The control performance of induction motor (IM) drive is related to its accurate identified transfer function model. Fractional order transfer function (FOTF) identification of the realistic world dynamics is necessary to get the desired performance. In this article, six-phase IM FOTF is accurately identified using dual-chirp signal excitation in current control loop of field oriented control (FOC) IM structure. The model identification based on the parameters such as speed and current measured with chirp signal excitation provides FOTF. The frequency-domain identification approach uses an estimated state space model having fractional order (FO) coefficients with square error minimization. The identification results are in a close realization with the actual speed response obtained; moreover, a comparison has been performed to infer the actual hardware magnitude response using integer order and fractional order models. This FO identification model of six-phase IM is found to be more accurate in speed open-loop and current closed loop in consideration of frequency-domain error index and best fit.


The active control of pressure in the distribution network of drinking water Guanajuato is the main goal of this thesis. Based on numerical simulation of the water distribution network, macro sectors are proposed for the south of the city and checkpoints and Pressure Reducing Valves (PRV) are selected to reduce the operational pressure. With the support of intelligent controllers installed in the VRP and based on a methodology that uses indicators, as the concept of Night Minimum Consumption Index (ICMN), the results of increased physical efficiency at the are shown Guerrero Euquerio sector, increasing the factor of 42.7 to 51.7%. without affecting the quality of service to users 2 kg/cm and reducing the pressure in the pipe end. Active control of pressure is essential in implementing a flow recovery campaign, helping to increase the lifetime of pipes and avoiding stress on the lines. In this paper we recommend implementing this campaign to other sectors of the water network, both in the south and in the center of the city. The implementation of the recovery work water loss must be systematically planned and consistent with costs and benefits


F024 Application of Contact Mechanics to Hydrocarbon Prediction in Shallow Sediments P.A. Avseth* (Rock Physics Technology) R. Bachrach (Western-Geco Schlumberger) A.J. van Wijngaarden (Norsk Hydro Research Center) T. Fristad (Norsk Hydro Exploration and Production) & E. Odegaard (Norsk Hydro Exploration and Production) SUMMARY Recent efforts in rock physics have included a better understanding of the seismic properties of hydrocarbon reservoirs at shallow depths. Rock physics models based on contact theory have been used successfully to predict lithology and pore fluids from well log and seismic data in poorly consolidated Tertiary sediments (Mavko et al. 1998; Avseth et al. 2005). However


An efficient method is presented for implementing mobile robot 'perceptionaction' behaviors, based on time-varing potential field. The major contributions in this paper are that the concept of dynamic potential U(x,y,z,t) is proposed to achieve the control scheme, the scheme is successfully implemented on THMR-II mobile robot for avoiding obstacle, wandering, following road, moving to subgoal, etc., and the drawbacks of known potential field methods are solved by the composition of behavior controls. A lot experimental results based on sonar and vision signal are given to show that the method has better real-time response, adaptability and robust in dynamic environments.


The high quality of 3D integrated circuit technology is in need of solder alloy with high reliability. To optimize the performance of solder alloys, the conception of high entropy alloy is introduced into the design of solder alloy. In this study, a new-style high entropy alloy SnPbInBiSb was prepared and investigated. This high entropy alloy has a wetting angle about 39.8° and a melting temperature around 112.8 °C, thus it has a great potential to work as a new kind of low-temperature high entropy solder alloy. The interfacial reaction behavior of Cu/SnPbInBiSb/Cu sandwich joints was also investigated. The intermetallic compound Cu6Sn5 was transformed into Cu6(Sn, Pb, In, Bi, Sb)5 with the diffusion of Pb, In, Bi and Sb atoms. Moreover, the growth behavior of intermetallic compound was effectively restrained due to the effect of high entropy solder alloy.


