Natural gas is traditionally transmitted from production facilities to customer locations through a vast pipeline network. A major segment of this network employs seamless pipes. This is especially true for smaller diameter transmission and distribution lines. Manufacturing process associated with the production of seamless pipes contribute to a helical variation in the pipe along the axis. The deformation introduces an artifact in the data obtained from MFL inspection of these pipelines. This seamless pipe noise is usually correlated with signals generated by defects and other elements (joints, tees, etc.) in pipelines, and can therefore, mask their indications in MFL data. This warrants the need for methods to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in MFL data from seamless pipes. This paper presents a technique for detecting signals in MFL data from seamless pipes. The approach processes the data in various steps. First, a wavelet based denoising technique is applied to reduce the noise due to instrumenta...


Data envelopment analysis is a linear programming–based method that has clear advantages over competing approaches. However, its own limitations should not be overlooked.


Background: The long-term prospective data on bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and mitomycin C (MMC) instillation therapy are limited. Objective: To compare the long-term benefit of BCG and MMC maintenance therapy in patients with recurrent bladder carcinoma. Design, setting, and participants: Eighty-nine patients with frequently recurrent TaT1 disease without carcinoma in situ (CIS) were eligible. Originally, the patients were enrolled in the prospective FinnBladder I study between 1984 and 1987 and randomised to receive BCG or MMC. Both regimens involved five weekly instillations, followed by monthly instillations for 2 yr. Because of alkalinising the urine and adjusting the dose to bladder capacity, the average concentration of MMC was low: 30–40 mg in 150–200 ml of phosphate buffer. Overall median follow-up time was 8.5 yr, whereas the median follow-up time of the patients who were still alive was 19.4 yr. Measurements: Primary end points were time to first recurrence and overall mortality. Secondary end points were progression and disease-specific mortality. Results and limitations: Thirty-six of 45 patients (80.0%) in the MMC group experienced recurrence in contrast to 26 of 44 patients (59.1%) in the BCG group. This finding was reflected in significantly lower cumulative incidence estimates in the BCG group ( p = 0.005). There was a weak trend for fewer progressions ( p = 0.1) and cancer-specific deaths ( p = 0.2) in the cumulative incidence analysis, as 4 patients versus 10 patients progressed and 4 patients versus 9 patients died from the disease in the BCG group versus the MMC group, respectively. No difference


 Radical translation, opposite to current translation, reflects the purer communication between two languages. In the context of radical translation, the translator's using tendency of translation method essentially represents his or her communicative mentality, the willingness of both sides to communicate, and historical background. Before translating, translators must examine the semantic correspondence between the source language and the target language, and then choose different translation methods accordingly. The sound-meaning relation of a language reveals the culture and ideas of the source language, and whether the translation reflects such relation of the source language also shows the translator's mentality when the two languages communicate. This paper explores English sound-meaning relation by examining the rootology study, original phonology, root phonological relationships, and morphological changes. By reviewing the historical materials of early E-C communication, this paper collects relevant cases of radical E-C translations and investigates them from the perspective of English sound-meaning relation. This paper also explores the willingness of Chinese and western translators and the roles they played in E-C communication through historical discourse analysis.


meaningful case studies, such as industrial Pittsburgh and immigrant suburbs of Chicago, provide the reader with poignant examples of growth and decline in metropolitan America, in addition to place-based examples of "the new metropolitan reality." The work is also a timely challenge to many scholars' preconceived notions of the rich-suburb, poor-city metropolitan structure. Similar works have emerged recently, but this is one of the first to provide an interregional analysis of suburban diversity and complexity. And although the empirical methods of Chapters 6 and 7 are rather parsimonious, they provide informative and compelling evidence for the need of a new metropolitan model that can explain the structure of modern U.S. metropolises. Two minor weaknesses are apparent. First, the authors' policy recommendation in Chapter 12 that federal government should play an increased role in metropolitan development seems misplaced. Although there is undoubtedly a fiscal gap that could be filled by lawmakers in Washington, there is little evidence to suggest that a "National Commission on Infrastructure" or a "New Metropolitan Green Deal" would be an effective approach to reducing the metropolitan ills that the authors identify. On the contrary, recent empirical evidence from Partridge and Rickman (2006) suggests that the most effective place-based policies for concentrated poverty alleviation originate not at the federal level but rather from statelevel economic development policies. However, their advocacy for federal intervention still has merit from an environmental sustainability perspective, although this is only a secondary focus of the book. Second, the authors fail to develop a comprehensive model that might help practitioners and policy makers address questions of future decline. For instance, will affluent outer suburbs also be susceptible to the wave of urban growth and decay that began in central cities and has worked its way to inner suburbs? Is this an inevitable process resulting from aging infrastructure and superstructure, or is it more of a systematic institutional process that policy makers can address? Did suburban decline spur the economic downturn, or did the economic downturn spur suburban decline? Although these questions are not completely ignored in the book, they are mentioned only in passing. But perhaps these questions are more suited to a dedicated volume of their own.


A security system for an electro-hydraulic system (100) with a flow source (40) and a hydraulic function (60), said safety system comprising: a pilot control device (10) comprising at least one directional control valve (14, 16), wherein the directional valve (14, 16) is moved, when the pilot-control unit (10) is moved; a latch (32) which is coupled hydraulically to the directional control valve (14, 16) of the pilot control unit (10), said latch (32) is positioned in an active position when the directional valve (14, 16) is moved, and is positioned in a switched-off position when the directional valve (14, 16) is not moved; a hydraulic valve (50) having an input side with the current source (40) and an output side has coupled to the hydraulic function (60); and at least one first movement actuator (52) for moving the hydraulic valve (50) in a desired position, wherein the at least first movement actuator (52) moves the hydraulic valve (50) as measured by the pilot-control unit (10) determines if the locking (32) in the active ...


In 1934, publisher Maurice G. Henderson produce a volume entitled 500 Victorians, labelled as the Centenary Edition. It was not the latest edition of a regular publication but a one-off to take advantage of interest aroused by the centenary of settlement of the colony. It was normal for people to pay to be included in publications like this, but nothing in the book alludes to this and there was no press coverage that I could find.


A nonlinear fiber loop is considered including four-wave mixing terms. It is shown that these terms lead to considerable modification of the transmission coefficient of the nonlinear fiber loop. The transmission through an output polarizer is also investigated. Very irregular output intensity is obtained when the input intensity is increased.


The vibrancy of civil society is closely linked to the expressed values of democracy: social inclusion and the freedom to flourish. Having the opportunity to access ongoing adult education strengthens an educated citizenship, which is a central feature of a robust democracy. Our concerns are with the government's decision to reduce or eliminate ongoing funding for Adult and Community Education (ACE). Drawing on the emancipatory ideals of critical theorists, we examine the potential impact such actions may have on the robustness of a 'just' society.


Cross-modal retrieval is a very challenging and significant task in intelligent understanding. Researchers have tried to capture modal semantic information through a weighted attention mechanism. Still, they cannot eliminate irrelevant semantic information's negative effects and cannot capture fine-grained modal semantic information. In order to further accurately capture the multi-modal semantic information, a bidirectional focused semantic alignment attention network (BFSAAN) is proposed to handle cross-modal retrieval tasks. Core ideas of BFSAAN are as follows: 1) Bidirectional focused attention mechanism is adopted to share modal semantic information, further eliminating the negative influence of irrelevant semantic information. 2) Strip pooling is applied to image and text modalities, a lightweight spatial attention mechanism to capture modal spatial semantic information. 3) Second-order covariance pooling is explored to obtain multi-modal semantic representation, capturing modal channel semantic information and achieving semantic alignment between image-text modalities. The experiment is executed in two standard cross-modal retrieval datasets (Flickr30K and MS COCO). The experimental design includes four aspects: performance comparison, ablation analysis, algorithm convergence, and visual analysis. Experimental results show that BFSAAN has better crossmodal retrieval performance.


Low-power wide-area (LPWA) communication has gained increasing attention in recent years with the rapid growth of fifth generation evolution (5G), the Internet of Things (IoT), and mobile computing. Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is one kind of LPWA technology based on cellular IoT, which supports massive connections, wide area coverage, ultra-low power consumption, and ultra-low cost. Research on NB-IoT communication is increasingly attractive. Network calculus theory facilitates the performance analysis and network optimization of the NB-IoT system. We aim to analyze and optimize the NB-IoT networks. In this paper, we construct a random access traffic model including the NB-IoT user equipment (UE) arrival process and eNB service process. Then, we utilize the stochastic network calculus (SNC) to analyze the network delay in NB-IoT traffic model. Random latency bounds in different arrival processes are derived. Simulations show that SNC can evaluate the system delay under different distributions effectively. For the condition that numerous UEs access simultaneously following the Beta distribution, we first propose an improved K-means algorithm to cluster the NB-IoT terminals. Then, we raise the scheduling strategy on the basis of priority. It consists of the priority generation algorithm IPGNTQ and the NB-IoT task scheduling algorithm SANTQ. The extensive experiment results verify that our proposed optimized strategy can alleviate the network congestion effectually. Moreover, we compare our proposed optimized scheme with four existing uplink traffic scheduling schemes, showing that ours outperforms all of them.


