With the implementation of the New Curriculum Reform in China, both schools and teachers are empowered with more right and autonomy in making instructional decisions. However, previous literature related to teachers' curriculum leadership (CL) remains sparse. The purpose of this paper is to explore the feasibility of investigating how curriculum leadership is enacted from the perspectives of teacher leaders. It employed literature review with the Chinese studies related to teachers' engagement in CL and found the necessity of examining the issues of feasibility of enacting curriculum leadership, which focuses on teacher as the leader under Chinese scenario.


This paper focuses on the long time debate whether physician-patient relationship is kind of Consumer-provider relationship based upon the current law. It first discusses the statutory meaning of physician-patient relationship and Consumer-provider relationship,in order to determine whether there is overlapping area between these two concepts. The paper then systematically enumerates and analyses various reasons held by both opponents and proponents. In the third part,it discusses the duties and liabilities of health care institutions as well as the rights of patients when the latter were regarded as consumers. The paper finally analyzes whether patients should be considered as consumer in law from the perspective of legal policy.


A technique is presented for segmented attenuation correction in positron emission tomography (PET) based on the local thresholding technique (LTS) described previously. To accommodate the substantially different body sections encountered in whole-body PET, an adaptive thresholding has been added to yield more uniform results throughout the body. By evaluating the intensity distribution of a set of transverse transmission images, the algorithm determines an optimal threshold for separating two or three different groups or classes of similar pixels. Interclass variance is maximized and intra-class errors are minimized. The algorithm also switches automatically between a three-class mode (background, lungs/air pockets, soft tissue) and a two-class mode (background, soft tissue), thereby achieving more uniform segmentation where lung spaces and bowel air pockets are alternately present then absent from the volume of interest. The addition of adaptive thresholding virtually eliminates the need for operator intervention. The clinical implementation requires short-duration, count-limited, transmission images that would otherwise be too noisy for direct attenuation correction. Emission images corrected with adaptive LTS were shown to be equivalent, both quantitatively and qualitatively, to those corrected using conventional measured attenuation correction.


The stability and vibration of fluid-filled pipes are important in many engineering situations and have been extensively studied. In this paper, coupled fluid–structure analysis is carried on by wavenumber prediction. Pipe equations for axisymmetric wave motion are derived, and two kind of axial waves are studied analytically at low frequencies, i.e., , which is a predominantly fluid-borne wave, and , is predominantly a shell wave. Numerical results are subsequently given to show the definitely influence of the pipe and the fluid.


Three articles are published in this issue that may lead us, by different paths, to the heart of a successful primary care practice in today's health care environment. In the first article, Fairchild et al. provide data to refute a practice by health plans that excludes academic physicians who practice part time from their networks due to concerns about patient access and continuity of care.1 In "Managed Care, Professional Autonomy, and Income: Effects on Physician Career Satisfaction," Stoddard et al. aim to pinpoint the reasons why contemporary practicing physicians are so demoralized with managed care.2 Finally, Federman et al.3 report to us why patients leave their primary care physicians in "Intention to Discontinue Care among Primary Care Patients: Influence of Physician Behavior and Process of Care." While these studies were performed for different purposes, with different methods, and in different populations, their results simultaneously take us to the very core of medicine, our time with patients.

In the two-year retrospective cohort study by Fairchild et al., academic physicians with part-time practices were able to see more patients per hour than their colleagues who had full-time clinical practices. The study physicians were contracted by 1 globally capitated HMO plan to practice in the clinical sites of 2 teaching hospitals. The study compared physicians who practiced less than 20 hours per week to their colleagues who practiced more than 20 hours per week using 4 outcomes: patient satisfaction, preventive care, resource utilization, and productivity, measured by work units/bookable clinical hour. Half of the 132 physicians in the study were classified as part-time clinicians; however, most worked full-time (all but 9) by combining their practices with academic, teaching, or research activities. Data for all 4 outcomes were available for only the 57 physicians at 1 of the teaching hospitals, 21 of whom practiced part time. The part-time clinicians produced more work units per bookable hour than the full-time clinicians, while both groups performed similarly on the other 3 outcome measures. These results suggest that the academic physicians who practiced part time were more efficient during office visits than physicians with full-time clinical practices.

Stoddard et al. found that managed care diminished physician career satisfaction through negative influences on professional autonomy, in particular by not allowing adequate time with patients during an office visit. This cross-sectional telephone survey of a nationally representative sample of 12,385 physicians had a response rate of 65%. Career satisfaction, physician compensation, and 6 aspects of professional autonomy were also measured. The primary care physicians sampled in the study were demoralized; only 37% of General Internists were very satisfied with their career, compared to 43% of family physicians and 49% of pediatricians. Physicians in academic settings reported higher levels of career satisfaction than physicians in other practice settings. When analyzed separately, both income level relative to peers and participation in managed care were strongly associated with career satisfaction in the expected directions. However, the negative relation between managed care and career satisfaction appeared to be mediated through its effects on professional autonomy, not income. Among the aspects of professional autonomy, an inverse dose-response relationship was noted only for time spent with patients during office visits. As managed care participation increased, these results suggest that physicians more often felt pressured for time during their office visits.

The third paper found that duration and quality of the doctor-patient encounter are important to avoid patient dissatisfaction. From the results of a telephone survey of 160 patients in a managed care plan who intended to leave their academic primary care practice in Boston, Federman et al. discovered 3 important points relating to the doctor-patient relationship. Patients who were dissatisfied with their visit duration were 3 times as likely to leave the practice as those who were satisfied with the visit duration. Patients who felt that the physician did not listen to what they had to say were 9 times as likely to leave the practice as were patients who felt their physician listened. Patients who were prescribed medications without an explanation were 5 times as likely to leave the practice as were those patients who reported receiving an explanation. Patients in this study were sensitive to the time pressure felt by their physicians and to their poor communication skills.

While no article mentioned a specific quantity of time, time with patients was a central theme in all 3 of these articles. The time a physician spends with patients is key to career satisfaction, patient satisfaction, and productivity.4 As actual time with patients decreases, physicians tend to avoid psychosocial concerns and patient participation, spend less time on prevention and patient education, and increase their use of prescriptions and specialty referrals.5"Quality time with patients" lies in patient-centered interviewing skills: a physician actively listens to the patient to determine the true reasons for the visit, responds empathetically to the patient's concerns, and partners with the patient regarding care. Such skills are essential for the "connection" of patient and physician and for a meaningful therapeutic relationship.6 Accurate diagnoses and fulfillment of patients and physicians are the result. Patient-centered interviewing has also been shown to be more time-efficient than doctor-centered interviewing and better for health care outcomes, resource utilization, and risk of malpractice claims.4

Stoddard et al.'s report poignantly indicates that managed care, through time pressure, invades the doctor-patient relationship. Federman et al.'s work hints that poor doctor-patient relationships in a managed care setting are due to time pressure and a physician's inability to listen to or educate the patient during the interview. It seems that a physician's ability to engage the patient without distraction from other activities is an important determinant in the quality of an encounter with a patient. True access means being psychologically available to conduct interviews that center on the physical, social, and psychological needs of each patient. Time pressure felt by physicians in managed care settings may impair a physician's ability to be "all there" for the patient. Linzer et al. have shown time pressure to be related to lower levels of physician career satisfaction, especially among physicians practicing in HMO settings.7 Through its effect on the doctor-patient relationship, time pressure may diminish the very outcomes that health plans strive to achieve: high quality of care, access, cost-effective resource utilization, and patient satisfaction.

If time pressure during the office visit is so important, how were the part-time clinicians in the Fairchild et al. study able to see more patients per hour than their full-time colleagues and still maintain patient satisfaction? One explanation may be that these part-time academic clinicians experienced less time pressure and hence were more accessible to their patients during the interview. Perhaps they felt less time pressure because they had a better balance of career activities. True part-time physicians who balance work activities with other responsibilities outside of medicine have reported increased work control, greater satisfaction with personal time, administration and patient care issues, and decreased work stress compared to full-time physicians (J.E. McMurray, August 2001, unpublished data). One of the few studies to evaluate patient and physician satisfaction simultaneously found that patients of physicians who worked part time were more satisfied with their care than were the patients of physicians who worked full time.8 The work of Fairchild et al. and others9 has shown that the quality of care of part-time physicians has not suffered. On all the important counts, part-time clinical practice is a more successful way than full-time practice to deliver high-quality patient care and to balance clinical responsibilities with other lifetime interests and responsibilities. Stoddard et al.'s results that academic physicians experience increased career satisfaction reinforce this.

Health care delivery is frequently adjusted in response to changes in patient satisfaction levels. The needs of patients and physicians are measured using patient and physician satisfaction surveys. To maximize the doctor-patient equation, similar measurements and adjustments should be made to address the physician side of the formula. Interventions to decrease the time pressure during office visits may increase both patient and physician satisfaction. Competent supportive staff in clinical settings can relieve time pressure from administrative tasks in managed care settings. Education to improve physicians' interviewing skills may help with time management during the patient visit. Flexible scheduling can allow visit time to be adjusted to the needs and complexity of each patient. Part-time work and clinical practices also appear to improve both sides of the equation. We need to move toward a profession in which part-time work is embraced not only because it is important for the physician and his or her family and career, but also because of what this balance brings to the patient and health care as a whole. Time is of the essence. —


Effects of exclosure management on the plant recruitment are not clear yet. To assess the effects of exclosure management on the recruitment of elm, population structure, seed production, and densities of seeds and seedlings of elm were investigated in fenced and grazed pastures in Horqin Sandy Land, northeastern China. The results showed that seed biomass per branch of elm in the grazed plot was significantly higher than in fenced pasture (0.85 ± 0.27 g vs. 0.55 ± 0.36 g, p < 0.05), and seed density was higher in grazed pasture (845 ± 370 seedsm−2) than that in fenced pasture (558 ± 241 seedsm−2), indicating that grazing would improve reproductive allocation of elm. However, there was no significant difference of seedling density between grazed and fenced pastures. More important, the elm trees with a height less than 0.5 m appeared in the fenced pasture but disappeared in the grazed pasture, indicating the positive effects of exclosure management on the elm recruitment. Our results suggested that the exclosure would favor recruitment of elm through its protection of saplings instead of through increased seed production. This study improves our understanding of the effects of grazing on population dynamics of elm and would contribute to the restoration of degraded sandy land in northern China.


