OBJECTIVE:To study the pharmacokinetics of domestic carvedilol and relative bioavailability of carvedilol capsule in Chinese volunteer.METHODS:Eight volunteers orally took a single dose of 30mg test preparation and 25mg control preparation in a random crossover and self-control method.Samples were determined by RP-HPLC fluorescent method.RESULTS:Profiles of carvedilol in vivo could be described as open two-compartment model.The main pharmacokinetics parameters of test and control preparations were as follows:Cmax(98 89±27 60)ng/ml、(70 06±27 29)ng/ml,Tmax(0 4 849±0 2 635)h、(0 6 037±0 1 707)h,CL(0 1 621±0 08 057)(mg·h)/(ng·ml)、(0 1 796±0 09 198)(mg·h)/(ng·ml),V/F(c)(0 2 127±0 1 260)mg/(ng·ml)、(0 2 777±0 1 860)mg/(ng·ml),T1/2β(2 011±1 709)h、(1 959±1 156)h,AUC(233 1±97 12)ng/(ml·h)、(168 0±70 61)ng/(ml·h);Mean relative bioavailability in man was (111.3±15.18)%.CONCLUSION:The results can be used for design of therapeutic scheme.


The community concerned about the financing problem for small and medium sized enterprises, while also taking a number of concrete measures to solve the problems. But financing difficulties have still not been fundamentally resolved. This paper will analyze this problem from the perspective of policy and financing channels. Our point is that SME financing is a commercial activity and we should follow the market rules to solve these problems. Industrial websites become a new financing channel for SMEs. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze financing problems faced by SMEs and addresses establishing industrial website will be an effective methodology to partly solve SMEs financing problems.


Since the report 1 of the successful culture of Pityrosporum ovale (bottle bacillus of Unna) a series of observations with this organism have been reported. 2 Further studies have been undertaken; some of the previous studies have been repeated with a larger and more significant series of subjects, and further evidence is presented showing the relation of P. ovale to seborrheic eczema. Another clinical entity, blepharitis marginalis, was studied in order to determine the association of this disease with seborrheic eczema, as well as to present additional data relative to the possible pathogenicity of P. ovale. MATERIALS AND TECHNIC The patients used were for the most part adolescent and usually suffering from acne as well as seborrheic eczema. Not infrequently more than one type of inoculation was made on the same patient. Two types of tests, (1) scratching the skin of the chest and applying a whole culture of


We study the fundamental group of certain random 2-dimensional cubical complexes which contain the complete 1-skeleton of the d-dimensional cube, and where every 2-dimensional square face has probability p. These are cubical analogues of Linial--Meshulam random simplicial complexes, and also simultaneously are 2-dimensional versions of bond percolation on the hypercube. Our main result is that if p is less than or equal to 1/2, then with high probability the fundamental group contains a nontrivial free group, and if p is greater than 1/2 then with high probability it is trivial. As a corollary, we get the same result for homology with any coefficient ring. We also study the structure of the fundamental group below the transition point, especially its free factorization.


Under the environment of VB.NET,based on the demand of ecological protection for WuLiangShuHai,the system's whole structure,database design and systematic functions requirement had been researched seriously. Beside,the establishment of total nitrogen forecast model also had been put considerable study. SuperMap Objects 5.2 was re-developed,successfully carrying out management and analysis behavior for vector data and raster data,achieving connecting with SQL sever,realizing the query o f figure information and attribute information between each other.Utilizing the method of ADO.net data accessing,connecting the control of Data Grid View in VB.NET and SQL sever,essential data memory,revision and inquiry functions were implemented. Total nitrogen model was established by the control provided by VB.NET . The technique of DrowString which belongs to the Graphics of VB.net to show the result was used and the diagram of curves which can show each condition nitrogen along with time variation was drawed. Combining the technology of precisely pointing for GPS on the map and the technology of raster image data processing,preliminarily achieving the "4S" systems integration.,which would lay solid foundations for establishment intelligent information platform on the project of Wuliangshuhai.


Developing waterborne epoxy (WEP) coatings with excellent corrosion resistance and tribological properties is a key aspect to solve the damage of Q235 steel. In this work, perylene bisimide (PBI) derivatives dispersion graphene (GR) were prepared by a π–π stacking, the highly orientated PBI0.5%/GR0.5%/WEP coating will be prepared by the rotating coating method. Especially, the impedance value reached about 109 Ω·cm2 when the PBI and GR ratio is 1:1. The impedance value of PBI0.5%/GR0.5%/WEP coating increased by 3 orders of magnitude compared with that of pure WEP coating (106 Ω·cm2). Additionally, the coefficient of friction of the coatings was 0.33; compared with that of WEP, the coefficient of friction decreased by 48%, and the wear resistance increased by 87.6%. The results show that the PBI0.5%/GR0.5%/WEP coatings exhibited excellent corrosion resistance and wear resistance properties due to the good dispersion and high orientation of PBI/GR in WEP. It is anticipated that our current work would guide the ongoing efforts to develop a more efficient method to overcome the poor dispersion of GR in waterborne epoxy resin and provide a green coating with excellent corrosion resistance and wear resistance properties.


Dear Editor, Stapedotomy yields excellent results in terms of air–bone gap (ABG) closure in a great majority of patients. However, despite the surgical procedure being highly standardised, a minority but not negligible group of subjects displays incomplete recovery of the conductive hearing loss. This phenomenon is attributed to hyalinisation and calcification of the anterior and superior malleus ligaments reducing the mobility of the ossicular chain or to variability in the effectiveness of manually crimping the prosthesis around the long process of the incus. In the classical stapedotomy sequence, this manoeuvre is performed against a mobile incus, and tight adhesion of the wire loop is progressively achieved taking care not to exert excessive pressure to this ossicle. Insufficient matching between the prosthesis and the incus increases the variability of auditory results and may give rise to the so called loose wire syndrome, characterised by ineffective transfer of sound energy and even to delayed incus erosion owing to abrasive friction of the wire loop. On the other hand, overpressure during tightening of the prosthesis may abnormally displace the reconstructed system with possible incudo-malleolar subluxation and inner ear trauma. Reversal stapedotomy with footplate fenestration and prosthesis fixation before removal of the intact stapes arch enables the surgeon to measure the force needed to obtain firm attachment of the loop to the incus, overcoming the adverse consequences of excessive overload to the reconstructed system. In addition, platinotomy performed at the beginning of the procedure minimises the risk of mobilising the stapes. However, owing to the restricted access, the surgical procedure proves to be more difficult when compared to the classical sequence of surgical steps and obliges the surgeon to use a small-diameter piston (0.4 mm). To overcome these drawbacks, we limit reversal of steps to early removal of the posterior crus, to gain access to the footplate while maintaining intact the remaining stapes superstructure. This technical modification preserves the rigidity of the incudostapedial complex and allows safe crimping of the prosthetic wire loop.


Tunnel diodes with electrodes having a van Hove singularity in their density of states are considered. Results for the I-V characteristics of these devices are presented and analyzed. In particular, it is shown that robust negative differential resistance arises due to the van Hove singularity.


— This paper presents a comparative analysis of modern methods for controlling a three-phase induction motor with a short-circuited cylindrical rotor. For this purpose, researches have been made on: frequency control according to the law U/f = const, loading with static moments depending on the speed of rotation of the rotor and vector control.


Ge E' centers photoinduced in Ge‐doped silica by 5 eV photons of various intensities and fluences were found by electron spin resonance to be induced and bleached by one‐ and two‐photon absorption processes, respectively. The observation that Ge E'‐type centers are the only paramagnetic centers induced by very low intensity 5 eV photons in Ge‐doped silica supports the proposal that Ge E'‐type centers are responsible for the photoinduced gratings observed in both Bragg grating and second‐harmonic generation fibers.


cecum are learned slowly and improve rapidly during the third year of training (Graph 3). Assessment of pathology, patient comfort and overall handling improve significantly from second to third year of training (Graph 4). Conclusion: Th e SPE appears to be a good tool for the assessment of colonoscopic skills for fellows in training. Th is evaluation also grades individual colonoscopic skills, thus focused guidance can be provided. Further testing with larger number of fellows and evaluators is needed to validate the tool for widespread use.


With the human genome sequenced, the race is on to understand the functions of the 30,000 or so genes. Ethyl‐nitrosourea (ENU) was used to treat C57BL/6 (B6) male mice, followed by a 3‐generation breeding scheme to generate G3 mice that were screened for dysmorphology phenotypes under recessive genetic control. The primary phenotype of one identified mutant was short limbs. Heritability testing revealed an autosomal recessive mode of transmission. Analysis of (B6 mutant x BALB/c)F2 mice by STR (short tandem repeat) mapping indicated linkage between the mutant phenotype and the 150 to 160 Mb region on chromosome 2. DNA sequencing was performed on a number of candidate genes chosen on the basis of relatedness to the control of limb growth/body size. Among the candidate genes, particular attention was focused on Gdf5 because its mutation had previously been reported to cause brachypodism. Genomic DNA sequencing of the Gdf5 gene showed a T to A point mutation, causing a premature termination of GDF5 protein with 377 amino acids instead of the full‐length 495 amino acids. The new Gdf5 allele we have identified causes less truncation than the previously reported Gdf5 mutation and indicates the critical role played by the C‐terminal region of GDF5 in the developmental control of limb formation.


The topic of euthanasia gives rise to a host of ethical questions including those regarding the quality of life, beneficence, and the responsibilities of physicians toward their patients. While there are many kinds of cases in which euthanasia may be considered, such as those involving severely handicapped newborns and patients with debilitating but not fatal conditions, this paper focuses on the situation of late-state terminally ill patients who are suffering and want active euthanasia as an option for ending their pain. This paper explains why, under such circumstances, voluntary active euthanasia may be ethically justified.


