Precision medicine is a modern concept that has been used since 2011 to describe tailored accurate medical treatments selected according to individual characteristics of each patient. Each patient's disease is analyzed according to molecular data, genomics, and systems biology in this model to establish the patient's disease process at the molecular level and select appropriate treatments. The patient's response is then closely monitored with direct or surrogate measures such as biomarkers, and the treatments can then be adapted according to the patient's response. The combination of traditional gross and microscopic metrics combined with molecular profiling is precision medicine.1


The main purpose of this reseach was to compare mental skills of elite and non-elite boys team athletes by Ottawa Questionnare. The reseach study was a descriptive-applied one. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire based on Ottawa questionnare that measured some mental skills factors. The subjects were 40 elite athletes and 40 non-elite athletes that they were randomaly taken up of basketball, volleyball, handball and futsall sport tournaments. T independent test was applied in order to analyze the related data to compare the results at p<0.05 level. The results indicated that the rate of Goal setting, self-confidence, Commitment, Stress reactions, Relaxation, Fear control, Activation, Focusing, Imagery, Competion planning, Mental practice and Refocusing skills is higher in elite athletic boy students in compare to non-elite ones.


The paperwork accompanying ARRA-funded research grants adds costs for universities but provides more comprehensive metrics to gauge the benefits of basic research.


Quantum wire semiconductor lasers offer a number of advantages over quantum well lasers, including lower threshold current densities, increased modulation band widths, narrower spectral linewidths, and reduced temperature sensitivities. Several methods have been utilised to produce wire-like structures.1 However, the realization of the benefits described above have so far been limited by the defects caused by the fabrication techniques used and minimum obtainable wire dimensions.


The crystal structure of the compound [Ag(N 2 C 1 0 H 8 ) 2 ]PF 6 is determined. The crystals are orthorhombic: a = 14.083(3) A, b = 14.765(3) A, c = 20.533(4) A, space group Pbca, V = 4270(2) A 3 , ρ c a l c = 1.759 g/cm 3 , Z = 8, F(000) = 2240. The crystal structure is a three-dimensional diamond-like cationic framework consisting of four interpenetrating adamantane-like lattices. Uncoordinated octahedral [PF 6 ] - anions are located in the channels of the framework.


Faced with intense competition, it is increasingly vital the need to establish competitive advantages is increasingly vital in order to keep the company active with superior offerings to consumers in relation to the other competitors. The present paper classifies some situations of vertical and producers of goods and services into the retail market. The relatively recent entrance of several groups in retail activities not seems to be a fad like other business moves that were to be proved as ephemeral and poorly understood. The purpose of this paper is to present to producers of goods and services some interesting strategies practiced in the process of going to retail. Another purpose of the article is the presentation of numerous situations – with a very rich kind of variety showed by several companies in their approach to the market in this pursue to survival and growth. Another phase of the paper classifies the situations that were found in 12 types. Finally, the Conclusions section analyses all the 12 types.


The clinical application of enzyme estimations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is reviewed. Relevant features of the physiology of the CSF in man, the precautions needed to obtain representative samples and valid controls, and the sources of enzyme in CSF are considered. Brief reference is made to the application of CSF enzyme assays in cerebrovascular disease and tumour diagnosis and in other neurological conditions including head injury and cerebral anoxia. Although at least 30 enzymes have been demonstrated in the CSF of man only glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOn and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) have received much clinical attention. Lesser studies have been made on phosphohexose isomerase, isocitric dehydrogenase, phosphatases, ,B-glucuronidase, aldolase and creatine kinase. No comprehensive review has appeared in recent years. Green (1958) gives a fairly full account of papers up to that date and a few more recent works are quoted by Plum (1964). A review is in preparation for publication from this department. Attempts have been made to apply CSF enzyme estimations: (1) in cerebrovascular disease, to assess the presence, extent and progression of infarction and in efforts to distinguish thrombosis from haemorrhage, (2) to cerebral tumour suspects, as an aid to diagnosis and to differentiation of benign from malignant growths and tumours from infarcts, and to detect recurrence, (3) in cases of head injury, to assess severity and guide prognosis, and (4) in the assessment of perinatal hypoxia. In meningitis there is increased activity of several enzymes in CSF: correlation with the different types of meningitis has not been fully investigated. Enzyme changes have been reported in the CSF from cases of demyelinating diseases but no recent studies seem to have been made here. Sources of enzymes in the CSF are: (1) from the blood plasma via the choroid plexus, (2) from addition of whole blood in trauma and strokes and, more rarely, by haemorrhage into tumours and from bleeding secondary to coagulation defects, (3) from excess of white blood cells in meningitis and leucaemia, (4) from normal brain damaged by infarction, external trauma and internal compression, or rendered transiently more permeable by hypoxia


dimension flnite-difierence time-domain (FDTD) method is used to simulate the enhanced blue light emission of gallium nitride light emitting diode (GaN-LED) using the surface-plasmons (SPs) cou- pling with the quantum wells. The numerical simulation results demon- strate that when the silver fllm is coated on GaN-LED, the excited SPs play a key role in the enhanced blue light emission, and the en- hancement depends on the geometries of GaN-LED and silver fllm. An enhancement factor is given to describe the enhancement efiect of light emission. By changing the structure parameters of GaN-LED and sil- ver fllm, the enhanced peak of the light emission in the visible region can be controlled. Under the optimal parameters, about 17 times en- hancement at 460nm can be obtained, and the enhancement efiect is evidently demonstrated by the SPs fleld distribution.


Based on phonetics and phonology theory, this article gives a description of the vowel system ofKazakh language and Chinese language, and it also makes a comparison between this two languages. In order toobjectively and truly reflect the similarities and differences in vowel aspects between Kazakh language andChinese language, this article uses large corpora in the process of analysis.


The sweetpotato butterfly ( Acraea acerata Hew.) is an important defoliating insect pest of sweetpotato in Eastern Africa. Data on distribution, biology and yield loss are presented. Control strategies such as handpicking, chemical control, host-plant resistance, cultural control and biological control are discussed.


Expert system is an important method to help using the expertise of the human in more than one place in high demanding fields. In this paper, an expert system was designed to troubleshoot the wireless connection problems and reach an accurate decision about the cause. Java and Prolog used connected by JIProlog. A survey investigates the wireless connection problems performed by about 40 expert, and a case study performed in Al-Nahrain University campus to test the system. Keywords— Expert system, Wireless network, Java, Prolog, JIProlog.


It would be valuable to include expectancies when assessing predictors of smoking cessation attempts and the success of those outcome attempts.


According to the structure and working principles of electro magnetic proportional multi-way direction valve,its mathematical model with static characteristics in the scope of micro-regulation was set up,and MATLAB language was employed in computer simulation,with the result that the electro magnetic proportional multi-way direction valve had good micro-regulation characteristics,and there was a linear proportion relationship between the input electric current of the pilot valve and output flow rate of the multi-way direction valve,which was advantageous for the accurate controlling of engineering mechanism.


Objectives:Survey the prevalence rate and correlation risk factors of first diagnosed type 2 diabetes(T2DM)with metabolism syndrome(MS).Methods:We analize the prevalence rate and correlation risk factors of first diagnosed T2DM with MS through collected my courtyard January,2000 to the May,2008 first diagnosed T2DM correlation data.Results:1.The prevalence rate of first diagnosed T2DM with MS was 62.8%.and was negatively correlated with age,and positively with physique index,women with Obese production history and Family history.⒉The prevalence rate of first diagnosed T2DM with hypertension was 51.7%.⒊ The proportion of first diagnosed T2DM Physique index ≥25.0 kg/m2 was 63.2%.⒋ There were 69.9% patients with Dyslipidemia in first diagnosed T2DM with Dyslipidemia.⒌ The prevalence rate of women first diagnosed T2DM with Obese production history with MS was 69.3%.⒍ The prevalence rate of first diagnosed T2DM with MS who have MS family history was 72.4%.Conclusions:⒈ The prevalence rate of first diagnosed T2DM with MS was 62.8%,and was negatively correlated with age,and positively with women with Obese production history and MS Family history.⒉ Early weight control,particularly who with family history of MS is the key of preventing first diagnosed T2DM.


Objective To observe the effect of folate supplementation on urinary albumin excretion rate of pregnant women in pregnancy. Methods 100 pregnant women with persral folate and 100 pregnant women without persral folate were randomly selected in our hospital. To select 3h morning urine with special sampling tube, to test the urinary albumin excretion rate with radioimmunoassay. Results The positive rate of urinary albumin excretion of pregnant women without persral folate was obviously higher than which of pregnant women with persral folate.Conclusion Folate supplementation in pregnancy could reduce the positive rate of urinary albumin excretion, could keep enough folate in blood, could reduce the accumulation of homocysteine which is metabolic intermediate of low methionine, could avoid the injury of vascular endothelial cells, could reduce the occurrence of complication in obstetrics department.


PT Bank Tabungan Negara as a financial institution that has a financial intermediation function. One function of financial intermediation is to channel credit to the community. Various problems related to banks related to distribution loans. This factor causes the author to do research on what factors are very important in channeling the amount of credit. Facing a large potential risk due to non-performing loans, banks are required to have good credit planning and distribution strategies This study studies what factors are driving the distribution of the amount of credit to the State Savings Bank PT. The data used in this study are primary and secondary data. Primary data obtained by interviews and direct observations on the related credit division. While secondary data is obtained from literature studies and data obtained from the company contains annual reports. Analysis using multiple linear regression by processing data using SPSS. 16. From this study, deposits were positively correlated with the distribution of credit amounting to 89.8%, CAR correlated positively with the distribution of credit amounting to 84.9%, and NPLs negatively correlated with the distribution of credit amounting to -9.6%. From the results of the tests conducted on this study indicate that the independent variables namely DPK, CAR and NPL significantly influence the Distribution of Credit with a significant level of 89.8%.


