Increasingly, courts around the world are recognising the importance of redressing state violations of constitutional rights with monetary compensation. In countries where tort liability in private law remains underdeveloped, such as Bangladesh, compensation in public law becomes the only viable option for those who suffer violations of fundamental rights. This article argues that victims of rights violations, human rights organisations and public interest lawyers have used art 102(1) of the Constitution of Bangladesh as a tool to secure public law compensation as an alternative to establishing tort liability in private law. Through a comprehensive and chronological analysis of the existing jurisprudence on public law compensation under art 102(1), this article tries to decipher the current judicial test for public law compensation and concludes that although the Appellate Division has, over the years, been severely reluctant to develop public law compensation, more recent cases mark the onset of a liberal approach by the High Court Division.


Purpose : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcomes and radiological changes after reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament with human allograft. Material and Method : Authors analyzed 22 cases of anterior cruciate ligament allograft reconstruction which were done from January, 1995 to December, 1998 and could be followed up for a year or more. All cases were followed and reviewed in terms of anterior drawer test, Lachman test, Pivot shift test, radiographic examination, knee range of motion, and side-to-side difference of anteroior tibial translation using CA-4000 knee motion analyzer, and Lysholm knee scoring system. Result : The mean Lysholm knee score was 54 preoperatively and improved to 81 postoperatively by average of 27. The side-to-side difference of anterior tibial translation using CA-4000 knee motion analyser was less than 3 mm in 16 cases(73%), between 3 and 5 mm in 4 cases(18%), and greater than 6 mm in 2 cases(9%). Average tibial tunnel enlargement was 1.5 mm, but there were not any osteolysis or cystic formation along the tunnel and no relationship between tunnel enlargement and clinical outcome. Conclusion : Although this study had limited cases, clinical results of anterior cruciate allograft reconstruction were similar to those of reconstruction with autograft reported in the literatures. We think that allogaft is an acceptable substitute for autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.


The impact of different active ingredients of fungicides on the development of Alternaria species in vitro was estimated by using Amistar 250 SC (azoxystrobin), Signum 334 WG (boscalid, pyraclostrobin), Zato 50 WG (trifloxystrobin) and Folicur 250 EW (tebuconazol). The growth colonies of micromycetes Alternaria alternata (isolated from Thymus vulgaris, Levisticum officinale), Alternaria alternata, Alternaria brassicae (isolated from Brassica oleracea convar. capitata var. alba) and Alternaria dauci (isolated from Daucus carota) were tested on the potato dextrose agar medium with additions of fungicides. All tested fungicides showed sufficient inhibitory activity on the growth Alternaria spp. colonies,, which decreased on average from 94-25% Aver 21 days in comparison with the control.


Development of a self-steering bogie for the IAU mini-metro has helped the Belgians to produce an articulated tram with a full-length 350 mm floor height using modular bodyshells designed for the GLT hybrid guided bus.


Object Oriented methodology is an emerging trend in software development for scientific and business applications. Design of the solution domain has an impact on the overall quality of the software. Merging of all individual design quality metric tools as a package along with other design principles like abstraction and stability could serve the developer better as plug-ins for IDEs. General Terms Object Oriented Design, Metrics and Tools.


Cured elastomers is to partially crosslink the elastomeric compound comprising a first free radical initiator and a second free-radical initiator in the first crosslinking temperature T (I) the half-life of the first free-radical initiator is about 0.2 to 5 minutes at


Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) along with inorganic gases such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone (O3) levels were found in the atmosphere of the Kemerburgaz region where environmental issues became a major concern due to nearby incineration plant and waste disposal facility in Istanbul. Ten sampling locations were selected considering possible sources in the study area. The sampling areas were classified as suburban, industrial, rural, and background regions. Sampling campaigns were carried out for four-week periods from March 2011 to August 2012 in all locations. Elevated concentrations of BTEX around roads and the industrial locations indicated that vehicle exhaust and industrial activities were the main sources of these pollutants in the region. Concentrations of NO2 were also high around roads. A much more uniform distribution was observed for SO2 during sampling periods. However higher levels were observed at suburban locations due to the use of coal for local heating especially during winter. Ozone concentrations were low at the industrial locations and roadsides, but high in suburban and rural locations downwind from the sources. The results of these organic and inorganic gases meet the national limit values. Furthermore, a lifetime risk assessment methodology was used to evaluate the potential adverse health effects of BTEX. The mean cancer risk level for benzene was estimated to be 7.71E-07 that is lower than assigned acceptable risk level of 1.0E-04. Toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes were lower than the specified level of 1.0 with respect to mean non-carcinogenic risks. The findings reveal that determined BTEX emissions do not pose a health threat to residents in the studied region.


In Rubin (1976) the missing at random (MAR) and missing completely at random (MCAR) conditions are discussed. It is concluded that the MAR condition allows one to ignore the missing data mechanism when doing likelihood or Bayesian inference but also that the stronger MCAR condition is in some sense the weakest generally sufficient condition allowing (conditional) frequentist inference while ignoring the missing data mechanism. In this paper it is shown that (a slightly strengthened version of) the MAR condition is sufficient to yield ordinary large sample results for estimators and test statistics and thus may be used for (asymptotic) frequentist inference.


Control of the olive fly, Bactrocera oleae, in organic olive growing: present status and prospects. Due to the growing demand for organic products and as the olive tree plays an important role for the economic, social and ecological well-being of the portuguese people, priority must be given to the development of organic olive growing systems. As these systems involves production methods that make less intensive use of the land, they may help to protect the environment and to strike a better balance between olive oil supply and demand. Furthermore, due to the growing market for organic oil, which is sold at a higher price, they will improve growers perspectives and regional development. Insect pest control is a major concern of olive growers, as insects can cause large annual losses in reducing overall yield and fruit/oil quality. In this paper a review is done on the present status and prospects to control the olive fly, B. oleae (Gmel.), which remains the key pest in organic olive groves. Indirect measures (e.g. early harvesting and the protection and active augmentation of natural enemies), and direct measures (e.g. biological, cultural, biotechnical and chemical control, with authorized pesticides) are discussed.


Forschungszentrum Juelich (FZJ) has developed over the past years a well-known SOFC stack technology for a planar cell configuration. 1.5 mm thick anode supported largearea cells based on a NiO/YSZ (anode) and a YSZ (electrolyte) system are integrated in a stack using bipolar plates made of a special ferritic stainless steel acting as current collector and gas distributor Materials, processes, and surface treatments have been selected and optimized to reduce mismatch between different components and to achieve high power densities. The recent SOFC stacks of F-design, fuelled with humidified hydrogen and air has demonstrated a power density as high as 0.6 W/cm 2 at 800°C and a stable behavior up to 8000 h of operation. These tests are usually performed in standard conditions, using a low value of fuel utilization and a precise control of gas composition, fuel, and airflow rates and temperature distribution. It seems quite difficult to maintain the same strict control of these parameters when the stack operates in an actual device. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the effect of different experimental conditions on the electrochemical performance that can simulate stack behavior as integrated in a real system. For example, an actual fuel cell system is designed to operate with fuel utilization in the range between 70% and 85% due to efficiency considerations. In addition, variations of the electric load and of the corresponding flow rates must be expected that give rise to temperature changes and gradients within the stack. Part of these effects might be detrimental for the stack service life, and can be limited by a well-designed balance of plant of the system. In this contribution, results of a series of tests on a 4-cells SOFC stack of F design, manufactured by FZJ and conducted in a new SOFC test bench by Eurocoating, are presented. This facility allows the investigation of the performance of stacks up to 1 kW as a function of several experimental parameters, including the amplitude of compressive loading, inlet gas temperature and pressure, flow rate, and fuel utilization.


The book is well organized and clearly written. The busy teacher or administrator who finds it impossible to keep abreast of modern secondary education in American life will find this book exceedingly valuable. Throughout the book the many references to evidence give the reader a feeling of thoroughness and authority. The reviewer was impressed with the author's arrangement of materials in Part I so as to interrelate the school's past and present features. All the suggestions in the book are practical and in line with current educational thought. The author's style of writing and clever use of cartoons contribute toward a uniqueness which makes this book easy and delightful to read.


This chapter describes the events of the revolution as well as its aftermath. The représentants intended gradually to take power at Geneva by means of a new law code. Law would place limits upon the powers of the magistrates by establishing a clear distinction between sovereignty and government. For the représentants, there came the point when the magistrates could not be trusted to pursue the public interest. Constitutional change, in the form of the new law code, was justified especially when the magistrates wanted to involve the French in day-to-day politics, seemingly handing over Genevan sovereignty to the foreign power. At the same time, the argument was reiterated that the représentants were protecting independence and the established constitution. It was the magistrates who had once been the fathers of the state, living honourable lives of simplicity and frugality, but who had turned to luxury and selfishness.