Extracted from text ... Nationalism in the Third World ? agender perspectiveYudith OppenheimerDirector, Kol Ha'lsha, Jerusalem11 INTRODUCTION: NATIONALISM AS A MODERNIST CONSTRUCTNationalism has been the primary force that shaped and mobilised conflicts inthe Third World during the late nineteenth and the twentieth century. Nation-alism became, in the history of these societies, a major impetus in which thebattle for independence from colonial rule was envisioned and performed. Atthe same time, nationalism as a political discourse appeared to be paradoxicallyrooted within the same divisions between West and East, modernisation andtradition, and progress and backwardness ? as was colonialism. This paradoximpacted on the dissemination of nationalism as a ..
Extracted from text ... Nationalism in the Third World ? agender perspectiveYudith OppenheimerDirector, Kol Ha'lsha, Jerusalem11 INTRODUCTION: NATIONALISM AS A MODERNIST CONSTRUCTNationalism has been the primary force that shaped and mobilised conflicts inthe Third World during the late nineteenth and the twentieth century. Nation-alism became, in the history of these societies, a major impetus in which thebattle for independence from colonial rule was envisioned and performed. Atthe same time, nationalism as a political discourse appeared to be paradoxicallyrooted within the same divisions between West and East, modernisation andtradition, and progress and backwardness ? as was colonialism. This paradoximpacted on the dissemination of nationalism as a ..


This study is about Marvel's company transformation. Company transformation is essentially going from an old way of operating to a new or up-to-date way of operating. The topic of this study makes the transformation of Marvel and whether Marvel's transformation is successful. In order to study company transformation, the research uses specific examples from Marvel. The author of the study the research introduces the history of Marvel's establishment and development and introduces the events, time and background of Marvel's transformation. Also, this study will analyze the transformation of Marvel from the aspects of the product, price, external cooperation and promotion respectively. And in the end part of the paper will give relative suggestions. Transformation is important, and Marvel is successful after the transformation. It is a substantial upgrade for Marvel to go from doing only comics at the beginning to Marvel movies now. In contrast, Marvel's popularity has increased. Product sales have increased. Earnings have risen substantially. At that time, the environment and the era of comics were gradually replaced by television, so Marvel decided to transition to the production of film. So the study suggests that Marvel's transformation was successful.


The level and distribution of the genetic variability in natural populations of "araticunzeiro" were estimated using a sample of six natural populations, collected in two different regions of the State of Goias, Brazil. Samples comprising 30 individuals from each population were genetically evaluated for four allozyme loci: 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase (6PGD), Phosphoglucomutase (PGM), Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH) and Leucine Aminopeptidase (LAP). Two dimeric loci were detected for the 6PGD isozyme system while all the other systems evaluated showed typical monomeric loci pattern. No polymorphism was detected for the MDH enzymatic system. The estimated average number of alleles per polymorphic loci was two. The estimated total heterozygosity (averaged across loci) was 0.357, suggesting that a high level of genetic variability is present in the species along the sampled geographic region. About 19% of the total genetic variation was found to be due to differences at the population level, suggesting the existence of a high genetic divergence among populations. Accordingly, the analysis of variance of allelic frequencies for each polymorphic loci showed a strong genetic structure at the population level. Significant values for the average coefficients of coancestry among individuals within populations and for total inbreeding were found. The genetic divergences between pairs of populations showed to be partially correlated to the geographic distances between pair members. Results obtained here suggested that A. crassiflora is preferentially alogamous, in conformity with other authors findings.


Optimal control methods have a wide field of applications such as modeling of various practical systems, studying of some classes of inverse and ill-posed problems [2,3], etc. It is known that the Cauchy–Neumann problem for elliptic equations, particularly for the Poisson equation, is an ill-posed problem (see [6, 11]). The necessity to study the ill-posed problems of mathematical physics and their well-posed formulation was first noted by A.N. Tikhonov. It was stimulated by the fact that some physical processes mathematically are described by these problems. Systematic studying of these problems has begun since the 50-th of the last century, and various methods have been developed for their investigation. In [1], optimal control methods are applied to the solution of the ill-posed Cauchy–Dirichlet problem for the Poisson equation. Here we consider the illposed Cauchy–Neumann problem for the Poisson equation that reduces to the


Severe thoracic trauma is one of the major causes of injury-related mortality. In the United States, thoracic trauma results in one-fourth of all trauma deaths. Globally, cardiothoracic trauma is also a major contributor to mortality. The most common cardiothoracic injuries include rib fractures, thoracic vertebral fractures, haemothorax, pneumothorax, flail chest, and lung contusions. The purpose of the present study was to determine the survival rate of patients with cardiovascular injuries in road traffic accidents and its relationship with ISS, GCS and blood transfusions at King Khalid Hospital. This study is a useful addition to the literature, as research in this topic is lacking. A total of 189 patients were transported to the hospital with cardiothoracic injuries during the study period. Data was gathered regarding age, gender, nationality, vehicle user type, anatomical region injured, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), blood transfusion, treatment and mortality rate. The neurological status was assessed using the GCS score. Injury Severity Scores were calculated to categorize the injury severity. The mean patient age was 31.81 years, with a peak age of between 21–30 years. Males predominated (93.7%) with a male to female ratio of 15:1. Most of the patients were Saudi nationals (61.3%). Overall mortality was 7.9%. Factors that were significantly associated with mortality were head and neck involvement, ICU admission, age (above 60), treatment delivered, and blood transfusions. Cardiothoracic trauma is associated with a high mortality rate, which may depend on the clinical presentation such as GCS, ISS, degree of shock, pattern of injuries, and associated injuries. Immediate management is vital for patients with life-threatening cardiothoracic trauma, as mortality is high if the diagnosis is missed, wrong or left untreated.


Purpose: To compare the results between minimally invasive anterolateral and conventional posterior hip approaches for hemiarthroplasty in hip fractures.
Methods: The elderly patients who had undergone hip hemiarthroplasty for hip fractures in Maharaj Nakhon Si Thammarat Hospital, were randomly divided into two groups: minimally invasive anterolateral and posterior approach groups Data were collected from March 2020 to November 2021, which included the duration of the surgery, length of the surgical wound, intraoperative bleeding volume, postoperative days of walking with a walker, morphine dosage for pain relief, and postoperative complications.
Results: No significant difference (P-value > 0.05) was found between the baseline data of patients in both the groups, which included sex, age, body mass index, underlying musculoskeletal disease, and drug usage. The minimally invasive anterolateral approach group used an average surgical time of 53.48 ± 8.22 min, while the conventional posterior approach group required 65 ± 20.41 min; the length of the surgical wound was 7.78 ± 0.87 and 13.78 ± 1.37 cm, respectively; the volume of intraoperative bleeding was 82.17 ± 48.94 and 195.65 + 163.24 ml, respectively; the postoperative days of walking with a walker were 3.09 ± 0.92 and 6.59 ± 2.52 days, respectively; and the postoperative analgesic doses of morphine were 6.59 ± 2.80 and 11.09 ± 3.89 mg, respectively. The blood transfusion was required in 4 patients in the minimally invasive anterolateral approach group, while it was required in 14 patients in the conventional posterior approach group. Statistically significant (P-value < 0.05). Postoperative complications included, prosthetic hip joint dislocation in a patient in each group and sciatic nerve neurapraxia in a patient in the conventional posterior approach group.
Conclusions: Hip hemiarthroplasty with the minimally invasive anterolateral approach in elderly patients with hip fractures was found to be superior to the conventional posterior approach.


A field programmable gate array (FPGA) implementation of a hardware spiking neural network is presented. The system is able to realize different signal processing tasks using the synchronization of oscillatory leaky integrate and fire neurons. The use of a bit slice architecture and short, local interconnections make it adaptable to projects of various scales. The system is also designed to efficiently process groups of synchronized neurons. A fully connected network of 648 neurons and 419904 synapses is implemented on a stand-alone Xilinx XC5VSX50T FPGA, processing up to 6M spikes/s. We describe the resource usage for the whole system as well as for each functional block, and illustrate the functioning of the circuit on a simple image recognition task.


