Nancy Denton and I published "The Dimensions of Residential Segregation" in 1988, during the early phases of a multi-year project funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The purpose of the project was to study the trends, patterns, causes, and consequences of racial and ethnic residential segregation the United States. Nancy was a postdoctoral research associate on the study at the time we began our investigation. In starting out, we encountered a vigorous debate in the literature about the "correct" or "right" way to measure neighborhood segregation that left us unsure about how to proceed methodologically.

Prior to the mid-1970s, however, the measurement of segregation had been settled science. In 1955 Otis Dudley Duncan and Beverly Duncan published an article in the American Sociological Review entitled "A Methodological Analysis of Segregation Indices," in which they examined a variety of proposed measures. They concluded that the best overall measure was the Index of Dissimilarity (D), given its ease of computation, well-known and tractable properties, clear interpretation, and invariance with respect to the relative number of minority group members. Over the ensuing two decades, a Pax Duncana ensued and D was widely used without debate as the standard measure of segregation. It comprised the main index for such classic works as Duncan and Duncan's (1957) The Negro Population of Chicago, Taeuber and Taeuber's (1965) Negroes in Cities, and Grebler et al.'s (1970) The Mexican-American People.

The Pax Duncana ended in 1976 with the publication of a critique by Cortese et al. entitled "Further Considerations on the Methodological Analysis of Segregation," also published in the American Sociological Review. The article unleashed "a torrent of papers [that] considered a variety of definitions of segregation, proposed a host of new measures, and rediscovered several old indices" (Massey and Denton 1988:282). By the mid-1980s no consensus had been reached on how best to measure segregation and we uncovered some 20 different measures of the concept in our review of the literature. Before proceeding to the substance of our analysis, we decided we had to bring some order to the debate and so undertook a systematic analysis of segregation indices, resulting in the Social Forces paper.

We began by conceptually classifying measures with respect to five distinct dimensions of spatial variation: unevenness, exposure, clustering, concentration, and centralization. Unevenness is the degree to which the percentage of minority group members within specific neighborhoods departs from the minority percentage in the entire urban area. Exposure is the degree of potential contact (or lack thereof) between minority and majority members within particular neighborhoods. Clustering is the extent to which minority neighborhoods adjoin one another in space. Concentration is the relative amount of physical space occupied by a minority group within a city; and centralization is the degree to which minority members settle in and around the social or geographic center of a metropolitan area.

After defining the indices mathematically and classifying them conceptually, we assembled data for the nation's largest metropolitan areas in 1980, computed index values for Hispanics, Blacks, and Asians across all 20 measures, and factor analyzed the resulting set of indices to reveal their underlying factor structure. We obtained a factor pattern matrix that yielded a robust interpretation across different rotation and extraction methods, one that confirmed the conceptual structure we had hypothesized. Based on our analysis of the indices and our reading of the extant literature, we recommended an optimal measure for each dimension: the dissimilarity index for unevenness; the P* index for exposure; the spatial proximity index for clustering; the relative concentration index for concentration; and the absolute centralization index for centralization. The analysis and its conclusions were later replicated using a larger data set compiled for the 1990 census (see Massey, White, and Phua (1996).

In our SF paper, Nancy and I argued that social scientists should stop fighting about which measure of segregation was "best" or most "correct," and instead measure all dimensions simultaneously to see what a multi-dimensional assessment might reveal about the nature of segregation in U.S. society. When then undertook this exercise for Blacks, Asians, and Hispanics in 1980 and found that African Americans were the only minority group to experience high levels of segregation on at least four of the five dimensions of segregation simultaneously, indicating a unique pattern of intense spatial isolation that we labeled "hypersegregation" (Massey and Denton 1989). Although African Americans were the only group to experience hypersegreation in the 1980s and 1990s, by 2000 Hispanic communities in two metropolitan areas (Los Angeles and New York) had evolved to satisfy the criteria for hypersegregation (Wilkes and Iceland 2004).

I had long been aware of the high degree of black segregation in urban America, of course. My Ph.D. dissertation had systematically examined levels and patterns of Hispanic segregation in urban areas throughout the United States (Massey 1978). Using African Americans as a base of comparison, I documented a wide range of Hispanic segregation levels associated with inter-urban variation in the generational and socioeconomic composition of the Latino population (Massey 1979a, 1979b). What really stood out to me, however, was not the variability of Hispanic segregation, but the intense and obdurate nature of black segregation. As of 1970 black-white was universally high and impervious to socioeconomic influences; but this was only two years after the passage of the 1968 Fair Housing Act (which outlawed racial discrimination in the rental or sale of housing) and several years before the 1974 Equal Credit Opportunity Act (which banned discrimination in mortgage lending) and the 1977 Community Reinvestment Act (which prohibited the practice of redlining).

In launching the study of segregation using 1980 census data, I hoped to see declines in black-white segregation in response to this legislation, but changes in black-white dissimilarity indices were limited and the discovery of hypersegregation only served to underscore the unusual depth and intensity of black segregation in the United States. At the time Nancy and I were publishing these results, a debate was raging about the causes of the "urban underclass" and it was puzzling to us that the reality of black hypersegregation was systematically absent from the debate, which focused instead on the negative effects of urban economic restructuring on black wages and employment (Wilson 1987) versus the disincentive effects of the U.S. welfare system in discouraging work (Murray 1984). While segregation was tacitly acknowledged as a social fact by all concerned, it was not taken seriously as an explanatory factor in theorizing the perpetuation of urban poverty.

In the ensuing years, Nancy and I elaborated, extended, and applied the concept of hypersegregation and ultimately deployed it a principal theoretical construct in our book American Apartheid (Massey and Denton 1993). In the book we described how residential segregation perpetuated black disadvantage by concentrating neighborhood poverty and severing the link between social and spatial mobility that other groups historically had used to work themselves up the socioeconomic hierarchy over time. In subsequent years the term "hypersegregation" and various permutations of the term entered the sociological and popular lexicon and came to stand for the unique nature of black segregation and the key role it played in promoting racial stratification in American society. A simple search on Google Scholar yields more than 2,000 hits.

Following the publication of American Apartheid, the computation of multiple segregation indices became a routine activity undertaken following each census and segregation became core feature of theorizing and studying racial and ethnic stratification both in the United States and around the world. The Census Bureau itself adopted our five-dimensional approach in computing segregation indices for 1980-2000 (see Iceland, Weinberg, and Steinmetz 2002). Most studies of segregation now report at least dissimilarity and exposure indices (see Iceland 2009; Logan and Stulz 2011); and recent empirical and theoretical work on stratification explicitly incorporates segregation into the picture as a major structural factor (see Sampson 2012).

In a very real way, therefore, "The Dimensions of Residential Segregation" led to a line of research and theorizing that changed thinking on racial inequality in the United States. Residential segregation is no longer overlooked as a factor in American stratification and appreciation of the importance of segregation as a social fact appears to have increased and spread beyond the confines of the United States (Massey 1985) to embrace Europe (Musterd, Ostendorf, and Breebaart 1997), the Americas (Roberts and Wilson 2009) and the broader world (Nightingale 2012). Methodological debates about the measurement of segregation continue, of course, with the main issue being whether it is preferable to adjust segregation measures for spatial clustering or to measure clustering as a separate dimension (Reardon and O'Sullivan 2004). Nonetheless the concept of hypersegregation is well-established in the field and residential segregation itself is now recognized by sociologists to be a fundamental mechanism of socioeconomic stratification.


The avermectins are a family of recently discovered antiparasitic agents (Burg et al., 1978; Miller et al., 1978; Egerton et al., 1978). The chemical structures of the eight natural components have been elucidated by Albers-Schonberg et al. (1978) and are shown in Figure 1. The Bia component can be described as (2a£, AE, 5'S, 65, 6'/?, 75, 8£,11/?, 13/?, 155, \7aR, 20/?, 20a/?, 20ft5)-6'-[(/?)-jec-Butyl]-7-[[2, 6-dideoxy-4-0-(2, 6-dideoxy-3-0-methyl-oc-L-a/-aZ>/«o-hexopyranosyl)-3-0-methyl-oc-L-araZ)/«o-hexopyranosyl]oxy]-5', 6, 6', 7, 10, 11, 14, 15, 17a, 20, 20a, 20b-dodecahydro-20, 20b-dihydroxy-5', 6, 8, 19-tetramethyl-spiro [ll,15-methano-2//, 13//, 17/f-furo [4, 3, 2-pq] (2, 6) benzodioxacyclooctadecin-13, 2'-[2//] pyran]-17-one. The present paper reports the efficacy of avermectins Bia and B2a in experimental infections of Ancylostoma caninum in dogs. The results indicate that avermectin B 2 a removes a substantial of adult A. caninum at a dosage of O.OO3-O.OO5 mg/kg. In a controlled study (without of faeces between and necropsy) we have found that dosages of 0.015 mg/kg, or more, were fully effective against adult A. caninum. The results also that B a more than Bia, fully at 0.005 mg/kg. This conclusion is by another trial which worms the faeces of that while and only one out of was passed in the faeces of four


Sensitivity analysis (SA) has long been recognized as part of best practices to assess if any particular model can be suitable to inform decisions, despite its uncertainties. SA is a commonly used approach for identifying important parameters that dominate model behavior. As such, SA address two elementary questions in the modeling exercise, namely, how sensitive is the model to changes in individual parameter values, and which parameters or associated processes have more influence on the results. In this paper we report on a local SA performed on a complex marine biogeochemical model that simulates oxygen, organic matter and nutrient cycles (N, P and Si) in the water column, and well as the dynamics of biological groups such as producers, consumers and decomposers. SA was performed using a "one at a time" parameter perturbation method, and a color-code matrix was developed for result visualization. The outcome of this study was the identification of key parameters influencing model performance, a particularly helpful insight for the subsequent calibration exercise. Also, the color-code matrix methodology proved to be effective for a clear identification of the parameters with most impact on selected variables of the model.


