RCA) [2]. In the present case acute occlusion affected a branch of the left coronary artery – LCx – the dominant artery in this anatomical variant. Selection of ablation catheters and RF application settings in CS most often results from local experience. However, limiting power and duration of RF application, as well as choosing a different energy source (cryo), might decrease the risk of coronary artery injury. In conclusion, we would like to emphasize that RF ablation in the ostial part of the coronary sinus/MCV is associated with a very small risk of occlusion/injury of RCA or CX depending on the coronary artery dominance.


It is shown that there are considerable uncertainties in the determination of the QCD running coupling constant a,, using the finite energy sum rule and the operator product expansion in the analysis of the semileptonic τ decay. The usual claim of a good agreement with the value of a, determined from the data from CERN LEP could be accidental due to the special value of the physical τ mass. A new sum rule is derived to test strong assumptions made in the analysis of τ decay


ABSTRACT Objective To determine the prevalence and economic losses of Fasciola spp. isolates and costs incurred due to liver condemnation from ruminants in Kashan region, center of Iran from 2012 to 2013. Methods In this cross-sectional study, a total number of 251 325 slaughtered sheep, goats and cattle (88 939 sheep, 151 924 goats and 10 462 cattle) were examined via necropsy for fasciolasis in industrial Kashan abattoirs located in center of Iran. The average weight was calculated as 1 000 g for sheep, 900 g for goat and 5 000 g for cattle in this study region. Based on market value, the average price of a kilo gram of normal liver at Kashan city during the study period was 8 USD. The amount of main nutrients and vitamins elimination in liver contaminated to fascioliasis was determined. Results Overall 3.28% of the livers were found to be infected. For total number of sheep, goats and cattle slaughtered annually in region study, it was estimated that 7 505  livers were infected and total annual economic losses of fascioliasis of studied animals was 41 784 USD (based on market prices in study period). Of this, 23 360 USD, 30 240 USD and 15 400 USD were associated with the fascioliasis of sheep, goats and cattle, respectively. Conclusions This study indicated that the Fasciola sp. clearly remains prevalent and causes considerable economic losses in study region in sheep, goats and cattle and presumably, other areas and hosts of Iran, providing baseline data for the future monitoring of this potentially important parasitic infection in the country.


How does a coloured bird end up on a TUG boat? This is the story of an artist who studied philosophy and combined her skills in a PhD at the University of Amsterdam ( NL ). In order to write her dissertation, she had to learn the L A TEX typesetting programme. Many years later, she still makes art and still writes down her thoughts in L A TEX, with the Memoir class and X E L A TEX as first choice. Always trying to stretch the limits of the programme to her convenience. This essay is not a technical article written by a developer conjuring up ingenious innovations to the L A TEX programme. By contrast, it discusses the relationship between L A T E X, art (photography) and the concept of 'measurability' from the perspective of a philosophising artist.


Embryonic stem (ES) cells have an infinite capacity of self-renewal and are pluripotent. A great deal of hope is associated with the potential application of human ES (hES) cells in functional genomics, cell therapy, and regenerative medicine. Conventionally, undifferentiated hES cells have been cultured on mitotically-inactivated murine embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell feeder layers. While MEF feeder layers have proved to be a robust surface for long-term culture of hES cells, there are growing concerns about xenogeneic contamination of hES cells and batch-tobatch variability in feeder layers. Also, the compact hES cell colonies on feeder layers are difficult to transfect and genetically manipulate. Recent studies have clearly demonstrated that feeder-free cultures of hES cells can be maintained on extracellular matrix (ECM) substrates in MEF-conditioned media as well as in defined media.


The Domain Name System (DNS) has intricate features that interact in subtle ways. Bugs in DNS implementations can lead to incorrect or implementation-dependent behavior, security vulnerabilities, and more. We introduce the first approach for finding RFC compliance errors in DNS nameserver implementations, via automatic test generation. Our SCALE (Small-scope Constraint-driven Automated Logical Execution) approach jointly generates zone files and corresponding queries to cover RFC behaviors specified by an executable model of DNS resolution. We have built a tool called F ERRET basedon this approachandapplieditto test8 open-source DNS implementations, including popular implementations such as B IND , P OWER D NS , K NOT , and N SD . F ERRET generated over 13.5K test cases, of which 62% resulted in some difference among implementations. We identified and reported 30 new unique bugs from these failed test cases, including at least one bug in every implementation, of which 20 have already been fixed. Many of these bugs existed in even the most popular DNS implementations, including a critical vulnerability in B IND that attackers could easily exploit to crash DNS resolvers and nameservers remotely.


Objective To discuss the clinical value of the application with BiPAP noninvasive ventilation in elderly patients with AECOPD.Methods Selected 32 elderly AECOPD patients with 7.35>pH>7.25 were treated with traditional methods and plus BiPAP noninvasive ventilation.The changes of the clinical manifestation,heart rate(HR),respiratory rate(RR),blood pressure,blood gas analysis were observed before treatment and after 2 hours and 24 hours treatment.Results The clinical manifestation were notably improved and the values of PO2,SaO2,PCO2,HR,RR were more significantly changed to good direction(P<0.01).Conclusions Using BiPAP noninvasive ventilation in AECOPD patients earlier could acquire satisfied effect.

Key words:
Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BiPAP ventilation; Treatment


We show that an extension of the Markov-switching dynamic factor models that accounts for the specificities of the day to day monitoring of economic developments such as ragged edges, mixed frequencies and data revisions is a good tool to forecast the Euro area recessions in real time. We provide examples that show the nonlinear nature of the relations between data revisions, point forecasts and forecast uncertainty. According to our empirical results, we think that the real time probabilities of recession are an appropriate statistic to capture what the press call green shoots.


The relationship between coal gas content and coal gas pressure was studied,based on the studied on coal gas pressure produce mechanics and the coal gas reservoir.The coal gas content and coal gas pressure can be calculated by Langmuir Equation,when the seam keeps full integrity.Otherwise,when the coal seam keeps the condition of dispersion and composes of massive,although it exists gas content in coal seam,the relation between coal gas content and coal gas pressure is not fit Langmuir Equation.


Software reuse within an integrated programming environment has several advantages. The persistent programming language pC extends the language C with two simple operations, one to store objects of any type in a file, and the other to retrieve objects. This paper shows how pC allows software reuse within the dynamics of a programming language environment. Functions can be made persistent and reused since a pointer to a function is a valid type in C. A library of functions can be modelled as an array of function pointers within the language. It is also possible to attach reuse-information to each function by modelling the reuse library as an array of records.


Rice has shown a simplified method for estimating the J-integral for several specimens. Rice formulas have been derived based on the assumption of a deep crack. Ohji has also shown a simplified method for estimating the J-integral from the same assumption. For a CCT specimen, the J-value of the Ohji formula is equal to zero for a linear elastic material. In this study, the necessity of a deep crack for these J estimation formulas and the cause of the above-mentioned irrationality of the Ohji formula for a CCT specimen are analytically studied for two materials; rigid perfectly-plastic and strain hardening plastic. Results show that the assumption of a deep crack is not required necessarily for a rigid perfectly-plastic material and for a strain hardening plastic material when L/W=3 in case of using a load-point displacement and is required for n<3 when a mouth opening displacement is used. Results also show that the Ohji formula is equal to the plastic part of the Rice formula. Based on the results, the Ohji formula for a CCT specimen should be used when the strain hardening exponent is known.