I.Few issues were more hotly contested by early modern theologians than the extent of human liberty and its implications for both religion and society. In the Protestant world, the sixteenth century saw increasingly strident statements of mankind's bondage to sin and the importance of God's eternal decree of predestination, but the concept of human moral responsibility still had its defenders. One influential proponent of human liberty was Faustus Socinus (1539-1604), the Italian scholar known most commonly today for his denial of the trinity. Yet the central theme of his theology was his insistence that Christian virtues must be carried out voluntarily; it was from this principle that his more heterodox ideas flowed. He made a sharp distinction between natural and voluntary action, and argued that the practice of Christianity must be an act of human will, not one to which men were drawn by nature. Separating Christianity from the natural order, Socinus argued that eternal life awaited those who chose to follow the law of Christ rather than the natural law. His argument challenged the Protestant commitment to the unity of natural and divine law and it opened up conceptual space for voluntary action outside the natural law. In this article, I shall sketch the Socinian position on human liberty and Christianity, and suggest how and why the Italian's ideas were developed by Protestants in the early seventeenth century. His readers included the eminent Dutch scholar Hugo Grotius (1583-1645), and the exchange between Grotius and the Socinians reveals the concern on both sides to explain the relationship between human liberty, Christianity, and natural law.Socinus' life, like his theology, began within the reform movement in Italy and ended among the marginalised anti-trinitarians in Poland. Born of a long line of Italian jurists, he shared both his family's legal interests and their critical approach to the Catholic Church. In his youth he had been a courtier in Florence but his increasingly critical attitude towards Catholicism - and the death of his patron Grand-Duke Cosimo I - resulted in his departure from Italy in 1574. After a period in Basel he found a home among the Polish Anabaptists at Rakow, a young and precarious community which he helped to sustain through his advice and through the tracts which he penned on their behalf.1 During these years, he was also able to develop his own interpretation of Christianity, and to explain it in numerous works issuing from the community's press. Although his ideas generated a lively debate from the start, both in Poland and Germany, it was only after his death that they began to be absorbed into the mainstream of European intellectual discussions. Socinus' theological ideas had their attractions for some Protestant readers, but they became entangled with more political questions and their implications for civil life began to cause serious alarm. For this reason my focus will be upon the responses of Dutch and German readers, particularly Hugo Grotius and Johan Crell (15901633), both of whom addressed the civil as well as the theological aspects of Socinus' legacy. First, however, I shall draw out the salient points from Socinus' rich and complex theology, paying particular attention to his understanding of human liberty. Unlike his orthodox Protestant contemporaries, Socinus believed that liberty was the precondition for virtue.Socinus shared with the broader Christian humanist tradition the belief that Christ demanded works as well as faith from his followers. Christians must follow the pattern of ethical living laid down by their master; like Erasmus before him, and like the Italian exiles he met in Basel, Socinus saw Christianity as a religion of action.2 For this reason, he was determined to protect the liberty and capacity of each individual to act virtuously, and therefore to defend what he understood as human free will. It was, he felt, a pressing task, for these qualities were being undermined by his contemporaries and particularly by those on the Protestant side. …


By using gray system theory,a model is established to predicate industrial added value of logistics.By the comparison of the actual data to the result of prediction,it is proved that by using gray system theory to predict industrial added value of logistics is workable,with rather high accuracy.The results show that the next four years will see a substantial growth of industrial added value of logistics,which,to some extent,can provide the logistics industry with a theoretical basis for its development.


Review(s) of: Cyclones and Earthquakes: The Jesuits, Prediction, Trade, and Spanish Dominion in Cuba and the Philippines, 1850-1898, by Aitor Anduaga, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2017. 375 pages.


The problem of time integration in the dynamics of building structures is primarily a mathematical problem of the accuracy of the numerical integration of the acceleration time course. All existing methods are trying more or less successfully to master this problem. The best known and most widely used is the Newmark method, which by its very nature is only a trapezoidal rule applied to both acceleration and speed. The most effective method of numerical integration of repeated integrals was introduced mathematically [1], namely the modification of numerical integration methods of the Gaussian type for use on repeated integrals. In this work is introduced their simple use in problem solution of mechanics and dynamics of structures and consequently comparison of the results with the traditional Newmark Direct Time Integration method is presented.


ObjectivesEndometrial receptivity is a complex event that occurs during the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle known as the "window of implantation". During this period, the endometrium develops characteristics that allow the adhesion and invasion of the embryo to the uterine epithelium. Accordingly, the expressions of miR-31 and its target gene were evaluated to study the effect of miR-31 on FOPX3 gene expression in recurrent implantation failure (RIF) patients and normal fertile women. More precisely, the aim of this study was to understand the expression of miR-31 as one of the important regulators of the FOXP3 gene in the endometrium of RIF patients versus receptive endometria from fertile patients.Materials and MethodsThis case-control study was conducted on 20 endometrial tissue samples of normal fertile women and RIF patients in order to evaluate miR-31 and its target gene expression.ResultsAccording to the results of this study, a significant difference existed between RIF patients and normal fertile women (control group). The expression of the FOXP3 gene was more significant in the control group. miR-31 was also significantly expressed, which was due to the endometrial immunological disorder leading to the decreased expression of its target gene (FOXP3).ConclusionsIn general, implant abnormalities and recurrent abortions were observed in RIF patients due to the decreased expression of the FOXP3 gene resulting from the inhibitory effects of miR-31


The evaluation on the risk of thermal-induced cracking is among the key issues in the design and construction of the Three-Gorges Dam. The time-dependent thermomechanical behavior of the left guide-wall section of the dam is systematically studied. A series of laboratory tests on the concrete thermomechanical properties are conducted. A three-dimensional finite element code is developed for calculating the evolutionary temperature and stress field of the dam. The time-dependent thermomechanical properties of concrete, detailed construction procedures, variations of environmental temperature, and the effects of water cooling are taken into account in this code. The distribution and evolution of temperature and thermal stress of the dam are derived. The superimposed effects of thermal load, self-weight, and external water pressure are discussed. The results indicate that the thermal tensile stresses can be largely counteracted by the compressive stresses due to self-weight. There is very little cracking potential after reservoir filling. Nevertheless, during the con- struction, large tensile stresses can be locally caused; accordingly, some significant suggestions for the thermal stress and temperature control of the dam are presented. DOI: 10.1061/ASCE0899-1561201022:2111 CE Database subject headings: Dams; China; Thermal factors; Creep; Concrete; Laboratory tests; Simulation. Author keywords: Three-Gorges Dam; Thermomechanic behavior; Concrete creep; Laboratory tests; Numerical simulation.


Abstract The Aberdeen Area Indian Health Service (AAIHS) has recognized the potential of HIV transmission through piercing of the skin and flesh offerings that occur during the Sun Dance ceremony. Since 1988 AAIHS has sponsored educational projects to reduce the risk of HIV transmission occurring at this ceremony. Training has been provided in a sensitive manner, respectful of the sacredness of this ceremony and the history of religious repression. Lakota and Dakota speakers have assisted in facilitating the trainings and community outreach that occurred in the summers of 1988 and 1992–1996.


Surprisingly, in a country with such a large number of languages and dialects, little study has been given to this phenomenon either by cultural geographers or by other scholars. The lack of such studies is most apparent at the local level. The present study examines the pattern of both written and spoken language in the small north Indian town of Dumka. Spoken languages tend to follow neighborhood boundaries fairly closely, but the pattern of written languages is related more to literacy and occupation.


Elective treatment of the contralateral clinically node‐negative (cN0) neck is not routinely recommended for lateralized oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We sought to determine the failure rate in the untreated contralateral neck in patients with lateralized oral SCC undergoing treatment of the primary and ipsilateral neck and to identify any features placing patients at sufficient risk of contralateral regional failure to justify elective treatment.


Indigenous tourism to the interior of Suriname started about 15 years ago and the sector is still growing. As an emergent tourism destination, the country is facing some complexities. The isolation that has protected Suriname"s ecosystem, natural resources and indigenous cultures may come to an end, and actions to preserve these remarkable resources should soon be done; uncontrolled tourism can bring damage to both nature and culture. The paper focuses on indigenous themed tourism and explores the need and the opportunity for developing a destination, such as Suriname, to elaborate policies and procedures in order to promote sustainable tourism and to avoid commodification and falsification of indigenous culture, as it has occurred in some other countries.


Re thinking the de minimis rules* In the light of Case C-226/11 Expedia, judgment of 13 December 2012, the European Commission is consulting on a revision of the de minimis Notice. This is a…


With the development of the times, people's self-cultivation constantly improve, the social demand for education is also getting higher and higher. Higher education is one of the ways to improve their self-cultivation and the knowledge level of contemporary college students. They have sharp thinking and strong desire for knowledge, which poses new challenges for teachers."The ideological and political course is the compulsory basic course of the university. Therefore, in the teaching process, how to seek new teaching ideas according to the characteristics of contemporary college students is a question worth exploring.


This paper complements a series of works on implicative verbs such as manage to and fail to. It extends the description of simple implicative verbs to phrasal implicatives as take the time to and waste the chance to. It shows that the implicative signatures of over 300 verb-noun collocations depend both on the semantic type of the verb and the semantic type of the noun in a systematic way.


The invention relates to a welding method used in the welding process of titanium and titanium alloy, aluminum and aluminum alloy heterologous metal, and the welding method belongs to the field of consumable electrode welding, an electric arc smelting technology and electric arc processing. The welding method of the invention aims to solve the problems of intersolubility and a chemical compound among metal in the welding process of the titanium and the titanium alloy, the aluminum and the aluminum alloy heterologous metal, as well as expensive cost and long production cycle of the domestic existing diffusion connection device; thus the welding method of the invention provides a scrapping and agitating welding method for the aluminum-titanium alloy heterologous metal. In the welding process, in a liquid melting bath, the scrapping method is adopted for removing a large intermetallic compound of a welding joint face; through scrapping and agitating, a crushed compound is dispersed; the material adopts TC4 titanium alloy and LF6 aluminum alloy; the welding machine is a TIG welding machine. The welding effect of the welding method can reach the diffusion welding effect, and the equipment used in the invention is simple, thereby greatly reducing the cost and improving the efficiency.


