The aim of this study is to determine teacher candidates' attitude and readiness levels towards teaching profession and the relationship of teacher candidates' attitude and readiness level towards teaching profession in terms of gender, grade, having teacher relative, willingly study this department and belief of being a good teacher independent variables. The study group consists of 387 teacher candidates studying at faculty of education from different departments and grades in 2018-2019 academic year. Teacher candidates' attitude scale and readiness towards teaching profession scales were used as data collection tool. For data analyzing independent variables t test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test and Spearman'srho correlation analysis were used. According to the research results, mean score of teacher candidates' attitude towards teaching profession is 3.84 and mean score of teacher candidates' readiness towards teaching profession is 3.91. In addition, according to the Spearman'srho correlation analysis, there is a moderate and positive relationship between teacher candidates' attitude and readiness levels towards teaching profession.


In most systems, thermal diffusion is intrinsically slow with respect to mechanical relaxation. We devise here a generic approach to accelerate the relaxation of the temperature field of a 1D object, in order to beat the mechanical time scales. This approach is applied to a micro-meter sized silicon cantilever, locally heated by a laser beam. A tailored driving protocol for the laser power is derived to quickly reach the thermal stationary state. The model is implemented experimentally yielding a significant acceleration of the thermal relaxation, up to a factor 30. An excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions is reported. This strategy allows a thermal steady state to be reached significantly faster than the natural mechanical relaxation.


The ownership form of Air Navigation Service Providers varies across countries ranging from state agencies, to semi-private firms with for-profit or not-for-profit mandates. This research focusses on the link between the performance of ANSPs and their ownership form. A theoretical economic model suggests that effort to achieve efficiency will be higher in the case of public companies with a board of stakeholders composed of airspace users and in the case of private companies in which stakeholders are also shareholders. A stochastic frontier analysis estimation of the production and cost functions of 37 European air navigation service providers over nine years suggests that the public-private ownership form achieves statistically significantly higher efficiency levels compared to a governmental corporation which in turn is an improvement over a state agency. ANSP performance, ownership, SFA


The No.4 continuous reforming unit of Sinopec Zhenhai Refining and Chemical Company has a processing capacity of 120×104t/a.The reforming and catalyst regeneration sections of the unit use UOP′s patented technology.The pre-hydrogenation fractionation section uses a two-column process in which steam stripping precedes fractionation and the fractionation section after reformate uses a three-column process-a debutanizer,a dehexanizer and a depentanizer.The main products produced by the unit are reformed gasoline with high octaine values and a large amount of hydrogen as a byproduct.Using the Aspen Plus process simulation software,technicians established a steady-state process simulation model with parameters of the pre-fractionation section and the post-reforming fractionation section reflecting the actual operating conditions of the continuous reforming unit.Based on this model,these technicians analyzed the parameters of the stripping column,the naphtha fractionation column,the stabilizer,the dehexanizer and the depentanizer.In order to save energy,they optimized the operating parameters of the stabilizer and the dehexanizer by taking the following measures: reducing the pressure at the top of the debutanizer to 0.80MPa from 0.92MPa and the pressure at the top of the dehexanizer to 0.01MPa from 0.03MPa.After the optimization of the unit,the steam consumption at the bottom of the debutanizer dropped by 2.2t/h,that at the bottom of the dehexanizer dropped by 3.0t/h,energy savings for the unit totaled 2.55kg of oil equivalent per ton and annual economic benefits totaled 7.27 million yuan.


'intended' to promote the beneficial quality of noble counsel (p. 137). Sullivan is doubtless right in arguing that the changes made in this adaptation of Hartmann's Iwein must be connected to fifteenth-century (nostalgic, conservative) views of noble counsel, knight-on-knight combat, and the nature of the marital contract, especially in light of the fact that the Book of Adventures was compiled for Duke Albrecht. My one quibble with this interpretive framework is that these astute observations are too often couched in the language of authorial intention, an approach which some readers may find distracting. But this is a minor quibble when juxtaposed with the obvious expertise in Iwein/ Yvain and Iban scholarship that Sullivan demonstrates throughout this welcome contribution to Arthurian Studies.


The glocal TV format,in my essay,refers to the format in which the imported TV programmes,usually with extensive popularity and high ratings,are localised to appeal to domestic audience in Japan.In recent decades with an increasing number of TV shows being imported,the Japanese TV industry has established a successful routine to adapt foreign TV programmes to a domestic consumer market despite the fact that imported TV


Sentiment classification for non-English languages has gained significant attention from researchers in the past few years with the increasing use of non-English scripts and Romanized scripts for expressing sentiments over social media. In this study, we begin by classifying Sinhala sentiments on social media into positive and negative polarity classes using N-gram feature extraction. N-grams are a contiguous sequence of words or characters of a text. Then we focus on improving the classification accuracy by employing different stemming methods. Stemming is generally used to reduce the dimensionality of the feature set - something which needs to be carried out with great care as over reducing feature dimensionality causes the classification accuracy to decrease. Finally, we compare the accuracy and efficiency of N-gram feature extraction and stemming based sentiment analysis models.


The problems of Hadamard quantum coin flipping in n-trials and related generalized Fibonacci sequences of numbers were introduced in [1]. It was shown that for an arbitrary number of repeated consecutive states, probabilities are determined by Fibonacci numbers for duplicated states, Tribonacci numbers for triplicated states and NBonacci numbers for arbitrary N-plicated states. In the present paper we generalize these results for direct product of multiple qubit states and arbitrary position of repeated states. The calculations are based on structure of Fibonacci trees in space of qubit states, growing in the left and in the right directions, and number of branches and allowed paths on the trees. By using n-qubit quantum coins as random n-qubit states with maximal Shannon entropy, we show that quantum probabilities can be calculated by means of geometric probabilities. It illustrates possible application of geometric probabilities in quantum information theory. The Golden ratio of probabilities and the limit of n going to infinity are discussed.


Disposal of contaminated shield-cooling air and the carbon dioxide coolant consists of filtering and release to the atmosphere at roof level. Liquid effluents after discharge are confined in a cooling pond for 100 days. The pond is continuously filtered and the level is kept constant by removal of water to an evaporator unit. (C.J.G.)


Oxindole dimers have been used as intermediates in the synthesis of various cyclotryptamine alkaloids. An efficient direct synthesis of oxindole dimers has been carried out from 3-substituted oxindoles via an oxidative dimerization using manganese(III) acetate or copper acetate/silver acetate system.


Objective To investigate the relationship between the parameter of reticulocyte and serum transferrin receptor(sTfR) in the female adolescents of iron deficiency,and to assess the early sensitive index of iron deficiency.Methods A total of 279 females,aged 12-15 years,who were investigated for the measurement of serum ferritin,hemoglobin and serum iron,were divided into four groups.The parameter of reticulocyte and sTfR were assayed.Data were compared with each other in different groups.Survey the relationship between the sTfR and parameter of reticulocyte,iron parameters.Results The average high fluorescence reticulocytes(HFR) in iron depletion phase,iron-deficient erythropoiesis and iron-deficiency anemia were significantly higher than for the healthy subjects(P0.05,P0.01,P0.01,respectively).The average middle FR(MFR) and reticulocytes maturity index(RMI) were no significant difference between iron depletion phase and healthy control.While,in iron-deficient erythropoiesis and iron-deficiency anemia,they were significantly higher than the healthy subjects(P0.01).There were no significant differences of the ret(%) between the different group.The sTfR in iron depletion phase was significantly higher than the healthy subjects(P 0.01).Its concentrations correlated significantly with MFR,RMI,and hemoglobin levels.Coclusion HFR,MFR,sTfR and RMI are as early sensitive indexs of iron deficiency in female adolescents.


For the purpose of cooling the electronic device rapidly, a cooling system based on Peltier elements has been designed and manufactured. The mathematic model of the system was built by theoretic deduce. The system is able to actively control the euthermic device's virtual thermal resistance to its surroundings and efficient cooling can be achieved. According to the proposed model, the relation between the input power of the Peltier cell and the power loaded on the euthermic device was simplified, moreover, a new multi-modal control strategy based on low power consumption was presented. The experiments proved that the use of this cooling system with our control strategy increased the control precision up to 0.8% when the power loaded on the euthermic device was at 12W.


Under a generalized value of time assumption, congestion pricing suggests that transportation systems can achieve an increased aggregated welfare when a given toll is in place. However, the welfare change induced by congestion tolls may be different when the assumption of a generalized value of time is relaxed. To evaluate welfare change on users of a multi-modal transportation system, a user behavior model based on a non-generalized value of time distribution is introduced. An alternative system cost is redefined and methods for superior allocation of resources are discussed.


From the 16th century to Opium War, Macao was the cultural exchange centre between the East and the West. The Western science spread into China through Macao. It exerted a great influence on astronomy, geography, calendar, medicine and architecture in China. which fostered a group of idealists and scientists. Chinese Confucianism and its life style went to Europe through Macao, and fostered a group of Sinologists. the Macao's contributions in the cultural exchange between the East and the West are worth commemorating forever.


· Grantees sought to increase enrollment by raising awareness among low-income families, simplifying the application process, and coordinating among programs. · Funders are encouraged to consider the life-cycle of programs and organizations, the skills in coalition-building and working with public officials that are needed, and the need to fit political strategies with the local culture.