Against the background of mounting disquiet and opposition to the policv of gender verification of female competitors it is gratifying that the Council of the International Amateur Athletic Federation, meeting in Toronto in May 1992, determined that in future no 'so-called femininity tests' would be conducted at IAAF competitions. Howvever, the International Olvmpic Committee, the instigator of the sex test, has vet to see reason and relinquish its insistence upon the screening of all erstwhile female competitors in order that their gender mav be 'verified'. The newborn infant has its gender identified by the ritual inspection of its external genitalia by those assembled to supervise the birth. This crucial decision confers on the child a sexual identitv which determines the attitudes of family and society to the individual in respect of its gender role. Ambiguitv of the genitalia at birth requires the most sensitive of professional attention until gender can be confidently ascribed through appropriate investigation. Doubt as to the gender of their offspring may seriously impair the establishment of earlx' relationships and normal emotional development. For most the recollection of this moment is non-existent and in no other walk of life is there a requirement that an individual's external genitalia be inspected for the purpose of authentication of gender. Indeed, very powerful legal forces can be mobilized on behalf of individuals who believe that they have been discriminated against because of their gender. However, it was just such an examination that was used to vet female athletes when sex testing was first introduced in 1966, at the European Championships in Budapest and, in the same year, at the Commonwealth Games in Kingston, Jamaica. The rationale behind the test was to exclude fraudulent males and individuals of uncertain gender who might have a physical advantage over normal female competitors. It was also purported to be in the interests of equal opportunity and the protection of legitimate female competitors. According to a member of the International Olvmpic Committee's Medical Commission, there was a need to allay public anxiety that had been engendered by women athletes whose phvsique was considered to be more masculine than feminine. The physical genital examination was a degrading experience for female athletes and the subsequent outcry resulted in the test being withdrawn in favour of the buccal smear test in 1968. It is hardlv surprising that the new test was regarded as acceptable in that it was non-invasive,


The objective of this study is to determine the effects of acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid bacterial, cellulose and urea additives on the fermentation qualities of whole-plant alfalfa growth in the first year. From the results, all additives except for urea significantly improved the fermentation quality of alfalfa and decreased pH and ammoniacal nitrogen content. The interaction of additives and varieties significantly affected all testing items for fermentation quality (p<0.01). Additives had a significant effect on pH and lactic acid bacterial content of different alfalfa varieties (p<0.01) and also affected NH3-N/TN (p<0.05). However, additives showed no significant effect on content of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid. Among all varieties, God Empress had a superior silage quality with a lowest pH and highest lactic acid content and a relatively low NH3-N/TN.


A study of the poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) segmental dynamics of bulk miscible blends of polystyrene (PS) and PVME reveals that while at high temperatures, T, there is evidence of a single α-relaxation process, at lower T, two separate dominant relaxation processes, associated with the change in structure of the blend with decreasing T, emerge. One relaxation process decreases with a much stronger dependence on T and "freezes" at a temperature comparable to the glass transition temperature, Tg, of the blend measured using differential scanning calorimetry. The other exhibits a weaker T dependence and persists at much lower T, becoming Arrhenius (the so-called α′-process) at sufficiently low T. In thin PVME/PS films confined between aluminum substrates, a new relaxation process, αint, associated with PVME chains that preferentially segregate to the substrates, emerges. These observations are considered in light of the influence of spatial compositional heterogeneities on blend dynamics.


Upa Kimsey is a poorly known genus of Tiphiidae with seven species. This genus has records in forest areas and in this paper we present new records to four species. All specimens were collected by malaise traps in four areas of Atlantic Rain Forest and three of Atlantic Semi-deciduous forest, mainly from high and mid-elevations. The new records indicate that species of Upa are not as rare as others genera of Tiphiidae, which are virtually unknown in many Neotropical regions.


For many years, business has invested significant resources in information technology, hardware, software, and manpower. The Productivity Paradox is the seeming lack of productivity gains despite the increased investment in IT (information technology). For many decades the existence of a Productivity Paradox has been the subject of research interest. Conflicting results have been obtained from a variety of data sets. Until this study however there has been no study that has specifically reviewed operating and capital information technology expenditures and their impact on positive firm outcomes. The objective of this study was to investigate information technology productivity with a new data set and measure both information technology capital and operating expenditures to determine whether increased expenditures had a significant impact on how a firm viewed their IT quality as measured by improved decision making, data integrity, and data consistency. Results of the study indicated that changes in levels of information technology expenditures as a percent of revenues did not have a consistent positive impact on firm level productivity in this large sample of firms. The Productivity Paradox does seem to continue and sheer increase of expenditures does not directly result in improved firm outcomes. The major contribution of the study is that it provides an analysis of the impact of information technology expenditures on perceived firm IT quality.


The shirking and gift exchange models of efficiency wage theory anchor an analysis of the effect of supervision on pay and effort. The contribution hinges on remedying conceptual and analytical limitations of past research to achieve more discriminating tests of the models. The models are supported with respect to pay and effort: (1) autonomous workers are paid more and are more willing to work harder for their employer; (2) workers whose productivity is difficult to evaluate are paid more but are less willing to work harder; and (3) higher pay elicits greater willingness to work harder. Contrary to the models, there is no evidence that sectoral wage differences are due to differences in supervision.


Fresh-frozen shoulder specimens were used to evaluate restraining forces provided by capsuloligaments and muscles crossing the glenoliumeral (GH) joint to better understand various factors contributing to GH stability. The humeral head was translated in the posterior-anterior (Post-Ant), inferior-superior (Inf-Sup), and medial-lateral (Med-Lat) directions, and rotated about the humeral long axis relative to the glenoid from the neutral position, and restraining forces and moments acting on the humeral head by passive and active structures were recorded. Results showed that the GH capsuloligaments generated considerable resistance forces to passive displacements, which varied systematically in amplitude and direction. The restraining force increased more quickly with Post-Ant displacement than with Inf-Sup displacement. Furthermore, GH stiffness was higher in the anterior direction than in the posterior direction and stiffness in the superior direction was higher than that in the inferior direction. Loading muscles across the GH-joint made the joint considerably more stable and humeral axial rotation laxity was reduced markedly when the muscles were loaded moderately at /spl sim/2% maximal muscle force. Contributions of the rotator cuff were found to be especially important in preventing excessive inferior humeral translations.


Despite the growing interest in the development of intermodal logistics centers by scholars and public- and private-sector actors, there is no consensus on the definitions of these centers. The purpose of this paper is to explore the literature and propose a unified and standardized typology and hierarchy of logistics centers. Several current terms and definitions are presented and used to establish criteria for creating a combined typology of logistics centers. This information is used to form a hierarchy of facilities according to their size, influence, value-added activities, and function in freight and logistics processes. The resulting typology and hierarchy are useful as a foundation for advancing research in this area.


AbstractIn this study, three parallel laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors were operated to investigate the nitrification efficiency as a function of high concentration of ammonium, without and with the interaction of chemical oxygen demand (COD). In order to study the effects of COD and ammonium concentrations on nitrification rate, the experiments were conducted based on a central composite design and response surface methodology was used to analyze the achieved data. The experiments were conducted at different COD concentrations (0, 250, and 500 mg L−1) and -N concentrations (200, 600, and 1,000 mg L−1) in 13 runs. The five suggested mathematical models using the analysis of variance by Design-Expert software were applied to predict the response values. The nitrification rate decreased from 0.5 to 0.364 g -N L−1g VSS−1, when the COD concentration increased from 0 to 500 mg L−1. This study contributed to a better understanding of the function of COD concentration in the system with high concentrat...


It disables the monotony of the game card. CPU (30) is a recording is funny card group to the bag region 51 read out, and subsequently a read enable flag of the card information, the group read out to the bag region 51 in the the only '1' in the drawer 200 and to each other that in the game screen read out to the deck area 52 which stores an available card information (step S1700).


The DDWG Promoters disclaim all liability, including liability for infringement of any proprietary rights, relating to use of information in this specification. No license, express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, to any intellectual property rights is granted herein. The DDWG Promoters may have patents and/or patent applications related to the Digital Visual Interface Specification. The DDWG Promoters intend to make available to the industry an Adopter's Agreement that will include a limited, reciprocal, royalty-free license to the electrical interfaces, mechanical interfaces, signals, signaling and coding protocols, and bus protocols described in, and required by, the Digital Visual Interface Specification Revision 1.0 finalized and published by the DDWG Promoters. To encourage early adoption, Adopters will be required to return their executed copy of the Adopter's Agreement during an " Adoption Period " which is within one year after the DVI Specification Revision 1.0 is first published or within one year after the Adopter first sells products that comply with that specification, whichever is later. This Adoption Period requirement will give parties ample time to understand the benefits of becoming an Adopter and encourage them to remember this important step. *Third-party brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Acknowledgement The DDWG acknowledges the concerted efforts of employees of Silicon Image, Inc. and Molex Inc., who authored major portions of this specification. Both companies have made a significant contribution by developing and licensing to the industry the core technologies upon which this industry specification is based; transition minimized differential signaling (T.M.D.S.) technology from Silicon Image, and connector technology from Molex.


The management of subfertility involves a detailed assessment of the couple to identify factors that may affect or predict the outcome of treatment. Three-dimensional imaging is one of the recent advances in the field of ultrasound which has several obvious benefits that relate to an improved spatial orientation and the demonstration of additional image planes such as the coronal plane. Many clinicians remain unconvinced by its reputed advantages and three-dimensional ultrasound is not without disadvantages. These mainly relate to the cost involved and training requirements. Three- dimensional ultrasound imaging is still at a relatively early stage in terms of its role as a day-to-day imaging modality in gynecology and reproductive medicine. Other than its application in the assessment and differentiation of uterine anomalies there is little evidence that three-dimensional ultrasound results in clinically-relevant benefit or negates the need for further investigation. Future work should ensure that three-dimensional ultrasound is compared to conventional imaging in randomized trials where the observer is blinded to the outcome such that its role in reproductive medicine can be truly evaluated in an evidence-based manner.