Abstract
Labour emerged as a political party with an egalitarian mission, pledged to tackle the stark inequalities that disfigured British society. But since the advent of New Labour this mission has been radically redefined, signalled by a shift from egalitarianism to meritocracy. This chapter is divided into three sections, each exploring themes on the party's orientation to inequality, dealing, respectively, with the New Labour government (1997–2010), the period of the Miliband leadership (2010–2015) and, finally Labour under the Corbyn leadership (2015 to the present). It investigates, during the first two phases, the conceptual and ideological shifts in attitudes to equality, what has prompted them and how they have been articulated in policy forms. In the third period – Labour under Corbyn – where progress on policy development has been slow, it changes focus to concentrate on one of the most formidable barriers to the egalitarian project, mounting popular resistance, and the party's response to this.


This unique resource offers an overview of wildlife conservation and environmental planning in the third world. Sponsored by the Bombay Natural History Society, the work draws together the work of leading experts who examine a wide range of issues in conservation and wildlife biology as they affect developing countries where remedies and problem-solving are often vastly more difficult than in wealthier parts of the world. Topics addressed include the over-exploitation of natural resources, environmental degradation, animal preservation, national forestry and reserve policies, and many other critical issues. Lavishly illustrated, and authoritative in its coverage, this volume offers a stimulating examination that will be of interest to both scientists and environmentally concerned general readers.


Overview .............................................................. 1 Coverage Policy ................................................... 1 General Background ............................................ 2 Medicare Coverage Determinations .................. 19 Coding/Billing Information .................................. 20 References ........................................................ 21 Related Coverage Resources


The wind energy community is gradually recognizing the significance of atmospheric stability in both power production and structural loading. However, estimation of stability requires temperature gradient data which are not commonly measured by the wind farm developers or operators. To circumvent this problem, we propose a simple approach to estimate stability from only three levels of wind measurements. As such, our approach is ideally suited for sodar and lidar--based wind measurements owing to their high vertical resolution in the surface layer.


In this paper, the cable routing configurations for a cable-driven manipulator are introduced, and the impact of motion coupling caused by cable transmission routing of a 2n type cable-driven manipulator is analyzed in detail. Based on different configurations of cable routings, the relationship between variation of joint angles and the geometrical sizes of guide pulleys is established, represented by a matrix for coupled motion. Moreover, based on the effects of the motion coupling of a cable-driven manipulator, we propose the condition for the invariance of orientation, which can be achieved constraining of the geometrical sizes of guide pulleys and driven wheels. In addition, to identify the correctness of analysis for coupled motion, a 3-DOFs planer cable-driven manipulator prototyping model is constructed, and the kinematics and trajectory planning has been solved. Finally, the relationship among actuator space, joint space, and Cartesian space, including the mapping of the motion coupling, is experimentally validated. The property of invariance of orientation is also validated by an experiment.


Aim To evaluate the effect of water extract propolis(WEP) on human umbilical artery smooth muscle cell proliferation(HUASMC) induced by angiotensinⅡ(AngⅡ) in vitro and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods HUASMC were cultured by the explant method and incubated with 50 mg/L,100 mg/L and 200 mg/L WEP. HUASMC number was assessed by cell counting;Flow cytometry was used to test cell cycle;Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) of HUASMC was detected by immunocytochemistry staining;Superoxide dismutase(SOD) and maleic dialdehyde (MDA) in HUASMC culture medium superior was measured with spectrophotometer;Apoptosis was evaluated by terminal -deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labeling(TUNEL).Results Compared to model group,the numbers,PCNA expression,MDA,Apoptosis Index of 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L WEP were lower(P0.01),while the Percentage of the Cells in G_0/G_1 phase and SOD was higher(P0.01).Conclusion Certain concentration of WEP can prevent HUASMC proliferation effect mediated by AngⅡ;the mechanism about WEP effect may be associated with arresting G_1 to S progression,decreasing PCNA expression and improving the antioxidation of HUSMC.


Improvements have been made to a previously described multi-mycotoxin method that involved a membrane cleanup step. Using 2-dimensional thin layer chromatography and appropriate solvent systems, aflatoxin B1 can be detected in mixed feedstuffs and various ingredients at levels ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 microgram/kg. Corresponding detection limits for ochratoxin A and sterigmatocystin are 5 to 20 microgram/kg and for T-2 toxin and zearalenone 20 to 200 microgram/kg.


Lexical mismatch is a problem that confounds automatic question answering systems. While existing lexical ontologies such as WordNet have been successfully used to match verbal synonyms (e.g., beat and defeat) and common nouns (tennis is-a sport), their coverage of proper nouns is less extensive. Question answering depends substantially on processing named entities, and thus it would be of significant benefit if lexical ontologies could be enhanced with additional hypernymic (i.e., is-a) relations that include proper nouns, such as Edward Teach is-a pirate. We demonstrate how a recently developed statistical approach to mining such relations can be tailored to identify named entity hyponyms, and how as a result, superior question answering performance can be obtained. We ranked candidate hyponyms on 75 categories of named entities and attained 53% mean average precision. On TREC QA data our method produces a 9% improvement in performance.


Due to the complexity of the popular asymmetric-key encryption algorithm RSA,the hardware implementation has a too large overhead to be used in resource-constrained systems.In order to solve this problem,an RSA encryption engine based on 256 bit data width processor is designed,which greatly reduces the area required by RSA. Synthesis results show that,in addition to the basic function implementation,the improved RSA design reduces the area by 55.63%with respect to SLE66CX160S of Siemens.It has 24 k gates count with a maximum clock frequency of 100 MHz.The implemented RSA engine meets the design requirements.


This paper reviews and extends our understanding of the development of behavioural economics (BE) on our life today and its possible implications in the future. The review evaluates how the behavioural theories would influence our future and would create new thinking, especially with the increasing of the repeated financial crisis. The work of John Tomer (2017) on the introduction to behavioural economics is used here to follow the essential BE theories, perspectives, trends and developments and to exploit their implications on our future life. Key areas of behavioural economics, as the bounded rationality, psychological economics, behavioural finance, nudging and behavioural macroeconomics are discussed from two perspectives, what are their contributions today and where it might go in the future. Recommendation for further research is suggested about how to optimise BE for future demand.


The strategic concept of human resources based on the integration indicates that the strategic value of human resources is not only decided by personnel with knowledge and skills,but also decided by management capacity of human resources.According to this thought,the programming structure of human resources in enterprise can be summed up as seven parts,i.e.demand structure;existing structure;changeable structure;standards;gap structure;supply structure and new structure.The analysis of the interrelationship between the modules can reveal interaction between resources and capacity.


A prolonged photoanodic operation of n-type Si in aqueous electrolytes was observed with porous-structure Si electrodes. The n-type porous-Si layers (n-PSL) were formed on n-Si substrates (1-2 Ωcm in resistivity) by anodic treatments in an HF solution. The total output charge Q obtainable from a n-PSL photoelectrochemical cell increased in proportion to the n-PSL thickness d. At d = 50 µm, Q reached 12.5 C/cm2; this was four orders of magnitude greater than was obtained from naked n-Si photoanodes. The H2 evolution rate from the Pt counterelectrode was about 60 µmol/2 h at d = 30 µm. The experimental results of the spectral response suggest an increase in the surface state density of the n-PSL surface with increasing d.


Independent examination and replication of the core syndrome factor structure of the Adjustment Scales for Children and Adolescents (ASCA; McDermott, Marston, & Stott, 1993) is reported. A sample of 1,020 children were randomly selected from their classroom and rated on the ASCA by their teacher. The six ASCA core syndromes produced a two-factor solution through principle axis analysis using multiple criteria for the number of factors to extract and retain. Varimax, direct oblimin, and promax rotations produced identical results and nearly identical factor structure coefficients. It was concluded that the ASCA indeed measures two independent dimensions of psychopathology (Overactivity and Underactivity) that are similar to the conduct problems/externalizing and withdrawal/internalizing dimensions commonly found in the child psychopathology assessment literature (Cicchetti & Toth, 1991; Quay, 1986). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 41: 191–199, 2004.


Prevention better than "cure" IS IT A CASE of if the bomb goes off or when? We refuse to see it as inevitable , says a medical group recently formed . Their belief is in the preventive medicine of limiting the arms race rather than the curative medicine of a post-holocaust disaster plan (which many see as futile). The group has formed the Australian Branch of the Medical Association for the Prevention of War; it is affiliated with a similar British Association and with the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War in the USA. The groups will spearhead public opposition to the nuclear arms race in Europe and the USA in the face of what appears a growing belief that a limited nuclear war is winnable by the side that strikes first. More information from : Richard Kefford, MB BS, Hon Sec, Medical Association for Prevention of War, Department of Cancer Medicine, Blackburn Building, University of Sydney, NSW 2006.


The commonly accepted definition of Fanconi anemia (FA) relying on DNA repair deficiency is submitted to a critical review starting from the early reports pointing to mitomycin C bioactivation and to the toxicity mechanisms of diepoxybutane and a group of nitrogen mustards causing DNA crosslinks in FA cells. A critical analysis of the literature prompts revisiting the FA phenotype and crosslinker sensitivity in terms of an oxidative stress (OS) background, redox‐related anomalies of FA (FANC) proteins, and mitochondrial dysfunction. This re‐appraisal of FA basic defect might lead to innovative approaches both in elucidating FA phenotypes and in clinical management. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:1137–1143. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Increasing the number of exports produced by European countries is a potential route to creating more jobs within the European Union. Jose Manuel Rueda-Cantuche writes on the impact of exports sent outside of the EU on European job creation. He notes that in addition to creating jobs in manufacturing industries, exports also create jobs in related service industries. Outlining the results of a study on the relationship between exports and employment, he highlights the EU states which are most reliant on extra-EU trade for job creation.