A novel (Z)-nitromethylene neonicotinoid analogue (C23H27Cl2N5O4·2H2O) (II) with optical activity has been synthesized, the structure was characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectra, and the (Z)-configuration was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal belongs to triclinic, space group P1 with a = 7.4638(3), b = 12.6232(5), c = 15.2990(6), α = 71.907(1), β = 89.397(2), γ = 80.314(1)°, V = 1349.28(9)3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.340 g/cm3, μ = 0.286 mm-1, Mr = 544.43, F(000) = 572, S = 1.056, R = 0.0801 and wR = 0.2366 for 4998 unique reflections with 3012 observed ones (I 2σ(I)). In the crystal, the dihedral angle between the pyridine and 4-Cl-phenyl rings is 58.13°. Intermolecular O–H···O, C–H···O and C–H···Cl hydrogen bonds involving water molecules stabilize the crystal structure.


A method of verifying the authenticity of an article, a match when a step to capture the taggant pattern of particles randomly distributed on the article, a random distribution pattern and the pre-acquired already random distribution pattern captured is at least partially match It has a step of generating a signal.


The period from August 2009 to July 2010 was considered as a solar minimum period. In this period, solar activity like solar X-ray flares, solar wind, coronal mass ejections were at minimum level. In this research, it is focused on detailed study of diurnal behavior of VLF field strength of the waves transmitted by VLF station NWC Australia (19.8 kHz) and VLF station NAA, America (24 kHz). This research was carried out by using VLF Field strength Monitoring System located   at Khatav India (16 o 46ʹN, 75 o 53ʹE) during the period August 2009 to July 2010. This study explores how the ionosphere and VLF radio waves react to the solar radiation. In case of NWC (19.8 kHz), the signal strength recording shows diurnal variation which depends on illumination of the propagation path by the sunlight. This also shows that the signal strength varies according to the solar zenith angle during daytime. In case of VLF signal transmitted by NAA at 24 kHz, the number of sunrises and sunsets are observed in VLF signal strength due to the variations of illumination of the D-region during daytime.  In both the cases, the signal strength is more stable during daytime and fluctuating during nighttime due to the presence and absence of D-region   during daytime and nighttime respectively. Keywords : VLF field strength, diurnal variation, ionosphere, solar zenith angle


The method that the present invention proposes a kind of message based distributed system and communicate therein, described system comprises at least one node, described node comprises that at least one finishes the module of specific function, described module comprises: at least one Service Access Point, be used to receive service request information, and finish required service according to described service request information; Message sender is used for service request information is sent to purpose Service Access Point request required service.Utilize the present invention, send the unified message sender that uses of message, accept the unified service point access unit that uses of message, the user need not be concerned about specifying information, the access service point identification that only need know the opposite end just can be finished the communication under distributed environment, simplify development difficulty, improved the reliability and the expandability of system.


Various studies have paid attention to the mathematical knowledge and skills that students have when they start initial training to become future primary school teachers. In regard with these studies, we gave out to students from a group of second and third year of the "Grado de Maestro de Primaria" a mathematical test. This test is commonly used at third year of ESO to assess the students' academic performance and competencies. The results indicated that (i) the students showed a number of important gaps in their knowledge of mathematics and that their academic performance was far from acceptable; (ii) male and 3rd year students performed better than female and 2nd year students; and (iii) the factors that characterized students' attitude towards mathematics included confidence, motivation, usefulness and satisfaction, in decreasing order of importance.


An estimated 3 percent of the world's population — more than 170 million people — carry a mysterious virus that silently attacks their livers, often without their knowledge. That's because up to 80 percent of those infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) have no symptoms at all. In fact, most people don't know they have the disease until decades later when liver damage shows up during routine medical tests.


Loss and Replacement of Arabisms in Spanish. Names of ProfessionsMost Spanish words of Arabic origin that designate professions have disappeared. However, some are still in use, amongst which albanil or alfarero are some of the most usual. Others have been replaced by Latinisms, such as veterinario, which replaced albeitar, or by derived (barbero) or compound nouns (ropavejero) that prevail over their counterparts alfajeme and aljabibe, respectively. There are also special cases when an Arabic word is replaced by a Romance loan word (alfayate vs. sastre) or even by another Arabic word (alcaller vs. alfarero). The aim of this paper is the study of the replacement of Arabisms starting from the Late Middle Ages with focus on names of professions.


The invention provides a traditional Chinese medicine combination for treating lung abscess. The traditional Chinese medicine combination comprises the following components in parts by weight: 28-32 parts of rhizoma phragmitis, 28-32 parts of cogongrass rhizome, 28-32 parts of semen coicis, 12-18 parts of white gourd seed, 9-15 parts of peach seed, 5-7 parts of platycodon grandiflorum, 8-12 parts of almond, 12-18 parts of honeysuckle, 18-22 parts of fructus forsythia, 9-15 parts of scutellaria baicalensis, 5-7 parts of coptis chinensis and 5-7 parts of licorice root. Compared with the prior art, the traditional Chinese medicine provided by the invention can be used for treating after distinguishing sickness aiming to internal pathogenic factors of the lung abscess, and has the advantages of rapid curative effect, low cost, non-toxic side effect and obvious effect.


In the Byzantine period, the norms of written Greek were primarily rooted in the ancient Greek literary tradition and not in the native linguistic competence. The article touches upon the questions linked to the role of rhetorical theory and techniques reinforced by the Greek educational system and the Byzantine Atticism. Particular attention is paid to the different written registers – low, middle, and high –, different styles according to genre and period, and the lack of consistency in writing at all levels.


Fabrication of ferroelectric memory field effect transistor (FEMFET) is presented with copolymer P(VDF-TrFE) as gate dielectric. Spin-coated copolymer film has semi-crystalline structure after annealing, in which the crystallites contains ferroelectric and paraelectric phase. Dipolar alignment in ferroelectric phase is controlled with the sweeping of transistor gate bias. Ferroelectric remanent polarization enables current retention in the transistor during OFF state that can be used in non-volatile memory application.


In this paper, an ensemble learning-driven edge caching (ELDEC) strategy and a meta-based ensemble learning-driven edge caching (MELDEC) strategy are proposed for content popularity prediction and cache content placement in Internet-of-Vehicles (IoV) networks. Specifically, the proposed MELDEC and ELDEC strategies incorporate meta learning and ensemble learning for enhanced content popularity prediction in IoV networks. Closed-form outage probability and finite signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) diversity gain expressions are also derived to establish the relationship between the proposed edge caching strategies and the wireless performance of IoV networks. When compared against benchmark schemes, the proposed MELDEC and ELDEC strategies achieve near-optimal cache hit rates, outage probability, and finite SNR diversity gain under imperfect channel state information (CSI) estimation. We also show that the outage probability decay rate in the IoV network depends on the number of base stations and roadside units, and it is independent of the content popularity prediction of the MELDEC strategy, ELDEC strategy, and benchmark schemes. The performance analysis demonstrates that the proposed MELDEC and ELDEC strategies are promising solutions towards achieving reliable content access in IoV networks.


Courtship in fiddler crabs in initiated by males and consists of signals which attract the female to the male's burrow (Crane 1957). During the day the males "wave" their enlarged claw in a species-typical manner, which presumably enables females to discriminate between the several forms present and select a conspecific mate. Tropical species of fiddlers court and are active only during the day (Crane 1941), but most temperate species, in which the breeding season is abbreviated by climatic conditions, are also nocturnally active (Burkenroad 1947; Barnwell 1966). At night, the males take up positions at their burrow entrances and produce acoustic signals for as long as several hours (Burkenroad 1947; Salmon 1965, 1967). When touched by a female, the male increases his rate and intensity of sound production, moves farther into his burrow, and the female often follows him below. These responses are identical with those shown by males during the day immediately after they have first attracted females to their burrows by waving gestures.


Abstract Background. Nitric oxide has been identified as an endothelium-derived relaxing factor in blood vessels. We tried to determine whether it is involved in the relaxation of the corpus cavernosum that allows penile erection. The relaxation of this smooth muscle is known to occur in response to stimulation by nonadrenergic, noncholinergic neurons. Methods. We studied strips of corpus cavernosum tissue obtained from 21 men in whom penile prostheses were inserted because of impotence. The mounted smooth-muscle specimens were pretreated with guanethidine and atropine and submaximally contracted with phenylephrine. We then studied the smooth-muscle relaxant responses to stimulation by an electrical field and to nitric oxide. Results. Electrical-field stimulation caused a marked, transient, frequency-dependent relaxation of the corpus cavernosum that was inhibited in the presence of N-nitro-L-arginine and N-amino-L-arginine, which selectively inhibit the biosynthesis of nitric oxide from L-arginine. The a...


Abstract This study has two goals. The first goal is to develop and present a framework for analyzing and characterizing export marketing strategies. The second goal is to examine the proposed framework. The framework is based on three key dimensions: innovation, adaptation and involvement. In the first part of the paper a typological approach of strategic groups is applied to export marketing. In the second part an exploratory research is reported. One hundred one export ventures were clustered according to the three dimensions. We then test the validity of these dimensions by examining whether they generate prototypes that are significantly different in the adaptation, innovation and involvement. We identify and characterize four strategic prototypes based on the proposed framework. The correlation between the different prototypes and marketing variables is examined and compared with a set of hypotheses. We also explored the relations between the firm's goals, competencies and industry to the strategic prototypes, and the performance achievements of each prototype. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and managerial implication of the framework and the strategic prototypes.


