THE LIMITS OF CAPITAL: METHODOLOGY AND ONTOLOGY BY ALEKSANDR BUZGALIN AND ANDREY KOLGANOV Published 2009 by Cultural Revolution, Moscow, Russia. 680pp. Hardback. ISBN: 978-5-250-06064-6.The world economic crisis, which came as a surprise to 99 percent of theoretical economists, has had a substantial impact on the way in which earlier theoretical concepts are now regarded, and also on the relationship of forces within the often obscure rivalries and dialogues between various schools of economic theory. One of the changes, unforeseen only a few years ago, has been a dramatic rise of interest in Marxist political economy and methodology. In this regard the publication of this book (I have no fear of describing it as fundamental both in its scope and content) by the eminent professors at Moscow State University and leaders of the post-Soviet school of critical Marxism, Aleksandr Buzgalin and Andrey Kolganov, is remarkably timely. The success with which they chose the conjuncture might even be suspect were it not for the persistent, almost stubborn work they have carried out within the Marxist paradigm throughout the entire 30 years of their scholarly activity. Moreover, this is not the first (and as will be explained, not the last) work by these highly prolific authors, who have been responsible for more than 300 scholarly titles, translated into numerous languages and including 27 monographs. Not long before the crisis broke they issued the two-volume work (2004 and 2007) Global Capital (Global'nyyKapital), while the years from 2010 to 2012 have seen the appearance of the new works Ten Myths about the USSR (10mifovob CCCP, 2010) and What is Socialism? A Marxist Version (ChtoTakoeSotsializm.MarksistskayaVersiya, A. I. Kolganov, 2012). But for these authors, The Limits of Capital is a work of clearly programmatic character, and therefore particularly deserving of analysis.I shall begin with a general comment: this book leaves the reader in a contradictory frame of mind. But it is exceptionally rich in its content, and provokes ideas I would like to share through this review.Does the Post-Soviet Epoch Need a Political Economy of "Critical Marxism"?I shall begin with Marxism and with what the authors term its "reactualization." I should note at the outset that I take an extremely ambivalent attitude to this school, and not only because its ultimate founder was, to put it mildly, a complex individual. The critical accusations, pushing hard against (and at times transgressing) the bounds of propriety, which he directed against colleagues in the scholarly community; arouse doubts as to the intellectual qualities of this learned man.That, however, is not the point. For decades Marxism was propagated in the USSR as the sole correct theory, and this was not simply by chance. It was no accident that precisely this theory was inscribed on the banners of the authoritarian societies of "real socialism," serving as the "scientific basis" of ideological dictatorship.Buzgalin and Kolganov set out to convince us that there is also another, so-called dissident Marxism. The remarkable thing is that they succeed in this. They begin by declaring the existence of a "post-Soviet school of critical Marxism," and provide an analysis of several dozen works by genuinely well-known Russian scholars who not only write seriously and sympathetically about Marxism, but who also employ the corresponding language and methodology in researching modern-day realities, on both a worldwide and Russian scale. Further, the authors of The Limits of Capital set forward the distinguishing features of this "school," claiming to be systematic in doing so. These features include, in the first place, the development of a "new dialectics," which acts as the "negation of the negation" of positivism and post-modernism. Secondly, they stress the need to place fundamental attention on examining the modern epoch as a non-linear transition not so much from capitalism to socialism as from the "realm of necessity," the world of alienation, to the postindustrial world of "positive freedom" which lies "on the other side" of material production. …


The quenching effect of different concentrations of Ca (II) ion on luminescent intensity of Tb (III) complex material in ethanol, methanol and DMSO solutions has been studied. The results show that different concentrations of Ca (II) ion have obvious quenching effect to luminescent emission of Tb (III) complex material in organic solvent. And the quenching effect of 0.4 mol/L Ca (II) ion solution is strongest.


Introduction Purpose and scope Available data Low-flow characteristics Low-flow frequency analysis Flow duration Arrangement of station data Continuous-record stations Low-flow partial-record stations Regional analysis Average discharge Low-flow characteristics


There are a great lot present-day lakes occurring in the Changhonghu area, northern Qinqhai-Tibet Plateau. According to the planimetric position relations with faults,these lakes can be divided into two classes:The first class is rather far from faults and their forming concern little of faults, and mainly arosed by humpping up of the earth's surface under N-S regional compressing.The second class occurs by the side of NE or NEE strike-slip faults and their forming was closely related to the faults.The types of the strike-slipped lakes can be classified to " Ⅰ a" type and " Ⅰ c" type which are extensional, and " Ⅱ b" type which are compressional.The " Ⅰ a" type lake extend in S-N direction while the primary fault is in NE direction ,and in NE direction while the primary fault is in NEE direction." Ⅰ a" type lake was caused by triangle structural depression because of pulling apart of subfault beside the primary fault. The " Ⅰ c" lake extend congruously with fault-strike,and was caused by lozenge basin formed from dispersing.The bearing of trend of " Ⅱ b" lake is in EW direction while the primary fault is in NE direction.and is in NW directional while the primary fault is in NEE direction."Ⅱ b" lake was caused by structural depression of derived anticline beside the primary fault.There are five possible combined genetic types for each strike-slip lake: type I a,like Yongshuihu and Jifenghu i.e.,Ⅱb like Chezhehu and Gedouhu i.e. ; type Ⅰ c + I a like Liaoxiehu-Shimanhu.type Ⅰ c + Ⅱ b like Jingyuhu.type Ⅰa + Ⅱ b like Changhonghu.Thinness and (or) lack of sediment in the lakes.no terrace and high-level lacustrine deposit,declare that the lakes developed after mature slope around the lakes.Since the OSL age of slope-forming is 365±57 ka, so the lakes formed after Middle Pleistocene.The genetic types of the strike-slip lakes indicated reasonably sinistral strike-slipping of the faults and N-S directional regional compressive stress fields.The surface layer of the crust on the northern margin of the highland has been being in compressed-system approximately since Quaternary.


Implant fracture is an infrequent cause of implant failure. The present study evaluates 21 fractured implants, with an analysis of patient age and sex, the type, length and diameter of the implant, positioning in the dental arch, the type of prosthetic rehabilitation involved, the number of abutments and pontics, the presence or absence of distal extensions or cantilevers, and loading time to fracture. Implant fracture was more common in males than in females (15:4), and the mean patient age was 56.9 years. Most cases (n = 19) corresponded to implant-supported fixed prostheses - 16 with cantilevers of different lengths - while only two fractured implants were supporting overdentures instead of fixed prostheses. The great majority of fractured implants (80.9%) were located in the molar and premolar regions, and most fractured within 3-4 years after loading. It is important to know and apply the measures required to prevent implant fracture, and to seek the best individualized solution for each case - though complete implant removal is usually the treatment of choice.


The technological importance of silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) largely originates from their remarkable optical properties. However, the detailed mechanisms for the optical behavior of Si NCs remain controversial. The controversy mainly centers on the interplay between quantum confinement and surface chemistry. By using a model system of fluorine (F)-passivated Si NCs in the framework of density functional theory, we demonstrate how both quantum confinement and surface chemistry impact the optical properties of Si NCs with sizes (diameters) 50%) increasingly enables the effect of surface chemistry to prevail over that of quantum confinement. For a very small Si NC (<1.4 nm) at ground state, however, the quantum confin...


The use of ionic liquids (ILs) in chemistry and electrochemistry has been studied for some decades. Only recently, researchers have focused on the suitability of ILs as selective solvents in the field of separation technology. ILs represent suitable entrainers and extraction solvents for the separation of azeotropic mixtures by means of extractive distillation and solvent extraction. In this work, ternary vapor−liquid and liquid−liquid equilibria of the azeotropic mixtures ethanol + water and THF + water containing different kinds of commercially available ILs are presented. The four ionic liquids used are derived from butyl-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [BMIM]+ [BF4]- by systematic variation of the cation or the anion. The influence of the IL structure on the relative volatility of the low boiling component in extractive distillation and on the selectivity in solvent extraction processes is discussed in this work.


The brittleness of ceramic materials causes surface defect of ceramic products in the phase of manufacturing and processing. The defect on surface and subsurface will obviously decrease the fatigue life of ceramics. To improve the quality of end products, we have studied the mechanism of formation and expansion of surface defects in this paper. An improved image processing and recognition algorithm based on ANN is proposed to perform shape features extraction for the separated surface defects. By the results in experiments it is verified that: The previous 7 regularized defect boundary Fourier descriptors can better difference the defects with 10 features according to the features like wear defect area and discontinuous divided objects. We also establish and train two ANN classifiers separately corresponding to the features, whose accuracy is 97.5% in histogram feature classifier and 90.3% in shape feature classifier.