Two policy instruments, input taxes and regulations, can be used to deal with nitrate pollution. However, in practice command and control (CAC) measures such as input regulations and management practices, as outlined in Action Programmes under the EU Nitrates Directive, rather than economic instruments, are commonly used to deal with nitrate pollution from agricultural sources. Action Programmes are to meant to ensure that the applications of nitrogen to farmland are within limits calculated to avoid a level of nitrate emissions to water supplies that would put them above the concentration limit of 50mg/litre specified in the Directive. The premise of the Action Programmes is that farmers should take all reasonable steps to prevent or minimise the application to land of fertilisers in excess of crop requirements. To this end the Irish Action Programme specifies that the amount of livestock manure applied in any year to land on a holding, together with that deposited to land by livestock, cannot exceed an amount containing 170 kg nitrogen per hectare (ha) and also sets limits on the application of inorganic (manufactured) nitrogen. However, the objective of the Nitrates Directive, at least in terms of organic and inorganic nitrogen application rates, could theoretically be achieved by imposing a tax on nitrogen inputs. This paper tests the hypotheses that the objectives of the Nitrates Directive, in terms of organic and inorganic N application rates, would be more effectively and more equitably achieved by regulation, than by a tax. The results of the analysis indicate that this is the case.


Abstract : The end of the Cold War revealed a Second Tier of countries whose internal wars are the source of nearly all the violence and instability in the new international system. The result is the deployment of multidimensional peace operations around the world on a scale unimaginable before 1990. The US National Security Strategy's approach calls for fostering regional efforts to promote peace, particularly in areas where US national interests are marginal and the causes of conflict are deep rooted and complex. Such is the case in Sub-Saharan Africa, marked by as many as 20 violent conflicts raging throughout this decade. According to the Institute for National Strategic Studies, it is to Africa that US forces are most often deployed operationally, albeit generally on a small scale. Consonant with the National Security Strategy's preference for regional efforts to promote peace in such environments, in September 1996 the Clinton administration proposed the African Crisis Response Initiative (ACRI) to enhance indigenous African capacity to conduct peacekeeping and humanitarian operations. Through ACRI, the United States offers military-to-military training and equipment to select African nations that seek to enhance their crisis-response capabilities. But under increasingly complex conditions, Africa's peacekeepers may face demands outside only traditional military functions. To develop an effective training program, ACRI planners must understand what those diverse operating duties may entail so they can appropriately prepare participating African militaries to respond to the challenging and difficult demands of their peacekeeping environment.


From the Publisher:
XML has been introduced into many enterprises by stealth, through the IT back door and with little management overview or buy-in. This book proposes an alternative: a management-driven strategy. Its emphasis is on ends (information management) rather than means (technology). It focuses on the need for high-level co-operation between all business units and services within an organisation and shows how XML can be both a technology and business integrator. The benefits it can bring are high levels of interoperability, not only between data and text but also between application processes, business logic and entire information systems.


SUMMARY Acoustic stimuli within the sonic range are effective triggers of C-type escape behaviours in fish. We have previously shown that fish have an acute sensitivity to infrasound also, with acceleration thresholds in the range of 10–5 m s–2. In addition, infrasound at high intensities around 10–2 m s–2 elicits strong and sustained avoidance responses in several fish species. In the present study, the possible triggering of C-escapes by infrasonic single-cycle vibrations was examined in juvenile roach Rutilus rutilus. The fish were accelerated in a controlled and quantifiable manner using a swing system. The applied stimuli simulated essential components of the accelerations that a small fish would encounter in the hydrodynamic flow field produced by a predatory fish. Typical C- and S-type escape responses were induced by accelerations within the infrasonic range with a threshold of 0.023 m s–2 for an initial acceleration at 6.7 Hz. Response trajectories were on average in the same direction as the initial acceleration. Unexpectedly, startle behaviours mainly occurred in the trailing half of the test chamber, in which the fish were subjected to linear acceleration in combination with compression, i.e. the expected stimuli produced by an approaching predator. Very few responses were observed in the leading half of the test chamber, where the fish were subjected to acceleration and rarefaction, i.e. the stimuli expected from a suction type of predator. We conclude that particle acceleration is essential for the directionality of the startle response to infrasound, and that the response is triggered by the synergistic effects of acceleration and compression.


Study Histomorphological pictures of bones after fractures in rats have revealed features of regeneration in the control animals and animals treated with stimulant mononuclear phagocyte аминодигидрофталазиндионом sodium. If the control rats after intramedullary metal osteosynthesis bone healing is on the cartilage model, the experimental animals bone regeneration associated with the fibrogenic differentiation and the formation of bone structure.


Cooperative intelligent transport systems rely on a set of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) applications to enhance road safety. Emerging new V2X applications like Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs) and Connected Autonomous Driving (CAD) applications depend on a significant amount of shared data and require high reliability, low end-to-end (E2E) latency, and high throughput. However, present V2X communication technologies such as ITS-G5 and C-V2X (Cellular V2X) cannot satisfy these requirements alone. In this paper, we propose an intelligent, scalable hybrid vehicular communication architecture that leverages the performance of multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) to meet the needs of these applications. Then, we propose a communication mode selection algorithm based on Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) to maximize the network's reliability while limiting resource consumption. Finally, we assess our work using the platooning scenario that requires high reliability. Numerical results reveal that the hybrid vehicular communication architecture has the potential to enhance the packet reception rate (PRR) by up to 30% compared to both the static RAT selection strategy and the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) selection algorithm. Additionally, it improves the efficiency of the redundant communication mode by 20% regarding resource consumption.


The betweenness centrality of a graph measures the tendency of a single vertex to be more central than all other vertices in the graph. In many real world situation it has quite a significant role. In this paper we study the average betweenness centrality of the cartesian product of two graphs and calculate the betweenness centrality of some cartesian product graphs .


A series of doxorubicin‐resistant variants of the human LS 174T colon carcinoma cell line was generated by stepwise selection. These variants also exhibited increased resistance to vinblastine, etoposide, cis‐platinum, and melphalan, suggesting that resistance was multifactorial. The parental LS 174T cell line and 3 resistant variants were examined for over‐expression of P‐glycoprotein, changes in total cellular glutathione content, and the level of topoisomerase‐II expression. Changes in all of these parameters were observed in the doxorubicin‐selectants, along with a marked shift in the intracellular distribution of doxorubicin. P‐glycoprotein RNA and protein levels were increased 2‐ to 3‐fold in the resistant variants, while total glutathione levels increased 1.4‐ to 2.1‐fold. Treatment with DL‐buthionine‐[S,R]‐sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis, was able to reverse resistance to cis‐platinum and melphalan in these variants, but had little effect on doxorubicin resistance. Immunoblot analysis of cell extracts indicated that the level of DNA topoisomerase II (EC 220.127.116.11) in the doxorubicin‐resistant LS174T cells was decreased by approximately 50% compared with the parental cell line. Doxorubicin was mainly localized to the cytoplasm in resistant cells, while in the parent line it was mostly found in the nucleus. This constellation of changes suggests that selection with doxorubicin activated several mechanisms of resistance involving drug transport, metabolism, and ability to reach nuclear target sites.


The state of the art in research and application of processes of chemical vapour deposition of noble metal (Pt, Pd, Rh, Ir , Ru, Au) coatings is considered. Systematization of known experimental data on synthesis, thermal properties and saturated vapour pressure of volatile compounds of noble metals with organic ligands is provided. The processes of CVD of noble metals were analized from general requirements to precursors. It is shown that chelate or mixed-ligand noble metal complexes and, in particular β-diketonate derivatives due to their thermal properties are the most suitable for deposition of noble metal thick films.


Existing electroencephalography (EEG) based Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnostic systems typically rely on experts to visually inspect and segment the collected signals into artefact-free epochs and on support vector machine (SVM) based classifiers. The manual selection process, however, introduces biases and errors into the diagnostic procedure, renders it "semi-automated," and makes the procedure costly and labour-intensive. In this paper, we overcome these limitations by proposing the use of an automated artefact removal (AAR) algorithm to remove artefacts from the EEG signal without the need for human intervention. We investigate the effects of the so-called wavelet-enhanced independent component analysis (wICA) AAR on three classes of EEG features, namely spectral power, coherence, and amplitude modulation, and ultimately, on diagnostic accuracy, specificity and sensitivity. Furthermore, we propose to replace the binary SVM classifier with a soft-decision relevance vector machine (RVM) classifier. Experimental results show the proposed RVM-based system outperforming the SVM trained on features extracted from both manually-selected and wICA-processed epochs. Moreover, the class membership information output by the RVM is shown to provide clinicians with a richer pool of information to assist with AD assessment.


Concentration plant site selection is an complex system engineering. The traditional site selection schemes were too simple, only comparing on the technical and economic indicators of the schemes, but cross combinations between the various economic indicators were ignored. Through a comparative analysis of existing site selection method we explore the shortcomings of them, and then made extended time Petri net method for site selection. Combining the characteristics of the model, using Ant Colony optimization algorithm have solved the time Petri nets model of site selection. Practice has demonstrated that the model will be introduced in the mine site selection instance through computer simulation, selected the best location efficient path.


Learning a dynamics model and a reward model during reinforcement learning is a useful way, since the agent can also update its value function by using the models. In this paper, we propose a general dynamics model that is a composition of the feature space dynamics model and the state space dynamics model. This way enables to obtain a good generalization from a small number of samples because of the linearity of the state space dynamics, while it does not lose the accuracy. We demonstrate the simulation comparison of some dynamics models used together with a Dyna algorithm.