FIELD: radio engineering, communication. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to systems and methods for communication between devices. The method facilitates When-Free communication, which allows users to send When-Free messages that act as near-instant messages that wait until a user or recipient is not in one of states defined as busy or unavailable. When-Free variants enable recipients to define policies for handling messages if unavailability persists beyond a certain time threshold, including the generation of automated responses and the replacement of instant messages with email messages, by moving the conversational thread to an email inbox for later review and response via email or to launch an instant messaging session that continues where the communication left off. The system implements said method. EFFECT: faster messaging between message senders and recipients. 28 cl, 14 dwg


The farther researches of the matter structure need the experiment of oil drop. In this report,we introduce the use of superconductive niobic ball to measure the surplus electric charge,and point out the possibility of searching fractional electric charge.


Turcotte, Spence, and Bau [Internat. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 25 (1982), pp. 699–706] contains conjectures concerning the equation \[ V'' = {{(V^2 - A(1 - X^2 ))} 2}\] with boundary conditions $V( - 1) = V(1) = 0$, where A is a nonnegative parameter. For large A an appropriate asymptotic expansion results in a version of the first Painleve transcendent, namely $Y'' = {{(Y^2 - s)} / 2}$ seeking a solution such that $Y(0) = 0$, $Y(s) - \sim \sqrt s $ as $s \to \infty $. This was studied extensively by Holmes and Spence, who conjectured that there are only two solutions. In this paper proofs of these conjectures are provided. During one of these proofs it is shown how a computer language for symbol manipulation, such as MACSYMA, can be used in a mathematically rigorous analysis.


Microbiological safety of fish is a concern of consumers, industries and regulatory agencies around the world nowadays. The rapid and accurate identification of pathogens in the supply chain is important both for quality assurance and for tracking infectious agents within the chain (Välimaa et al., 2015; Sebastião, et al., 2015; Buncic, et al., 2019). According to data from regulatory agencies and health inspection agencies worldwide Salmonella stands out among the pathogens, as the main bacterial agent, responsible for transmit diseases associated with food consumption nowadays (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016; European Food Safety Authority, 2018). In Europe, authorities point to Salmonella as the second most important agent in foodborne disease transmission, with over 91,857 cases of salmonellosis (European Food Safety Authority, 2018; Trimoulinard et al., 2017). In the United States, the incidence of Salmonella represents 15.89% of the cases associated with diseases transmitted by food consumption (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). In Brazil, Salmonella is responsible for more than 30% of foodborne diseases, according to the Brazilian Ministry of Health (Brasil, 2017). Although Salmonella is not a biologically natural pathogen of fish, it can be introduced to the fish chain through improper handling and hygiene in processing or contact with contaminated water by discharging sewage effluent into fishing basins. Salmonella are facultative intracellular parasites that invade the mucous membrane with the human and animal intestinal tract being the main reservoir of this pathogen (Álvarez-Ordóñez et al., 2012; Ertas Onmaz et al., 2015; Nhung et al., 2018). The conventional method used for the detection of Salmonella in food is based on pre-enrichment in buffered peptone water (BPW) and enrichment in selective medium, followed by differential isolation and serological confirmation (Suo & Wang, 2014; Lee, et al., 2015; Li, et al., 2017). The main limitation of this method is that these tests usually require a minimum of 5 to 6 days. However, infection control increasingly depends on faster and more accurate tests for the diagnosis of this pathogen, especially for monitoring the production of animal products, food manufacturing and end products (Andrade et al., 2010; Frickmann, et al., 2013; Gokduman et al., 2016; Lobato & O'Sullivan, 2018). In addition, there is a strong industrial demand to comply with legislation and Evaluation of a rapid detection method of Salmonella in comparison with the culture method and microbiological quality in fish from the Brazilian Amazon


This paper proposes a method of data stream clustering for stock data analysis. The method aims to retain shape and tend features during the clustering process. The experimental results show that the shape-based clustering over data streams can get the evolution accuracy of 95% with the reasonable parameters.


Let A be the class of functions f(z) of the form f(z) = z+a2z + · · · which are analytic in the open unit disc U = {z ∈ C||z| < 1}. In 1959 [5], K. Sakaguchi has considered the subclass of A consisting of those f(z) which satisfy Re ( zf ′(z) f(z)−f(−z) ) > 0, where z ∈ U. We call such a functions "Sakaguchi Functions". Various authors have investigated this class ([4], [5], [6]). Now we consider the class of functions of the form f(z) = zα(z +a2z + · · ·+anz + · · · ) (0 < α < 1), that are analytic and multivalued in U, we denote the class of these functions by Aα, and we consider the subclass of Aα consisting of those f(z) which satisfy Re ( zDz f(z) Dz f(z)−Dz f(−z) ) > 0 (z ∈ U), where Dz f(z) is the fractional derivative of order α of f(z). We call such a functions "Multivalued Sakaguchi Functions" and denote the class of those functions by Sα s . The aim of this paper is to investigate some properties of the class Sα s . 2000 Mathematical Subject Classification: Primary 30C45.


Objective To explore the roles of cytotoxicity of Aβ42 oligomer and protective effect of com- pound Chinese traditional herb FZS on Aβ42 oligomer treated PC12 cells.Methods The cell research was a nor- mal cell control design testing.The PC12 cells incubated with Aβ42 and Aβ42 oligomer treatment were established as the cell model.FZS groups compared with non-FZS groups for efficacy and safety.Cytoactive was detected by MTT and LDH.Neuronal apoptosis was identified by TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling(TUNEL) method.Aβ42 oligomer were observed by atomic force microscope.Results FZS showed no cytotoxicity and could protect neurons by inhibition of excitotoxieity and apoptosis.As judged by MTT,the optimization concentration of FZS was 21~26μg/ml.The data from MTT and LDH indicated that FZS effected a statistically significant im- provement in performance(P0.05).Significant increase in apoptosis had been shown in Aβ42 oligomer group in analysis of TUNEL.While,FZS therapy could significantly help to lessen neuronal loss(P0.05).Conclusion Conclusions The cytotoxicity of Aβ42 oligomer is stronger than Aβ42,and correlated with concentrations.Our tests objectively confirmed the efficacy and safety of FZS in PC12 cell.


1 S. K. Tewatia Central Soil and Materials Research Station, Government of India, New Delhi, India A. Sridharan Professor Emeritus, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India Subhash Narayan Singh Engineer, BSNL, Patna, India K. Tewatia Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India A. Tewatia Ansal Institute of Technology, GGS Indra Prasth University, Gurgaon, India S. Rath Proctor, University of Engineering and Management, Jaipur, India Ashutosh Trivedi PhD Professor and Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India Tanmay Banik BEng GET, Triune Energy Services Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India Tanay Sukumar BEng Fellow, Teach for India, Green Park Extn, New Delhi, India Naresh Kumar MTech Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India Akshay Jain BEng Sales Officer, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India Amit Kumar BEng Officer Trainee, Indian Oil Corporation Ltd, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India Discussion: Consolidation of clayey gouge amid permeating rock masses


This paper discusses the Georgia Department of Transportation's (GDOT's) performance-based and evidence-based approach to research implementation. Transportation agencies in the United States spend hundreds of millions of dollars on research, development, and technology transfer annually. From a performance-based standpoint, agencies will realize higher returns on investment and higher impacts of their research programs as research is implemented more effectively and efficiently. From an evidence-based standpoint, requesting evidence of research implementation as implementation deliverables from the outset of the project requires the project research team and other staff to think through and incorporate in the project plan explicit ways in which the research will be implemented. GDOT's performance-based approach to research program management treats research implementation as part of an overall asset management business process. This process integrates technical, human, organizational, and external resources to encourage, track, and monitor research implementation activities toward achieving agency strategic objectives, using an evidence-based approach. The paper discusses the adoption of a performance-based and evidence-based process, and a research implementation management tool, and their application in the development of the fiscal year 2018 Annual Research Implementation Report as well as its impact within and beyond the agency. This paper is potentially useful to transportation practitioners and agencies that want to adopt a performance-based and evidence-based approach to augment return on research investment.


Eden Robinson's The Sasquatch at Home offers the reader a taste of her skill as a storyteller. The book is a tiny gem; part memoir, part ethnography, and reveals a glimpse of Robinson's own experie...


The essay, beginning from the difference analysis between management science and management philosophy, points out that without the latter, the development of the former would be "water without a source" or "a tree without roots". Only management philosophy enables the "soul" of management science to rum to be substantialized. The auther raised six arguments to demonstrate the necessity and feasibility of establishing Chinese management philosophy. Apart from tamping the foundation of management science, establishing Chinese management philosophy still has another deeper and more profound meaning in historical culture: Chinese management Philosophy will indicate a way for the sinicization of scientific management.


A connectivity analysis of controlled quantum systems assesses the feasibility of a field existing that can transfer at least some amplitude between any specified pair of states. Although Hamiltonians with special structure or symmetry may not produce full connectivity, it is argued and demonstrated that virtually any Hamiltonian is expected to be connected. The connectivity of any particular system is generally revealed in the quantum evolution over a single or at most a few time steps. A connectivity analysis is inexpensive to perform and it can also identify statistically significant intermediate states linking a specified initial and final state. These points are illustrated with several simple systems. The likelihood of an arbitrary system being connected implies that at least some product yield can be expected in the laboratory for virtually all systems subjected to a suitable control.


Odontomas are the most frequent hamartomatous developmental abnormality. The condition is frequently associated with one or more unerupted teeth and is often detected through the failure of teeth to erupt at the expected time. Although most cases are found impacted within the jaw, there are instances where odontomas have erupted into the oral cavity. Majority of the odontomas are asymptomatic nonetheless these anomalies can cause delayed eruption, impaction, or even result in retention of primary teeth. Odontomas are atypical calcified conglomeration of dental tissues such as enamel, dentin, pulp, and cementum and emerge from odontogenic epithelium thus, they are mixed odontogenic tumor. According to the literature, its origin can be local trauma, infection, or genetic mutations, however, the exact cause is unknown. This case report presents a compound composite odontome in a 25-year-old patient along with its related clinical and radiological manifestations and the surgical management and emphasis on the early diagnosis and treatment planning.