Simple Summary We investigated the immunological changes in the blood of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients treated with a single cycle of FOLFIRINOX chemotherapy combined with lipegfilgrastim. We compared the use of flow cytometry and targeted gene expression analysis to study these immunological changes in blood samples. Our findings showed that FFX-Lipeg treatment increased the number of neutrophils and monocytes. Interestingly, flow cytometry analysis revealed an increase in B and T cells after treatment, while targeted gene expression analysis indicated a decrease in the expression of B and T cell-specific genes. This suggests that different measurement techniques can influence observed immunological changes. Therefore, the careful selection of an appropriate technique is essential when studying treatment effects in PDAC patients. Abstract Introduction: Monitoring the therapeutic response of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients is crucial to determine treatment strategies. Several studies have examined the effectiveness of FOLFIRINOX as a first-line treatment in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer, but little attention has been paid to the immunologic alterations in peripheral blood caused by this chemotherapy regimen. Furthermore, the influence of the measurement type (e.g., flow cytometry and targeted gene expression) on the clinical discoveries is unknown. Therefore, we aimed to scrutinize the influence of using flow cytometry or targeted immune gene expression to study the immunological changes in blood samples of PDAC patients who were treated with a single-cycle FOLFIRINOX combined with lipegfilgrastim (FFX-Lipeg). Material and Methods: Whole-blood samples from 44 PDAC patients were collected at two time points: before the first FOLFIRINOX cycle and 14 days after the first cycle. EDTA blood tubes were used for multiplex flow cytometry analyses to quantify 18 immune cell populations and for complete blood count tests as the standard clinical routine. The flow cytometry data were analyzed with FlowJo software. In addition, Tempus blood tubes were used to isolate RNA and measure 1230 immune-related genes using NanoString Technology®. Data quality control, normalization, and analysis were performed using nSolver™ software and the Advanced Analysis module. Results: FFX-Lipeg treatment increased the number of neutrophils and monocytes, as shown by flow cytometry and complete blood count in concordance with elevated gene expression measured via targeted gene expression profiling analysis. Interestingly, flow cytometry analysis showed an increase in the number of B and T cells after treatment, while targeted gene expression analysis showed a decrease in B and T cell-specific gene expression. Conclusions: Targeted gene expression complements flow cytometry analysis to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effects of FFX-Lipeg. Flow cytometry and targeted gene expression showed increases in neutrophils and monocytes after FFX-Lipeg. The number of lymphocytes is increased after treatment; nevertheless, their cell-specific gene expression levels are downregulated. This highlights that different techniques influence clinical discoveries. Therefore, it is important to carefully select the measurement technique used to study the effect of a treatment.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the effects of two doses of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) administered as part of a treatment designed to resynchronise returns to oestrus on the reproductive performance of cows in a controlled breeding program.

DESIGN
Cohort study.

PROCEDURE
Lactating dairy cows on two farms were treated to synchronise three successive oestrous cycles. An intravaginal progesterone releasing insert (IVP4) was used to synchronise the first oestrous cycle. The cows were then treated 15 days after the first treatment by reinsertion of an IVP4 that had been used to synchronise the first oestrus and administration of 1.0 mg of oestradiol benzoate (ODB) i.m. at device insertion. The IVP4 device was removed 8 days later and either 0.5 (n = 421) or 1.0 mg of ODB (n = 446) was administered 24 h later. Injections of (ODB) with or without the use of an IVP4 were used to synchronise the third oestrous cycle. Different synchronisation treatments were used to synchronise first and third oestrous cycles but differences were included in statistical models to account for variation in the data. This enabled examination of effects due to differences in the dose of ODB used to synchronise the second synchronised oestrus.

RESULTS
The dose of ODB (0.5 or 1.0 mg) administered just before the second synchronised oestrus did not significantly (P > 0.10) affect the cumulative pregnancy rates over three successive rounds of artificial insemination, the mating start date to the conception intervals, the conception rates to the first or second insemination, the proportion of cows submitted for insemination at the second synchronised oestrus or the proportion of cows that were not pregnant yet failed to show signs of oestrous (phantom cows) identified within each herd.

CONCLUSION
There was no difference in reproductive performance between cows receiving either 0.5 mg or 1.0 mg ODB after removal of used IVP4 devices that had been inserted to resynchronise them for a second insemination.


This paper analyzes and compares energy efficiency of non-energy-intensive sectors (NEISs) in Beijing with the method of Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) from 2000 and 2009, based on production function theory. And then it illustrates the difference of the development of energy efficiency among NEISs in Beijing to provide reasonable energy policies for energy development and planning of the city.


In this paper, an attempt was made to measure risk in yield of important crop Cotton selected under study. The three parameters of viz. coefficient of variation, probability of crop failure and crop loss ratios were estimated to measure the risk. If it is related to different levels of NIL it will help to find out the indemnifiable limit for a particular area. It will also help to estimate premium rates at different levels of NIL. We have defined PCF and CLR at the yield level less than 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% and 40% of the actual yield.


To guide the expanding plan of distribution network,a system for analyzing and evaluating the anti-accident ability of distribution network has been established.The indices,such as risk coefficient,anti-fauh ability factor,anti-fault ability rate of the network frame and static safety ration of the distribution network is defined.The analysis process of anti-accident ability for distribution network being described.Take total rejection load as the target,as well as the total allowable expanding investment and the allowable limited voltage value as restrained conditions,a heuristic methodology of expanding plan for distribution network based on anti-fault ability analysis has been put forward.A practical example shows that the evaluation of the anti-accident ability is a useful measure for finding the critical and weak link as well as bottle-necks of distribution network,having guiding significance for expanding plan of distribution networks,the suggested methodology for expanding plan is feasible.


This paper describes the generation process of nested Characteristic Basis Functions. These basis functions, which are generated by a recursive application of the conventional Characteristic Basis Function Method, enable a much higher compression of the reduced impedance matrix than the conventional CBFM. Several RCS computations are carried out to illustrate the performance and the accuracy of the method.


Angiokeratoma is a skin disorder that rarely involves oral cavity. It can either occur in localized or generalized form, and is often associated with underlying metabolic disorder. In oral cavity, the most common site affected is tongue. We present a case of solitary Angiokeratoma of the tongue in a 10 years old female child. Pain and bleeding from the lesion was the presenting complaint of the patient. Excision of the lesion was carried out under general anesthesia


1. An award ($1000.00 maximum amount) will be presented to one winner in each category: Behavior Conservation Ecology Physiology Morphology/Systematics 2. The application form and rules are also available on the HL website at this l ink: http: / /www. herpetologistsleague.org/dox/eewilliamsgrant.pdf. 3. Entries must be received by 5 PM Central Time on 15 December 2014. 4. Send complete application (cover page, proposal, budget, CV,) as a single PDF electronically to: Ann Paterson at firstname.lastname@example.com. Please put ''EE Williams Research Grant'' in subject line. 5. One letter of support should be sent, preferably by email, directly by the supporter. 6. Proposals will be reviewed by at least two professional scientists, who will provide written feedback by April 2015. 7. Funding dispersed in April 2015 and winners announced at the Herpetologists'League Business Meeting in Reno, NV, 2015.


The present study investigated the effect of certain 1,3,5-triazine derivatives on epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase (EGFR-TK). The results suggested that 1,3,5-triazine derivatives exhibited optimal drug likeness via molinspiration and proved to be effective drug candidates as potential anticancer agents. The molecules were demonstrated to interact with key catalytic residues of EGFR, including Asn818, Lys721, Leu694, Val702 and Met742 as demonstrated in molecular docking experiments. Compound 1d was demonstrated to be the most potent analogue with an inhibitory constant of 0.44 nM, against EGFR-TK in in-vitro enzyme inhibition assay. Compound 1d was further evaluated for its effect on the cellular viability of three breast cancer cell lines, including highly metastatic MDAMB231, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive BT474 and estrogen receptorpositive MCF7 cells, using an MTT assay and apoptosis analysis. Western blot analysis was performed to examine the levels of β-catenin in the control and treated cells. Based on the findings of the current study, the chemical 1,3,5-triazine series are potential novel inhibitors of EGFR-TK and β-catenin signaling, and may be potent anti-breast cancer agents.


A flap-gate breakwater is a new type structure for coastal disaster reduction against tsunamis and storm surges. The breakwater usually lies down on the seabed and rises up as a seawall with its buoyancy when tsunami or storm surge occurs. In our previous experimental studies, wave blocking capabilities of the flap-gate against tsunamis were confirmed, and the characteristics of the gate motion and wave pressure have been clarified changing wave condition. Present study develops a numerical model considering fluid-body interactions for the flap-gate and validation of the numerical model is conducted. The numerical model consists of combining the overset grid method and level set method for solving both flap-gate motions and free surface water motions accurately. It is shown that the developed numerical model gives accurate predictions of flap-gate motions against hydraulic model experiments.


For the study of new, high performance vehicles, more accurate knowledge was required of helical-spring behavior. In the first part, the authors describe a calculation method for studying the distribution of stresses, analytical resolution of balance and deformation equations and the corresponding computer calculation programme. The second part deals with the problems posed by the materials since improvements could be made by presetting and protection methods. The third part concerns the definition of suspension springs for SNCF Y32 bogies.


1. Introduction: the peopling of the Pacific Part I. Global Convergences: The Pacific and a Wider World to the End of the Seven Years War (1756-63): 2. Exploration, empire and encounter 3. Belief 4. Wealth 5. Knowledge Part II. Completing the Globe: Charting the Pacific, 1763 to the Eve of the French Revolution: 6. Exploration, empire and encounter 7. Belief 8. Wealth 9. Knowledge Part III. Tightening Global Ties: The Pacific from the French Revolution to the Beginning of the Napoleonic Empire, 1789-1804: 10. Exploration, empire and encounter 11. Belief 12. Wealth 13. Knowledge 14. Conclusion: a common humanity? 15. Epilogue.


