Renal impairments cause disturbances in the homeostatic mechanism, resulting in various abnormalities of metabolism. Many studies in this field have been accomplished particularly in abnormalities in the metabolism of electrolytes in association with clinical symptoms. There are also many works on the metabolism of serum electrolytes in acute nephritis'-'5). However, studies on electrolyte metabolism in acute nephritis in children were few. Although recently reports by Hanawa"), Yaginuma13), and YamadalGJ, appeared, almost none of them described precise observations associated with main clinical symptoms. As part of the studies conducted by this Department on acute nephritis in children, which spread epidemically in Japan in recent years, the serum electrolytes and the nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) level in the initial and recovery stage were studied, and also examinations on the relation with the urinary 17-Ketosteroid (1 7-KS) excretion and the renal clearance were performed.


Thermophysical properties of three kinds of beans (azuki, kintoki, tebo) were determined by transient heat flow method using a probe that approximates a line heat source at five different moisture contents (5, 10, 15, 20, 25% (w. b.)) and five temperatures (10, 20, 30, 40, 50•Ž), respectively. Using the relation on temperature rising versus elapsed time, four parameters were determined by applying a nonlinear least squares method to the approximate solution of the equation on the conduction of heat considering the finite diameter of the heating probe. The measured results of temperature rising versus elapsed time of beans agreed well with the calculated results. Based on the obtained values of four parameters, the nonlinear simultaneous equation formed by two expressions composing these parameters was solved, and the effective thermal conductivity and thermal dif fusivity of beans were determind. Using these obtained values and bulk density, the specific heat of beans were estimated. •k Keywords•l thermophysical properties, transient heat flow probe method, beans, effective thermal conductivity, effective thermal diffusivity, bulk density, specific heat


This paper is part of the ongoing evaluation of the reform in the Norwegian employment and welfare administration funded by the Norwegian Research Council. The paper is part of the sub-project in this evaluation named Welfare model, governance system and NAV (the Norwegian acronym for the employment and welfareadministration), headed by professor Tom Christensen. The paper has been presented at the ECPR Standing Group on regulatory Governance Biennial Conference on (Re)Regulation in the Wake of Neoliberalism. Consequences of Three Decades of Privatization and Market Liberalization, Utrecht, 5–6 June 2008.


Paspalum L. has approximately 330 species and a large geographical distribution, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of America. Due to the morphological variability among the species, different authors have proposed dividing the genus into subgenera, sections, or informal groups. A cladistic analysis of Paspalum was conducted using anatomical foliar and exomorphological characters to test its monophyly and its phylogenetic relationships among representative species. The degree of character homoplasy was analyzed in order to estimate the diagnostic value of anatomical characters among groups. For the cladistic analysis, 47 species of 27 groups established by Chase, with modification established by Cialdella et al. and Morrone et al., and 36 exomorphological and anatomical foliar characters were considered. The data matrix was analyzed with Nona and Pee-Wee, parsimony programs using equal weights and implied weighting. The present phylogenetic analysis confirms that Paspalum is a paraphyletic group and shows close relationships with Axonopus and Thrasya in Paniceae.


Open access is central to the Community College mission. For this reason, any restriction in online enrollments should not be undertaken lightly. This study uses institutional data gathered from a large, urban community college to examine a policy aimed at increasing student retention in online courses by restricting those eligible to enroll based on Grade Point Average (GPA) The data, counter to expectations, show that the policy did not significantly impact attrition rates. Further analysis reveals that a high GPA cut-off (3.0) is needed to significantly affect attrition rates; however, this would severely restrict those eligible to enroll. The data indicate that students in the middle GPA range (2.0–3.5) have the highest proportional difference in attrition between online and face-to-face courses. The results suggest that rather than focusing on GPA restrictions, community colleges may be better served by addressing research and interventions targeted toward other factors to increase student retention in online learning.


The reliability of a wireless data link depends strongly on the selection of an adequate channel coding scheme, taking into account several, often contradictory, factors. This paper concentrates on channel coding selection for a communication system designed for short-range UAVs operating in a harsh environment. The system is based on the MIMO-OFDM transmission technique and provides a reliable, high-throughput, two-way radio link which may be implemented in the SDR technology. However, in this paper we present initial results for the SISO system with AWGN channel only.


1 Luiz Antonio Vasques Hellmeister, Professor Assistente Doutor do Departamento de Artes e Representação Gráfica, DARG-FAAC-UNESP-Bauru, SP, Brasil, firstname.lastname@example.com 2 João Fernando Marar, Professor Adjunto do Departamento de Computação, DCo-FC-UNESP-Bauru, SP, Brasil, firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract ⎯ Wood is a renewable material and has unique characteristics that stem from its orthotropic properties. The objective of this study was to develop and implement an informational Selection of Materials and Manufacturing Processes appropriate to the activity of Product Design Woods. Composed of a Digital Information System, distributed, and an ordered collection of samples. The design of a product, carries with it the choice of material, and the choice of a manufacturing process. Information on materials and manufacturing processes are available with different content, media and interfaces. However, such information is not systematized so that they can be recovered, as the need for the designer, especially on wood. This set of methods is called the Selection of Materials and Manufacturing Processes. It is hoped through this study that the methodologies for SMPF are employed by product designers, architects and engineers in Brazil.


DEVELOPMENTS INFLUENCING THE PLANNING OF HONG KONG'S CHEK LAP KOK AIRPORT: AIRPORT CONSTRUCTION IN CHINA'S PEARL RIVER DELTA, NEW AIRCRAFT TYPES.


In today's society, genetic engineering is an increasingly important issue. Many genetically modified organisms (GMO's) and the products of other GMO's are currently used and consumed by humans, and research is continually conducted on ways to modify the genetic traits of organisms to better suit human lifestyles. This raises the question of whether altering an organism's genetic structure solely for anthropocentric purposes is ethical. The aim of this paper is to present the purposes and benefits of genetic engineering, and to compare them to the ethical arguments against it. Also, an informed opinion will be provided on whether genetic engineering should ethically have a place in society.


The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) and thyroxine (T4) on survival and growth of bovine preantral ovarian follicles (PAOF) cultured  in vitro . Ovarian fragments were collected in local abattoirs and immediately fixed for classical histology and transmission electron microscopy (non-cultured control). The other fragments were then cultured in situ for seven days in minimum essential medium alone (MEM+ - cultured control) or in the presence of 1,000 ng/mL rbST and 20 ng/mL T4, isolated or associated. After seven days, there was a reduction (P 0.01) of the medium used on the follicular diameter of the PAOF cultured for seven days. Ultrastructural analysis showed cell damage. In conclusion, the presence of rbST maintains the rate of morphologically normal follicles during the culture for seven days (observed by optical microscopy), but it does not exert beneficial effects on its ultrastructural integrity and oocyte and follicular growth.  Keywords:  bovine; hormones;  in vitro  culture; ovarian follicles.


This paper investigates the adaptive consensus tracking control problem for a class of high-order multi-agent systems in a strict feedback form under a directed topology condition. In contrast to the existing consensus tracking results, in this paper, unknown system parameters, unmeasurable states, communication delays and switching topologies of the multiagent systems are considered simultaneously. Given the fact that only the system output is available in the controller design, a group of state estimation filters is designed for each agent to observe its own and its neighbors' unmeasurable states. By incorporating adaptive backstepping technique with a novel Lyapunov-Krasovskii function, a distributed consensus tracking control scheme is then proposed under switching topology condition. It is shown that with the proposed control scheme, the boundedness of all the closed-loop signals can be guaranteed and the output of each agent can track the desired trajectory. Moreover, the tracking errors can be decreased by suitably adjusting design parameters. Finally, a numerical example is considered to validate the proposed control scheme.


We present results from a study of the seeing quality at the 4.2-m William Herschel telescope at La Palma. The median intrinsic seeing at the site is found to be excellent, and is comparable to that at the Paranal and Mauna Kea observatories. Contributions to the seeing from turbulence within the telescope dome are insignificant. Furthermore, the optical quality and tracking stability of the telescope are good, so that long-exposure image widths close to the limit imposed by the site seeing can be expected.


The design of teaching materials for second or foreign language teaching (hereafter SFLT) should be a particularly creative and insightful activity for applied linguists to engage in, yet a search through the ever-growing literature of Applied Linguistics reveals that relatively negligible attention has been given to the study of applications of linguistics to SFLT textbooks (Gomes de Matos 1976a). A look at the Proceedings (1971, 1974, 1976) of three Congresses of the International Association of Applied Linguistics (AILA) shows that in its Stuttgart, 1975 Congress, AILA features a section devoted to Language Materail Development, but the program of its 1978 Montreal meeting reveals that the former sectin was subsumed under the section Second Language Teaching and Learning. Greater recognition of the importance of textbooks in Applied Linguistics can be seen in the inclusion in AILA's 1981 Congress in Lund, Sweden of a section on Teaching Materials, Textbooks (note the explicit mention of the latter), and Pedagogical Grammars.


Across sensory systems, complex spatio-temporal patterns of neural activity arise following the onset (ON) and offset (OFF) of simple stimuli. While ON responses have been widely studied, the mechanisms generating OFF responses in cortical areas have so far not been fully elucidated. Recent studies have argued that OFF responses reflect strongly transient sensory coding at the population level, suggesting they may be generated by a collective, network mechanism. We examine here the hypothesis that OFF responses are single-cell signatures of network dynamics and propose a simple model that generates transient OFF responses through recurrent interactions. To test this hypothesis, we analyse the responses of large populations of neurons in auditory cortex recorded using two-photon calcium imaging in awake mice passively listening to auditory stimuli. Adopting a population approach, we find that the OFF responses evoked by individual stimuli define trajectories of activity that evolve in low-dimensional neural subspaces. A geometric analysis of the population OFF responses reveals that, across different stimuli, these neural subspaces lie on largely orthogonal dimensions that define low-dimensional transient coding channels. We show that a linear network model with recurrent interactions provides a simple mechanism for the generation of the strong OFF responses observed in auditory cortex, and accounts for the low-dimensionality of the transient channels and their global structure across stimuli. We finally compare the network model with a single-cell mechanism and show that the single-cell model, while explaining some prominent features of the data, does not account for the structure across stimuli captured by the network model.