Hall 1. Kelley on Oregon. Edited by FRED \VILBUR POWELL. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1932. Pp. 411. $3.50.) The Emigrants' Guide to Oregon and CaJifornia. By LANSFORD W. HASTINGS. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1932. Pp. 157. $3.00.) Scenery of the P.lains, Mountains and Mines. By FRANKLIN LANGWORTHY. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1932. Pp. 292. $3.50.) Scout and Ranger. By JAMES PIKE. (Princeton: Princeton University Press. Pp. 164. $2.50.) In accordance with the plan for providing reprints of rare and inaccessible titles, the Princeton University Press has continued its series of Narratives of the Trans-Mississippi Frontier with the publication of the four titles listed above. With the exception of the fourth book, they deal with the Far West and are therefore of great interest to students of Oregon and California history. Hall Jackson Kelley, the New England school teacher, urged colonization of Oregon from 1824 to 1844 through numerous pamphlets, books, letters and petitions to Congress. He became interested in 1814 after reading the Journals of Lewis and Clark, devoting his rather confused and active talents to the project. From 1832 to 1836 he made a journey to Oregon, by land and sea, and returned to describe its geography and history in a pamphlet published in 1849. The volume includes five of Kelley's published works and a number of hitherto unpublished letters. Although he did not succeed in founding a settlement he furnished effective stimulus to discussion and argument and thus increased interest in the Oregon Territory. The increase of settlers through emigration that Mr. Kelly urged seemed to other forward-looking enthusiasts to be the most important element in the problem. Lansford Hastings of Ohio became a special pleader foremigration to California. His book, first published in 1845, was really an excellent example of good advertising. Hastings joined the spring caravan of 1842 under Dr. Elijah White, but after a few days, Hastings was chosen captain. The young man was dissatisfied with conditions in Oregon and led a contingent of emigrants to California. A point of interest is that Dr. McLoughlin hired Hastings, who was an attorney, to survey a land claim. A townsite was platted


The shape space of all possible triangles is represented by a triangular diagram, an analogue of the phase diagram for ternary mixtures. Each point of its interior corresponds to the angle set of a pair of (2D) enantiomeric physical triangles and, with appropriate conventions, to just one member of the pair. Points on median lines represent achiral triangles, those on sides represent degenerate chiral triangles, and those on vertices achiral degenerate linear triangles. A chirality index for triangles must vanish on these lines, but nowhere else within the six compartments of the diagram, and should alternate in sign between them. The archetype is the lowest A2-symmetric eigenfunction of the Schrodinger equation for the particle confined to an equilateral triangular box. Within the constraints, the extrema of an acceptable function may be pushed onto any D3h-symmetric hexagonal set of points in the diagram, thereby verifying a conjecture of Dunitz that any scalene triangle is the most-chiral triangle for some legal 2D-chirality index.


Introduction Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is a technique for noninvasively measuring tissue stiffness [1]. MRE begins with the introduction of shear waves via an external vibration source. The resulting shear waves are imaged with a phase-contrast MRI pulse sequence incorporating motion-encoding gradients synchronized to the external motion. Finally, the shear wave images are mathematically inverted to calculate tissue stiffness. MRE is currently under investigation for its potential to aid in the diagnosis of brain diseases [2-8]. A well-developed MRE exam of the brain should be reproducible even when performed on different MR imaging platforms. The purpose of this work was to compare the reproducibility of MRE of the brain on two MR platforms manufactured by GE and Siemens. Methods MRE was performed on six male volunteers without known neurological disease after obtaining informed written consent. Coronal images were collected on a 1.5T GE Excite scanner with the following parameters: 60-Hz vibration, FOV=25.6 cm, TR/TE=83.3/20.3 ms, 2x SENSE acceleration, 30° flip angle, eight 4mm slices, 64x64 imaging matrix reconstructed to 256x256, throughplane motion encoding with a single 16.7-ms gradient with amplitude 2.3 G/cm, and 4 phase offsets over one period of motion. The images collected on the Siemens scanner (1.5T Espree) were the same except: TE=23.2 ms, 2x GRAPPA acceleration, and a 256x64 imaging matrix reconstructed to 256x256 and a motion encoding gradient amplitude of 1.6 G/cm. Each scanner was equipped with an active acoustic driver system located outside of the scan room as described in [9] and the passive component was a thin flexible driver [10] 15x21x2 cm placed under the head. The wave images were filtered with eight 2D directional filters with a radial Butterworth bandpass filter with cutoffs of 8 and 40 waves/FOV [11]. The first harmonic of the filtered images were inverted with a 3D direct inversion algorithm in an 11x11x3 window [12]. The median stiffness for each MRE exam was calculated over a region of interest that included the two central slices of the collected volume excluding 12 voxels from the edge of the brain. Regression analysis was performed with a Spearman correlation and the two groups were compared with a paired-sample T-test. Results Example images from both platforms for one volunteer are shown in Figure 1. A Pearson's correlation yielded an R-value of 0.92 and a pvalue of 0.01 (Fig.2). The two-way T-test demonstrated no significant difference between the stiffness measured on the two platforms (p=0.63). The median and maximum percent differences in the group of six were 2.19% and 9.40%, respectively. Discussions The results indicate that the stiffness measurements on the two platforms were significantly correlated, and the mean stiffness of the two groups did not differ. The percent differences between the two platforms for the six volunteers were comparable to typical repeatability of MRE of the brain [3]. References [1] Muthupillai et al. Science 1995. 269 (5232): 1854. [2] Kruse et al. Neuroimage 2008. 39 (1): 231. [3] Sack et al. NMR Biomed 2008. 21: 265. [4] McCracken et al. Magn Reson Med 2005. 53 (3): 628. [5] Green et al. NMR Biomed 2008. 21: 755. [6] Xu et al. Acta Radiol 2007. 48 (1): 112. [7] Wuerfel et al. Neuroimage 2010. 49 (3): 2520. [8] Streitberger et al. NMR Biomed 2010. In press. [9] Yin et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007. 5(10):1207-1213.e2. [10] Chen et al., ISMRM 2010:1052. [11] Manduca et al. Med Image Anal 2003. 7: 465. [12] Oliphant et al. Magn Reson Med 2001. 45: 299. Figure 1. Example images. Images in the top row were collected on the GE system while the images in the bottom row were collected on the Siemens system. The first column is the magnitude image from the MRE data. The second column shows example wave images. The last column is the resulting elastogram.


In producing a complex metallization system, in which vias provide with different lateral size, a divided patterning sequence is applied. For this purpose, a lithography process will be specially designed for the critical contact hole openings and a second patterning process is used to produce the vias with a larger lateral dimension, while the critical vias are subsequently masked. In this way, better process conditions for each of the structuring processes can be achieved.


In recent years, the topic of sustainable manufacturing system design with energy saving features has received increasing attention. For a typical production line setting, the machines are subject to random breakdown and restart besides blockage and starvation, and they are usually connected via buffer areas with finite capacity. In the present study, the energy consumption of the serial production line with two Bernoulli machines is considered, with an aim to minimise the total energy consumption under a desired production rate. The energy consumption of the two-machine system is composed of the energy needed to setup, to remain idle, and for actual manufacturing. In order to minimise the total energy expenditure, a nonlinear fractional polynomial optimisation model is constructed, which is first converted to a nonlinear polynomial optimisation problem. Then the property of the total energy cost is analysed via the sum of squares (SOS) method. To speed up the solving process, a new heuristic approach named energy consumption saving (ECS) algorithm is proposed considering the monotonicity and local optimality of the energy cost function. Finally, by presenting optimal configurations of the production line with different throughputs, buffer capacities, and energy parameters, a simulation-based study is performed to validate the SOS and ECS algorithms.


The standard debate in theoretical legal ethics is that it is framed in terms of the sorts of evaluative considerations that would inform the deliberations of persons acting as ordinary moral agents. This lecture argues that legal ethics should instead be understood as making a demand for justification in political terms - that is, calling for a defense of lawyering norms in terms of the legitimacy of institutions and their associated roles. Political values are those that are associated with the problems and possibilities of living together in communities - they are the sorts of values that are inherent in there being such a thing as politics. This does not mean they are detached from ordinary moral considerations, only that they are not directly reducible to the sorts of values that inform the deliberation of moral agents outside the context of relationships with others in a political community. I argue in this lecture that the particular political evaluative standards that are the starting point for reflection on lawyers' ethics are those concerned with the ideal of the rule of law. Rule of law values give a normative underpinning to the lawyer's role, explain why role obligations have priority over ordinary moral duties, and also establish an obligation of fidelity to law, which lawyers must respect when acting in a representative capacity. This lecture was given as a keynote presentation at the Third International Legal Ethics Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, in July 2008.


Objective:To study the clinical significance of determining serum liver specific autoantibodies in HCV patients.Methods:Hep-2 cells,rat liver tissue,rat kidney tissue and rat stomach tissue as substrates forANA,ASMA,AMA and ALKM were detected by indirect immunofluorescence assay in the serum of 67 HCV patients,32 HAV patients,50 patients with other diseases and 30 normal subjects.Results:The positive rate of autoantibodies in HCV patients were 25.4%,and there was significant difference compared with the other 3 groups( P 0.05).Low titer of autoantibodies was presented in HCV patients,and most of them were ANA.Autoantibodies were significantly associated with age( P 0.05),but not with gender( P 0.05).Conclusion:HCV infection can induce autoimmune reactions resulting in production of autoantibodies and its titer is helpful for treatment of HCV patients.


AbstractThe effectiveness of biobarrier for leachate containment was investigated through continuous flow column studies. Landfill leachate collected from Ariyamangalam open dumping site was used as the source for microorganism isolation. Isolated organisms were enriched in the presence of lead to selectively obtain lead-tolerant microorganisms. The biochemical analysis results confirmed that the isolated strain is gram positive and rod shaped, Bacillus insolitus. Synthetic leachate was inoculated with different cultures of bacteria and was aerated to an initial dissolved oxygen level of 7.8  mg/L. In the batch reactor, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and lead removal was higher for lead-enriched cultures (62 and 28%) when compared with the nonenriched cultures (57 and 13%). The initial hydraulic conductivity of 1.99×10−2  cm/s was reduced to 1.1×10−3  cm/s at the end of 36 days of continuous study of the microbial sand column (MC), whereas negligible reduction was observed in blank column without microbes (...