A general systematic method is given for developing constitutive laws for engineering materials derived from actual experimental data observed in a few standard tests is given here. The constitutive theory is formulated within the framework of finite linear viscoelasticity and includes the effect of any parameter such as temperature, humidity, radiation, and strain-rate. First, the effect of a given parameter is included by analyzing the material re; ponse when the parameter is held constant at several different valves over the range of interest. Then, two methods are presented for developing a representation for arbitrary time histories of the parameter using the constant parameter analysis. Several specific examples are developed and experimental verification is included.


Summary Ancylostomiasis in susceptible dogs is accompanied by the development of a microcytic, hypochromic (iron deficiency) anaemia. In the present study, an in vitro correlate of cell-mediated immunity (lymphocyte transformation following stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin) was used to monitor the development and maintenance of immune responsiveness during the course of A. caninum infection. The results showed that lymphocyte function (as assessed by phytohaemagglutinin reactivity) was significantly impaired during the later stages of infection and that this impairment was very closely correlated with the development of an iron-deficient anaemic state.


A numerical study of a plane model with an oval cut and cracks-cuts along the contour, made at different angles, was performed. The change in the stress-strain state with the successive appearance of cracks-cuts was considered.


We give an extension of Margulis' Super-Rigidity for higher rank lattices. In our approach the target group could be defined over any complete valued field. Our proof is based on the notion of Algebraic Representation of Ergodic Actions.


In this paper we give a classification of symplectic birational involutions of manifolds of $OG10$-type. We approach this classification with three techniques - via involutions of the Leech lattice, via involutions of cubic fourfolds and finally lattice enumeration via a modified Kneser's neighbour algorithm. In particular, the classification consists of three involutions with an explicit geometric realisation via cubic fourfolds, and three exceptional involutions which cannot be obtained by any known construction.


In the article the concept of "zyrianian text" is introduced as a text pertaining to rural culture. This text is being considered as a code which transforms existing messages into a new system of meanings. Representation of Komi culture's image in K. F. Zhakov's "zyrianian text" is formed in the intellectually-artistic context at the beginning of the 20th century.


OBJECTIVE To evaluate the neuroprotective effect of dexmedetomidine(DEX) on patients undergoing craniotomy and clipping of intracranial aneurysm. METHODS Sixty patients undergoing craniotomy and intracranial aneurysm clipping were randomized into 2 groups each containing 30 subjects. In dexmedetomidine group, before induction of anesthesia DEX was administered with a loading dose of 1 μg·kg followed by maintenance dose of 0.5 μg·kg·h, while the same dose of normal saline was administered in control group. Before anesthesia induction(T0), beginning of blocking the artery of intracranial aneurysm(T1), end of blocking the artery of intracranial aneurysm surgery(T2),end of surgery(T3), 24 h after end of surgery(T4) and 72 h after end of surgery(T5), venous blood samples from jugular bulb catheters were drawn, serum content of tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-10(IL-10), beta isoform of S100 protein in astrocytes(S-100 protein) and neuron-specific enolase(NSE) were determined by ELISA. RESULTS From T1 to T3, the serum concentrations of TNF-, IL-6, IL-10, S-100and NSE in 2 groups were significantly higher than those at T0(P<0.05); the serum content of TNF-, IL-6, S-100 and NSE were significantly lower in dexmedetomidine group than that in control group(P<0.05); the serum concentrations of IL-10 was significantly higher in dexmedetomidine group than that in control group(P<0.05). CONCLUSION DEX can reduce the expression of proinflammatory factors and nerve injury markers, and increase the expression of anti-inflammatory molecules. It has neuroprotective effect on patients undergoing craniotomy and clipping of intracranial aneurysm.


PT. Lion Metal Works is one of the manufacture company which produces office furnitures. PT. Lion Metal Works has problem in determining demand of products because they do not do the forecasting method. The aim of this research is to make an application program in order to help the company do the forecasting calculation easily by using artificial neural network as the forecasting technique to resolve shortage and over production problem. Data needed to do calculation by using ANN is demand data from January 2017 until December 2019. Verification forecasting is needed to check whether the forecasting function is already representing exiting data or not, for the example result of L-31K MAD 0,0025, MSE 0,001 SDE 0,0034, MPE 0,0014, and MAPE 0,0037. Result of validation between ± 4 and prove the calculation is valid. is After finish doing MATLAB calculation the output is normalization data and its need to do denormalization data to getting unit product data for each item.


Abstract After a prolonged effort over many years, the route for the formation of a direct carbon−carbon (C−C) bond during the methanol‐to‐hydrocarbon (MTH) process has very recently been unveiled. However, the relevance of the "direct mechanism"‐derived molecules (that is, methyl acetate) during MTH, and subsequent transformation routes to the conventional hydrocarbon pool (HCP) species, are yet to be established. This important piece of the MTH chemistry puzzle is not only essential from a fundamental perspective, but is also important to maximize catalytic performance. The MTH process was probed over a commercially relevant H‐SAPO‐34 catalyst, using a combination of advanced solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and operando UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy coupled to an on‐line mass spectrometer. Spectroscopic evidence is provided for the formation of (olefinic and aromatic) HCP species, which are indeed derived exclusively from the direct C−C bond‐containing acetyl group of methyl acetate. New mechanistic insights have been obtained from the MTH process, including the identification of hydrocarbon‐based co‐catalytic organic reaction centers.


Social networks play an essential role in learning environments as a key channel for knowledge sharing and students' support. In distributed learning communities, knowledge sharing does not occur as spontaneously as when a working group shares the same physical space; knowledge sharing depends even more on student informal connections. In this study we analyse two distributed learning communities' social networks in order to understand how characteristics of the social structure can enhance students' success and performance. We used a monitoring system for social network data gathering. Results from correlation analyses showed that students' social network characteristics are related to their performance


A new species is described and five new combinations are made in Kengyilia. The new taxa are Kengyilia eremopyroides and K batalinii var. villosissima. Kengyilia longiglumis and K nana are reduced to K. alatavica var. longiglumis and K. nana to K. batalinii var. nana, respectively. Roegneria carinata, Elytrigia kryloviana, and Elytrigia pulcherrima are transferred to Kengyilia as K carinata, K. kryloviana, and K pulcherrima, respectively. We first described Kengyilia Yen & J. L. Yang in 1990 (Yen & Yang, 1990) and soon afterward added a new species to it (Baum et al., 1991). Subsequently, we provided a synopsis and key to the 16 species of the genus known to us at the time (Yang et al., 1992). Cai and Cui (1995) have since added two more new species. This genus, now with approximately 20 species, is distributed primarily in west China, with some species found in countries west of China. We recently investigated the taxonomic relationships with and differences between its congeners Roegneria, Elymus, and Agropyron (Baum et al., 1995) and provided a key to identify these four genera. We are currently preparing a taxonomic monograph of Kengyilia. Toward this goal we are searching for type material in different herbaria. A recent visit to the Komarov Botanical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, during the summer of 1995, by Yen and Yang was carried out to study type material of Kengyilia. Morphological examinations of specimens, especially type material, led to the conclusion that a number of species in Kengyilia were hitherto misnamed and that other species needed to be incorporated within Kengyilia. The purpose of this paper is to document the new combinations and revisions in Kengyilia resulting from the examinations carried out during the recent visit to LE. MATERIAIS AND METHODS Morphological examinations were performed on herbarium materials, including type collections, from the following herbaria: JSBI, K, LE, NUBD, PE, SAUTI, TK. Characters on these specimens were evaluated for quantitative and qualitative measurements and compared to various pertinent protologues for taxonomic assessment. REsC I Ts--TAxONOMIC( TREATMENTS 1. Kengyilia alatavica (Drobov) J. L. Yang, Yen & Baum var. longiglumis (Keng & S. L. Chen) Yen, J. L. Yang & Baum, comb. nov. Basionym: Roegneria longiglumis Keng & S. L. Chen, Acta Nanking Univ. (Biol.) 1: 83. 1963. Kengyilia longiglumis (Keng & S. L. Chen) Yang, J. L., Yen & Baum, Hereditas 116: 27. 1992. TYPE: China. Gansu, on slopes, alt. 2500 m, July 6 1937, T P Wang No. 7080 (holotype, PE). Figure 1A. Distribution. China: Gansu, Xiahe; Xinjiang, Yecheng, Taxkorgan and between Wuqia and Turugar, on dry slopes and scree, alt. 2500-3340 m. This taxon was known hitherto as K. longiglumis, from the Chinese material that was examined. Our comparative studies proved that K. longiglumis is a taxonomic synonym of K alatavica. The Chinese material is here recognized as a separate variety; it differs from K alatavica var. alatavica by its hairy leaf sheaths and culms, and by the short rounded lodicules (Fig. 1A). The pointed lodicules of the typical variety are shown in Figure lB. 2. Kengyilia batalinii (Krassnov) J. L. Yang, Yen & Baum var. villosissima Roshevitz ex Yen, J. L. Yang & Baum, var. nov. TYPE: Turkestan. Pamir, near Karakuli Lake, July 5 1901 [collector & collection no. unretained] (holotype, LE). Figure 2. NovoN 8: 94-100. 1998. This content downloaded from 184.108.40.206 on Thu, 08 Sep 2016 04:19:38 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Volume 8, Number 1 1998 Yen et al. New Taxa in Kengyilia 95


"World Heritage for Building Peace" by the Fondazione Romualdo Del Bianco's "Life Beyond Tourism Movement" is the title of the 2019 Appeal that marks the conclusion of a research presented in the Krakow International Cultural Centre the 26 May 2006. By the Life Beyond Tourism Movement: World Heritage Sites takes on the responsibility of "Awareness Centers" to widespread a new sensitivity and a consequent new cultural and commercial offer with different ethic; World Heritage Sites' management not only protects and enhances the heritage, but favors the 'International Community' encouraging the world-wide exercise of intercultural dialogue between visitors in the same place, same time, same aptitude to listening, promoting a virtuosos synergy between the UNESCO Conventions 1972, 2003, 2005; World Heritage Sites could experiment the post-pandemic reverse of the hitherto prevalent degrade of the travel experience. This new cultural and commercial offer relies upon world scale 'knowledge initiatives', transforming the hasty tourist into a 'Temporary Resident' induced to a deep knowledge of the place, its wonders, culture, traditions, thus favoring friendship, mutual respect and peace.