Background and Objective:The Affordable Care Act enacted significant Medicare payment reductions to providers, yet long-term effects of such major reductions on patient outcomes remain uncertain. Using the 1997 Balanced Budget Act (BBA) as an experiment, we compare long-run trends in 30-day readmission across hospitals with different amount of payment cuts. Research Design, Subjects, and Measures:Using 100% Medicare claims between 1995 and 2011 and instrumental variable hospital fixed-effects regression models, we compared changes in 30-day readmission trends for 5 leading Medicare conditions between urban hospitals facing small, moderate, and large BBA payment reductions across 4 periods [1995–1997 (pre-BBA period), 1998–2000, 2001–2005, 2006–2001]. Patient sample includes Medicare patients who were admitted to general, acute, urban, short-stay hospitals in the United States 1995–2011. Sample size ranges from 1.4 million patients for acute myocardial infarction to 3 million for pneumonia. Results:We found that 30-day readmission trends diverged post-BBA (2001–2005) between hospitals facing small and large payment cuts, where large-cut hospitals experience slower improvement in readmission rates relative to small-cut hospitals. The gap between small-cut and large-cut hospitals readmission trend was 6% for acute myocardial infarction, 4% for congestive heart failure and pneumonia (all P<0.01) in the 2001–2005 period. The gaps between hospitals were eliminated by the 2006–2011 period as the effect of BBA naturally dissipated over time. Conclusions:Although payment-cut differences are associated with widening gaps in readmission rates across hospitals, the negative association appears to dissipate in the long run.


Bocachica is located on the Caribbean Sea, has an area of 18 hectares and is located at 5% in slightly undulating terrain. The main physical determinant is the coast that runs parallel to it, which gives this settlement the character of a coastal village. Bocachica is located to the south of the Island of Tierrabomba and is one of the 15 comuneras units of rural government (corregimientos) of the District of Cartagena The problems of spatial imbalance that characterizes Bocachica, generate social, economic, environmental and urban, because they lead to various problems of habitability due to deficit conditions and spatial physical segregation, thus affecting the quality of life of the inhabitants. Through the analysis of the functional physical structure, environmental, cultural, socioeconomic, and population data analysis, a characterization of Bocachica is generated, where we can observe all its potentials such as its environmental structure, the structuring of housing, and the cultural traditions, which are taken as the structuring axis of the proposal, in order to generate a network of urban-rural public space, which integrates and articulates the territory through a diversified public space (rural trails, pedestrian paths, spaces of permanence , piers, docks) improving the quality of life of the inhabitants and a network of training facilities for the different trades (gastronomy, navigation, fishing and crafts) of Bocachica, thus generating an urban, social and economic development within the sector.


BACKGROUND
The cost of socioeconomic inequality in health service use among Australian children with chronic health conditions is poorly understood.

OBJECTIVES
To quantify the cost of socioeconomic inequality in health service use among Australian children with chronic health conditions.

METHODS
Cohort study using a whole-of-population linked administrative data for all births in Queensland, Australia, between July 2015 and July 2018. Socioeconomic status was defined by an areas-based measure, grouping children into quintiles from most disadvantaged (Q1) to least disadvantaged (Q5) based on their postcode at birth. Study outcomes included health service utilisation (inpatient, emergency department, outpatient, general practitioner, specialist, pathology and diagnostic imaging services) and healthcare costs.

RESULTS
Of the 238,600 children included in the analysis, 10.4% had at least one chronic health condition. Children with chronic health conditions in Q1 had higher rates of inpatient (6.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.4, 6.7), emergency department (7.2, 95% CI 7.0, 7.5) and outpatient (20.3, 95% CI 19.4, 21.3) service use compared to children with chronic health conditions in Q5. They also had lower rates of general practitioner (37.5, 95% CI 36.7, 38.4), specialist (8.9, 95% CI 8.5, 9.3), pathology (10.7, 95% CI 10.2, 11.3), and diagnostic imaging (4.3, 95% CI 4.2,4.5) service use. Children with any chronic health condition in Q1 incurred lower median out-of-pocket fees than children in Q5 ($0 vs $741, respectively), lower median Medicare funding ($2710, vs $3408, respectively), and higher median public hospital funding ($31, 052 vs $23, 017, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
Children of most disadvantage are more likely to access public hospital provided services, which are accessible free of charge to patients. These children are less likely to access general practitioner, specialist, pathology and diagnostic imaging services; all of which are critical to the ongoing management of chronic health conditions, but often attract an out-of-pocket fee.


An increasing number of ultraviolet(UV)disinfection projects are used for drinking water in recent years.Consequently,the study of UV disinfection becomes popular.This paper discusses the new studies about the disinfection of drinking water with UV irradiation both at home and abroad,and presents several advantages and disadvantages about the UV disinfection of drinking water.Several questions about the UV disinfection need a forther more investigation,which are the recovery mechanism of the micro-bio and the ues of other disinfectors associated with UV disinfec- tion.


novating leaven within the church, placed there by those who have entered the broad fields enclosed by no walls but the widening horizons of knowledge, history, science and lifewhich all thinkers must cultivate together as fellow-helpers to the truth. In this second part of the book Dr. Smith gives Ull a clear and thrilling picture of the new thinkers and what they are accomplishing. It is intensely interesting reading, and will appeal to the reader all the more as the carefully reached conclusions of a finely-trained, broadly-informed and wellbalanced mind. But "Modernism" in the Roman Church is but one-half of the providential movement, as our author sees it. The other half is to be found in progressive Protestantism. Each throws light upon the other and helps to reveal the higher purpose of them both. The "Coming Catholicism", that he then considers, to which "Modernism" is to minister, is no perpetuation of Caesarism, of Papal Absolutism, but "a spirit of Catholicity, rising from the death of sectarianism; which, however, will not be made perfect until it shall appear in some embodiment, finer, indeed, and more free,so evidently fashioned of the spiritual elements, and so luminous with love, and yet so visible wherever disciples are met together, that in its presence the glory of Christ may be made manifest, even as he prayed". The future may bring something quite other than Dr. Smith dreams of, but this little book, we are sure, will be an aid, if not a guide-book, along the way. GEO. B. EAGER.


The paper presents a personal reflection on the Faculty Certificate Program (FCP) in Higher Education at the University of British Columbia and its impact on one of the program participants – a university instructor of large introductory physics courses. FCP provided the instructor with much needed support in her quest to redefine and revisit a large first year physics course via developing a scholarly approach to teaching, breaking the interdepartmental and inter-faculty barriers and eventually becoming a part of a larger Scholarship of Teaching and Learning community.


The aim of the project is to develop an pedagogical intervention to foster ethical competence in lectures and seminars of business schools.
Therefore the research paradigm of Design Research is being used.


RIBEIRO JUNIOR, Jose Raimundo Sousa. The hunger and the misery on food: notes for a critique of everyday life since the urban geography. 2008. 170f. Dissertation – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciencias Humanas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 2008. This research starts with the consideration of the importance of food and hunger to realize a critique of everyday life. Then it considers the contribution from Josue de Castro (a geographer known for his studies about the hunger) to this theme, in an attempt to point to the achievements as much as the limits of his work. In this way, it situates the importance to consider the paper of food on the social reproduction from capitalism through an explanation that considers the critique of political economy. More over, there is an attempt to put forward in a comprehension of the role from space (and from its production) to the understanding from the processes of deterioration of food which lead to the misery on food and to the hunger. First, it considers an argument based on the geographical scales, and then it realizes a study of the urban based on the work from Henri Lefebvre. The role from the field works is important too, in order to build a comprehension of hunger in the metropolis from Sao Paulo.


Hwaotang, a traditional Korean medicinal formulation, is a dried decoctum of a mixture of 7 herbal medicines, consisting of Angelica gigantis Radix, Rehmanniae radix, Paeoniae radix, Ciniamomi cortex, Cnidii rhizoma, Persicae semen and Carthami flos. We have investigated that Hwaotang water extract (HOT) has various effects on stimulus‐induced superoxide generation in human neutrophils. The effects of HOT on superoxide generation in human neutrophils were investigated. HOT significantly inhibited N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP)‐induced superoxide generation in a concentration‐dependent manner, but not that induced by arachidonic acid (AA). On the other hand, HOT enhanced superoxide generation induced by phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) in a concentration‐dependent manner. The superoxide generation induced by PMA with HOT was suppressed by staurosporine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, but was not suppressed by genistein, an inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase. Tyrosyl phosphorylation of a 58 kDa protein, which was increased by fMLP, was inhibited by HOT. HOT also inhibited the generation of a 47 kDa protein and platelet aggregation in human blood. The results suggest that protein tyrosine kinase participates in fMLP‐mediated superoxide generation by HOT‐treated human neutrophils. HOT inhibited neutrophil functions, including degranulation, superoxide generation, and leukotriene B4 production, without any effect on 5‐lipoxygenase activity. HOT reduced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 production in mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, whereas no influence on the activity of iNOS, COX‐2 or COX‐1 was observed. HOT significantly reduced mouse paw oedema induced by carrageenan. Western blot analysis showed that HOT reduced the expression of iNOS and COX‐2. The results indicate that HOT exerts anti‐inflammatory effects related to the inhibition of neutrophil functions and of NO and prostaglandin E2 production, which could be due to a decreased expression of iNOS and COX‐2.