The nucleating efficiency of 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene sorbitol (DBS) in the crystallization of polyolefins is explained by an exceptional high state of dispersion and the interactions involved. At high temperature DBS dissolves homogeneously in molten polyolefins. On cooling, the solution forms an organogel with a finely meshed network of uniform twisted DBS fibres of a diameter of approximately 10 nm. These highly dispersed fibres promote the crystallization of polyolefins via epitaxy


The Automated Highway Systems studies were undertaken to analyze and evaluate candidate system concepts and to determine their practicality for deployment in the 1990 to 2000 time frame. The focus of this document is the establishment of a final set of system concepts and implementation plans, development of a set of system building blocks from which the various system configurations can be synthesized for cost evaluation, analysis of system deployments in both urban and intercity environments, and thus determination of a reduced set of alternatives for further analysis. The selected set of deployments was the subject of subsequent trade analysis to reduce costs and/or improve system implementation through the identification of a set of preferred trade-off positions. (FHWA)


The drawbacks of existing definition on fuzzy entropy of vague set were pointed out,and the causes of drawback were analyzed.We gave out the axiomatizing definition on fuzzy entropy of vague set,and proposed a new fuzzy entropy of Vague set,and proved its rationality and validity.


A truncated sequential t-test is developed and is compared with Barnard's one-sided (one-tailed) non-truncated sequential t-test and the fixed sample-size procedure. Empirical results indicate that, in part of the parametric region between the null and alternative hypotheses, the proposed test, as compared to Barnard's procedure, leads to improvement in ASN and appreciable reduction in sample size variability. In addition, it seems to have uniformly lower ASN Values than those of its fixedsample counterpart. The proposed test is then extended to a two-sided procedure and compared with the truncated t-test of Schneiderman and Armitage.


The object of this research is to use indirect measurements, notably thermal infrared, to describe urbanization and deforestation with parameters that can be used to assess, as well as predict, the effects of land use changes on local microclimate. More specifically, we use a new approach for the treatment of remotely sensed data; this is referred to as the 'triangle' method. The name triangle is given because the envelope of data points, when plotted as a function of surface radiant temperature versus vegetation index or fractional vegetation cover, exhibits the shape of a triangle. From the information contained on these 'scatter plots', land use changes can be related to two intrinsic surface variables, the surface moisture availability (M(sub 0))(sup 1) and fractional vegetation cover. Recent work by Carlson et al. indicate that the triangle shape on the scatter plots may be scale similar, suggesting that these two parameters are subject to the same interpretation on differing scales. A second objective in this research is to determine if historical data for Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) (NOAA satellite; 1.1 km resolution at nadir) can be used to assess changes in regional land use over time. To this end, two target areas were chosen for the investigation of urbanization and two for deforestation. The former comprise tow areas in Pennsylvania, one a small but rapidly growing population center (State College) and the other a medium-sized urban area which continues to undergo development (Chester County). The two deforestation sites consist of rain forest areas in western and central Costa Rica and a region in the Brazilian Amazon.


This study aimed to determine the compliance of management practices instituted in a third sector entity based on governance guidelines established by Brazilian organizations. It was exploratory qualitative research. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and documentary analysis; data analysis was performed by content analysis. The researched entity has a structure that meets the compliance function composed of three axes: (a) normative, referring to the adoption and formalization of the integrity program from instances, mechanisms and procedures dealing with ethical conduct, internal controls, laws, rules, regulations and risk management to which the entity is exposed, with complete adherence to the guidelines; (b) commercial, referring to the adoption and formalization of mechanisms covering relationships with partners, customers and suppliers, such as the accountability of funds raised; however, contingencies arising from the COVID-19 pandemic required mechanisms not yet foreseen for the accountability of resources from private donations. This axis had low adherence to the guidelines: (c) organizational, referring to the adherence and commitment of senior management to the policies instituted with a view to preserving the net worth, a financial sustainability and corporate social responsibility with almost complete adherence to the tested guidelines. In conclusion, organizations that depend on resources need an institutionalized compliance structure to ensure high levels of adherence, because as they become more reliable, they will receive more credibility and legitimacy. This study, based on the perceptions of managers, contributes to demonstrate the relevance of governance and the establishment of a culture of compliance in the third sector.


On the French architectural tradition and Le Corbusier. Combination of scientific and artistic article. Text divided in 29 numbered paragraphs on 14 pages with illustrations (collages by the author).


The Folisol great group within the Organic soil order was expanded by the Expert Committee on Soil Survey to include the subgroups Hemic, Humic, Lignic and Histic Folisols. Representative Folisols from the Coastal Western Hemlock biogeoclimatic zone in British Columbia were studied to document the macromorphology and chemical characteristics of these subgroups. A proposal for improving F and H horizon designations is also presented. This documentation and improvements to the classification system provide a better basis for the soil surveyor to recognize and account for thick accumulations (> 40 cm) of folic materials overlying mineral or peat materials as well as accumulations (> 10 cm) over rock or fragmental material. Key words: Folisols, organic material, soil classification, Organic soil order


Citation: Elgar MA (2015) Integrating insights across diverse taxa: challenges for understanding social evolution. While it is broadly true that all sexually reproducing organisms have a " social life " (Trivers, 1985), social behavior outside courting and mating is not the modal animal lifestyle. Nevertheless, there is remarkable phylogenetic breadth and evolutionary convergence of the diverse forms of social behavior (e.g., Wilson, 1975), perhaps helping explain why it has captured the enduring attention of the curious. Social behavior is especially puzzling from an evolutionary perspective in at least two ways. The first reflects a Public Goods or Tragedy of the Commons dilemma (e.g., Rankin et al., 2007): although social individuals can benefit from the underlying cooperation among group members, they are nonetheless susceptible to exploitation. The second perspective, arguably attracting far greater attention, concerns reproductive altruism—the question why individuals might forgo personal reproduction in order to assist the reproductive output of others. These two issues are not mutually exclusive: social systems that involve reproductive altruism are also vulnerable to commons tragedies. Nor are they particular to a given taxonomic group. An enviably strong theoretical framework guides much of our broad understanding of the evolutionary significance of these and other issues in social behavior, so the devil is in the detail— to identify the nature of proximate and ultimate processes responsible for the evolution and maintenance of all manifestations of social behavior. Yet the empirical insights that derive from such investigations seem to be too frequently informed by taxonomically constrained traditions and, as a consequence, advances in the field are surprisingly patchy across different taxa. There are at least three sources of this unevenness: historical contingencies; logistical challenges with data collection; and different evolutionary processes. All are apparent in studies of the evolutionary significance of social behavior. My intention here is to highlight that unevenness, and to encourage a taxonomically more inclusive research agenda, which will guarantee that the conceptual models that attend to the detail are challenged for taxonomic generality. Embracing studies across diverse species, from the " model species " to the bizarre, and ensuring that these empirical insights cut across major taxonomic boundaries will help achieve this goal. For example, our understanding of cooperative breeding in vertebrates is overwhelmingly informed by studies of mammals and birds (despite only 8% of avian species being cooperative breeders, Jetz and Rubenstein, 2011), and of social behavior in invertebrates by studies of …


Hall sensors play an important role in magnetic sensing. In recent years, many sensors and electronic products applied to industrial production and daily life have been developed based on Hall sensors. The performance of Hall sensors is based on the measurement of Hall voltage induced by the magnetic field distribution of the magnet. The theoretical model of Hall voltage related to the magnetic field which is the key to design detection devices based on Hall sensors has been studied. For the rectangular permanent magnet that is completely magnetized in a certain direction, starting from the molecular circulation model and the Bio-Safari theorem, the analytical expression of the magnetic field component in space is derived. Then, based on the Hall effect theory, it is deduced that under the magnetic field excited by the rectangular magnet, the accurate analytical expression of the Hall element relative to the Hall voltage of the magnet at any position in space is calculated. Furthermore, the correctness of the theoretical formula is verified by experiments. This paper illustrates the laws of variation and difference of Hall voltage during space movement of Hall elements relative to magnets along the X, Y, and Z axes. Our work may provide magnetic detection theory guidance for multidimensional force perception and spatial displacement detection.


The botanical character and growth habit of Asarum heterotro are introduced.The article talk about the culti- vation technology of Asarum heterotro in tillage、planting and field management.


Laboratory studies with the sex attractant of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, confirmed previous findings that the female aggressively seeks the pheromone-emitting male. In both sexes, peak activity occurred when the weevils were 4–6 days old. When I sex was 4–6 days old and the other was less than 2 days old, the males were mostly unattractive and the females mostly unresponsive. Females responded to a single male, but response was significantly greater to 5, 10, or 25 males. Virgin males were twice as attractive and virgin females were 3 times as responsive as mated males or females. Males sterilized with apholate were about half as attractive to virgin females as untreated males when both were fed on laboratory diet but were equally attractive when both were fed on fresh cotton squares (flower buds). Comparisons between laboratory (medium-reared) and field (square-reared) male weevils, each fed cotton squares or laboratory diet, indicated a greater importance of food rather than strain in determining female response.