In this study, through optimizing the 5% abamectin EW formulation, stable formulation was determined, the optimum formula of 5% abamectin EW were as follows: Abamectin TC 5%, toluene 9%, cyclohexanone 6%, BY125 7%, NP-10-P 1.34%, thickening agent (xanthan gum) 0 .05%, anti freeze agent (ethylene glycol) 5%, defoa ming agent 0.1%, distilled water or deionized water was made up of 100%. The product had good cold storage, heat storage and stability with time, was in conformity with the EW quality standard.


Cell phones have become a staple in the American teenager's everyday life. 1 Adolescents today cannot recall a world without cell phones and texting, and it has become a priority form of communication. 2 In 2009, seventy-one percent of American teens between twelve and seventeen owned cell phones. 3 Furthermore, a 2009 study conducted by the Pew Internet & American Life Project found that twenty-five percent of teens aged twelve through fourteen text daily, and fifty-one percent of teens aged fifteen to seventeen text daily. 4 The constant use of cell phones has not only been a reliable source of communication for young teenagers, but also, an outlet for them to express their sexual identity. 5


Abstract The use of two Advanced Oxidation Processes, constituted by the combinations of ozone and UV radiation, and hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation, in the destruction of the herbicide cyanazine is presented. In both cases, the influence of the operating variables (initial herbicide concentration, ozone partial pressure or initial hydrogen peroxide concentration, temperature and pH) is discussed, and a comparison is made among the efficiencies of the different oxidizing agents used.


This study is aimed at offering an overview on how the recent reforms in corporate law have affected Italian listed companies. The main focus is to show whether such laws (TUF, law on savings, and its amending decree) represent either an asset, or a burden on the companies. This recent season of reform has resulted in creating a great difference in the regulation of non listed companies and listed ones. It has also generated a substantial asymmetry between ordinary stock companies and listed companies, with regards to the appointment system of directors, and the composition of the board of auditors. Insight is provided regarding how, specifically, the management system was affected by the new provisions. Finally the documents and audit control of the legal organisational statute of public companies is taken into scrutiny. What is to be found is that an important part of the recent binding rules is to be agreed with; although the intervention of the law and of binding rules in the field of company organisation shall be measured cautiously, and mandatory solutions shall always be well pondered and regulated. To a certain degree, both the old and the new public regulation represent an unjustified burden for Italian public companies, therefore simplifications and improvements still are desirable.


Summary Aim: Roles of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and its receptor (u-PAR), and its inhibitors (PAI-1 and PAI-2) in colon and breast cancer growth and metastasis were investigated. Methods: Antigen levels of u-PA, u-PAR, PAI-1 and PAI-2 were measured in lung tumor sites and its normal neighboring tissues and metastasis sites. mRNA of these factors was measured by Northern blotting and localization of these factors was measured by in situ hybridization. Results: Antigen levels of u-PA, u-PAR, PAI-1 and PAI-2 were higher in both lung and colon cancer tissues than in normal tissues. mRNAs of u-PA, u-PAR, PAI-1 and PAI-2 were all detected in lung cancer tissues. The amounts of u-PA and PAI-2 mRNA were significantly higher in lung cancer tissues than in normal lung tissues. Both u-PAR and PAI-1 levels were significantly higher in large than in small colon tumors. Higher levels of u-PAR were found an independent prognostic value by multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Antigens and mRNAs of u-PA, u-PAR, PAIs were found in tumor tissues.


THE APPLICATION OF DEVELOPMENTAL COUNSELING AND THERAPY (DCT) THEORY TO GROUP TREATMENT OF BINGE EATING AND WEIGHT MANAGEMENT MAY 1994 TERESE M. WEINSTEIN, B.A. , UNIVERSITY OF HARTFORD M.F.T., SOUTHERN CONNECTICUT STATE UNIVERSITY Ph.D., UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor William J. Matthews The proposed study extended the author's comprehensive project study completed in 1992. It aimed to accomplish


This study aims at analysing the moral considerations of pre-service science teachers about environment and their attitudes towards sustainable environment. It was carried out during the school year of 2014-2015 with 1438 pre-service science teachers attending public universities in the Aegean region of Turkey. The data of the study were collected using two tools: "the scale of ecocentric, anthropocentric and hostile attitudes towards environment" and "Sustainable Environmental Attitude Scale". The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics. In addition, in order to determine the correlation between participants' scores in the scale of ecocentric, antropocentric and hostile attitudes towards environment and their scores in the sustainable environmental attitude scale the Sperman Brown rank order correlation analysis was employed. The findings showed that the participants had a ecocentric attitude and their attitudes towards sustainable environment was high. It was also found that when the scores of the participants in the scale of ecocentric, antropocentric and hostile attitudes towards environment increased, their scores in the sustainable environmental attitude scale increased. However, when their scores in the hostile attitude dimension increased, their scores in in the sustainable environmental attitude scale decreased. Based on the findings obtained several suggestions were developed in regard to future studies.


This research was conducted in MA Yadaro, Moyot Village Class XI IPA. This study aims to analyze the difficulties faced by students when working on physics problems both in the form of pictorial questions and story problems. The material used in this study is about elasticity and hooke law. To see the difficulties faced by students an evaluation test in the form of a written test in the form of a picture problem and a story problem. Then the results of the evaluation were analyzed with a qualitative descriptive analysis, where students' answers were analyzed in two stages: the first stage: the analysis phase of the questions in all items and the second stage: the analysis of each item.


The article presents the analysis of the composition of A. Green's novel «The Pied Piper», describes the originality of the poetics of the text. The significance of its image / thematic junctions, which characterize discordant notes of different types, semantic dominants of the text are defined. The intertext overlaps of the motives and images on the base of examples from the history of foreign and Russian literature are taken into account in the analysis.


The purpose of this research is how to implement strategy development to increase regional economic growth and what are the positive implications of implementing strategy development to increase regional economic growth in Mojokerto Regency, East Java. Methodology. The data analysis method used in this study is the analysis of the interaction patterns of Miles and Huberman of Data Collection, Data Reduction, Data Presentation, and Conclusions and Verification. Results show governance in the development of tourism-based village potential in Mojokerto Regency, especially Ketapanrame Village, is proof that the village government can invite the community to work together to realize a common goal. From this, it can be said that village officials or village heads in particular can give trust to the community but not all leaders can do this. With the existence of several tours such as the Ganjaran park and Sumber Gempong, the Trawas Village Head admits that the community's economic level is slowly getting better.


1 The aims of this study were to elucidate further the role of histamine in the rat uterotrophic response and to investigate the differences between the oestrogen and the anti‐oestrogen induced uterine responses. 2 The parameters examined were uterine blood flow (measured by the microsphere technique), uterine wet and dry weights. 3 17β‐Oestradiol and the anti‐oestrogen, tamoxifen, were used to stimulate the ovariectomised rat uterus and the antihistamines mepyramine (H1) and ranitidine (H2) were employed to modify these responses. 4 The uterine changes evoked by oestradiol proved to be more susceptible to modification by the antihistamines than the tamoxifen‐stimulated responses. 5 The results suggest that histamine is involved in the early uterine response to oestradiol but histamine does not appear to play a major role in the uterine response to tamoxifen.


This paper presents the most common UPS technologies for high power available on the market and compares their functional parameters. Also it presents the most important UPS parameters that must be considered to design the high reliability facility. Different configurations and the influence of the parameters on the UPS operation are discussed. All steps of this selection process were put into practice in order to select UPS systems for installations of RETEVSION, one of the most important telecommunication companies in Spain. The operation behavior of the installed UPS was confirmed by on site measurements.


often linked to inequitable access to ecosystem services. The case study of the Liguria Region is presented, with its marked polarisation between the linear coastal conurbation and inner areas, the areas providing the most sig- nificant number of ecosystem services and those with greater population and urbanisation density, which are instead organised as large demand poles. The paper analyses the rela- tionship between environmental values, in terms of ecosystem multifunctionality, and rural innovation forms that support territorial competitiveness. The aim is to explore how a sys- temic approach can integrate opportunities between the inner and coastal areas, qualifying the valley systems as new elements of the anthropic-environmental structure of the region.


The objective of this project is to express and characterize two of the iron‐containing alcohol dehydrogenases (FeADH2 and FeADH4) from Epulopiscium sp. Type B. These two iron‐ containing alcohol dehydrogenases were chosen from among the four homologs in the Epulo genome because they show the greatest sequence divergence. We think it is likely that their substrate activities will be different. This large uncultured bacterium (~250 μm) resides in the gut of the brown surgeon fish, Naso tonganus, and may have a symbiotic relationship with the fish. In order to study these two proteins in vitro, the genes encoding FeADH2 and FeADH4 were amplified using PCR and cloned into the pET24 vector for subsequent E. coli protein expression. The FeADHs from Epulopiscium were compared to the FeADHs of Thermotoga maritima, Zymomonas mobilis and Thermococcus strain ES1. The NADPH binding site consisting of three glycine residues, one serine residue and one aspartate residue was conserved in both Epulopiscium FeADHs. The iron‐binding site was also conserved in the two FeADHs. These studies may provide a glimpse into this unique organism's physiology through examination of the enzymatic process. This project was funded by the Hartwick College Department of Chemistry.