We investigate the existence of periodic solutions for a predator-prey system with Holling function response and mutual interference. Our model is more general than others since it has both Holling type IV function and impulsive effects. With some new analytical tricks and the continuation theorem in coincidence degree theory proposed by Gaines and Mawhin, we obtain a set of sufficient conditions on the existence of positive periodic solutions for such a system. In addition, in the remark, we point out some minor errors which appeared in the proof of theorems in some published papers with relevant predator-prey models. An example is given to illustrate our results.


Considerable progress has been made during the past twenty years in the theoretical approach to the development of more fundamental methods of designing road pavements in relation to the foundation conditions and the traffic to be carried. This paper concentrates on experimental procedures adopted in pavement design experiments in the United Kingdom.


Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death, often committed out of despair . The cause is frequently attributed to depression , bipolar disorder , schizophrenia , alcoholism, or drug abuse . It is alleged that around 800,000 to a million people die by suicide every year, making it the 10th leading cause of death worldwide. In this paper, the researcher studies the problem of suicide from an Igbo-African perspective. "Igbo" is a language and the name of an ethnic group or tribe in Nigeria. It is referred to as Igbo-African because it is an ethnic group in Africa and relates culturally to other ethnic groups in Africa. The paper investigates the African concept of life, which sees life as the highest good, as given and sustained by God, as belongingness, as a stage, as a circle and as everlastingness. For the Igbo-African, life is a sacred thing, thus a meta-empirical reality and not a mere biological thing. These understandings of life vis-a-vis suicide would bring about an African perspective of suicide. This understanding of suicide from an Igbo-African perspective is believed will help enhance the value of human life and thus save the world from being plunged into a silent crisis of the value of life. Keywords: Suicide, African, Igbo, Ontology, Life, Suicide, God, Everlastingness, Metaphysical, Nigeria.


Aligned amino acid sequences of three functionally independent samples of transmembrane (TM) transport proteins have been analyzed. The concept of TM‐kernel is proposed as the most probable transmembrane region of a sequence. The average amino acid composition of TM‐kernels differs from the published amino acid composition of transmembrane segments. TM‐kernels contain more alanines, glycines, and less polar, charged, and aromatic residues in contrast to non‐TM‐proteins. There are also differences between TM‐kernels of bacterial and eukaryotic proteins. We have constructed amino acid substitution matrices for bacterial TM‐kernels, named the BATMAS (BActerial Transmembrane MAtrix of Substitutions) series. In TM‐kernels, polar and charged residues, as well as proline and tyrosine, are highly conserved, whereas there are more substitutions within the group of hydrophobic residues, in contrast to non‐TM‐proteins that have fewer, relatively more conserved, hydrophobic residues. These results demonstrate that alignment of transmembrane proteins should be based on at least two amino acid substitution matrices, one for loops (e.g., the BLOSUM series) and one for TM‐segments (the BATMAS series), and the choice of the TM‐matrix should be different for eukaryotic and bacterial proteins. Proteins 2003;51:85–95. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Abstract
Mobile phones communicate with base stations using radiofrequency radiation. Radio waves received and sent by mobile phones transmit in all directions including the human body. An exposure to the radiofrequency fields emitted by mobile phones is generally more than a 1000 time s higher than from base stations. This radiation is absorbed into body might cause a wide range of health problems. If radiofrequency radiation is high enough, it has a 'thermal' effect, which means it raises body temperature. There are concerns that the low levels of radiofrequency radiation emitted by mobile phones could cause health problems.