Patients discharged from the intensive care unit are challenged by many factors that may cause psychological disturbances. Evidence from previous studies has confirmed that the intensive care unit environment is traumatic. Intensive care unit patients may have perceptions related to this stressful unit that may result in psychological problems after discharge. This study reports on the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress experienced by patients who were discharged from the intensive care units and transferred to the general wards and later discharged. The study was a prospective, descriptive, and used correlational quantitative design that investigated 36 patients. A follow-up was made on 28 of these patients at their homes. All the patients had been mechanically ventilated and had been hospitalized in the intensive care units for at least 24 hours. During the follow-up, participants completed self-reporting instrument using the self administered Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS0-21) developed by Lovibond and Lovibond (1995). The findings of this study indicate high proportion for severe to extremely severe-depression (55.5%), anxiety (83.3%) and stress (44.5%) in the hospital, but these levels decreased when patients were at home, where the following were recorded: depression (55.5%) anxiety (35.7%) and stress (21.4%). There was no association between stress, anxiety and depression with the patients' demographic characteristics including age, sex, level of education and social support. The study concluded that there was a need for the intensive care unit liaison personnel to visit these patients in the general wards to assist them to adjust after being discharged from the Intensive care units. Keywords: Anxiety, Depression, Intensive Care Units, Stress


As Segen notes in the introduction, this new dictionary is "not designed to replace traditional dictionaries, but rather to complement them." Thus, it avoids terms that one would expect to find in a medical dictionary (eg, anatomical and biochemical terms) and includes no pronunciation guidelines but rather focuses on acronyms, jargon, neologisms, and "the argot of new disciplines, diseases, their diagnosis and therapies." Many of these terms derive from disciplines with which medicine shares the modern milieu: legal, ethical, bureaucratic. This new slant makes for an enjoyable dictionary to browse through and a useful reference tool. A sampling of terms from the field of law includes Roe v Wade, Nancy Beth Cruzan (provides information on the Cruzan case and data from a New England Journal of Med- icine article on US patients in a persistent vegetative state and the annual cost of caring for them), advance directive, malpractice (an entry


The infantry will be sure to play an important role in the future's ferrying and landing battle .The speciality of field circumstance、the complexity of field situation and the cruelty have made a great challenge for the infantry's physical conditions. This article has discussed the special diathesises and training methods which influence infantry's physical conditions by rising some new questions, and it's a helpful reference for resolving the training problems and improving the infantry's battle effectiveness.


The spatial structure of stellar populations with different chemical abundances in the Milky Way (MW) contains a wealth of information on Galactic evolution over cosmic time. We use data on 14,699 red-clump stars from the APOGEE survey, covering , to determine the structure of mono-abundance populations (MAPs)—stars in narrow bins in and —accounting for the complex effects of the APOGEE selection function and the spatially variable dust obscuration. We determine that all MAPs with enhanced are centrally concentrated and are well-described as exponentials with a scale length of over the whole radial range of the disk. We discover that the surface-density profiles of low- MAPs are complex: they do not monotonically decrease outwards, but rather display a peak radius ranging from to at low . The extensive radial coverage of the data allows us to measure radial trends in the thickness of each MAP. While high- MAPs have constant scale heights, low- MAPs flare. We confirm, now with high-precision abundances, previous results that each MAP contains only a single vertical scale height and that low- , low- and high- , high- MAPs have intermediate ( ) scale heights that smoothly bridge the traditional thin- and thick-disk divide. That the high- , thick disk components do not flare is strong evidence against their thickness being caused by radial migration. The correspondence between the radial structure and chemical-enrichment age of stellar populations is clear confirmation of the inside-out growth of galactic disks. The details of these relations will constrain the variety of physical conditions under which stars form throughout the MW disk.


The invention discloses a rearview mirror. A reflective film is formed on the surface of the rearview mirror, the reflective film contains an aluminum copper alloy. The invention also provides a target material and a method for manufacturing the rearview mirror. The rearview mirror of the invention possesses the advantages that the reflective film contains the aluminum copper alloy, the transmission and/or reflection performance are good. The invention also discloses a target material used for preparing the reflective film of the rearview mirror and a method for preparing the reflector.


We present a novel approach to knowledge-based automated one-shot multi-issue bilateral negotiation handling, in a homogeneous setting, both numerical features and non-numerical ones. To this aim we introduce P(N), a propositional logic extended with concrete domains, which allows to: model relations among issues (both numerical and not numerical ones) via logical entailment, differently from well-known approaches that describe issues as uncorrelated; represent buyer's request, seller's supply and their respective preferences as formulas endowed with a formal semantics.


Daphnia is the potential live feed available in small ponds and lakes. The present study is to evaluate the effect of the Daphnia magna enriched with different micro algae such as Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris and Spirogyra maximus on growth, survival and biochemical changes of freshwater fish Catla catla. The experimental fishes were fed with Spirulina enriched Daphnia (E1), Chlorella enriched Daphnia (E2), Spirogyra enriched Daphnia (E3), and unenriched Daphnia (E4) as a control and triplicates were maintained for each treatments. After 60 days, the growth rate, survival and Biochemical Compositions such as Protein, Lipids, carbohydrate, amino acids and fatty acids levels were measured. The highest survival rate was recorded as 99.17 % which corresponds to the highest growth rate of fish. Significant differences were observed (P < 0.05) in weight gain, Specific growth rate (SGR), Food conversion ratio (FCR) and Survival (%) (E1) between experimental and control groups. The fishes were fed with diet E1 (S.platensis) was highly significant (P< 0.05) with mean length (1.5 0.18 to 4.38 0.13) and mean weight (0. 0.210 0.01to 2.75 0.30) increase in weight gain 273.65% when compared to control (E4) fed fishes. The growth was estimated based on increase in biomass (1.91 + .007) and specific growth rate (3.12 ± 0.06). The Protein, Lipid and Carbohydrates were high in S.platensis enriched D.magna fed fishes. Hence we conclude that S.platensis enriched D.magna is a better food for the larval rearing of Commercial fish C. catla.


We present a unified theory for pump-probe spectra in highly excited semiconductors that is applicable throughout the whole density regime including the high-density electron-hole BCS state and the low-density excitonic Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC). The analysis is based on the BCS-like pairing theory combined with the Bethe-Salpeter (BS) equation, which first enables us to incorporate the state-filling effect, the band-gap renormalization, and the strong/weak electron-hole pair correlations in a unified manner. We show that the electron-hole BCS state is distinctly stabilized by the intense pump light, and this result strongly suggests that the macroscopic quantum state can be observed under strong photoexcitation. The calculated spectra considerably deviate from results given by the BCS-like mean-field theory and the simple BS equation without electron-hole pair correlation, especially in the intermediate-density states between the electron-hole BCS state and the excitonic BEC state. In particular, we find the sharp stimulated emission and absorption lines that originate from the optical transition accompanied by the collective phase fluctuation mode in the electron-hole BCS state. From the pump-probe spectral viewpoint, we show that this fluctuation mode changes to the exciton mode with decreasing carrier density.


As a new organizational model, modular organization has been widely used in traditional and newly emerging industries and has become the effective way to promote continuous innovation and upgrading of the industrial structure. Based on the feasibility and necessity analysis of the E-Commerce services modular organization, formation paths for E-Commerce services modular organization is probed into. The E-Commerce services modular network can eventually be formed through modular division and service outsourcing so as to support the stable development of EC.


The utility model discloses a complementary commutation drive circuit, which comprises a square wave controller with two PFET drive ends and two NFET drive ends, and the four drive ends are respectively connected with the grids of NFET transistors and the grids of PFET transistors through reverse drivers. Since a reverse driver is added at each drive end of the square wave controller, the inverted PFET drive signal and the NFET drive signal are the same and the inverted NFET drive signal and the PFET drive signal are the same, the inverted PFET drive signal is connected with the NFET, the inverted NFET drive signal is connected with the PFET, and thereby, the complementary commutation drive circuit can regulate the magnitude of input signals and the drive capacity through electronic switching.


In recent years, consulting firms and academics have developed a plethora of methods to place a monetary value on brands. The models used in practice either focus on product brands - the commercial trademarks used to target specific client segments, or on corporate brands - all the intangibles that come under an umbrella name. However, the current marketing strategies reveal that few companies use commercial brands and corporate brands separately, as they are typically integrated into complex brand architectures that combine product brands and corporate brands in different flavours. This study critically reviews the brand valuation literature to assist practitioners in choosing appropriate methods to estimate different brand architectures. The analysis is carried out applying the Brand Finance valuation process to two Italian wineries. The findings suggest that whenever wineries use strong umbrella brand strategies, it is feasible to bundle the product brands into one comprehensive brand. The latter can be measured either by splitting the incremental benefits from the core brand, as suggested by Anson (2000), or by assembling the core brand and the incremental benefits together, as proposed by the Excess Earnings Method. For integrated wineries producing high quality wines, it is proposed that brand strength analysis be combined with the relief from royalty method.