Antifungal activity of essential oil cream of Alpinia galanga (L) Swartz (Oil/Water) against Candida albicans has been investigated. Using Ring Diffusion Method has enhanced bioassay and the activity has been expressed as growth inhibition against the microbial assay. Minimum Inhibition Concentration has been obtained in the cream that contains 8% of the essential oil. At the concentration of 15%, the essential oil produced unacceptable cream because of its lower viscosity. Analysis of Variant by Random Block Design showed that Potency Ratio of the cream and klotrimazol standard is 104.41%.


Abstract Tarsonemus waitei Banks, 1912, T. setifer Ewing, 1939, and T. pauperoseatus Suski, 1967, are shown to be conspecific (new synonymy). Tarsonemus bakeri Ewing, 1939, thought to be conspecific with T. setifer for the last 25 years, is shown to be specifically distinct. Both sexes of these species are redescribed and reillustrated, and character state variability expressed within populations of T. waitei is discussed. The waitei species group, previously called the pauperoseatus group, is redescribed for these and other species. A provisional key to the known member species of this group is given. This group is judged to be insufficiently distinct from some of the other species of Tarsonemus to warrant recognition as a subgenus.


ABSTRACT This study analyzes survey and focus group data from 54 homeless youth from a drop-in center and residential shelter in the Los Angeles area. Youth from the drop-in center reported higher levels of risk-taking behaviors as well as less access, lower quality of care, and overall more negative views regarding health care utilization than those from the residential shelter. Effective interventions targeting homeless youth must be sensitive to the fact that this vulnerable population is heterogeneous. No single approach will address the specific needs, circumstances, and perspectives of all subgroups in the target population, necessitating a multifaceted design.


SUMMARY Melanocytes, replenished throughout life by melanocyte stem cells (MSCs), play a critical role in pigmentation and melanoma. Here, we reveal a function for the metastasis-associated phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL3) in MSC regeneration. We show that PRL3 binds to the RNA helicase DDX21, thereby restricting productive transcription by RNAPII at master transcription factor (MITF)-regulated endolysosomal vesicle genes. In zebrafish, this mechanism controls premature melanoblast expansion and differentiation from MSCs. In melanoma patients, restricted transcription of this endolysosomal vesicle pathway is a hallmark of PRL3-high melanomas. Our work presents the conceptual advance that PRL3-mediated control of transcriptional elongation is a differentiation checkpoint mechanism for activated MSCs and has clinical rele-vance for the activity of PRL3 in regenerating tissue and cancer. used. The starting translation and orientation of the ligand and the torsion angles of all rotatable bonds were set to random. The Autogrid grid point spacing was set at 0.2 A ˚ . The Autodock parameter file specified 50 Lamarckian genetic algorithm runs, 7,625,700 energy evaluations and a population size of 300. The lowest energy conformation of the most populous cluster was predicted to bind with a Ki of 878 nM (± 2.5 kcal/mol).


1. There is a Community. A Community has active members with a lively interest in sharing their knowledge. Being a community means something special to the members, and the community has a certain priority. It is not just "what I do after six in the evening". Members are keen to meet each other because they benefit from the community. 2. There is a Domain. A CoP has a clear domain, a thematic orientation that is neither too narrow nor too large. This domain is relevant and meaningful to the members; they are interested in specific topics and expect to improve their own practice by sharing experience related to what they do. 3. There is a Practice. Each and every member has his/her own practice within the domain of the CoP, and members know about each others' practice. One's own practice serves as a kind of reality check when sharing experience, concepts and strategies. Reflecting on one's own practice against the background of other practices is one of the essentials of a CoP. 4. There is Motivation. A CoP exists only through the motivation of its members. This motivation is recognizable by their personal interest and the priority they assign to the CoP in their daily work. Adhering to a CoP often means developing a passion for it. 5. There is a Mandate. By means of a mandate, the management of the organisation shows its interest in and commitment to the CoP. It defines, on one hand, the thematic focus and the expected concrete results. On the other hand, the mandate provides an open space for selfcommitment to its members, in terms of time and financial resources. 6. There is a balance of formal and informal Structure. A CoP is a structure beyond organisational boxes and lines. Hierarchy is not an important element. Most CoPs crosslink organisational units and organisations.


In stochastic system analysis, transfer functions are retrieved from experimental data by cross correlation. A well‐known linear cross correlator is the Michelson interferometer used in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Due to the noise excitation, the transfer functions are inherently contaminated by systematic noise. It is shown, that in the limit of observation periods which are long compared to the maximum time shift in the cross correlation, the systematic noise decreases in proportion to the inverse square root of the data‐acquisition time. Experimental data from stochastic NMR spectroscopy illustrate that the resolution of the transfer function can be optimized independent of the observation period.


Corona inception voltage due to a water droplet on epoxy resin in an electrode gap is high under DC voltage compared to AC voltage. It is observed that, as the contact angle of the epoxy nanocomposite material becomes higher, the corona discharge inception voltage increases. The droplet movement is observed, using a high‐speed camera, on application of the voltage. It is seen that a droplet moves toward the ground electrode under an AC or a negative DC voltage, whereas it moves toward the high‐voltage electrode under a positive DC voltage. It is also observed that carbonization occurs near the ground electrode under AC and negative DC voltages, and near the high‐voltage electrode under a positive DC voltage. During the evaporation of the water droplet (during arcing) on the surface of the insulating material under AC and DC voltages, carbonization of material occurs and is high both in pure epoxy resin and in nanocomposites with 5 wt% epoxy clay. The magnitude of the arcing current is nearly the same irrespective of the percentage of clay in the epoxy nanocomposites. The magnitude of discharge current flow is high under negative DC voltage compared to positive DC/AC voltages. The rise time of injected current pulses, at the time of corona inception and during arcing, under AC/DC voltages, is a few nanoseconds. Ultrahigh‐frequency signals were emitted as a result of the corona discharge from the water droplet on epoxy nanocomposites and at the time of arcing between the droplets and the electrodes, both under AC and DC voltages, with its dominant frequency in the range 1–2 GHz. © 2013 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


We define a module M to be directly refinable if whenever M=A+B, there exists A__A and B__B such that M A @ B. Theorem. Let M be a quasi- projective module. Then M is directly refinable if and only if M has the finite


The resilient wheelset has been widely used in light rail transit abroad for its good performance in reducing noise,vibration and wheel/rail force,and improving ride comfort.The light rail model using resilient wheelset has been established by using the dynamic software SIMPACK to analysis the dynamic performance,and then compared with the model using rigid wheelset.The results indicate when the V type elastic rubber has a reasonable distribution between axial stiffness and vertical stiffness,the light rail transit using resilient wheelset can reduce wheel/rail force obviously.


3D Euler Deconvolution is a rapid boundary and depth estimation method for magnetic and gravity data, requiring a minimum of 'a priori' assumptions regarding the geological model (Reil et al., 1990). The technique ases total field data and its three orthogonal derivatives to solve Euler's homogeneity equation for the position of a magnetization or density contrast whose potential field is detected. This technique, in general, generates 3D solutions to the location of physical property contrasts and is now widely used for the quantitative interpretation of large data sets since it returns solutions for the whole area in one pass.


Many fatty acids in soy lysophospholipid (SLPL) prepared from soy phospholipid (SPL) using phospholipase A2 are unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid and oleic acid. The complexing ability of SLPL-99 (99% hydrolysis of SPL) with starch is practically similar to that of glycerol monostearate. The properties of wheat starch gels blended with SLPL-99 using a Brabender Viscograph were analyzed by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), a rheometer, a polarizing microscope and a scanning electron microscope. DSC supported that SLPL-99 could form a complex with wheat starch. The rheological properties of the wheat starch gels blended with SLPLs of 48%, 64% and 89% of hydrolysis of SPL were subjected to a compression test. The breaking strength and stress of the wheat starch gels decreased as the degree of hydrolysis of SPL increased. Both parameters of gels with SLPL showed less change during storage compared to those of wheat starch alone gel. In Brabender amylogram, the gelatinization temperature of wheat starch increased as the degree of hydrolysis of SPL increased. The small changes in the above rheological properties of the gels during storage (5°C) and the rise of gelatinization temperature of the starch also suggested a formation of the complex of wheat starch with SLPL. These results suggested that SLPL has an ability to improve the quality of foods made from wheat starch through a complex formation.


Present study deals with the inventorization of fi sh species in District Bhandara of Maharashtra India. The study area is well known as a district of lakes. About 30 lakes, ponds, reservoir and some river hab itats at rural and forests areas, are explored to collect the fish species and studied th eir habitat conditions. In previous literature about 38 species are reported in the stu dy area of which all are collected and reported in terms of low, moderate and optimum dist ribution according to their availability in the nearby markets. During study pe riod 23 more species are collected from the rural water bodies. Identification of spec ies is done by the literature of Day and Jairam. Mostly human interference in the lakes and rivers are mainly responsible for the less distribution of fishes, pollution load and intense hot climatic conditions affects the growth and distribution fishes. Polluti on load during the months of summer turns the fish species to develop certain adaptatio ns. The species having more adaptive capabilities showed more in quantities; ho wever some fish fauna is going on the way of scrub down from the study area. Careless management of some lakes and river and agricultural practices in lakes and river basins pollutes the water which cre ates hazards for eggs and fries to grow up in the adult fishes. Use of certain manures and insecticides in the lake water harms the fish fauna.


A comment on 'Reverse time migration with source wavefield reconstruction strategy' (Feng and Wang 2012 J. Geophys. Eng. 9 69) is made.