you should probably think twice before tattooing them on your chest. Then again, if your end-of-life plans include a do-not-resuscitate order, maybe it's not such a bad idea after all. It appears the tattoo craze has expanded beyond mere aesthetics into medicine. Some people are setting down advance directives on skin in addition to paper. Others are opting for tattoos on their wrists instead of Medic Alert bracelets, favouring ink over jewellery. Though there are advantages to turning your epidermis into a medical record — you can't accidently leave your forearm at home — some health professionals fear that paramedics and emergency physicians might not notice the tattoos, let alone treat them as proper instructions. "Emergency responders understand the concept of MedicAlert bracelets and they look for them on the wrist. It is possible that some have learned that people are using tattoos but the chances of them looking for it are much less," says Robert Ridge, president and CEO of the Canadian MedicAlert Foundation. "There is no overriding body that governs emergency services in Canada, so when something changes there is no national means to communicate it. Getting every emergency responder to look for something new can be a challenge." The days of tattoos being associated only with bikers and ex-cons are long gone. Now tattooing is firmly planted in the mainstream. A woman is as likely to have one as a man. There are reality television shows about tattoo artists. Celebrities sport tattoos, including the popular actress Angelina Jolie, who has nearly a dozen. Many professional athletes are covered in more ink than an incontinent squid. In the United States, 36% of people in the 18–25 age bracket have a tattoo, and that percentage increases to 40% for people between the ages of 25 and 40, according to the Pew Research Center in Washington, DC (http://pew research .org/databank/dailynumber/?NumberID News


ABSTRACT Psychology and the social health sciences are central to and must be at the very core of a woman-centered women's health movement. Particularly if one is interested in a feminist (in the sense of woman-centered) approach to women's health, an egalitarian relationship between disciplines seeking to advance the field is critical. Women in medicine hold a high status degree and powerful social role, but this is a mixed blessing. It comes at the price of considerable extra baggage. I explore two negative aspects of medicine's extra baggage: (1) an implicit theory, biological primacy, is central to much of our training (at least at elite, research-oriented institutions) but is antithetical to feminism, and (2) the ways we cope with trauma, our privileged social role, and structural aspects of many of the institutions in which we train and practice all tend to interfere with our ability to deliver humane, compassionate care and to join in egalitarian efforts on behalf of women's health. Cognitive, emot...


.............................................................................................................................. ii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgments............................................................................................................... v Vita ..................................................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ..........................................................................................x Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Method ............................................................................................................ 23 Chapter 3: Results ............................................................................................................. 39 Chapter 4: Discussion ....................................................................................................... 45 Appendix: Tables, Figures, Questionnaires, and Consent Forms ..................................... 53 References ............................................................................................96


We report our recent research results in the area of optical label switching (OLS) for next-generation optical packet-switched networks. These include optical label generation, label swapping, optical time-delay buffering, clock recovery (CR), and wavelength conversion for optical packets.


We are concerned with three-species predator-prey model including two prey-taxes and Holling type II functional response under no flux boundary condition. By applying the contraction mapping principle, the parabolic Schauder estimates, and parabolic 𝐿𝑝 estimates, we prove that there exists a unique global classical solution of this system.


Objective:To investigate the therapeutical effect of Yishenyi and Glucosidorum Tripterygll Totorum on rats'mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.Methods:Experimental rats were randomly divided into five groups:normal group,model group,Glucosidorum Tripterygll Totorum group,Yishenyin group and compounded group.Rat models of mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis were established.Glucosidorum Tripterygll Totorum and Yishenyin were given to the rats.The levels of 24 hour urine protein,blood urea nitrogen,serum creatinine,albumen,triglycerides,serum cholesterol,change of kidney pathology were observed.Results:After rats were given with yishenyin,Glucosidorum Tripterygll Totorum respectively and compoundedly,the levels of 24 hour urine protein were decreased,meanwhile the blood urea nitrogen,serum creatinine,albumen,triglycerides,serum cholesterol and the membrane proliferation were all ameliorated.Those effections were markedly manifested by using Yishenyin and Glucosidorum Tripterygll Totorum compoundedly.Conclusion:Yishenyin and Glucosidorum Tripterygll Totorum could effectively decrease Urine protein,rectify dyslipidosis and reduce the membrane proliferation induced by Mesangial Proliferative Glomerulonephritis