In today's world Computer Architecture Design has become rapid developing field. Researchers developing new Instruction Set Architectures, modify current Instruction Set Architectures according to their needs. They are also adding features in processor organization like adding additional floating point unit, increasing the size of the cache memory, changing the pipeline structure, designing new branch prediction logics etc. Now after designing new architecture tests are carried out to check the Performance Parameters of the architecture or processor. Generally HDL is used to test the processor design which requires the lots of time and resources to design whole processor and testbenches. SimpleScalar is the simulator which simulates the processor and gives performance parameters. SimpleScalar consists of different tools to simulate the processor with different perspectives. This tool set consists of basic compiler, cross compiler, assembler, linker, simulator, benchmarks (test bench programs) and visual tools. This tool also enable user to simulate C codes which gives more flexibility than the conventional HDL design flow. SimpleScalar supports PISA, APLHA, x86, SPARC and ARM Instruction Set Architectures. As it is open source you can design your own architecture and simulate it. New Branch Prediction Techniques (Backward Taken and Forward Not Taken) are developed in SimpleScalar and verified.


had not had the vaccination, 700 were selected randomly and (anonymously) surveyed in June 1998 as to their reasons for not accepting vaccination. Of eligible staff, 22% (1,554) received the vaccination. Nurses had the lowest uptake (402, or 15% of nurses), and nonclinical staff the highest (172 or 41%). From the 700 nonrecipient staff surveyed as to their reasons for not accepting vaccination, 323 replies were received, of which 288 (41% of the nonvaccinated sample) were valid. The reasons for not being vaccinated are shown in the Table. Good evidence exists as to the efficacy,' safety, and costeffectiveness' of an influenza vaccination program. Heimberger et al identified previous influenza vaccination and knowledge that the vaccination does not cause influenza as a positive predictor of immunization, but noted less success among medical personnel. At Auckland Healthcare, 45% of responding HCWs cited not believing in vaccinations, and 34% cited not belonging to one of the recommended groups as their reason for not accepting influenza vaccination. There appeared to be an inverse relation between the degree of medical education and the acceptance of this vaccination. As a generalization, medical personnel did not lead by example.


Indigenous music is a way of life that carries the attributes and value of the culture it identifies. Increasingly, focus is shifting from the traditional music in developing the nation or preserving the cultural heritage of the Nation. Attention is then being given to borrowed culture in the name of civilization. The issue of enculturation in Nigeria has turned to be the order of the day, whereby Nigerians in other to be updated (modernize), drop what belongs to us and embraced Western borrowed culture. Recently, Nigerian government is working and encouraging all Nigerians to support her in achieving the vision 20:2020 aimed towards National Development. This paper aims to support this initiative by discussing the value of African music and its roles towards national development.


An analytical model for silicon MESFETs that predicts static current-voltage characteristics continuously from subthreshold through above-threshold operation has been developed. The model is based on an expression for the channel charge density derived from an analytical solution of Poisson's equation in one dimension including mobile electrons and holes. The closed-form current model is verified with measured data in all regimes of operation. >


A wireless sensor network is consists of hundreds or thousands of nodes that are densely deployed in a large geographical area. These nodes are commonly used for continuously monitoring applications. Also these sensor nodes have small batteries. The energy consumption is the main issue in WSN's. The efficient routing protocol should minimize the energy consumption. In this paper, we compare base station assisted hierarchical cluster based routing with LEACH and also replace data aggregation from set up phase. Instead of a single cluster head group of cluster heads in a cluster manages the network. On rotation basis, a group of cluster heads member receives data from the neighbor nodes and transmits the aggregated data to distance base station. The group of cluster heads saves energy consumption by reducing the number of election. The simulation results shows that's its better than LEACH.


Thermal power unit is an energy conversion system consisting of the boiler, the turbine and their auxiliary machines respectively. It is a complicated multivariable system with strong nonlinearity, uncertainty and multivariable coupling. These characters will be more evident with the unit tending to large-capacity and high-parameter. It is expensive to build the model of the unit using conventional method. The paper presents modeling of a 1000MW ultra supercritical once-through boiler unit. Based on these field data, two different neural networks are used to model the thermal power unit. The simulation results validate the efficiency of the neural networks in modelling the ultra supercritical unit.


PURPOSE: To solve the problem that an S/N ratio deteriorates due to spurious noise in an LSI that mounts several circuit blocks for composing the radio communication system of a portable telephone on one semiconductor chip. CONSTITUTION: In the semiconductor integrated circuit, a first circuit block including an oscillation circuit that becomes the generation source of noise, and a second circuit block including a circuit that may malfunction due to the transmission of noise from the oscillation circuit through a substrate, are formed on one semiconductor substrate. The first circuit block and the second circuit block are separated. Concretely speaking, the first circuit block and the second circuit block are formed at a fist island region (241) and a second island region (242) that are surrounded by each of insulation separation zones (231 and 232) on the surface of a semiconductor substrate, semiconductor regions (251 and 252) with low resistance are formed at a substrate region (203) excluding the active element formation of the first and second island regions, and at the same time the semiconductor regions with low resistance are connected to a stable voltage terminal.


UV Index is a measure for UV radiation harmful for the human skin, developed and used to promote the sun awareness and protection of people. Monitoring programs conducted around the world have produced a number of long-term time series of UV irradiance. One of the longest time series of solar spectral UV irradiance in Europe has been obtained from the continuous measurements of Brewer #107 spectrophotometer in Jokioinen (lat. 60°44'N, lon. 23°30'E), Finland, over the years 1995-2015. We have used descriptive statistics and estimates of cumulative distribution functions, quantiles and probability density functions in the analysis of the time series of daily UV Index maxima. Seasonal differences in the estimated distributions and in the trends of the estimated quantiles are found.


Based on the pivot selection rule [Anstreicher, K.M. and Terlaky, T., 1994, A monotonic build-up simplex algorithm for linear programming. Operations Research, 42, 556–561.] we define a new monotonic build-up (MBU) simplex algorithm for linear feasibility problems. An mK upper bound for the iteration bound of our algorithm is given under a weak non-degeneracy assumption, where K is determined by the input data of the problem and m is the number of constraints. The constant K cannot be bounded in general by a polynomial of the bit length of the input data since it is related to the determinants (of the pivot tableau) with the highest absolute value. An interesting local property of degeneracy led us to construct a new recursive procedure to handle strongly degenerate problems as well. Analogous complexity bounds for the linear programming versions of MBU and the first phase of the simplex method can be proved under our weak non-degeneracy assumption.


and amiodarone/clarithromycin in this patient.3 This case illustrates the need to increase awareness of healthcare professionals of commonly used medications that, when combined with simvastatin, can lead to serious toxicity and add to a patient's length of stay.4 This case has been reported to the Committee for Safety of Medicines (CSM) in the UK and confirms the recent warning and guidance from the CSM concerning interactions with statins.5


Physiological responses to salinity and relative salt tolerance of six C 4 turfgrasses were investigated. Grasses were grown in solution culture containing 1, 100, 200, 300, and 400 m M NaCl. Salinity tolerance was assessed according to reduction in relative shoot growth and turf quality with increased salinity. Manilagrass cv. Matrella (FC13521) ( Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.), seashore paspalum (Hawaii selection) ( Paspalum vaginatum Swartz), and St. Augustinegrass (Hawaii selection) (Stenotaphrum secundatum Walt.) were tolerant, shoot growth being reduced 50% at ≈400 mM salinity. Bermudagrass cv. Tifway (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davey) was intermediate in tolerance, shoot growth being reduced 50% at ≈270 mM salinity. Japanese lawngrass cv. Korean common (Zoysia japonica Steud) was salt- sensitive, while centipedegrass (common) (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.) was very salt-sensitive, with total shoot mortality occurring at ≈230 and 170 mM salinity, respectively. Salinity tolerance was associated with exclusion of Na + and Cl - from shoots, a process aided by leaf salt glands in manilagrass and bermudagrass. Shoot Na + and Cl - levels were high at low (100 to 200 mM) salinity in centipedegrass and Japanese lawngrass resulting in leaf burn and shoot die- back. Levels of glycinebetaine and proline, proposed cytoplasmic compatible solutes, increased with increased salinity in the shoots of all grasses except centipedegrass, with tissue water levels reaching 107 and 96 m M at 400 mM salinity in bermudagrass and manilagrass, respectively. Glycinebetaine and proline may make a significant contribution to cytoplasmic osmotic adjustment under salinity in all grasses except centipedegrass.


12Spacecraft are complex systems that involve different subsystems and multiple relationships among them. The design of a spacecraft is an evolutionary process that starts from requirements and evolves across different design phases. During this process, a lot of changes can happen and affect mass and power at component level, at subsystem level, and even at system level. Each spacecraft has to respect overall constraints in terms of mass and power: for this reason, it's important to be sure that the design does not exceed these limitations. Current practice in system modeling primarily deals with this problem allocating margins. However, a statistical characterization of the fluctuations in mass and power in the early design phases is missing. This lack of statistical characterization would result either in a risky spacecraft design that might not fit the mission constraints and requirements, or in a conservative design that might not fully utilize the available resources. The authors have previously developed a mathematical approach ( [1] [2] [3] [4]) to quantify the likelihood that the major design drivers of mass and power of a space communication system would meet the spacecraft and mission requirements and constraints through the mission design lifecycle. The methodology uses a combination of statistics based on data and probabilities assessed by experts in the field. Additionally, the methodology is innovative in the approach developed to elicit experts' opinions [5] which allows the analyst to identify biases or mis-calibrations which can affect the final estimation. The work presented in this paper extends the approach developed to the entire spacecraft design, focusing on small spacecraft (less than 50 Kg mass) due to the recent interest in the space community in such platforms. The spacecraft is analyzed in its subsystems and related components. A database is constructed to compute data statistics. An interview process to elicit expert opinions in all the areas of spacecraft design is developed and the results are presented. A test case made of a small satellite mission (CASTOR) is presented and the results are described.