The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the interaction of political connections with Good Corporate Gavernance (GCG) on tax avoidance. The samples in this study were all manufacturing companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI). The method of determining the sample using purposive sampling in accordance with predetermined criteria and obtained a sample of 279. The analysis technique is multiple linear regression. The test results of multiple linear regression analysis show that GCG has no effect on tax avoidance, while the interaction of political connections with Good Corporate Gavernance (GCG) has a significant effect on tax avoidance, so Good Corporate Gavernance (GCG) is proxied by the board of commissioners and audit committee purely moderating while the board of directors is a pseudo variable or quasi moderating. Tax avoidance is an effort to ease the tax burden by not violating the law. Tax avoidance is a complex and unique issue because it does not violate the law (legal) but is unwanted by the government because it reduces state revenue.


covery, and could fall even further behind as the next phase of bold neuroscience initiatives begins. To ensure that the benefits of our understanding of fundamental brain function are maximized and justly distributed, and the harms are minimized, the international neuroethics community—including embedded neuroscientists—must develop frameworks beyond those of traditional bioethics to address the challenges ahead.


We construct a sequence of (compact) embedded minimal disks in a ball in R 3 with boundaries in the boundary of the ball and where the curvatures blow up only at the center. The sequence converges to a limit which is not smooth and not proper. If instead the sequence of embedded disks had boundaries in a sequence of balls with radii tending to infinity, then we have shown previously that any limit must be smooth and proper.


The invention relates to movable large melon and fruit harvesting, cleaning, grading and packaging equipment. The movable large melon and fruit harvesting, cleaning, grading and packaging equipment is characterized by being composed of a tractor-trailer, a net bag type hydraulic turnover harvesting and feeding device, a brush roll type pneumatic cleaning device, a material subchannel device, a 180-degree turning conveying belt, a detection device supporting structure, a turnover block type automatic grading device and boxing operation platform plates, wherein the net bag type hydraulic turnover harvesting and feeding device, the brush roll type pneumatic cleaning device, the material subchannel device, the 180-degree turning conveying belt, the detection device supporting structure, the turnover block type automatic grading device and the boxing operation platform plates are installed on a flat plate of the tractor-trailer through bolts. The boxing operation platform plates are installed at the two sides of the tractor-trailer through pin shafts, and a towing hook is arranged in the front of the tractor-trailer. Compared with the prior art, the overall movable structure is adopted, and the movable large melon and fruit harvesting, cleaning, grading and packaging equipment is suitable for sorting and packaging operation after harvesting large melons and fruits such as Hami melons and watermelons and capable of greatly improving the commercial quality and market value of the large melons and fruits such as Hami melons and watermelons, reduces labor intensity of manually sorting the large melons and fruits, improves production efficiency and increases economic benefits.


This paper presents the idea of recent developments and advancements in the field of wireless technology to realize high speed communications which is performed in wideband technology .In this paper the wideband patch antenna is designed and fabricated. A patch antenna is a narrowband, wide beam antenna which is fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to an insulating dielectric substrate, such as a printed circuit board, in which a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the substrate and it produces a ground plane. The simulation is done using ANSOFT HFSS simulation software.


Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have received an important consideration in recent years regarding its broad area of applications. Time synchronization is one of the most important challenges of WSNs. This paper proposes a novel Optimal Distributed Consensus Time Synchronization (O-DCTS) for WSN. The proposed O-DCTS is based on some known distributed algorithms such as consensus with averaging and graph theory features. The algorithm, iteratively, updates the skew and the offset parameters of each sensor node's virtual clock. The skew compensation parameters and the offset compensation parameters are employed to update the virtual clock of each sensor node. The optimization of the proposed algorithm is applied on these two parameters, skew and offset, with respect to a minimization criterion. The convergence of the O-DCTS is studied using distance regular graphs.


Abstract Landolt C visual acuity of eight subjects was measured as a function of stimulus luminance. To simulate traffic sign viewing, a stimulus field width of 0.7° with a surround field of 60° was used. The surround luminance was changed in steps of a factor of 10 from 0.5 to about 5000 cd/m2. Both dark symbols on a light background and light symbols on a dark background were considered. The presentation time was either unlimited or 200 msec. For surround luminances up to 5 cd/m2, the relation between acuity and stimulus luminance can be described by a function of the same shape. For all surround luminances higher than 50 cd/m2 a second function is needed. In all conditions with long presentation times, the results were identical for light symbols on a dark background and dark symbols on a light background. With a stimulus time of 200 msec the acuity is, on the average, 0.7 times the acuity with long presentation time.


This survey considers the following setting. A seller wants to sell a set of indivisible goods. A set of buyers are interested in buying the goods. Buyers have private values for bundles of goods they are interested in buying. The seller's objective is to allocate the goods to the buyers efficiently (maximizing the total utility of buyers). Since the values of buyers are private information, this creates an incentive problem. Economic theory prescribes the Vickrey–Clarke–Groves (VCG) mechanism to solve this problem. However, the VCG suffers from various drawbacks because of its centralized implementation. An alternative decentralized way of implementing the VCG is the iterative combinatorial auctions. We survey the foundations of iterative combinatorial auctions that implement the VCG mechanism. We also describe a particular iterative combinatorial auction that implements the VCG mechanism.

Keywords:

iterative combinatorial auctions;
Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) payment rule;
iBundle auction;
competitive equilibrium prices;
linear programming;
Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) mechanism


Road feature is one of the most important features of urban. The change of road reflects construction speed of an urban. map road updating timely and exactly becomes an urgent issue. Current method updating of road feature is carried out complete manually, and has the disadvantage of tending to lose changed road and low automatic level. The updating of map road feature including two parts: one is change detection, and the other is map road revision. Map road updating method which is used currently is to do the change detection and map revision at the same time manually, which is tending to lose changed road, and the automatic level is low. This paper designed a new method to update map road feature named "revision based on change detection", it detects disappeared or partial changed road primarily and then revise changed road according to the change detection result. Firstly the change detection method for map road feature is presented, secondly applies the method to map road revision and put forward a new method of road updating, lastly experiments are presented. One is to testify the efficiency of change detection method, the other is to compare new method and current method on omission of changed road and a comprehensive evaluation is presented. As a result, the change detection method this paper put forwards is able to detect disappeared or partial changed roads efficiently, improves the level of automation of change detection. The road map updating methods of "revision based on change detection" this paper put forwards avoids omission of disappeared or partial changed roads, and improves the automation level of road map updating.


Men with a self-reported history of diabetes experience a significantly greater decrease in prostate volume size when treated with finasteride (Proscar) than those without a history of diabetes.


Corruption affects people differently due to a range of factors, including gender, context, race, socio-economic status, power relations and vulnerability. Research suggests that corruption can affect women more adversely than it does men.1 This is because vulnerable groups are more susceptible to corruption, and women are often more vulnerable than men as they are viewed as easier targets. Furthermore, it follows that more vulnerable women are likely to be more adversely affected by corruption than those that are less vulnerable. The evidence generally shows that the gendered impact of corruption is related to societal gender roles, social inequality and discrimination. Thus, women's disadvantages in many areas of life result in greater vulnerability to corruption compared to men, who enjoy more power and protection, and better access to countervailing strategies. Corruption severely influences the extent to which women's rights are ensured and protected. In cases where women find themselves in a social, political, organisational or cultural context where they are more disempowered relative to men, and they are direct victims of corruption, their experiences of corruption can be more acute, and their avenues to respond to it more limited.2 In this article, the law pertaining to sextortion in South Africa is explored. The authors recommend that women must be brought into the public arena and information about public services be made widely available as this can be critical in reducing the differential impacts of corruption on them.


PREVENTING TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THOSE AT RISK IS AN IMPORTANT element in reducing potentially serious complications, including cardiovascular (CV) disease, renal failure, blindness and premature mortality. Our lifestyles contribute to unhealthy eating and physical inactivity. In 2005, 2 of 3 Canadian adults and nearly 1 of 3 children aged 12 to 17 years were overweight or obese, placing them at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes. To assist patients in achieving the best possible health outcomes, pharmacists should provide education whenever possible about healthy lifestyles and how to minimize risk for developing diabetes.


The wall pressures exerted by grain in a mass flow silo are still the subject of debate. This paper describes a series of full scale tests on a reinforced concrete grain silo 30m high to establish wall pressures and strains during the complete loading/unloading cycle. Results are presented which show the variation of wall pressure and hoop strain at selected points on the wall during the operational cycle. The pressure distribution over the wall is also shown for key stages of the cycle when the switch pressure is fully developed. Measured pressure distributions are compared with those commonly used for design of concrete grain silos in Australia.


— Numerical simulations of reinforced concrete structures subjected to high velocity impacts and explosions remain a difficult task today. These difficulties are related to numerical aspects, but also due to the ability of the material model to simulate the accurately behaviour of a very complex and heterogeneous material like concrete. A new concrete model, named PRM model, has been developed at CEA-Gramat (Pontiroli, Rouquand & Mazars [1], [2], [3]) to predict the concrete response under a large range of dynamic loadings.


A method for construction of mixed models for categorical responses is described and its use is exemplified for three experimental designs: the repeated–measurements design, the change–over design and a design used for measurement of inter–observer agreement. The method may be viewed as an extension of the standard log–linear model methodology.