According to the comparative tests about various physiological indexes and sport quality between senior citizens who do Taijiquan exercise regularly and common seniors in the following aspects,heart rate,blood pressure,vital capacity,the index of step tests,strength,flexibility,agility,etc,the research findings show that there are obvious differences in most of physiological indexes and sport quality between senior citizens who do Taijiquan regularly and common seniors,indicating keeping doing Taijiquan regularly can help reduce peripheral vascular resistance,improve peripheral circulation,cause heart rate and blood pressure to come down,make vital capacity and the index of step tests rise,and also influence other elements,such as,strength,flexibility,agility.Keeping doing Taijiquan regularly does good to those seniors with peripheral circulation hindrance.It will also play a positive part in slowing down the speed of heart and lung function decline,maintaining and bettering the seniors' health.


Due to the advancement in technology, new methods for human computer interaction are getting developed very rapidly. Interacting with computers or mobile devices through hand gestures is one of the important research area where researchers are trying to implement new user interfaces by applying various methods. The Hand Gesture Recognition system is useful to detect the gestures with the help of image capturing devices installed on computer and other gadgets. The rapid growth and improvement of mobile phones in past few years led to innovations in visualization and interaction with devices. Touchscreen gestures are widely used for interactivity in such devices but in near future the users may demand for more natural interaction methods. In this paper, the Accurate End Point Identification method is implemented and applied on gesture images which are captured in varying background and it is also applied on blurred images containing multiple objects. The AEPI method accurately recognizes the gestures from such images and provides a new dimension to implement user interface that will help to provide more natural inputs through hand gestures.


Abstract The objective of the study was to identify suitable additives stabilizing standard solutions of ascorbic acid (AA) that would not cause interference in the analytical process with the use of voltammetry in the determination of the AA content in food products. In addition, the effect of various conditions of storage of selected fruit juices and drinks on the concentration of vitamin C was studied. The study demonstrated that AA degradation was inhibited the most effectively by tartaric acid and its optimum concentration was set to 200 mg L-1. Analysis of selected fruit juices stored in various temperature conditions confirmed that an elevation of temperature and extension of the time of storage caused a decrease in the content of vitamin C in the analyzed samples, while closing the packages caused a limitation of the changes in concentration of this vitamin. On the basis of literature data and of the results obtained in the present study it can be concluded that fruit juices should be stored at a temperature lower than room temperature to retain their nutritive value.


Tamoxifen (TAM) provides an effective agent for treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer but resistance uniformlyensues upon continued use. Additional studies are required to define more preciselythe mechanisms involved in development of resistance. We conducted sy stematic experimental and clinical studies based on the hypothesis that tumors exposed to TAM long-term may develop resistance bybecoming hy persensitive to its estrogenic effects. These investigations uncovered new features of the TAM resistance (TR) phenomenon and identified possible means for its prevention and/or elimination. Initiallywe confirmed that TR maybe divided into two subtypes, primary and acquired resistance, and that these differ bycertain important characteristics including the level of the possible involvement of adaptive and genetic components. Then we distinguished at least three consequent stages of this phenomenon: stage I when TAM behaves as an antiestrogen, stage II with development of increased sensitivityto the agonistic (pro-estrogenic) properties of TAM and stage III with an adaptive increase in sensitivityto estradiol (E 2). During this evolutionaryprocess, as shown in vitro, MAP kinase (MAPK) and aromatase activities increase. The time frame of the increase in MAPK activityas a rule outpaces the increase in aromatase activityduring the course of the development of TR. This mayoccur as a response to estrogen deprivation or interruption of the process of estrogen signaling and can be one of the promoting factors of increased aromatase activation. On the other hand, the chronologyof these events indicates that changes in the MAPK cascade can be more important for the earlysteps of the development and maintenance of the TR state. Changes in local estrogen production/sensitivityto E 2 are perhaps essential for the later steps of this phenomenon. We have explored the use of a growth factor-blocking agent to abrogate the adaptive changes in sensitivity. Farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS), an inhibitor of GTP-Ras binding to its membrane acceptor site, reduces the increase in the number of MCF-7 cells induced bylong-term TAM treatment. It also decreases MAPK activityin TAM-treated MCF-7 cells and in established TR cell lines. Alone or in combination with letrozole (presumably, through the influence on MAPK pathway) FTS exerts moderate inhibitoryeffects on aromatase activityin estrogen-deprived or estrogen-exposed MCF-7 cells. Taken together, our observations suggest that FTS is a 'candidate drug' for the treatment of TR. Both the adaptive and genetic types of resistance may be amenable to this approach. Our studies underline the possible importance of starting the treatment/prevention of TR earlyon. From our clinical studies using immunohistochemistry, there is a rather strong rationale to include as a predisposing factor in the development of TR the increase in MAPK and aromatase activities in human primarybreast tumors. In summary, data obtained during the course of this project may be considered as evidence supporting the principle that processes resulting in responses to TAM as an agonist and the development of estrogen hy persensitivityof breast cancer cells could potentiallybe mechanistically linked.


This text looks at the issues involved in motivating teachers to teach well in the challenging environment of the modern university. It explores the factors that inspire, nuture and reward good teaching. Motivation is considered the key factor when it comes to commitment, preparation, sustained effort and performance in any work. This collection of essays examines personal motivation to teach - both internal and external - as well as organizational conditions such as job characteristics, leadership and student diversity, and system-wide conditions such as career phases, public policy, politics and the vagaries of the academic marketplace. It addresses the issues both theoretically and practically, drawing on the academic and hands-on experience of authors from many fields, including psychology, higher education, business, public policy and sociology.


© 2016 GEUS. Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland Bulletin 35, 71–74. Open access: www.geus.dk/publications/bull In recent years, the Greenland ice sheet has been losing mass at an average rate of 262 ± 21 Gt yr–1 (2007–2011; Andersen et al. 2015). Part of this mass loss was due to increases in melt, reducing the surface mass budget (Enderlin et al. 2014). Also, the acceleration of many marine-terminating outlet glaciers increased the dynamic mass loss (Rignot et al. 2008). Both mass-loss mechanisms are linked to recent increases in atmospheric and oceanic temperatures (Dutton et al. 2015). For instance, in summer 2012 Greenland experienced exceptionally warm atmospheric conditions, causing nearly the entire ice-sheet surface to melt for two periods of several days (Nghiem et al. 2012) and contributing to the largest annual ice-sheet mass loss on record (Khan et al. 2015). This is in contrast to a return to more average conditions in 2015 (Tedesco et al. in press). In 2007 the Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE) was initiated to monitor both the surface mass budget and dynamic contributions to mass change. For the monitoring, c. 20 automatic weather stations were distributed over eight regions of the Greenland ice sheet (Fig. 1), primarily in the ablation area where surface melting is most prominent (Van As et al. 2011). These stations record a suite of meteorological and radiative variables that allow for surface-energy budget closure, and reveal the relative importance of the different energy fluxes contributing to melting. Each station also monitors ablation by sonic height rangers, pressure transducers and ablation stakes (Fausto et al. 2012). Table 1 shows that the 2015 melt season yielded ablation totals below the PROMICE average (i.e. reduced surface mass loss) in all regions except the two northernmost ones: KPC and THU. Along the south-western ice sheet margin the 2015 ablation anomalies appear to be one third below average. However, what has to be accounted for in the interpretation is that the PROMICE observational period contained several warm years and summers. Figure 2 illustrates that there have been considerable fluctuations in atmospheric temperatures at Greenland coastal sites with continuous records dating back to the 19th century. The PROMICE observational period distinctly classifies as one with aboveaverage temperatures, both in the relatively warm south and colder north (Fig. 2). This is also likely to imply above-average ablation, and thus biased PROMICE ablation anomalies. It is therefore more insightful to evaluate recent ablation measurements in the context of a more representative Placing Greenland ice sheet ablation measurements in a multi-decadal context


Lymphoepithelioma is a particular form of undifferentiated carcinoma, characterized by a prominent lymphoid stroma, originally described in the nasopharynx. Lymphoid stroma-rich carcinomas arising in other organs have been termed lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC). In the liver, primary LELCs are very rare, and the majority has been identified as cholangiocarcinomas. Here a rare case of lymphoepithelioma-like hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is described. A 47-year old woman presented with abdominal pain. Ultrasonography revealed a liver nodule, 2.2 cm in diameter, localized in the right lobe, adjacent to the gallbladder. Viral markers for hepatic B virus (HBV), hepatic C virus (HCV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were negative. The nodule was hypoechogenic. The patient underwent surgery, with resection of the nodule. Histology showed hepatocellular carcinoma, characterized by a prominent lymphoid infiltrate. At immunocytochemistry, tumor cells were reactive for Hep Par1 and glypican 3. Immunophenotyping of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes evidenced the predominance of CD8+ cytotoxic suppressor T cells. The postoperative clinical outcome was favorable and the patient was recurrence-free 15 mo after resection. This case, to the best of our knowlOnline Submissions: wjg.wjgnet.com World J Gastroenterol 2008 August 7; 14(29): 4694-4696 email@example.com World Journal of Gastroenterology ISSN 1007-9327 doi:10.3748/wjg.14.4694 © 2008 The WJG Press. All rights reserved. Lymphoepithelioma-like hepatocellular carcinoma: A case report and a review of the literature Sonia Nemolato, Daniela Fanni, Antonio Giuseppe Naccarato, Alberto Ravarino, Generoso Bevilacqua,


The aim of this piece of work is to study the economic and social changes produced in the town of Cachi, department of the province of Salta, Argentina, towards the end of the 19° century. To this end, the town's agricultural structure is researched, laying emphasis on d land possession, man power, production and market. Even thought it's a local history matter, an analysis about regional history is added to it also; which allows to determine how the town joins the regional space formed at the end of the changes and the continuity in the production, the possession of land, the appearance of new forms of land production and the agricultural workers' situation are studied.