The love poems in the Mid and Late Song Dynasty mixed the sensation of life experience together with the feelings about love affairs.Aesthetically these poems improved the flowery style and described the tenderness of the feelings in a tough tone,which is a change and development compared with the love poems in the Late Tang Dynasty and the Early Song Dynasty.


The use of social networks to expose personal difficulties has enabled works on the automatic identification of specific mental conditions, particularly depression. Depression is the most incapacitating disease worldwide, and it has an alarming comorbidity rate with anxiety. In this paper, we explore deep learning techniques to develop a stacking ensemble to automatically identify depression, anxiety, and comorbidity, using data extracted from Reddit. The stacking is composed of specialized single-label binary classifiers that distinguish between specific disorders and control users. A meta-learner explores these base classifiers as a context for reaching a multi-label, multi-class decision. We developed extensive experiments using alternative architectures (LSTM, CNN, and their combination), word embeddings, and ensemble topologies. All base classifiers and ensembles outperformed the baselines. The CNN-based binary classifiers achieved the best performance, with f-measures of 0.79 for depression, 0.78 for anxiety, and 0.78 for comorbidity. The ensemble topology with best performance (Hamming Loss of 0.29 and Exact Match Ratio of 0.47) combines base classifiers according to three architectures, and do not include comorbidity classifiers. Using SHAP, we confirmed the influential features are related to symptoms of these disorders.


Abstract A series of twelve fluorescently labeled amino acids were designed by assembling different coumarin, fluorescein, or nitrobenzofurazan fluorophores with N-protected lysine or 2-aminopropionic acid. The synthesized amino acids were evaluated with regard to their spectroscopic properties. The easy introduction of the amino acids into peptides and peptidomimetics was exemplarily shown for one coumarin-labeled amino acid.


This paper describes the research process undertaken in a pilot study conducted at the University of South Australia's Centre for Regional Engagement (CRE), and reports the feedback collected in relation to this process and the project overall. Academic staff and students from CRE's two sites located in the rural and regional cities of Whyalla and Mount Gambier, South Australia, were recruited for the study. The purpose of the pilot study was to promote awareness of the value of affective teaching and learning amongst university academic staff and students and to implement the affective teaching and learning approach through mindfulness meditation interventions. The research aimed to investigate (a) the specific technique of mindfulness meditation as a strategy to develop awareness of the importance of the affective domain in teaching and learning and (b) whether/how engagement in mindfulness meditation by academic staff can contribute to an increase in affective teaching and learning. Academic staff participating in the pilot study found their involvement in the research improved their knowledge of the affective domain and contributed positively to both their approach to teaching and to their lives.


: The present work aims to investigate the ways how the concept of force is approached in the discourse of Physics college professors from a public institution in the north of Paraná state, by emphasizing its dimension of historical construction, especially regarding the period between the 17th and 18th centuries. To meet this objective, the assumptions of phenomenological research were adopted in order to find evidence of how it gave rise to the construction of concepts and, indirectly, to explain how and whether the History of Physics is present in its didactic practices. At the end of the analyses, one can find that the version that is succinctly disseminated in most of the conceptions held by the professors refers to an approach directed to Newtonian mechanics, which unduly supersedes the contributions of its predecessors and successors.


The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of the amount of money in circulation, import, and the number of populations on volatile foods in South Sulawesi. This research uses secondary data which is time series as much as 78 periods from January 2011 until June 2017 sourced from BI (Indonesian Bank) and BPS (Central Institution of Statistic) analyzed by ARCH-GARCH (Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity-Generalized Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity) using program Eviews 8. The result of this research shows that Volatile Foods variable identified Heteroscedasticity, because it does not fluctuate throughout of the year. The result of GARCH shows that the amount of money in circulation has positive and significant effect, the import has positive and significant effect, and the number of populations has negative and significant effects on the Volatile foods in South Sulawesi.


Supersymmetric non{linear {models in four dimensions with D{term potentials can sometimes have a singular metric. As the kinetic terms of scalar elds and their chiral fermionic partners are determined by this metric, it follows that their kinetic energy vanishes in the vacuum. In previous work we have shown for a simple model that this degeneracy of the sigmamodel metric can be lifted by soft supersymmetry breaking terms. In this letter I introduce soft breaking terms in more realistic models based on SO(10) and E6 and compute their resulting mass spectra.


In order to develop the advantages of energy saving of large capacity units,the dry bottom ash handling system of two-stage conveying was first used in the domestic 1 000MW ultra supercritical unit.It can directly convey the dry bottom ash to the ash silos by using secondary big angle steel belt ash conveyor.Through the introduction of the system design and layout combined with the engineering operation,the advantages of the system were proven in the aspects of energy saving,environment protection,bottom ash conveying efficiency and stability of the unit.It is a representative dry bottom ash handling system,and is well worth to be used in ultra supercritical units.


ABSTRACT This Special Forum is based on a collective dialogue between place-based struggles to defend rights and territories and the dynamics of global trends. Behind apparently fragmented battles we see an emerging common vision, like a mosaic composed of separate tiles, building towards emancipation and justice. Based on discussions in a workshop in Siena in November 2018, the Forum assembles some pieces of the mosaic through five thematic articles crafted in exchanges between social movement, academic and civil society activists. In this Introduction we review other current convergence efforts looking at two related dimensions: sharing ideas and analysis in order to develop a common understanding of global evolutions, and bringing people together to take transformative action by building shared spaces, alliances, campaigns and solidarity. We then situate the Siena workshop and the People's Sovereignty process that has grown from it in this broader context. Finally, we introduce the five articles.


In this chapter, we first review the background, basic principle and structure of adaptive beamformers. Since there are many robust adaptive beamforming methods proposed in literature, for easy understanding, we organize them into two categories from the mathematical point of view: one is based on quadratic optimization with linear and nonlinear constraints; the another one is max-min optimization with linear and nonlinear constraints. With the max-min optimization technique, the state-of-the-art robust adaptive beamformers are derived. Theoretical analysis and numerical results are presented to show their superior performance.


The goal of the article is consideration of theoretical provisions with respect to the state financial policy. The article considers the role of the financial policy in ensuring stabilisation of the Ukrainian financial system. It presents conceptual provisions regarding main goals, mechanisms and instruments of the stabilisation financial policy of the state. It develops economic indicators of its efficiency. The use of indicators of economic efficiency of the stabilisation financial policy by the bodies of state authority in their practical activity would provide the society with a possibility to assess expediency of measures of this policy increasing its efficiency and decreasing criticism at the government. A necessary direction of achievement of effectiveness and efficiency of the stabilisation financial policy is taking into consideration interests of all social groups (population, entrepreneurs, financial institutes and companies, etc.) by the bodies of state authority in the process of its development and realisation.


At the present, the studies on the Mahachanok jam product is limited. The objective of this research was to study in the textural, syneresis and sensory characteristics of Mahachanok jam from three types of gellings agents (pectin, glucomannan and carrageenan) and different storage conditions (room temperature, 4 o C) for 1 month. It was found that the gel strength, rupture strength and brittleness of the Mahachanok jam from carrageenan and glucomannan were higher than pectin ( p <0.05). When the jam was stored at 4 o C, jam from pectin had highest brittleness and jam from glucomannan had syneresis more than carrageenan and pectin ( p <0.05) respectively. The jam was stored at 4 o C found that the syneresis was lower than stored at room temperature. For sensory evaluation, the overall acceptance of Mahachanok jam from pectin and carrageenan were higher than glucomannan with the mean of like score between slight to moderate.


Against the characteristics of large delay and large lag of combustion system in circulating fluidized bed boilers,a two degree of freedom model driven PID(TDOF MD PID)controller was designed by taking main steam pressure as the controlled object,on the basis of the conventional PID control system.Moreover,the effect of coal quantity on the main steam pressure was analyzed,and control performance of the TDOF MD PID controller and the conventional PID controller was compared by simulation test.The results show that,the TDOF MD PID controller has simple structure,convenient parameter adjustment,and strong robustness and anti-interference, which can improve dynamic control quality of the control system effectively.


With the rapid development of network technology and telecommunications services,the SMS-based phishing activity has increasingly become an important component of the phishing activity.According to the typical case of SMS-based phishing,the phishing processes are analyzed carefully,and have extracted the network fishing activity characteristics.So investigators may along the characteristic of phishing,strike from tracking messages,tracing domain information,monitoring bank account.Only in the way can the phishing activities be cracked down.Simultaneously,this article gives some advices such as purifying the mobile communication environment,improving safety consciousness,strengthening network supervisor department management.


This chapter proposes a thoroughly dynamistic interpretation of Plato?s explanation of the sensible world. Plato (427?347 BC) developed, most notably in the Timaeus, a picture of the world which may be called power dualism. According to this kind of dualism, the basic constituents of reality are active and passive powers. In contrast to reason?s active power, Plato introduces the idea of irrational and passive powers?irrational in the sense of being devoid of all telos of their own, and passive in the sense of being subject to external influence. Plato?s important idea is that the generation of the orderly universe, the cosmos, is a result of a continual contest of the two kinds of powers, the active power of divine reason and the passive powers of the space. Through their combination, the cosmos receives its basic nature as a living being by which Plato understands a union of soul and body. Keywords: active power; cosmos; divine reason; passive power; Plato?s dualism; sensible world; space


ABSTRACT A commercially available dispersant application system of state-of-the-art design was selected for study, to improve dispersant application techniques and equipment designs for spraying from boats. Areas of concern included calibration and application rate control. Calibration of the dispersant application equipment was performed at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank (OHMSETT) facility in Leonardo, New Jersey. Initial calibration in November 1984 showed that flow rates among the nozzles varied significantly. The causes for the observed problems were later identified as plugged and defective nozzle internals. Following correction of these problems, the equipment was recalibrated in February 1986. The study shows that unless the system has been properly calibrated, the dispersant application rate cannot be accurately determined. Dispersant application rate estimates based on spray nozzle manufacturers' published data may be erron...