An object of the present invention is to monitor and enhance patient compliance with health treatment program. A patient health data management system that includes a patient compliance monitoring system, various types of data: inputting (e.g. biometric value, fill a diary, responses, etc. for research and health assessment). Patients will be prompted data of practical quantities, to enter as far often as possible. Feedback loop of the present invention provides a compliance message in response to the data entered by the patient, the patient in a timely manner. These messages are customized, a supportive, a and timely. System also patients in the range of patients or always compliance that surpass prescribed treatment program is also implemented compensation scheme to obtain a direct monetary benefits or rewards. The system also makes it possible to send a feedback to the message that the patient receives from the system. This feedback can be used to measure the effectiveness of a treatment program or monitoring system itself. Health care professionals, play an active role when to adjust and "approval" of the compliance-related message received by the patient. .Field


Apriori algorithm, as a typical frequent itemsets mining method, can help researchers and practitioners discover implicit associations from large amounts of data. In this work, a fast Apriori algorithm, called ECTPPI-Apriori, for processing large datasets, is proposed, which is based on an evolution-communication tissue-like P system with promoters and inhibitors. The structure of the ECTPPI-Apriori algorithm is tissue-like and the evolution rules of the algorithm are object rewriting rules. The time complexity of ECTPPI-Apriori is substantially improved from that of the conventional Apriori algorithms. The results give some hints to improve conventional algorithms by using membrane computing models.


The data that formed the primary basis for the authors' comments about married couples and their tendencies were obtained from a nationwide reporting of scores on the PREPARE/ENRICH inventories. The tests were administered to 21,501 married couples between the years of 1998 and 1999. The instruments were given to men and women in the context of couples therapy or as part of a couples enrichment programs. From the total sample, the most happily (n = 5,153) and least happily (n = 5,127) married couples were selected as a basis for comparison. Their respective characteristics were cited throughout the book. Empowering Couples is clearly written and is organized very logically. The bulk of the book consists of 10 chapters that address primary sources of stumbling blocks for couples to use the authors' parlance (e.g., communication, managing finances, and sexual relationships). Each of the "issues" chapters follow a very similar outline that includes simple assessment inventories to determine agreements between partners on key relationship issues, a discussion about the issue emphasized in each chapter, and a short list (usually four or five) of concrete suggestions to help couples remedy common problems. The latter were defined by the ENRICH/PREPARE data. The information contained in the chapters is readily usable and commonsense in nature. The logical organization and easily digestible material enhance the book's utility for clinicians and laypersons alike. Experienced clinicians will find Empowering Couples helpful because it offers many clear and concise assessment exercises that could be used with couples to help them clarify issues when they find it difficult to define specific problem areas for work. The inventories could be utilized when there is a need to clarify or identify areas of incompatibility. Newer clinicians or clinicians with limited experience and expertise in couples work will find the structured assessments helpful as well. However, the latter group of helping professionals may also benefit from reading Empowering Couples because the book will provide information that will aid them in solidifying and perhaps expanding their views about couples and common problems that interfere with positive relationship development. Because of the commonsense approach and reader-friendly layout, laypersons could benefit from reading Empowering Couples as a self-help exercise. Reading the book would be particularly beneficial for couples if they did the assessments together as the authors suggest. Once again, the authors not only offer ways to identify problems, but offer concrete solutions that couples can incorporate into a change process. Reading the book would also provide couples with a point of comparison from which to view their own relationship process. This would be particularly helpful for those couples in which one or both partners came from extremely dysfunctional families that provided a very skewed picture of what can be expected from relationships and how relationships develop. Although Empowering Couples is seen as a useful tool for many purposes and populations, it is not without its faults. Because of this, certain cautions should be kept in mind as both clinicians and laypersons review the material. First, the data that are used heavily throughout the book are based only on married couples who were given the PREPARE/ ENRICHMENT inventories in the context of some kind of


In this study, we present spectra of the mesospheric OH A2Σ+ –X2Π band system, including the 0–0, 1–1, and 1–0 bands, as observed by OSIRIS (Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System). Spectral components due to Rayleigh-scattered sunlight, lower thermospheric dayglow emission features, and baffle scatter have been removed to isolate the OH emission signature. The observed spectra are compared with model spectra assembled using rotational emission rate factors for solar resonance fluorescence (g-factors) plus prompt emission of the OH A2Σ+ –X2Π band system from solar Lyman-α photodissociation of water. The observed band ratios are in good agreement with the model values. The altitude variation of the 0–0 band, relative to the 1–1 band, is in agreement with model predictions based on vibrational energy transfer from OH A2Σ+ ν′ = 1 to OH A2Σ+ ν′ = 0. This detailed understanding of the OH A2Σ+ –X2Π system is critical for the successful application of OH observations to the determination of mesospheric...


Net primary production (NPP) is the net carbon stored as new plant material in an ecosystem which supplies humans with various foods, fuels, fibres and construction materials. Accurately revealing the spatial patterns and temporal dynamics of NPP of terrestrial ecosystems is essential for understanding the carbon cycle of the terrestrial biosphere. Changbai Mountain area is the most important natural landscape remaining in China's temperate/boreal climate. The temporal and spatial features of vegetation productivity were analyzed from 2001 to 2006 based on the MOD17A3 data. Results showed that NPP of vegetation during past six years ranged from 300 to 450gC/ (m2• a), the average NPP was 404.94gC/ (m2• a). Annual NPP vegetation was on ascending trend during past six years. The impacts of land use/cover and climate changes on NPP were also discussed. Results will provide basic information on forest reservation and ecological security assessment in this mountain area.


The rate of nitronium ion formation is the rate-determining step in the nitration of toluene with mixed acid under certain conditions, and values of the rate constant have been determined for the first time.


The present paper, adopting a rigid, perfectly plastic idealization material model and a square yield locus, with the consideration of two conditions of weakening and non-weakening effects of transverse shear sliding section, analyses the shear response of a clamped beam in the initial plastic deformation stage subject to a uniformly distributed impulsive loading and the precondition of possible shear failure mode, writes the shear's movement equation, puts forward the expressions of shear velocity and shear sliding volume, finally the conclusion of the availability of different shear response model for weakening effect is drawn.


This paper presents results for the establishment of criteria in the design of manufacturing tools by means of cold conformation of mechanical components made of stainless steel type 304. In addition values of hardness acquired by these pieces when they are obtained by cold working are reported. The results presented correspond to the performance of the designed tools and to the manufacture of self-propelling mechanical components. The starting point for the development of this work was to apply design criteria of tools for conformation in cold steels. It is important to keep in mind, that this type of steel increases its hardness when it is worn out in cold, this impedes the manufacture of components in series.


Many Chinese cancer patients encounter a high degree of anxiety, but lack the vocabulary to express themselves emotionally. This is an attempt to develop a culturally sensitive psycho-social intervention for Chinese cancer patients in Hong Kong. A seven-phase model of emotional responses to cancer was developed from interviews with patients and focus group discussions with professionals. Based on an understanding of the local culture and what works best for the patients, the intervention focus was on empowering cancer patients to take charge of their health, their mood and their own lives. The framework of intervention with detailed intervention theories and skills are proposed.


The paper introduces resources of Chinese herbal medicine and its distribution,expounds the industrial development situation of Chinese herbal medicine and prospect of its resource development and puts forward the countermeasures to solve the problems in development of Chinese herbal medicine in forest regions of Qinhai province.


Want to get experience? Want to get any ideas to create new things in your life? Read basic english revisited a student handbook now! By reading this book as soon as possible, you can renew the situation to get the inspirations. Yeah, this way will lead you to always think more and more. In this case, this book will be always right for you. When you can observe more about the book, you will know why you need this.


Sir,

It was with interest and surprise that I read the article by Liliana Schaefer and Roland M Schaefer [1].

In this article, Liliana and Roland Schaefer do not distinguish between the adverse drug event profile of the old high-molecular-weight iron dextrans that have been withdrawn from the market of Europe ∼20 years ago and the low-molecular-weight iron dextran marketed in 1992 as INFeD® in the US and in 2001 as CosmoFer® in Europe and overseas. The product is produced by Pharmacosmos in Denmark and marketed in more than 40 countries.

Numerous articles, [2–7], including the Chertow article [5] referenced by the Schaefers, document that the high-molecular-weight iron dextran has many times more adverse drug events than the low-molecular-weight iron dextran. The high-molecular-weight iron dextran is today marketed practically only in the USA under the brand Dexferrum where the active pharmaceutical ingredient is produced by Vifor International. Vifor also produces iron sucrose Venofer®.

Low-molecular-weight iron dextrans have now been administered in more than 70 million doses of 100 mg. The CosmoFer® SmPC in Europe was updated in June 2007 and concludes that anaphylactoid reactions are less than one in ten thousand; this is the same as in the SmPC for Venofer® iron sucrose.

I would expect that the next revision of the European Best Practice Guidelines reflects the updated knowledge about low-molecular-weight iron dextran, CosmoFer®.

Conflict of interest statements. During 1999–2005 President of Nebo A/S launched CosmoFer® worldwide. Nebo A/S has been merged into the mother company Pharmacosmos A/S where I have the same responsibility for CosmoFer® as Executive Vice-President of the Pharmacosmos Group. I am a co-author of the referenced Chertow articles published in Nephrol Dial Transplant [4,5].


Background Little is known about the role of economic recessions in the risk of cancer. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of the severe economic recession in Finland from 1991–1994 on the incidence of all cancers and cancer subtypes among a middle-age and older population. Methods From the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD), a population-based sample of 1,620 women and men aged 53–73 years were examined from 1998–2001. The cancer-free participants completed a questionnaire on the possible impact of the 1990s recession in Finland on their lives. Incident cases of cancer were obtained through record linkage with the Finnish Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of incident cancer events after adjusting for possible confounders. Results A total of 1,096 cancer-free participants had experienced socioeconomic hardships due to the recession at the baseline. During 20 years of follow-up, 473 participants developed cancer. After adjustment for age, baseline socioeconomic position, and lifestyle factors, the risk of all cancers was 32% higher among men who experienced socioeconomic hardships compared to those who did not (HR 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00–1.74, P = 0.05). Prostate-genital cancer was 71% higher among men with hardships (n = 103, HR 1.71; 95% CI, 1.06–2.74, P = 0.02). No association was observed between socioeconomic hardships and subsequent risk of total or any subtype of cancer among women. Conclusion The 1990s economic recession was associated with increased risk of all cancers, especially prostate-genital cancer among Finnish middle-age and older men, but no association with cancer was observed in women.