For the beginners of vocal music and those with weak study basis,there often exist the problems of heavy glottal sound and too much nasal sound in their practice of singing sound production.The time of their crossing the threshold can be shortened through the practices of breathing correctly,starting voice correctly,the connection of the opening of resonance cavities and breath as well as strengthening the confrontation and balance of voice.Therefore,these students can grasp the scientific method of sound production and improve the quality of singing.


Alumina supported K-, Mo-, and K-Mo-based catalysts prepared from different precursors (ammonium heptamolybdate + KNO3, K2MoO4, K2MoS4) with the same loading were used to produce CH3SH by the simple syngas/H2S route. The simultaneous presence of Mo and K in the catalytic system allows the achievement of higher CO conversions and CH3SH selectivity and a decrease in CO2 selectivity. Through XPS analysis of sulfided catalysts, the presence of a new phase (named KxMoS2) with an unusual Mo 3d binding energy in which potassium cations are intercalated between the MoS2 layers is evidenced. The amount of this phase was well correlated with the catalytic performances of the corresponding catalysts in the reaction of methyl mercaptan production. Indeed, it was found that the higher the amount of KxMoS2 phase in the catalyst, the higher the CH3SH productivity. On the basis of these statements KxMoS2 is proposed as the active phase acting in the reaction of thiolation of syngas.


Variability in infiltration characteristics of soils creates need for selection of appropriate infiltration model. Recently, a novel infiltration model was proposed and reported to perform excellently in estimating infiltration rate of soils of Kurukshetra, India, however, this model need to be tested for its reliability at global level. In this regard, the present study analyses the reliability of the novel model based on infiltration database comprising of 16 data sets from different parts of the world to arrive at some generalized results on the reliability of novel model as compared to commonly used infiltration models. Comparative analysis reveals that out of the 16 data sets for 9 sites (57%). Horton model was found to be best model while novel model was found as best‐fit model in five cases (31%). Based on the present study and earlier investigations, it may be inferred that novel model could be a useful model to estimate infiltration rate in loams.


Huntington aggregation inhibitory activities and transglutaminase inhibitory activities of 2APB analogues were measured. 2-APB analogues regulated the Huntington aggregation. This fact provided an example that 2-APB analogues can regulate cellular process. Diphenyl (aminoacidonate N,O) boranes, which are effective regulator of Ca2+ release and cellular process, were effective regulators of Huntington aggregation. It was also found that many of 2-APB analogues have moderate transglutaminase inhibition activities 2-Aminoethyl di(4-trifluorophenyl) borinate is a good transglutaminase regurator.


The reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin with β-arylidennaphthylamines constitutes a convenient synthetic route to the hitherto unknown 2H-benzo[f][1]benzopyrano[4,3-b]quinolin-2-one, VI. The X-ray crystallography data conform with the present benzopyrano[4,3-b]quinolin-2-one ring system and disprove the benzopyrano[3,4-c]quinolin-2-one structure previously assigned for such reaction products.


This paper conducts a survey on Business English majors,aiming to analyze the current situation of higher vocational business English autonomous learning under CALL environment and makes some suggestions for cultivating learner autonomy.


The field distribution in a coaxial electrostatic wiggler corresponds to the special solution of a Laplace equation in a cylindrical coordinate system with a boundary value problem of sinusoidal ripples. This paper is devoted to the physical and mathematical treatment for an analytical solution of the field distribution in the coaxial electrostatic wiggler. The explicit expression of the solution indicates that the field distribution in the coaxial electrostatic wiggler varies according to a periodic function in the longitudinal direction, and is related to the first and second kinds of modified Bessel functions in the radial direction, respectively. Comparison shows excellent agreement between the analytical formula and the computer simulation technology (CST) results. The physical application of the considered system and its analytical solution are discussed.


It introduces the specific expression of the drain of asphalt pavement in our nation,discusses the characters and kinds of situation of asphalt pavement water damage,analyses the generation principles of water damage from internal cause and external cause and puts forward the preventing steps,in the end it represents the basic structure and drain principles of draining asphalt pavement,and points out that the draining pavement solved the seeper of the structure inner of pavement and avoided the infraction to pavement structure.


In this paper, cloud computing security is enhanced by the use of the intrusion detection framework and the neural network. In order to handle access to traffic in a large network and control data and applications in cloud computing, an impressive framework called the Layer Intrusion Detection Framework that can be used on different layers and classes of cloud computing can be used. You can identify the presence of normal traffic among cloud traffic. The artificial neural network data mining framework has also been used to increase accuracy and speed. Layer Intrusion Detection Framework can reduce the amount of traffic that has been analyzed and increase performance to better performance. So far, much research has been done to increase the accuracy of finding malicious traffic, which, given the limitations available, still has trouble finding these malicious traffic. In this research, we first tried to use real-time network traffic monitoring to use the network monitoring module to monitor traffic and then use the seventy extraction features of various traffic and neural networks to solve the problem and the classification was made. In this framework, in addition to the real-time monitoring of existing traffic using network monitoring software, seventeen features have been used, two of which have been used for the first time, which increase the security of cloud computing and prevent the intrusion of distractors.


To study the structure of genes encoding seed storage proteins of the wild variety of soybean (Glycine soja) in comparison with those of the cultivated (Glycine max),cDNA libraries from cotyledon poly(A)~+ RNA of both wild and cultivated soybeans were constructed.Six clones were isolated using the genomic clone λS312 which contains the coding sequence for the glycinin subunit precursor (A_5A_4B_3) as probe for molecular hybridization. Two clones pWS228 and pWS242 contain the full length of cDNA.Restriction mapping of the cloned cDNA and Southern hybridization of the cDNA with genomic DNA showed two expressed copies of glycinin Gy4 gene subfamily in wild soybean Glycine soja SHI. Alteration of DNA arrangement in group-Ⅱ glycinin gene subfamily during embryogenesis was also demonstrated.


The sound reinforcement system design of gymnasium consists of speech articulation, acoustic characteristic indexes design, and simulation model design. Taking the sound reinforcement system design of Nankai university gymnasium as an example, the relationshiop of the three elements are elaborated, and the importance of the speech articulation design is discussed.


Biped robots are inherently unstable because of their complex kinematics as well as dynamics. Despite types of research in developing biped locomotion, the performance of biped locomotion is still far from the expectations.This paper proposes a model-based framework to generate stable biped locomotion. The core of this framework is an abstract dynamics model which is composed of three masses to consider the dynamics of stance leg, torso and swing leg for minimizing the tracking problems. According to this dynamics model, we propose a modular walking reference trajectories planner which takes into account obstacles to plan all the references. Moreover, this dynamics model is used to formulate the controller as a Model Predictive Control (MPC) scheme which can consider some constraints in the states of the system, inputs, outputs and also mixed input-output.The performance and the robustness of the proposed framework are validated by performing several simulations using MATLAB. The simulation results show that the proposed framework is capable of generating the biped locomotion robustly.


- Digitalization has an impact on nearly every aspect of our lives from working to socializing, learning to playing. Digital technology is developing rapidly therefore in order to balance it the whole educational system is to be reformed. Through technology, teachers can also obtain real-time data and advice about how to help each of their students succeed, saving time and improving performance. The main reasons to digitize are to enhance access and improve preservation. Institutions can make information accessible that was previously only available to a select group of users by digitizing their collection,. Digitization can also help preserve materials making high-quality digital images available electronically and may reduce wear and tear on brittle and fragile documents. The objectives of the study was to find Awareness of Digitalization of Secondary School Teachers of Patna. Using Survey method 300 randomly selected secondary school teachers from Patna where taken. Self-constructed and validated tool on digital awareness of was used. Mean, S.D. and t-test were executed to analyze the data. The finding of the study revealed there is a significant difference between the mean scores of secondary school teachers in their digital awareness on the basis of gender and locality whereas there is no significance difference between the mean scores of secondary school teachers in their digital awareness on the basis of medium of instructions, type of institutions, professional qualifications, educational qualifications and years of experiences.


Social Work in Sweden is conducted in public and private management and is subject to polit-ical control. Within the public administration finance politician's administrations pursued a non-profit, working to implement policy ideas and visions in the work. All activities under political control works for different social function where different goals implement in order to further develop the business and adapt to the changes that taking place in society.The study's purpose was to find out how the unit managers in social services motivate their employees to fulfill the business goals coming from politicians. The study's empirical material gathered through interviews with four unit managers within social services in Halmstad. After that, empirical data has been interpreted through a hermeneutic approach to gain an under-standing of the material. The conclusions have been drawn from empirical work to theories through induction.The main factors that motivate employees in the goal orientation process from a manager's perspective are that the goals are clear so the employees understand the purpose of the targets. It is important that employees involved when the goals is planned. Partly by allowing them to participate and decide how the work will proceed and those employees are empowered and involved in the economy. The individual responsibility of each employee was also important, it means that the employee adopt task that they are knowledgeable in and that they feel com-fortable with. Salary, however, was not a critical factor to be motivated from manager´s per-spective. But instead it seems important that employees receive acknowledgment and praise from the manager when they performed a good and important work. To follow up the goals is also a motivating factor. Then, the group sees if they achieved the goals, because the employ-ee is motivated by success.