A substantive part of the recent activity in the field of minimal surface theory has been the construction of new complete minimal surfaces immersed in E3. One approach in constructing new examples is to increase the genus of known minimal surfaces. In this paper, we do precisely this for certain minimal surfaces of finite total curvature whose ends are asymptotic to catenoids. We prove existence of surfaces of positive genus based on those in genus zero, with the feature that these higher genus examples maintain all the symmetry of their genus-zero counterparts. In these proofs we use the conjugate minimal surface construction and the maximum principle for minimal surfaces.


The genome-wide association study (GWAS) database - GWAS Central (http://www.gwascentral.org) - allows the sophisticated interrogation and comparison of summary-level GWAS data. Here we present the application of ontologies within GWAS Central for the description and standardisation of phenotypic observations and their use in inferring disease phenotypes. For orthologous genes, our cross-species phenotype comparison pipeline allows for comparison of phenotypes defined using alternative mammalian phenotype ontologies. Building on the existing rich semantic phenotype annotation layer, we are currently involved in an effort to publish a core subset of the data as RDF nanopublications.


We formulate a continuous-time model of a deposit taking bank, operating subject to capital adequacy regulation, where the bank's loans are exposed to default risk. The bank's objective is to maximise their market value of equity by appropriately controlling loan and equity issuance, dividend payments, and endogenous closure. We show how the bank responds to the span of capital adequacy requirements and default variances. Of interest to regulators, we also show how to find the capital requirement for which the probability of early closure (through either insolvency or endogenous closure) is minimised, and a level at which lending is maximised. An analytical formula is provided to help approximate the location of these points. Furthermore, we find that, whilst the bank's optimal capital structure varies in a non-monotonic fashion with default variance, the level of capital requirement that minimises the probability of early closure and maximises lending is fairly robust to changes in the bank's default variance/risk.


In this work, the bond graph approach is employed to develop an integrated chemical reactor model, able to be exploited for supervision and diagnosis of industrial process. The obtained model is evolutive and generic comparing with the first principle methods. Moreover, this methodology is based on systematic approach which allows to represent the dynamic behaviour of complex process under non linear state space equations. The application discussed in this work is a chemical process including CSTR (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor), where it occurs two exothermic reversible and irreversible reactions. To illustrate the modelling procedure, a simulation results have been performed in the cases when the mixture is considered as ideal and real aqueous solution. INTRODUCTION In the present paper, the bond graph approach is adapted to model chemical reactors, which represents in process engineering, one of the most complex systems to model because of there non linear behaviour due to the interactions between the different energy (hydraulic, thermal and chemical) within the system. The modelling approach used here, reproduce an integrated model using a graphical unified language. Furthermore, the elaborated model is associated readily with industrial equipments models (centrifugal pumps, compressors, heat exchangers, ...etc) to get the overall process bond graph model, needed for supervision and FDI (Fault Detection and Isolation) procedures using model based methods (Iserman 1984). Previously, the bond graph tool has been designed for hydraulic and electrical systems (Paynter 1961), and after that its application has been extended to chemical reactions (Auslander et al. 1972), thermofluid systems (Thoma 1971) (Karnopp and Azerbaijani 1981). However, for chemical reactors, the approach is not well developed yet. Among published works, we cite (Delgado et al. 1999) (Breedveld et al. 2003). In the pseudo bond graph models elaborated in (Delgado and al. 1999), the concentration has been chosen as effort variable in chemical domain to describe the reaction kinetic in the case of irreversible reactions. However, in our case, when the reaction is reversible, the choice of concentration is not well adapted to represent, and analyse the reaction dynamic behaviour, particularly near of the equilibrium. That is why; an adequate variable is required to be employed in such case (reversible and irreversible reactions). Thus, the chemical potential μ is chosen in this paper as effort variable, used before by (Auslander et al. 1972), (Cellier 1991), (Thoma and Ould Bouamama 1999). In contrast to the model proposed by (Breedveld et al. 2003), where the entropy flow S is chosen in thermal domain as flow variable, we have proposed to choose in our application the enthalpy flow H , suitable in the case of open systems (industrial equipments, continues reactors,...etc), where the heat is transferred by convection (Karnopp and Azerbaijani 1981). So to get the integrated reactor model needed, the choice of enthalpy flow H is suggested instead of entropy flow S , in order to use the overall process for supervision and diagnosis applications. The paper is organized as follows: after brief description of the application example, the process word bond graph is presented, and the reactor bond graph model is developed in details to be written after under state space representation generated systematically. In the simulation part the bond graph model is implemented in SYMBOLS software (Mukherjee and Samantaray 2001) to get results which will be discussed and commented. Finally, the conclusions and perspectives are presented according to the results obtained before.


NMR-spectroscopic evidence is presented for a strong interaction between polyphenolates and various onium ion species (i.e., tetramethylammonium, tetramethylphosphonium and trimethylsulfonium salts). In model compounds, a large decrease in solubility leading to precipitation is observed for a mixed Na/TMA+ complex. The formation of onium/phenolate complexes explains such diverse phenomena as the mutual poisoning of metal-ion free and metal ion containing developers, the behavior of developers containing quaternary ammonium surfactants, the anomalous temperature effects observed for tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) developers, or the dissolution inhibition effect of triarylsulfonium photoacid generators.


A decline over time in the proportion of native land snail taxa believed to be extinct today at Kalae10a has been interpreted and widely cited as an example of Polynesian influence on the Hawaiian environment. This interpretation is shown to be based on an inappropriate measure of decline and nonstandard calibrations of 14C dates. An analysis of change over time in the diversity of land snail taxa from Kalaeloa sinkholes and recalibration of 14C dates using Bayesian techniques reveals a different pattern, which is interpreted as having two components. There is a long-term, gradual decline in the diversity of native, extinct land snail taxa, explained as the result of desiccation of the sinkhole environment due to a drop in the water table when sea level fell from its mid-Holocene high stand. There is also an abrupt disruption of the land snail fauna late in the stratigraphic sequence. It is argued that this disruption dates to the historic period, when the environment of the 'Ewa plain was drastically altered for sugarcane production and when the vegetation that now dominates the region was introduced. Aside from the appearance of the snail Lamellaxis gracilis, which was introduced to the Islands by Polynesians, the -lari<f siiainissemoragesTioniThe KaraeloasiiiK1161es'yieHiio evidenceror Po1y-~ nesian influence on the environment. IN AN INFLUENTIAL PAPER Kirch pointed out pollen (Ward 1981, 1990, Athens and Ward the potential for archaeology and ancillary 1991, 1993, Athens et al. 1992), avifauna studies of paleoenvironment to provide data (Olson and James 1982a,b, 1984; 1991, James on the impact Polynesians might have had on and Olson 1991), and nonmarine mollusks the environment of the Hawaiian Islands. (Christensen and Kirch 1986, Kirch 1989, He reviewed preliminary results from several Cowie 1992, Christensen 1995). In this paper studies of vegetation, fauna, and physical we review and reinterpret the stratigraphic environment that he interpreted as indicating record of nonmarine mollusks (land snails) "the endemic biota was drastically affected at Kalaeloa (Barbers Point [The Hawai'i by ... habitat destruction, with perhaps oneHouse of Representatives voted in April, third to one-half of the known non-marine 1995, to restore the name Kalaeloa to this molluskan and bird faunas becoming extinct region of O'ahu (Honolulu Advertiser within the span of prehistoric human tenure" 1995).]), O'ahu. (Kirch 1982: 11). He predicted that future Studies of fossil land snails at Kalaeloa studies would confirm that "the prehistoric show a decline over time in the relative proPolynesian inhabitants of Hawaii seriously portion of taxa believed to be locally or transformed and, in many instances, degraded globally extinct today, and an increase in their island ecosystem" (Kirch 1982 : 11). taxa that were "preadapted" (Kirch 1982: 9) Since then, evidence for change interpreted as to disturbed conditions and thus tolerant of this Polynesian transformation of the envithe environmental changes inferred to have -ramnent-has-appearecl--in' studies --of-fossil-been-wrought-by--Polyrresians:-A-chromJlugy--based on 14C dates has been interpreted as placing these changes "well within the period of Polynesian habitation of the islands ... , providing strong circumstantial evidence that


Chang2+3 Reservoir is the one of the main reservoirs in Yingwang Oilfield of Ordos Basin,but the effect of exploitation is minimal and reservoirs are low production for a long time.Oil constituents are basically identical through the analysis and comparison of oil characters of geochemistry and well testing date with the adjacent Xiasiwan oilfield,which indicates the materials and process of oil generation in Yingwang are in accordance with those in Xiasiwan Oilfield.However,the crude oil of hydrocabon gas-chromatogaphy analysis indicates that the lower hydrocarbon peak is less in Yingwang Chang 2 than that in Xiasiwan Chang 2.which results in a high viscosity.This indicates that the Layer 2 is shallow in this area with bad trapping conditions,therefore,oil and gas leak off and light component lost are induced.In addition,low oil saturation also contributes to the low production immediately.