The invention discloses a powder special for mechanized construction plastering mortar, which is formed by mixing portland cement clinker, plaster, granulated blast-furnace slag, coal ash, limestone powder and a chemical addition agent, and a mass ratio of the portland cement clinker to the plaster to the granulated blast-furnace slag to the coal ash to the limestone powder to the chemical addition agent is (100-300): (50-100): (50-200): (100-400): (100-400): (2-5). A scientific proportioning relation is utilized by the invention, so that the prepared building plastering mortar have an excellent water-retaining property, a thickening property, a mechanical transport property and sag resistance on the wall, and meanwhile, the binding power of the hardening mortar and the matrix is improved, the size shrinkage rate is reduced, and the trends of powder falling, hollowing and cracking are reduced.


The problem of reflection of a TE-polarised Gaussian light beam from a layered structure under conditions of resonance excitation of waveguide modes using a total internal reflection prism is considered. Using the spectral approach we have derived the analytic expressions for the mode propagation lengths, widths and depths of -lines (sharp and narrow dips in the angular dependence of the specular reflection coefficient), depending on the structure parameters. It is shown that in the case of weak coupling, when the propagation lengths of the waveguide modes are mainly determined by the extinction coefficient in the film, the depth of -lines grows with the mode number . In the case of strong coupling, when is determined mainly by the radiation of modes into the prism, the depth of -lines decreases with increasing . The change in the TE-polarised Gaussian beam shape after its reflection from the layered structure is studied, which is determined by the energy transfer from the incident beam into waveguide modes that propagate along the structure by the distance , are radiated in the direction of specular reflection and interfere with a part of the beam reflected from the working face of the prism. It is shown that this interference can lead to the field intensity oscillations near -lines. The analysis of different methods for determining the parameters of thin-film structures is presented, including the measurement of mode angles and the reflected beam shape. The methods are based on simultaneous excitation of a few waveguide modes in the film with a strongly focused monochromatic Gaussian beam, the waist width of which is much smaller than the propagation length of the modes. As an example of using these methods, the refractive index and the thickness of silicon monoxide film on silica substrate at the wavelength are determined.


The interfacial reaction between Sn-0.7 mass%Cu solder with Ni and a Cu substrate was investigated to reveal the effect of the addition of Ni to Sn-Cu solder on the microstructure of the interface. Sn-0.7Cu-xNi solders (x=0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mass%) were used in this study. The results showed that, just after the reflow process at 523 K, the morphology of the intermetallic compound (IMC) formed between ternary Sn-0.7Cu-Ni solder and the Cu substrate is quite different from the intermetallic compound formed between binary Sn-0.7Cu solder and the Cu substrate. The added Ni converts the feature of IMC from a scallop morphology to a flat morphology. The Ni added to solder is contained in the IMC layer and the intermetallic phase between Sn-0.7Cu-Ni solder and Cu substrate can be expressed as (Cu1-y, Niy)6Sn5. On the other hand, the IMC thickness for Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni solder is the minimum in all solders regardless of aging time. Therefore it is found that the addition of 0.05%Ni to Sn-0.7Cu solder is certainly effective for reducing the formation of IMC layer at the interface during reflow process and for inhibiting the growth of IMC during the aging process.


In October 2009, 16 postgraduate students attended the first synchrotron school for physical scientists at Diamond Light Source (DLS), the UK's national synchrotron facility, based in south Oxfordshire. Over four days they were taught the basics of many synchrotron radiation techniques and also had the opportunity to participate in three short experiments on the beamlines at Diamond. The school was following in the tradition of the Daresbury-based Synchrotron Radiation Source (SRS) sponsored synchrotron schools that were run by Professors Bob Cernik (Manchester) and Bill Clegg (Newcastle) on a biennial basis.


In a waveguide slot array it is sometimes required to introduce bent short-circuit terminations. This affects significantly the behaviour of the coupling slots with a reduction in the coupling coefficient up to 90%. A procedure to evaluate accurately the effect of such bends is presented. It is based on the Method of Moments using the MFIE, but expressed in terms of the vector potential which appears to be the most efficient way for waveguide problems. The development is aimed at a very effective implementation, which allows to include it in design tools for waveguide slot arrays without increasing the total computational load.


In the present day scenes women safety is considered to be the major problem in both urban and rural areas. It is quite difficult to change the mind-set of the entire society, but we can provide several security devices for the women who are facing sexual harassment, acid attacks, molestation, etc. For providing the security, various smart devices and applications were developed. Many smart devices and applications are also available in the market; but, it doesn't provide an effective solution. Experts from various field discovered women's safety device which works in both manually and automatically. This article examines various women safety related techniques. The drawbacks and opportunities in women's safety devices are also discussed.


The article presents a critical historical outline and description of the biomedical model of psychopathology, focusing on the second half of the 20th century. It also identifies and discusses the key problems connected with its dominance in the contemporary clinical and research practice. These problems concern, among other things, the validity and reliability of psychiatric diagnoses, research methodology, treatment effectiveness, or the influence of pharmaceutical companies on research and therapeutic activity. The serious conceptual problems of the whole model call into question the foundations and knowledge base of contemporary psychiatry. There are also justified doubts regarding antipsychotic and antidepressant medications nowadays – despite their increasingly wide use, the number of chronically ill people keeps rising. This situation leads to serious ethical problems and warrants questions regarding the over-medicalisation of issues commonly associated with mental health. A reform of research and clinical practice is urgent.


Problems to be solved and advantages offered in the recycling of municipal solid wastes are analyzed. The development of materials recovery systems is still in an elementary stage except for ferrous metals recovery. However, only a very small fraction of municipal solid waste is subjected to any type of materials recovery. The problems to be solved in the recovery of nonferrous metals, potentially the most valuable recovered products, are summarized. Glass recovery and plastics recovery are considered. The production of fuel from municipal wastes is receiving increasing interest as one way to alleviate the oil shortages. Problems other than technical to be solved in the recycling of municipal solid wastes are indicated. (JSR)


Developments based on emerging digital technologies and supported by 5G are the cornerstones of strengthening innovation ecosystem and socio-economic welfare of any country. In fact, 5G communication technology is already touching variety of industries, from health care and advanced manufacturing to transportation, from entertainment and media to smart cities, clean energy exploration and agriculture. In this paper, we present an overview of technologies to enable next generation of communication, 5G requirements, potential use cases and global supply chain for 5G that will define communication over next decade and complement other digital technologies to unprecedented applications, products and services.


Network analytics has become increasingly popular in recent years. Various graph systems have been developed for analysing networks, while network data is still largely stored and managed in relational database systems in the first place. As two separate systems are often used to manage and analyse network data, it not only increases the difficulty for users to learn and maintain these different systems simultaneously, but also impedes performing more sophisticated analysis on relational and topological properties of network data. Aiming to tackle these issues, we present Rogas in this paper, which is a declarative framework that allows the user to formulate analysis queries naturally without thinking about the tedious implementation details of graph algorithms and query processing.


Professor Shanmugam's team, along with researchers from PNNL, have focused on developing an alternative low-cost, non-noble metal electrocatalyst to replace the noble metal anode electrode in efficient water splitting. Carbonsupported metal is considered an efficient electrocatalytic material for enhanced OER in water splitting. So far, most of the developed electrocatalysts have featured higher carbon content and less metal active specious content. The higher carbon amount mired the real metal active sites, and resulted in a faster carbon corrosion conditions. This led to lower electrocatalytic activity.


We investigate the nonlinear spin dynamics of an anisotropic Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chain with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions in the semiclassical limit. We have identified four completely integrable spin models with soliton spin excitations for specific parametric choices and also constructed perturbed solitons. We also obtain solitary spin excitations for a linearly perturbed integrable model at higher order.


Motility is the electro-mechanical processes by which gastrointestinal (GI) muscle is stimulated to contract, resulting in propulsion of contents. Assessment of motility must involve evaluation of GI smooth muscle electrical activity. In this study, the magnetic field corresponding to electrical activity was measured over the abdominal region using a 37 channel SQUID gradiometer system. Three females and two males with no history of GI dysfunction participated in this study. After fasting for 8 hours a 1 hour recording was made. The measurement was repeated after ingestion of a standard test meal. Signals were examined with respect to frequency content, spatial distribution and time dependence. Four frequency bands, corresponding to activity in the stomach and small bowel, were studied (45-55, 90-105, 140-160 and 190-205 mHz). The spatial distribution of power was observed to be different in each of these bands. Gastric and intestinal signals exhibited maximum power at distinct times after ingestion.