The article analyzes the renovation of the PueblaCathedral Chapter between 1831 and 1835. Itshows how in 1831, this organization proceeded, according to Bishop Francisco PabloVazquez, to nominate the 27 members of theChapter, which he completed in June of 1835.Although the liberal reform failed to recognizethis provision in 1833, the following year, thepromotions were ratified due to the consensusbetween local and national authorities on thesocial value of Catholicism. The elites favoredagreement over conflict. By doing so, they guaranteed the existence and permanence of a strongCathedral Chapter in independent Mexico, committed to the Republican nation project and freedom of the Church in relation to the state.Likewise, this chapter position fostered the use ofcanon law in the diocesan government.


UV technology is widely used in water and wastewater treatment. Many researches have been conducted on microbial disinfection and micro pollutant reduction with UV treatment. However, the study on NOM with UV has limited because low/medium pressure UV lamp is not sufficient to affect refractory organics such as NOM. Pulsed UV treatment using UV flash lamp can be operated in the pulsed mode with much greater peak intensity. The pulse duration is typically in microseconds, whereas the interval between pulses is in the order of milliseconds. The high intensity of pulsed UV would mineralize NOM itself as well as change the characteristics of NOM. Chlorine demand and DBPs formation is affected on the changed amounts and properties of NOM. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect on NOM, chlorine residual, and chlorinated DBPs formation with pulsed UV treatment.


Geckos utilize a robust reversible adhesive to repeatedly attach and detach from a variety of vertical and inverted surfaces, using structurally anisotropic micro- and nano-scale fibrillar structures. These fibers, when suitably articulated, are able to control the real area of contact and thereby generate high-to-low van der Waals forces. Key characteristics of the natural system include highly anisotropic adhesion and shear forces for controllable attachment, a high adhesion to initial preload force ratio (μ′) of 8–16, lack of inter-fiber self-adhesion, and operation over more than 30 000 cycles without loss of adhesion performance. A highly reusable synthetic adhesive has been developed using tilted polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) half-cylinder micron-scale fibers, retaining up to 77% of the initial value over 10 000 repeated test cycles against a flat glass puck. In comparison with other gecko-inspired adhesives tested over 10 000 cycles or more thus far, this paper reports the highest value of μ′, along with a large shear force of ∼78 kPa, approaching the 88–226 kPa range of gecko toes. The anisotropic adhesion forces are close to theoretical estimates from the Kendall peel model, quantitatively showing how lateral shearing articulation in a manner similar to the gecko may be used to obtain adhesion anisotropy with synthetic fibers using a combination of tilt angle and anisotropic fiber geometry.


Introduction: Cockayne syndrome is a rare and autosomal recessive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by symptoms such as progressive neurological disorder, photosensitivity, visual disturbances, microcephaly, premature aging, and birdlike nose, mustache, and early asymmetric eyes. The syndrome has three types; I, II, and III. Results: The patient is an 8-year-old boy with Cockayne syndrome type II whose parents have a grade 3 relationship. The child received Occupational Therapy (OT) intervention since 9 months of age. When he was one year old he could control his head and at the age of 2.5 years he could crawl. At age 3, the child was able to cruise and express some words like mama, baba, and meow meow. However, these abilities are gone now and he is only able to barely sit and control his head. Since the child has continuously received occupational therapy since the age of 9 months, and his CS is of the type two (the worst type), it can be argued that the offered child-care services along with all medical treatment, were successful to slow the disease progress and prevent the occurrence of secondary problems.


Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technique is well known to use for modifying the surface of valve metal such as Al, Mg and Ti, which improves mechanical and corrosion resistance properties. PEO is an electrochemical process of oxidation by creating microdischarges on the surface of metal immersed in an electrolyte under applying a high voltage. Electrolyte used in PEO process is almost based on alkali ions such as Na ion. The report on PEO process using free-alkali ion is very rare. In this study, the oxide layer on 6061 Al alloy was produced in a free-alkali ion electrolyte containing calcium phosphate and ammonia water by PEO method. Microstructure, micro-hardness and corrosion resistance of PEO coated were investigated and discussed. Surface morphology analysis indicated the coating characterized by micro-pores, pan-cakes like, and micro-crakes with pore size and percentage of pores on coating surface are smaller than 1 μm and 2.5 %, respectively. Micro-hardness and corrosion resistance of PEO coated are greatly improved compared to the bare Al alloy. Free-alkali-ions in oxide layer coated on Al alloy is important for many applications today.


We have developed a high performance pMOSFET with ALD-TiN/HfO2 gate stacks on (110) substrate using gate last process at low temperature. High work function and low gate leakage current are obtained. An extremely high mobility equivalent to P+poly-Si/SiO2 on (110) substrate (171 cm2/Vs at 0.5 MV/cm) is achieved with ALD-TiN/HfO2 on (110) substrate in the thinner Tinv region of 1.7 nm. Vth roll-off characteristics are well controlled down to 50 nm. A high drive current of 380 uA/um at I off = 1 uA/um is achieved at Vdd = 1.0 V. The drive current of ALD-TiN/HfO2 gate stack on (110) substrate is improved 1.4 times compared with (100) substrate and 2.4 times compared with P+poly-Si/SiO2 on (100) substrate


Cutting force is the predictor of the performance indicators of machining processes, therefore, the measurement and modeling accuracy have received sustained research attention. The existing closed-form models for milling cutting force are useful for an analytical design process and optimization (over large parametric ranges) but the methods are not applicable to milling tools with arbitrary helix angle variation (general-helix). On the other hand, numerical methods are available for general-helix tools but are only applicable in an analytical design process and optimization when they are used to create surrogate models. The aim of this work is to develop closed-form models that retain the benefits of both approaches for computing the cutting forces of general-helix cylindrical milling tools by combining the properties of the analytical and numerical approaches. The proposed closed-form modeling approach is shown to be more accurate and more convergent than the numerical approach and checked using published experimental data for a fixed helix angle milling tool. For this illustrative case, the percentage error of a proposed closed-form model for the unsegmented (1-segment) tool model relative to the 500-segment model (considered exact) is 0.00% when the error for the equivalent numerical method is 1.90%. Higher accurate applicability of the proposed closed-form models to variable helix tools is also demonstrated for the harmonic case. The percentage error of a proposed closed-form model for the 1-segment tool model relative to the 500-segment model (considered exact) is 0.28% when the error of the equivalent numerical method is 1.05% for this illustrative case. The advantage in terms of generalized applicability and the disadvantage in terms of minor discretization error are highlighted against the backdrop of an existing close-form model for fixed helix angle tools.


Introduction: Development of atrioventricular valve regurgitation (AVVR) with or without ventricular dysfunction (VD) often occurs during the first 6 months of life and has a significant impact on outcomes for single-ventricle patients. Yet, it is not well known whether AVVR causes VD or vice versa. Thus, we sought to identify the timing and causal relationship between AVVR and VD. Methods: Among 156 consecutive single-ventricle patients who had staged palliation (2005- 2012), 28 who had AVV repair at the time of stage II (n=24, 86%) or inter-stage (n=4, 14%) were reviewed. Diagnosis included HLHS in 17 (61%) patients, tricuspid atresia in 2 (7%), and others in 9 (32%). Ventricular morphology was left-dominant in 6 (21%) patients and right-dominant in 22 (79%). AVV morphology included mitral in 6 (21%) patients, tricuspid in 18 (64%), and common in 4 (14%). Serial echocardiograms were reviewed to identify the timing of development of AVVR and/or VD. Results: After stage I palliation, ventricular end-diast...


AbstractIn recent years, incorporation of recycled material in the production of large-diameter plastic drainage pipes for nonagricultural purposes has gradually increased. With this new developmen...


In this paper we study the most-demanding predicate for computing the Euclidean Voronoi diagram of axes-aligned line segments, namely the Incircle predicate. Our contribution is two-fold: firstly, we describe, in algorithmic terms, how to compute the Incircle predicate for axes-aligned line segments, and secondly we compute its algebraic degree. Our primary aim is to minimize the algebraic degree, while, at the same time, taking into account the amount of operations needed to compute our predicate of interest.
In our predicate analysis we show that the Incircle predicate can be answered by evaluating the signs of algebraic expressions of degree at most 6; this is half the algebraic degree we get when we evaluate the Incircle predicate using the current state-of-the-art approach. In the most demanding cases of our predicate evaluation, we reduce the problem of answering the Incircle predicate to the problem of computing the sign of the value of a linear polynomial (in one variable), when evaluated at a known specific root of a quadratic polynomial (again in one variable). Another important aspect of our approach is that, from a geometric point of view, we answer the most difficult case of the predicate via implicitly performing point locations on an appropriately defined subdivision of the place induced by the Voronoi circle implicated in the Incircle predicate.


This paper presents a novel approach to automatically gen- erate e 3 value instance models, based on skeletal design techniques. The approach has three phases. While the rst two phases are related to the generation of a value activity network based on a given value skeleton, the third phase matches the elements of the value network with the ca- pabilities of service providers. The main objective of our approach is to re-use a set of value skeletons for covering an industry sector from which more business cases may be generated. Finally, we validated our approach in a realistic case study.


In this letter, we propose a method to learn linear time-invariant controllers that completely suppress the vortex-shedding regime past a cylinder at Reynolds number 100, using a single actuator and sensor pair in a feedback configuration. The method is based on the Youla parametrization for guaranteeing closed-loop stability in a neighbourhood of the fixed point. Among the set of controllers stabilizing the fixed point, a derivative-free optimization algorithm searches for a controller suppressing the natural limit cycle oscillation. We show existence of simple single input, single output, linear time-invariant controllers driving the full vortex shedding regime to the natural unstable base flow for large dimension, highly nonlinear Navier-Stokes dynamics.