The promotion is an integral element in the process of integrated marketing and as defined by Kotler (1999) communication is understood as promoting activities that communicate product attributes and persuade consumers to purchase. Ejarque (2005: 231) defines the promotion of a destination as "communicating to potential customers-tourists that the proposed offer is able to meet your requirements and demands; in short, is to try to convince tourists that it's worth going to a destination, visit ". In this connection, are identified two major groups of instruments of promotion of tourist destinations: traditional and non-traditional. This paper is a theoretical-conceptual and aims to collect and analyze tourism promotion articles published between 2009 and 2014 in Scopus database, identifying them mainly instruments to promote tourism and tourist destinations studied. In recent years, the effectiveness of traditional communication techniques has been declining and marketing professionals have used more creative to attract consumer practices. Some of these new instruments for promoting tourism are cinema and mobile advergames.


Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA) have been used to study new and used coal liquefaction catalysts. By examining Harshaw 0402T cobalt and molybdenum oxide hydrodesulfurization catalyst with these and other analytical techniques, the mechanisms of deactivation have been illustrated. AES data showed that Fe and Ti penetrated into the catalyst pellet to depths of 100 ..mu..m, and that Fe, Ti, and other elements from the natural minerals in coal were deposited on the surface. These data are consistent with deactivation by (1) covering of active interior catalyst sites by Fe and Ti deposits, and (2) deposition of mineral matter as a surface crust. The detection of nitrogen by AES is consistent with a third deactivation mechanism: (3) adsorption of heterocyclic compounds. AES data demonstrate that C concentrations occurred near the outer surface of the pellet and that C concentrations on pellets from the inlet were lower than those from the middle or outlet of the reactor. ESCA data also show that catalytic sites were covered with C deposits, and that the hydrocracking sites were more deactivated than were the heteroatom removal sites. Thus a fourth, and most important, deactivation mechanism was (4) deposition of carbon inmore » the catalyst pellet (coking).« less


Comet McNaught C/2006 P1 was the brightest comet of the last forty years when reaching its perihelion at an heliocentric distance of 0.17 AU. Two days before this perihelion, at an heliocentric distance of 0.2 AU, Themis, a French-Italian solar telescope in the Canary Islands, Spain, observed the Comet sodium emission of McNaught.
The measured maximum sodium brightness of the D2 emission line peaked at 900 Mega-Rayleigh. The spatial distribution of the sodium emission with respect to the nucleus of the comet is in agreement with previous observations. It displays a clear sunward-tailward asymmetry that suggests a dichotomy of the sodium sources between a source close to the nucleus and an extended source most probably corresponding to the dust tail. The spatial distribution along the slit of the width and speed of the Doppler Na distribution also suggests such a dichotomy. The sodium ejection rate inferred from this observation agrees with the value of the ejection rate extrapolated from comet Hale-Bopp, taking into account the heliocentric distance of comet McNaught and its significantly larger dust release.
If we suppose a similar concentration of sodium atoms in both comets, this observation suggests that the sodium ejection rate from comets McNaught and Hale-Bopp is proportional to the solar flux. Therefore the most probable ejection mechanisms are photo-sputtering, solar wind sputtering, or cometary ion sputtering, and not thermal desorption.


Staff at PNNL studied and performed evaluations on the pool facility for energy conservation measures and actions to lower the annual energy costs of the pool complex. PNNL staff analyzed the utility billing data and a number of energy conservation opportunities. Conservation opportunities analyzed include adding pool covers and a solar water heating system, sealing and insulating the building envelope, optimizing the pool schedule, and incorporating several no- or low-cost energy saving recommendations.


Adult counselors can benefit from applied skill training to increase their effectiveness as helpers. This article outlines the eclectic training model developed to train paraprofessional counselors at the Continuum Center for Adult Counseling and Leadership Training. It then describes three major training approaches in use today: Carkhuff's Systematic Human Relations Training, Ivey's Microcounseling, and Kagan's Interpersonal Process Recall; and makes some comparisons among the four training models. The authors conclude that training for adult counselors must be designed so that trainees can identify their own strengths and add new skills to their existing repertoire.


The purpose of the present study is to reveal the expression of adrenergic receptors(β1AR,β2AR,β3AR,α1A,α1B and α1D) and cholinergic receptors(M1,M2,M3,M4 and M5) mRNA in mouse testis during different periods,and the effects of NE and Ach on the differentiation of Leydig cells from development mouse testis.RT-PCR results showed that β1AR and β2AR mRNA expressed from postnatal day 1(PD1) to PD50.β3AR,α1A and α1B mRNA only expressed in the earlier development period,no detected in mature testis.α1D mRNA expressed in mature testis,no detected in the earlier devepoment period.M1R,M2R,M3R and M5R mRNA expressed from newborn to the adult period,however,M4R mRNA only detected in the mature testis.Otherwise,we modified the methods to culture the Leydig cells in vitro on PD15,then treated with NE and Ach.The results showed that Ach improved the numbers of BrdU labeled cells in the culturing Leydig cells(P0.01).Adrenergic receptors and cholinergic receptors expressed through all the development stages in mouse testis.Ach enhanced the proliferation of Leydig cells during development stage.


Screening clinics are held twice weekly, at times when all the examination rooms are available; one in the morning, the other in the afternoon. Two doctors consult at these clinics, which allows greater freedom of times, and some choice of doctor. Our own nurse attends the clinic, and the forms, partly prepared in advance, are completed by a receptionist on the patient's arrival. This helps to put the patient at ease.


Active attitude control systems using a novel six-layer electromagnetic embedded printed air coil for small satellites with various dimensions are presented in this paper. The proposed designs are ...


The air we breathe is an essential ingredient for our wellbeing and a healthy life. Unfortunately polluted air is common throughout the world especially in developed countries from 1960s. The WHO states that one sixth of the world's population, approximately 1.1 billion people do not have access to safe water and the major manmade sources of ambient air and water pollution include insecticides (European Public Health Alliance (EPHA)).


In this study, a small dipole antenna for digital television (DTV) reception band (470-862 MHz) is developed. The antenna is composed of a pair of bent dipoles, which are coupling fed by a coaxial cable. The resultant antenna has compact size of 20×200×0.8 mm3. Two parasitically coupling strips are added to excite one additional resonance mode. Bent dipole antennas and feeding structures are fabricated on the different planes of the substrate to embed two L-shaped stubs, thus resulting in improvement of the impedance matching condition. After careful optimization of the geometrical parameters of the antenna, the resonances are merged and thus, a wide impedance bandwidth is obtained. The measured -6-dB bandwidth of the antenna in free space is 615 MHz (80.4%).


Earlier work by the authors has shown that batch anaerobic digestion of waste milk and cattle slurry is feasible at COD loadings of up to 29.3 kg COD m−3. Higher COD loadings were added to batch anaerobic digestion systems in an attempt to determine the maximum COD loading which could be applied without causing digester failure. Biogas methane concentration was found to give a good indication of the effect of the shock loading on the digestion system. COD removal was significantly reduced in digesters receiving the highest shock loading. Reduced NH4 +-N and NH3 concentrations in this system suggested depressed biological activity.


unproved cancer operation with respect to recurrence or survival. With regard to the letter of Parkinson and Laidlaw, patients in whom too little skin has been removed and who have a loose mastectomy, not only find this unsightly but have problems with prosthesis fitting. It is difficult to tell if a patient has an early breast cancer preoperatively without the histology of the mastectomy specimen. Some centres in the US now treat widespread non-invasive cancers of the breast by both mastectomy and postoperative radiotherapy to reduce the possibility of islands of breast tissue close to the epidermis of forming cancer which can be invasive. Chest wall recurrence of course can still occur after mastectomy with or without radiotherapy. How much skin to remove is a good question. However, we believe that without data to the contrary, leaving excess skin will increase the chances of a recurrence. A flat neat scar in the meantime is far more acceptable to the patient who does not wish to have a reconstruction, as this makes fitting a prosthesis far more comfortable. In reply to the letter of Peach, Smith and Devaraj, we agree that the suspended height 'h' of the breast will vary with the degree of traction of the surgeon's hand. However, this measurement would still be consistent whether taken with the patient supine or erect. In the ptotic breast, the lax breast tissue will not stand far from the chest wall but suspending the breast with the hand to measure 'h' will allow for assessment of the additional skin in the ptotic breast. In our study, the measurement 'h' was directly proportional to 'e' width of the skin ellipse in breasts of all shapes and sizes. The technique described to make the incision by drawing a line between two points is a valid method, but the simple measurement of the suspended height of breast is a useful check as drawing a straight line may not be possible in a small dense breast or a very large breast. Whilst a skin-sparing mastectomy may be advocated by Peach and colleagues, it is an unproved operation with respect to recurrence and, therefore, it is important to put oncological treatment before the demands of reconstructive surgery.


Analysis of measurements of guard hairs from North American brown or grizzly bears and Scandinavian brown bears (Ursus arctos L.) showed variation over the body and along the hair shaft. Using the medullary index, i.e., the medullary diameter as a percentage of the hair diameter, comparisons were made among body areas, age groups, geographical areas, sexes, and seasons. Statistically significant differences were found among body areas. Hairs from the foreleg were shorter and wider, with a smaller medullary index than those from other body areas. There was a weak but statistically significant negative correlation between the medullary index and age of individuals. Medullary indices from Scandinavian bears were significantly greater than those from Alaskan bears, which in turn were greater than those from bears of the contiguous United States. There were no statistically significant differences between the medullary index and sex or season.