The use of Power Electronic circuits has helped to advance the technology of automotive alternators. The use of a Switched-Mode Rectifier (SMR) allows the alternator to run at a load-matched condition, optimizing power and efficiency over all operating speeds. However, the use of SMR's has largely been focused on designs for 42 V alternators. This thesis presents the design, build, and characterization of an SMR-based alternator that provides improved power and efficiency at the present automotive standard of 14 V. The SMR-based machine was built from commercial electronic devices and packaged such that it could be fully integrated into the alternator housing without impacting the physical structure or reliability. The SMR-based alternator was characterized in a laboratory environment (25°C ambient temperature) over the standard operating range of 1500 rpm (idle speed) to 6000 rpm (cruising speed). The alternator operated in a load-matched condition, achieving maximum power output up to 2400 rpm and achieved cruising speed output power of 2178 W at full field current of 4.3 A. Thesis supervisor: David J. Perreault Title: Professor of Electrical Engineering


: Honeycomb core panels are commonly used in industry as lightweight structures. However, because the bond between the face plate and the regular hexagonal core is weak, there are strength problems, such as heat and shear loads. In this study


This paper reports on the use of p-type polycrystalline silicon germanium (poly-Si1-xGex) thin films as a new masking material for the cryogenic deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) of silicon. We investigated the etching behavior of various poly-Si1-xGex:B (0<;x<; 1) thin films deposited at a wide temperature range (250°C to 600 °C). Etching selectivity for silicon, silicon oxide, and photoresist was determined at different etching temperatures, ICP and RF powers, and SF6 to O2 ratios. The study demonstrates that the etching selectivity of the SiGe mask for silicon depends strongly on three factors: Ge content; boron concentration; and etching temperature. Compared to conventional SiO2 and SiN masks, the proposed SiGe masking material exhibited several advantages, including high etching selectivity to silicon (>1:800). Furthermore, the SiGe mask was etched in SF6/O2 plasma at temperatures ≥ - 80°C and at rates exceeding 8 μm/min (i.e., more than 37 times faster than SiO2 or SiN masks). Because of the chemical and thermodynamic stability of the SiGe film as well as the electronic properties of the mask, it was possible to deposit the proposed film at CMOS backend compatible temperatures. The paper also confirms that the mask can easily be dry-removed after the process with high etching rate by controlling the ICP and RF power and the SF6 to O2 ratios, and without affecting the underlying silicon substrate. Using low ICP and RF power, elevated temperatures (i.e., > - 80°C), and an adjusted O2:SF6 ratio (i.e., ≈ 6%), we were able to etch away the SiGe mask without adversely affecting the final profile. Ultimately, we were able to develop deep silicontrenches with high aspect ratio etching straight profiles.


Today, helicopters still suffer from their environmental impact regarding external noise, fuel consumption and emissions, their low passenger comfort regarding cabin noise and vibrations and their limited performance regarding flight envelope, speed and range. One of the main sources of noise and vibrations is the main rotor, especially in fast forward and descent flight. Therefore, technologies for advanced rotor control are investigated. Individual blade control (IBC) systems allow to reduce vibration, noise and shaft power consumption. To control each rotor blade individually, on-blade actuation mechanisms based on active materials offer advantages in weight, power consumption and bandwidth compared to systems actuating the rotor blade root. The most advanced approaches so far are the direct twist concept and the trailing edge flap. The topic of this paper is a new concept for an IBC actuator, the Active Trailing Edge. The Active Trailing Edge concept realizes a morphing cross section for a helicopter rotor blade. The trailing edge of the airfoil is able to deflect upwards and downwards. Similar to the trailing edge flaps, the ATE aims to twist the blade aeroelastically using the servo effect, i.e. the change in aerodynamic pitching moment twists the rotor blade.


A 32-year-old-man presents for evaluation of right-sided chest pain. He has a history of a single gunshot wound (GSW) to his right chest 2 years prior. The bullet penetrated his right chest anteriorly and exited close to his spine posteriorly. A CT scan of the chest at that time showed a right upper lobe pulmonary laceration with several pneumatoceles, comminuted fractured ribs and massive haemothorax. He was successfully managed with placement of two chest tubes and …


In the year 1643, on the shores of the Baltic, an obscure author published a small book on the plants to be found growing near his home town. Nicolaus Oelhafen's treatise was tiny, but it discussed what its author felt was a significant problem, one which extended far beyond its immediate setting, the merchant town of Danzig (today's Gdańsk). Why, Oelhafen complained, were so many people in his day fascinated by "strange" natural objects, "brought from faraway regions at great expense," while they "trod underfoot" those to be found at home? Rebuking them for their "ingratitude," he bitterly remarked that "Meanwhile, those things which grow under our own sun, in our own soil . . . if they don't lie entirely neglected and in contempt, are at any rate held to be viler than seaweed"!1 In his book, Oelhafen attempted to reintroduce his readers to the richness and variety of their own easily accessible countryside by compiling a detailed inventory of hundreds of local plant species, together with notes on where they could be found. By thus documenting local nature, he hoped, he could help to remedy his compatriots' ignorance while reestablishing a sort of balance and harmony in the greater world. By taking this step, Oelhafen joined himself to a much larger enterprise. For across early modern Europe, many of his contemporaries – in such areas as Italy, France, England, the Netherlands, and the scattered territories of the Holy Roman Empire – were also beginning to contribute to "natural history," as they saw it, by documenting their own local natural worlds. Natural history, which comprised the study of rocks, plants, animals, and any other phenomena that might conceivably be described as "natural," was a pursuit with a venerable genealogy dating back to Greco-Roman antiquity.2


Solar energy is considered as one of the most important sources in today's world. It is more popular than the other conventional energy due to the increment in pollution and global warming and due ...


A huge revolution has occurred in Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies during the past decades. More vendors are involved, and have invested in this technology, which promises wholesale changes across a broad spectrum of business activities. Currently, RFID systems are usually available in low, high, ultra-high, and microwave frequencies with passive, semi-passive (or semi-active) and active transponders or tags. Tags might be either Chipless, or contain a microchip with read only, or read and write memory. The component controlling communication in a RFID system is called a reader or interrogator, which can be stationary or portable depending on the application. In order for the tags to transmit their data, the tags must be in the reader's field or interrogation zone, and receive the necessary energy (in form of radio waves) from the reader. Although promising, RFID is not without its challenges, which arise from both a technological and usage point of View (IT Pro, 2005).  A common concern with RFID is data security. Data Security is a key area in RFID usage, it determines wholly whether this technology will be adopted fully especially in this part of the world (Eastern and Central Africa) for business processes and automation. For this technology to be utilized fully and realized then the users of the system MUST be assured of their data's security.People who use devices that carry personal financial information, such as credit card or other ID numbers, do not want others to access their accounts. These are significant security vulnerabilities in RFID. Some researchers have proposed schemes that would require tags to authenticate readers, thus transmitting information only to authorized readers.This research paper addresses the security challenge in RFID by proposing RSA algorithm as a viable solution to encrypt data over transmission and also authenticate the reader and the tags. Keywords: RFID, Security, authenticate, Data Security.


Warren ripping and poisoning were used to control rabbits on the flood-out plain of a major creek system on Manunda Station, a sheep-grazing property near Yunta in semi-arid South Australia. Rabbit numbers were initially reduced by >99 per cent, as indicated by the number of active entrances remaining in rabbit warrens. After nearly 10 years without follow-up control work, ripped warrens had only two per cent of the pre-control number of active entrances. Poisoning effectively reduced rabbit numbers in the short-term, but had no long-term effect on the number of active entrances, either in ripped or unripped warrens. Perennial shrubs regenerated on and around ripped warrens. Warren ripping on this part of Manunda is a cost-effective management option.


Batteryless sensors avoid battery replacement at the cost of slowing down or stopping their operations when there is not sufficient energy to harvest in the environment. While this strategy can work for some applications, event-based applications still remain a challenge as events arrive sporadically and energy availability is uncertain. One solution is to only turn On a sensor right before an event is happening to both detect the event and save as much energy as possible. Therefore, the system has to correctly predict events while managing limited resource availability. In this demo, we present Ember, an energy management system based on deep reinforcement learning to duty cycle event-driven sensors in low-energy conditions. We show how our system learns environmental patterns over time and makes decisions to maximize the event detection rate for batteryless energy-harvesting sensor nodes subject to low energy availability. Furthermore, we show a novel self-supervised data collection algorithm that helps Ember in discovering new environmental patterns over time. For more details, we refer readers to the full paper of Ember [2].