Data consisting of 3168 12–22 year old Finnish youths' technology usage habits and test results concerning information seeking are analysed in this paper. The research objective was to find out Finnish youths' information literacy skills in locating, searching and evaluating information. Research Unit for the Sociology of Education has developed a test for detecting different forms of ICT usage, recording self-evaluations about ICT skills and particulary finding out the actual ICT skills by means of tasks related to 18 different fields of ICT. In the information retrieval tasks the adolescents had to choose the right search channel, form an appropriate search phrase and finally evaluate the search results. The results indicate that the overall information seeking skills among youths are insufficient. Boys perform better than girls in tasks which require locating information resources, girls in their turn in evaluating search results. Both genders are mainly unable to produce correct and comprehensive search closures. The analysis focuses especially on those technology usage targets which are associated with both skilled and poor information literacy. Those who perform well in information seeking tasks are more active users of digital technology than the others, use more actively new media services and use technology as a tool for making their own content or for searching information and following current events online.


Teacher induction programmes provide critical support for new teachers moving into teaching. The focus of this paper is to examine and identify the specific understandings, attitudes and skills educative mentors require in supporting Provisionally Registered Teachers' (PRTs) learning. The research for this paper is based on a qualitative approach grounded in the interpretive tradition. Qualitative data were collected from 17 mentor teachers in the form of semi-structured one-toone interviews which were audio-taped, transcribed and analysed using a thematic approach. Based on the findings the specific understandings, attitudes and skills required by mentor teachers in effective educative mentoring with PRTs are: excellent curriculum and pedagogical knowledge, being an effective and reflective practitioner, clear communication skills, and personal skills of supportiveness and understanding. These findings are important for professional development and practice in induction and mentoring programmes in New Zealand. The findings of this study and the implications that have arisen must be considered within the context and size of the study.


We studied, 6 patients in whom bone cavities after cystectomy were filled with autolyzed, antigen extracted, allogeneic (AAA) bone. The patients ranged in age from 28 to 49 years. Cysts developed in the maxilla in 2 patients and the mandible in 4 patients. The cyst type was radicular cyst in 5 patients and follicular cyst in 1 patient. The maximal duration of postoperative follow-up was 24 months. Orthopantomography was performed after surgery. Furthermore, oral examination was performed to investigate abnormal findings. On the basis of radiography and oral examination, the usefulness of AAA bone was evaluated. AAA bone was assessed to be "extremely useful" in 3 patients and "useful" in 3 patients; the usefulness rate was 100%. These results suggest that AAA bone is a safe and effective biomaterial.


Data communications networks have become ubiquitous and vital facilities in the modern office. The networks must be inexpensive, support many different hardware platforms and must be easy to install and maintain. System integrators and component designers have worked together to develop standards that define the requirements for data communications networks with these desired properties. The standards describe the requirements that an implemented system must meet, and thus provide a common development point for fiber optic component manufacturers and system integrators. The ANSI X3T9.5 fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) is an example of a network standard that is imminently reaching completion while the ANSI X3T9.3 fiber channel standard is an example of developing fiber optic standard. The presentation will review the technical requirements of these standards to show how they implement the required physical connections.


ABSTRACT: This paper presents a new approach based on Biogeography based optimization (BBO) algorithm for the simultaneous power quality improvement and optimal placement and sizing of capacitor banks and distributed generation (DGs) in the presence of voltage harmonic in radial distribution networks. The optimization aims at minimizing the power losses and voltage profils and THD improvement by DGs and capacitor banks placement for radial distribution system. Constraints include voltage limits and locations of installed DG and capacitors number/size, limit candidate buses. Biogeography based optimization is a novel evolutionary algorithm that is based on the mathematics of biogeography. In the BBO model, problem solutions are represented as islands, and the sharing of features between solutions is represented as immigration and emigration between the islands. A numerical application on a 33-bus bar network was performed. For effectiveness of the proposed procedure, the results obtained by BBO are compared with the genetic algorithm (GA).


Abstract A study of 1978 and 1979 school-leavers in Leeds is reported. The results show that there is a significant improvement in employment prospects after participation in the Youth Opportunities Programme. Using Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire, a measure of probability of psychiatric disorder, it is shown that YOP acts as a buffer, alleviating the detrimental psychological effects of unemployment. This effect is only found during participation on YOP, and the detrimental psychological effects of unemployment return for those ex-trainees who are unemployed after YOP.


We studied the evolution of patterns of scattered light in a barium titanate crystal, during the process of self-pumped phase conjugation in a system with no external beam-reflecting elements. We also studied the effect on the back-propagating phase-conjugate output of erasing small successive portions of the photorefractive volume grating. We interpret the results of these studies as indicating the formation of reflection gratings by feedback, from back-propagating beams produced by initial transmission gratings. The transmission gratings are initiated by power in reflective optical cavities between cube corners. The light in these cavities is the result of forward holographically amplified scattering (fanning). Transmission gratings, resulting from light back-scattered off the microrough edge of the cube, also contribute to the back-propagating beam.


When sulfuric acid is used as the catalyst for the alkylation of isobutane with C[sub 3]--C[sub 5] olefins, high-quality gasoline is produced in addition to small amounts of conjunct polymers, sulfur dioxide, and water. The latter two compounds are undesired byproducts formed by reactions between conjunct polymers and sulfuric acid. Both compounds are also formed during storage and transportation of the used sulfuric acid before it is regenerated to produce concentrated acid. The kinetics of the reactions between conjunct polymers and sulfuric acid were investigated from 10 to 60 C for acids of different compositions; a kinetic equation was then developed. The formation of sulfone and hydroxyl groups on the conjunct polymers is also discussed. Up to several percent of a used acid can decompose during storage or transportation, if the acid is not handled correctly.


It is well known that the use of multiple transmit and receive antennas has the potential to increase the capacity of a wireless link by a factor as high as the minimum of the numbers of transmit and receive antennas [2, 1]. However, these capacity calculations assume that the fading statistics between any antenna pair is independent from the statistics between any other pair. In real world situations, component distortions, insufcient separation between array elements, and, in particular, realistic scattering environments cause the fading statistics between antenna elements to be correlated among the elements, which contradicts the assumption of independent channel path gains often seen in the literature. This paper studies such multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels in terms of their capacity based upon simple, but basic assumptions on the scattering environment.


181 Background: Tissue microarrays (TMAs), linked to clinical databases containing clinical outcome data, offer a great potential for defining and validating new biomarkers in urological oncology. The long term follow up required for true clinical outcome prostate cancer results in the use of archival material for TMA construction. The use of such material has inherent problems which must be overcome to unlock the full potential of prostate TMAs. Methods: A prostate 2,450 core TMA containing normal, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and malignant prostate tissue from 524 archival patient specimens was constructed and analysed. Each core was independently verified histologically. An automated, high throughput fluorescent staining (Leica BOND-MAX), image capture (Carl Zeiss Microimaging Mirax scanner) and scoring (Definiens Tissue Studio) protocol was compared with standardised conventional staining and manual scoring techniques. Results: Image analysis showed excellent correlation (r=0.785) and absolute ...


This report tries to introduce a new way to use high expansion foam in case of a fire, namely as a protection for property. The use of high expansion foam as a tool to extinguish a fire in a building is widely known in Sweden. But the tool is not the first action taken by the fire service and the knowledge of how to use high expansion foam is not very high.

Information on how Swedish rescue service personnel feel about using this tool where analyzed by conducting a survey among commanders within Swedish rescue service.

Results from three experiments prove that high expansion foam is a good tool for protecting property from hot gases produced by a fire and from heat radiation. Although the high expansion foam easily is destroyed by heat radiation.

There is more research needed on this subject to prove the best way of use high expansion foam.


Chemical and thermal denaturation of calmodulin has been monitored spectroscopically to determine the stability for the intact protein and its two isolated domains as a function of binding of Ca2+ or Mg2+. The reversible urea unfolding of either isolated apo‐domain follows a two‐state mechanism with relatively low δG°20 values of ˜2.7 (N‐domain) and ˜1.9 kcal/mol (C‐domain). The apo‐C‐domain is significantly unfolded at normal temperatures (20‐25 °C!. The greater affinity of the C‐domain for Ca2+ causes it to be more stable than the N‐domain at [Ca2+] ≤0.3 mM. By contrast, Mg2+ causes a greater stabilization of the N‐ rather than the C‐domain, consistent with measured Mg2+ affinities.


After defining the commonly used terms identity, identification, and individualization, the article focuses on the individualization of sources. First, it shows that the commonly accepted definition invokes the exclusion of all other potential sources systematically. This is named the Earth population paradigm. Within that paradigm, the probabilities involved for a conclusion regarding individualization are explored to conclude that realistically no sets of features will ever allow such a level of discrimination. Hence, individualization conclusions are out of reach and cannot be easily substantiated, either in the classic identification fields (such as fingerprint evidence) or in DNA profiling. The scales of conclusions commonly proposed and used are criticized because of their lack of logical foundation, and a method for reporting all identification evidence using a likelihood ratio (LR) framework is suggested.