Objectives: In this work we presented a highly sensitive, selective and validated method for determination of tedizolid phosphate (TEDP) antibiotic, based on its native fluorescence in aqueous solution. Methods: The maximum fluorescence intensity was measured at 408 nm after excitation at 298 nm after optimization of all experimental conditions. Results: The measured fluorescence was directly proportional to the concentration of the drug over the range of 2-30 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 0.13 and limit of quantification of 0.44 ng/mL The method succeeded to determine TEDP in its pharmaceutical dosage form and in human plasma with mean % recovery of 100.49 ±1.32 and 99.40 ± 2.18 respectively. Conclusion: The developed data was found to be with a good agreement with a valid method. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines for determination of the drug in its pure form and dosage form and according to FDA Guidance for Industry, Bioanalytical Method Validation for determination of TEDP in human plasma.


The objective of this study was designed to answer the question whether anemia per se is a potential inducer of hyperlipidemia. For this purpose, two types of anemia were induced; copper-deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. Seventy-two weanling male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned randomly to 12 dietary groups differing in the levels of copper, iron, and the types of dietary carbohydrates. The rats were fed either a copper-deficient (0.6 μg Cu/g) or adequate (6.0 μg Cu/g) diets containing either low (5), adequate (50), or high (500) μg Fe/g The diets also contained fructose or starch as the sole source of dietary carbohydrate. All iron-deficient rats became anemic. Copper-deficient rats developed anemia only when they consumed the diet containing fructose and when they consumed the high levels of dietary iron. Anemia, per se, was not associated with elevated levels of blood cholesterol or triglycerides unless the diet consumed was deficient in copper and was either high in iron or contained fructose. The most severe hypercholesterolemia developed in rats fed the copper-deficient diet, which contained high levels of iron. These rats also exhibited high levels of liver iron. The highest degree of hypertriglyceridemia developed in copper-deficient rats fed the fructose-based diet. Data show that anemia per se was not associated with hypercholesterolemia. Similarly, excess liver iron by itself was not accompanied with hypercholesterolemia. The combination of anemia with excess liver iron was instrumental in raising blood cholesterol. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 14:81–87, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


ABSTRACT The present study aimed to develop a green synthesis method for the fabrication of Ag NPs, ZnO NPs, and Ag/ZnO nanocomposite using Achillea milfolium plant extract with antibacterial activities. Both growth inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration assays were used to assess the antibacterial activity of nanostructures against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus pathogens. According to the obtained data, Ag/ZnO nanocomposite in 2 mM concentration showed the most antibacterial activity against E. coli with an inhibition zone of 24 ± 0.58 mm. It was also revealed that the Ag/ZnO nanocomposite showed better antibacterial activity in comparison with pure Ag and ZnO nanoparticles. Ag/ZnO nanocomposite-loaded cotton fiber showed great antibacterial activity (more than 95% reduction in S. aureus population) even after 20 cycles of standard washing, proving the stability durability of the nanostructures on the textile. The fabricated textile loaded with Ag/ZnO nanocomposite has potential applications in the production of antibacterial textiles.


The lifetime projection of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) driven by DC current has been addressed by IESNA LM80-80 and TM-21-11. For applications such as visible light communication (VLC) and backlight of displays, the lifetime estimation of LEDs strobed with the pulsed current at various frequencies and duty cycles is in demand. Thus, the lifetime and failure analysis of LEDs driven by constant-amplitude current with pulse width modulation (PWM) is investigated in the present study. It is found that the pulsed loading may introduce more localized current crowding with overheating than the DC current. The induced thermal stress may result in luminous decay and catastrophic failures such as the damage in the current spreading layer and the bonding wire. The lifetime with respect to the peak junction temperature, defined by the highest junction temperature when LEDs driven by the alternating PWM current reach their steady state, is analyzed and presented. It is concluded that the lifetime of LEDs may be divided into 3 regions: the Luminous Decay (LD) region, the Catastrophic Failure (CF) region and the LD+CF region. In the LD region, the projection of lifetime may follow TM-21-11. In the CF region, the sudden failure without significant luminous decay may occur. In the LD+CF region, although lifetime can be projected by LD, the CF may appear before the lifetime projection.