Sir, Dr Piddock's leading article provides a useful summary of the various arguments and research on the complex subject of whether the use of antimicrobials in animal treatment can be linked to the undoubted, and worrying, rise of resistant organisms in human medicine. However, in attempting to put the available information into perspective, a number of unmentioned factors also need to be considered. The first must be scale of use: detailed statistics are currently being compiled, but anecdotal evidence based on the sales value of antimicrobials in the UK indicates that use in human medicine could be as much as 20 times the amount used in all aspects of animal treatment— veterinary therapy for pets and farm animals as well as animal husbandry. Furthermore, although attention is often focused on the use of certain specified antimicrobials as 'growth promoters', their UK sales amount to only 15% of the total use in all types of animal treatment. Unlike the human sector, there is no animal equivalent of the National Health Service and so medicines have to be paid for out of the owner's pocket—a natural limitation for unnecessary use—whether for pets or livestock. Secondly, as Dr Piddock rightly explains, since 1969 the Swann Committee guidelines have been followed in the UK, restricting the antimicrobials used in growth promotion to a small group not used in human medicine. Control of other classes of antimicrobials is equally stringent—all are available only on prescription, requiring the involvement of a veterinary surgeon, and most are for treatment of individual animals. I am in a position to write with confidence only on the UK situation—the Swann Committee's principles have not been widely adopted in other countries; furthermore, few countries have the tradition of strict control which, in the UK, dates back to the 1968 Medicines Act, applying equal stringency to the licensing of both human and animal medicines. It may be significant that many of the papers cited by Dr Piddock originate from abroad. Your readers can be assured that there is no complacency in the UK veterinary profession or the animal medicine industry. Bad practices, whether on farms or in the abattoir, are unacceptable. Regular monitoring of all medicine residues in food is not only carried out but, uniquely in Europe, the results are published. These results are most encouraging but a vigorous response occurs whenever a problem is discovered. Overseas use does clearly demonstrate that serious resistance in the human sector can occur even when animal use is absent; in Europe the use of avoparcin in animals has been blamed for the appearance of vancomycin resistance in human pathogens. Vancomycin resistance is particularly prevalent in the USA, where vancomycin is widely used in hospitals. However, avoparcin has never been used in animal treatment in the USA. Development of resistance is not the only point that needs to be considered if the full human picture is to be put into perspective; the use of antimicrobials on the farm is predominantly to treat disease in animals which ultimately provide human food. Without access to such products, the likelihood of our food coming from diseased animals would increase, with the prospect of widespread zoonotic infection of consumers. Of even greater significance when viewed on a world scale, we live on a planet where too many are short of food. Denial of antimicrobials to treat livestock would undoubtedly reduce human food supplies due to the impact of death and disease. Both zoonotic infection and food shortages offer genuine threats to human health. If the problem of antimicrobial resistance in human medicine is to be solved, then it can only be done by addressing the facts. There are concerns that, by focusing on use in animals, the greater probability of resistance arising as a result of high levels of medical use (possibly from poor practice in hospital wards and theatres), will be ignored.


The effect of septal lesions upon the AChE (EC 22.214.171.124) isoenzymic pattern in the hippocampus of the rat brain was studied 1–3 months after surgery by means of polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis.


T HERE has been considerable attention given the clinical and pathological features of the vascular anomalies and tumors of the brain without, however, considering the physiological changes in the cerebral and general circulation that accompany such lesions. Our attention was drawn to these changes by the fact that the finding of a tremendously increased cerebral blood flow in a patient, considered to be suffering from idiopathic epilepsy for 15 years, led to the establishing of the correct etiology of the patient's convulsive seizures. This patient was proven to have an arteriovenous vascular anomaly of the brain. Our physiologic studies were repeated in a second patient known to have a large arteriovenous angioma of the left cerebral hemisphere, and confirmed the findings of the first case.


work on nineteenth-century expressions of the belle Juive, acculturation's uneasy history becomes the context — and as is the case throughout, Waller's Herculean work in the archives is palpable. This does not entirely make up however, for a certain lack of concerted engagement with the work of other art historians, notwithstanding an acknowledgement of general methodological debts in a lucid Introduction. The allure of the biographical is admirably shunned: some of Waller's terms are contemporary, others are of her own careful fashioning, but all stem from a consideration of métier as the 'collective body of models,' from the July Monarchy to the Third Republic (the book does not end on the dot of 1870). Waller thereby finds that rare thing, a research topic in French nineteenth-century art previously left comparatively untouched by scholars, making her book an invaluable contribution to the field. It is too bad that Ashgate did not serve Waller better with illustrations: they are formatted in rather cumbersome groups.


— Various titanium analogs were treated with non-carcinogenic deposition agents, acetone, heptane, ethanol, as an alternative to the carcinogenic toluene. For use in biological implants, a non-carcinogenic solution such as these would be required by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The goal is to adhere chitosan to the titanium surface by various treatments involving a wash of the mentioned solvents. Surface scans were conducted to determine the activation of the compounds within each titanium surface using X-ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS) in an Ultra High Vacuum (UHV). Analyzing the binding efficiency of each compound in the acetone, heptane, ethanol, or toluene solution determined that the titanium was activated by the treatment. Some contamination between samples was recorded by trace silicon and nitrogen levels, and oxygen and carbon was activated to varying extents between the different samples. With this investigation, we will determine the best solution to safely and effectively adhere chitosan.


As the development of sensor, network, etc., more and more data are supplied in the form of streams. In most cases, it is essential to join multi-way streams in order to get potential information in real time. Unfortunately, as the volume of data increasing, the capability of single node model could not catch up with the application requirements. Executing the join process in a shared-nothing cluster is one of practical solutions. How to routing the streams to improve the throughput and guarantee the load balance in the cluster is an important problem. In this paper, we present a method named Time Segment policy to routing data streams in cluster. Our method can guarantee (1) the related tuples are routed to the same nodes; (2) load balance among all computing nodes under the promise of (1). The experiments show that our method can distribute streams effectively in the "master-worker architecture" cluster model.


Which quantum states can be reached by controlling open Markovian $n$-level quantum systems? Here, we address reachable sets of coherently controllable quantum systems with switchable coupling to a thermal bath of temperature $T$. The core problem reduces to a toy model of studying points in the standard simplex allowing for two types of controls: (i) permutations within the simplex, (ii) contractions by a dissipative semigroup. By illustration, we put the problem into context and show how toy-model solutions pertain to the reachable set of the original controlled Markovian quantum system. Beyond the case $T=0$ (amplitude damping) we present new results for $0


Although the airline industry has contributed to the globalization of the world economy, it is itself one of the least globalized sectors. This article identifies the governmental policies that have contributed to that outcome, and the economic and political forces that have gradually eroded regulatory barriers to competition and globalization in the last ten to fifteen years. Based on their airline industry policies in the mid-1990s, countries are classified as efficiency seekers (e.g., the United States), late reformers (e.g., Germany), and shelter providers (e.g., France), with the first embracing deregulation and globalization, the second adopting those policies somewhat slowly and reluctantly, and the third continuing to resist them in every possible way. Using Porter's "diamond" of international competitiveness, the article then explores the interaction of country characteristics and government policies to shape the competitiveness of U.S. and European airlines. The article concludes that, as a grou...


The term "entropy" is now widely used in social science, although its origin is in physical science. There are three main ways in which the term may be used. The first invokes the original meaning, referring to the unidirectionality of heat flow, from hot bodies to cold ones. The second meaning can be derived from the first via statistical mechanics; this meaning is concerned with measures of 'evenness' of 'similarity'. The third meaning derives from information theory. The three distinct meanings are carefully described and distinguished, and their relationships to each other are discussed. The various uses of the three concepts in the social sciences are then reviewed, including some uses which confuse the different meanings of the term. Finally, modern work in thermodynamics is examined, and its implications for economic analysis are briefly assessed.


The phrase 'the Australian Sheep-Goat Scale', or ASGS for short, refers to a questionnaire measure (or family of measures) of belief in various aspects of the paranormal, such as extrasensory perception (ESP), life after death, and psychokinesis (PK). The term 'sheep' is traditionally used for 'believer' in some aspect of psychic phenomena, while 'goat' is used for 'disbeliever'. Paranormal phenomena have in common the fact that they contradict C. D. Broad's (1978) Basic Limiting Principles about the existence and operation of mind in the mathematico-physical world, and are therefore in some sense anti-scientific. This paper describes the evolution of the ASGS from a 10-item instrument to an 18-item measure. Since the beginnings of the ASGS in 1976, versions of the scale have been administered frequently, and a summary is here provided of relevant empirical findings, both parapsychological and psychological. Finally, a new and improved 26-item version of the scale is offered, based upon, and named for, attitude towards the Basic Limiting Principles.


The effect of thatching ants ( Formica obscuripes ) on number of spiders found on sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ) was determined by comparing spider abundance on shrubs at different distances from ant mounds. Spider abundance was inversely related to proximity to mounds. Spider abundance on shrubs abound abandoned mounds revealed no effects of mound proximity. Two mounds in which ants were exterminated showed a declining effect of mound proximity 1 month after treatment. One year after treatment there was no effect.


Particulate air pollution has become increasingly serious in recent years,accurate monitoring particulate matter PM2. 5 is imminent. Currently,with abroad monitoring instrument used in the world,domestic real intellectual property products are relatively few and the precision and stability of the products also need to improve. In this article,PM2. 5 mass concentration on-line monitoring instrument was developed based on the beta ray method. The situ detection in the instrument structure was proposed and was conducting with the standard weighing method of compare experiment to verify the system. The results showed that the correlation of both measurement data was 0. 988. After data correction of compensation and alignment,conducting with monitoring station real-time monitoring data of the thermoinstrument,the average relative deviation of measurement data was only 1. 8%.


This paper examines the effect of a technical change on the pattern of North-South trade in the presence of increasing returns to scale in production. The model shows that if the North initially takes advantage of the economies of scale in advance of the South, the relative wage will be higher in the North, the North will specialize in goods with the highest economies of scale and the South in the remaining goods. A technical improvement in the South or a uniform technical improvement will make both countries better-off as long as the price of Southern goods falls. Likewise, a technical improvement in the North will lead to a welfare improvement in both countries without altering the pattern of comparative advantage.