Several varieties of the Borago plant family were used to obtain pharmacologically valuable alkaloid extractions and extractions of organic acids possessing a contraceptive effect. Cynoglossum officinale was particularly valuable. Paper gasliquid chromatography was used to determine the quantitative composition of these extractions. A particular extract cynocis-1 was adminstered to 83 rats and 14 rabbits in a daily dose of 10-20 mg/kg over the course of 14 days. The behavior and condition of the animals was not altered. A contraceptive effect was obtained in 82.6% of the animals.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)


This paper reported the structure rule and the signal processing technique of the sensor that utilizes the gas pendulum property of natural convection in the hermetic chamber to sense carrier obliquity. The sensor organ design, signal processing technique and software compensation effect of one dimension, two dimensions and omnidirectional tilt sensors were presented


The invention discloses a charging method capable of identifying the charging capability of a charger. The charging method comprises the following steps of: when a universal serial bus (USB)/charging multiplexing interface of electrical equipment generates a plugging interrupt signal, judging whether the charger is plugged into the multiplexing interface or not; if a judgment result indicates that the charger is plugged into the multiplexing interface, acquiring the charging capability detection voltage of the charger; querying a preset charging capability detection voltage-charging current comparison table according to the charging capability detection voltage of the charger to determine the charging capability of the charger; and correspondingly setting the charging current of the electrical equipment according to the charging capability of the charger. In addition, the invention discloses a system capable of identifying the charging capability of the charger. By the system and the charging method capable of identifying the charging capability of the charger in such a way, the charging capability of the charger is identified, and the charging current of the charger is further set properly to fully charge a battery and avoid the charger being burnt out.


Schools in the UK teach pupils about Fairtrade as part of Religious Education, Personal and Social Education, Citizenship, Geography and so on. There are also Fairtrade Schools, where the whole school, including staff and parents, is committed to promoting the brand. It is argued here that promoting this commercial brand to schoolchildren and using the schoolchildren to press adults to buy a product amounts to indoctrination using criteria of intent, methods of teaching and the subject matter. This conflicts with educational goals. It is also shown to be akin to the criminal offence of Unfair Trading: the methods used in teaching used would be unacceptable in normal commercial marketing. A completely separate criticism, based on a wide range of research evidence, is that the schools mislead by giving false information and by suppression of relevant information, again akin to the criminal offence of Unfair Trading. The question of who has the responsibility for preventing such actions is considered.


In a study of a series of tertiary N-haloalkyl-2-bromobenzylamine derivatives (Ross, Johansson & others, 1973) it was observed that the two /3-chloroalkylamines N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (DSP 4) and N-(2-chloropropyl)-N-ethyl-2bromobenzylamine hydrochloride (DSP 6) potently inhibited the uptake of noradrenaline with long duration. Since phenoxybenzamine is an inhibitor of the noradrenaline uptake (Iversen, 1965; Iversen & Langer, 1969) and shares the property of DSP 4 and DSP 6 in being an alkylating agent we have now compared the inhibitory activities of phenoxybenzamine and DSP 4 on the noradrenaline uptake in the mouse brain. The uptake of [3H]noradrenaline in slices of the mouse brain was determined as described by Ross & Renyi (1967). The tissue slices (100mg) were preincubated for 5min and then for 5min with [3H]noradrenaline (1 x M). The radioactivity in the slices was taken as a measure of the uptake. The active uptake was defined as that part inhibited by 3 x lo-' M cocaine. In vitro, DSP 4 inhibited the uptake of noradrenaline in the cerebral cortex slices of the mouse by 50% at 3 x 10-7~. It has about the same activity as that found for (+)-amphetamine (Ross & Renyi, 1967). The corresponding value for phenoxybenzamine was 6 x 1 0 6 ~ , which means that DSP 4 was about 20 times more active than phenoxybenzamine. After a single injection of a high dose of DSP 4 (100 mg kg-l, i.p.) the inhibitory effect on the uptake of noradrenaline in brain slices lasted for a very long time (Fig. 1). Phenoxybenzamine was much weaker than DSP 4 as an inhibitor of the noradrenaline uptake in the mouse brain in vivo. The inhibition of the uptake in cerebral cortex slices of the mouse was only significant 1 h after the injection of 50 mg kg-l, i.p. (Fig. 1). Since DSP 4 (100 mg kg-l, i.p.) had no effect on the uptake of [3H]dopamine in slices of striatum or on that of [SH]5-hydroxytryptamine in slices of midbrain of the mouse, the inhibition of the noradrenaline uptake seems to be specific for this amine. The dose response of the irreversible inhibitory effect of DSP 4 on the noradrenaline uptake in slices of mouse brain was examined (Fig. 2). The inhibition 24 h after the injection was higher than 50% for doses down to 25 mg kg-l, intraperitoneally whereas 10 mg kg-l produced no effect. Thus, the dose response curve was rather steep. It is obvious from this and other experiments that DSP 4 did not cause a complete block of the uptake but that the inhibition was limited to about 50-70% of the


drives) the framework for scientific "repetition." Finally, in Part III, he brings the story around the convergence of activity using a microscope as it becomes part of a more traditionally viewed scientific enterprise. This is a big book (with a hefty price tag), full of big ideas, vast amounts of data, and broad analyses of international scope. To cover a whole century is a big task; the discussions are complex because the issues are. Ratcliff has provided an excellent case study of how knowledge is gained and how it is shared. His multilayered approach, looking at technical and social contexts as well as scientific studies of the period, brings an understanding of this period a long way. There are sure to be comments and criticisms of some of his claims, but the book certainly brings new insight into what is "science," how it is carried out, and what it can hope to reveal.


This essay explores the interplay between states of syntactic completion and incompletion in the text and music of Brahms's O kuhler Wald and how the composer thereby conveys an interpretation of the poetic text to create an experience for the listener that bears a striking resemblance to the experience of the poem's lovelorn persona.


Global climate appears to be changing at an unprecedented rate. It is one of the greatest threats to our capacity to benefit in the context of ''Skin Care for All''. In 2010 the horrors of flooding in Pakistan and the heat in Russia are but two examples. The BMJ in November 2010 states ''Health professionals everywhere have a responsibility to put health at the heart of climate change''. No health care profession is doing more in this respect than those concerned with skin care. The International Society of Dermatology has made ''Climate Change'' one of its lead topics, hoping to educate its members to be proactive in support of interventions to slow down the change, protect populations and teach them to reduce the effects of climate change on their skin.


The invention relates to bait added with vegetable fiber and a preparation method thereof. The bait added with vegetable fiber comprises the raw materials of traditional bait and vegetable fiber. The traditional bait consists of raw materials and additives, wherein the raw materials comprise seeds, bran, dregs and animal proteins; and the additives comprise oxidants, mildew preventives, adhesives, coloring agents, flavoring agents and food attractants. The plant fiber is a mixture containing one or two of wood fiber and grass fiber. The wood fiber and the grass fiber can be uniformly distributed in the fishing bait, can achieve the effects of connection, cracking resistance, strength enhancing and bait atomizing improvement, and does not cause environmental pollution; and the bait is ideal for fishermen.


Based on the method and indicators of the ecological footprint,a mathematical model was developed for calculating the carbon footprint,carbon bearing capacity and carbon efficiency of a regional economy,which was applied to the study on the economic development of Shenyang from 1991 to 2005.The results show that,after 1998,the total carbon footprint of Shenyang increased rapidly at an annual growth rate of 15.2 %,overtaking the GDP growth rate at the same period(13.67 %).In the total carbon footprint,the emissions of fossil-fuel consumption occupy 73%~86%.The carbon bearing capacity of Shenyang was relatively stable in the study period,resulting in a severe carbon overload with the carbon footprint 4 times higher than the carbon bearing capacity in 2005.Furthermore,the carbon efficiency exhibited a decreasing trend after 2000,i.e.the carbon footprint for each unit of economic output showed an increasing trend.It can be seen that,the high economic growth after 2000 was achieved at the cost of the rapid increase in carbon footprint,implying the steering to a low-carbon economy faces a grim challenge.


The article presents a review of the book & Micropolitics of Knowledge: Communication and Indirect Control in Workgroups,& by Emmanuel Lazega.


Illicit penile augmentation is thought to be a common practice in Southeast Asia. This article aimed to explore the demographics of the patient who had illicit penile augmentation, its complications, surgical methods employed for removal as well as the long-term outcome following treatment, specifically on sexual satisfaction. Method. Records of patients with a penile foreign body to the Reconstructive Science Unit were retrieved. Demographics, presenting symptoms, surgical methods and outcomes were recorded and analyzed. Results. A total of 14 patients was identified. The median age at implantation and duration is 36 years old and 48 months respectively. The penile subdermal injection was the sole method utilized with the use of liquid silicone in 7 patients. Constant pain, painful erection, and discomfort were common symptoms (42.8%). All patients underwent surgical excision followed with either native (penile skin) full-thickness skin graft (FTSG), distant donor FTSG or primary closure. Five out of 7 patients report improved sexual satisfaction post-surgery. Conclusion. This report demonstrated two groups of men with distinct age, duration of implant and possibly differing motivation for penile augmentation. The various complications presented stem from inflammation and scarring. Distant FTSG donor has a superior take rate compared to native FTSG. Long term outcome following treatment on sexual well-being is generally good. Illicit penile augmentation is generally unsafe, however, a large-scale study is required to establish the prevalence of the practice.