Abstract Background We investigated the impact of secondary surgery (2Surg) after a first R1 or R2 resection in the 10931 pts with STS of the limb or trunk wall included in the nationwide NETSARC database from 2010 to 2017. Methods NETSARC (netsarc.org) is a network of 26 reference sarcoma centers with specialized multidisciplinary tumor boards (MDT), funded by the French NCI (INCa). Since 2010, presentation to an MDTB and second pathological review are mandatory for sarcoma pts. Statistics were performed with SPSS23.0. LRFS, metastasis-free survival (MFS), OS compared with the logrank test. Results In 5295 (49.4%) patients, sarcoma were located on the lower limb, 3670 (33.6%) on trunk wall, 1966 (18.0%) on upper limb. Local RFS (LRFS) and RFS (p  Conclusions In this nationwide series of limb or trunk wall STS, 2Surg after a R1 or R2 primary excision was associated with an improved OS only when pts had been operated first outside a reference center. 2Surg in a NETSARC center was associated with a better OS. Legal entity responsible for the study Jean-Yves Blay. Funding INCA (NetSarc, RREPS, RESOS, LYRICAN (INCA-DGOS-INSERM 12563), ARC fundation, Ligue de L'Ain contre le Cancer, INCA (NetSARC, RREPS, RESOS and LYRICAN (INCA-DGOS-INSERM 12563), InterSARC), La Ligue contre le Cancer, Ligue de L'Ain contre le Cancer, la Fondation ARC, EURACAN (EC 739521). Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


Objective:To determine the effect of aminophylline as an adenosine receptor antagonism on the victims of cardiac arrest refractory to epinephrine. Methods:13 patients with cardiac arrest refractory to epinephrine received aminophylline (0 5~1 0 g,IV). Cardic rhythms, blood prssure and respiration situation were recorded before and after intervention. Results:10 cases had a return of spontaneous circulation and respiration (76 9%,10/13) after aminophylline injection. The survived rate of these patients in 6 h and 24 h was 61 5% (8/13) and 46 1% (6/13) respectively. Only one patient resuscitated successfully and was perfectly conscious. Two cases resuscitated successfully, but their cerebral function was lost. Conclusion:Our results suggest the adenosine receptor antagonism, aminophylline, may have a rloe in the treatment of cardiac arrest refractory to epinephrine, and has some beneficial effect on the returning of organized cardiac electrical activity, spontaneons circulation and respiration.


Abstract Face transplant has rapidly advanced since the first operation in 2005, and to date, 40 partial or full-face transplants have been performed. The safety and efficacy of this operation are aided at all phases by supporting technologies. These include advanced imaging techniques to plan the operation, devices to monitor the flap in the immediate perioperative period, and noninvasive imaging and serum markers to monitor for acute and chronic rejection. Some of the technologies, such as those used in the immediate perioperative period, have extensive evidence supporting their use, whereas those to detect acute or chronic rejection remain investigational. The technologies of today will continue to evolve and make the operation safer with improved outcomes; however, the most significant barrier for face transplant continues to be immunologic rejection.


In this letter, we report high electro‐optic methylene di(phenylene isocyanate) (MDI)/DR19 side‐chain polymer film polymerization by vapor deposition polymerization. For samples deposited at substrate temperatures from 10 to 30 °C, the electro‐optic (EO) coefficient, r33, was measured to be 5 pm/V after poling. A lifetime of about one week was obtained. The highest EO effect observed were films deposited at −40 °C and polymerized after poling. The EO coefficient of these samples is about 24 pm/V while the lifetime is only about 30 min. The effect of substrate temperature, the ratio of monomers, and the poling temperature on the nonlinearity of the films are studied.


In plane mirror systems with infinitely distant objects, and to a limited extent with finite objects, the image shift, resulting from a small rotation of a group of mirrors as a unit, is calculated using a matrix theory. General conditions which must be fulfilled for a required image shift to be realizable are given. The connection between the space-transforming properties of a mirror group and the possible image shifts is obtained. Equations are given, from which the axis of rotation of the mirror group, corresponding to a required shift, may be solved if it exists. The results may be applied in the design of mirror group or prism mounts with convenient adjustments.


This paper researches on the evolution stability of network based on the mechanism of energy in ecological network.It gives a concept of energy entropy to denote the sensitivity of the network stability.Based on the energy entropy, it presents an analysis of game to the stability of network evolution, and promotes the global Nash strategy of stability.Simulation experimental results show that the network driven by energy has good adaptability and validity.


Accident statistics show a relatively low level of traffic safety in Jordan compared to developed countries producing large socio-economic losses. The number of accidents has increased five old-fold between 1995 and 2009 reaching 122,793 in 2009 with an estimated cost of JOD 336 million ( equivalent to about $504 million). This study investigates the present and future magnitude of road traffic accidents in Jordan in order to provide a better understanding of the road safety trauma and assist strategic planning and optional allocation of resources. Potential countermeasures are identified and evaluated by examining the attitudes of road users toward the effectiveness and favorability of these measures. 


Within the withdraw of the welfare state from its classic functions of providing a decent quality of life for citizens, the individual's role in supporting their living standard is increasing. Personal accountability in the current socio-economic context marked by labour force mobility, economic competitiveness, international economic exchanges, demographic challenges, active aging, and the emergence of some new and atypical employment forms (part-time work, teleworking, self-employment, etc.) reconfigure the role that accessing and maintaining a job plays. The article analyses private small-and medium-sized Romanian enterprises' capacity to integrate research-development and innovation (RD&I) elements within their ordinary activity. The research hypothesis is that despite these actions taken by Romanian SMEs the innovation process as a whole is still not well represented within their current activities in the meaning of limited openness towards the innovation process. The research methodology is based on a secondary analysis of the data collected within the 2004-2018 White book of SMEs in Romania. 15 yearly editions collected data were focused on SMEs' innovations and characteristics of SMEs digitalization process. In terms of findings, the openness of Romanian SMEs towards innovation can be characterized by innovation activities and ways of achieving innovation. Investment in Romanian SMEs' innovation is rather the desired direction as it only occupied the top position in 2007. The main information sources for SMEs' innovative processes are "customers and consumers, own organisation, and journals and specialized magazines". As a promising track is recorded in Romania in the last years towards integrating RD&I in ordinary SMEs' activities, medium, and long term complementary national public policies should welcome and further push these sustainable development directions.


Using multiple feedback sources, the present study investigated the effects of source credibility and performance rating discrepancy on recipients' reactions. Individuals performed an ambiguous group task, rated their own performance on the task, and were later provided bogus feedback ostensibly from their peers and an expert rater. Individuals reacted toward the feedback and the source of the feedback as a function of the rating discrepancy and credibility of the feedback source. Generally, more credible sources and their feedback were evaluated more favorably. However, as predicted, this effect was overcome by performance rating discrepancy in the predicted conditions. The results show the importance of studying the interactive effects of message and source characteristics on individuals' reactions.


A long-standing challenge in the foundations of quantum mechanics is the verification of alternative collapse theories despite their mathematical similarity to decoherence. To this end, we suggest a method based on dynamical decoupling. Experimental observation of nonzero saturation of the decoupling error in the limit of fast-decoupling operations can provide evidence for alternative quantum theories. The low decay rates predicted by collapse models are challenging, but high-fidelity measurements as well as recent advances in decoupling schemes for qubits let us explore a similar parameter regime to experiments based on macroscopic superpositions. As part of the analysis we prove that unbounded Hamiltonians can be perfectly decoupled. We demonstrate this on a dilation of a Lindbladian to a fully Hamiltonian model that induces exponential decay.


The article describes the step-by-step process of testing the hypothesis about the importance of the health factor in the regions' economic growth, which determines their competitive positions. Calculations of the health development level in 22 regions of Ukraine were carried out, according to which those regions were divided into four clusters. The regions' integrated index of competitiveness was evaluated. The obtained taxonomic indicator allowed dividing the analysed regions into four groups according to their integral values of competitiveness. At the next stage, there were used several criteria for checking the data by groups for normality of distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test and the Levin method, which made it possible to confirm the presence of the heteroscedasticity phenomenon of the variances of the compared groups of regions. To confirm a connection between the level of regions' health development and their competitiveness, a one-factor parametric ANOVA analysis, supported by Tukey's post hoc test, was carried out, which revealed a dependence between almost all groups of the regions compared. The Granger test made it possible to confirm the hypothesis of a unidirectional causal relationship between the health factor and the competitive positions of a region based on the integrated level of competitiveness. The obtained results prove the need for an active work in the direction of strengthening the regional health care system and the maximum involvement of stakeholders of various levels in the strategy issues of improving the territories and supporting the system of medical and social care of the population at the level of cities and regions. The authors emphasize that for implementing an effective regional health policy, it is important to take into account the influence of factors that can restrain health development, as well as those groups of determinants capable of stimulating this development: financial and budgetary mechanisms, involvement of marketing and information tools, taking into account behavioural and institutional factors.


Background: The effect on childhood brain tumor risk from medical history during a sensitive period of neural development remains unknown. Aims: Our aim was to investigate whether pre/peri- or post...


A field study made in Dallas after the Kennedy assassination lends some support to earlier findings but suggests that the regularity hypothesis holds only for stories of approximately the same news value.


AbstractThis paper reviews the practicality and potential benefits of identifying wheat grains from archaeobotanical assemblages. Despite the difficulties involved in the taxonomic identification of individual grains, it is concluded that classifying grains into morphological types is important for the interpretation of grain assemblages.


The space‐time spectral collocation method was initially presented for the 1‐dimensional sine‐Gordon equation. In this article, we introduce a space‐time spectral collocation method for solving the 2‐dimensional nonlinear Riesz space fractional diffusion equations. The method is based on a Legendre‐Gauss‐Lobatto spectral collocation method for discretizing spatial and the spectral collocation method for the time nonlinear first‐order system of ordinary differential equation. Optimal priori error estimates in L2 norms for the semidiscrete formulation and the uniqueness of the approximate solution are derived. The method has spectral accuracy in both space and time, and the numerical results confirm the statement.