Keywords:

identity;
identification;
individualization;
likelihood ratio;
fingerprints;
DNA;
footwear marks;
toolmarks


We prove new cases of Fontaine-Mazur conjecture on two-dimensional Galois representations over Q when the residual representation is reducible. Our approach is via a semi-simple local-global compatibility of the completed cohomology and a Taylor-Wiles patching argument for the completed homology in this case. As a key input, we generalize the work of Skinner-Wiles in the ordinary case. In addition, we also treat the residually irreducible case at the end of the paper. Combining with people's earlier work, we can prove the Fontaine-Mazur conjecture completely in the regular case when p is at least 5.


The paper summarizes investigations on jacked and driven piles in non-uniform soils consisting of clay and sand. Part 1 deals with the bearing capacity of piles penetrating through clay and sand layers. Preliminary tests on small model piles have been undertaken to study the effects on the point resistance of parameters such as the strength and thickness of a clay stratum, the strength ratio of soils in the two layers and the geometry of the layers. Based on these results, tests on a 76 mm diameter instrumented steel pile and a 36 mm diameter static cone penetrometer have been carried out for selected combinations of the variables involved. The test results are analysed to determine the influence of clay thickness and strength on the point resistance of piles in sand, expressed by a non-dimensional clay strength factor a, and parameters influencing a are discussed. The effect of layering on the shaft friction in sand and the radial stresses along the pile length are studied. The efficiency of small groups of model piles in layered soils is obtained. Field data are analysed, including scale effects, and simple design rules are suggested to estimate the bearing capacity of piles in layered soils. /TRRL/


Electronic data reporting (EDR) together with information communication technology (ICT) offers many possibilities to collect cheaper, timely and better quality data. At the same time it lowers the burden to the data respondent. But in order to achieve efficient EDR some needs are to be satisfied. In the following article projects running in the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia (SORS) and experiences gained are presented. The article concentrates on the strategies used to migrate research results into the production environment; it also deals with testing while maintaining the regular production, and coping with rapid changes in information technology. Three projects from the SORS are presented, also discussing problems and solutions. The first project (EDI-FIN) is from the field of electronic data collection, where data are taken directly from the enterprises' financial records using experiences and tools from the Eurostat TELER project. QUESTOR is the second project related to the subject of maintaining the process of data management in the input division of SORS. The third project is related to the integrated approach of the Ministry of Education, Science and Sport and SORS in building the integrated web-based collection of data on upper secondary education. The abovementioned projects have exposed several management, organisational and policy issues. Some of them are: integration of the needs of several public institutions and possible future arrangements, problems of outsourcing the electronic data reporting (EDR) of NSIs, promotion of EDR and education of data respondents and internal staff, coping with transition period, challenges and possible obstacles for NSIs when understanding and using the current and future possibility of accessing data from electronic networks, data protection issues, etc. The outline of the article is as follows. First, EDR and its influence on the regular work is presented, and the background of implementing EDR in SORS is introduced. The overall production process and infrastructure as groundwork for introducing EDR for statistical purposes is shown. Then three projects related to EDR in SORS are presented with some details. At the end experiences – good and bad – gained during these projects, are presented, and also some questions that need to be answered in the future are emphasized.


Tandem gas metal arc welding (tandem GMAW) is, as a high productivity welding method of manufacturing process, utilized broadly in modern Swedish industry. Spatter is more or less an inevitable fla ...


The article studies historical and modern aspects of design and building of small architectural forms (fences, gates, wicket doors, retaining walls and partially – bridge fences) in many regions of the Russian North and other regions of Russia. This work is based on the author's investigations of the great number of monuments of wooden architecture during the visit to several regions of Russia in connection with preparation of the Collection of Monuments and the building of open-air museums in the Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions ("Malye Korely"). The author suggests her own systematization of the above-mentioned constructions, most of which have eventually become monuments of folk architecture. The majority of the discovered and measured small architectural forms are reconstructed in the museums. They can be also easily built in the real environment of rural settlements, small towns, country estates and dacha communities of the mentioned regions.


Wind energy is one of the least cost and environmentally attractive new electricity source options for many parts of the world. Because of new wind turbine technology, reduced costs, short installation time, and environmental benefits, countries all over the world are beginning to once again develop one of the world`s oldest energy technologies. A unique set of opportunities and challenges now faces the wind industry and its proponents. This paper discusses the potential and challenges of wind power. The US Department of Energy (DOE) is working closely with industry to develop new, improved wind turbine technology and to support both domestic and international deployment. The US DOE Wind Program is discussed within this context.


Introduction: Mammographic screening has resulted in detection of increased numbers of impalpable in situ and invasive carcinomas that require localisation for surgical excision. Radioactive seed localisation (RSL), locally referred to as radio-guided occult lesion localisation using iodine 125 seeds (ROLLIS), is a novel alternative to hookwire guided techniques, with excellent complete excision rates, that has been the subject of a recent pilot study in Western Australia. Aim: To develop safe and effective procedures for the pathological handling of RSL specimens including seed tracking and retrieval. Methods: The pilot study involved 116 patients (62 at QEII and 54 at RPH). Robust protocols for pathological handling of specimens were developed to minimise risk of seed loss. Radioactive hazard stickers were mandatory for specimen containers and request forms. Seed retrieval was conducted by either immediate retrieval from fresh specimens (QEII) or following overnight formalin fixation (RPH). Once retrieved, seeds were placed into lead containers labelled with radioactive hazard stickers, that were collected from the laboratory by medical physics. All involved personnel received training in radiation safety. Results: Both immediate and delayed retrieval techniques resulted in acquisition of all seeds. Immediate retrieval necessitated re-approximation of a specimen incision to prevent distortion of margins. Delayed retrieval meant the radioactive seed remained within the department for longer. Both techniques have been incorporated into the day-to-day running of the laboratories. Conclusion: Our pathological handling of RSL specimens, developed during the pilot study, are safe and effective and now routine. These techniques will continue in the randomised control study phase.


This paper presents a compact and disposable electrochemical sensor which can be batch fabricated by standard microfabrication technology. The proposed sensor has the potential to be directly deployed for measuring water hardness, which is mainly contributed by dissolved calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) ions. The analytical performance of the sensor is evaluated through electrochemical experiments. The experimental results indicate that the sensor is capable of detecting Ca and Mg ions down to 1 ppm with a linear detection range from 10 to 50 ppm.


Abstract This study presents direct numerical simulations of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in non-colloidal suspensions, with special focus on the heat transfer modifications in the flow. Adopting a Rayleigh number of $10^8$ and Prandtl number of 7, parametric investigations of the particle volume fraction $0\leq \varPhi \leq 40\,\%$ and particle diameter $1/20\leq d^*_p\leq 1/10$ with respect to the cavity height, are carried out. The particles are neutrally buoyant, rigid spheres with physical properties that match the fluid phase. Up to $\varPhi =25\,\%$, the Nusselt number increases weakly but steadily, mainly due to the increased thermal agitation that overcomes the decreased kinetic energy of the flow. Beyond $\varPhi =30\,\%$, the Nusselt number exhibits a substantial drop, down to approximately 1/3 of the single-phase value. This decrease is attributed to the dense particle layering in the near-wall region, confirmed by the time-averaged local volume fraction. The dense particle layer reduces the convection in the near-wall region and negates the formation of any coherent structures within one particle diameter from the wall. Significant differences between $\varPhi \leq 30\,\%$ and 40 % are observed in all statistical quantities, including heat transfer and turbulent kinetic energy budgets, and two-point correlations. Special attention is also given to the role of particle rotation, which is shown to contribute to maintaining high heat transfer rates in moderate volume fractions. Furthermore, decreasing the particle size promotes the particle layering next to the wall, inducing a similar heat transfer reduction as in the highest particle volume fraction case.


The present paper deals with the criterion for age determination in the squirrel,Scurus vulgaris,and the age structure of its population.A total of 415 specimens of the squirrels were collected at Wuying Lesser Khing-an Mountains,North-eastern China,from April to October,1962.We studied the detail structures of the teeth,and found that according to the occurrence of the both milk and permanent teeth,and the degree of wearing of the tooth crown,sis age groups may be recognized.Group 1.Juveniles (Ⅰ): From birth and the beginning of appearance of the milk premolars to the third molars growing up,the permanent premolars are not yet to be seen in the tooth sockets.Group 2.Juveniles (Ⅱ): Permanent premolars can be seen in the sockets,but the milk premolars are not fallen.Group 3.Subadults: The milk teeth are fallen from the alveolus dentalis,and the permanent premolars grow in contiguity to the tooth crown of the molars but not yet on the same level with the molars.Group 4.Adults (Ⅰ): Under observation of naked eyes,the crown of molar teeth are not worn.Group 5.Adults (Ⅱ): The enamel of the cusps,both in the lingual faee of the maxillary molars and in the facial face of the mandibular molars is worn,but the dentine is not yet to appear.Group 6.Olders: Following the continued wearing of the teeth,their crown is thus gradually approaching to the level of the fossa of faeies masticatorias,the dentine being obvious.The cusps of both the facial face of the maxillary and the lingual face of the mandibular teeth are much worn.According to the age criteria as stated above,we compared the body weight,body length and 15 measurements of the skulls.After statistical analysis,we found that significant differences only occurred in body weight,body length,the greatest length of the skulls and the basilar length of the skulls in the younger age groups.The age structure of the population showed that the sexual ratio of various age groups had some differences,yet it was gernerally tending to be 1:1.The intensity of reproduction for adults (Ⅰ and Ⅱ) was higher than that of the olders.There was no difference between the numbers of embryos in the above three groups.The seasonal change of age groups was clear.Before July,juveniles Ⅱ and subadults were increased quickly in number every month,whereas the adults were relatively decreased in proportion.After July,however,the adults increased gradually.The older group was less changed in proportion throughout the year.