My feeling is that we are on a good road,which has its origin in the history of our interaction, and leads straight ahead, into a new quality of research culture, resting on a sound basis of mutual trust and friendship.


Because of the restraint from the neighbouring component,the behavior of members under fire in the redundant structure is different from that of isolated member.Two fire tests were conducted to study the behavior of composite beams under fire.The restraint was provided by an additional steel frame.It was found that the axial force,deflection and moment were coupled together and interacting to each other when fire was growing.At the beginning stage of the fire,the composite beam was under compression,resulting in a decrease in the fire-resistance capacity.With the growing of the fire,the axial force of composite beam became tension which,with the large deflection(about 1/15 times of span),induced the catenary action and enhanced the fire-resistance capacity.The bottom flange buckling happened at the bottom flange near the connection regardless of simply supported connection or rigid connection.The compression force of the beam reached the ultimate value when buckling happened.The mechanical model and theoretical method were set up to calculate the temperature when buckling happened.The results based on the theory are found to be in good agreement with the experiment.


This year we celebrate the 800 th anniversary of the promulgation of Magna Carta. Amongst the great number of initiatives for this event, Professor Mark Hill QC and the Reverend Robin Griffith-Jones have edited an interesting book, which gives a detailed account about the origins of Magna Carta, the social and political context of the time, and the religious background which forms the very foundation of the main principles of the Charter. I am neither an historian of law, nor a specialist in public law, nor an expert in the field of law and religion. I try only to be a humble comparatist, that is, a "strange" person, because comparative law itself is "strange", in the sense that, unlike other fields of law studies, it is not a body of rules, but a way of legal learning, looking at law as a phenomenon which is relative and universal at the same time, and trying to identify the profound features which characterize the form and substance of a legal system. I dare to venture gingerly into the debate and to discuss some aspects of the "global legacy of the common law", whose origins, to my understanding, are closely interconnected with Magna Carta. First, I will depart from the assumption that one of the most important aspects of Magna Carta is the idea of law as a limit of the sovereign's power. In reality, this concept was not new, nor was it peculiar to English law, as it had been developed on the Continent by the efforts of medieval jurists, but it was fixed in 'black letters' in Magna Carta at the end of a difficult period of controversies and it can be said that it is at the origin of the doctrine of the Rule of aw. Second, I will consider the process of codification of law taking place on the Continent between the end of the XVIII and the beginning of the XIX century and in particular the idea of Rechtsstaat , shaped on different basis than the conception of the Rule of Law in English law, which flows from the Magna Carta and continues to characterize, at various degrees, the common law legal mentality. Third, I will concentrate on the main legacies of the conception of law which underlies the doctrine of Rule of Law, focusing on some features which still connote the common law tradition as opposed to the civil law tradition: the idea of the primacy of the unwritten law over statutory law and the unity of jurisdiction; the attitude of judges towards the interpretation of statutes; the circulation of precedents in a vibrant legal tradition. At the end, I will draw some conclusions.


A well-known object in classical Euclidean geometry is the circumcenter of a triangle, i.e., the point that is equidistant from all vertices. The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic study of the circumcenter of sets containing finitely many points in Hilbert space. This is motivated by recent works of Behling, Bello Cruz, and Santos on accelerated versions of the Douglas--Rachford method. We present basic results and properties of the circumcenter. Several examples are provided to illustrate the tightness of various assumptions.


The Austrian standard conditions of contract for underground works with continuous tunnelling have been available since 2005. Until then, contract conditions for sequential and continuous tunnelling were combined in a single code. In Switzerland, major transport tunnels were already being bored with TBMs at the start of the 1970s, much earlier than in Austria. Corresponding standard conditions have been available there for many years, most recently revised in 2004. In this article, the most important provisions of the Austrian and Swiss conditions of contract are presented and commented. Their implementation on specific projects is described through some significant projects. A comparison between Austria and Switzerland, where there has also been a standard bill of quantities for TBM drives for a long while – the Norm‐Positions‐Katalog – which is generally accepted and used practically universally, indeed show a basic similarity in the essential points, but in the implementation of the details there are still considerable differences.


The 1990s were labeled 'the decade of the brain', at least in the USA. While t ie focus of much of the brain research was medical, driven by the hoped-for but unachieved goal of an effective intervention against dementia, a few educationists and neuroscientists proposed that some of this research on perception, learning and memory might be informative for education. These three books on how educational practice might be informed by cognitive neuroscience are all published in the USA. No publications on this theme have yet to come out of the UK. The common 2002


There exists widespread eolian loess in western Sichuan plateau. A preliminary study of the loess strata in Jincuan area was carried out, in which Macang profile was measured. According to characteristics of lithology, magnetostratigraphy, susceptibility, CaCO3 content and thermoluminescent dating, the loess sequence can be divided into five stratigraphic units, namely paleosol S0, loess L1, paleosol S1, loess L2 and paleosol S2, which were formed in the postglacial period, last glaciation, last interglaciation, last but one glaciation, and last but one interglaciation respectively. Among them, the compound paleosol S1 can be subdivided into five secondary stratigraphic units, i.e., loess S1LL1, S1LL2, paleosol S1SS1, S1SS2 and S1SS3. The deposition of the Jincuan loess began at the late Middle Pleistocene, about 200 ka B P. The evolution of plateau monsoon and the change of climate environment can be indicated by the susceptibility of the Jincuan loess strata in the last 200 ka., in which five intensified summer monsoon circulations are shown by higher values of susceptibility, and four weakened circulations are indicated by the lower values.


The recreational navigation is increasing rapidly in the surroundings of Sneek municipality. Road traffic and transport is involved with congestion because of opening bridges. In particular during the summer season this causes congestion during peak hours. As part of the 'Ground Planning and Environmental Survey' of highway 7 in Sneek analyses were carried out in terms of a specific policy alternative called "Watertown", beside the main alternatives to solve the problems of highway 7 in Sneek. In this alternative "Watertown" chances were created to develop Sneek optimal as watersport centre of the north of the Netherlands. The "Watertown" policy alternative lends itself to discussions on behalf of several items. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD E203386.


This article aims to assess the relevance of the concept of « territory » in transition economies based on the case study of the Saint-Petersburg software cluster. The impact of the Soviet heritage on the emergence of territorial dynamics and has been focused on territorial governance. The tight cooperation of private territorial actors with or without a participation of intermediate institutions is obvious and there is no noticeable adverse influence of the Soviet past. A possible explanation could be the absence of a distinct software sector before the collapse of USSR and the recent emergence of a new type of entrepreneurs and territorial dynamics.


siderations, so avoiding the uncomfortable possibility that the institution of punishment may not be morally justifiable at all. (Perhaps the prior question is 'Whether Punish?'.) It is disappointing that Walker pays no attention to the White Paper and to the Criminal Justice Bill which, at the time of his writing, were outlining legislation with which he can hardly be in sympathy. An explicit critique of Government policy would have given the book a sharper edge. Many will find Walker's invariable use of masculine pronouns jarring. The argument (most helpfully summarised in three concluding pages) is very tight and some may find the philosophical idiom of the book a bit hard to engage with at first. The effort, however, will be amply repaid. The bibliography too is excellent.


Resistivity measurement of an a-axis-oriented YBa_2Cu_3O_7-δ (YBCO) thin film was carried out in a stream of O_2/Ar mixtures at 450–650 °C. Rapidly reversible change in the resistivity of the YBCO film was observed as a function of the oxygen partial pressure in the ambient atmosphere due to the oxygen in-/out-diffusion in the YBCO film. Resistivity measurement of YBCO thin films at higher temperatures of 450–650 °C was found to be quite effective to predict the influence of fabricating processes on the superconducting properties of YBCO films.


Moringa olifera is a medicinally important plant native of the sub-Himalayan regions  of  northwest  India.  Only  leaves  of  this plant  can  cure  300  diseases.  However  the propagation  of  Moringa  oliferathrough  seed  is difficult  especially  in  high  altitude.  In  view  of  the above, the present  investigation was conducted with an objective to assess the suitable sterilization treatment  and  compatible  substratum  assessment for standard seed germination test of Moringa olifera  in  Almora  (altitude  1,651metres).  1st  time Moringa olifera was grown at such higher altitude where annual temperature varies from 28 to -2 °C. Sterilization  treatments  in  the  study  were  carried out by using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethanol (C2H5OH),  mercuric  chloride  (HgCl2),  and  sterile water.  Five  substrata  namely  black  sandy  soil,  top soil,  saw dust,  sand and filter paper in both sterile and non-sterile conditions were used for the experiment.  A  standard  germination  test  was  done with appropriate maintenance of light (11 hrs) and temperature  (250C).  Different  combination  of sterilization  techniques  with  different  substratum effected  the  seed  germination  and  early  growth  of Moringa seeds. Non sterile black sandy soil resulted  in  lower  time  taken  to  50%  germination (1.1),  higher  germination  index  (6.2),  vigor  index (96.8) and final germination percentage (93)


This study was performed on seven patients affected by the atrophic form of age‐related macular degeneration (AF‐ARMD). The patients under investigation belonged to a larger study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of rheopheresis treatment (RT) on the visual function of AF‐ARMD patients. Following the protocol of the larger study, patients received RT twice a week, every two weeks, for a total of ten treatments, as well as high‐dose supplementation with zinc and vitamins A, E and beta‐carotene. Recruited patients underwent skin laser Doppler flowmetry coupled with skin iontophoresis of the endothelium‐dependent vasodilator acetylcholine (ACh) and a test of skin post‐ischemic reactive hyperemia, before and after the first RT (time 1: all seven patients) and the fifth RT (time 2: six patients). A significantly higher absolute (anova for repeated measures) and relative (percentage change from the baseline) skin blood flux response (SBFR) to ACh iontophoresis was observed after RT, compared to before RT at time 1 (679 ± 43% and 436 ± 78%, respectively; P < 0.05), as well as before RT at time 2 compared to before RT at time 1 (683 ± 74% and 436 ± 78%, respectively; P < 0.05). Absolute and relative SBFR to ischemia did not differ either after RT compared to before RT at time 1, or before RT at time 2 compared to before RT at time 1. These findings are consistent with an acute and subacute beneficial effect of RT on skin microvascular endothelial function in the studied AF‐ARMD patients.