Introduction:Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy is widespread in many parts of the world, and there is an association between vitamin D level and adverse outcomes of pregnancy. Considering the importance of maternal health progress, this study was performed with aim to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in first trimester of pregnancy and evaluation of related factors affecting this vitamin. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 1581 pregnant women during their first prenatal visit in Masjed-Soleiman health centers in 2014. Maternal data was collected using a questionnaire. A blood sample was taken from each woman to measure serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D using ELISA method by Immunodiagnostic Systemdimided (IDS) kit. Was analyzed by SPSS software (version 18), and descriptive and analytical tests (Spearman, variance analysis, independent t). P<0.05 was consider significant. Results: Mean serum level of 25(OH)D was 13.05 ng/ml(SD± 6.36) and overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency estimated as 84. Mean serum level of was significantly associated with duration of sun exposure, use of sunscreens, type of Hejab and type of dwelling (P<0.0001). But, there was no correlation between mean level of vitamin D and maternal age (P=0.773), gestational age (P=0.174), parity (P=0.509), and occupation (P=0.786). Conclusion: Considering high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women in Masjed-Soleiman, it seems that screening and vitamin D supplementation be essential in this population.


Sequencing efforts to identify genetic variants and pathways underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD) have largely focused on late‐onset AD although early‐onset AD (EOAD), accounting for ∼10% of cases, is largely unexplained by known mutations, resulting in a lack of understanding of its molecular etiology.


For the development of application program on mobile device, standardized visual UI is very important to user in addition to functional implementation of service. The UI can give not only more convenient usage to consumer but also an positive impact on the marketing of manufacture or vendor. Generally, in order to make a good UI style, the development of application program should have consistency between most of developers and sometimes require the unique style. But it is difficult to satisfy the requirement by only oneself development of application program. In this paper, we suggests the design of graphic middleware, which helps to make consistent and unique UI style. It can be used for the design of all applications to be included in the mobile device.


Three representable spots, based on the data of 2000 in West Lake, are chosed by cluster analysis to study the relationships among the water quality factors, using factor analysis of statistical method. The results show that the water quality of West Lake is mainly influenced by temperature and nutrition. And because their locations and influenced extent of drawing water from QianTang River are different, each water area has it's own characteristic. It indicates that the project of drawing water has certain effect in improving the water quality of West Lake.


Through a detailed analysis of Carta IX of Jose Cadalso's Cartas marruecas, this article examines Cadalso's engagement with Enlightenment disputes over America and challenges previous readings of Carta IX as an unqualified apologetic defence of Hernan Cortes's conquest of Mexico. It is suggested that Carta IX may be read not only as a satire on the atavistic, partisan accounts of Spain's 'apologistas' during the eighteenth century but also as a critique of Spain's American conquest on moral and economic grounds. Moreover, by re-reading Carta IX in the context of the Cartas marruecas as a whole, it is demonstrated that despite the seemingly contradictory viewpoints expressed by the text's trio of narrators on America, the Cartas marruecas ultimately provide a more critical and nuanced perspective of Spanish American conquest than many critics have previously acknowledged.


We studied the role of ethylene and sugar (sucrose) supply in ovary growth of Dendrobium 'Pompadour'. Ethylene synthesis was inhibited using aminooxyacetic acid (AOA). Sucrose was supplied in a holding solution also containing two antimicrobial compounds (8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate and silver nitrate). Control flowers were left unpollinated. Ovary growth only occurred after pollination, and was completely suppressed by AOA treatment. AOA was not toxic in unpollinated control flowers. Sucrose (5%) with the holding solution had no effect on ovary growth. Preliminary experiments with pollinated Dendrobium Sonia Bom # 28 flowers also showed complete suppression of ovary growth by AOA, whilst ovary growth was stimulated following treatment with exogenous ethylene. Flower wilting was the main determinant of the length of vase life; from day 8 some flowers also started to fall. In unpollinated flowers, AOA delayed the time to wilting of 50% of the flowers, but did not affect the time to flower abscission. Sucrose increased vase life of unpollinated orchid flowers by delaying wilting and a suppressing flower abscission. In contrast, the sucrose solution did not affect the (much shorter) vase life of pollinated flowers. In contrast to unpollinated climacteric flowers, like carnation, where sugars reduce sensitivity to endogenously produced ethylene, such a decrease in sensitivity apparently does not occur in pollinated Dendrobium flowers.


1 MSc Student, Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 2 Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 3 Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran 4 Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Nasibeh Nursing & Midwifery Faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran * Corresponding author: Vida Shafipour, Assistant Professor, Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Nasibeh Nursing & Midwifery Faculty, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


Fluidized bed systems are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for production of core material and for film coating. Top spray coaters, evolving from the fluid bed dryers of nearly 40 years a...


City and myth: two vast subjects, which we will attempt to limit by attaching them to a certain city at a certain time: to Petersburg in the years leading up to the Russian Revolution. Although the limitation is necessary in order to achieve any sharpness of focus, it is equally necessary to consider briefly those two subjects through the ages, if only because myth, the half-remembered oral tradition which loses itself in the haze of distance, belongs by definition to the elder days, to our pre-literate childhood. The legend of the Bronze Horseman and the foreboding of catastrophe, the fear and the hope for Petersburg in the years before, consumed by Revolution and War, it ceased to be the capital of all the Russias and became Leningrad, are tales of yesterday, but they are rooted in history and pre-history, in the always ambiguous, ancient myths about &dquo;the city&dquo;. The first city was founded by Cain and there has been a curse attached to it since ancient times. As Abraham Cowley so succinctly put it: &dquo;God the first garden made, and the first city Cain.&dquo; Yet God put a mark upon the forehead of poor jealous Cain &dquo;that no man might touch him&dquo; and, in a sense, we have been building Cain's city


Total Knee Replacement (TKR) is the standard treatment for patients with severe knee osteoarthritis (OA). Significant improvement in pain and function are seen after TKR and approximately 80% of patients are very satisfied with the outcome. Functional status prior to TKR is a major predictor of outcome after the intervention. However, results from several previous trials testing the concept have been inconclusive after surgery. There was a significant increase in functional status in subjects undergone TKR. Exercise training shows significant improvement in the functional outcome of knee


AbstractThixotropic gels for filling into hard gelatin capsules at room temperature were formulated using Miglyol 829 and colloidal silicon dioxide. Initial studies on several vehicles were undertaken prior to selection of Miglyol 829 for detailed study. The rheological properties of the gels and drug/gel formulations have been investigated in detail and the results are discussed with reference to capsule filling, stability and drug release of a model drug propantheline bromide (PPBr).


With regard to upcoming regulations of common chemical blowing agents for epoxy foams, carbamates provide suitable alternatives. They act as blowing agents releasing CO2 and cure epoxy resins after...


Self-service diagnosis and treatment system is an expert system used to diagnose and treat common illnesses by ones elves.According to character of the system, we use a new way of reason based on forward and backward mixed reason control strategy of confidence.In the process of reasoning the confidence of illnesses can be obtained by means of the confidence of transmitting symptoms and diagnostic rules,and then diagnostic conclusions can be finally determined according to threshold value of confidence,realizing the numeric diagnosis of illnesses.


We have studied the pinning of magnetic domain walls on a simplified model of the cell structure of Sm(Co,Fe,Cu,Zr)/sub z/ precipitation hardened magnets. The pinning field strongly depends on the thickness of the intercellular phase if it is smaller than the domain wall width. Its maximum value has been verified with a one-dimensional analytical model. The cell structure plays an important role in the depinning process and it has been found that the pinning field depends linearly on the relative thickness of the intercellular phase. This behavior is universal for attractive and repulsive pinning.


Portions of rat mammary glands taken during lactation were subjected to homogenisation and to electron microscopy. Biochemical evidence after homogenisation indicated that the phosphoprotein content was highest in the cellular supernatant fraction. Electron microscopy revealed numerous spherical structures in the supernatant fraction and in milk. These spherical structures were similar in size to the protein droplets that are found in the cytoplasm of mammary epithelium during lactation and which have been shown to contain abundant phosphoprotein. This is further evidence for the hypothesis that the spherical protein particles contain casein. Casein is a phosphoprotein that forms about 80 per cent of the protein content of milk. It is synthesised by the mammary epithelium and during lactation can be detected intracellularly and within the lumena of the mammary acini. The exact localisation of sites of formation is important when studying the reactions of this protein. ') Present address: The University of Minnesota, The Hormel Institute, 801 16th Avenue N. E., Austin, Minnesota, USA. Downloaded from Bioscientifica.com at 11/03/2018 09:59:44PM via free access Compact particles inside the cytoplasmic vacuoles of lactating mammary epithelium have been confirmed to be "protein droplets" (Wellings Sc Philp 1964), but reports on histochemical, ultrastructural and biochemical studies of these protein droplets have so far been lacking. Young Sc Nelstrop (1969, 1970) have detected casein in rat mammary glands by immunofluorescence micro¬ scopy. During lactation fluorescence was found along the acinar border of the secretory epithelium and on the granular material within the acini. Since casein is a phosphoprotein, acid phosphatase can cause the phosphate to be released which in turn forms a precipitate of lead phosphate in the presence of lead. Recently, we have followed this reaction by electron microscopy to localise casein droplets in the secretory epithelium (Tan et al. 1971). In this report, we attempt to correlate biochemical, ultrastructural and histochemical findings concerning the cellular localisation of casein particles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Electron microscopy Mammary glands were removed from Sprague-Dawley rats during the 3rd-7th day of lactation. Portions of the tissue were fixed in 2.5 per cent glutaraldchyde in cacodylate buffer at 2-4°C and post fixed in 1 per cent osmium tetroxide buffered at pH 7.4 with veronal-acetate buffer. The tissue was dehydrated in increasing concen¬ trations of alcohol, and embedded in Araldite. Ultrathin sections were cut with a diamond knife on an LKB ultramicrotome and silver sections were stained for 6 min with lead citrate (Reynolds 1963). Aliquots of tissue homogenates (see below) and of milk were negatively stained on carbon-coated grids by a two per cent solution of sodium phosphotungstate at pH 7.2. Grids were viewed with a Siemen's Elmiskop 1 electron microscope at 80 kV and photographs were taken on Illord N50 plates.