Enzymes effecting aldrin epoxidation and dihydroisodrin hydroxylation were studied in various tissues of Gromphadrohina portentosa Schaum, and optimal in vitro assay conditions were established. Enzyme activity was associated with the midgut, gastric caeca, fat body, and malpighian tubules and only slightly with the hindgut and crop. The enzymes in the midgut and caeca required NADPH and oxygen for optimum activity and were inhibited completely by carbon monoxide. Electron micrographs of various subcellular fractions from the midgut and caeca showed that enzyme activity was associated with a fraction comprising membranous vesicles derived from both the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Large variations in enzyme activity were observed through several in stars, and activity was lowest during the internymphal molts. These changes in enzyme activity correlate favorably with the toxicity of propoxur to cockroaches of different ages.


Two new Weibull probability plotting papers are presented. Their use is explained, and they are compared with other Weibull papers...


Abstract From 0600 UTC 2 August to 1200 UTC 3 August Hurricane Guillermo (1997) deepened by 54 hPa over the eastern North Pacific Ocean, easily exceeding the thresholds that define rapid intensification (RI). The NOAA WP-3Ds observed a portion of this RI with similar two-aircraft missions on consecutive days. The aircraft jettisoned 70 successful global positioning system (GPS) dropwindsondes (or GPS sondes), which reveal how conditions in the lower troposphere on the octant to quadrant scale evolved within 250 km of the eye. Reflectivity fields demonstrate that the deepening is correlated with a spiraling in of the northern eyewall that reduces the eye diameter by 10 km. This behavior contrasts the more uniform contraction witnessed during eyewall replacement cycles. Mixing between the lower eye and eyewall, as detailed by other investigators, appears to have triggered the reduction in the eye diameter. After RI the eyewall remains asymmetrical with the tallest echo tops and heaviest rain rates located o...


Background: Unsafe abortions are performed in countries where abortions are illegal. Preventing unsafe abortions is one of the easiest ways to improve women's health. Gaining an understanding of the perceptions of physicians to illegal abortions can be used to recommend policy changes that can positively impact on women's health. Objectives: To determine Grenadian physicians' perceptions on the prevalence of illegal abortions in Grenada, determine which complications from unsafe abortions are perceived to most negatively impact on Grenadian women's health, and determine what measures can be taken to prevent unsafe abortions from taking place. Methods: Using an online survey questionnaire, physician perceptions on the prevalence of illegal abortions in Grenada were ascertained as well as determine what they thought were the impacts such unsafe abortions were having on women's health. Results: Out of 75 physicians registered and licensed to practice medicine in Grenada, 44 (59%) consented to take the online survey. Of these 44 participating physicians, 91% stated that they believed illegal abortions were taking place in Grenada with 66% reporting that they personally knew of illegal abortions cases. Bleeding, infection, and uterine perforation were identified as the three main complications arising from botched abortion procedures. The top three solutions proposed by physicians to curtail illegal abortions in Grenada were health education (91%), encouraging the use of modern contraceptives (77%), and the provision of legalized abortion services (52%). Conclusions: Implementation of sexual health education program to both the general public and kids in high school would garner the greatest support from Grenadian physicians as a potential solution to reducing the high prevalence of illegal abortions allegedly taking place in Grenada.


The forms and specific situations of the government of men by one another in a given society are multiple; they are superimposed, they cross, impose their own limits, sometimes cancel one another out, sometimes reinforce one another. (Foucault [SP, 224]) According to a commonplace in the critical discussion of Foucault's later work, he is supposed to have decided to take up Nietzsche's interpretation of power as Wille zur Macht, 'will to power.' For instance, Habermas believes he has criticized Foucault when he says, 'Nietzsche's authority, from which this [Foucault's] utterly unsociological concept of power is borrowed, is not enough to justify its systematic usage.' Charles Taylor finds in Nietzsche 'a doctrine which Foucault seems to have made his own,' viz., that 'there is no order of human life, or way we are, or human nature, that one can appeal to in order to judge or evaluate between ways of life.


GHz-range applications that operate in a variety of signal situations and/or multiple standards require highly programmable responses that cannot be provided by analog circuits. Conventional digital solutions suffer from aliasing, thus requiring a complicated antialiasing filter and/or extremely high clock speeds with high power dissipation. An alternative is continuous-time (CT) DSP [1], which uses level-crossing sampling [2] but without a clock. It offers activity-dependent power dissipation, is alias-free and has lower EMI emissions. This technique has so far been demonstrated in the voice band [3] but cannot be pushed beyond the MHz range because it involves extremely narrow pulse widths that cannot be handled by digital logic. This work bypasses this timing problem, enabling a five-orders-of-magnitude improvement in frequency capability compared to [3], thus making CT DSP a candidate for wideband GHz low-dynamic-range applications, such as those found in pulse radio, spectrum sensing, and channel equalization. Presented is a 3b 6-tap CT DSP system with wide programmability that is implemented in ST 65nm technology.


Using a soil improvement biotechnology based on microbial-induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) to form a horizontal water barrier in foundation pit dewatering can not only achieve a good dewatering control effect, but also control the cost and obtain good economic and environmental benefits. In this study, taking the Shanghai layer ⑨ sand as the research object, the solution injected into the layer ⑨ sand by MICP grouting technology includes bacterial solution (Sporosarcina pasteurii) and cementation solution (urea and CaCl2 solution). The migration mechanism of the bacterial solution and cementation solution in groundwater was analyzed through batch experiment and column test, and the mathematical model of migration was established. The dynamic adsorption characteristics of the S. pasteurii, Ca2+, and urea were obtained by dynamic adsorption test. Through isothermal adsorption test, the Freundlich isotherm was used to describe the isothermal adsorption of S. pasteurii onto fine sand, and the partition coefficient of the S. pasteurii was found to be 1.5 × 10−7 L/mg. The Langmuir isotherm can be used truly reflect the isothermal adsorption of Ca2+ onto fine sand. The distribution coefficient of the Ca2+ was 7 × 10−8 L/mg. The maximum adsorption capacity of the solute was 2404.8 mg/kg. The adsorption capacity of the urea was very small. According to the sand column test, the vertical dispersion was 11.5 cm. Due to the obvious size effect of dispersion, the sensitivity of dispersion in actual working conditions should be analyzed in a subsequent numerical simulation. The determined solute transport parameters provide support for the further study of the numerical simulation of the solute transport process of the HSRB formed by MICP grouting technology and provide a basis for further field application.


The present invention discloses a method for reducing and removing organic pollutant deposition and ink during pulping papermaking production, and belongs to the technical field of pulping papermaking. According to the method, polystyrene phenol polyoxyethylene having a molecular mass of 240-7000/propylene/butene ether or sulfuric acid or a sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and carboxylic ester polymer thereof is used as an agent to control organic pollutants and/or deinking, and the polymer agent is added to a water-containing cellulose papermaking pulp to make the polymer agent react with the organic pollutants or ink substance surface, such that the physical and chemical properties of the organic pollutants and the ink are changed, the substances in the pulping process are easily separated and removed, the contents of the organic pollutants and the ink in the system are reduced, and the viscosity of the organic pollutants is changed even eliminated so as to eliminate the deposition of the organic pollutants in the pulping and papermaking process and achieve the purposes of paper quality improving and papermaking production efficiency improving.


Workplace learning (WPL) is widely accepted in universities as a valuable component of educating for professional practices. Most often though, the focus of WPL is on helping students transition into the workforce, neglecting the role it can play in helping students transition into university. Using an online questionnaire and interviews, a study was conducted with undergraduate students enrolled in a regional Australian university to better understand their experiences of WPL in the first year of their studies. Findings from this study showed that although there are challenges associated with students undertaking WPL in the first year of university courses, WPL experiences were highly valued by students. Findings also highlighted that WPL had potential as a retention strategy for first year students in general, and students from under-represented groups in particular.


Changes in mean earlywood vessel areas in mature Quercus macrocarpa were analyzed to determine possible sources of bias in paleoflood records derived from anatomical tree -ring signatures. Tree -ring cores were collected at intervals along the vertical axis of four Q. macrocarpa in a flood -prone stand near the Red River in Manitoba. The WinCELL PRO image analysis system was used to measure mean vessel areas in each annual ring. Most cores displayed a pronounced juvenile increase in mean vessel area before stabilizing between 40 and 60 years. The lowest samples from several trees contain rings with anomalously small mean vessel areas that are coincident with highmagnitude Red River floods in 1950 and 1997. The anatomical response of Q. macrocarpa appears to be conditional on the relative timing of earlywood development and flooding. Flood signatures are most strongly developed near the tree base and become less evident up the trunk. Most signatures disappear between one and three meters in height. Differences in flood response between trees are likely caused by internal differences rather than hydrological or topographic factors. Paleoflood studies based on samples obtained exclusively at breast height may miss some anatomical flood signatures and underestimate flood frequency relative to earlier intervals.


Both Canada and the European Union (EU) have been active in developing pension policies despite the lack of formal mandates to do so. While the Canadian government used its fiscal powers to expand its role in pension programs when pension emerged as a policy issue, the EU has been strongly limited by its lack of resources, institutional complexities, and the maturity of public pension programs in its member states. The EU experience generates interesting lessons for Canadian policy makers who are dealing with increasingly complex pension issues.

Sommaire

Aussi bien le Canada que l'Union europeenne (UE) ont procede activement a l'elaboration de politiques de pension malgre le manque de mandats officiels pour le faire. Alors que le gouvernement canadien a utilise ses pouvoirs en matiere de politique financiere pour etendre son role dans les programmes de pension lorsque les pensions sont devenues un enjeu politique, l'UE a ete fortement limitee par son manque de ressources, ses complexites institutionnelles et la maturite des programmes de pension publics dans ses Etats membres. L'experience de l'UE offre des lecons interessantes pour les decisionnaires canadiens qui font face a des enjeux de plus en plus complexes en matiere de pensions.