Least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) has been successfully applied in many classification and regression tasks. The main drawback of the LS-SVM algorithm is the lack of sparseness. Combing the primal least squares twin support vector machine (LS-TSVM) and the sparse LS-SVM with L0-norm minimization, a new sparse least squares support vector regression algorithm with L0-norm in primal space(L0-PLSSVR) is proposed in this paper. Experiments on the artificial dataset illustrate that the novel L0-PLSSVR algorithm achieves better sparseness and generalization performance than the SVM and LS-SVM algorithm.


Cancer cells have the capacity to lyse erythrocytes by a cell‐contact‐requiring phenomenon. Subcellular fractionation procedures have revealed that the hemolytic principle resides in the cancer cell plasma membrane. In this study we report the detergent extraction of a potent hemolytic factor from the plasma membranes of ras‐oncogene‐transformed fibroblasts. Ammonium‐sulfate partitioning (60‐100%) of detergent‐extracted proteins was used to enrich hemolytic activity. Tumor membrane Hemolytic Factor (mTHF) was inactivated by treatment with papain, suggesting that it is a protein. mTHF was inhibited by serum, but was unaffected by extremes of temperature and pH, also by metal chelation with EDTA. Surface radio‐iodination of tumor cells and isolation of cell organelles was used to characterize the outer plasma membrane localization of mTHF. mTHF retained hemolytic activity when reconstituted into stable phospholipid vesicles. Pre‐incubation of mTHF with red cell ghosts led to an abrogation of hemolytic activity. mTHF‐induced hemolysis consists of a 2‐stage phenomenon: an early binding step, followed by hemolysis after 4 hr.


Oxidative deamination of benzyl amines is achieved using a Ni(II)-NHC catalyst with water in aqueous medium. The product is an aldehyde, wherein water acts as a formal oxidant. Hemilabile pyridyl...


A simple method based on UV/ozone treatment is proposed to control the surface energy of dense grafted silane layers for orientating block copolymer mesophases. Our method allows one to tune the surface energy down to a fraction of a mN/m. We show that related to the surface, perpendicular orientation of a lamellar phase of a PS-PMMA diblock copolymer (neutral surface) is obtained for a critical surface energy of 23.9-25.7 mN/m. Perpendicular cylinders are obtained for 24.6 mN/m and parallel cylinders for 26.8 mN/m.


Results are presented on three complex systems of hard molecules: linear triatomics, heteronuclear dumbbells, and two-component mixtures of dumbbells. In addition to studying the equation of state generated by the median potential, the Barker-Henderson reference system is also investigated and seen to give results nearly indistinguishable from those obtained from the median system. Both reference systems continue to reproduce the bulk thermodynamics of the true systems moderately well. Both reference potentials are found to be approximately additive when applied to mixtures. These results continue to suggest that either of these two reference systems may form the basis of a successful perturbation theory for fluids of nonspherical molecules. 15 references, 5 figures, 9 tables.


Locust outbreaks have long been a very serious problem for agriculture and livelihoods in many countries globally. This article is an introduction to a Special Issue of the journal Agronomy devoted to the management of these pests. Although not exhaustive, the nineteen articles herein cover a variety of species, many regions of the world and many aspects of pest locust management and research in the early 21st century. This book is a source of information and reflection, as well as a resource, to support new areas of investigation and practice contributing to the process of developing sustainable solutions for locust invasions.


In this work the problems reducing effectiveness of activities of the situational center for liquidation of emergency situations in Kazakhstan have been revealed. For enhancement of the situational center activities the methods of the system analysis, business processes modeling, datalogical modeling, SADT technology, methodology of the balanced scorecard (BSC) are used. For the analysis purpose of the existing now business processes the model of the situational center (AS-IS) is developed, ineffective processes are revealed. For enhancement of the crisis center activities the reorganized business processes model (TO-BE) is offered by authors, the datalogical model of computer support of activities of the situational center is designed, the strategic map of actions in the conditions of emergency is developed. Theoretical developments of authors will allow to increase effectiveness of the situational center activities.


Methodology of distributed computing performance boost by reduction of delays number is proposed. Concept of n-dimentional requirements triangle is introduced. Dynamic mathematical model of resource use in distributed computing systems is described.


The use of random search is very poor at finding solutions when those solutions occupy a very small part of the overall search space. Test data may be found faster and more reliably if the search is given some guidance. This work is a paper that explains the application of metaheuristic techniques in search-based software testing. The paper systematically review 47 papers selected randomly from online databases and conference proceeding based on the metaheuristic search techniques that have been most widely applied to problem solving, the different fitness function used for test data selection in each of the metaheuristic technique, and the limitation in the use of each search-based technique for software testing. It was found that GA outperformed its counterparts SA, HC, GP and random search approaches in generating test data automatically, different approaches were used to make sure that test data are selected within shorter period of time and also with wider coverage of the paths based on the fitness function, and most of the limitations of the articles are the handling of complex data types, like array, object types, and branch coverage. The paper also provides areas of possible future work on the use of metaheuristic techniques in search-based software testing.


The invention provides a novel gene transfection vector based on low-algebraic polyamidoamine. The gene transfection vector comprises low-algebraic polyamidoamine and a difunctional cross-linking agent which contains a disulfide bond and of which the reaction points to amino, wherein a primary amine group of the low-algebraic polyamidoamine is reacted and connected with active groups at two ends of the difunctional cross-linking agent. The invention also provides a method for preparing the gene transfection vector and application of the gene transfection vector which is used as a nucleic acid molecule delivery vector in vivo or in vitro. The gene transfection vector is low in synthetic cost and small in cytotoxicity, can deliver gene molecules to cells effectively and safely and can be used as the gene transfection vector which has the advantages of high efficiency, low toxicity, low cost and the like.


The concept of performance evaluation is introduced in land use planning implementation evaluation,which using hierarchical analysis method and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method principle to construct performance evaluation index system of general land use planning.What's more,we will take the last round of general land use planning(1996-2010) in Yilan County for example.In conclusion,the evaluation results show that the general land use planning implementation in Yilan County has made an obvious effect in the last round.The comment of the planning implementation for performance evaluation is optimal.


ObjectiveTo evaluate the accuracy of automated digital blood pressure monitoring devices and operators in the community. Also, we tested the effects of a simple education program, and looked for arm-arm differences. DesignSubjects who had bought their own automated digital blood pressure monitor were recruited via an advert in the local newspaper. On arrival, they were asked to record their blood pressure exactly as they would at home. The investigator noted any technique deficiencies then corrected them. Blood pressures were then recorded by the investigator and the subject, on opposite arms, simultaneously, and repeated with the arms switched. Finally, subjects recorded their blood pressure again. The subjects' readings were compared to the average of monitor and mercury readings using Bland-Altman methods. ResultsA total of 80 subjects were tested. Before educating, subjects' systolic blood pressure (SBP) readings were +5.8±6.4 (standard deviation) mmHg greater than the mean of all readings, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were +1.3±4.0 mmHg; after educating they were +1.3±4.0 and –1.3±2.7 respectively. The monitors, as a group, were accurate, and met British Hypertension Society and AAMI highest standards. We found no differences among monitors that had been validated (n=26) and those that had not. There were differences between the arms: 5.3±5.2 mmHg for SBP and 3.4±3.3 mmHg for DBP. Most patients had never been informed by anyone of proper blood pressure measuring techniques. ConclusionsWe conclude that home blood pressure measurement, as practiced in our community, is prone to error, mostly due to mistakes by the operator. These can easily be corrected, so that readings become more accurate. Attention should be paid to arm-arm differences.


When users want to plan the reconstructed virtual scenes, if we obtained the information of the lighting at the time when the images were taken, we can use the rendering technologies from computer graphics to obtain new synthesized photorealistic imageries. This paper presents techniques for recovering the tilt angle of solar illuminant from a single outdoor building image, which can be integrated to most current image-base architectural rebuilding systems. Solar illumination can be treated as parallel light. Its direction can be measured by tilt and slant angle in architectural coordinate system. To calculate the tilt angle, we utilize the changes of intensities from different wall surfaces. This idea comes from SFS (Shape from Shading) technique. On the basis of the calculated tilt angle, we can easily calculate the slant angle from images by using the bulges of the wall surface and their shadows.


A novel Voronoi diagram, multi-color Voronoi diagram is proposed. Several important features of multi-color Voronoi diagram are proved. Multi-color Voronoi diagram is the coloration result of Voronoi diagram based on the characteristics of data set. Multi-color Voronoi diagram can be used to solve some basic problems in pattern recognition, such as optimal classifier design, MCVC, which can be used to solve linear and nonlinear classification problems. In the meantime, it has the ability to learn locally from new data samples rapidly, which overcomes overfilling problem in neural network method. This ability is similar to that of human being. Multi-color diagram is effective to pre-select the support vector in the construction of support vector machine, which can improve the learning speed of support vector machine.


The Smith-Lever Act of 1914 established the Cooperative Extension Service for the purpose of "diffusing among the people of the United States useful and practical information on subjects relating to agriculture, home economics, and rural energy". Since then, much has changed. Just over 92 million individuals lived in the United States in 1910, with 31% of the population employed as farmers. As of 2005, America's population had increased to nearly 297 million people, with only 3% of the population earning a living on the farm. More telling, about 80% of America's population now lives in a suburban/urban environment. Currently, the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service lists 11 areas of national emphasis, with focus areas ranging from agriculture to economics and commerce to technology and engineering. Furthermore, there are numerous programs offered at the state and county level under each of the 11 national emphasis areas. At a time when baseline funding to support the Extension system is threatened with extinction, we need to critically think about how to maintain Extension's sustainability and relevance well into the 21 st Century. For example, are Extension personnel spread too thin, trying to be all things to all people? Instead, might Extension be more effective shrinking the number of program areas offered and focusing limited resources. Should Extension be more fee-based than it currently is? Are we doing an adequate job of marketing Extension and the services and products offered? Companies like Ford vehicles and Kraft foods spend millions of dollars annually on market research and brand identification. As uncomfortable as it may be to critically examine ourselves, we need to ensure that Extension is as relevant and important today and into the future as it was at the time the Smith-Lever Act was passed.