The use of microwaves as a heating source in time-resolved infrared radiometry provides the ability to heat surface and subsurface microwave-absorbing regions of a specimen directly. This can improve the contrast and spatial resolution of such regions and enhance their detectability when compared with conventional laser or flash lamp sources. Applications such as subsurface water detection or the detection of carbon fiber contaminates in epoxy composites are investigated experimentally and analytically. Due to recent technical developments in the speed, detector array size, and sensitivity of infrared cameras, time resolved infrared radiometry has become an important NDE tool which allows fast area inspection at high spatial resolution. While much prior work has focused on the detection of structural defects or disbonds in a variety of materials, the increasing importance of composite materials requires new approaches to inspection which allow characterization of local material properties. Defects in such materials may have little thermal contrast compared to the matrix material and may be invisible using conventional TRIR methods. However, where the embedding material is a weak microwave absorber, localized microwave absorbing regions can be detected easily. There are three different classes of absorption processes: (1) dielectric loss (e.g. water), (2) magnetic loss, and (3) Joule heating (e.g. electromagnetic radiation interaction with conducting fibers). Examples of Processes 1 and 3 are presented in this paper. All experiments use an HP 6890B Oscillator (5-10 GHz) to produce microwaves at a frequency of 9 GHz. This signal is amplified to a maximum power of 2.3 W by a Hughes 1277 X-band traveling wave tube amplifier and fed into a single flare horn antenna through rectangular wave guide. The antenna has a beam width of about 50 deg. and is placed about 15 cm from the sample. Both the angle of incidence and the polarization of the microwave field relative to the sample are controlled. A 128x128 InSb focal plane array (Santa Barbara Focalplane) operating in the 3-5 pm band is used for detection of the IR radiation. The camera has a temperature resolution of about 3 mK and a frame rate as fast as 305 Hz or 3.3 ms per frame. The frame synchronization pulse of the infrared camera triggers the microwave oscillator and the sample temperature is monitored as a function of time during the microwave pulse. This allows longer observation times with low power input and hence small temperature rises, as in time resolved infrared radiometry with optical heating [1,2]. The fist example focuses on dielectric heating of regions of subsurface water. Water-based defects include blisters in fiberglass or composite structures, or under coatings and paints as a source of corrosion. One example which is shown in Fig. la is a disbonded epoxy coating on a steel pipe. Infrared radiometry with optical heating is not very successful with these kinds of defects since the thermal effusivity of water is well matched to the steel and hence shows little thermal contrast in a surface temperature image. In the microwave regime, water has a broad strong absorption band associated with a maximum in the dielectric relaxation near 18 GHz and there is strong absorption at 9 GHz. Fig. lb shows an infrared image of the epoxy-coated steel pipe heated with a 15 s microwave pulse when the disbond is filled with water. The image outlines the disbonded region with no heating of bonded regions showing high contrast at the water defect as compared to optical (surface) heating where the whole sample would be heated. Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:19947132 C7-564 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV Figure la (left): Disbonded epoxy coating on a steel pipe. Figure lb (right): Infrared image of the water filled disbond after a 15 s microwave pulse. The time-dependence of the surface temperature can provide information about the subsurface region. A second sample shown in the insert in Fig. 2 is made from Plexiglass with voids filled with water placed at different depths below the surface using Teflon spacers. The time dependence of the relative surface temperature of points is plotted in Fig. 2 for each thickness . For a 3-layer system with thermal diffusivities a i , thermal conductivities q and layer thicknesses d and L and with an absorption coefficient p in the second layer, the surface temperature vs. time during and after a microwave pulse of duration to (one-dimensional heating) is: with G(h,x,t) = H o h ~ e " + h a a o l e r f c { ~ ~ ] d ~ . (2)


Welcome to the 2015 Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Periodontology. This year marked a period of new beginnings, the start of a fresh vision and a new legacy. In 1914, the American Academy of Oral Prophylaxis and Periodontology was founded by Drs. Gillette Hayden andGrace Rogers Spalding. In 1919, the name of the organization was changed to the American Academyof Periodontology. So, last year, we celebrated the 100th anniversary of our organization's origins and the 95th year as the AAP. As the Academy's past presidents leaned in to blow out the candles on our Academy's centennial birthday cake, we toasted an organization that has directed and defined the legacy of the specialty of periodontics for the past century—the specialty that, number one, saves teeth; number two, regenerates bone and soft tissues, laying the foundation for beautiful and healthy smiles; and number three, reduces the risk of systemic diseases. We are the true deliverers of oral health care. After taking the helm of the presidency for the AAP's 101st year, I thought of what our legacy could be. This is a time when the hows and the whys in the practice and study of periodontics are constantly shifting. I wondered this: 99 years from now, what will this specialty look like? So the theme for this, our 101st year and guiding us into our next century, has been ''New Beginnings.'' New beginnings come in many forms, with opportunities to start anew in our personal and professional lives. For our Academy, this is an opportunity to refresh and modernize our mission, vision, and brand. New beginnings may be fraught with uncertainty and fear of the future, but if we commit to the core values that define us—a foundation in science, innovation, and the highest level of patient care—we will succeed. You will succeed if you pretend you are the patient in the chair. So what were our new beginnings in 2015? Invigorating our commitment to science is among the many things that make us unique. In the DNA of every periodontist is an inquisitive scientist and a skilled clinician, so as an Academy, we've spent the last 12 months reinvigorating the science that drives our daily work. The AAP has repositioned itself as the go-to source for evidence-based data that drive dentistry forward: world-class research was published in the Journal of Periodontology (JOP) and Clinical Advances in Periodontics, which is designed to show our colleagues what is possible. The Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry highlighted the Academy's 2014 Regeneration Workshop in its November 2015 issue. We are poised to continue our push to advance the science in 2016, particularly with the upcoming bestevidence conferences on cone beam computed tomography, lasers, and dental implants. Our plans also include the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions, designed to reassess the existing types of periodontal diseases and conditions. This follow-up to the1999World Workshop will unite thinkers from the AAP, European Federation of Periodontology, and similar groups from Asia, South America, and Canada. The findings from this workshop will make disease classification more applicable to clinical practice, especially for dental students. Students and young, emerging members are groups that the Academy is working to embrace and elevate. These individuals will one day sit at the helm of our board, committees, and task forces. I challenge everyone to reach out, educate, mentor, and serve those who comprise our posterity. For the first time, the AAP has provided educational grants that enable third-year residents to attend the annual meeting festivities, which included yesterday's symposiumon current regenerative technologies presented by the American Academy of Periodontology Foundation and Osteology Foundation. The symposium was held as a part of the young professionals fast track, which is another first for the Academy's annual meeting and a specially designed series of sessions geared to those who are the faces of our future. As part of an Academy-wide effort to prioritize its engagement with new members, we are currently exploring the opportunity to allow students and emerging members to have a stand-alone meeting. This would allow each yearly class of attendees to establish its own identity while learning among peers and solidifying a relationship with the Academy. To our periodontal residents and those who have been in practice for 10 years and under: you are our future. Stickwith us. You are important to ourAcademy, and we will stand by you in your careers. At tomorrownight's general assemblymeeting, voting members will have the opportunity to chime in on two critical votes affecting students and emerging members. One will grant students the benefits of full-fledged AAP membership upon graduation, with a tiered pricing


Citizenship in the supranational realm of the EU became part of our knowledge along three visible dimensions, namely, as (1) a political concept during the Maastricht debates, (2) a policy in the Bulletin of the European Communities in 1993 and as (3) a legal concept in Article 8 EC Treaty. This article contends that this naming of citizenship brought new and unintended questions about citizenship to the fore. Union citizenship does not grant full rights to democratic participation or representation and it is granted on the basis of Member State nationality, not European nationality. That is, specific European political and socio-cultural dimensions seem to be lacking. Beyond the political and organizational aspects, these observations raise questions about the community of belonging and more specifically, about how to define borders of belonging. Who has a legitimate right to belong legally to this Union has become a much debated issue. This article examines the emergence of "Union citizenship." It assumes that a focus on the making of citizenship in its historical setting will reveal hidden meanings of the concept. Underlying this analysis is the observation that citizenship became part of the EC/EU political discourse in the early 1970s. Since then, policymaking towards Union citizenship has unfolded on the basis of two policy packages which entailed the policy objectives of "special rights" for Community citizens and a "passport union." Both touch crucial aspects of modern citizenship, such as borders and how to cross them (passport union) and citizens' right to vote and stand for elections (special rights). They were central to the debates over citizenship, European identity, and political union that took place over two decades in the Euro-polity. As the article demonstrates, the step-by-step development and application of the two policy packages not only provides an insight into how citizenship eventually turned into Article 8 EC Treaty 20 years later; it also suggests that Union citizenship acquires a specific - contextualised - meaning. Citizenship is defined as the dynamic concept of "European citizenship practice".


Partner seeking ads provide an insight into an important aspect of the marketing exchange. Personals ads are deemed instructive, as they require individuals to identify and package what is valued by the opposite sex while establishing criteria to qualify or screen potential respondents. Many past studies of personals ads found richness in the content but none have focused on the readability of the actual ad copy. Yet, the effectiveness of any written communication is congruent with the reader's ability to comprehend what the writer is trying to express, therefore readability is important at the most basis levels of communication. Readability in marketing in general and technical aspects in particular provide a useful tool for marketers of tangibles and intangibles. This study examines print and online personals advertisements and looks at differences in readability in two areas: media and gender. The results show a significant difference between media as well as genders.


: Objective: The aim of our study was to outline resistance and sensitivity of antibiotic medicines amongst Salmonella typhi isolates of enteric fever in kids. Study Design: Cross-Sectional Study. Place and Duration: This study was carried out for a time period of one year starting from January, 2018 to December, 2018 in Pediatric Medicine Department of District Headquarters Hospital, Rawalpindi. Methodology: Those children who were having enteric fever were selected for the study and in a total quantity of 161. Blood samples 3ml to 5ml were taken from all subjects and instantly sent to the Microbiology laboratory for blood sensitivity and culture tests. Modified Kirby baur disc diffusion on Salmonella isolates on Mueller Hinton agar plates method was used for calculating zone's width of reserve of certain medicine, Which afterwards, used for defining the antibiotic drug resistance. Clinically examined the pain abdomen, anorexia and coated tongue. SPSS-20 was used for analysis of all collected data. Results: Male and female distribution among 161 selected children were as 91 (56.5%) and 70 (43.5%) respectively. With minimum and maximum age as 2 years and 12 years accordingly, in this study the mean age of patients was 5.79±2.451 years. In 93 (57.8%) cases of our study found usage history of antibiotics before 02 days of the sensitivity and culture test. Most patients of current study were having enteric fever along with abdominal pain 40.37% (65),headache 17.39% (28) and diarrhea 17.39% (28).Sensitivity of Ciprofloxacin found in 54.66% (88),Amoxicillin found in 22.36% (36), Gentamycin found in 17.39% (28), Ofloxacin found in 62.73% (101), Chloramphenicol found in 24.84% (40), Ampicillin found in 12.42% (20), Co-trimoxazole found in 12.42% (20). Conclusion: According to the findings of our study it was found that Salmonella-typhi isolates of enteric-fever presented antibiotic medicine resistance at greater degree. Multidrug resistant strains were found extra predominant in this study that indicates to well-focused efforts of our health plan's makers to implement positive strategies about usage of antibiotic medicines in population of Pakistan. Sensitivity of Ciprofloxacin found in 54.66% (88), Amoxicillin found in 22.36% (36), Gentamycin found in 17.39% (28), Ofloxacin found in 62.73% (101), Chloramphenicol found in 24.84% (40), Ampicillin found in 12.42% (20), Co-trimoxazole found in 12.42% (20).