: The main objective of the study is to find out the awareness level about the  government recognized health insurance schemes among the urban unorganized sector and make suitable measures that the awareness can be created in an unorganized sector in urban areas and make them secure to get health insured. In today's scenario, around 70% of population in India living in urban areas and 95% of work force working in an unorganized sector. Despite this fact, it has been observed that large percentage of this population living below poverty line as disproportionately. Hence, there is strong need to develop awareness about health insurance schemes and social security mechanisms for this segment of population. This need for security is further increased because the poor are the most vulnerable for ill health, accidents, death, social disruption such as riots, loss of housing, job and other means of livelihood. So, there is strong need to create awareness of such schemes among the workers of such sector. According to the Journal Medical Insurance Online, April 2010, state that unorganized sector contribution is enormous to the Indian economy and health insurance as a major challenge on her way to becoming a superpower for India. Due to the lack of awareness and insurance coverage, poor infrastructure leads to the health care challenges that India has to face on her way. An increasing cost of hospitalization, demand and availability of affordable health care, health insurance is a pertinent need for the large segment of population in urban areas. Health Insurance schemes including common social security schemes are restricted to formal sector employee in India. Around 94% of Indian workforce depends on the unorganized sector (The Wall street Journal, Feb. 16, 2009). There is lack of access to provide effective social protection to a large majority nearly 400 million people. Therefore, health insurance is one way of providing social protection to the poor households against the out of pocket payments on health care (The Wall Street Journal, Feb 16, 2009). This study consisted of urban population that include families of unorganized workers (unskilled and semi-skilled) in 6 areas in East Delhi city such as karkardooma village, gazipur, joshi colony, Khichripur, seemapuri and kalyanpuri A cluster sampling technique was adopted in this study. The researcher have surveyed either from the head of the family or any member who control all financial position of the whole family. A survey instrument in the form of questionnaire was developed based on the objectives of the research. A structured questionnaire was used in order to identify the respondent's awareness level about health insurance schemes in urban unorganized sector. Primary data are collected among 400 families of the unorganized workers (unskilled and semi-skilled) such as construction, household and shop workers, and Auto Drivers, Pavement and Pushcarts vendors for the present study. A structured questionnaire have prepared that are used for the survey for collecting that data through the help of interview method. A descriptive statistics will be used for percentages and frequency and will be shown in the form tables and pie-diagram only. Inference statistics has also be used to find out the association between awareness level and selected demographic variables (Age, gender, education, income, occupation and sources of information) at 0.05% as level of significance. The data was analyzed through the use of SPSS (Statistical Package of Social Science) software and the same were presented in the form of tables and pie-diagrams in the research study. The results of the study has also shown that 86.3%  of the respondents are unaware whereas 13.6% are aware about health insurance schemes which imply that there is very low level of awareness among the urban unorganized sector. Out of the 50 respondents, 74.48% are aware about Mediclaim, SEWA and Janani Suraksha/Janshree Bima Yojana schemes and 99% having none of the health insurance policies due to the unawareness among the respondents.  Nearly, 14% respondents are aware but not having any health insurance policies because of low, financial constrains or problems and unaware constituting to 90%. It has been found that there is a significant association between awareness level and selected demographic variables. It implies that chi-square value of selected demographic variables is more than P-Value at 0.05% significance level due to which the null hypothesis is rejected. It also indicates that there is significantly association between them. This study has been limited to urban unorganized sector in east delhi. It has been found that there is strong need to create awareness about health insurance schemes among urban unorganized sector and it can done with the help of NGO's, Insurance companies (Public and Private ones) and government health officials, educational institutions who can take a lead role in coordinating an awareness programmes in such areas so that every member will continue to stay with the various schemes. The suggestions of the study will help the insurance companies and government health department to pay more attention towards creating awareness about the various health insurance schemes among the urban unorganized sector. The suggestions have been detailed in the study.


Like all Ayyubid princes, Sultan Salih rose to power by fighting his family members, aided by his large army of Turkic slaves, called mamluks. After a period of captivity in which his Turkic concubine Shajar al-Durr bore him a son, he gained freedom and became sultan of Egypt. Just as large numbers of male slaves were imported into Egypt to serve as soldiers and servants, female slaves were acquired from the same areas, possibly in even greater numbers. These served as servants and concubines. Some, such as Shajar al-Durr, became mothers of their master's sons and thus gained more security and social importance.


This report summarizes analyses and computational procedures for predicting the transient in-depth response of charring ablation materials, either coupled to a nonsimilar, laminar, multicomponent, chemically-reacting boundarylayer computational procedure or partially decoupled through the use of convective transfer coefficients. The detailed developments are presented in companion documents. The computational procedure for charring ablators is an implicit finite difference procedure for an ablating surface material with several nonablating backup materials. It considers one-dimensional heat and mass transfer along thermal streamtubes of arbitrary cross-sectional area and permiSs a multiple-reaction model for gas decomposition and a general thermochemical surface boundary condition. The boundary-layer procedure utilizes a newly developed integral matrix solution procedure. It applies for general chemical systems, allowing rate-controlled surface reactions, and incorporates approximate formulations for mixture transport properties, including unequal diffusion and thermal diffusion coefficients for all species. Analyses are also presented for extending the boundary-layer computational procedure to include mixed equilibrium-nonequilibrium, homogeneous or heterogeneous general chemical systems and to include radiation absorption and emission, and for extending the charring ablation procedure to include char-density buildup due to coking reactions in depth.


Inertial navigation has been in airline use for some five years and a substantial amount of experience has been built up. The system seems to have fulfilled the expectations of operators. In this paper, which was read at a meeting of the Institute in London on 8 January 1974 with the President in the Chair, Mr. Edwards of British Airways discusses its accuracy and the cost of ownership. In 1969 a paper was presented to this Institute by F. J. Sullings of the then B.O.A.C. which described some of the engineering aspects of INS and predicted in some detail the costs of operating such equipment for a fleet of twelve B747 aircraft. It is the purpose of this paper to refer back to those early predictions and to make comparison with what has actually been realized. Sullings also referred to the anticipated navigational accuracy of the equipment and this paper will demonstrate that the anticipated accuracies have consistently been exceeded since the first use of the equipment by B.O.A.C. in May 1970. Finally, since the equipment has now been in use for five years, it is considered appropriate to review some developments in which airlines are taking an active interest.


The paper "Folk seasonal scheduling the Lezghin inhabitants of the Korchagy Valley (Southern Dagestan) applied in farm-ing, from the XIX to early XX centuries" explored(with in-volvement of ethnography' field data, archive instruments, manuscripts, published sources and non-fiction) the ancient procedures of reckoning the time that responded to cyclic seasonal replacement of the warm weather with the heat or cold, etc. in scheduling works in crop-farming, stock-breeding and other household operation of the local inhabitants. On the background of cultural traditions and other factors, their inter-relation has been traced, as well as their interaction with other Lezghins and other peoples of Dagestan.


It is shown in this article that if the Einstein Equivalence Principle is valid on a particular metric theory of gravitation in a spherically symmetric space-time, then the time metric component is not equal to the negative of the inverse radial one unless the underlying potential is inversely proportional to the radial coordinate. At the weak field limit of approximation, a general formula is calculated and applied to some useful cases.


I. INTRODUCTION II. BACKGROUND A. Registration with FINRA B. NASD Rule 2310 C. The Obligation to Perform Due Diligence III. ANALYSIS A. Applicability of the Suitability Rule to Investment Strategies B. The Scope of Customers' Investment Profiles C. The Three Types of Suitability Obligations 1. Reasonable Basis Obligation 2. Customer-Specific Obligation 3. Quantitative Suitability Obligation D. Broker-Dealer Recommendations to Institutional Customers E. FINRA's Definition of the Terms "Suitability" and "Customer" IV. RECOMMENDATION A. Using the Suitability Rule to Define Broker-Dealers' Fiduciary Duties B. The Ambiguity of FINRA's Definition of "Customer" V. CONCLUSION I. INTRODUCTION In the wake of the recent financial crisis, consumer protection has become a top priority for U.S. lawmakers. (1) The passage of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank) in 2010 is a symbol of the government's commitment to the issue. The statute gives the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) the power to harmonize the standards of conduct to which the SEC holds investment advisers and broker-dealers and allows the SEC to impose a fiduciary duty on both. (2) As it stands, broker-dealers and investment advisers are subject to different regulatory regimes and different standards of conduct. While investment advisers have a fiduciary duty to clients under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, broker-dealers have a suitability duty under self-regulatory organization rules. (3) As explained in further detail below, broker-dealers' duties to clients are less comprehensive than investment advisers' fiduciary duties because broker-dealers' duties are not ongoing and, at least in the past, have not been interpreted as requiring broker-dealers to necessarily act in the "best interests of clients." (4) However, unsophisticated retail investors do not understand this, expecting anyone who provides them with financial advice to act in their best interests. (5) Addressing the discrepancy between retail investors' perception and reality is crucial because they rely on the financial advice given to them by both broker-dealers and investment advisers when making trading decisions. (6) Part II of this Note discusses the difference between investment advisers and broker-dealers, both in terms of the regulatory structure that governs them and the role that each plays in customers' financial lives. Even after Dodd-Frank, which authorized the SEC to harmonize the duties applicable to broker-dealers and investment advisors, regulators continue to hold investment advisers to an arguably higher standard of care than broker-dealers when making recommendations to their clients. Part II addresses the regulatory structure that applies to broker-dealers and the essential role that self-regulatory organizations (SROs), particularly the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA), play in this framework. Finally, Part II describes broker-dealers' suitability obligation to their customers under National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) Rule 2310, the predecessor to FINRA Rule 2111. (7) Part III analyzes FINRA Rule 2111. Rule 2111 details broker-dealers' obligation to ensure that their recommendations to customers are appropriate given those customers' investment profiles. The rule expands, clarifies, and strengthens broker-dealers' obligations to their customers. However, some ambiguity remains. Part IV recommends clarifying broker-dealers' obligations further by phrasing the rule in terms of fiduciary duties, with the bounds of those duties in large part defined by the contours of the suitability rule. By doing this, FINRA would bring broker-dealers' obligations in line with the tasks that they perform as well as with customer expectations. This would also be consistent with the direction in which regulation of broker-dealers is already progressing. …