Basing on analysis of experimental data for physicochemical parameters of 300 energetic compounds from different chemical classes, a set of basic characteristics (enthalpies of formation, molecular crystals densities, detonation parameters, as well as sensitivity to different kinds of impact) has been considered and some calculations schemes have been elaborated to estimate these characteristics for polynitrogen compounds. The limits of physicochemical values for energetic materials (EMs) parameters have been estimated. A large set of compounds has been investigated and some of them seem to be rather effective as explosives or monopropellants. There are about ten powerful compounds (e.g. octanitrocubane, hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane, azanitrofurazan, etc.), explosivesoxidizers (such as ammonium dinitroamide and bis(difluroamine-dini troethil) nitroamine) and several hypothetic substances (not synthesized yet), such as octaazacubane, octaazatetraen, tetranitrotetraazacubane etc. Energetic properties were estimated as for individual compounds, as well as for energetic compositions containing these substances together with other ones in the aim to estimate the effectiveness of their use as components of solid composite propellants. 234 A. Smirnov, D. Lempert, T. Pivina, D. Khakimov


In the current economic conditions, the industry is interested in implementing new innovative processes, products and, consequently, it needs investment. This problem also concerns the woodworking industry that suffers from a lack of modern equipment that allows for a more comprehensive use of the available raw materials and proportional quality of the end product. In order to analyze the situation with each industry (particularly woodworking), an innovative production system is proposed that is based on determining the level of an enterprise using design coefficients. Based on this analysis, an appropriate strategy of the company development can be adopted. The calculated index of innovation activity can constitute a reason for the enterprise to strengthen its innovative potential and carry out efficient innovation activity.


An electric test-bed vehicle, built at the university of canterbury during 1975-6, has proved invaluable in the assessment of variable frequency, pulsewidth modulated ac inverters in the role of electric vehicle controllers. Experience with this vehicle system has demonstrated its desirable characteristics of torque and efficiency over a wide speed range and has led to the design of a suitable electric commuter car. This paper discusses the features of the vehicle system, its performance and its prospects for further development. (Author/TRRL)


One case of traumatic rupture of the iliacus muscle associated with a femoral nerve paralysis is described. The clinical picture was characterized by posttraumatic gradual worsening of pain in the groin, a tender mass in the iliac fossa, flexion deformity of the hip, and femoral nerve paralysis. The review of literature revealed a description of only nine similar cases. Early evacuation of the hematoma is suggested.


Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) is an inborn disorder of granulopoiesis characterized by severe chronic neutropenia from birth, premature death secondary to infectious complications, and transformation to myeloid malignancy. Although many cases of SCN are associated with mutations in ELANE, encoding the neutrophil elastase, roughly one-third of cases do not have an identifiable genetic cause. In collaboration with the Severe Chronic Neutropenia International Registry (SCNIR), we performed exome sequencing on 90 cases of congenital neutropenia. Heterozygous missense mutations of CLPB were identified in six patients with SCN. None of these patients had mutations in other genes known to cause SCN. A total of 5 different mutations were identified that clustered within the ATPase domain. Of note, all of these mutations were predicted to be functionally deleterious and had a frequency of <0.002% in the ExAC and gnomAD databases. We subsequently identified heterozygous CLPB mutations in an additional 3 cases of SCN that were not part of our original cohort.
 Prior studies showed that biallelic mutations of CLPB are associated with a syndrome defined by 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (3-MGA), cataracts, neurologic disease, and variable neutropenia. In our original cohort of 6 SCN patients with heterozygous CLPB mutations, 3-MGA was not present in the three cases where urine samples were available and none had reported cataracts. In total, 3 had neurologic abnormalities (2 seizures and 1 developmental delay). Of note, the CLPB mutations present in syndromic cases were distinct from those seen in our SCN cohort, and none of the mutations in our series are biallelic. CLPB encodes for caseinolytic peptidase B, a protein implicated in protein folding in bacteria and yeast but with an unknown role in human granulopoiesis. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that CLPB is required for normal basal granulopoiesis and that the heterozygous CLPB mutations identified in our study act in a dominant-negative fashion to disrupt granulopoiesis.
 To test this hypothesis, two complementary genetic approaches were employed. First, we used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to generate null mutations in CLPB in human cord blood-derived CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Using this approach, we are able to achieve greater than 90% editing efficiency as assessed by next generation sequencing. The genetically modified HSPCs were cultured for 14 days under conditions that promote granulocytic differentiation. Modified HSPCs were also seeded into methylcellulose cultures to measure CFU-G. The percentage and absolute number of mature granulocytes, but not early granulocytic precursors (promyelocytes and myelocytes), were significantly reduced in cultures of gene-edited cord blood CD34+ cells. Moreover, the frequency of edited cells decreases over time in our culture system indicating that CLPB-knockout cells have a competitive disadvantage. A significant decrease in CFU-G also was observed. Second, we generated lentivirus expressing all 5 of the neutropenia-associated heterozygous CLPB mutations identified in our SCN cohort (N496K, E557K, R561G, R603H, and R620C). Expression of all of these mutants (except R603H) in cord blood-derived CD34+ cells was associated with a significant decrease in mature neutrophils and corresponding increase in early granulocytic precursors. These four CLPB mutants also resulted in a decrease in CFU-G. Collectively, these data strongly suggest that heterozygous mutations of CLPB are a new cause of congenital neutropenia. Indeed, in the North American population, CLPB mutations appear to be the second most common cause of congenital neutropenia, behind ELANE mutations. Studies are underway to examine the molecular mechanisms by which mutant CLPB disrupts granulopoiesis.

 Dale: Coherus: Consultancy; Beheringer/Ingelheim: Consultancy; Athelas: Equity Ownership; Amgen: Consultancy, Research Funding; Sanofi Aventis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Cellerant: Other: Scientific Advisory Board; Hospira: Consultancy; Prolong: Consultancy; x4pharma: Consultancy, Honoraria, Research Funding.


We present a new accumulation-mode structure for silicon carbide laterally diffused MOSFETs. Key parameters that alter the device performance have been optimized using the device simulator MINIMOS-NT. The relationship between blocking and driving capability of the structure has been analyzed. Excellent I-V characteristics with significant improvement in the reduction of the gate bias voltage has been achieved. A blocking voltage of 1460 V with a small leakage current, a considerably lower specific on resistance of 93 m/spl Omega//spl middot/cm/sup 2/ and a fairly large advantage in electrical performance and device reliability were achieved.


The Osburn fault crosses northern Idaho and presents conclusive evidence of a horizontal component of movement measurable in miles. The plane dips about 65° from the horizontal and, incident to movement along it, sympathetic fractures hundreds of feet long have been opened and reopened as shown by the sequence of mineral deposition in the Cæur d'Alene district. The reverse faults of the area have much less gouge than the normal ones, indicating that they were caused by vertical rather than horizontal stresses. These stresses may have arisen from an underlying molten intrusion-a possibility supported by the ore deposits which are genetically related to the granite and by lamprophyre dikes along the fault plane, some of which are crushed by later movements. As the mineralization accompanied both the granite intrusion and the faulting, it is suggested that movement along the Osburn fault involved gliding on a molten subsurface zone. The magnitude of the Osburn fault and its position in the hanging wall of the Lewis and Philipsburg overthrusts normal to their strike suggests that they may be related phenomena. As there is some suggestion that the two thrusts were not synchronous, it is possible that the Osburn plane separates great blocks which at different times moved eastward.


1. Qualitative Change makes the Baltic Different The study of Seas The idea of studying a vast sea as an entity has a formidable pioneer in Fernand Braudel, who analysed the role of the Mediterranean for the peoples surrounding it. His La Mediterranee et le monde mediterraneen a lepoque de Philippe II from 1949 demonstrates the extreme permanence of Mediterranean cultures, longue duree as he called it, upon which the cyclic movements of conjunctures, and the daily flow of events made little impact. In his later work he endeavoured to generalise these observations on a more or less global scale. (1) But when we turn to our Baltic--even if longue duree behaviour stems from the land itself and the general conditions it offers for life--we cannot claim the almost eternal permanence which Braudel tended to see in the Mediterranean case. The structures of the Baltic Rim are certainly old, but not so old that we cannot date their origin and follow their emergence. Again and again waves of change generated outside of her system, have reached her shores. The present paper will discuss the impact of two such radical mutations in our history, both generated elsewhere, both making us--the dwellers of the Baltic Rim--into something which we weren't before, namely Europeanization and Globalization. These complexes of change came upon us suddenly, with some centuries in between, but remained with us and developed according to their own preferences until now. Hence it seems improper to call them conjunctures, but they may not be 'eternal' enough to be labelled longue duree. This suggests that the 'rhythms of history', as Braudel saw them, fail to work properly in the Baltic context. Europeanization and Globalization represent qualities that are missing in his vision, which perhaps (seeking a Braudelian formulation) we may name changes qualitatives. (2) Bur first there is need for some background. The Baltic before Europeanization The Baltic Rim always was and to some extent remains a peripheral dead end of the world, a 'finisterre' towards the Arctic. During the latest Ice Age it was fully deep frozen. But for the last 10 000 years or so, it has enjoyed a clement climate compared with other areas at similar latitudes, like Kamchatka or Alaska, chiefly due to the Golf stream. From Neolithic times on, the Rim has been influenced by civilisations of the eastern Mediterranean, and later by the Romans. The development of seagoing ships during the Iron Age made the Baltic itself, and the rivers discharging into her, into means for heavy transportation, penetrating far into the Eurasian landmass. We may also note that the armies of Charlemagne had come closer than any other extraneous conqueror, but he didn't reach the Baltic and in 813 he settled a border with the Danes. Carolingian expansion may have inspired the formation of multiregional kingdoms in Scandinavia, which we here of from that time and onwards. Charlemagne's son Louis sent missionaries to the emporia of Denmark and Sweden. But their initial success was soon wiped out by raising influences from the East. In the 930s Ottonian Germany invaded Jutland, with little effect for the time being. Instead Viking-age Baltic was the heart of an East-West system of exchange, tying extremes like Bulgar on the Volga 'knee' and Kiev on the Dnepr together with Rouen on the Seine, and York on the Ouse. Rich finds of Islamic dirhems all around the Baltic tell that the economic wind was blowing from the East in the 9th and 10th centuries. The destructive behaviour connoted with the Viking name refers to groups that were left outside of its advantages and to temporarily dysfunction of the system, it has been shown that the gathering of large Viking hosts in the North Sea coincided with periods when Arabian silver failed to reach the Baltic. Thus in the Viking Age the Rim remained a vast, autonomous territory, dominated by the emerging Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and Kiev-Russian multi-regional polities, to which series of tributary lands (the skattland of Norse texts), were added like pearls on a string along the main sea routes. …