This paper attempts to answer the following questions related to buuer management schemes for high speed integrated services networks: (i) given the pattern of cell arrivals from diierent classes of traac, can buuer control signiicantly innuence the eeect of cell loss (ii) given a performance measure in terms of cell loss, how are some or all of the characteristics of an optimal buuer control policy described and (iii) would an end-to-end buuer control policy (that is, a policy that is exercised over the entire network) be signiicantly diierent from one meant for controlling a single node. The basic approach to answering these questions is to impute a cost of losing cells which may vary between classes of applications and to minimize this cost over the nite or innnite time horizons. We provide a complete characterization of optimal buuer control for a single node for minimizing linear, concave and convex cost functions of cell loss. For the end-to-end problem, we show for the simple case when there is no cross traac in the network, the intuitive approach of controlling only the rst node in the series is suucient. For the general multi-node problem, we present insights into the nature of optimal policies. Then, using a dynamic programming formulation for a two-node network, we construct a simple heuristic that signiicantly outperforms a control based on static rules.


We karyotyped and identified by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) analysis Anopheles gambiae s.s. samples collected in several African countries. The data show the existence of two non‐panmictic molecular forms, named S and M, whose distribution extended from forest to savannahs. Mosquitoes of the S and M forms are homosequential standard for chromosome‐2 inversions in forest areas. In dry savannahs, S is characterized mainly by inversion polymorphisms typical of Savanna and Bamako chromosomal forms, while M shows chromosome‐2 arrangements typical of Mopti and/or Savanna and/or Bissau, depending on its geographical origin. Chromosome‐2 inversions therefore seem to be involved in ecotypic adaptation rather than in mate‐recognition systems. Strong support for the reproductive isolation of S and M in Ivory Coast comes from the observation that the kdr allele is found at high frequencies in S specimens and not at all in chromosomal identical M specimens. However, the kdr allele does not segregate with molecular forms in Benin.


Abstract : This study examined the effects of rater stress on halo error, severity error and rating accuracy in performance appraisal. Eight-four participants completed either a stressful or nonstressful in-basket exercise, either before or after observing the videotaped performance of a manager. They then rated the manager on several performance dimensions. Ratings provided by participants completing the stressful in-basket were less accurate than those provided by participants completing the nonstressful in-basket. However, ratings provided by these two groups showed no differences in halo or severity error. In addition, raters who completed the in-basket after seeing the target performance but before rating that performance provided less accurate ratings than those completing the in-basket before observing and rating the performance. These result indicate that rater stress may lead to greater appraisal inaccuracy, and that this inaccuracy is largely a function of faulty information retrieval.


By studying the geometric interpretation of the optimal value function,the optimal value problems are transformed into geometric problems and relevant geometric models are constructed.For different problems,constructing vectors method,numeral-form combination method and constructing curves method are used to solve the optimal value problems.Combined with practical examples,the use of geometric method for solving the some of the maximum and minimum of the function is discussed.


This paper presents our study on a compact circular polarized horn antenna working in W-band which can generate Left Hand Circular Polarization (LHCP) with wide impedance bandwidth and 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth. And better power-handling capability and structure rigidity are also expected when compared with septum-based CP antennas. The preliminary simulation results show that the reflection coefficient below −21 dB and axial ratio below 3 dB from 75.7 GHz to 110 GHz can be achieved while the directivity is 17±1.2 dBic.


Due to the greenhouse effect, the climatic change that may alter the water cycle regime is now becoming recognized. On the other hand, the groundwater environment is getting worse and people are discouraged, although groundwater plays an important role as base flow of river discharge and as water resources. Recently, the term water cycle is frequently used in the water policies by governments that attempt to establish a sustainable water environment. The groundwater hydrologists and engineers, therefore, need to take actions. In the present article, discussions are made on what the experts of groundwater hydrology should do in order to implement the proposed policies. Specifically emphasis is put on how the groundwater expert contributes as an interface between the targeting goals and the actual water environment.


Efficiency of gradient propagation in intermediate layers of convolutional neural networks is of key importance for super-resolution task. To this end, we propose a deep architecture for single image super-resolution (SISR), which is built using efficient convolutional units we refer to as mixed-dense connection blocks (MDCB). The design of MDCB combines the strengths of both residual and dense connection strategies, while overcoming their limitations. To enable super-resolution for multiple factors, we propose a scale-recurrent framework which reutilizes the filters learnt for lower scale factors recursively for higher factors. This leads to improved performance and promotes parametric efficiency for higher factors. We train two versions of our network to enhance complementary image qualities using different loss configurations. We further employ our network for video super-resolution task, where our network learns to aggregate information from multiple frames and maintain spatio-temporal consistency. The proposed networks lead to qualitative and quantitative improvements over state-of-the-art techniques on image and video super-resolution benchmarks.


Introduction: Intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis®) is an effective short-term treatment for (retinal neovascularization) and persistent macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Intravitreal ranibizumab may cause changes in the corneal endothelium. Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate corneal endothelial changes after intravitreal injection of Ranibizumab (Lucentis) in cases of Retinal Vein Occlusion. Patients and Methods: This prospective case series study included 30 patients with RVO to evaluate corneal endothelial changes by Specular microscopy after intravitreal injection of ranibizumab. Results: There was an insignificant difference between before and one month after the last intravitreal injection as regard to endothelial cell density, coefficient of variation in cell size and hexagonality of endothelial cells (P = 0.614, 0.677 and 0.687). Conclusion: Repeated intravitreal injections of ranibizumab (Lucentis®) don't seem to cause substantial changes in the corneal endothelium by specular microscopy after one month after finishing three times of injection in RVO patients. [Radwa Nabil Mohamed Shokeir, Mohamed Sameh El Shorbagy, Moataz Mohamed Sabry, Amr Fawzy Sharaf Study of Corneal Endothelial Changes after Intravitreal Injection of Ranibizumab (Lucentis) in Cases of Retinal Vein Occlusion. Biomedicine and Nursing 2020;6(4): 22-25]. ISSN 2379-8211 (print); ISSN 2379-8203 (online). http://www.nbmedicine.org. 3. doi:10.7537/marsbnj060420.03.


In this study, the main goal was to investigate the true origin of an influence of substrate effects during nanoindentation of thin films. The work examined the proper relation between the elastic strain intensities in the film and substrate, and modified the Doerner & Nix function used to first describe this situation. A universal mathematical model/formula was developed to better describe the nanoindentation Modulus– Displacement curve. Furthermore, a physical explanation was suggested for the new function. In this project, 15 specimens (including 14 amorphous thin films and 1 nanocrystalline film deposited on Si substrates) were tested using a MTS nanoindentation XP system. The films were tested with a continuous stiffness measurement (CSM), where flat regions were found in the early stage of the E-h curves that reflected the true film modulus. The flat region (the region without substrate effects) and critical indentation depth (hcr) was determined for each material. A unique non-linear trend was found between the critical indentation depth/film thickness ratio (hcr/t) and film/substrate modulus ratio (Ef/Es). It was found parameter α in Doerner & Nix function was not a constant as originally suggested. Instead, it changed with the indentation depth. To improve Doerner & Nix function, two parameters α1 and α2 were suggested in the equation instead of one, as the elastic strain growth is not continuous in the film and substrate. Based on the experimental investigation and analytical modeling, the two parameters were determined


The author considers any system outside the scope of the standards given in BS 5489, although those mentioned can be quite conventional abroad. High concentrations of motor vehicles in wealthy Kuwait has led to most major roads being constructed to motorway standards with wide medians. Often 16 M mounting height tapered steel columns are used at 60 M intervals in the centre of an 8 M wide median. Each column supports an array of six lanterns arranged in two parallel rows to light each carriageway. Five possible alternative methods of lighting a new motorway with a 30 M wide median are discussed. The majority of the road will be lit using 22 M fixed head columns in the same manner as the 16 M system. Examples are given of lighting two-lane single carriageway roads from one side and the catenary suspension system for axial median lighting. The transverse catenary suspension system used mainly with overhead conductors for trams and trolley buses is also discussed. Axial column-mounted lanterns, used extensively in South Africa, have similar light characteristics to the axial catenary system. Examples are also given of the use of low-level lighting in underpasses and tunnel approaches. (TRRL)


A review of related research from epidemiological surveys and other sources on multiple disabilities, specifically the mentally retarded-visually impaired diad, reveals the following: 1) Lack of a theoretical concept concerning the syndromes of multiple disabilities. 2) Confusion and lack of agreement on definitions, classifications, and terminology. 3) Inadequacy of a rationale by investigators in assigning priority to a disability. 4) Conflicting viewpoints concerning which facilities are most appropriate and the extent and availability of such facilities. 5) Inconsistencies in reported incidence and prevalence rates. 6) Lack of a precise methodology for teaching children with multiple disabilities. The educational problem presented by children who have multiple disabilities is as old as man's attempt to provide services to exceptional children. For far too many years special educators have been dealing with handicapped children in a unitary fashion. Special classes have been organized, classified, and categorized according to a primary schema of disabilities which has little meaning for educational planning and remediation. There is urgent need for additional research in all aspects of multiple disabilities. The results of this research will have immediate and serious implications for organizing instruction and teacher training in the rapidly growing field of special education.