In the Gorgias, Plato distinguishes the way of being and acting proper of the philosopher as opposed to the way of being and acting proper of the rhetorician. For this, Plato uses as criteria the rhetoric itself insofar as he distinguishes between the flattering rhetoric and the scientific rhetoric. as opposed to this, Aristotle reformulates the referring Platonic critics to the possibility of developing a rhetorical techne. The present text will confront the conditions that according to the Gorgias must fulfill the rhetoric to get to be a techne with the characteristics that, according to Aristotle, the rhetoric has based on its relation with the dialectic.


Using a Nelson-Siegel approach this article conducts an empirical study of the volatility components directly extracted from the observed implied volatility term structure. We show that (1) the long term volatility component can be explained by macroeconomic and financial variables; (2) a bivariate volatility-component option valuation model is sufficient for pricing options with different maturities; (3) the out-of-sample performance of the Nelson-Siegel model is better than Heston stochastic volatility model, GARCH (1,1) and ad hoc term structure models. The results provide empirical support for the emerging literature of component volatility models.


ABSTRACT Online service failure can be disruptive to end users, leading some to confront the service provider to vent their anger and anxiety. Prior research holds that users' attributions regarding the cause of the service failure affect their perceptions of the service provider. These attributions can be mediated by the user's coping style. However, few studies have examined the role of coping in dealing with online service failure. This study tests the mediating effects of three coping styles (e.g. confrontational, acceptance and positive reinterpretation) on attribution in online service failure in a cloud storage context. The study finds that control attribution predicted confrontational coping but not acceptance or positive reinterpretation. The more the user believes the failure cause is permanent (stability attribution), the more likely they are to use acceptance coping, but the less likely they are to use confrontational coping or positive reinterpretation. In addition, confrontational coping partially mediated the relation between control attribution and satisfaction, and positive interpretation partially mediated the relation between stability attribution and satisfaction. Acceptance did not predict satisfaction.


Speed Meter for Aircraft. The instrument described is based upon the fundamental equation : Velocity— increment = Acceleration x Time. Acceleration is measured by displacement from zero of a heavy spring-controlled iron sphere. The extent to which this is displaced is made to determine the speed of a wheel which is geared to a recording • dial indicating velocity directly. It is absolute speed with regard to the earth which is measured; The speed of a train is proportional to the speed of the driving wheels which may therefore be used as a measure of train speed. The speed' of a ship or aircraft is not proportional to the speed of the propeller and moreover is subject to the effect of currents and wind. Though it is moving forward through the air an aeroplane may be moving backwards with regard to the earth. The true speed with regard to the earth may be determined by measuring the acceleration and allowing for the time that the acceleration is operative. The mechanism suggested has an iron rod or track laid horizontally and in the direction of the aeroplane's length. On this rod is a heavy iron ball, which is normally held at the centre of the track by a spring at each end of the latter. When the aeroplane is accelerated the iron ball moves backwards from the centre of the t rack; when the machine is retarded, the iron ball moves forward. The second part of the mechanism is a horizontal disc rotated at constant speed by clockwork. On this disc rests a small wheel, which is mounted on and can slide along a square shaft. By means of a prong or fork the iron ball moves the small wheel to one side or other of the centre of the rotating disc. The direc. tion of rotation of the small wheel (and of its square shaft) and its speed of rotation are thus determined by the direction and extent of displacement of the iron ball—i.e., by the. degree of acceleration or retardation of the aeroplane. The square shaft is geared to a recording dial, which indicates the net total revolution of the small wheel at any time. This is proportional to the speed of the aeroplane with regard to the earth. The recording dial may be calibrated accordingly. If the instrument is working properly the speed dial comes back to zero at the conclusion of each flight. (" Elektrotechnische Rundschau," April n t h , 1917, Supplement.) AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING. Organised Aeroplane Spruce Production. This article gives an account of the organisation in the States of Oregon and Washington of the Spruce Production Division of the Signal Corps of the U.S.A. Army for the purpose of obtaining straight-grained spruce suitable for aeroplane construction. Operations were commenced in October, 1917, when the total production of the numerous,companies working independently was 2,000,000 ft. of timber per month. Railway trucks and roads were not in existence, but after four months ' working and in spite of labour troubles 87 miles of railroad and truck roads were constructed, sufficient, as estimated, to supply the needs for 18 months to come; also the total production was increased by 500 per cent, with a much reduced cost per thousand feet. Only 4 per cent, of the spruce timber in the district is suitable for the rigid requirements of straight-grain aeroplane spruce, and it was found advisable to select the trees for felling, to cut them into logs, and to split them before transport. The splitting aided the grading of the timber. At the commencement of operations 2,000 ft. of timber were required to 172 THE AERONAUTICAL JOURNAL [May, IMS make one aeroplane; it now takes 400 ft. Through the work of the traffic department the time taken to move spruce from Oregon and Washington to the Atlantic coast has been reduced from 50 to 10 days, and through the operation of a central cut-up plant at Vancouver, Washington, at saving of 75 per cent, of the number of freight cars, or a total of 3,000 a year, was effected. A technical department in one month increased the production by 11 per cent., as well a s improving the. specifications. Oregon and Washington furnish nearly all the aeroplane spruce of the U.S . and its Allies, a small percentage coming from British Columbia, New England, and the south. Sixty per cent, of the produce is taken by the Allies and 40 per cent, by the United States, the total demand being 11,000,000 ft. per month, representing 15 per cent, of the log. An inventory of the Silka spruce stumpage indicates 11 billion feet of this, timber within the spruce belt of the two States, in Alaska 15 to 18 billion, but in the latter case less than a billion are suitable of aeroplane stock. (" Aviation,'" April 1st, 1918.) Impregnation of Wings of Aeroplanes. Quittner and Co., Berlin, advertise " Cellon-emaillit " for the impregnation of the wings of aeroplanes. (" Motorwagen," Jan. 10th, 1918.) Models of Aeroplanes. Von Bader, in the " Zeitschrift fur Motorluftschiffahrt " (Sept. 29th, 1917), shows that it is possible to use models for testing the constructional strength and' stability of aeroplanes. The article contains information regarding the construction of the models required for both purposes, and describes the measurements necessary. (" Zeitschrift des Vereines Deutscher Ingenieure," Nov. 3rd, I9I7-) The Use of Spruce in Aeroplane Construction. General information is given relative to red, Sitka, and white spruce grown in the U.S.A., the data being obtained by the Forest Products Laboratory of theForest Service, in charge of J. A. Newlin. The influence of moisture conditions, on aeroplane stock, and the relation of density to moisture content, shrinkage, and strength are also considered. It is stated that spruce of very rapid growth is usually inferior to that of slower growth. Up to about 15 annual growth rings per inch, the greater thenumber of rings the greater the strength. Wood with less than 8 to 10 rings per inch is usually weak and light. Contrary to the usual case of timber, spruce is found to show no difference in quality with height in the tree ; but the quality varies according to location in the cross section of the tree. Wood immediately surrounding the pith centre is usually light and weak, increasing in strength and density as the distance from the centre increases. The increase in density is not so mar.ked as increase ik strength. In trees above medium size neither density nor strength continue to increase with diameter. The closeness with which the spruces follow the general law of increasing strength with increasing density is shown by curves giving the variation in modulus of rupture and maximum crushing strength with specific gravity. The following relations are given for red, Sitka and white spruces :— Modulus of rupture, lbs. per sq. inch = 25,000 sj G Maximum crushing strength ,, = 12,000 V G where G is the specific gravity based on the green volume. The tests were made on small clear specimens tested in a green condition, pieces falling within 3 inches of the pith centre being omitted. As an instance of the important effect of drying on strength, it is stated that clear green wood having a modulus of rupture 4,500 lbs. /sq. in. and a maximum Mav, 1918] THE AERONAUTICAL JOURNAL 178crushing strength of 2,000 lbs. /sq. in. along the grain, would, on drying to thecondition of aeroplane stock, increase in these strengths to about 8,000 and. 4,000 lbs./sq. in. respectively. At the present time spruce is used too rapidly to permit of long-time storage and air-seasoning under favourable conditions. After the lumber is cut up it is*, run into conditioning chambers, in which the seasoning of the lumber is hastened. Under these circumstances there is a wide variation of moisture content of machined specimens, observations made at various aeroplane plants indicating that, the variation may be as much as 10 per cent. It is thought safe to assume that the better pieces of machined timber will frequently have at least 5 per cent, more moisture than they will ultimately have. A change in moisture content of such magnitude would cause a reduction in tangential dimensions of nearly 2 per cent. . and in radial dimensions of i f per cent. Since denser specimens generally shrink more than lighter ones, it follows that the rejection -of parts because they are slightly under size—except where dimensions are taken immediately after machining—may result in rejection of the higher quality pieces. Also, since lighter specimens generally dry more quickly than denser specimens, the random selection of pieces for strength tests without reference to m o i s ture content is greatly to be discouraged; 1 per cent, difference in moisture content causes approximately 5 per cent, difference in the crushing strength parallel to the: grain. (" Aerial Age Week ly , " April 1st, 1918.) Application of Die-Castings in Aircraft. Considerable emphasis is laid in this article by Charles Pack, chief chemist and metallurgist of the Doehler Die-Casting Co., on die-casting being essentially a quantity production process. From his experience, he finds that few parts could be considered practical! die-casting propositions in less that 1,000 lots. Where 10,000 or more cast ings . are required the cost of the die is readily absorbed and fades into insignificance. Also, for suitable castings, the author considers that it is essential for success t o . use a fnetallic mould capable of withstanding the action of the molten metal and the rapid changes to which it is subjected, to have an appliance specially suitable for delivering the molten metal into the die under pressure sufficient to ensure a casting of perfect contour, and to cast only alloys suitable for this process. Continuing, attention is drawn to the fact that the advent of the commercial; aluminium die-casting at the beginning of the present war increased considerably the number and quantity of alloys available for aircraft work. Apart from acces• sories, the use of the so-called " Babbitt " metals is referred to, par