Objective To prospectively investigate the value of multi slice spiral CT (MSCT)with multi-planer reformation (MPR)for preoperative T-and N staging of gastric cancer. Materials and Methods This prospective study was approved by the institute ethic committee of clinical study.Information consent forms were obtained from all patients. Forty-four consecutive patients with gastric cancer,which was confirmed by biopsy through gastroscopy,underwent dynamic enhanced CT with adequate stomach distention after taken aerogenic powder and 500-1000 ml water. Thirty-nine patients who underwent operations were included in this study. MPR images were obtained at optimal plane to depict the relationship of lesion with adjacent organs and tissue using an interactive real-time manner. Two experienced radiologists evaluated T and N staging on the transverse and MPR images in consensus. T and N staging on CT was compared with the histopathologic results. McNemar exact test was applied to assess the accuracy of transverse and MPR images for T and N staging. A surgeon was invited to evaluate the accuracy of CT report. Results Detection rate of primary tumors with transverse and MPR images were 94.9% (37 of 39),97.6% (38 of 39),respectively. The accuracy for MPR images in assessment of tumor invasion of the gastric wall (T staging) was 87.2%(34 of 39),which was higher than that for transverse images [61.5%(24 of 39)] (P=0.002). Overall accuracy for lymph node (N) staging was 69.2%(27 of 39)with MPR images and 59%(23 of 39)with transverse images,respectively. This difference was not statistically significant (P=0.125). The surgeons preferred MPR to transverse images to assess T and N staging in all 39 patients. Conclusion Although MPR images can not improve the accuracy of lymph node (N) staging,it can improve the accuracy of local invasion of gastric cancer(T staging),and facility in information transfer between radiologists and relative clinicians. It is worth recommending at clinical application.


Abstract : The main focus in the design of the next generation combatant, DD(X), is the US Navy's proposed Integrated Power System (IPS) which includes an all-electric propulsion drive system. The reduction of current waveform harmonics is critical in combatant propulsion systems such as the IPS. One method of reducing the current harmonics is to utilize a multi-level converter topology. The multi-level converter, as compared to a standard converter, features low dv/dt losses and low switching losses. This thesis examines the design, construction and testing of two multi-level converters operated in tandem, called a Cascaded Multi-Level Converter (CMLC). A digital logic switching circuit is designed and constructed to control the CMLC during the operational testing phase. The CMLC is demonstmted in a three-phase high-voltage configuration with 178.5 V zero-to-peak voltage, 2.10 A zero-to-peak current achieved using an R-L load.