This introduction to a special issue, Research in Communication Design, provides a brief argument for why design research is important now. The importance and difference of design research needs from that of other disciplines is stressed. Development of knowledge useful in the practice of design is the focus. It also challenges the black box of design and questions the limits to its knowledge. Articles are briefly introduced with a commentary on their research classification and particular research approach. Several factors are converging that support and sustain a renewed interest in communication research, now from a design perspective. These factors can be divided into three categories: technological influences, contextual change and educational opportunity. > technology Under technology, digital technology opens new access and research opportunities for communication as new media is still in an evolutionary state. At a basic level, technology provides access to all, with or without design training and experience. Novice communicators learn technique and operate by imitation and trial and error. Design is rule-driven to only a limited extent and at the limits of rule is judgment. This is where trouble begins for the novice. Access to technology by this group has put pressure on designers to perform with greater reliability, hence a greater interest in the findings of research. > contextual change Under contextual change, information as a scarce commodity is replaced by its overabundance creating intense competition for human attention-- rendering attention itself scarce. Interdisciplinary problem solving is accelerating, putting design principles, information and knowledge under scrutiny and pressure to be more explicit. To this is added the fact that communication performance is taken more seriously with penalties for failure. > educational opportunity Under educational opportunity, doctoral programs in design open research training to those who were formerly practitioners. In research oriented doctoral programs, knowledge of what is known and what is unknown becomes clear, helping to identify where research is needed and when intuition and judgment must suffice. * Individuals engaged in the construction of communications are faced with what is known and what is unknown in the context of their communication problem. What knowledge can be accessed with regard to: their audience, the technological possibilities of media, usefulness of various communication strategies, the context of information use and the purposes of the user? What knowledge is available with regard to: interactivity or feedback possibilities, the usefulness, tension or complementarity between various coding systems (text and typography, diagrams, images, etc.)? This questioning of what is known and what is unknown creates the arena in which research questions develop. Questions are powerful tools for locating a possible contribution to knowledge (Poggenpohl, 2000). By beginning with questions we can avoid methodological rigidity, attempt to balance logic and creativity and sustain active curiosity throughout a rigorous research process. Two articles submitted to this special issue from the University of Reading arrived with titles in the form of questions; this is common practice there. Disciplines with strong research traditions, psychology and sociology for example, have long provided information to those engaged in design. The knowledge transfer has been both substantive and methodological. But the questions these disciplines ask and the manner in which they are answered are often difficult to interpret in terms of design action. Design is about action and projected change; it goes beyond problem investigation or description of a situation and into the synthesis of a solution. There is another problem in this translation process from social science research to design action as design works with many variables simultaneously and projected solutions are contextual and sometimes unpredictable. …


The purpose of this research was to know whether remuneration performance affected to civil
servant discipline improvement in Palangkaraya State Prosecutor Office. This was an
empirical law research that meant this research conducted directly based on field facts. Data
source was among others primary data namely laws, secondary data which were books,
websites and tertiary data namely Indonesian Grand Dictionary. Data collecting method was
by interview with head of Palangkaraya State Prosecutor Office and Building Sub-
Departmental Assistant Head, literature study and questionnaire towards 20 respondents from
Palangkaraya State Prosecutor Office. This research used qualitative analysis method with
result that remuneration performance significantly affected to civil servant discipline
improvement in Palangkaraya State Prosecutor Office.


This paper proposes an efficient approach for removing speckle noise from images by using threshold estimation methods, based on Double Density Wavelet Transform (DDWT). The performance of the proposed de-speckling algorithm is well enhanced by applying two different threshold estimation techniques at different decomposition levels of DDWT. The choice of estimation of the threshold value is carried out by VisuShrink and Normal Shrink rules. In this technique, the image is decomposed into nine sub bands using DDWT. The threshold values are estimated from each of the detail sub band in such a way that, using VisuShrink for first level DDWT decomposition and Normal Shrink for higher levels. After that, soft thresholding technique is used for noise suppression. Subsequently the inverse transform is applied to obtain the denoised image. Also the performance of this approach is investigated on Dual tree real, Dual tree complex, Double Density Dual tree real and Double Density dual tree complex wavelet transforms till fifth level decomposition. Computer simulations are carried out to investigate the performance of the proposed method and the results are compared with the existing methods. The results show that the proposed method achieves excellent performance.


The invention discloses a doped GaN film growing on a La0.3Sr1.7AlTaO6 substrate. The doped GaN film comprises a GaN buffer layer growing on the La0.3Sr1.7AlTaO6 substrate, an undoped GaN layer growing on the GaN buffer layer and a doped GaN film growing on the undoped GaN layer. The doped GaN film is an n-type doped GaN film or a p-type doped GaN film. The invention further discloses a manufacturing method of the doped GaN film growing on the La0.3Sr1.7AlTaO6 substrate. Compared with the prior art, the doped GaN film growing on the La0.3Sr1.7AlTaO6 substrate and the manufacturing method of the doped GaN film have the advantages of simple growing process and low manufacturing cost. Besides, the manufactured n-type or p-type doped film has low defect density, good crystallization quality and optical property.


Enchondral ossification is a fundamental mechanism for longitudinal bone growth during vertebrate development. In vitro studies suggested that functional blockade with RGD peptides or with an antibody that interferes with integrin α5β1–ligand interactions inhibited pre‐hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation. The purpose of this study is to elucidate in vivo the roles of the integrin α5β1‐mediated signal through the Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) sequence in the cell–extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction in embryonic enchondral ossification by an exo utero development system. We injected Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐Ser (RGDS) peptides and anti‐integrin α5β1 antibody (α5β1 ab) in the upper limbs of mouse embryos at embryonic day (E) 15.5 (RGDS‐injected limbs, α5β1 ab‐injected limbs), and compared the effects on enchondral ossification with those found in the control limbs (Arg‐Gly‐Glu‐Ser peptide‐, mouse IgG‐, or vehicle‐injected, and no surgery) at E16.5. In the RGDS‐injected limbs, the humeri were shorter and there were fewer BrdU‐positive cells than in the control limbs. The ratios of cartilage length and area to those of the humerus were higher in the RGDS‐injected limbs. The ratios of type X collagen to type 2 collagen mRNA and protein (Coll X/Coll 2) were significantly lower in the RGDS‐injected limbs. In those limbs, TUNEL‐positive cells were hardly observed, and the ratios of fractin to the Coll X/Coll 2 ratio were lower than in the control limbs. Furthermore, the α5β1 ab‐injected limbs showed results similar to those of RGDS‐injected limbs. The present in vivo study by exo utero development system showed that RGDS and α5β1 ab injection decreased chondrocyte proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in enchondral ossification, and suggested that the integrin α5β1‐mediated ECM signal through the RGD sequence is involved in embryonic enchondral ossification. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.


The value of standardized tightening torque is unreasonable.Based on the analysis of force and failure about the bolting in threshing cylinder and rasp bar in combine,a design calculation method is given in this paper.The value of tightening torque is relative not only to the nominal diameter and quality class of the bolt,but also to the security of the threaded fastener.It is pointed out the value of tightening torque should guarantee that there is no slippage between cylinder and rasp bar when they work.


Countless times every day, in hospitals across the United States, people must decide about how aggressively to treat others who are approaching the end of life. The routine occurrence of these life-and-death decisions ought not desensitize us to the awesome responsibility that falls upon those who are faced with making them. Nor should we lose sight of how vexing these decisions can be for family, friends, and healthcare providers. While these deaths no doubt occur when lives are judged to be waning and are accompanied by a host of signs of death's approach, they are also accompanied by deliberate decisions by family and friends, acting in concert with healthcare professionals, to decide the timing, manner, place, and other details of another's dying. How are friends and family, namely, surrogate decision makers, to understand their part in this setting and in the decision-making process? I want to focus on how to go about making these decisions in many instances, as well as on the importance of fully acknowledging and embracing the substantive role that surrogates and others play in the process. Besides surrogate decision makers, the other parties include clinicians, such as physicians and nurses; ethicists; hospital chaplains; and many others. Try as hard as we collectively might to divorce or minimize the impact of our presence and participation in these moments of choosing more or less life and living for someone else, we unavoidably leave a moral residue. I want to describe and illustrate a narrative method that can help assure that this residue, our moral fingerprint if you will, reveals that we have done right by, and good for, those for whom we have chosen.