This paper investigates the layout and achievable efficiencies of rotating components of a Helium gas turbine. This is done by making a preliminary design of the compressor and turbine needed for the power conversion in a combined heat and power plant with a 40 MWth nuclear high temperature reactor as a heat source. State of the art efficiency values of air breathing gas turbines are used for the first calculations. The efficiency level is corrected by comparing various dimensionless data of the Helium turbomachine with an air gas turbine of similar dimensions.A single shaft configuration with a high speed axial turbine will give highest performance and simple construction. If a generator has to be driven at a conventional speed, a free power turbine configuration must be chosen. The choice of the configuration depends among others on the cost and availability of the asynchrone generator and frequency convertor.Copyright © 1998 by ASME


Objective The research was to investigate the effects of YiqiHuoxue Compound on myocardial fibrosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHRs) and further study the mechanism of YiqiHuoxue Compound on preventing and treating myocardial fibrosis.Methods14-week-old SHRs were divided randomly into 5 groups:the control group,the group treated with nifedipine,and the other three groups treated with different dose of YiqiHuoxue.After 8-week-treatments,the systolic blood pressure was measured(SBP),and Sections of heart tissue was stained with VanGieson method.Cardiac tissue collagen-Ⅰand Ⅲ contents were shown by labeled strept-avidin-biotin complex method(SABC).The changes of structure and shape in the myocardial cells and volume fraction in collagen were determined by automatically quantitative morphometry;The concentration of aldosterone(ALD) and angiotensin Ⅱ(AngⅡ) of plasma and myocardium by radioimmunoassay.ResultsYiqiHuoxue Compound can decrease blood pressure,collagen contents and concentration of aldosterone(ALD) and angiotensin Ⅱ(AngⅡ) of plasma and myocardium after 8 weeks treatment(P0.05).ConclusionYiqiHuoxue Compound could decrease myocardial fibrosis,the effect was better than that of nifedipine.Both decreasing blood pressure and restraining RAAS activity could be the mechanism of YiqiHuoxue preventing myocardial fibrosis.


ABSTRACT Singapore's Arctic interests are typically explained by its limited regional market and the government's stakes in shipping, maritime infrastructure, and global governance. Yet the city-state's polar pursuits also reflect the government's strategy of crafting a global national identity in step with its expansion of overseas economic activities. In this article, based on reviews of government speeches, documents, and press releases, observations at Arctic development conferences, and expert interviews, I first describe three regional shifts in the Arctic that have made Singapore's involvement possible: the globalization of the Arctic economy, a transition from national government to global governance, and the production of the Arctic region as an investment frontier. Second, I elucidate the export-oriented industrial drivers of Singapore's Arctic interests. These have led to the economy's deterritorialization, which state discourses projecting Singapore as a "Global City" support. Third, I analyze how these two transformations—the Arctic's globalization and Singapore's deterritorialization—have together created an opportunity for the Singaporean government to "jump scale" in Arctic cooperation, specifically by shedding light on its partnerships with indigenous peoples' organizations. As climate change accelerates, the Singaporean government's Arctic efforts suggest that it sees the increasingly maritime region as a new scalar fix for overseas investment that it is securing through unconventional partnerships while living up to its quest to view the world as its hinterland. Singapore's involvement in the Arctic may globalize the region's economy, but it may also deepen northern dependence on place-based sectors like natural resources and shipping.


Stathmin/oncoprotein18 regulates microtubule dynamics and participates in mitotic entry and exit. We isolated stathmin as a physically interacting partner of KIFC1, a minus‐end‐directed kinesin functioning in bipolar spindle formation and maintenance. We found that stathmin depletion leads to multipolar spindle formation in IMR‐90 normal human fibroblasts. Stathmin‐depleted IMR‐90 cells showed early mitotic delay but managed to undergo chromosome segregation by forming multiple poles or pseudo‐bipoles. Consistent with these observations, lagging chromosomes, and micronuclei were elevated in stathmin‐depleted IMR‐90 cells, demonstrating that stathmin is essential for maintaining genomic stability during mitosis in human cells. Genomic instability induced by stathmin depletion led to premature senescence without any indication of cell death in normal IMR‐90 cells. Double knock‐down of both stathmin and p53 also did not induce cell death in IMR‐90 cells, while the stathmin knock‐down triggered apoptosis in p53‐proficient human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Our results suggest that stathmin is essential in bipolar spindle formation to maintain genomic stability during mitosis, and the depletion of stathmin prevents the initiation of chromosome instability by inducing senescence in human normal fibroblasts.


Objective:To evaluate cavotricuspid isthmus ablation as a role in recurrence of atial fibrillation ablation with or without typical atrial flutter.Method:One hundred thirteen patients undergoing ablation for atrial fibrillation were divided CTI group which cavotricuspid isthmus(CTI) ablation were performed,Non-CTI group which CTI ablation were not performed and compared with clinical features and operational details.Follow-up consisted of incidence of typical atrial flutter and recurrence of atrial fibrillation post-operation.Result:The patients of Non-CTI group had larger left atrium and more frequently persistent or permanent atrial fibrillation and additional linear left atrial ablation performed.Total radiofrequency application times were longer in CTI group.However,incidence of typical atrial flutter and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after ablation were no significant differences in two groups.Conclusion:Avoiding CTI ablation in patients of atrial fibrillation without typical atrial flutter does not only result in a higher incidence of typical atrial flutter and recurrence of atrial fibrillation after ablation,but also a shorter radiofrequency application times.


Objective: To develop high performance capillary electrophoresis(HPCE) fingerprints of Flos Farfarae and to provide the scientific basis for quality control of it.Method: Electrophoresis was performed on a 75 μm × 57 cm(effective length is 50 cm) fused silica capillary.30 mmol.L-1 sodium borate contained 25% methanol adjusted to pH 8.8 was applied as the background electrolyte.The running voltage was 20 kV,the detection wavelength was at 214 nm and the temperature was kept at 25 ℃.Result: The HPCE fingerprint established from the 15 batches of the Flos Farfarae showed 26 characteristic common peaks,among which 6 peaks were recognized.Conclusion: The method is reliable,accurate,simple and quick.It provides a reliable method for the scientific quality evaluation of Flos Farfarae.


Acrodysostosis is a rare congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by peculiar facial appearance with a small nose and an open mouth, short stature, short metacarpotarsal, and phalangeal bones with cone‐shaped epiphyses, advanced bone‐age, and variable degrees of mental retardation. It is most likely that the disease is inherited in an autosomal dominant mode, its pathogenesis has remained unknown. We report a 4‐year‐old Japanese girl who suffered from acrodysostosis with unusual iridal color. The color of patient's irides was gray‐bluish in her infancy but became light‐brownish by age 4 years. Of eight Japanese patients reported, four had abnormal eye color: a 7‐month‐old boy with blue irides and his 2‐year‐old elder sister with light‐blue eyes a 6‐year‐old girl with gray‐brownish irides, and a 4‐year‐old girl (present case) with blue‐brownish irides. The degree of iris pigmentation in acrodysostosis patients may change with age. It is likely that the putative gene for acrodysostosis might play a role not only in remodeling of bones but also in iris pigmentation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Generally, in the concrete industry, several billion tons of fresh water are annually used for mixing water, curing water and cleaning water. Nevertheless, the utilization of seawater in the concrete industry is prohibited, because it increases the risk of corrosion of steel bars in concrete. This study presents strength characteristics and porosity of seawater mixed concrete and tap water mixed concrete incorporating Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) with water-binder ratio (W/B) of 40%, 50% and 60%. The influence of seawater mixing, GGBS and curing conditions such as tap water curing (TC), seawater curing (SC) and air curing (AC) on the strength and porosity of concrete were evaluated. Based on investigation result, it was shown that there is no significant influence of seawater mixing in improving strength of GGBS concrete up to 365 days in TC and SC. Effectiveness of seawater-mixing on strength enhancement of GGBS concrete is larger in air curing than in water curing. Porosity of seawater-mixed concrete is decreased compared to tap water-mixed concrete in all curing conditions.


ESAP refers to English for a specific discipline, which specificity includes technical or special vocabulary, varying uses of academic grammar such as passive voice and nominalization, and particular professional and academic genres which are produced by the discipline. Thinking in how to increase the English speaking confidence and competence of non-native speakers, this study has aims to analyze how the use of Android and iOS voice recording tools can develop students' speaking English skills in an English Letters graduation course in Brazil. The study pointed out that voice recording tools provide learners with opportunities to produce oral output, since they allow students to practice their speaking skills inside and outside the classroom, bringing up more confidence and courage to use ESAP in classroom.