We examine the nature of thermal flow during the annealing process of a recently reported method to produce films of the high-<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$T_{c}$</tex-math></inline-formula> superconducting compound YBa <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>Cu<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{3}$</tex-math></inline-formula>O<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{x}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> wherein the oxygen content (<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$x$</tex-math> </inline-formula>) spatially varies across the length of the sample. In this context, we discuss contrasting annealing results that can be expected under differing annealing configurations—including the formation of discrete regions of pressure stabilized oxygen content associated with known lattice superstructures. We also examine characteristic energy scales associated with the corresponding normal and superconducting states of these stabilized superstructures. A relationship between ratios of the superconducting gap energy, superconducting electronic kinetic energy, and the BCS-Eliashberg coupling constant associated with each lattice superstructure is found. The near integer ratios observed suggest that the superstructures can be viewed as "quantum structural" lattice states in the sense that oxygen doping levels in between are composed of a superposition of ordered structures.


Whitetopping is a pavement rehabilitation construction practice where portland cement concrete (PCC) is placed over an existing asphalt concrete pavement as an overlay. Ultra-thin whitetopping (UTW) is generally a thin overlay with a thickness between 2 and 4 inches. UTW is usually of high strength and made with fibers for improved tensile strength, ductility and enhanced fatigue life. UTW differs from conventional whitetopping because of the design and construction procedures that ensure substantial bonding between the UTW and the underlying asphalt. UTW also employs much closer joint spacing than conventional whitetopping; this reduces the load-induced stresses within the UTW. UTW does not make use of steel reinforcement. A literature and technology review found that UTW is a proven means of asphalt pavement rehabilitation for improved serviceability. The mechanistic design concepts for UTW are clearly established. The construction methodologies have been developed and are in place. The material technology for fiber reinforced high strength PCC is available. Specifications have been written and successfully used on numerous highway and airport pavement projects. The initial cost of UTW is more than the common asphalt concrete pavement rehabilitation used in New Mexico. However, life cycle costs of UTW compared to asphalt overlays are considered competitive. It is recommended that UTW test sections be designed and constructed at an appropriate selected airport in the state of New Mexico. Such a project will allow for the determination of the relative initial costs of the UTW versus asphalt rehabilitation, and long term monitoring will allow for the determination of the life cycle costs and long-term performance of UTW versus asphalt.


Inositol deficiency of Schizosaccharomyces pombe did not induce significant change of contents of various cellular components except for phospholipids and inositol. The most remarkable decrease in inositol content by the deficiency occurred in the mitochondrial fraction. Electronmicroscopic observation of the inositol-deficient cells of Sch. pombe showed no remarkable thickening of cell wall as occurred in the inositol-exacting mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain A–21–20.Marked loss of fermentative activity under the aerobic condition was caused from inositol deficiency without significant change of activities of respiration and anaerobic fermentation. This seemed to indicate elevated regulatory control of the fermentative activity by oxygen in the inositol-deficient Sch. pombe.Phosphorylative activities of intact cells and the isolated mitochondria coupled with oxidation was also remarkably suppressed by inositol deficiency.


There are many types of approaches to the detection of gear faults. The method of a novel adaptive feature ex-traction and optimized machine learning is applied to diagnose a gear faults. Firstly, the vibration signal produced by local faults is decomposed into intrinsic scale components (ISCs) by using local characteristic-scale decomposition (LCD) method and initial feature vector matrices are obtained. Then, singular value decomposition (SVD) techniques to obtain singular values extract fault feature values, while avoiding the selection of reconstruction parameters. Secondly, the Backtracking Search Optimization Algorithm (BSA), an evolutionary algorithm, is pro-posed and demonstrated to be effective though various benchmark problems. The paper proposes an optimization method for the SVM parameters based on BSA, being so called BSA-SVM. This is a new approach method applied in diagnosing gear faults. The experimental results prove that the proposed method operates highly effective and mostly feasible for identifying gear faults in practice. By applying this method, the results will be more accurately and shorter time cost.


Up to the 1980's marginal soils were successfully ploughed for crop production, but unfortunately those soils soon proved to be marginal. Due to high input costs, the Department of Agriculture soon implemented the "soil conversion scheme" to promote the conversion of those ploughed marginal soils to permanent pastures. It was especially the low maize prices that triggered the conversion scheme in the 1980's. Regardless the implementation of the soil conversion scheme, many farmers unfortunately just abandoned some of these marginal fields which resulted in many hectares of unproductive previously cultivated fields, being referred to as abandoned fields. The aim of this study was to investigate a few abandoned fields at a single location in the semi-arid central Free State in an attempt to gather information on the dynamics of such disturbed ecosystems and identify their restoration potential. The study investigated the interaction between plant and soil variables to quantify the impact of different soil physical and chemical characteristics on vegetation dynamics (species composition and density). The species richness, as well as the influence of different soil characteristics were determined to identify which might have the biggest influence on the recovery potential of the disturbed area. The soil seed bank was also investigated to quantify the survival potential of climax grass species on abandoned fields, and why these species do not establish voluntarily on these disturbed areas. The main aim of the study was to quantify the influence of soil characteristics on the vegetation dynamics of abandoned fields. The results clearly showed that marginal soils, withdrawn from cash-crop cultivation, are among the most seriously degraded areas with low soil fertility (N and C content). It is creating a more favourable habitat for pioneer grass species. This study sheds more light on the poor natural rehabilitation rate of abandoned fields in the semi-arid Free State Province of South Africa. It was proven that the establishment of climax vegetation might be largely influenced by phosphorus (P), cation exchange capacity (CEC), nitrogen (N), carbon (C), soil compaction and the composition of the soil seed bank. It was note worthy that some of the abandoned fields still showed very slow progress in natural restoration after 20 years. The areas that showed least recovery needed to be cultivated and established with a cultivated pasture like Digitaria eriantha sub. eriantha. On the other hand, other areas recovered to such an extent that oversowing or the placement of Themeda triandra sheafs might improve restoration. The best recovered areas can only be upgraded in productivity by scientific management strategies which include long resting periods.


Bucket brigade quantum RAM (QRAM) circuits were proposed for their advantageous addressing of the memory. Another quality of these circuits is that queries, once the addresses are determined, can be parallelised. State-of-the-art error-corrected formulation of these circuits, however, had to be decomposed into the Clifford+T gate set, and the initial parallelism was lost in the process. By using advantageous Toffoli gate decompositions, and without introducing any additional ancilla qubits, we construct bucket brigade QRAM circuits with a constant depth. This depth is reduced from $\mathcal{O}(2^q)$ to $\mathcal{O}(q)$ in the worst case when the QRAM is queried for any of its $2^q$ memory cells being used. Incidentally, the presented construction has a T-count more than half smaller, compared to the existing Clifford+T formulations. The construction shows that, if quantum hardware would not be a scarce resource, exponential query speed ups are possible compared to state-of-the art quantum read-only memory (QROM) designs.


The technological models related to farm machinery have had a different evolution in relation to structural and social conditions. Thus we have the American - Western model, capital intensive, with large machines and at the opposite the Asian model, labor intensive, with small and sophisticated machines suitable for small and family farms.

Even if, in the large scale machinery, the implementation of new technologies requires less investment in percentage, all farm technical management system may have advantages by the new technology: a) measuring parameters and processes, b) assessing data by informatics models giving information optimization c) availabilit6y of tools to manage the single specific resource. That is Precision Farming.


Teenagers in conflict with the law "Chronicle of crimes announced" case Yopal Casanare, it is the product of an theoretical
- investigative and narrative analysis, whose objective is analyze the lack of social, family, educational, economic and judicial
systems that involves the teenagers. It is based on the constitutional principles, that are national and international instruments
in the field of administration of Justice to minors. The text seeks to make visible the failures that have the systems which
enforce justice and which involves not only the breach of the rule by the teenagers, but a direct violation of human rights, in order
to raise the political agenda of the different spaces and competent institutions, the need to evaluate, reconsider and implement direct
care prevention strategies , attention guarantee and materialization of rights, since the systems which the teenagers are
part of , before they become a part into the system of criminal liability.