Abstract : The purpose of this research paper is to determine what the Red Chinese strategy is toward the nations of Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand and to propose what it may be for the next 15 years. Research and study, of commonly available unclassified materials, indicate the reasons for Red China's hatred for the western nations and its dedicated effort to achieve power, especially to overshadow the West. For the most part, western influence in Asia and Southeast Asia was in retreat by the end of World War II. Nevertheless, western alliances with the one super power in the free-world camp have stymied Red China's aggressive desires on the areas close to her borders. These areas and internal affairs occupy the bulk of China's efforts. This study indicates that the Chinese Communists are indeed following a flexible policy and one that is now very similar to the ancient practice of 'resorting to peace and friendship when temporarily obliged to do so' while preparing to use war and defense when necessary. Red China's national strategy toward Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand is about as logical as that which any other nation might follow under similar circumstances. Only by likewise following a similar policy toward the United States could more rapid progress be made. This latter shift does not appear to be acceptable to the present leaders of Communist China.


The network economy is the emerging
economic order within the information society. The name stems from a key
attribute - products and services are created and value is added through social
networks operating on large or global scales. This is in sharp contrast to
industrial-era economies, in which ownership of physical or intellectual property
stems from its development by a single enterprise. Business models for
capturing ownership rights for value embedded in products and services created
by social networks are being explored.

 In the present book, fifteen typical
literatures about online finance published on international authoritative
journals were selected to introduce the worldwide newest progress, which
contains reviews or original researches on economic systems, information
economy, electronic business, intellectual property, information revolution, virtual
economy, etc. We hope this book can demonstrate advances in online finance as
well as give references to the researchers, students and other related people.


An improved catalyst activation process for olefinic naphtha hydrodesulfurization. This process maintains the sulfur removal activity of the catalyst while reducing the olefin saturation activity.


Introduction: Extracorporeal Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (ECPR) is a second line treatment in the management of cardiac arrest (CA). Prognosis is linked to the access time to this technique; 100...


BACKGROUND. LNCaP and its derivative cell lines, which include C4-2 (and the related C4-2B) and CL1, are used asmodels of prostate cancer. Unlike LNCaP, the other cell lines show features of progressed disease such as metastatic capability and hormone independence. Analyses were done to determine if C4-2 or CL1 cells were selected from pre-existent subpopulations in LNCaP. METHODS. Prostate cancer cells were characterized by cluster designation (CD) phenotyping. Specific cell populationswere sortedbyflowcytometry.DNAarrayanalysiswasused to probe differential gene expression. RESULTS. CD phenotyping showed that CL1 and C4-2 (and C4-2B) were very dissimilar, and C4-2 was more similar to LNCaP. One common difference between LNCaP and its derivatives was CD26, in which virtually all C4-2 or CL1 cells were CD26þ but only 10% of LNCaP cells were CD26þ. The CD26þ subpopulation of LNCaP was isolated and cultured in vitro. After culture, a high percentage of the cells (descended from the sorted cells) were CD26þ, in contrast to those sorted byCD13 orCD44. The culturedCD13 andCD44populations did not showahigh percentage of CD13þ andCD44þ cells, respectively. CD13 andCD44 aremarkers, in addition to CD26, for CL1 but not for C4-2. CONCLUSIONS. C4-2 arose probably from CD26þ LNCaP cells, while CL1 arose de novo. Prostate 60: 98–108, 2004. # 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


Abstract. One third of very weakly Rh‐immunized women show no increase in their level of Rh immunization during pregnancy and after delivery. Administration of 300 μg of Rh immune globulin at 6‐week intervals does not alter the incidence of lack of progression of Rh immunization in such women. Thirty‐three Rh‐positive women who ultimately delivered ABO‐compatible babies, had Kleihauer fetal transplacental hemorrhage (TPH) screening tests carried out at 2‐week intervals during pregnancy and shortly after delivery. One third of the 33 women had no detectable TPH (8) or a TPH of 0.01 ml of fetal red cells (3). We conclude that one third of weakly Rh‐immunized women failed to show any progression of their Rh immune response during pregnancy or after delivery because they were exposed to too few fetal red cells (0.01 ml or less) to produce such a response.


Objective Discussion on the relationship between blood type deviation and large use of blood. Methods Collected 243 clinical cases of large blood use, and statistical analysis was done on the use of blood and blood type. Results The difference of blood type composition of clinical cases of large blood use and blood donors has significant meaning (p0.05). Conclusion The difference of blood type composition of clinical cases of large blood use is possibly one of the reasons of blood type deviation.


Although mechanisms of mesocrystal formation have been studied by several research groups, they are still under debate; Why do nanocrystals aggregate with their crystal axes aligned? In the present Article, the electric dipole–dipole interaction model has been studied for collisions between two particles by numerical simulations to study the mechanism of oriented attachment of BaTiO3 nanocrystals under the experimental condition of their ultrasound-assisted synthesis. If 5 nm BaTiO3 nanocrystals have some spontaneous polarization, then only small particles aggregate with other particles and their crystal axes are aligned by the dipole–dipole interaction, which is consistent with the experimental results. It suggests that 5 nm BaTiO3 nanocrystals may have some spontaneous polarization, although it has been reported that below 10 nm the crystal structure of BaTiO3 is cubic.


Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultivated in a 4‐m3 pilot plant airlift tower loop reactor with a draft tube in batch and continuous operations and for comparison in a laboratory airlift tower loop reactor of 0.08 m3 volume. The reactors were characterized during and after the cultivation by measuring the distributions of the residence times of the gas phase with pseudostochastic tracer signals and mass spectrometer and by evaluating the mixing in the liquid phase with a pulse‐shaped volatile tracer signal and mass spectrometer as a detector. The mean residence times and the intensities of the axial mixing in the riser and downcomer, the circulation times of the gas phase, and the fraction of the recirculated gas phase were evaluated and compared.


Generally, both scholars and practitioners agree that satisfaction is a necessary condition for customer retention. However, this work focuses on the cases w...


We investigate time-dependent transport of Coulomb and spin-orbit interacting electrons through a finite-width quantum ring of realistic geometry under nonequilibrium conditions using a time-convolutionless non-Markovian master equation formalism. The ring is embedded in an electromagnetic cavity with a single mode of linearly or circularly polarized photon field. The electron-photon and Coulomb interactions are taken into full account using "exact" numerical diagonalization. A bias voltage is applied to external, semi-infinite leads along the x-axis, which are coupled to the quantum ring. The ring and leads are in a perpendicular magnetic field. The strength of the spin-orbit interaction and of the magnetic field penetrating the ring and leads are tunable. We find that the lead-system-lead current is strongly suppressed by the y-polarized photon field at magnetic field with two flux quanta due to a degeneracy of the manybody energy spectrum of the mostly occupied states. Furthermore, the current can be significantly enhanced by the y-polarized field at magnetic field with half integer flux quanta. The y-polarized photon field perturbs the periodicity of the persistent current with the magnetic field and suppresses also its magnitude. Charge current vortices at the contact areas to the leads influence the charge circulation in the ring. Moreover, a pronounced charge current dip associated with many-electron level crossings at the Aharonov-Casher (AC) phase ∆Φ = π is found, which can be disguised by linearly polarized light. Comparing our numerical two-dimensional (2D) model to the analytical results of a toy model of a one-dimensional (1D) ring of non-interacting electrons with spin-orbit coupling, qualitative agreement can be found for the spin polarization currents. Quantitatively, however, the spin polarization currents are weaker in the more realistic 2D ring, especially for weak spin-orbit interaction, but can be considerably enhanced with the aid of a linearly polarized electromagnetic field. Specific spin polarization current symmetries relating the Dresselhaus spin-orbit interaction case to the Rashba one are found to hold for the 2D ring, which is embedded in the photon cavity. The spin polarization and spin photocurrents of the quantum ring are largest for circularly polarized photon field and destructive AC phase interference. The charge current suppression dip due to the destructive AC phase becomes threefold under the circularly polarized photon field as the interaction of the electrons' angular momentum and spin angular momentum of light causes many-body level splitting leading to three level crossing locations instead of one. The circular charge current inside the ring, which is induced by the circularly polarized photon field, is found to be suppressed in a much wider range around the destructive AC phase than the lead-device-lead charge current. The charge current can be directed through one


Abstract An efficient palladium-catalyzed regioselective nitration of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles has been described with good functional group compatibility, using Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst and NaNO2 as the nitration source, leading to the synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles containing nitro groups in good to excellent yields.


Purpose – Although the relation between standardization/adaptation strategy and performance has been extensively examined in the international marketing literature, the findings concerning these factors are still inconclusive. The conflicting results might relate to the analysis approach adopted in prior research, which tends to focus on the direct effect of marketing strategies. By utilizing the contingency theory, the purpose of this paper is to uncover the moderation factors for the strategy‐structure‐performance paradigm in the export sector. Internal, external and product‐related factors are explored.Design/methodology/approach – This study focuses on four strategy and structure combinations: The global approach (standardization‐centralization); the glocal approach (standardization‐decentralization); the regcal approach (adaptation‐centralization); and the local approach (adaptation‐decentralization). The interactive effect of the four approaches and a set of contingent factors are examined based on ...


There is provided a spoken dialog system, in which an interactive operation is effectively carried out in a natural manner as to a speech containing words out of a set vocabulary. The spoken dialog system is arranged by comprising: an input storing unit for storing therein an input voice; a dictionary storing unit for classifying a key word to be recognized every item so as to define the classified key word; a dictionary selecting unit for selecting a key word from the dictionary storing unit to thereby output the selected key word as a recognized dictionary; a voice recognizing unit for recognizing the input voice with employment of the recognized dictionary selected from the dictionary selecting unit, and for outputting the extracted key word candidate in combination with the recognition section; a confirmed history storing unit for storing therein a key word candidate confirmed by a user as a determined key word; and a dialog managing unit for judging as to whether or not an input voice other than the determined key word is again recognized and for executing such operations that when the judgment result is the recognition to be once again performed, both an item and the determined key word are transferred as dictionary selection information to the dictionary selecting unit, and a section of an input voice other than the determined key word is updated as a re-recognition section. The updated confirmation section is also instructed to the voice recognizing unit.