The measuring of alpha particles is essential in many research fields such as radiation safety, health science, high energy, and nuclear physics. One of the most hazardous background radiation sources, radon, emits alpha particles, and damages lungs. Thus, the measurement of alpha particles in air correlates with the amount of radon and indicates when to ventilate the air. To detect alpha particles decayed from radon, a silicon photon multiplier (SiPM) in the shape of a multipixel photon counter (MPPC) and a scintillator optimized for zinc sulfide phosphor [ZnS(Ag)] alpha measurement were used. In this study, a dedicated amplifier was designed. The change in the pulse shape owing to operational amplifier, feedback resistor, and capacitor affect were studied and compared to that of a photo multiplier tube (PMT).


Objective:  Avoiding complications is paramount in diabetes management, but little is known about how, when, and what diabetes professionals disclose to parents and youths about this topic.


Introduction Recently, numerous applications of nanoparticles in biomedical science had been studied because of its potential possibilities as tracers or contrast agents in MR molecular imaging, especially for the early diagnostic or therapy tool. Iron oxide and gold, silver are used in nanomedical sciences. Specially gold nano-paricles are in the limelights because which is as there isn't toxicity material oneself. Theragnosis is a new concept combined word using "Therapy" and "Diagnosis" and is a way to perform both at once and has been recently expanded centering around the nanomedical sciences[1,2]. ]. In other study, they studied characteristic according to size of gold nano-particles. So, this study, typical MR variables such as T1-and T2-relaxation times of the tissue-mimic phantoms which include the lab-made gold nanoparticles(GNP) were measured according to their morphological characteristics and synthesis conditions.


ABSTRACT Multicolour emissive carbon dots (CDs) are widely investigated by virtue of their merits on fluorescent properties. Method on heteroatom doping assisted with various solvents has been proved efficient in achieving multiple-colour-emissive CDs, especially long-wavelength emission. Herein, a synthesis of multicolour-emissive CDs by controlled surface function is reported. By tuning the thermal-pyrolysis temperature and molar ratio of reactants, optimal emission of the resulted CDs gradually shifts from blue to yellow light with the assistance of different solvents. According to the emissive relationship dependent on excitation, fluorescence lifetimes, and FT-IR of these CDs, the different surface states participated with S and N elements on the surface of carbogenic core govern fluorescent colours of the CDs. In terms of the applications, blue CDs (B-CDs) exhibits high sensitivity for ion detections of Ag+ and Fe3+, which is further illustrated to have different quenching mechanisms each other because that these ions have the affinity interaction with different surface groups of the CDs. Moreover, blue and yellow CDs solutions are mixed with PVP water solution to fabricate white-light CDs/PVP film, which exhibits stable fluorescence with a CIE coordinate of (0.32, 0.33) and endows these CDs as potentially fluorescent nanomaterial in the solid state lighting field. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT


Synchrotron X-ray diffraction, as well as visual observations, in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) using soft metal gaskets or slightly reducing gas environment, have revealed that the olivine-ringwoodite transition in olivines of several compositions take place in two steps: step 1: displacive restacking of the oxygen layers, followed by step 2: diffusive reordering of the cations. The initiation of the phase transition was observed at temperatures as low as 200 °C below the reported temperature for the phase transition under hydrostatic conditions. These observations, especially residual disordered cations, have important implications for deep-focus earthquakes, the ability of ringwoodite to host surprising amounts of water, and possibly the observation of a blue olivine inclusion in a natural diamond from Brazil and in a pallasitic meteorite from Russia.


After severe skull-brain injuries hypoxia occurs not only during the first hours but even for several days during the acute stage. Though the arterial oxygen saturation is mostly normal, cerebral anemia is present more often than it could be expected: owing to the rise of intracranial pressure, the fall of blood pressure and/or respiratory alkalosis, the cerebral circulation is reduced and the oxygen pressure for the brain cells consequently falls; this was proved by measuring the O2 tension of the venous blood of the brain. Therefore after severe brain injury, besides the normalization of the intracranial pressure and maintenance of the blood pressure, it is necessary to prevent hyperventilation by administration of neuroplegic drugs and avoid anemia by means of blood transfusion.


Accounting for Environmental Services in Cities: The new frontier for sustainability  Stephanie Pincetl1 University of California, USA2  `Least obvious, at any rate to modern urbanized man, is the effect of our present highly complex fauna and flora, organized as they are into communities, upon the environment itself. Through reaction upon habitat, these communities not only insure an orderly cycle of material and energy transformations but also regulate the moisture economy, cushion the earth's surface against violent physiographic change, and make possible the formation of soil. In short, man is dependent upon other organisms both for the immediate means of survival and for maintaining habitat conditions under which survival is possible.' (Sears 1956, p471).


Postanaesthetic shivering is the existence of involuntary, spontaneous movements in skeletal muscles, giving rise to discomfort. Different drugs are identified to be effective on reducing this complication. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of tramadol and meperidine in controlling postoperative shivering. The present study was performed as a double blind clinical trial on patients suffering from shivering following a general anesthesia for a urologic operation. In the recovery room, the patients received 1mg/kg Tramadol or 0.5mg/kg Meperidine (IV in 30 seconds) based on a randomized table, if PAS of grade II or higher occurred. Shivering was reported to disappear in 40% following the use of tramadol and 53.3% after the consumption of meperidine. Both drugs were effective in reducing the severity of shivering; PAS, however, remained unchanged in a case in tramadol group and 2 in the meperidine group. Tramadol is as effective as the commonly used meperidine in tackling post-anesthetic shivering.


A method and system for inferring category synonyms from previous result data includes identifying previous query data including category information and query information associated with the previous result data; Determining whether the query information is a synonym of the category information; And if it is determined that the query information is a synonym of the category information, using the query information and the category information in a next search request.


The author suggests new etymologies for two well-known Old Russian proper names. The god name of Simarĭglŭ/Semarĭglŭ is loaned from East Iranic (Scytho-Sarmatian) of the Alanic Caucasian period and corresponds to Ossetic xī/xe 'oneself' and maraeg 'murderer; killing', xemaraeg 'suicide (person)' and the Russian participle suffix -l-. The motive of god's suicide is extended in mythology, including the Nart epic. The ethnonym Khinova mentioned in "The Tale of Igor's campaign" is of Baltic origin and comes from IE *skū-n- 'asylum, shelter; shield, etc.' and the suffix -ava/-uva, very frequent in the Baltic ethnonymics.


In a local exhaust ventilation system, where the pollutant or the emitted flows are captured near the generated source, the knowledge of the capture efficiency is necessary to evaluate performance. This article reports a study of the influence of the exhaust hood slot height on the capture efficiency. For this study, the emission of gases and vapors from open surface tanks used in industrial treatments has been simulated in an installation fitted with two ventilation systems: lateral exhaust and push-pull. Several configurations were possible by varying the geometrical and operational conditions. Both qualitative and quantitative evaluations have been performed, the former through observations of the flows using smoke and the latter by using sulfur hexafluoride as tracer gas. The results obtained on capture efficiency for both ventilation systems tested with several exhaust slot height and as a function of the operating flows rates, are presented. It was found that varying the exhaust slot height between 15 and 45 cm had no effect on capture efficiency. The results show that there are no significant differences between the exhaust slots heights tested, although, in the case of 60 cm for lateral exhaust ventilation, the efficiency was slightly lower.


This paper empirically examines the growth effects of stabilisation funds and fiscal rules in oil‐rich African countries, using Nigeria as a case study. The analysis captures the 'international standard' of the two fiscal instruments by empirically comparing the effects of Nigerian instruments with those of non‐African oil‐exporting countries (i.e. Norway and Mexico). The results show that the fiscal instruments are effective in Nigeria and that the effectiveness is comparable to that of non‐African economies, implying that the Nigerian instruments meet 'international standard'. The paper also discusses the development policy implications of the results, one of which is that the fiscal instruments can be used to control risky behaviours of economic agents in oil‐rich African economies. For example, since the instruments are effective in increasing growth (i.e. real GDP growth) and limiting its volatility, they can be employed to control increases in demand for and supply of risky sex caused by increases in real per capita income during oil booms.