We consider the open, non-preemptive online Dial-a-Ride problem on the real line, where transportation requests appear over time and need to be served by a single server. We give a lower bound of 2.0585 on the competitive ratio, which is the first bound that strictly separates online Dial-a-Ride on the line from online TSP on the line in terms of competitive analysis, and is the best currently known lower bound even for general metric spaces. On the other hand, we present an algorithm that improves the best known upper bound from 2.9377 to 2.6662. The analysis of our algorithm is tight.


This study presents a combined use of multi-sensor remote sensing and in-situ data for the analysis and interpretation of oceanic features observed at th e continental shelf and slope of the Campos Basin, southeastern Brazilian coast. Ocean color (SeaWiFS), thermal infrared (AVHRR), scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and SAR (RADARSAT-1) data were integrated in a GIS environment in order to associate the different SA R backscatter patterns to physical and biological forcing processes. The interpreted SAR features included processes such as oceanic fronts, meandering and eddies, upwelling plumes, wind variability, algae bloom and natural films. The correct interpretation of these features was only possible through the use of the multi-sensor synergetic approach complemented by timely field verification.


Primary small cell carcinoma of the bladder is rare. The incidence varies between 0.5-1% of all primary bladder tumors. Fifty percent of small cell carcinomas of the bladder are mixed with other tumors of the bladder. Identifying small cell carcinoma of the bladder has both therapeutic and prognostic implications. They are much more aggressive than transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder and are biologically similar to small cell carcinoma of the lung.


A contest for the best essay on the merits of Dutch composers who had emigrated to Italy in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries, issued by the Dutch Royal Institute in 1824, constituted the starting point for Dutch music historiography in the nineteenth century. The winning entries by Kieswetter and Fetis are characterized by both serious scholarly endeavour as well as a good antenna for the nationalist agenda behind the contest. The same can be said about the Dutch publications that followed in their wake, such as the 1841 biography of Lassus by the amateur music historian Florentius Kist. The persistence of nationalist interests in the development of Dutch music historiography in the nineteenth century also spilled over into the reception of the first performances of music from the alleged 'Netherlanders' schools. The sensational succes of the performances by the specialzed ensemble conducted by Dutch composer Daniel de Lange was in part due to pride of national achievement from the past, but mostly to the international acknowledgement that Dutch composers of the past had indeed made an important contribution to European music history.


POPOVA, Z., M. IVANOVA, L. PEREIRA , V. ALEXANDROV, M. KERCHEVA, K. DONEVA and D. MARTINS, 2015. Droughts and climate change in Bulgaria: assessing maize crop risk and irrigation requirements in relation to soil and climate region. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 21: 35–53 This study aims at assessing maize cropping risk due to observed trends for drought aggravation for the maize crop season which is associated with possible climate change trends relative to precipitation, temperature and reference evapotranspiration (ETo) at selected weather stations in Bulgaria. Water balance and relative yield computations were performed with the model WinISAREG after its calibration and validation for maize at various locations of Bulgaria and using long-term experimental data. Rainfed maize is associated with a great yield variability (29 91% was found. Results are less good for Sandanski and Sofia (73 < R 2 < 83%). Results indicate that when rainfed maize is grown on soils of large TAW, maize development is less affected by the water stress. Economical losses are produced when high peak season (July-Aug) SPI-2 is less than +0.2 in Sandanski, -0.50 in Plovdiv and -0.90 in Sofia. In North Bulgaria the respective SPI threshold ranges between -0.75 at Lom and -1.5 at Pleven. When irrigation is considered, a relationship was also found relating the net irrigation requirements (NIRs) with SPI-2 "July-Aug". Consequently, the corresponding economic thresholds relative to the yield losses were computed for all locations this allowed to estimate the NIR thresholds that may lead to favourable cropping returns. The derived reliable relationships and related SPI-2 thresholds relative to "July-Aug", under which soil moisture deficits lead to severe impact of drought on rainfed maize yield for the studied climate regions and soil groups were used for mapping the risk of rainfed maize yield decreases as a function of drought intensity, which combined with maps relative to NIR to overcome drought effects on maize production.


Although Christopher Aldous and Akihito Suzuki offer a critique of the dominant narrative of public health reforms in Japan as a success story, they are not on a mission to downplay the significance of the occupation's policies concerning public health. On the contrary, they highlight the importance of public health for the very success of the occupation. However, the authors aim to demonstrate that the advances made were mostly in step with Japanese expectations and did not represent a significant departure from Japan's historical trajectory as established since the late nineteenth century.


In this review we discuss approaches to numerical modelling of decoherence by a spin bath. We consider several popular simulation methods, briefly discussing their implementation, and analyse their advantages and drawbacks. Furthermore, we consider application of these methods to several different physical systems, demonstrating how the numerical simulations can help in understanding the details of the decoherence process in quantum spin systems. The discussion of possible interesting directions for further research concludes the review.


With the methods of documentary review,experts interview,film-shooting,sports biomechanics analysis and mathematical statistics,the index of shift rate of horizontal speed is used to perfect the traditional index of transformation rate of horizontal speed and the ascent angle index of the center of gravity is put forward in the course of take-off.At the same time the definition and application of two new indexes are researched in order to accurately analyze and assess Chinese long jump techniques,direct athletes to improve their take-off techniques,perfect training plans,improve the athletes′ performance,and provide references for the technique development of Chinese long jump and the data enrichment of long jump.


The COVID19 pandemic has greatly impacted individuals at all levels of higher education, leading to calls for universities to prepare for the longterm impacts of the pandemic on student, faculty, and staff wellbeing (Knight et al., 2021). While the majority of COVID19 research relating to higher education has been devoted to understanding its impact on student and institutional outcomes, little attention has been paid to how the pandemic has impacted faculty wellbeing and how this may trickle down to impact student learning and university climate. We are a group of nursing faculty from a public university, who have witnessed the traumatic impact that the pandemic has had on our department and others across the nation. We recognize that to provide the highest quality experience for nursing students in the uncertain aftermath of the pandemic, we need to address the harm we have experienced in our faculty and staff roles, rebuild community, and think of creative solutions to develop and model a culture of healing. The purpose of this editorial is to share observations and perspectives on the experiences of nursing faculty during the pandemic, and to propose potential efforts to support healing and continued educational excellence moving forward. Our proposals are guided by a combination of evidence, clinical expertise, and personal experiences across higher education.


Objective
To investigate the efficacy of drug-coated balloon in treatment of femoropopliteal artery occlusive disease.

Methods
The clinical data of 49 patients with femoropopliteal artery occlusive disease from Feb 2016 to Oct 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. 25 cases underwent drug -coated balloon treatment (DCB group), and 24 cases received plain balloon angioplasty (POBA group).

Results
The procedures were successful in all cases. There were no amputation or death occurred.In DCB group compared to POBA group, the patency rate at postoperative 3 months were not significantly different (96.0% vs. 87.5%, P>0.05), while it was significantly different at postoperative 6 and 12 months (88.0% vs. 66.7%; 80.0% vs. 50.0%, both P 0.05). At 6 months and 12 months after operation, MLD of DCB group was higher than POBA group (P<0.05). At 12 months after surgery, LLL in DCB group was significantly lower than the POBA group (P<0.05).

Conclusion
DCB is the effective method to treat femoropopliteal artery occlusive disease, which has better short and mid-term efficacy than POBA.

Key words:
Arterial occlusive diseases; Angioplasty, balloon; Femoropopliteal artery


The Navy is the leading developer and user of undersea technology within the Federal government. This development is accomplished by a world wide network of laboratories and operational commands supported by contract efforts with civilian industry and academia. Generally speaking, both Department of Defense and the commercial world attempt to maintain a three year competitive edge in hardware develop ment. Accordingly, the successful developments which the Navy funds, regardless of the developing activity, are normally available for commercial exploitation within a relatively short space of time. As a matter of fact, about 80 per cent of the data and technology that we produce is unclassified and is available almost immediately to the potential user who has the knowledge and initiative to seek it out. However, the processes by which the fruits of these Navy efforts are transferred to the civilian sector are at least as complicated as the technologies being trans


Organizational structures (e. g., separate accounting, heterogeneous infrastructure, or different development processes) can restrict systematic reuse among projects within companies. As a consequence, code is often copied between projects which increases maintenance costs and can cause failures due to inconsistent bug fixing. Assessing cross-project clones helps to uncover organizational obstacles for code reuse and to leverage other ways of systematic reuse. Furthermore, knowing how strongly clones are entangled with the surrounding code helps to decide if and how to extract them to commonly used libraries. We propose to combine cross-project clone detection and dependency analyses to detect (1) what is cloned between projects, (2) how far the cloned code is entangled with the surrounding system and (3) what are candidates for extraction into common libraries.


The tipping point in the history of judicial appointments in India was the judgment of the Supreme Court in Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala ((1973) 4 SCC 225). In this essay that spans the tumultuous period between this judgment and the end of the Emergency (in 1977) when Indira Gandhi was prime minister, the author demonstrates how judicial appointments became a proxy for a larger battle for control of the Constitution. Arguing that the independence of the judiciary was imperilled beyond redemption, the author carefully traces the pattern of executive interference up to and after the proclamation of Emergency. This essay argues that the severe blow dealt to judicial independence in this period, in a way, determined the course of how the process for judicial appointments was shaped in future decades.