Abstract 5131 Cytoxan is an active drug in the treatment of multiple myeloma. It is commonly reserved for patients who became refractory to common active drug therapy or in combination with other active agents such as bortezomib, pegylated liposmal doxorubicin, vincristine, melphalan and decadron in patients who are not eligible for autologous bone marrow transplant. This abstract is intended to present interesting side effect of cytoxan that seen only in multiple myeloma and not seen in other hematological malignancies or solid tumors. Gynecomastia is defined as hypertrophy of breast tissue in male which can be seen in various medical condition associated with endocrine disturbances. In this abstract will describe five cases of significant degree of gynecomastia that seen exclusively in african american males and not seen in white males. Median age of patients is 57 years, range 40–68. Three has failed tandem autologus bone marrow transplant and has been exposed to lenalidomide and bortezomib. The other two have failed many lines of therapy including melphalan and prednisone. Gynecomastia has not been seen in other white males who received cytoxan in the treatment of multiple myeloma. The degree of gynecomastia was very significant in all of the five african american males. Also this is a limited number of patients but it is interesting enough to draw attention on possible endocrine disturbances seen particularly in multiple myeloma and other plasma cell dyscrasia such as Poems syndrome. The fact that gynecomastia is exclusively seen in african american males who all denied abusing marijuana is of scientific interest that needed further study and attention. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


In the present study an in-house developed leucodye micelle gel was used in combination with an in-house developed optical laser scanner for the 3D dose verification of an IMRT treatment of a pituitary adenoma. In an initial prospective study, a gel measured depth dose distribution of a square 6 MV photon beam was compared with an ion chamber measurement. In a second experiment, the gel and scanner were used to verify a clinical dose distribution on a recently installed linear accelerator. The calibration procedure is identified as the major source of dose deviations.


Introduction 1. Ambiguity and Complacency: Britain's Assessment of Japan Prior to the Outbreak of War 2. The Lessons of Defeat and Limited Victories, December 1941 to January 1943 3. Gauging the Balance of an Unpredictable War: The Evolution of British Intelligence on Japanese Strategy, January 1943 to August 1945 4. Material and Technology vs. Methods of Use: Intelligence on the Tactical and Technical Capabilities of Japan's Armed Forces 5. Racial Contempt or Logical Analysis?: British Intelligence on Japanese Military Morale Conclusion: The Intelligence War in Asia and the Pacific, 1937-1945 - the British and Japanese Experiences in Comparison


Multiferroic 2-2 type layered NFO/ (Pb0.50Sr0.50) TiO3 composite thin film on Pt/TiO2/Si substrate was prepared by novel metallo-Organic process using spin coating technique. The structural and surface morphology were confirmed by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) atomic force microscope (AFM). Significantly improved ferroelectric properties (Ps ∼ 8.69, Pr ∼ 3.19 µC/cm2 and Ec ∼ 419kV/cm) and magnetic properties (Ms), (Mr) and (Hc) is (104emu/cc, 0.8emu/cc and 25Oe.) were observed at room temperature. Our observation provides an effective way to manipulate the conduction behavior to understand the leakage current density of multiferroic composites film at the interface. Poole–Frankel tunneling conduction mechanism dominates the leakage current of films in the relatively high electric filed.


Description Structural analysis reveals how the decision to induce apoptotic cell death is regulated Cells are bombarded with signals about their environment, which they integrate to decide an appropriate response. Danger signals elicit the most drastic of these decisions—is the situation salvageable, or should the cell be sacrificed? When danger signals predominate, one of several pathways induces cell death, with apoptosis being the most common. The key executioners of apoptosis are proteases called caspases; when caspases are activated, apoptosis becomes irreversible. Caspase activation is tightly controlled by regulatory molecules, including the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins. The largest and most diverse member of the IAP family, baculoviral IAP repeat–containing protein 6 (BIRC6), has remained an enigma. On pages 1105, 1112, and 1117 of this issue, Hunkeler et al. (1), Dietz et al. (2), and Ehrmann et al. (3), respectively, reveal the molecular basis of how BIRC6 controls cell fate, which may ultimately inform the development of new anticancer drugs that induce cell death.


This summary of the AAOS clinical practice guideline, " Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee " 2 nd edition, contains a list of the evidence based treatment recommendations and includes only less invasive alternatives to knee replacement. Discussion of how each recommendation was developed and the complete evidence report are contained in the full guideline at www.aaos.org/guidelines. Readers are urged to consult the full guideline for the comprehensive evaluation of the available scientific studies. The recommendations were established using methods of evidence-based medicine that rigorously control for bias, enhance transparency, and promote reproducibility. This summary of recommendations is not intended to stand alone. Medical care should be based on evidence, a physician's expert judgment and the patient's circumstances, values, preferences and rights. For treatment procedures to provide benefit, mutual collaboration with shared decision-making between patient and physician/allied healthcare provider is essential. We recommend that patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee participate in self-management programs, strengthening, low-impact aerobic exercises, and neuromuscular education; and engage in physical activity consistent with national guidelines. Description: Evidence is based on two or more " High " strength studies with consistent findings for recommending for or against the intervention. A Strong recommendation means that the benefits of the recommended approach clearly exceed the potential harm and/or that the quality of the supporting evidence is high. Implications: Practitioners should follow a Strong recommendation unless a clear and compelling rationale for an alternative approach is present. RATIONALE This recommendation is rated strong because of seven high-strength studies of which five showed beneficial outcomes. The exercise interventions were predominantly conducted under supervision, most often by a physical therapist. The self-management interventions were led by various healthcare providers including rheumatologists, nurses, physical and occupational therapists, and health educators. The evidence supports the use of self-management programs in primary care patients with knee osteoarthritis. One of the studies used an existing evidence-based program, the Arthritis Self-Management Program (ASMP), which was modified to include an exercise component. 20 In a high-strength study by Coleman et al., 21 patients in a 6-week self-management program demonstrated statistically significant and possibly minimum clinically important improvements in WOMAC Pain, Stiffness, Function, and Total scores at eight weeks as compared to wait-listed controls. The program in that study was based on the same theoretical framework as the ASMP, but included content that was specifically tailored to patients with knee osteoarthritis.


This paper analyzes the development situation of the sugar industry during Song Dynasty and its influece on the development of sugar industry in China after Ming and Qing Dynasty. 


Objective: To find out the current situation of HIV/AIDS, sexual behaviors, and survival times in the six main hill tribe populations in Thailand: Akha, Lahu, Karen, Hmong, Yao and Lisu, who live in northern Thailand where HIV/AIDS is of the highest prevalence in the country. Methods: A retrospective cohort study design with a systematic data extraction of medical records of hill tribe HIV/AIDS cases from 37 hospitals distributed in 4 provinces in northern Thailand was conducted. Statistical data were analyzed by Survival analysis and Cox's-Regression.  Results: 608 cases were recorded of which 581 were suitable for analysis. 81.0% of subjects were alive at the time of study, 39.6% were aged 26-35 years at the time of diagnosis. 64.9% were female, 36.2% were Lahu, 29.8% were Karen, 57.7% were Buddhist, and 24.6% were Christian. 57.5% were infected by sexual intercourse, 6.2% were IDU (the abbreviation IDU has not yet been defined [p5]). Those receiving ARV (the abbreviation ARV has not been defined) had a 50% survival time of 12.4 years whereas in the non-ARV group a 50% survival time was only 5.9 years (p ≤0.01). The 50% survival time of non-OI (the abbreviation non-OI has not yet been defined [p2]) infection was 10.6 years whereas it was only 6.3 years for the OI group (p ≤0.01). Cox's-regression model found that being female (HR 0.55; 95%CI 0.02-0.82), receiving ARV (HR 0.43; 95%CI 0.27-0.69), and having non-OI (HR 0.53; 95%CI 0.01-0.89) were factors favoring good survival.  Conclusion: Improving the access to health care services for hill tribe HIV/AIDS are necessary as well as encouraging them to use condoms.