Background
Foot function index (FFI) is a worthy subjective patient reported outcome measures (PROM) tool for evaluation of the outcomes of medical interventions on foot and ankle. This study was conducted to assess the validity of the Persian version of the foot function index (FFI).

Methods
After translating the original FFI into Persian, back-translation was performed on the agreed Persian version and the final version was established. A total of 113 Persian-speaking patients with foot and ankle problems were enrolled in this study and were asked to fill in the FFI.

Results
The Cronbach's alpha for subsections of FFI and MOXFQ was above 0.8 and 0.7, respectively, while it was 0.95 and 0.93 for total FFI and MOXFQ, respectively. The ICC for all subsections of MOXFQ and FFI was above 0.7. The Pearson's correlation coefficient for all subsections of FFI and MOXFQ was significant (P<0.01).

Conclusion
The Persian version of FFI is valid and reproducible in Persian speaking population.

Level of evidence
IV.


fashion and of funerary convention— new gods and new formulae. But the supreme importance of the inscriptions is what they tell us of the life and thought of the classes that have not spoken for themselves in literature. The great ones of earth recede: we hear the voice of Amemone, who kept a hostel at Tivoli' [quam propter muljti Tibur celebrare solebant,' of the artful freedwoman Allia Potestas, balanced between, or rather supported by, two lovers, of doctors, mimes and conjurers, of infant prodigies and weary centenarians. Dr. Purdie's book is not a collection of inscriptions with a commentary. He has chosen instead to classify the material under three heads, Epitaphs, Sacred Verse Inscriptions, and General, and to discuss various topics in order, with copious illustration from the inscriptions, most but not all of which are quoted in full. This book provides a valuable repertorium both for the student at school or university and for the enlightened reader whose interest in the ancient tongues has not lapsed with the lifting of pedagogic sanctions. The first class, that of epitaphs, is the largest and the most interesting. As might be expected, they deal mostly with the past life of the deceased and with the feelings of the living; there is less care of the future. Indeed, even when there is some expression of hope or indifference about a future state, it is well to recall that the inscriptions are conventional in form, though they differ as much as do the vague aspirations of the ' Higher Thinker' and the robust acceptance of death enshrined in verses like—


This module focuses on what is meant by a conceptual paper and attempts to explain and illustrate the components of a conceptual paper. Components include problem statement, literature review, theory, theoretical framework and hypotheses development. The module concludes with an illustration of what a conceptual paper is.


The quality of drinking water sources in Dianjiang County has been greatly improved in recent years,but breeding pollution,life pollution and planting pollution have worsened increasingly,and the situation of environmental pollution in drinking water sources in Dianjiang County is still severe. Practically protecting drinking water sources to provide high quality of drinking water for the public is still a major and urgent task of livelihood to county and township governments.


Oral cancer has been identified as a significant public health threat. Systematic evaluation of the impact of this disease on the US population is of great importance to health care providers and policy makers.


Insurance regulators, policyholders, and investors are interested in the ability of insurers to fulfill their financial obligations. Economic and finance theory suggests that, all else equal, more efficient firms should be financially stronger firms. Efficiency scores represent a quantitative measure that summarizes in a single value the relative effectiveness of a firm in achieving a stated objective, such as cost minimization. However, efficiency scores do not explicitly measure firm risk. Efficiency scores compare firms with similar inputs and outputs whereas insurer financial strength ratings compare insurers within a particular segment of the industry, such as property liability insurance, even though inputs and outputs may differ greatly. The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between insurer efficiency and insurer financial strength ratings. We find firm efficiency scores are a weak predictor of financial strength ratings in that they do not provide significant incremental predictive power over a model with even a few widely recognized rating determinants. Further, efficiency scores perform no better at predicting ratings than simply predicting ratings based on the modal rating category. These results suggest that users of efficiency scores should not use these measures to make inferences regarding insurer financial strength


Researchers have shown more interest in soft biometrics area to fill the commination gaps between humans and machines with the growth of real-world application has increased day to day life. Soft-biometric consists of age, gender, ethnicity, height, facial measurements and etc. This paper contains a detail discussion about the contribution of the researchers in the area of gender classification and age estimation using neural networking. Most of the work is done using Convolutional neural networks and auto encoders. Various elements related to neural network model such as dataset, findings, calculative metrics and results are embraced for effortless interpretation of tabular correlation research. Finally, the authors summarize germane tasks for future various research aspects.


Proton and deuterium pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques were employed to investigate the hydration properties of raw and cooked (steamed, oven baked and microwave baked) waxy (LaSoda and Pontiac) and mealy (Russet Burbank and Norchip) potato cultivars and starches. Three water components (T 2Q internal, T 2A medium and T 2B long component) were resolved in potato cultivars and starches. The first water component T 2Q is assigned to the anisotropically bound water within the potato starch granule structure. The T 2A corresponds to trapped water, whereas, the T 2B -long component is assigned to the average between weakly bound and free water populations. The anisotropically bound water (T 2Q internal) in potato cultivars and starches does not seem to be in fast chemical exchange with free and weakly bound water populations. Well defined powder patterns with a residual deuterium quadrupole splitting of about 1 kHz were observed at 22°C for raw potato cultivars and starches (17%, w/w). The quadrupole splitting, however, disappeared after cooking as a result of heat induced structural changes, and only rapidly, isotropically reorienting water remained. The T 2A and T 2B values were also significantly affected by the cooking method. The T 2B values of cooked potatoes were shorter than those of raw potatoes. Heat induced structural changes were reflected in the shorter T 2B value of the cooked and crushed potatoes. Lower average 1 H NMR transverse relaxation rates were observed in cooked waxy (LaSoda) in comparison with those of other potatoes.


ABSTRACT Why do certain parts of landscape become places for waste disposal? This simple question seems to be easy to answer given the existence of sophisticated tools for formal modelling of a range of environmental, economic, social, and political variables which are supposed to minimize risk, cost, and disequity. There are, however, more subtle factors that shape waste disposal and its inscription in landscape. Using examples of two Czech landfills and drawing upon my ethnographic research of wastescapes, I examine how history, economic interests, social practices, events, material indeterminacies, and multispecies encounters took part in the transformation of these places into loci of 'strangeness'. Using a metaphor of magnetism I refocus our attention to a capacity of strange entities such as garbage, rubble, military waste, dead bodies, animal farms, and shooting ranges to attract each other along a spatiotemporal continuum. I argue that strangeness sticks to places and tends to perpetuate itself through a series of 'magnetic' relations over time. This magnetism stems from the human propensity to classify and dispose of entities whose open-endedness is dangerous and must be controlled through placement. While this process of placement is often imagined as a management of absence, I point to a dialectical relationship to the opposite category of presence as a critical source of magnetism. Waste management, then, becomes envisioned as part of a more general social process that keeps the world meaningful.


The existing meta-lens designs and methods usually have limitations of single focus steering direction or few specified achievable areas. We demonstrate a design of the terahertz Airy beam meta-device. It could control the focal spots of the Airy beam in a full two-dimensional (2D) plane, and the position of the focal spots can be tuned continuously. We developed a 3D-printing method enabling large-scale and low-cost fabrication of the terahertz metasurfaces with high precision. The manipulation capability for the focal spots and the advanced fabrication method enables practical applications.


The proclamation of India's 'tryst with destiny' in 1947 was hailed as a watershed in expanding the possibilities for liberation in the colonized world. This article will assess the changing roles of India in the decolonization process of one such colonized region—Africa. Central to the tales of Indo-African brotherhood that characterize writing on the topic stands one behemoth of the Indian independence movement, Mohandas Gandhi, who famously began his political career in South Africa. In India, this experience was rightfully woven into the broader hagiography of his fight for equality and philosophical transformation into the 'Mahatma'. In so doing, however, certain anachronistic celebrations of his commitment to African rights have on occasion formed part of the India-Africa narrative. It should not be forgotten that the young lawyer was specifically concerned with Indian rights in Transvaal and Natal, as well as the liminal place of South Africa's Indians within burgeoning concepts of Indian nationhood. 2 Indeed, the special position of his infamous night at Pietermaritzburg station in 1893 within the story of satyagraha arguably masks the opinions of the young man on Africans and racial hierarchy. Nevertheless, as in India, so too in Africa did the heroism of the Mahatma live on during the heady days of the freedom struggle. Thus, while many African commentators understandably did not draw directly on Gandhi's specific African experiences in discussion of Indian roles in African liberation, leaders such as Kwame Nkrumah did pay hearty tribute to the influence of Gandhism on their own protest. 3


A review of the bidirectional DC-DC converter (BDC) based on control methodology and switching techniques is presented. Each converters control scheme benefit is highlighted, and a summary of it is presented. Some of the control techniques are applied to BDC like as proportional-integral-derivative (PID), model predictive (MPC), fuzzy logic control (FLC), digital control system (DCS), sliding mode control (SMC), etc. Performance of the converter was improved by using switching techniques like single-phase-shift (SPS), dual-phase-shift (DPS), triple-phase-shift (TPS) etc.