Structures in integrated devices are constantly subjected to residual or thermal stresses during operation. Understanding the relaxation behavior of thin films is therefore critical for improving their reliability. Recently it was shown that Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction (TKD) in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) enables the determination of local crystal orientations with high spatial resolution using standard Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) instrumentation [1, 2]. Giving access to quantitative information on mechanisms like grain growth, grain rotation and strain gradient evolution, time resolved TKD stands out as a promising technique for the characterization of microstructural changes upon relaxation of thin films. We have implemented a MEMS based tensile device [3] into a custom setup specifically designed for in situ TKD imaging inside the SEM. A scanning TEM detector is used complementarily to access shorter time scales. In this context, a novel technique for the preparation and mounting of freestanding thin film tensile samples is presented, which relies on focused ion beam (FIB) milling and selective, electron-beam-assisted etching of silicon membranes. First stress relaxation results of tests on fcc metallic thin films are shown to demonstrate the capabilities of time resolved TKD.


Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is used to improve spectral efficiency and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) is used to improve spatial diversity in today wireless communications systems. Therefore, for proper detection of all data symbols channel prediction techniques play great role to system performance. This paper provides a review of channel prediction techniques for MIMO-OFDM systems.


The utility model discloses an RS486 computer signal data cable, which comprises a plurality of cable inner cores, and is characterized in that the plurality of cable inner cores are symmetrically arranged; each cable inner core comprises one or more than one conductor core group; and each conductor core group is respectively formed by a plurality of conductors in a hinged manner; an insulation layer is respectively coated outside each conductor core group; a shielding layer, an outer shielding layer and a protective sleeve are coated outside the cable inner core in sequence. The utility model has the characteristics of stable signal, fire resistance, fast transmission speed, long transmission distance, clear image, accurate data and so on.


The quality function deployment(QFD) method is applied to the evaluation of process quality. Through building quality house model of process quality evaluation, the influence factors of process quality and weight are found out. Fuzzy TOPSIS method is applied to the process quality improvement and to determine the degree of need for improved of process. he required improvement factor and the comprehensive level of process quality is determined in a quantitative method, so as to provide a clear direction for improving the process quality.


Abstract We report on the recent progress on the preparation and characterization of functional endohedral metallofullerene films. In particular, the wet assembly methods including electrochemical deposition and solution casting have been used for film preparation. Preliminary results on the redox properties and sensor applications of these metallofullerence films are described.


The design of file systems is strongly influenced by measuring the use of existing file systems, such file size distribution and patterns of access. We believe that a similar characterization of video stored on the Internet will help network engineers, codec designers, and other multimedia researchers. We therefore executed an experiment to measure how video data is used on the Web today. In this experiment, we downloaded and analyzed over 57,000 AVI, QuickTime and MPEG files stored on the Web -- approximately 100 gigabytes of data. Among our more interesting discoveries, we found that the most common video technology in use today is QuickTime, and that the image resolution and frame rate of video files that include audio are much more uniform than video-only files. The majority of all audio/video files have dimensions of CIF or QCIF (or very similar) at 10, 12, 15, or 30 fps, whereas the dimensions and frame rates of video-only files are more uniformly distributed. We also experimentally verified the conjecture that current Internet bandwidth is at least an order of magnitude too slow to support streaming playback of video. We present these results and other statistical information characterizing video on the web in this paper.


The pattern changes of SDS-PAGE protein in sugarcane roots subjected to water stress condition were studied.The sugarcane cultivar ROC22 was used as the plant material and treated with nutrient solution containing 100 g/L polyethylene glycol 6000(PEG 6000) for simulating drought stress.The proteins were isolated from different samples by SDS-PAGE.The results revealed that a new 44.5 ku protein band was appeared stably during 24 h PEG stress,which may be the main regulatory protein responding to water stress.The relative content of 57.1 ku and 29.0 ku protein bands changed actively during 24 h PEG stress,the former increased and the latter decreased markedly at the early PEG stress stage.The relative contents of the 62.7,48.2 and 40.4 ku proteins remained unchanged for a long time at the late PEG stress stage.The most active changes of the protein bands were found at 14 h PEG stress,and a new protein band of 44.5 ku appeared,the 25.5 and 18.9 ku protein bands disappeared while the 81.8,48.2,38.0 and 29.0 ku protein bands declined markedly in roots at the same time.The proteins might play an important role in gene expression and regulation in roots of sugarcane,and its changes could be correlated with the PEG stress.


Sun-dried cassava tuber meal, brewers' dried grains and palm oil were weighed out and mixed at the ratio of 6:3:1 to produce an energy product similar to yellow maize meal and referred to as CBP-mix. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of completely replacing maize with CBP-mix in the diet of laying hens. The control diet (diet 1) contained yellow maize as the major source of energy, while in diet 2, CBP-mix was used to completely replace the maize as the major source of energy. Each diet was fed to a group of 40 laying hens for 12 weeks. Each group was sub-divided into 4 replicates of 10 birds each and each replicate housed in a 1.5 x 2 m compartment. The layers on the CBP-mix diet performed significantly (p 0.05). Egg yolks of both treatments had scores of 6 and 5, respectively on Roche egg yolk color chart. The weights of the internal organs (liver, heart, gizzard, kidney) were not affected by the treatments (p>0.05), but the birds on CBP-mix diet developed significantly (p 0.05).


Design and Fabrication of the Waste Package for the Yucca Mountain Waste Package represents a formidable challenge of the total knowledge that exists today concerning the properties of a wide variety of materials systems. During the past few years considerable successes have been achieved by employing the techniques of the new ''Computational Thermodynamics'' CT[1 ] to address some of the most critical problems of phase stability with substantial success. In particular, phase stability in Alloy C22 which is a complex 10 component alloy in order to define the temperature dependence of the solidification, welding, heat treatment and transformation kinetics of the condensed liquid, fcc. Sigma, P-Phase and Ni{sub 2}Cr phases are very well described when the modern CT software and databases are applied. The present report provides a description of current progress in the application of this technique to define and detail the corrosion behavior of C-22 by using the Thermo-Calc software and data bases to apply the classic methods devised in the last century by Marcell Pourbaix[2] to C-22 in Simulated J-13 well waters (SAW) simulated acidic waters, SCW, simulated concentrated water and (BSW).The advantages of such a development is that it could provide substantial insight into methods formore » predicting corrosion behavior in critical components of the Waste Package that will have to function predictably for many tens of thousands of years.« less


When grown in the presence of bile acids, two strains of Clostridium limosum were found to contain significant amounts of NADP-dependent 7a/7/3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and NAD-dependent 7a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase which were active against conjugated and unconjugated bile acids. No measurable activity could be found when deoxycholic acid (3a, 12a-dihydroxy-5/3-cholan-24-oic acid) was used as substrate. No 78-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and only a trace of 7a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity could be demon- strated when bile acid was deleted from the growth medium. If bile acid was added after the time of inoculation, the amounts of 7a/7@-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were greatly reduced. Enzyme enhancement was blocked by addition of rifampicin. The 7a/78-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase components had pH optima of approximately 10.5. Both the 7a/7/3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities were heat-labile, with the 78-compo- nent being the more stable of the two. When ranked according to the level of enzymes induced, the order in increasing bile acid induction power on an equimolar scale (0.4 mM) was: 7-keto- deoxycholic acid, cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid. Both 7-ketolithocholic acid and ursodeoxy- cholic acid were ineffective as enzyme inducers. Optimal induction was achieved with high concentrations of cholic acid (5 mM) and a harvest time of 24 hr. Addition of ursodeoxycholic acid to medium containing optimal concentrations of deoxy- cholic acid suppressed enzyme induction. With regard to the NADP-dependent 7a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, a dihydroxy bile acid had a higher apparent K,,, value than a tri- hydroxy bile acid; chenodeoxycholic acid (0.42 mM) versus cholic acid (0.14 mM). In contrast, with the NADP-dependent 78-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, a trihydroxy bile acid had a higher K, value; ursocholic acid (0.076 mM) versus urso- deoxycholic acid (0.018 mM). The NAD-dependent 7a-hydroxy- steroid dehydrogenase activity with cholic acid as substrate had the highest apparent K,,, value of 0.62 mM. - Suthcrland, J. D., and C. N. Williams. Bile acid induction of 7a- and 78- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in Clostridium limosum. J. Lipid RCS. 1985. 26: 344-350.


Many roadside safety features such as traffic barrier systems, end treatments, crash cushions, breakaway devices, truck-mounted attenuators, and other hardware are used to achieve the highest levels of highway safety. A goal of a highway safety feature is to provide a forgiving roadway and roadside that reduces the risk of a serious accident when a vehicle leaves the roadway. Among various evaluation methods, full-scale crash test has been and will continue to be the most common method of evaluating the impact performance of safety hardware, therefore there are many countries that have the full-scale crash test procedures and evaluation criteria including the US, EU, and South Korea. The recommended procedures for the full-scale crash test of safety hardware have been developed in the US starting from Highway Research Correlation Services Circular 482 in 1962. During the subsequent decade, the evolution of roadside safety concepts, technology, and practices necessitated an update to previous recommendations. In 2009, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) published Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) for the purpose of evaluating new safety hardware devices and this publication marks the first time that AASHTO has officially adopted crash-testing procedures for use in assessing roadside hardware. However, the evaluation of a bridge barrier in accordance with MASH has not been performed until 2012. Within the scope of this research, a bridge barrier system that meets the MASH criteria has been developed and evaluated, and the procedures and the results are described in this paper. The developed bridge barrier with the target safety level of TL4 is first designed using the plastic failure mechanism approach presented in AASHTO LRFD Design Specifications as a static manner and then the impact performance is pre-evaluated by the three-dimensional crash analysis software, LS-DYNA. Finally, the full-scale crash test is performed at Texas Transportation Institute for tests 4-10, 4-11, and 4-12 using 2005 Kia Rio passenger car, 2008 Dodge Ram pickup truck, and 1998 International 4700 single-unit truck, respectively. The full-scale crash test results meet the evaluation criteria presented in MASH, hence the developed bridge barrier in this research is ready for the field application.