Continuous using of blaching agents and oxidative hair dyeing agents induced to damage of hair cuticle and cortex layer. In this study, color change and morphological change of cuticle were observed by henna (Lawsonia innermis) dyeing on hair. Prepared 5 hair pieces without normal hair piece were delcolored, acid colorant treated or henna treated, and observed lightness, redness and yellowness by measurement of chromo meter and morphological change of cuticle by observation of SEM. In the result, the diameter of bleached hair (6% hydrogen peoxide treated) was significantly thinner than normal hair, acid colorant incubated and henna incubated hairs(p<0.005), and normal and 1/3 hrs henna incubated hairs were 12 μm. The highest lightness was showed bleached hair and henna treated hairs were showed the highest redness and yellowness. Lightness, redness and yellowness is not dependent on reaction time by using of acid colorant and henna. Cuticle damage and microfilament bundle were revealed on bleached hair. Henna treated hairs were showed weak cuticle damage and no exposure of microfilament. And hair damage on acid colorant treated hairs was stronger than henna treated hairs. In conclusion, henna could be protect of cuticle and may be very good natural dye for hair coloring.


Financialized urban governance means that local governments have been increasingly reliant on financial techniques and in some extreme cases, been captured by shareholders' interests. However, financialized governance mutates with various characteristics of local governance. This paper unpacks financialized urban governance in China based on the operation of Shanghai Municipal Investment Corporation (SMI). The Shanghai municipal government uses SMI as an intermediary to finance urban development. Based on the latest corporatization of SMI, we illustrate an embryonic form of financialized governance in which the Shanghai municipal government relies on financial means especially shareholding to manage and support SMI. In doing so, the municipal government internalizes financial techniques to manage state assets, seek funding, and guide urban development projects. The power of the state is not undermined during the process of financialization. Instead, the Shanghai government extends its power to the financial market to achieve its goals.


In some experiments on the polarization of electrons, there is a discrepancy between their results and the theory. The effect of multiple scattering, as a depolarization factor, cannot explain the discrepancy as is shown by Rose and Bethe. As another cause of the discrepaney, the plural scattering, which is the combination of two rather large angle deflections in the same foil, is considered in some detail. Such a plural scattering gives rise to values of the so-called "reflection-transmission" effect agreeing with experimental results. It is shown that the negative experimental results obtained by Dymond, Thomson, and Richter can be accounted for, if this effect is taken into account.


The technique of luminescent microscopy can be used to determine the survival rate of yeast organisms dehydrated by the convective method. If the cells were subjected to more severe extreme actions, the technique should be combined with the direct microscopy to follow the growth of reactivated organisms and to count the number of microcolonies being formed. The authors propose to classify the state of living organisms after the action of sublethal factors basing on the ability of cells to grow after reactivation.


Relevant questions of the influence a translator's individual style has on his work, reader's perception and understanding of different translations are examined in this work. Comparative analysis of two different translation of one book is provided.


Objective:To study the difference of the endometrial receptivity during the window of implantation after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation between PCOS patients and non-PCOS patients.Methods: Endometrial samples were collected from 8 PCOS infertility women who use long parallel program superovulation in IVF cycle and 8 non-PCOS infertility patients of tubal factor or male factor in a long line of IVF-ET program as the control group.7 days after egg retrieval,we take endometrial tissue.Immunohistochemical method was used to detect endometrial estrogen receptor(ER),progesterone receptor(PR) and integrin αvβ3.We use RT-PCR method to detect homeobox gene HOXA-10 expression.Rusults: Compared with those of control group,after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation,the expression of ER and PR of PCOS group were reduced,but the difference was not statistically signigicant;the expression of αvβ3 and HOXA-10 of PCOS group were reduced and the difference was statistically signigicant.Conclusions: PCOS patients still have unfavorable factors in endometrial receptivity after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation.


At some level, most educated people today probably have a sense, a general impression, of what this book tells us: that humankind is transforming the planet faster and faster, with a depth and scope and variety of impacts that are unprecedented in history and truly alarming in their implications for the future. We know this already, at an intuitive level (those of us, at least, who are not blinded by political ideology or by tenderheartedness for our portfolio of Exxon stock). What makes this book both important and extraordinary is that it succeeds in turning a vague impression, a nagging accumulation of specialized studies and anecdotal news items, into a cogent synthetic vision. McNeill's study is global in scale and genuinely multidisciplinary in approach: he weaves together, in a highly readable narrative, the whole tapestry of changes that have marked the human transformation of nature in the twentieth century. Lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere "every aspect of the planet comes under scrutiny, linked again and again to the pullullating agency of humans and the awesome shifts that agency has wrought." This is not the first time, of course, that such works of scholarly synthesis have been attempted. George Perkins Marsh produced his landmark work, Man and Nature: Or, Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action, in 1864 "but in 1864 the transformative genie of industrial modernity had barely begun (relatively speaking) to poke its nose out of the bottle." Another synthesis came in 1955: William Thomas's Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth; followed in 1990 by yet another immense tome, B.L. Turnerís The Earth as Transformed by Human Action: Global and Regional Changes in the Biosphere over the Past 300 Years. But both these more recent books "while immensely useful in themselves" were edited volumes, offering the reader a compendium of specialized essays by a small army of scientists and other researchers, each reporting the bad news from his or her own corner of the planetís mind-boggling complexity. McNeill's main achievement lies precisely in this: he succeeds in rendering that complexity comprehensible to a non-specialist reader, soaring over the continents with analytical clarity and narrative vigor, placing within our grasp the full sweep of global changes. The result is that we come away from reading this book with an extraordinarily clear sense of how our species has affected the planet over the past 100 years, and an equally clear sense of where we stand today. We may, at the outset of our reading, have possessed a vague, somewhat scrambled intuition of all this: McNeill puts it right there, in front of your nose. We humans have now become one of the most salient factors in the equation of planetary change. Another great strength of McNeillís approach lies in the fact that he does not regard "interdisciplinarity" in the way some authors unfortunately tend to do: as the mere juxtaposition of analytically distinct narratives: geology, biology, demography, politics, sociology, economics, cultural shifts. Instead, he starts from the premise that socioeconomic and biospheric changes are deeply and inextricably bound up with each other, in complex causal loops that require integral and bi-directional examination. The growth of cities, for example, is presented by McNeill as often having its genesis in certain geographical "givens," such as the location of a river, or of mineral deposits; but then the dynamic of social and economic forces comes increasingly into play, shaping the city over time, and shaping in turn the surrounding land; this reshaping of the land, in return, reverberates back on the city itself, modifying its culture and economy in important ways. Again and again, McNeill returns to these kinds of complex feedback loops, showing how human history and natural history, in the uniquely dynamic context of the twentieth century, are truly interwoven, and cannot be adequately understood in separation from each other. "History and


Gated and guarded community is a new scheme of housing and becoming popular due to the high demand from the buyers. This scheme becoming popular because of the concept focused on the security aspect. The gated and guarded community housing scheme is equipped with security guards and electronic devices to provide a safe environment for the community. The application of the gated and guarded community concept was adapted from the condominium development features. The existence of gated and guarded community concept in Malaysia adds to the uniqueness of the housing development to become more dynamic, safe and protected. The objective of this study is to identify the factors contributing to the development of gated communities in housing development. This research was carried out to identify the condominium housing concept characteristics which has been applied in the horizontal gated and guarded scheme. This concept is not having specific law or regulations pertaining to the development and implementation. Lembanga Perumahan dan Hartanah Selangor producing a new guideline for gated communities' scheme development which is applicable in Selangor state only. This study are going to compare the high rise and horizontal development in gated and guarded community scheme involving the developer at Kondominium Indah Samudra and Perdana Terraces as the case study. The comparisons are including maintenances, financing management, security, ownership, infrastructure and amenities; and physical development. The findings from the survey at Kondominium Indah Samudra and Perdana Terraces showed that those who stay within gated and guarded communities are working in the private sectors and earning good income. The main factor for choosing gated and guarded communities is for security reason. In addition, the privacy, infrastructure management aspect and the convenient surrounding attached to the gated and guarded communities are also their main concerns. Although, they have to pay high maintenance fee for all the services, facilities and amenities offered within the scheme, they are very satisfied with the services. Based on the findings, the author also made some suggestions to address the issues obtained in the study. This study also proposed an integrated development of gated and guarded communities to be implemented. Hopefully this approach will bring benefits especially to local authority and the others government departments in achieving a better quality of life in the future.


Let k be fixed, 1 < k < 2. There exists an infinite word over a finite alphabet which contains no subword of the form xyz with |xyz | / | xy | ≥ k and where z is a permutation of x.


Hong Kong police training,with its advanced training philosophy,excellent training strategy,reasonable training classification,scientific curriculum,effective teaching methods,and high quality training,has been worldwide acknowledged.We should draw on the experience of Hong Kong police officer training,actively explore professional competency standards,training and examination standards of police officer,and also explore and reform in the training management system,training quality mechanism,team management of instructors,application of teaching methods,so as to improve mainland police training quality and public security education training.


Lindsay A. Kuester et al. (Veterinary Ophthalmology, V. 7, no. 3, 169–173, 2004) note that 'The squirrel is the only mammal, to our knowledge, with a dramatically horizontally elongated ONH.' We wish to expand upon that knowledge by noting that we have observed a similarly shaped optic nerve head (ONH) in various members of the deer family including the white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ; Fig. 1a); 1 the fallow deer ( Cervus dama ; Fig. 1b); 1 red brocket deer ( Mazama americana ; Fig. 1c); 2 Pere David's deer ( Elaphurus davidianus ; Fig. 1d); 2 and red deer ( Cervus elaphus ). 3 We concur with Kuester et al . that the 'why' relating to this shape is not readily discernible; especially in that deer would most likely have a rod-dominant retina vs. the conedominant squirrel.