Having an understanding of how animal populations interact with their natural community is fundamental to wildlife management. In 1982 and 1983, pneumonia in southwestern Alberta's Yarrow-Castle bighorn sheep population resulted in a dramatic die-off, in which the population declined from approximately 400 sheep to fewer than 150. The population recovered to approximately 200 individuals by 1995, but a decline was observed in the proportion of ewes throughout the mid-1990s. We assessed the survival and demography of this bighorn sheep population using data from 46 radio-collared ewes from 2003 to 2005. Annual adult ewe (≥ 2 years of age) survival estimates ranged from 0.83 ±0.07 to 0.90 ±0.06, and ewe survival did not differ significantly among years or core habitat areas, nor among seasons, or between probable causes of mortality. Annual lamb survival to ten months ranged from 0.41 ±0.01 to 0.54 ±0.02 over three years. The estimated reproductive rate among years (2003-2005) was 0.40 (95% CI: 0.29-0.55), with a recruitment (female lamb survival to 10 months) estimate that averaged 0.18 (95% CI: 0.12-0.27). Population growth rates fluctuate near 1.0, although recruitment appears low in comparison with other populations. We discuss possible factors influencing this bighorn sheep population and compare results to demographic patterns observed in other ungulate populations. BIENN. SYMP. NORTH. WILD SHEEP AND GOAT COUNC. 16:138-159 1 Email: email@example.com A basic problem in population ecology is the identification and prediction of factors that affect population growth. However, without the collection of biological evidence, wildlife managers are left with a perplexing assortment of speculations. Predation, hunting, disease, weather, population density and natural food supply may all play roles in limiting wild game populations (Geist 1971, Murphy et al. 1990, Goodson et al. 1991, Jorgenson et al. 1997, Bergerud and Elliot 1998). Long-term population trend data exists for many ungulate populations throughout North America, primarily attained through aerial census of unmarked individuals (Gonzalez-Voyer et al. 2001, Hamel et al. 2006). Wildlife managers rely on these surveys to mark trends in population dynamics (Festa-Bianchet 1992). However, when unexpected population changes are observed, distinguishing the causes through biannual trend surveys is almost impossible. Studies monitoring radio-collared individuals within a population are necessary for understanding which demographic variables are affecting population size (Gaillard et al. 1998). Identifying demographic markers in a population and managing on a herd-specific basis may be necessary. Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) are specialized inhabitants of subalpine and alpine habitats. They tend to exist in small, sedentary, isolated populations with patchy distributions (Geist 1975, Risenhoover et al. 1988, Singer et al. 2000). They are habitat specialists preferring open grassy slopes for foraging in close proximity to steep rocky areas for escape terrain (Singer et al. 2000). Encroachment of conifers and shrubs as a result of fire suppression, have impacted sheep populations by limiting available habitat and restricting movement (Stelfox 1976, Risenhoover et al. 1988, Singer et al. 2000). Bighorn sheep are subject to fluctuations in population size due to a number of factors but the effects of disease on bighorn sheep populations are particularly dramatic, leading to significant die-offs (Singer et al. 2000, Cassirer and Sinclair 2007). Bi-annual winter aerial census surveys in the Yarrow-Castle area of Alberta, Canada indicated an increase in the bighorn population during the 1970s to approximately 400 individuals (Clark and Bergman 2005). During 1982 and 1983, pneumonia caused this population to decline to less than 150 animals (Onderka and Wishart 1984). The trend from 1985 to 1993 reveals steady population growth, at an increasing rate of approximately 10% per year. However, it appears that population recovery ceased in the mid-1990s, leveling off to current numbers of 200 to 250 sheep. A general decline in the number of bighorn ewes after 1993 was observed from aerial census counts (Clark and Bergman 2005). Reasons for the decline in ewe numbers are unclear due to lack of data beyond the regular aerial census surveys. The purpose of this study was to gain an improved understanding of factors that may limit ewe numbers in the YarrowCastle region. Specific objectives were to: 1) quantify survival of radio-collared ewes and their lambs, 2) assess causes of mortality of radio-collared ewes, 3) calculate radiocollared ewe reproductive rates, and 4) estimate population growth. We tested for effects of year, core area residency, season, and probable cause of mortality on adult ewe survival. If adult ewe survival was limiting, we wanted to determine if it was due to a single type of mortality effect. We estimated reproductive rates and lamb survival by monitoring the radio-collared ewe population. Population growth was estimated by combining the survival and reproductive rates. By comparing our results to other studies, we could begin to determine which factors may have the greatest influence on the Yarrow-Castle population.


In this article, we apply a counterfactual decomposition approach using Quantile Regression (QR) to the wage distribution of managerial workforce in Italy. We find evidence of both significant sticky floor and glass ceiling effects for the Gender Wage Gap (GWG). Furthermore, the U-shaped figure of the pay gap is mostly due to the difference in rewards that the two genders receive for their characteristics, whose relative incidence is also continuously increasing as we move to upper quantiles.


e22518Background: Cancer patients in developing and low income countries have limited access to target therapies. Many patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) have had to wait for exte...


The recent processes in the domestic sulphonation units are introduced which concern heat energy recovery, utilizing SO3 from sulfuric acid unit and replacing ESP with fiber precipitator. All these processes can be used for reference in the construction of a new resource-economic and environment-friendly unit as well as in the improvement of an old unit.


Abstract A cold vapor introduction system has been developed for the rapid detection of sub-nanogram amounts of mercury by plasma emission spectrometry. Operational parameters affecting response have been evaluated and optimum values are presented. The system appears to be free of spectral interferences. It has been applied to the analysis of marine sediments and organisms and coastal seawater.


This study aims at identifying the types of lexical errors made by inservice English language teachers in Jordan. The sample of the study consists of 50 in-service English language teachers enrolled in the upgrading program at the Hashemite University. The data was gathered from the final exam papers of those enrolled in a course in methods of teaching English. The results showed two main categories of errors: interlingual and Intralingual errors. Interlingual errors accounted for 85% and intralingual errors accounted for 15% of the total number of errors. Interlingual errors respectively take the form of translation, assumed synonymity, wrong collocation motivated by L1, confusion of binary terms, and overuse of some lexical terms. On the other hand, intralingual errors were due to phonic and graphic resemblance and overgeneralization. The implications of the study for English language teaching in Jordan are highlighted and recommendations are suggested.


The resistance of P. falciparum to the available blood-schizonticidal antimalarials, such as atovaquone (ATVQ) and artemisinin derivatives, and that of P. vivax to chloroquine (CQ), requires the search for new chemotherapeutic alternatives, aim of this work. As a strategy of generating new antimalarial prototypes, structural modifications were performed (i) on CQ which provided 10 chloroquine analogs (CQAn), four of which being platinum-complexed (CQAnPt), with activity previously described against P.berghei-malaria; (ii) on atovaquone,
providing eight naphthoquinones; and (iii) on lapachol, providing 11 naphthoquinoidal
compounds. These classes of molecules were evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxicity (MLD50) and antiplasmodial activity (IC50) against CQ-sensitive (S) or resistant (R) parasites. The selectivity indexes (SI), expressed by the ratio between these two biological activities, were obtained. The CQAn were more active against CQ-R P. falciparum in vitro and more active
than the CQAnPt, and exhibited SI higher than that of CQ. To elucidate their mode of action, the CQAn were evaluated in silico for molecular docking to the lactate-dehydrogenase of P. falciparum (PfLDH) or humans (HssLDH). The CQAn33 exhibited the best conformation inside PfLDH; CQAn37 exhibited specificity in relation to the human enzyme. The CQAn having the highest SI were evaluated for their ability to inhibit -haematin formation, being so or less active than CQ. Evaluated for their potential to kill (cytocidal activity) or prevent growth (cytostatic activity) of P. falciparum CQ-R and CQ-S, these analogs demonstrated similar cytocidal potential, and higher cytostatic potential against CQ-R parasites. The CQAn were active against CQ-R and CQ-S parasites in P.berghei-malaria. Two naphthoquinones (2and 5) exhibited SI higher than that of CQ and inhibited P. berghei-parasitemia in mice, with highlight to naphthoquinone 2. In conclusion, the best candidates for the production of a
blood-schizonticidal antimalarial were CQAn33, 37 and the naphthoquinone 2


The fi CMa star BW Vul was observed in the Str6mgren violet color, and an Hfi index was observed to search for variations which might correlate with the continuum radiation, and to note any changes in the ec{uivalent width of the Hfi line which might indicate pressure changes. We observed no variation and no corrdation of the Hfi index with the phase (contrary to the findings of Kubiak (1971)). A new period study confirms a systematic increase in period. Key words: variable star - Cephei star - photometry


An infrared photo diode electrode (IPDE) was applied to a cyclic voltammetric (CV) assay of vitamin C (VC) in drinking water. Compared with other common electrodes, the IPDE showed an extraordinarily sensitive peak current. The anodic peak of the VC appeared at 0.0 V (versus Ag/AgCl/KCl) with the IPDE. The experimental conditions for the CV assay were optimized at a pH of 2.91 and a scan rate of 0.3 Vs -1 . Voltammetric working ranges of 0-0.7 ugL -1 and 0-4 mgL -1 VC were obtained. The relative standard deviation of 0.169 (n = 15) in the 0.1 mgL -1 VC, and the detection limit of 0.06 ugL -1 VC, were attained under optimum conditions.


Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure from different wireless communication systems can be considered as one of the major sources of radiation pollution. It is one of the pollution based on the exposure of non-ionizing radiation that is being emitted from the communication devices which are used in our daily lives. The exposure from these gadgets varies depending on the operational scenario. It can be categorized based on the combination of electric field, magnetic field and the power intensity that is emitted from these devices. In this research mobile phones are considered as the sources of the EMR which is operated at the 4G LTE frequency band with relatively good specification of operation. This mobile phone is tested in different operational scenarios and analyzes the E field, H field and power intensity using an electrosmog meter (PC-EM-29). For the analysis, 21 operational scenarios are considered and the variation in the field characteristics based on the mode of the operation are identified for each case. The field characteristics are drastically changing when the outgoing and the incoming calls are proceeding with mobile data and WiFi data are on the active position. The variation occurring in the E field characteristics is directly related to the H field and the power intensity. The amount of the field that exists in the nearby region of the mobile phone is clear evidence of the influence of the EMR on the human body when it is used for more than a specific span of time. So the continuous exposure of these leads to health hazards on the human body even in the small amount of absorption happening on it. From this analysis, the amount of field that is being emitted from the mobile phone can be clearly identified. Also there is a specific absorption rate (SAR) on the human body based on the distance from the source, body characteristics, field emitted from the source and the time of exposure.


Can design patterns be turned into reusable components using some advanced programming language mechanisms? We reviewed all patterns described in the book by Gamma et al. [Gamma 1995] and built a new classification of these patterns by level of "componentizability" (possibility to turn the pattern into a component). This article first describes our "componentization" approach and the pattern classification we obtained [Arnout 2004b]. Then, it focuses on one "componentizable" pattern, Abstract Factory, and explains how we devised the corresponding Factory Library in Eiffel. Finally, it describes the limitations of the approach and presents related works, before giving some future research directions.