The relationship between the reliability of GaN LEDs and their junction temperatures and ideal factors is investigated. 20 groups of both blue and white GaN LEDs are tested. Their ideal factors and junction temperatures under 700mA operating current are measured. The measurement methods are introduced. After the measurement, 700mA high current accelerated life test is carried out on the LEDs. Analysis results show that the reliability of the LEDs is strongly dependent on their junction temperatures and ideal factors. For most of the unreliable LEDs with their 50% ALT life less than 400 hours, their ideal factors are higher than 10, or the junction temperatures of the blue LEDs under 700mA are higher than 130°C, and the junction temperatures of the white LEDs under 700mA are higher than 120°C.


A coupled system of volume integral and two-fluid hydrodynamic equations is solved to analyze electromagnetic field interactions with non-local dispersion effects on semiconductor nanostructures. This coupled system, where the hydrodynamic currents and the electric flux are the unknowns, is discretized using Schaubert-Wilton-Glisson basis functions. Numerical results obtained using this solver show the presence of so-called acoustic modes at the frequencies lower than the resonance frequency of localized surface plasmon (LSP) mode. These modes cannot be identified if a Drude-like model or the single-fluid hydrodynamic equation is used to represent the electrical properties of the semiconductors.


This article analyses teachers' experience in the period of educational change in Estonia from 1989 to 2010. We review the introduction of the new national curricula and national exams. We show how, in the teachers' experience, the period of change can be divided into two distinct periods. Firstly, the period of freedom and chaos in the early 1990s and, secondly, the period of tightening regulations and decreasing autonomy after the introduction of the national exams in 1997. Based on life history interviews with 24 teachers, we identify seven different responses to educational innovation. We assume that for a new educational policy to be successful, or to create social innovation, it has to be accepted by teachers not only on the regulative level but also on the normative level of values and social roles. We look at which of these responses can be classified as social innovation and assess the usefulness of the theory of social innovation in education studies.


ABSTRACT Effects of EM bokashi organic fertilizer on nodulation, physiological properties and yield of peanut plants were investigated in a nature-farming field. Compared to chemical fertilizer, EM bokashi fertilizer significantly increased both the nodule numbers per plant and fresh weight per nodule. The peanut plants fertilized with EM bokashi fertilizer also showed higher photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and mesophyll conductance. Therefore, the vegetative and reproductive growth of peanut plant in EM bokashi treatment was promoted significantly. The shoot and root dry weights in EM bokashi treatment were significantly higher than those in chemical treatment. The total pod number and pod dry weight in EM bokashi fertilizer treatment were significantly higher than those in chemical fertilizer treatment. These results suggested that EM bokashi is an effective organic fertilizer in nature farming crop production.


Consumer behaviour in online shops has not yet been the subject of many research projects. We know little about the demographics of online customers and even less about the factors influencing their decision to buy. Initial research results show that — in online commerce too — trustworthiness of suppliers is the factor which most influences willingness to buy (see Jarvenpaa et al., 1998). And, of course, practitioners do market research both by questionnaires and server statistics. Most well-known online shops such as http://www.Amazon.com, Dell Computers, Streamline Inc. gain competitive advantage by systematically gathering data from customers, analyzing it and using it to shape their virtual storefronts, product ranges etc. This data is most often proprietary and not available to outsiders. As a contribution to understanding the selling of consumer goods on the Internet, the research presented here takes one example, grocery shopping in Switzerland, to learn more about online customers' characteristics and behaviour. Interviews were conducted with the three leading online grocery shops in Switzerland and a survey was done with 1037 online customers.


Absorption measurement is an exceptionally versatile tool for many applications in science and engineering. For absorption measurements using laser beams of light, the sensitivity is theoretically limited by the shot noise due to the fundamental Poisson distribution of photon number in laser radiation. In practice, the shot-noise limit can only be achieved when all other sources of noise are eliminated. \textcolor{black}{Here, we use seeded squeezed light to demonstrate that direct absorption measurement can be performed with sensitivity beyond the shot-noise limit. We present a practically realizable scheme, where intensity squeezed beams are generated by a seeded four-wave mixing process in an atomic rubidium vapor cell. More than 1.2~dB quantum advantage for the measurement sensitivity is obtained at faint absorption levels ($\leq 10\%$). We also present a detailed theoretical analysis to show that the observed quantum advantage when corrected for optical loss would be equivalent to 3~dB. Our experiment demonstrates a direct sub-shot-noise measurement of absorption that requires neither homodyne/lock-in nor logic coincidence detection schemes. It is therefore very applicable in many circumstances where sub-shot-noise-level absorption measurements are highly desirable.


The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of leaves of Camellia oleifera of different cultivars were studied by the chlorophyll fluorescence measuring technique.The results showed that the maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem ΙΙ(Fv/Fm),apparent photosynthetic electron transport rate(ETR)and the minimal saturation intensity of Camellia gigantocarpa were the maximum among the three tested varieties.The results mentioned above indicated that C.gigantocarpa could grow quickly and had potential physiological and biochemical foundations to obtain high biomass.The issue was confirmed by light response curves and initial slopes from response of ETR to light intensities in different Camellia oleifera cultivar leaves.


PURPOSE: To provide an efficient and economical fuel source by injecting hydrogen easily available through the electrolysis in each cylinder in the intake stroke, mixing hydrogen with the air therearound, and igniting the mixture to work the steam as a temperature regulator first. CONSTITUTION: Sodium chloride is added to water in a water storage tank to form a brine, and the brine is ionized. It is energized by the power applied to a pair of terminals 17 for electrolysis. A vacuum pump 25 extracts a gas from a storage tank to be connected thereto through a hydrogen circuit system 27. The pump 25 feeds hydrogen in a second cylinder 29 including a means 31 through a tubing 26 having a bypass 24. Hydrogen can be obtained from an inexpensive and abundantly available substance such as water in the form serviceable for a fuel. COPYRIGHT: (C)1994,JPO


The material quality of the multi-crystalline silicon is mainly affected by wide range of structural defects. In order to avoid these structural defects a global modeling and a transient simulation of bulk multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) growth in an industrial scale directional solidification furnace has been carried out. Modification on the heaters has been made. The thermal field has been studied. The interface shape was controlled by achieving the uniform temperature distribution. The input parameters can be implemented in real system to grow a better mc-Si ingot for solar cell applications.


Traditionally the sociology of deviance has focused on understanding why deviance occurs. This analysis goes one step further and pursues the issue: Once an individual becomes involved in deviance how does that person (and others aware of it) respond to this contingency. In this paper only deviant modes of adaptations to a deviant involvement will be developed. The main deviant modes of adaptations for the deviant actor are identified as: (1) deviance seeking, (2) deviance maintenance, (3) dazed consciousness, and (4) deviance erasing. The deviant responses, for others aware of the initial deviant act, are identified as: (1) deviance bandwagon and (2) deviance retaliation modes of adaptations. The analysis strongly supports the position that deviance can be viewed as an independent variable in the deviance amplification process.


Over the last few years, there has been substantial growth in the armamentarium for the acute and preventive therapy for migraine and other headaches. In addition, numerous other promising treatments continue in clinical development programs, some utilizing well-described therapeutic targets and others working at novel targets. Within this supplement of Headache, world-leading experts review these new and emerging treatments and treatment targets, and give insights into how these treatments meaningfully improve the options for those with migraine and other headaches. The first article in this supplement, written by Professor Peter Goadsby, David Moreno-Ajona, Calvin Chan, and Maria Dolores Villar-Martinez, describes emerging therapeutics that target calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or the serotonin 5HT-1F receptor for the acute treatment of migraine attacks. The article begins with comment on why new acute therapies are needed. This is followed by a description of how the 5HT-1F receptor and the CGRP pathway participate in migraine pathophysiology. The authors then summarize efficacy and tolerability results from recent clinical trials of 5HT-1F receptor agonists (-ditans) and CGRP receptor antagonist (-gepants). Based on the results of these clinical trials, the authors hypothesize that -ditans and -gepants will soon be available as options for the acute treatment of migraine. The second article, from Drs. Stephen Silberstein, Hsiangkuo Yuan, and Nicole Spare, summarizes data on therapeutics that target CGRP for the prevention of migraine and cluster headache. The article discusses the role of CGRP in migraine and cluster headache pathophysiology and summarizes results from clinical trials investigating CGRP monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and CGRP receptor antagonists (-gepants). The authors introduce areas of uncertainty related to these new therapeutics, including the development of antidrug antibodies to the mAbs, predicting which patients are more likely to respond to these therapies, the possibility of additional clinical indications, and long-term safety and tolerability. The review from Drs. Rashmi Halker, Jessica Ailani, and Matt Robbins describes the use of neuromodulation for the acute and preventive treatment of migraine and cluster headache. The article focuses on noninvasive neuromodulation devices, with particular attention to those that had received U.S. FDA clearance at the time of writing for treating migraine and/ or cluster headache: single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS), supraorbital transcutaneous nerve stimulation, and noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS). The article concludes with a section that discusses the potential use of neuromodulation treatment in specific patient populations, including Headache doi: 10.1111/head.13584 © 2019 American Headache Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. ISSN 0017-8748


This paper investigates the response of asymmetric-plan buildings with supplemental viscous damping to harmonic ground motion using modal analysis techniques. It is shown that most modal parameters, except dynamic amplification factors (DAFs), are affected very little by the plan-wise distribution of supplemental damping in the practical range of system parameters. Plan-wise distribution of supplemental damping significantly influences the DAFs, which, in turn, influence the modal deformations. These trends are directly related to the apparent modal damping ratios; the first modal damping ratio increases while the second decreases as CSD moves from right to left of the system plan, and their values increase with larger plan-wise spread of the supplemental damping. The largest reduction in the flexible edge deformation occurs when damping in the first mode is maximized by distributing the supplemental damping such that the damping eccentricity takes on the largest value with algebraic sign opposite to the structural eccentricity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.