Although aberrant integrin expression has been documented in many epithelial tumors, little is known about how integrins influence neoplastic progression. To examine this issue, transgenic mice in which the a2b1 or a3b1 integrin was expressed in the suprabasal epidermal layers via the involucrin promoter were subjected to skin carcinogenesis. Equal numbers of benign squamous papillomas were observed in transgenic and wild-type animals. However, the frequency of conversion of papillomas to malignant squamous cell carcinomas was much lower ina3b1 transgenic than in a2b1 transgenic and wild-type mice. No differences were observed in apoptosis or in the expression of endogenous integrins in transgenic and wild-type papillomas. However,a3b1 transgenic papillomas displayed a diminished proliferative capacity and were more highly differentiated as judged by BrdUrd incorporation and keratin 10 expression, respectively, than a2b1 transgenic and wild-type papillomas. Two proteins that associate with a3b1 and not a2b1 are extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer and CD81. Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer expression correlated inversely with the degree of differentiation in normal epidermis and in transgenic and wild-type papillomas. Up-regulation of CD81 was observed in 100% of wild-type and 88% ofa2b1 transgenic papillomas but in only 25% of a3b1 transgenic papillomas. CD81 was undetectable in untreated epidermis and strongly expressed in all transgenic and wild-type squamous cell carcinomas. Our results demonstrate that the a3b1 integrin can suppress malignant conversion, and that the mechanism may involve CD81.


In the Joint Urban 2003 atmospheric dispersion field experiment held in Oklahoma City, two coherent Doppler lidars, owned by the U.S Army Research Laboratory (ARL) and Arizona State University (ASU), were deployed to gain new insights into the boundary layer transport processes of contaminants in and around cities. This provided an opportunity to evaluate the accuracy of the four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) method originally designed for the single lidar data retrieval. The second lidar data provided the cross-beam velocities components which are not available in the previous single lidar retrieval. One objective of this work is to determine the fidelity of the data retrieved from the single Doppler lidar and assess model errors by use of the second lidar data. The other objective is to interpret the retrieved microscale flow structures by comparison with the satellite ground building data.


Many engineering departments use the capstone engineering design experience to introduce students to additional skills that will berequired of them in professional practice. Two skills that can help young engineers are the ability to work in interdisciplinary teamsand a good understanding of the business implications of their work. Young engineers entering an industry job are likely to beimmediately placed into a division or team that is comprised of people from a wide variety of educational backgrounds, includingother engineering disciplines and, depending on the industry, individuals with business, marketing, public relations, policy orscience backgrounds. While students often leave their undergraduate education with a firm grasp on the fundamentals ofengineering, they often have not been trained to consider the business aspects of their work. This paper describes the efforts andearly outcomes at Rice University to incorporate entrepreneurship concepts into our interdisciplinary capstone design program.


In emerging adulthood, being committed to and making progress on important personal goals constitutes a source of identity and wellbeing. Goal striving, however, does not always go without problems. Even though highly committed to a goal, individuals may experience recurring setbacks and, consequently, increasing doubts about the goal that might culminate in an action crisis, that is, an intrapsychic decisional conflict about whether to disengage from or to continue on their way. Action crises have been shown to lead to negative consequences on well-being and performance. Besides these negative consequences, however, an action crisis is hypothesized to have an adaptive side that is addressed in the present paper. Actively questioning the pursuit of a goal should allow for weighing up the focal goal against alternative and possibly more desirable goals. This open-minded re-evaluation, in the event of goal disengagement, is assumed to avoid the emergence of action crises in subsequently formed goals. As expected, in a longitudinal study over one and a half years with n 1⁄4 207 freshman students, the degree of experienced action crisis prior to goal disengagement predicted the desirability and decisional certainty of the subsequently formed alternative goal. Theoretical implications of the results for research on self-regulation and identity formation in emerging adulthood are discussed. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025415597550 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-112469 Accepted Version Originally published at: Brandstätter, Veronika; Herrmann, Marcel (2016). Goal disengagement in emerging adulthood: The adaptive potential of action crises. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40(2):117-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025415597550 Running head: GOAL DISENGAGEMENT AND ACTION CRISES Goal Disengagement and Action Crises Veronika Brandstätter* & Marcel Herrmann University of Zurich Chapter to appear in N. Baumann, T. Goschke, M. Kaz én, S. Koole, & M. Quirin (Eds.), Volition, motivation, and personality: A Festschrif t in honor of Julius Kuhl . Berlin, Germany: Springer.


Sunnyside homes, built by the City Housing Corporation, a limited dividend company, are the result of the social vision and business ability of Mr. Bing. Solid brick, single-family houses of six rooms can be bought for $8830 (ten per cent down and $66.78 per month). They are accessible to subway, elevated and bus lines. Private gardens, and community playgrounds and parks are provided. The corporation, which is in excellent financial condition, has brought good homes within range of New York City wage earnem.


The license plate image preprocessing is one component of the license plate recognition system.Using image processing tools-MATLAB,convert the obtained colorful image into a 256 grayscale image;then get rid of noise through median filtering method to improve image quality;and stretch gray-scale image to increase the image contrast;sharpen image by using Sobel operator to enhance the edge information of the image ;finally,use the overall threshold solution to turn the original image to binary image.


Objectives: It is too much easier and cheaper to combat obesity, than in the future to treat its complications. Methods: We used an online system for patient education based on the video lessons to convey the necessary information on good nutrition, necessary to do exercises and the need for exposure to the sun. Also we added individual online doctors management. Results: We examined data from a survey of 520 patients registered in the online system www.rightdiet.ru and 50 patients control group who were given the same recommendations on the appointment and 67 patients with online management. Surprisingly, persistent decrease in body weight by an average of 6.5 kg over six months was demonstrated in all patients of the main group, and 8.1 kg in management group. Regular physical activity were the main group of 260 minutes per week, in control group 80 minutes and 380 minutes in management group. We also found it out that blood pressure decreased by 6–10 mmHg. compared with patients in the control group. Conclusion: Very important how we can make delivery of the material. We live in a World of high technologies and lack of time. Often the patient has no opportunity to go to the doctor for an appointment, and during reception it is not always possible to discuss all aspects, and even if it was possible, some information is forgotten by patients. Everyday management group has better results because of increasing motivation and reminders. So, we would like to use online bots for everyday motivation and answer a simply questions to improve the quality and duration of life of more our patients.


Aiming at the request of EPS system for the robust stability and the dynamic characteristic, the dynamics model of an electric power steering system (EPS) is established , the outer ring mixed H2/H∞ control based on genetic algorithm decides the values of the target torque and solves the perturbation problem, the inner ring control with PID control algorithm will never compromise with current real-time control. Simulation results show that the application of mixed H2/H∞ in the outer ring for current decision can make the EPS system stable and realize the ideal control performance, can also obtain the low frequency information from the surface of the road and depress the high frequency interference.With the application of current tracking loop PID control, EPS system has good dynamic characteristics of the target current real-time tracking, so that electric power steering system has better stability and traking performence.


inable id-a projection of the bestiality white culture could not face in itself-or as a stand-in for the hostile "nature" that Americans thought they could overcome, it is hardly surprising that with the turmoils, re-evaluations, and rebellions of the sixties a different image of the Indian should have begun to emerge in American films. Recent Indian films make a point of advertising their sympathy for the Indian point of view. Generally "real" Indians play all minor Indian roles and occasionally even major speaking parts. At first sight, no effort seems too great to obtain an aura of authenticity in regard to speech, music, customs, and history. Usually white guilt is admitted through the device of at least one rabid saliva-at-the-mouth racist ready to command a massacre of a sleeping village. This beast is contrasted to the dignified Indian spokesman who is invariably peace-minded. Such an approach is an improvement over the grunts and howls of an earlier period but only at the lowest level: the new films tell us very little about the Native Americans and even less about ourselves and our own history.


This article examines the hysteresis hypothesis in the unemployment rates of Brazil and Chile using an LM unit root test with two endogenous breaks. The phenomenon is confirmed for both countries. However, the hysteresis hypothesis is able to account for only a small part of the unemployment evolution.


plotypes; BI, BII and A. Later much rarer haplotypes All, N and C were also reported2-4). Recently YOKOHAMA and MOGI7) and YOKOHAMA et al.8) reported hemoglobin types in Japanese native horses and noted three haplotypes, BI, BII and A. This paper describes the quantitative analysis of the hemoglobin types of native horses in the Ryukyu Islands (Miyako horses and Yonaguni horses) and of the Iriki group of Tokara horses. Materials and Methods


At the recent conference on 'Clinical Biochemistry Nearer the Patient', organised by Marks and Alberti in Guildford,' the discussion on ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) illustrated the division between instrument manufacturers and the profession in their approach to this technology. The major cause of this problem lies in the confusion which results from differences between direct and indirect methods of measuring ·sodium and potassium. History has largely determined that these ions are usually measured by indirect methods using flame photometry or ISEs on pre diluted specimens. With these techniques sample dilution ensures that results are expressed as substance concentration (mmoVI of solution). Recent improvements in ISE technology have made it possible to measure sodium, potassium and other ions by direct potentiometry in their undiluted natural matrix. With this technique the electrochemical activity of the ion species in plasma water, rather than its molar concentration in whole plasma, is sensed. Different instrument manufacturers have used various means to interpret activity sensed by the electrode in terms of ion concentration. Not surprisingly therefore, instruments from different manufacturers rarely give the same value for ion concentration in patients' samples. In consequence it is difficult for clinical chemists to avoid the feeling that results reported by direct ISEs have little sound scientific basis and that the 'true' value is being deliberately and expediently obscured by the manufacturer. There have been two reactions to this. A proportion of the profession has avoided the problem by continuing to use dilution methods exclusively. Others have appreciated the advantages of direct reading methods and in introducing them have been prepared to accept the difficulties of comparing the values they report with those of the dilution methods used alongside them. Neither response is entirely appropriate and, in order to develop the most satisfactory practical approach, it is necessary to understand the scientific basis on which direct ISE measurements depend.