This paper describes the functionality and development of a power application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) called ENERCHIP, designed to perform power control tasks throughout the Spanish power distribution network. This chip, however, can be used in other control systems, as it contains generic analog and digital functions, appropriate for any application, as well as a CPU core. The ASIC has been fabricated using a 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS technology with double metal and double polysilicon.


to the editor: We read with great interest the recent publication in this Journal by Khuituan et al. ([9][1]) entitled "Fibroblast growth factor-23 abolished 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-enhanced duodenal calcium transport in male mice." The authors demonstrated that FGF23 abolished 1,25(OH)2D3-


This paper aims to investigate the chunk competence of Chinese English majors and probe into the relationship between chunk competence and language proficiency. A survey composed of multiple choice and translation is used to test both receptive knowledge and productive competence of the students of the first and fourth years. It turns out that chunk competence is positively correlated with language proficiency, and also with listening, reading, writing and translation. Hence, chunk competence can serve as an important indicator of language proficiency. It is also found that Chinese students' chunk competence as a whole is far from satisfactory, so there is an urgent need to introduce chunk into teaching.


Supracondylar fracture of the humerus is a common entity in children occurring most often in the age between 5 to 7 years. These constitute around 60% of the elbow fractures. Displaced factures may be associated with various complications like neurovascular compromise, compartment syndrome, skin problems, volkmann'sischaemia and cubitus varus. The treatment is technically challenging and controversial. Type II and III fractures are displaced and are ideally treated operatively by open reduction and internal fixation. Conservative treatment is usually not recommended for type III fractures. We report a case of a type III supracondylar fracture in a young girl managed effectively by closed reduction and plaster cast alone with good cosmetic and functional outcome without any complications. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the likelihood of effective treatment of type III supracondylar humeral fractures conservatively through proper alignment and more vigilant care, avoiding the need for the surgery.


Temperature dependent high forward current stress induced drift of electrical parameters (current gain (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${\beta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) variations, emitter resistance (<italic>R</italic><inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{E}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) decrease) in polysilicon emitter bipolar transistors has been revealed. It shows that the ambient temperature surrounding the test device, i.e., the lattice temperature, plays a key role in the reliability issues of the polysilicon emitter bipolar junction transistors under high forward current stress. However, both results from technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation and experimental test indicate that the junction temperature only rise up to a certain extent but not very high, i.e., the widely reported self-heating effect is not the essential reason for the device damage in the case of double-polysilicon self-aligned NPN bipolar junction transistor.


..................................................................................... i LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................... ii DEDICATION .................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ....................................................................... iv CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL FRAMEWORK OF STUSY .............................. 1 1.


Using high-frequency (daily) data on macroeconomic uncertainties and the partial cross-quantilogram approach, we examine the directional predictability of disentangled oil-price-shocks for the entire conditional distribution of uncertainties of five advanced economies (Canada, Euro Area, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Our results show that oil-demand, supply, and financial risk-related shocks can predict the future path of uncertainty; however, the predictive relationship is contingent on the initial level of macroeconomic uncertainty and the size of the shocks. Our results suggest that macroeconomic uncertainty is indeed predictable at high frequency, and that oil-price-shocks capture valuable predictive information regarding the future path of macroeconomic uncertainties.


HIV/AIDS remains a serious health challenge in Nigeria. In spite of public enlightenment, new cases of infection are being reported among university students. This study was undertaken to evaluate the knowledge of HIV/AIDS and level of contraception as measures of sexual attitude of university students in Port Harcourt. A 20-item questionnaire was administered to 230 students of Rivers State University of Science and Technology, and University of Port Harcourt. Drug outlets within two-kilometre radius of each campus were visited and the volume of sale of condoms and oral contraceptive pills was quantified. Statistical analysis was done using Fisher's exact test and Pearson's rank correlation. Respondents comprised 57.0% males and 43.0% females and the majority were single (78.0%). Knowledge of transmission and ways prevention was quite high (63.2%, P < 0.0001). The news media was the main source of knowledge (34.0%). Sexually active respondents were 75.3%. Condom was used regularly by 53.5% and contraceptive pills by 27.1%. Between the first and last quarter of 2006, the sale of oral contraceptives, emergency contraceptives and condoms increased by 68.4%, 50.2% and 32.7% respectively. There was no correlation between knowledge of HIV infection and contraceptive practice (P = 0.2723, r = 0.0820). Although university students were knowledgeable about transmission and prevention of HIV, this knowledge did not reflect in the attitude of students towards sex. More intense awareness campaigns to promote abstinence and safe sex practices are recommended. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, knowledge, attitude, condom, contraceptives, university students


A digital document system in which a digital document is shared among a plurality of stations in a communication network, the system including a first digital document (DD1) including a thumbnail data item (TH1) and an original data item (HR1). A first station (101A) having a second station (102A) having a second digital document (DD2) including a thumbnail data item (TH2), and a central station (100A), Calculating means for calculating the signatures of the thumbnail data items (TH1, TH2) of the first and second digital documents (DD1, DD2), and comparing means for comparing the calculated signatures of the thumbnail data items (TH1, TH2); The first digital The information for accessing the original data item (HR1) of Yumento (DD1), and transmission means for transmitting to the second station (102A) according to the result of the comparison.


There are many places at which the work of the Engineer and that of the Lawyer overlap, but possibly there is no department of his professional activities in which the Civil Engineer has more speci...


In order to detect the random harmonic and eliminate the harm of harmonic to the power system,this paper put forward a new detection method based on the instantaneous reactive power theory without phase lock loop(PLL).This new method can detect positive and negative sequence components of random harmonic current respectively under three-phase asymmetrical system which is not influenced by voltage and can be applied to unbalanced load current,then the detected positive,negative phase sequences can be summed up to obtain the random harmonic current.In the new method,the transfer matrix is replaced by a fixed value because of the error will be eliminated.The new detecting harmonic current method gets rid of the PLL circuit,the benefit of the new method without PLL circuit is apparent.It not only saves the cost but also gives the more precision results.Theoretical analysis show that in the ip-iq transformation processes the detection results will not be influenced by frequency offset.This paper gives the principle of the arithmetic.The method is simulated by the Matlab software.The results from the simulation prove the correctness of the algorithm.At last,the paper points out that the new method can be applied to the single-phase circuit,so this method is available.


After the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and Soviet,the socialists in the world keep exploring the path of socialist development.China's Socialist Harmonious Society and the Hugo Chavez's "New Socialism of the 21st Century" are most famous and influential.This paper discusses a new Socialist Model based on the "Three Represents" and the Socialist Harmonious Society theories named "Harmonious Socialism",and the Socialist diversification in the developing countries is also examined.World history will be in the Harmonious Socialist coincidence.


Throughout the ages, the research on "Historical Records" has countless papers, showing the profound and profound cultural connotations of "Historical Records" from many angles and aspects. However, from the perspective of virtue, the papers on the study of "Historical Records" are not yet available. Virtue can teach the social order and the standard. Later generations. "History of the History" highlights the "people"-centered model, which involves people from all walks of life, showing all aspects of their humanity, paying special attention to the display of Germany, and the "Five Emperors of the Five Kingdoms" It highlights the model meaning of the emperor's virtue, and is listed as the "Wu Taibo Family" at the head of the 30th family and the "Bai Yi Lie Biography" listed as the head of the 70th Biography. The outstanding is the virtue of the country. In addition, "Historical Records" also praised all kinds of virtues: the virtue of the emperor; the virtue of the princes; the virtue of the subjects. In these virtues, the noble morality in human nature is especially prominent. This paper selects the virtues that Sima Qian vigorously praises from "Historical Records" and gives them classifications, mainly including virtues such as patriotism, high cleanliness, honesty, diligence, forbearance, integrity, etc., and puts these virtues in the social background at that time, using history, Relevant theories and research methods such as ethics and sociology are used for analysis. These virtues essentially reflect Sima Qian's view of virtue. In Sima Qian's view of virtue, the fame of man reflects the value of man, and the virtue of man, the better thing in human nature, can better reflect human value. It can be said that these virtues in "Shi Yi Ji" are a summary and summary of the Chinese national virtues in the past two thousand years. "Historical Records" records the history from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the Han Emperor. This period is the Chinese nation. Virtue sprouts and forms a period. The virtues in "Historical Records" have accumulated through history and eventually become part of the national virtue.


Critical Heat Flux (CHF) is a vital parameter for the thermal design of a fuel bundle and the existing approaches are not reliable owing to its strong dependency on the geometrical and operating parameters. In addition, the approaches for the rod bundles are proprietary owing to the expensive experimentation and technical challenges associated with simulation of nuclear heating for a prototype rod bundle. In view of this, a methodology for the modelling of the CHF phenomenon under BWR operating conditions has been developed and validated in BARC. The phenomenon of the liquid film flow and associated deposition and entrainment of droplets in annular flow regime has been considered to carryout dryout modelling in conjunction with the subchannel analysis. The proposed methodology has been found to provide excellent prediction when compared with the critical power data of rod bundles for different configurations. Using the validated methodology, the critical power (thermal margin) for a new design of AHWR fuel assembly has been evaluated. The available thermal margin indicates potential for uprating of AHWR power. Development of the proposed methodology for the dryout modelling provides excellent prediction of thermal margins for BWR fuel assembly.