E CONOMIC theory can be regarded as consisting of a number of models designed to explain economic phenomena and to yield predictions for the future. Any choice among alternative models should be based on their explanatory valuea model (or hypothesis) can be regarded as superior to another if it better explains actual phenomena and it is more helpful in predicting future events. The theory of international trade abounds in theoretical models, some of them complementary, others conflicting. Alternative approaches towards explaining the causes of international specialization are followed, for example, by classical economists on the one hand, and by Heckscher and Ohlin on the other. While the hypothesis advanced by the former presupposes the existence of inter-country differences in production functions, the latter assume identical production functions and qualitatively identical factors of production in the trading countries and attribute international specialization to differences in factor endowments. The empirical testing of the Heckscher-Ohlin hypothesis by Leontief led to inconclusive results, and the interpretations and explanations given to the Leontief paradox have demonstrated that the assumptions of this model require modification.' In the present paper, we will not attempt to test the Heckscher-Ohlin hypothesis, but will rather inquire into the validity of the classical model. According to the original formulation of the classical theory, comparative advantage based on relative productivity differentials determines international specialization. It has subsequently been realized that inter-country differences in the wage structure and in the capital-labor ratios of various industries may compensate for productivity differentials; a country possessing a relative productivity advantage in a particular industry may still import the commodity in question if it paid relatively higher wages and/or had higher capital costs per unit of output in that industry.2 Still, the defenders of classical theory among others, Taussig expressed the opinion that the latter factors are not sufficiently important to warrant significant changes in the trade pattern as determined by relative differences in productivity.3 Let us adopt the following notation: C= unit cost A = labor input per unit of output W wage rate T ratio of capital plus labor costs to labor costs Subscripts I and II refer to country I and country II, respectively. Capital letters refer to commodity X, small letters to commodity Y. The modified classical hypothesis can now be written: If A, a, < , (I) All all it is likely also that CI CI , , (2) CIw CIl when the latter exDress'ion is equivalent to * This paper was prepared during the tenure of a research grant from the Economic Growth Center at Yale University in the summer of ig6i. The author wishes to express his appreciation to Marnie Mueller who has cheerfully borne the burden of data collecting and computations and also made helpful comments on an earlier version of the paper. Further thanks are due to Michael Lovell for valuable suggestions and criticism. 1 W. W. Leontief, "Domestic Production and Foreign Trade: The American Capital Position Re-examined," Economia Internazionale, (February 1954), 9-38; "Factor Proportions and the Structure of American Trade: Further Theoretical and Empirical Analysis," this REVIEW, XXXVIII (November I956), 386-407. Also, P. T. Ellsworth, "The Structure of American Foreign Trade: A New View Examined," this REVIEW, XXXVI (August I954), 279-285; Stefan Valavanis-Vail, "Leontief's Scarce Factor Paradox," Journal of Political Economy, LXII (December I954), 523-528; N. S. Buchanan, "Lines on the Leontief Paradox," Economia Internazionale (November I955), 79I-794; and the discussion in the supplement to the February I958 issue of this REVIEW, by Stefan Valavanis-Vail, Romney Robinson, G. A. Elliott, Beatrice Vaccara, and W. W. Leontief, III-I22. 2 For references, see Jacob Viner, Studies in the Theory of International Trade (New York, I937), 493-5I2. 'F. W. Taussig, International Trade (New York, I927), 43-68.


A novel kind of water based lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ink was developed. Woodpile structures with diameter of micrometer scale were constructed from this ink by using direct write assembly technique. According to the rheological test, the ink shows shear-thinning behavior. Micro-morphology and density test results show that the sintered samples have formed ceramics with high relative density. Measurement of X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the main phase of sintered samples is rhombohedral PbZr0.58Ti0.42O3. The value of piezoelectric constant d33 is meas- ured to be 410 pC/N, which shows that the sintered samples exhibit good piezoelectric property. The direct write as- sembly technique has merits of good designability, rapid forming capability and high precision prototyping, which provide new ideas and methods for the design and application of piezoelectric materials and devices.


Obesity is a fact oflife for millions of Informal reports we gathered dur people, a fact that is often a nighting interviews with adults who were mare for adolescents in a culture obobese as adolescents stressed feel sessed with thinness. Adolescent ings of alienation, depression, obesity, according to researchers, anger, and embarrassment. They seems to be increasing in spite of reported suicide attempts, acting recent emphases on physical fitness out behaviors, school avoidance, and on trim bodies. Although the and social difficulties. One adult re numbers vary somewhat because of ferred to his adolescent obesity as a difficulties in defining and measurproblem he wore 24 hours a day and ing excessive weight, most reports was certain would never disappear, indicate that 10% to 20% of the adClinical notes from a professional olescent population of the United counselor (Oliver, 1988) suggest a States are obese (Tseng, 1980). The relationship between adolescent nightmare experienced by adolesobesity in girls and sexual abuse, cents involves not only their health Oliver notes that some girls develop but also their social, psychological, an eating disorder following sexual and even academic lives. abuse, whereas others are vulnera


UML is the main tool of OOA OOD,which need at the management system in the society net cafe software item,this text build up main static state structure model and the dynamic state behavior model,which give detailed analysis and design of net caft charge such as activity,the USE case,object diagram,customer connect and database model etc.


The paper takes the social sports instructors at various levels in seven central city areas of Wuhan City as the main research object; and the literature review method, questionnaire investigation, expert interview and comparative analysis and other research methods are adopted in this paper; from the perspectives of qualitative and quantitative analysis, the current development situation of social sports instructors and the existing problems in Wuhan City are investigated. On the basis of this, the rational suggestions to improve the construction of social sports instructor team in Wuhan City are put forward, which provides reference for the development of social sports instructors in other areas. KEYWORD: Social sports instructors; Current development situation; Management strategies


Lead and other heavy metals extracted with 4% acetic acid solution at 25° and 80°for 10 minutes from commercial 53 glazed potteries for foodstuff were examined by PbCrO4-, PbSO4-, sulfide- and polarographic method, respectively. The amounts of lead and other heavy metals extracted at 80° were larger than those did at 25°. Lead extracted with 4% acetic acid solution at room temperature for 10 minutes from glazed potteries is measured by PbCrO4- and PbSO4-method in the "Test of Specifications and Standards of Containers", provided by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. It may be practical that the test solution is prepared by extraction with 4% acetic acid solution at 80° for 10 minutes, from a consideration of the case of plastic containers to be extracted with 4% acetic acid solution at 60° for 30 minutes. The amounts of lead extracted at 80° were within 3 ppm in most samples. Consequently, more sensitive method than PbCrO4- and PbSO4- method seems to be required for detection of lead. Lead, copper, zinc, manganese, cadmium, antimony and cobalt were detected in the test solution by polarography. Among them, lead, copper, zinc and manganese were detected in many samples. In the official method, lead is only examined but the method should be attended to other dissolved heavy metals. Furthermore, it is most important that the amounts of extracted heavy metals should be determined per surface area of glazed potteries, because they are not proportional to volumes of the extract but to surface areas.


FIELD: electricity. SUBSTANCE: power distribution system having the complex of individually isolated functional assemblies, each of which is connected through isolation device to power distribution bus which is connected through isolation device to power input assembly which can be connected to power source; at that, power distribution bus and isolation devices are arranged in power distribution section, and in which the power input assembly and functional assemblies are arranged relative to each other and power distribution sections to the functional sections neighbouring with them. EFFECT: safety improvement. 9 cl, 15 dwg


We hereby examine how Einstein's Relativity is to be replaced by the new theory: Astrotheology. Principles of the conservation of Energy; time being Kinetic Energy, and the number of degrees of freedom are considered. Eigen vectors and eigen values are essential when studying Astrotheology. Astrotheology provides a superior way of looking at cosmology.


The author compares migration policies and their economic impact in Australia and Austria. "The second section of the article presents the framework of Austrian and Australian migration policy....A comparison of the Austrian and Australian Gross Domestic Product (GDP)/unemployment/foreign employment-relationships displays different forms of flexibility. The third section of the article examines some distinctive features of migrants in both countries, including labour force participation, distribution by industry, wage policy and unemployment. The final section is a brief summary and some political reflections." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA)


Despite marked geographical and sociocultural differences, Greece and the two major southern-cone Latin American countries share a significant number of characteristics which distinguish them from most other peripheral and semiperipheral societies. Although they began industralisation late and failed to industrialise fully in the last century, all three countries managed to develop an important infrastructure (roads, railways) during the second half of the nineteenth century, and they achieved a notable degree of industrialisation in the years following each of the two world wars. Moreover, until the beginning of the nineteenth century, all three countries were subjugated parts of huge patrimonial empires (the Ottoman and the Iberian) and thus had never experienced the absolutist past of western and southern European societies. Finally, all three acquired their political independence in the early nineteenth century and very soon adopted parliamentary forms of political rule; and despite the constant malfunctioning of their representative institutions, relatively early urbanisation and the creation of a large urban middle class provided a framework within which bourgeois parliamentarism took strong roots and showed remarkable resilience. It persisted, albeit intermittently, from the second half of the nineteenth century until the rise of military bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes in the 1960s and 1970s and, as the Greek and Argentinian cases suggest, such regimes do not necessarily entail the irreversible decline of parliamentary democracy.


The highlands of Papua New Guinea have one of the highest rates of population growth amongst developing nations, yet the area under agricultural production has not increased accordingly, leading to land use intensification and concomitant soil productivity decline as length of fallow periods decrease. One opportunity to counter soil productivity decline is to extend the use of large composted mounds, or 'Engan' mounds, outside the areas where this method is traditionally practised and has enabled almost continuous Sweet potato based cropping systems. Accordingly, field trials were conducted in 3 highlands provinces to evaluate a range of farmer adoptable soil management practices aimed at combating soil fertility decline. In the first season of these 3-season trials, we observed that large composted mounds containing high value compost materials such was lupines or wild Mexican sunflower, produced substantial yield increases on poorer soils low in N, K and S. The potential of nutrient losses through leaching in these high rainfall areas was also investigated. The results suggested that nitrate losses are negligible as long as compositing material of low nutrient content is used. Hence, the use of organic matter in composted mounds at this stage seems a better soil fertility management option for sweet potato farmers in the highlands of Papua New Guinea.