Throughout the history of Pragmatism, the notion of common sense has been recurrent, but rather than a central feature it seems to be an underlying, over the time changing, and indefinite motif, which nevertheless has unceasingly accompanied pragmatist thought. common sense has taken on a range of meanings, varying from vague beliefs, everyday-knowledge, common experience, sound understanding, good judgment, anachronistic truth, hidden intuition, custom and routine on the one hand to innate knowledge and universal truth on the other hand just to name a few. To add some confusion, common sense has sometimes been located in the past, sometimes in the present or even in the future. It focuses either on epistemological, moral, or aesthetic questions. So, in a way, common sense touches almost all the philosophical fields and concerns pragmatism has ever embraced. What is the use of dealing with a notion at once so obvious and yet so vague? The insistence on a critical reconsideration of common sense, which I pursue in this essay, has to do with the general trajectory of pragmatism. While it contains many different and competing positions (some prefer to call pragmatism a method applicable to any kind of subject) all the varying pragmatist accounts have something in common: a strong resistance against philosophical exaggeration. Of course, the criterion applied to detect those philosophical exaggerations is a pragmatist one, namely, the validity of philosophy for practice, even if in a remote way.


Summary. Recent studies have focused attention on the refractive effects of long-wavelength (;::; 10 14 cm) electron density fluctuations in the interstellar medium upon radio observations of pulsars and compact extragalactic radio sources. In earlier work, a simple scattering model was introduced which allowed us to compute fluctuations in mean intensity, image size, pulse width and pulse arrival time, along with their cross-correlations and fluctuation time-scales, when there is a power-law spectrum of density perturbations in a thin 'equivalent screen' of scattering material. In this work, we extend the analysis to include refraction-induced fluctuations in intrinsically diffractive quantities such as the scintillation time-scale, ts, and the decorrelation bandwidth, Vctc· We then use the theory to study the drifting bands in dynamic scintillation spectra caused by the dispersive steering of the diffraction pattern. We also estimate the fluctuations in the position of the image on the sky, rates of variation of intensity and position, and the root mean square elongation of the scatter-broadened image. We make two further extensions of the theory. First we show that, despite certain formal divergences, the theory can be extended to accommodate steeper density fluctuation


Through analyzing the interface design of mobile phone,it concluded some problems.Taking the theory of the interface design of the website for reference,it analyzed the factors of influencing the interface design of the intelligence mobile phone website,and discussed the design target of intelligence mobile phone(touch screen)website.It proposed the design principle,method and ideology of website interface of intelligence mobile phone.


The Hymenoptera (Aculeata) fauna was studied in birch stands (Betula pendula Roth) of colder areas of Northern Bohemia using the method of Moericke's yellow traps. Altogether 159 species were trapped; the most important were Andrena lappona, Vespula vulgaris, Halictus sp., Trypoxylon minus and Vespula rufa. Only 12.7% of the species are widely spread in this ecosystem type. In 1990-1994 and in 1995-1999 we compared the abundance of the fauna and discovered that many species of the families Apidae and Sphecidae receded from the birch stands due to changing site conditions (light, weed infestation).


Comic Potential play by Alan Ayckbourn revolves around a futuristic world where androids are used in television programming. This study explores Comic Potential as a metatheatrical play through the analysis of the play using different conventions of metatheatre such as self referentiality, breaking the fourth wall, the play within the play in detail and emphasizing the constructed nature of the play. It focuses on how these elements contribute to the overall meaning, themes and impact of the play. Ayckbourn by utilizing these devices blurs the boundaries between reality and fiction. Highlighting the artificiality of the television industry and the performances within it, the play prompts the audience to question the nature of theatre itself and its relation to reality. The paper also endeavors to explore the boundaries between humans and humanoid robots and raises thought-provoking questions about the nature of humanity. The influence of Bertolt Brecht's 'epic theatre' as opposed to the Aristotelian theatre will be touched upon.


This invention relates to apparatus for manufacturing steel from molten iron and in particular, it relates to a lance of the type used in steel making utilizing a method involving a blown stream of oxygen, having a nozzle cooled by pipes symmetrically disposed in the nozzle with certain pipes extended to cool a central portion of the nozzle.


In 1995 Ilobart and William Smith Colleges affiliated with the Vietnam Naional University in Hanoi and launched its full-term study-abroad program in Viitnam. In 1999, after having fielded three full academic-term programs in Viftnam. Hobarl and William Smith formed the Partnership for Global Education (PCiE) with Union College (UC); and since its formation, this partnership has aniually sponsored the Vietnam study-abroad programs and is celebrating its 17* aniiversary. The study-abroad program is at the center of students learning about Viilnam and students take a gateway course on the Sociology of Vietnam and a thne week language intensive course in Ho Chi Minh City prior to two months of siuly and internships in Hanoi.


The inverse Faraday effect induced in magnetic films by ultrashort laser pulses allows excitation and control of spins at gigahertz and sub-terahertz frequencies. The frequency of the optically excited magnetization precession is easily tunable by the external magnetic field. On the other hand, the initial phase of the precession marginally depends on the magnetic field. Here we demonstrate an approach for the control of the precession phase by variation of the pump beam direction. In particular, we consider the case when the magnetization precession is excited by obliquely incident pump pulses in a magnetic dielectric film placed in the in-plane magnetic field. Theoretical consideration predicts that the initial phase should appear for a non-zero in-plane component of the pump wavevector orthogonal to the external magnetic field. Experimental studies confirm this conclusion and reveal that the phase grows with increase of the in-plane wavevector component. Variation of phase by 15 deg is demonstrated. Potentially, the phase could be changed even more pronouncedly by more than 90 deg. This work provides a simple way for additional manipulation with optically excited magnetization dynamics, which is of importance for different spintronic applications.


History of the concept: In the early 1980s, Pepper and Ryglewicz [1] used the acronym YACP (Young Adult Chronic Patient) to define a new profile of "new chronics" as opposed to the profile of the "old institutionalised chronic".


Effect of a magnetic field on martensitic transformation in the NiCoMnGa alloys was investigated. A field-induced reversible martensitic transformation from the martensitic phase of low magnetization to the parent phase of high magnetization has been realized. The substitution of Co for Ni atoms has turned the magnetic ordering of the parent phase from partially antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic, resulting in a large magnetization change across the transformation, which dramatically enhances the magnetic field driving force. The transformation temperature can be downshifted by magnetic field at a rate up to 14K∕T in Ni37Co13Mn32Ga18. Other mechanism details were also discussed.


OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) technology uses multi-channel digital modulation,after coding,data were modulated as radio-frequency signal technologies. Applying OFDM technology in the short-wave channel,while adopting N way sub-carr,the period of code element would be N times longer under same data transmission speed,which is much greater than the channel retardation,thus code disturbances could be eliminated. Satisfying orthogonality conditions among each carrier frequency could make signal spectrum overlapped,therefore improve the spectrum availability. The nice frequency diversity effects could resist disturbance of multipath wide and narrow band. Moreover,in order to overcome code disturbances,add a circular prefix during IDFT calculation,and add a protection interval between border code elements,hereby the two code elements could be parted.


[First paragraph]Les Creoles: Problemes de genese et de description. GUY HAZAELMASSIEUX. Aix-en-Provence: Publications de l'Universite de Provence, 1996. 374 pp. (Paper 260 FF)The Kiss of a Slave: Papiamentu's West-African Connections. EFRAIM FRANK MARTINUS. Curacao: De Curacaose Courant, 1997. 292 pp. (Paper US$ 57.50)Towards a New Model of Creole Genesis. JOHN H. MCWHORTER. New York: Peter Lang, 1997. 199 pp. (Cloth US$ 44.95)In two of the three books reviewed here (those by Hazael-Massieux and Martinus), theory takes a back seat to description, while in the third (McWhorter's) the roles are reversed. The work by Guy Hazael-Massieux, whose recent and untimely death saddened his many friends, is entitled Les Creoles: Problemes de genese et de description, but the author is more concerned with history and description than with creole genesis. The book is a collection of twenty-one essays, all of which have been previously published. However, since their loci were extremely scattered and in many cases difficult of access, especially for Anglophone readers, his widow, Marie-Christine Hazael-Massieux, has done the field a service by collecting and editing them. Ten of these essays are gathered under the rubric "Genese et histoire des Creoles," and a further seven are described as "Elements pour une morpho-syntaxe des Creoles francaises," leaving only four that concern themselves directly with "Definition et classement des Creoles."


An atom-economic reaction sequence to 6-substituted 2-pyrones was developed starting from furfuryl alcohol, a renewable resource made from bran or bagasse, and aldehydes, utilizing a thermal rearrangement of cyclopentadienone epoxides as key step. Derivatives bearing a hydroxyalkyl side chain could be enzymatically resolved, providing access to enantiomerically pure 2-pyrones, or converted to alkenyl-substituted 2-pyrones such as naturally occurring sibirinone, (E)-6-(pent-1-en-1-yl)-2H-pyran-2-one, and (E)-6-(hept-1-en-1-yl)-2H-pyran-2-one.