53 N avigating the reform literature on higher education often requires sharp discursive turns. The two books reviewed here come from the worlds of finance and policy, on the one hand, and liberal education, on the other. Both conversations are concerned with "college," of course, but the former tends to focus on what goes in and what comes out, while the latter is concerned with what happens in between. The problem is not that these different streams of thought never meet but that there's often considerable turbulence when they do. Is mass (or universal) higher education compatible with a liberal vision of college learning? The authors of Financing American Higher Education in the Era of Globalization and College don't approach this impasse as directly as one might wish, but they do suggest that it's more important now than ever to chart and navigate the waters. Questions of quantity provide the starting point for William Zumeta, David Breneman, Patrick Callan, and Joni Finney's consideration of the future of higher education finance: How many college-educated people does the US need for success in tomorrow's globalized economy? As is By Mary Taylor Huber


Thrombophlebitis was shown as an incidental finding on an In-111 WBC study performed for the evaluation of osteomyelitis. A review of the literature yielded only two case reports of lower extremity deep venous thrombosis detected by In-111 WBC imaging. The use of other radiotracers such as In-111 platelets, Tc-99m HMPAO labeled platelets, and In-111 labeled monoclonal antifibrin antibodies for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis has been reported.


The wilt incidence by Pseudomonas solanacearum Smith has always been erratic following artificial inoculations, probably due to difficulty in maintaining viruloence of the pathogen as well as the influence of certain factors such as soil moisture and temperature. Root and stem inoculation with the pathogen did not make and difference on typical final wilt symptoms. This paper reports the results of inoculation techniques for uniform and rapid development of bacterial wilt in brinjal (Solanum melongena ) for selecting promising resistant varieties.


The interaction between offshore waves and complex reef bottom profiles determines the hydrodynamic processes within the reef beaches, for instance, Sea-Swell (SS) wave dissipation, Infragravity (IG) wave generation as well as wave-induced currents and setups. These hydrodynamics phenomena are important to several ecological processes and control the associated shoreline erosion and flooding. Hence, a good understanding of the dynamics is needed that wave observations are challenging and expensive otherwise. Here we present a short term (12 hours) investigation of non-directional spectral waves using a series of HOBO pressure sensors. Six pressure sensors were deployed at 3 locations along the fringing reefs of Tunda Island, Banten Province - Indonesia. The wave spectra were estimated from the surface water fluctuations using linear wave theory for each hourly burst data. During observation, the Tunda waters were calm with significant wave heights were less than 10 cm with peak wave periods of ∼12 s at all sites. Despite the short period measurement due to memory issue, the result demonstrated the ability of HOBO pressure sensors to measure non-directional wave spectra at shallow water.


A dynamical approach to the neutron-induced fission of 255,257Fm isotopes based on the time-dependent generator-coordinate method is applied. As the generating functions the eigensolutions of the constrained Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov method with the effective D1S Gogny force are used. The here presented collective-dynamics calculations in the two-dimensional collective space described by quadrupole and octupole moments allow to determine the fragment mass distributions of those two Fm isotopes.


Based on the correlation structure of real-time variable bit rate video traffic,this paper proposed a dynamic bandwidth allocation(DBA) algorithm with adaptive linear traffic prediction in Ethernet passive optical network(EPON).A one-step adaptive linear predictor is used to predict the coming video traffic from users,and then the predicted results are used to help DBA accurately distribute bandwidth to satisfy users' needs.The simulation results show that this algorithm can significantly improve the quality-of-service(QoS) performances in terms of low delay,small buffer and high utilization.


Disasters and the consequent displacement is common world over. Global trends indicate that disaster-induced displacement is on the rise, and is brought about by factors which include natural and human-made disasters as well as complex human conflicts. The most notable case of internal displacement in Kenya arose from the 2007-2008 post-election violence. Most of the displacees have been since resettled. Among the effects of displacement are loss of property, loss of livelihoods and mental health problems. The aim of this study was to establish the vulnerability to mental health problems among persons in prolonged displacement in Nakuru County of Kenya. The study was a qualitative survey in which a sample of 400 respondents was obtained from a population of 106,004 internally displaced persons who had been resettled. Data was collected using questionnaires and structured interview schedules. The mental health status was determined using an adapted version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R). This instrument has been used widely and established as having a test-retest reliability of about 0.91. Owing to the sensitive and personal nature of information sought, respondents were assured of confidentiality. The data was analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 14.0. The research established that the respondents experienced considerable mental health problems as indicated by high scores in the overall Impact of Event Scale-Revised as well as in the intrusion, avoidance and hyper-vigilance sub-scales. This shows that the internally displaced persons, despite having been resettled, were still vulnerable to mental health problems. The findings are expected to help the government line-ministries and humanitarian agencies involved in humanitarian interventions plan mitigation of adverse mental health effects of disasters. In particular, they are useful in designing psychosocial interventions required in post-disaster scenarios, and especially where internal displacement is prolonged.
Keywords: internal displacement, mental health, structured interview, vulnerability.


When transmitting sets of control information which include information bits expressing the allocation of wireless resources addressed to mobile stations, the number of information bits in sets of control information that are transmitted to the same mobile station in the same format are compared, and the number of information bits in the set of control information that has the highest number of information bits is set as the payload size of the control information, and bits are inserted into the information bits until the number of information bits in a set of control information reaches the payload size. Problems, namely, that the number of iterations of complex processing by the mobile devices increases, the load on the mobile station devices increases, and decoding delay increases when multiple uplink grants or downlink grants with different numbers of information bits are monitored, are thereby resolved.


Significance Biological systems are driven by multiple components and interactions that form a complex reaction network. We developed a method to analyze their dynamics by focusing on the component in temporal plateaus, or a quasi-stationary state (QSS). The analyses, using a computational model of a minimal in vitro protein synthesis system, showed that components in a QSS form clusters that grow over time. However, the growth is not in a linear fashion: The process involved collapse and regrowth of the formed clusters, where the collapse was closely related to the phase transition in the reaction network. These observations suggest that the studies focusing on the QSS might be useful for understanding of complex reaction dynamics. To elucidate the dynamic features of a biologically relevant large-scale reaction network, we constructed a computational model of minimal protein synthesis consisting of 241 components and 968 reactions that synthesize the Met-Gly-Gly (MGG) peptide based on an Escherichia coli-based reconstituted in vitro protein synthesis system. We performed a simulation using parameters collected primarily from the literature and found that the rate of MGG peptide synthesis becomes nearly constant in minutes, thus achieving a steady state similar to experimental observations. In addition, concentration changes to 70% of the components, including intermediates, reached a plateau in a few minutes. However, the concentration change of each component exhibits several temporal plateaus, or a quasi-stationary state (QSS), before reaching the final plateau. To understand these complex dynamics, we focused on whether the components reached a QSS, mapped the arrangement of components in a QSS in the entire reaction network structure, and investigated time-dependent changes. We found that components in a QSS form clusters that grow over time but not in a linear fashion, and that this process involves the collapse and regrowth of clusters before the formation of a final large single cluster. These observations might commonly occur in other large-scale biological reaction networks. This developed analysis might be useful for understanding large-scale biological reactions by visualizing complex dynamics, thereby extracting the characteristics of the reaction network, including phase transitions.


Ensuring campus safety is crucial for universities to create a secure environment for students, faculty, and staff. Inadequate lighting can pose a significant threat to campus safety. However, limited university budgets and energy shortages can make it challenging to boost campus illumination. To overcome these challenges, this paper proposes using concentrated solar-powered light poles to provide appropriate lighting while reducing long-term electricity costs and light pollution. Low-power LED light poles powered by solar cells are the main component of this solution. By using renewable energy sources like solar energy, universities can reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to a more sustainable environment. Additionally, implementing concentrated solar-powered light poles can significantly lower air pollution levels and decrease electricity expenses. This sustainable approach to campus lighting not only addresses campus safety but also aligns with the principles of sustainable and eco-friendly design. Moreover, the installation of concentrated solar-powered light poles can positively impact student learning. Adequate lighting conditions help students stay focused and motivated, leading to an improved learning experience. Using sustainable and eco-friendly lighting solutions can also serve as an example for the campus community, encouraging them to adopt environmentally conscious practices. This paper aims to comprehensively review the benefits of using concentrated solar-powered light poles as a sustainable, eco-friendly lighting design solution for campus safety.


Provided in the present invention are an analog device, an authentic card manager, and a data exchange system. The analog device comprises: a first interface, which is used for receiving and transmitting to a security module first data transmitted by a terminal; the security module, which is used for receiving the first data transmitted by the first interface, processing the first data to produce second data, and transmitting the second data to a radio interface; the radio interface, which is used for receiving and transmitting to an authentic card manager the second data transmitted by the security module; the radio interface is also used for receiving and transmitting to the security module third data transmitted by the authentic card manager; the security module, which is used for receiving the third data transmitted by the radio interface, processing the third data to produce fourth data, and transmitting the fourth data to the first interface; and the first interface used for receiving and transmitting to a terminal the fourth data transmitted by the security module. Connection of the terminal to the authentic card manager and a function of data exchange can be implemented on the basis of the analog device.