Abstract Objectives To explore the potential of SARS-CoV-2 spread during air travel and the risk of in-flight transmission. Methods We enrolled all passengers and crew suspected of being infected with SARS-CoV-2, who bounded for Beijing on international flights. We specified the characteristics of all confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection and utilised Wells-Riley equation to estimate the infectivity of COVID-19 during air travel. Results We screened 4492 passengers and crew with suspected COVID-19 infection, verified 161 confirmed cases (mean age 28.6 years), and traced two confirmed cases who may have been infected in the aircraft. The estimated infectivity was 375 quanta/h (range 274–476), while the effective infectivity was only 4 quanta/h (range 2–5). The risk of per-person infection during a 13 h air travel in economy class was 0.56‰ (95% CI 0.41‰–0.72‰). Conclusion We found that the universal use of face masks on the flight, together with the plane's ventilation system, significantly decreased the infectivity of COVID-19. KEY MESSAGES The COVID-19 pandemic is changing the lifestyle in the world, especially air travel which has the potential to spread SARS-CoV-2. The universal use of face masks on the flight, together with the plane's ventilation system, significantly decreased the infectivity of COVID-19 on an aircraft. Our findings suggest that the risk of infection in aircraft was negligible.


This paper deals with the stability synthesis for a class of 2D linear systems described by the Roesser model. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for stability, as well as stabilization for linear positive Roesser systems. This kind of systems have the property that the states take nonnegative values whenever the initial boundaries are non-negative. The synthesis of state-feedback controllers, including the requirement of positivity of the controllers and the extension of the results to uncertain plant are solved in terms of linear programming. A numerical example is included to illustrate the proposed approach.


The aim of this research was to examine students' perceptions of online teaching, their own engagement and abilities, and their success expectancy in the future profession. 713 students attending the University of Zagreb, Croa-tia, took part in the research. The results indicate that students spend an aver-age of 6 hours studying per day. Statistically significant differences were identified in students' perceptions of the way in which the teaching process was conducted, support provided by professors and the engagement of stu-dents in terms of the time they spend in organized and independent studying. Students who study less than 5 hours per day tend to give lower rating to the quality of the teaching process and their own engagement. Students who study more than 6 hours per day tend to give lower rating to the support pro-vided by professors. Regression analysis revealed that the perceptions of the way in which the online teaching process was organized and conducted, of the abilities, engagement and hope significantly contribute to the interpreta-tion of success expectancy in the future profession. Students' age was not found to be a significant predictor.


The direct observation of dislocations by electron microscopy, both in and ex situ, has provided invaluable information that has been used to develop our understandings of the nanoscale origins of deformation [1,2]. In metallic materials, planar slip is a common deformation mechanism and has a direct consequence on the material's macroscale deformation behavior [3,4]. However, the causes of localized or 'planar' slip are not well understood. Of the many theories that exist [5,6], a prevailing one relies on the presence of short range order (SRO) as an inhibitor of more three-dimensional or 'wavy' slip [4,7]. As a dislocation moves through the matrix, the destruction of the short range order provides a softening of that specific slip plane, allowing for additional dislocations to propagate along the same slip plane. In some systems, it has been shown that this planar slip can cause antiphase boundaries resulting in a lattice relaxation, and therefore strain contrast in conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM)[8]. However, direct quantification of this strain has not been performed.


As spacecraft begin to utilize higher performance flight computers, more processing is being performed on-orbit. This paper discusses four tpics that support on-orbit star processing using multi-star star trackers. The first topic addresses the considerations for creating an application specific star catalog and presents a newly developed, computational and memory efficient star catalog storage technique named the Sperical Rectangles Method. The Spherical Rectangles Method is used to extract a subset of stars from a very large (5000 or more stars) star catalog. This subset of stars is used as the candidate set of stars to support star identification and directed search commanding. The second topic examines star identification techniques and discusses their applicability to multi-star star trackers. Each of the star identification techniques discussed has advantages and disadvantages depending upon the star tracker operational mode and tracking status. No single technique is optimal for all scenarios, so a combination of the techniques is used, depending upon tracking status, to ensure a higher probability of successful star identification. The third topic is a comparison of directed search commanding of the star tracker versus full field acquisition. Also, a directed search technique is presented that determines which stars in the star tracker field of view should be tracked to support a more accurate attitude determination solution. In this technique, consideration is given to star brightness, star separation, and computational efficiency. The fourth topic identifies several measurement errors such as data latency, velocity aberration, and parallax that should be compensated for depending upon attitude knowledge requirements.


Two different extraction methods of ephedrine from Herba Ephedrae were compared and analysed . Herba Ephedrae was saturated with 0.5%hydrochloric acid, the extract was extracted with ether and chloroform respectively, from which ephedrine was separated and purified by column chromatography. Experimental results indicated the best method was three times saturation and the optimal way was chloroform extraction.


Measurements of Cs137 in rain water were made in 1958 by gamma scintillation spectroscopy. The average monthly quantity in 1958 was estimated as 0.99 mc/km2 per month while it was 0.3 mc/km2 per month in 1957. The amount of precipitation in 1958 was 1.7 times that of precipitation in 1957, the content of Cs137 increased more than 3 times during the same period.


The world is undergoing very rapid urbanisation especially in the developing world; in Malaysia three-quarters of the population now live in urban areas. Thus, cities are growing even more important as they are our centres of commerce and innovation and the gateways to the global economy. Cities are also where problems (from the effects of climate change to rising inequality) and solutions meet. Our responses to those problems will likely succeed or fail in cities. The World Health Organization's Healthy Cities programme which started in Europe in 1985 was one of the responses to address the ills of cities, based on the concept of the new public health. Healthy Cities seek to balance developments in the overlapping spheres of the social, economic and physical (natural and built) environments in order to achieve a sustainable health and wellbeing for its citizens. Healthy Cities impact on the health and wellbeing of its citizens by acting on the upstream determinants of health via the settings approach to health promotion. Kuching City has been part of the Healthy Cities programme since 1994. In the meantime, the ongoing digital and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) revolution has seen a shift in focus from the proliferation of communication (1970s & 1990s) and information (1990s & 2000s), to the extraction of knowledge from the resulting data; in other words—a shift from 'Information Societies' to 'Knowledge Societies'. The Malaysian Multimedia Super Corridor which was announced in 1995 was meant to leapfrog Malaysia into a knowledge society. The ICT revolution also led to the emergence of "Smart Cities" that tap into new streams of data on the state and performance of the city systems, often in real time, to make better decisions and achieve the aspirations of its residents. Specifically, smart cities use the latest in technology and connectivity to collect lots of data through instrumentation, bring these data together through integration, and then analyse the integrated data for intelligence on how to improve the city's services and quality of life ASEAN Member States (AMS) have established an ASEAN Smart Cities Network (ASCN) and the ASEAN Smart Cities Framework was endorsed by the ASCN on 8 July 2018. A smart city in ASEAN aims to achieve a balance between three interdependent objectives: competitive economy, sustainable environment and high quality of life. Kuching City is one of the 26 pilot ASCN cities. The two pilot smart city projects that Kuching Smart City plans to undertake are: (a) Integrated Smart Traffic Light System, and (b) Integrated Flood Management and Response System. The City is ever evolving, and many challenges need to be addressed and overcome, before the dividends of the digital revolution and smart city on health and wellbeing, can be felt. Smart City-As-A-Platform for Healthcare Services


Despite cell phones' popularity, little is known about the extent to which people's devices include advanced functionalities and which features people use regularly. Mobile phones have the potential to help people overcome limitations in traditional ways of accessing the Internet. Who is most likely to use cell phones for going online and other advanced functionalities? Drawing on a unique data set representing a diverse group of young adults, this working paper looks at the prevalence and predictors of cell phone usage for a varied set of activities. Results suggest that African Americans adopt most features at higher rates than others. Hargittai and Kim also find that mobile devices seem to supplement traditional access to the Internet rather than replacing it. The authors are grateful to Eden Litt and Heather Young for their helpful comments on the paper. They would also like to thank Ericka Menchen-Trevino, Jessica Diamond and George Bajalia for assistance. This paper would not have been possible without a generous grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. The authors are grateful to the undergraduate research assistants of the Web Use Project group in 2009 and 2010. The helpful support of Ann Feldman and Tom Moss is also acknowledged. The first author also thanks the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University for its support. Hargittai & Kim Smartphone Use 2


Pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) work in concert with pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (PAECs) to maintain the homeostasis of pulmonary arteries. Injury and pathological conditions alter PASMCs to a de‐differentiated/synthetic phenotype, most likely dependent on the endothelium. The interactions between PAECs and PASMCs and the role of these interactions in modulating PASMC phenotype are not yet understood. To this end, we co‐cultured PASMCs with either PAECs or PASMCs, as a control, on a transwell insert such that the cells can make direct contact with each other through 0.4µm pores in the membrane of the insert. After 48 hrs of co‐culture, PAECs and PASMCs were processed for confocal imaging or collected for western analysis. Morphologically, PASMCs co‐cultured with PAECs were more elongated and spindle shaped than control. Also, in co‐culture with PAECs, PASMCs showed higher expression of the contractile smooth muscle cell (SMC) markers than did control. PASMCs co‐cultured with PAEC developed a more contractile‐like phenotype and resembled the characteristics of SMCs in normal pulmonary arteries. Collectively, these results suggest that coordinated interaction between PASMCs and PAECs is important in maintaining a contractile PASMC phenotype, and future experiments will investigate the roles of paracrine factors and direct myoendothelial contact. Supported by NIH P01 HL014985.