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 Objective: To determine the current pattern and prevalence of renal diseases in childhood in this region of Nepal. Material and Methods: A retrospective study of the renal diseases in children attending the Pediatric OPD and those hospitalised in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara was done over a period of 6 years (September 2000- September 2006). A detailed clinical and laboratory evaluation was performed at baseline. The children were managed according to disease diagnosed. These cases are under follow up and some have undergone surgical treatment. Results: 228 children (123 boys & 105girls) were diagnosed to have renal disease. Among them 39.5% had urinary tract infection (UTI), 30.7 % were suffering from acute glomerulonephritis (AGN), 17.5% were cases of nephrotic syndrome (NS) and 12 % had some other problems for example, 6.14% had genetic defects, 2.63% had renal Stone, 2.2% had pre-renal acute renal failure, unexplained recurrent hematuria in 1.3%. All the cases of UTI underwent through investigation and were treated accordingly. All cases of AGN are planned for follow up for 1½ yrs and among them 3 required biopsy till date. All cases of NS are under regular follow-ups and 2 have undergone biopsy. Renal stone was operated successfully. All cases of acute and chronic renal failures had required dialysis. Out of 5 (2.5%) chronic renal failures, 2 with end stage renal disease expired after repeated hemodialysis and three are still requiring dialysis. Among the obstructive uropathies, 43 % had renal stone, 36 % had posterior urethral valve and 21% VUR. Conclusion: It can be concluded that renal disease is not uncommon in children. It can be completely cured with proper and adequate treatment. Sometimes it has a bad prognosis when it reaches end stage renal disease. Early recognition, timely treatment and regular follow up are mandatory in management of children with renal diseases. Key words: Renal disease pattern, UTI, AGN, NS, Obstructive Uropathy, Renal failure doi:10.3126/jnps.v27i2.1414 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.27(2) p.75-78


An analytical solution for the umbrella reflector surface shape, including the pillowing contribution, is presented. The solution is simple and sufficiently accurate for most antenna applications, and apart from being useful as a design tool, it can be easily incorporated into an existing computer code, allowing for more realistic evaluations of the umbrella reflector electrical characteristics. The analytical solution was tested by numerically solving the equations using a successive overrelaxation procedure. The gain degradation and the gore-related sidelobes clearly show the significance of pillowing on the antenna radiation characteristics.<<ETX>>


The present study aimed at testing functional hypotheses regarding two brain potentials elicited by illusory figures. Accordingly, the N1 potential indexes mechanisms connecting the separate parts of the illusory form, whereas a subsequent negative potential indexes compensatory processes triggered by perceptual difficulty. Here, perceptual difficulty was induced by bistability; that is, by equating the probability of perceiving the illusory form to that of perceiving the independent separate parts. We compared the brain potentials evoked by a strongly connected illusory square, with almost no bistability, with those evoked by a weakly connected illusory square presenting strong bistability. Consistent with our hypotheses, the latter figure evoked the smallest N1 and a larger negative component peaking at 360 ms (N360). These results strengthen the link between N1 and connection and between negativity to perceptual difficulty and perceptual difficulty.


A set of experimental system for the study on the root system-soil interaction for laboratory work was presented. This system consisted of the following apparatuses and associating techniques for operation; (1) a handy-type root box covered with a mirror sheet, (2) a pinboard which enabled sampling of the root system in the root box soil as it stood in the soil, (3) a piece of holed polyethylene sheet for handling during the sampling of the root system and preserving the root system without impairment and disarrangement after sampling, (4) a transmitted light box for taking photograph of the root system. Techniques associating with those apparatuses consisted of the soil filling up into the root box, supplying water to the root box, washing out the root system from soil, and staining the sampled root system.Distribution patterns of soil porosity and moisture, and daily changes of soil temperature in the root box soil, were determined. Our soil filling-up technique gave high reproducibility as well as uniform porosity distribution in the root box soil with small difference among the root boxes. No significant differences were found in the soil moisture content at a given depth of horizontal soil layer. When the root box was put into the trench, the soil temperature in the root box was closer to that of a natural soil profile than when it was placed on the ground. Upland rice and maize were grown in the root box placed in the trench. Root systems sampled showed considerably uniform profiles among triplicated plants for both species. These results demonstrate the significance of preparation and control techniques of soil environments for the study on root system-soil interaction.


Objective:To analyze the aberration properties of contact lens and its central back vertex power measurement.Methods:The optical properties and focusing situation of contact lens were analyzed by the applied optics. The aberration and the distribution value of blur spot on the intersection point of the orientation of image were calculated by the light focus formula.Results:The contact lens has a bigger aberration. When the incident pupil is 5mm, the value of aberration is about 8.5%~11.8% of back vertex power. The central point for measuring the back vertex power is measuring the position of real focus minimum blur spot, which is the section on the orientation of image going along light axis. It has large deviation to focus position of axial ray, the value is about 76%. The real focus position is much affected by the size of incident pupil.Conclusion:When the incident pupil 2h of focimeter is corresponding with human pupil, the measuring value of the back vertex power is the real back vertex power of contact lens the reciprocal of distance on the orientation of image L0.87h′of band height 0.87h light.


of new of 5-(2-nitrovinyl)imidazole, investigation of their chemi-cal behaviour in the Michael reaction with heterocyclic CH-acids and study of their antifungal and antibacterial action. that 1-substituted 4-chloro-5-(2-nitrovinyl)imidazoles can be prepared with 71-83% yields by heating 4-chloro-5-formylimidazoles with the excess of nitromethane or nitroethane in the presence of anhydrous ammonium acetate. The compounds synthesized are typical representatives of activated alkenes and react with 3-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one in the Michael reaction. It has been shown that when refluxing in water for 3 h the interaction proceeds regioselectively with the most nucleophilic C 4 atom of pyrazolinone giving In the case of the spatially hindered exocyclic part of the molecule 1 H NMR spectra have characteristic features. The biological screening results of the compounds obtained have confirmed a high bactericidal and fungicidal effect. It has been found that antimicrobial properties are dependent on the nature of the substituent in the position 1 of the imidazole cycle and the structure of the exocyclic fragment. In particular, the condensation products of 4-chloroimidazol-5-carbaldehyde with nitroethane showed 4-6 times higher bactericidal activity compared to the analogous compounds obtained from nitromethane.


This work provides an exhaustive search algorithm for finding small fully absorbing sets (FASs) of arbitrary low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. In particular, given any LDPC code, the problem of finding all FASs of size less than t is formulated as an integer programming problem, for which a new branch-&-bound algorithm is devised. New node selection and the tree-trimming mechanisms are designed to further enhance the efficiency of the algorithm. The proposed algorithm is capable of finding all FASs of size ≤ 11 with no larger than 2 induced odd-degree check nodes for LDPC codes of length ≤ 1000. The resulting exhaustive list of small FASs is then used to devise a new post-processing decoder. Numerical results show that by taking advantage of the exhaustive list of small FASs, the proposed decoder significantly lowers the error floor for codes of practical lengths and outperforms the state-of-the-art low-error-floor decoders.


In this paper, a detailed study of the dV/dt capability of MOS-gated thyristors is performed. It is shown that in addition to the conventional mode of dV/dt-induced turn-on in thyristors, termed the intrinsic mode, there exists another distinct mode of dV/dt-induced turn-on, peculiar to the MOS-gated thyristor structure, which the authors term the extrinsic dV/dt mode. The effective dV/dt capability is determined by both modes and is degraded by the presence of an external gate-cathode resistance and parasitic gate-anode capacitance. The existence of these two modes of dV/dt-induced turn-on is demonstrated experimentally, and the effect of device parameters on the dV/dt capability is studied.


The operation of self-actuated valves in suction and discharge processes plays a crucial role in the thermal efficiency and structural reliability of hermetic reciprocating compressors. The present work provides a thorough description of an in-house numerical method based on a partitioned fluid-structure interaction algorithm intended to obtain high-fidelity numerical predictions and optimise valve system design. A large eddy simulation model is used for the turbulent flow, whereas a normal mode superposition assumption along with an impact penalty method is used for the reed. Under this framework, a detailed analysis of the coupled problem with a straight and tapered exit ports is carried out. Differences in effective flow area and pressure drop are found as a result of the port geometry, but also of the valve velocity.


Opportunities to use virtual, augmented, and mixed reality (VAM-R) are emerging in various sectors of the economy. To seize them, managers need to develop comprehensive strategies that intertwine digital and physical forms of materiality. This paper proposes a way to assess and steer the transformations of the reality-virtuality continuum across lifecycles of products and services. Our approach identifies use cases for VAM-R according to the (1) strategic imperative, (2) physical materiality, (3) reality-virtuality assessment, (4) digital materiality, (5) information value, and (6) project portfolio. The findings result from three action research cycles in manufacturing and healthcare. For theory, we propose a framework to evaluate the reality-virtuality continuum and guide VAM-R transformations. For practice, we propose and test an artefact accessible to domain experts with different backgrounds, and a sequence of steps to assist managers in their digitalization strategies with VAM-R. Lifecycle approaches offer an alternative perspective to situational transformation, potentially improving the pervasiveness of organizational changes using information technologies.


This paper provides elastic analysis of compressive stresses in the matrix and skin regions of automotive substrates during 3D- and 2D-isostatic strength testing. The matrix region is treated as transversely isotropic material and the skin region as isotropic material, each with their independent elastic properties. Such a solution helps quantify load sharing by the matrix and skin regions which, in turn, affect compressive stresses in each region. The analysis shows that the tangential compressive stresses in the skin and matrix differ significantly at the interface due to high stiffness ratio of skin versus matrix. The resulting strain in the skin is more severe for thin and ultrathin wall substrates and may lead to localized bending of interfacial cells thereby inducing premature failure. Methods to reduce compressive strain in both the matrix and skin without affecting performance-related advantages are discussed. The analysis points out that the key factors that affect isostatic strength include skin vs matrix stiffness, skin vs web thickness, cell configuration, cell density and substrate diameter.