Abstract Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in cattle is responsible for mucosal disease; an invariably fatal syndrome characterized by the recovery of two BVDV strains: cytopathic (cp) or noncytopathic (ncp). To understand the cellular responses to cp BVDV infection, we carried out differential display‐polymerase chain reaction (DD‐PCR) analysis of gene expression in infected cells. Altered expression of 14 genes involved in several functions was observed in cells infected with cp BVDV: (1) immune regulation, such as CD46, FKBP‐12, and osteopontin (OPN); (2) apoptosis‐related cysteine proteases like calpain; (3) signaling plasma membrane proteins such as integrin β1, and prion protein; and (4) unknown function genes. Northern blot analysis of the expression of these genes in ncp BVDV infected cells revealed that while the expression of some genes was affected as in cp BVDV infected cells, others show a clearly contrary change. We postulate that a cause–effect relationship may exist between the differential gene expression alterations that characterize cp and ncp BVDV infections and the unique diseases associated with each BVDV biotype.


Objective To investigate the purification process of the mixture extraction of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.and Cathamus tinctorius L.with macroreticular resin.Methods With the transfer rate of safflower yellow and total phenolic acid of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort.as marker,the optimal technology was obtained by comparing the different types of macroreticular resins.Results HPD-450 macroreticular resin showed excellent property.The technological parameters were as follows:the ratio of resin to material drug was 0.81∶1,and sample(0.4 g·ml-1) was absorbed in the resin with the absorption flow rate at 1 ml·min-1.Then sample was eluted with 6BV 30%ethanol,8 BV 50% ethanol through HPD-450 resin.Finally,50 % ethanol elution was collected and dried.Conclusion The purification method described in this paper is suitable for obtaining the better transfer rate,and it is also feasible.


In today's simulation manikins anatomical mechanics and aesthetics are ignored, resulting in an incorrect haptic experience for a medical trainee who needs to learn the lifesaving chest compression procedure. Within this paper we detail the process of producing a neonatal ribcage with realistic mechanical , aesthetic, and haptic properties using 3D printing. One rib model was printed using the ABS material in multiple thicknesses and print angles. These ribs were tested for mechanical properties using a force gauge (Figure 1). The results were organized and compared to literature. We conclude that the ABS material, with a 10% increase in thickness, and printed under a 0 to 10 degree angle replicates neonatal bone properties best, and provides a more realistic mechanical, aesthetic, and haptic representation to use in simulation manikins.


The 'grassy' taste in some South African and Central African black teas is not up to tea tasters' and buyers' standards. It has been shown by a number of researchers that this taste is associated with volatiles in the tea leaves. In this study it was shown that grassy taste found by tea tasters is also connected with residual chlorophyll in processed black tea.


The invention discloses a method for switching four-LINK LVDS video signals into MIPI video signals. The method comprises the steps of respectively receiving and demodulating video signals of each link of four-LINK LVDS video signals so as to generate parallel demodulation data of four links and an LVDS pixel clock; conducting video decoding on the parallel demodulation data of the four links to generate LVDS video source signals of the four links, and switching the LVDS pixel clock into an LVDS video source pixel clock, wherein the LVDS video source signals of each link comprise LVDS video source data and LVDS video source synchronous signals; using the LVDS video source pixel clock to sample and cache the LVDS video source signals of the four links at the same time, and switching the LVDS video source signals into RGB video signals; switching the RGB video signals into MIPI video signals. The method has the advantages of being simple in operation, high in detection efficiency, and low in cost.


The use of zinc and aqueous potassium hydroxide for the reductive epoxy ring opening of thebaine (1) and 6-demethoxythebaine (2) is described. The reaction affords exclusively β-dihydrothebaine (3) and 6-demethoxy-β-dihydrothebaine (4), respectively. The synthesis of desoxycodeine-A (9) has been improved and evidence for its configuration is discussed.


The cerebral cortex and the intralaminar thalamic nuclei are the major sources of excitatory glutamatergic afferents to the striatum, whereas the midbrain catecholaminergic neurones provide a dense intrastriatal plexus of dopamine‐containing terminals. Evidence from various sources suggests that there is a functional interaction between the glutamate‐ and dopamine‐containing terminals in the striatum. The aim of the present study was to determine the synaptic relationships between cortical or thalamic inputs and the dopaminergic afferents in the sensorimotor territory of the monkey striatum. To address this issue, anterograde tracing in combination with immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was carried out by light and electron microscopy.


Subclinical mastitis is a costly disease of the dairy industry and is presently diagnosed through
somatic cell counts. Current detection methods include automated machines at remote lab sites and subjective
cowside tests. An alternate method was developed to quantify somatic cells using a rapid assay and sensor
that were designed to be easily amenable to an on-line somatic cell sensor. The detection was based on
fluorescence from PicoGreen labeled DNA, which was extracted from cells by diluting milk 1:10 with a high pH
buffer and a nonionic detergent. The high pH buffer served to reduce milk opacity and eliminate DNases, and
the nonionic detergent served to lyse cells and release DNA into solution. A sensor was designed to measure
fluorescence based on the dye's peak excitation of 480 nm and peak emission of 520 nm.


Published data on the synthesis and structure of borates, and quantum-chemical calculations of the charge distribution in borate ions, have been used to systematise the formation of isolated-unit borates in solution in relation to the molar ratio OH/B(OH) 3 . A classification of borates has been proposed, which makes it possible to characterise the conditions for their formation and interconversion, including the dependence on concentration and on the cation


Abstract: The response of plasma melatonin in Adelie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) to constant dim light and to light/dark cycles was measured to determine the capacity of the pineal gland to secrete melatonin after exposure to continuous daylight for 2 months. Penguins were moved in mid‐summer from the natural photoperiod to either constant dim light (n = 10), to a 12L:12D light/dark cycle (n = 5), or to a 12L:12D light/dark cycle with a 30 min light pulse (50–155 lux) on the third (n = 4) or sixth (n = 5) "night." Blood samples were collected regularly through cannulae for up to 33 h. The birds in dim light were sampled after 2 days, with samples obtained over at least 24 h from 7 birds. Three of these birds had melatonin rhythms (peak levels 66.7–130.2 pg/ml) whereas the other 4 birds had constant low levels (<44 pg/ml). The phase of the rhythm was similar for all 3 birds. This is consistent with the pacemaker that regulates the circadian rhythm of melatonin secretion being entrained to a period of 24 h when the penguins were exposed to the natural photoperiod. Mean melatonin levels (42.7 ± 2.5 pg/ml) were elevated compared to those previously reported in penguins under natural daylight. All penguins held under a 12L:12D light/dark cycle had melatonin rhythms. The phase and form of these rhythms were similar to those reported for other birds, and they appeared to be circadian rhythms entrained by the light/dark cycle. Melatonin levels after a 30 min light pulse increased to peak levels at 0700 h that were 131.9 ± 10.1% (third night) and 130.2 ± 21.5% (sixth night) of those at 0030 h, as compared to 93.5 ± 15.9% for birds without a pulse. This difference was not statistically significant, but it is consistent with data from other species where a light pulse at a similar time during the "night" reduces melatonin levels after the pulse and delays the time of nocturnal peak levels. These results indicate that the capacity of the Adelie penguin pineal gland to secrete melatonin rhythmically is not lost after exposure to 2 months of continuous daylight. Also, melatonin secretion in the Adelie penguin may respond to relative changes in light intensity, even when the lowest light intensities are much greater than those considered experimentally to be bright light.


We study the max-min fair allocation problem in which a set of m indivisible items are to be distributed among n agents such that the minimum utility among all agents is maximized. In the restricted setting, the utility of each item j on agent i is either 0 or some non-negative weight w_j. For this setting, Asadpour et al. [TALG, 2012] showed that a certain configuration-LP can be used to estimate the optimal value within a factor of 4 + delta, for any delta > 0, which was recently extended by Annamalai et al. [SODA 2015] to give a polynomial-time 13-approximation algorithm for the problem. For hardness results, Bezakova and Dani [SIGecom Exch., 2005] showed that it is NP-hard to approximate the problem within any ratio smaller than 2.

In this paper we consider the (1, epsilon)-restricted max-min fair allocation problem, in which for some parameter epsilon in (0, 1), each item j is either heavy (w_j = 1) or light (w_j = epsilon). We show that the (1, epsilon)-restricted case is also NP-hard to approximate within any ratio smaller than 2. Hence, this simple special case is still algorithmically interesting.

Using the configuration-LP, we are able to estimate the optimal value of the problem within a factor of 3 + delta, for any delta > 0. Extending this idea, we also obtain a quasi-polynomial time (3 + 4 epsilon)-approximation algorithm and a polynomial time 9-approximation algorithm. Moreover, we show that as epsilon tends to 0, the approximation ratio of our polynomial-time algorithm approaches 3 + 2 sqrt{2} approx 5.83.