Infection control personnel familiar with the studies underlying recent guideline recommendations for the prevention of intravascular catheter–related infections1 could conclude that it would be easy to minimize the risk of such infections. Randomized, controlled trials have demonstrated that prepping the skin with chlorhexidine antiseptic can reduce the risk of catheter-related bloodstream infection (BSI) to less than 1%,2 using maximal sterile barriers also can reduce the risk of catheter-related BSI to less than 1%,3 choosing a central venous catheter (CVC) with anti-infective properties can reduce the risk of catheter-related BSI to 1% or less,4-6 and, finally, education can reduce the risk of catheter-related BSI associated with physicians-in-training.7,8 Yet, despite these impressive results in short prospective studies, in practice it is uncommon to find endemic catheter-related BSI rates less than 1%. In this issue of Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology, there are two large prospective observational studies that address the in-hospital standard of practice related to CVCs.9,10 Alonso-Echanove et al. performed a study sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of 4,535 patients with CVCs in 8 intensive care units (ICUs) in 6 different National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System hospitals in the United States between 1997 and 1999 that examined 60 potential risk factors for catheter-related BSI.9 Braun et al. performed a study sponsored by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA), the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO), and the CDC regarding the standard of practice associated with 3,320 CVC insertions in ICU patients in 55 hospitals (41 in the United States and 14 from other countries) between 1998 and 1999.10 The large size of both of these studies gave them substantial power to examine questions previously not answerable at single institutions. Several important observations were made. Braun et al. found that 91% of the CVCs inserted were nontunneled, 85% had multiple lumens, and 22% were impregnated with antimicrobials.10 Forty-four percent of the CVCs were inserted in the internal jugular vein, followed by 32% in the subclavian location. Fifty-eight percent of the time, a large drape was used at the time of CVC insertion. Although the clinicians inserting the CVCs were experienced (median of 30 CVC insertions in the past 6 months), 12% of the time insertions were attempted at two or more sites and 20% of the time two or more attempts were required at the final insertion site. Overall, few CVCs (< 20%) were managed by an intravenous therapy team as opposed to ICU nurses, despite the fact that intravenous teams have been associated with lower catheter-related BSI rates. More than 50% of the time nurse staffing involved float nurses and more than 30% of the time nurse staffing involved agency staff, although float nurses made up only 8% of the 15 nurse-to-patient–days ratio that was the average during the study. Both a lower nurse-to-patient ratio and the use of float nurses have been associated with higher catheter-related BSI rates in ICU patients.11-13 The catheter-related BSI rates for the participating institutions were not provided in this publication, but it is hoped that an additional publication will use multivariate analysis to determine which of the practices they examined have the greatest independent effect on the risk of catheter-related BSI. Alonso-Echanove et al. found that the average duration of CVC placement was 6.6 days; CVCs with multiple lumens made up 88% of the CVCs; CVCs were most commonly inserted in the internal jugular vein (44%), followed by the subclavian vein (37%); 21% of the CVCs were impreg-


In order to provide parameters for carbon budget's dynamic simulation of the Yellow River estuary wetland ecosystem,and then provide scientific basis for the optimization of the estuary wetland management,this article monitored the soil respiration rate of three typical plant communities(Tamarix,Phragmites,Suaeda) in the Yellow River delta wetland by using soil carbon flux measurement system LI-8100 A,simultaneously determined the humidity and temperature,analyzed soil respiration daily variation feature of the three plant communities and the related factors.The results show that: soil respiration rate daily variation curve of the three plant communities are all unimodal curves,and the peak appears at almost the same time,which is 2 PM,while the minimum appears at about 6 AM.Single factor regression analysis shows that,the relationship between environmental factors of the three plant communities and its soil respiration rate fit quadratic polynomial model.The soil respiration rate of Tamarix community is mainly affected by soil temperature change,while atmospheric temperature carries a higher weight in the influence of soil respiration rate of Suaeda community than that of humidity,when it comes to Phragmites community,its soil respiration rate is obviously affected by both the four factors—atmospheric temperature,humidity,soil temperature and moisture.


Understanding the nature of the adhesion of an organic liquid on a metal surface is of paramount importance for elucidating the stability and chemical reactivity at these complex interfaces. However, to date, the morphology, layering and chemical properties at organic liquid metal interfaces have been rarely known. Using semi-empirical dispersion corrected density functional theory calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, we show that carbon tetrachloride and ethanol films confined to a platinum surface alter their intrinsic properties and exhibit interfacial reactivity. A few interface carbon tetrachloride (ethanol) molecules adsorb dissociatively (molecularly) on platinum thanks to the surrounding medium. The adsorption strength of the interfacial molecules is consequently increased in the condensed phase as compared to the gas phase. This remarkable effect is rationalized by an interaction energy decomposition model and an electrostatic potential analysis.


A 26-day-old female neonate, born at 36 weeks of gestation, presents to the clinic with a visible swelling in the right labia majora.


Tomographic perfusion imaging is a well accepted method for stroke diagnosis that is available with current CT and MRI scanners. A challenging new method, which is currently not available, is perfusion imaging with an interventional C-arm CT that can acquire 4-D images using a C-arm angiography system. This method may help to optimize the workflow during catheter-guided stroke treatment. The main challenge in perfusion C-arm CT is the comparably slow rotational speed of the C-arm (approximately 5 seconds) which decreases the overall temporal resolution. In this work we present a dynamic reconstruction approach optimized for perfusion C-arm CT based on temporal estimation of partially backprojected volumes. We use numerical simulations to validate the algorithm: For a typical configuration the relative error in estimated arterial peak enhancement decreases from 14.6% to 10.5% using the dynamic reconstruction. Furthermore we present initial results obtained with a clinical C-arm CT in a pig model.


RU-486's primary use as an abortifacient stirs controversy in the US. Changes in US policy have opened the door for RU-486 to be made available for research. The Population Council plans on conducting a multicenter clinical trial of RU-486 involving at least 2000 women. This is the first step to obtaining possible approval from the Food and Drug Administration. RU-486 alone has an effectiveness rate of inducing abortion between 80 and 90%. When taken 36 to 48 hours before a prostaglandin (PG) analogue, the rate climbs to about 95%. Possible side effects of RU-486 and the analogue are bleeding, abdominal pain, and cardiovascular problems (rare). More than 100,000 women in France have undergone the RU-486/PG analogue regimen. RU-486 also has contraceptive qualities. If taken every day during the week before ovulation, it prevents ovulation. 12 days of RU-486 administration followed by 10 days of administration of a synthetic progestin also suppresses ovulation. Taking RU-486 during the last 10 to 12 days of the menstrual cycle alters the endometrium, thereby preventing implantation. A single dose of RU-486 during the late luteal phase is about 80% effective at bringing on menses. The aforementioned effects of Ru-486 demonstrate that it may be an effective postcoital contraceptive. Besides, RU-486 has fewer side effects than other postcoital contraceptive regimens. Further, RU-486 softens and dilates the cervix, thus it can be used to induce labor and ease delivery. Evidence suggests that RU-486 may be used to treat hormone-dependent breast tumors, Cushing's syndrome, meningiomas, and endometriosis.


In Software Defined Networking, the role of the centralized controller is paramount. Some SDN controllers adopt a distributed clustering mechanism for keeping normal operation of the whole network. Unfortunately, the data loss and the lack of consistency are unavoidable in this approach, because many controllers depend on volatile memory to store most of the important data. In case of restarting or machine failure, all data in memory can't be recovered. Therefore, we propose persistent store-based dual replication system for maintaining and backing a data of distributed SDN controller. Storing data in the persistent store can reduce Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) and consequently enhance the reliability and availability of the system.


In this paper we compare three tools for the diagnosability analysis of discrete event systems. After introducing the notion of diagnosability, we recall for each tool the main theoretical results on which it is based. A benchmark that describes a parametric manufacturing system is defined and used for comparison. We report the numerical results obtained for different values of the parameters and draw some general conclusions on the advantages and possible improvements of these tools.


The trillions of microbes that inhabit the human gut (the microbiota) together with the host comprise a complex ecosystem, and like any ecosystem, health relies on stability and balance. Some of the most important members of the human microbiota are those that help maintain this balance via modulation of the host immune system. Gut microbes, through both molecular factors (such as capsular components) and by-products of their metabolism (such as Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)), can influence both innate and adaptive components of the immune system, in ways that can drive both effector, and regulatory responses. Here we review how commensal microbes can specifically promote a dynamic balance of these immune responses in the mammalian gut.


Despite the relatively effective roll‐out of free life‐prolonging antiretroviral therapy (ART) in public sector clinics in Zambia since 2005, and the proven efficacy of ART, some people living with HIV (PLHIV) are abandoning the treatment. Drawing on a wider ethnographic study in a predominantly low‐income, high‐density residential area of Lusaka, this paper reports the reasons why PLHIV opted to discontinue their HIV treatment.


In this paper a new dynamic code distribution technique is presented. This method chooses the optimal code-to-user allocation for transmission between different combinations of the available signature waveforms according to the data to be transmitted at every symbol period by the base station (BS) at the downlink of a cellular code division multiple access (CDMA) system. The selection is done with the aim to minimise the destructive and maximize constructive interference between users. This effectively spreads the signal constellation and enhances the signal to interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at the receiver with no additional power-per-user investment. However, the trade-off to this is some extra side information. Theoretical analysis and simulations presented suggest that this method can provide a bit error rate reduction of an order of a magnitude when combined with multiuser detection.


Abstract Previous findings on the effects of interviewer support on the quality of children's accounts of experienced events are mixed, and little is known about other aspects of interviewer demeanor that might influence children's responses in an investigative interview. The present study examined the relations between child age and interviewer verbosity, support, and authoritarian manner, and how these relations predicted children's verbosity and informativeness in investigative interviews with alleged sexual abuse victims in Malaysia. Investigative interviews with 75 children aged between five and 15 years were coded for interviewer verbosity, supportive statements, authoritarian manner, child verbosity and children's informativeness. We found that the investigative interviewers in our study were more talkative but less supportive while interviewing the younger than older children. Further, interviewer verbosity was negatively associated with children's informativeness while interviewer support appeared to facilitate more informative accounts by the children. The interviewers' authoritarian manner did not vary with child age, nor did it correlate with the children's verbosity and informativeness. Our findings suggest that investigative interviewers should behave supportively at all times, but refrain from excessive talking in the interview.


Publisher Summary This chapter addresses the on-line correction of in-pack processing of foods, presenting a short review of the work done on batch retorts and a description of new developments on continuous retorts. The primary purpose of on-line correction of process temperature deviations is to automatically vary the process time to ensure that all containers receive the heat treatment necessary to achieve the required sterilization at the cold spot (the slowest heating point) of the food product. The critical part of the control system, specifically for batch retort operations, is to implement a fast method for accurately determining the new process time necessary to compensate for the process temperature deviations. In an on-line correction algorithm, the target process lethality is the most important constraint utilized to calculate the required new processing time. The traditional approach to evaluate the efficacy of a thermal process is based on the assumption that the inactivation of microbial cells and spores follows a first-order kinetic model. However, there is a growing concern about its validity because curvilinear isothermal survival curves are frequently observed. The Weibull model has been shown to be able to provide a more accurate estimation of microbial inactivation by heat and also by other inactivation sources: pressure and chemical agents. This model is of special interest to thermal processes of low-acid canned foods. Given the importance of non-linear kinetics in the evaluation of thermal processes, the chapter discusses on-line correction strategies for continuous retorts by using both first-order kinetics and the Weibull model.


Deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen, present in natural water in almost negligible amount but it is used for numerous purposes (both civil and defense). Special techniques are used to separate the negligible amount of deuterium contents from natural water and thereafter to 99.99 percent purity. Girdler Sulfide (GS) process is based on the exchange technique between two phases i.e. liquid (water) & gas (H 2 S) and this technique was developed in 40's and also being used in the present era. The work is being done to analyze the performance of heavy water enrichment method based on original GS process termed as Liquid Feed Forward (LFF) and slight modification in the original design termed as Gas Feed Forward (GFF). The comparison on the material balance flow sheets, recovery, economy, efficiency and requirement of number of plates in both the processes is provided as adequate information to the readers to comprehend the differences in both the processes. In the original process i.e. LFF water is pumped directly to 2 nd stage from 1 st stage but in the modified design i.e. GFF water is not directly pumped to 2 nd stage from the 1 st stage and being circulated in a close cycle. The comparison is being done by the material balance results for both processes by keeping the recovery constant for both processes and determining the Number of Plates (N p ). For the recovery of 0.505 Kgmol/hr; N p for 2 nd stage Hot Tower (HT) required was 91 and for 2 nd stage Cold Towers (CT) required was 55 for LFF and N p required was 65 and 53 respectively for GFF. Hence it is possible to achieve the desired enrichment with slight modification and improvement in performance by adopting the GFF.


At the present situation of waste generated all over in the world people are interested in management of all types of waste generated by them. Mainly it deals with waste which is not easily managed and which is more danger and problematic like Radioactive Waste. Mainly radioactive waste is any material that is either radioactive itself or is contaminated by radioactivity, for which no further use is envisaged Government policy means that certain nuclear materials such as uranium, plutonium and spent nuclear fuel have not been declared as wastes by their owners. It has categorised as mainly high level and low level radioactive waste which is generated by nuclear reactors, medical facilities and by industry and research institutes. Radioactive waste then undergoes some stages like pre-treatment, compaction, conditioning, retrieval and disposal of radioactive waste.


This paper introduces the business channel optimization inthe high loads with DPCH equivalent to C/I algorithm,First it expounds the erinciple of DPCH equivalent to C/I algorithm;then the algorithon is used in practice;Lastly it summarizes the optimization results of the algorithm,and presents the rules of the parameters seetting.


A large B-cell lymphoma typically affecting the Waldeyer ring and/or cervical lymph nodes. It occurs most commonly in children and young adults and is low stage. It is characterized by a follicular, follicular and diffuse, or pure diffuse growth pattern resembling follicular lymphoma grade 3B or a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Most cases have IG/IRF4 rearrangements. BCL2 rearrangements are not present. Some cases that belong in this category lack an IRF4 rearrangement but have strong IRF4/MUM1 expression. T his lymphoma is more aggressive than pediatric-type follicular lymphomas. Qeios · Definition, February 2, 2020


Abstract. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of heterodyne detection is seriously reduced by the spatial phase distortion, so the compensation method of the phase distortion is of great significance for improving the performance of the heterodyne system. By replacing the single detector with an array detector in the system, the previous compensation method based on sequence shift and optimization algorithm has a certain effect. However, the method also has various shortcomings, such as long processing time, poor search stability, and possible false alarm, which severely limits its practical application. To solve the above-mentioned problems, the autocorrelation operation is used to achieve the equiphase superposition of the signals output by the elements of the array detector, thereby realizing the phase compensation. In comparison to the previous method, our method does not need an optimization algorithm, which avoids the long iterative operations and considerably improves the processing efficiency. Besides, this method avoids the false alarm caused by the optimization algorithm. The numerical calculation indicates that in case of severe phase distortion, the proposed method can increase the SNR by dozens of dB compared with the single-point detector system, thus proving the effectiveness of this method. The study results may provide a feasible and effective phase compensation method for improving and promoting the laser heterodyne detection performance.


THE first step in a legal action against the highly
controversial tourism development proposal for Lake
Malbena in Tasmania's Wilderness World Heritage Area
began in the Federal Court of Australia on Tuesday.


This article analyzes the transformation of Tepoztlan, a rural community in Mexico, as the Covid-19 pandemic changed people´s perceptions about their lives and future prospects, and deepened their connections to global networks. A focused ethnographic study revealed how women led the movement to close the town to outside visitors and, through negotiations and community decisions, how the town eventually opened up again, highlighting the impact on employment. Data from a statistical survey undertaken during the first peak of Covid-19 infections in 2020 showed the reactions of young women and women heads of households to the impact of the pandemic that, in their own words, "takes away our freedom of action", while men of all age groups were deeply worried about economic futures. Unexpectedly, the re-opening of the town brought an influx of post-pandemic tourism that was seized by aggressive and illicit powerful groups as an opportunity to take over the town. Managing the risk of inadvertently providing information that may be used by such groups poses a dilemma for present-day anthropologists.


"Interrogate Your Myth": The Treatment of Black Stereotypes in Erna Brodber's Fiction and Selected Non-Fiction Stephanie May-Dean Fullerton-Cooper This dissertation looks at the creative activities of Erna Brodber as expressed in her fiction and non-fiction writings, as well as in her role as social activist. It specifically examines Brodber as a public intellectual, comparing her works and her interests to those of other well known Caribbean intellectual figures. An analysis of Brodber's works is undertaken, with particular emphasis placed on her presentation and treatment of stereotypes of the black man as inferior to his white counterpart; as lacking in theological ethics; as animal; as machine; and as innately ignorant. The study looks further at stereotypes of women as discussed in Brodber's sociological paper that triggered an interest in this research area, and examines stigmatization of the female as analogous to black stereotypes. Brodber's establishment of an intellectual space amongst her rural community members; her attempts to disseminate knowledge of black history and to reconfigure the simple folk within that


evening temperatures noted. It is inadvisable to send the patient away to the country or seaside before the diagnosis is made, as he may return with the disease more advanced. As regards the physical examination in early and doubtful cases, the most important point is impairment of resonance, with alteration of breath sounds and the presence of some, perhaps slight, adventitious sounds in a localised area after repeated examination. In early cases and in some fibrotic types the sputum may not be purulent and may show no tubercle bacilli. There is one type of tubercle, hilum tuberculosis, which is fairly common, and which affords considerable difficulty in its diagnosis. In this colndition the symptoms are even more indefinite. The only complaints may be dyspepsia and loss of energy. The temperature and pulse are frequently normal. Tlhe disease is very slowly progressive, and the earliest physical signs are founed in the inter-scapular region: Weak bronchial breathing, impairment of resonance, and a few fine, dry crepitations after coughing. The X-ray usually shows definite mottling. Pulmonary abscess and bronchiectasis can be diagnosed by the history -of previous illness and the presence of the very copious and often offensive sputum. Also by the effect of posture in promoting the flow of a large amount of purulent sputum from the lung. If the sputum is purulent and is over eight to ten ounces in the twenty-four hours, it suggests abscess or bronchiectasis. PNEUMOTHORAX.-This condition is generally easy to diagnose, but occasionally it may present difficulty. If there is considerable intra-thoracic pressure, the percussion note, instead of being hyper-resonant, is a dull tympany. The position of the apex beat and absence of breath soutnds suggest the diagnosis. Succussion splashing is absolutely pathognomic. The coin sound, metallic tinkling, and the hollow echo on coughing are always present in typical cases.


This paper contends that majority opposition from the voting public is the major barrier to urban road pricing implementation. The reason that majority opposition typically exists is investigated at the aggregate level by a consideration of the main factors that determine whether an individual will vote in favor of or against such proposals. Responses to a 2003 survey of southeast Scotland's population were used to assess public views toward Edinburgh's road pricing proposal. Majority opposition to the proposal was observed in aggregate terms. A bivariate correlation analysis showed that car usage was the primary determinant of stated voting behavior. Further analysis showed that a significant majority of car users and non–car users agreed that urban congestion was a significant problem that needed to be reduced and that considerable support existed for implementing road pricing as a way of achieving this. It appears that the public dislike the concept of employing road pricing as a demand management measure and would prefer to view road pricing as a means of raising revenue for public transport improvements, which they believe will lead to congestion being reduced. The paper contends that achieving majority support for urban road pricing implementation requires winning the acceptance of voting car users. The existence of reasonable alternatives to car travel was identified as being crucial to achieving this. Car users who would not change their travel behavior and those who would be forced to change their travel time or destination showed majority opposition; those who would change their travel mode or make fewer trips showed majority support. This finding reinforces the hypothesis that providing high-quality modal alternatives to car users, ahead of road pricing implementation, is a minimum requirement for any proposal seeking to achieve majority support.


Contents: Introduction Historiography: The Waldenses in the 14th and 15th centuries: the current state of knowledge The historiography of medieval heresy in the United States of America and Great Britain, 1945a "1992 The medieval waldenses: Curate infirmos: the medieval Waldensian practice of medicine Multum ieiunantes et se castigantes: medieval Waldensian asceticism Medieval Waldensian abhorrence of killing pre-c.1400 Poverty and money: Thesaurus absconditus: the treasure of the medieval Waldensians German money and medieval heresy: the wealth of the German Waldenses The Waldensian sisters: The preaching of the Waldensian Sisters Waldensian culture and writing: The oral and the written: the case of the Alpine Waldensians The Topos and reality of the heretic as illitteratus Medieval Waldensians' construction of the past The Liber Electorum Inquisitorsa (TM) texts: The De vita et actibus pauperum de Lugduno The 1391 lists of Waldensian magistri: three further manuscripts The anti-Waldensian treatise Cum dormirent homines of 1395 and its author Waldenses in German-speaking areas in the later 14th century: the view of an inquisitor Indexes.


This article explores the conflicting meanings of the trans-African expedition undertaken between 1853 and 1856 by colonial explorer David Livingstone, with the support of the African monarch Sekeletu, the young Kololo king. The Scottish explorer perceived the inter-continental journey as essential to establishing a trade route along which would flow imported goods from Europe to central Africa, and raw materials from the latter to the metropole. Livingstone held that such trade with its modern goods would not only have a 'civilizing' effect upon the Kololo but also make them abandon the slave trade and embrace capitalist values, Christianity, and modernity. But Sekeletu did not sponsor the expedition in question in order to jettison the normative order of Kololo society. To the contrary, he supported the trans-continental exploration to gain greater access to imported goods and, more importantly, used such goods to both boost his power and reinforce Kololo culture.


Market segmentation is a crucial marketing strategy that involves identifying and defining distinct groups of buyers to target a company's marketing efforts effectively. To achieve this, the use of data to estimate consumer preferences and behavior is both appropriate and adequate. Visual elements, such as color and shape, in advertising can effectively communicate the product or service being promoted and influence consumer perceptions of its quality. Similarly, a person's outward appearance plays a pivotal role in nonverbal communication, significantly impacting human social interactions and providing insights into individuals' emotional states. In this study, we introduce an innovative deep learning model capable of predicting one of the styles in the seven universal styles model. By employing various advanced deep learning techniques, our models automatically extract features from full-body images, enabling the identification of style-defining traits in clothing subjects. Among the models proposed, the XCEPTION-based approach achieved an impressive top accuracy of 98.27%, highlighting its efficacy in accurately predicting styles. Furthermore, we developed a personalized ad generator that enjoyed a high acceptance rate of 80.56% among surveyed users, demonstrating the power of data-driven approaches in generating engaging and relevant content. Overall, the utilization of data to estimate consumer preferences and style traits is appropriate and effective in enhancing marketing strategies, as evidenced by the success of our deep learning models and personalized ad generator. By leveraging data-driven insights, businesses can create targeted and compelling marketing campaigns, thereby increasing their overall success in reaching and resonating with their desired audience.


Originally defined in the context of ecological systems and environmental sciences, resilience has grown to be a property of major interest for the design and analysis of many other complex systems: resilient networks and robotics systems other the desirable capability of absorbing disruption and transforming in response to external shocks, while still providing the services they were designed for. Starting from an existing formalization of resilience for constraint-based systems, we develop a probabilistic framework based on hidden Markov models. In doing so, we introduce two new important features: stochastic evolution and partial observability. Using our framework, we formalize a methodology for the evaluation of probabilities associated with generic properties, we describe an efficient algorithm for the computation of its essential inference step, and show that its complexity is comparable to other state-of-the-art inference algorithms.


The invention discloses a heat treatment device for coal cutting teeth, which comprises a high-frequency heating furnace, a quenching tank, a circulation cooling device, an automatic lifter, a handhold infrared thermodetector and a heat-preservation tank, wherein the circulation cooling device is connected with a quenching tank by a pipe. The heat treatment device is characterized in that: the automatic lifter is arranged above the quenching tank and comprises an air pump and an air cylinder; the air pump is connected with an electrical appliance cabinet which is connected with the air cylinder; the piston rod of the air cylinder is provided with a workpiece hanger which is a ring and hung on the piston rod horizontally through a hanging rod. The surface hardness of the coal cutting teeth manufactured by using the device and the method is distributed stepwise; and the hardness of the head of the tooth body is high, the wear resistance of the tooth body is improved on the premise of preventing hard alloy from stripping, the hardness of a tooth shank of the tooth body is low, and the impact toughness of the tooth body is improved under the condition of ensuring the wear resistance. The coal cutting teeth manufactured by using the device and the method of the invention have high toughness, high wear resistance, long service life and the like.


The relation between various forms of congenital language disability and laterality are reviewed in detail and the problem of cerebral dominance in man and its influence on linguistic activity is considered. The relevance of results with delayed auditory feed-back to such problems is discussed and the theory is presented that language disorders are the result of deficient homeostasis.


In the present study, we examined the gastroprotective effects of a dried aqueous extract of peppermint (PE) by using an animal model of stress ulcer and a questionnaire survey of healthy volunteers. In the animal study, a single administration of PE (300mg/kg, p.o. ) to mice significantly inhibited gastric lesions induced by forced swimming stress ( P < 0.01). For the questionnaire survey, healthy volunteers (94males, 126 females; age range, 35-65 years) with epigastric discomfort ingested capsules containing PE (PE 300mg/day) or placebo for two weeks. Using a self-rating questionnaire, they subsequently reported experiencing epigastric symptoms, including epigastric pain, heartburn, and epigastric fullness. After the ingestion period, the epigastric bloating score in the PE group ( n = 105) was significantly lower than that in the placebo group ( n = 100). These results suggest a possible beneficial effect of PE in the management of stress ulcer and epigastric bloating.


Summary
A comparative study was made of the behaviour of abaxial and adaxial stomata on isolated epidermis of Commelina communis incubated under controlled conditions. The degree of opening and of K+ accumulation, and the responsiveness to light, carbon dioxide, abscisic acid and KC1 concentration were substantially higher in abaxial than in adaxial stomata; thus their differential behaviour is mainly a result of inherent, rather than of environmental, differences between the two epidermes. The isolation of guard cells, by killing other epidermal cells, failed to annul the disparity, suggesting that any difference in subsidary cell resistance between the two epidermes is not responsible for this phenomenon. Fusicoccin was able to overcome the smaller opening of adaxial stomata, indicating that there is no fundamental difference in the potential opening ability between abaxial and adaxial stomata. Even in a medium free of KC1, fusicoccin stimulated exceptionally high K+ accumulation in adaxial guard cells, demonstrating that endogenous K+available in the adaxial epidermis is sufficient for wide opening. Accordingly, an inherent metabolic condition of adaxial stomatal cells appears to prevent them opening as wide as abaxial stomata. The effectiveness of fusicoccin to produce exceptionally wide adaxial apertures suggests that, when necessary, the proton pump can operate as efficiently in adaxial as in abaxial guard cells.


With the rapid development of science and technology, the demands for miniaturization, integration and high frequency of the electromagnetic devices were steadily increased. The integrated inductor is an important passive component for RF devices such as power transformers, amplifiers and oscillators. However, the performance of on-chip integrated inductors was poor when operating in GHz band. It is well known that, the integration of a magnetic material as magnetic core can effectively improve the performance of inductors [1]. The normal magnetic materials have very lower resonance frequencies (fr), which can't meet the demand of the high frequency inductance components. But if the magnetic films have in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, the fr can be exceeded 1 GHz [2]. According to the theoretical calculation results, when serving as magnetic core in solenoid inductor, the magnetic films need to hold excellent soft magnetic performance even for the thickness of the film larger than 200 nm. For high frequency soft magnetic monolayer films and granular films, the high frequency magnetic performance are degenerated drastically because of strong inner stress and large grain size when the film thickness increases to a few hundreds of nanometers. Based on our previous study, the multilayer technology can help to maintain good high frequency soft magnetic properties even though the film is very thick [3]. Therefore, the [Fe80Ni20-O/SiO2]n multilayer magnetic film was selected as magnetic core to fabricate the on-chip integrated solenoid inductor and improve the performance of the inductor.


Deals with fast signal determination when the signal/noise ratio is low, and with pulse radiolysis using a jet as the target. Modifications to the nanosecond proton pulse radiolysis equipment of Burns et al. (1978) are described and discussed. Considerable improvement has been made to the method of water-jet production using spinneret orifices and a constant water flow incorporating full-flow filtering to a few microns. A magnetic field deflects the proton beam away from the water jet for approximately 15 ms every 30 ms. During this off-period a time-resolved signal of the small optical absorption of the hydrated electron is sampled. The resulting background signal is subtracted from the absorption obtained when the proton beam strikes the water jet, and successive difference signals are accumulated and stored.