Adult Development of Positive Personality Traits Through Character Formation Mentoring by Robert Mark Colborn M.Div., Emmanuel School of Religion B.Th., Atlanta Christian College Proposal Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy General Psychology: Research and Evaluation Walden University May 2016 Abstract Positive psychologists have published hundreds of empirical studies correlating positive personality traits with improved outcomes in mental health, physical health, academic and career success, resilience, relationships, and personal happiness. But there remains a dearth of research on the emergence and development of positive personality traits. This grounded theory, qualitative research sought to discover whether positive personalityPositive psychologists have published hundreds of empirical studies correlating positive personality traits with improved outcomes in mental health, physical health, academic and career success, resilience, relationships, and personal happiness. But there remains a dearth of research on the emergence and development of positive personality traits. This grounded theory, qualitative research sought to discover whether positive personality traits can be developed in adult mentoring relationships. Sixteen participants responded in structured interviews about the benefits of their mentoring experiences, and in addition to performing coding analysis as described by Strauss and Corbin (1990), the researcher also compared the answers to Peterson and Seligman's taxonomy of positive traits (2004). Unprompted participant responses overwhelmingly asserted increase of positive traits, as well as five other benefit categories. Improved traits appeared across a wide range of mentee characteristics, and situations, including negative ones, as long as mentors communicated unconditional positive regard and possessed desirable competencies. Social considerations of this research include the possibility that, in combination with therapies to address negative aspects of a client situation, therapists using intentional positive trait development could support recovery, resilience, hope, wisdom, thriving, and all of the benefits positive psychology has correlated to the presence of positive personality traits. Future studies building on this research may include a longitudinal study to understand what situations and character types are most conducive for positive trait development, as well as questions regarding which traits appear in which mentoring situations. Adult Development of Positive Personality Traits Through Character Formation Mentoring by Robert Mark Colborn M.Div., Emmanuel School of Religion B.Th., Atlanta Christian College Proposal Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy General Psychology: Research and Evaluation Walden University May 2016 Acknowledgments This dissertation stretched out over six years, beginning during one of the most challenging and difficult periods of my life. Its eventual completion could not have come in such a time without the support of extraordinary people. All of these multiple acknowledgements are essential given the strenuous journey which accompanied this research and writing, a journey that to me is indistinguishable from this project: All of you were channels of the resilience I required, and are probably, coincidentally, examples of this project's core hypothesis. To my son, Tristan, my youngest child, you tended my heart from the beginning to the end of this project, and I can't imagine the hard history without the solace of your young presence. To my great friends Pernell Ellison, Jason Hill, Jay and Jen Moore, there is nothing like the friends who dared to walk with me through all my dark places, and shared loving soul from great minds and hearts. To my mother Vida Curry who loves me now from heaven, and my step-father, Cliff Curry, your support, faith and unconditional love provided relief and a foundation that was so fundamental and are great examples of natural mentor relationships (NMR). To John Frederick, you helped me to fight when it was time to fight, and were always selflessly available. To my dear, dear wife Maryann who came into my life midway through this project, and were my unexpected blessing and sunshine: You have believed in what I do, accepted me with all my flaws, and continue to transform my present. I love you and look forward to our life together. To my siblings, Adrian Thomas Colborn and Lara Lee Russell: You each provided love and support that helped cover me at crisis moments, those memorable, awful times when having your love on-hand made the difference. Thank you so much. To my attorney, the sage, John Richard Warren, esquire, I did not expect what friends we would become, and you know what we accomplished together. You could almost make me miss the battle so that I may have the more frequent pleasure of your company. I must also acknowledge the spirit of my illustrious father, Dr. Gene Louis Colborn, clinical anatomist and Renaissance man, who died while I was in literature review: You originally prodded me into PhD work, and never quit provoking me to complete it up to a few months before your passing. No one harried me or reflected with me pertaining to this doctorate like you. May you rest in peace, joy, and embrace of the Mystery. Dr. Tracy Marsh, content scholar for this project: Thanks for hanging in there till it was ready to start in earnest, and for your generous, bright demeanor and encouragement from the very beginning of my experience at Walden, and your hard work as a member of my team. Final thanks goes to Dr. Brent Robbins, a well-published scholar, informed mentor, and recent past secretary and president of the APA's Humanistic Psychology Division, with such grace and penchant for encouragement, who exercised much patience as I limped through years of dissertation terms, and heard every complaint I uttered about the process and its gates: You reshaped my vision of this project for grounded theory, and encouraged me from the beginning of our association. I do not know how you get done all you get done, but thanks so much for spending some of that meaningful life commitment on me. I will never forget the contributions each of you have made into my life and work. Thank you. Robert (Mark) Colborn, 2016 i Table of


Road extraction from high-resolution remote sensing images has been considered to be a significant but very difficult task.Especially the spectrum of some buildings is similar with that of roads,which makes the surfaces being connect with each other after classification and difficult to be distinguished.Based on the cooperation between road surfaces and edges,this paper presents an approach to purify roads from high-resolution remote sensing images.Firstly,we try to improve the extraction accuracy of road surfaces and edges respectively.The logic cooperation between these two binary images is used to separate road and non-road objects.Then the road objects are confirmed by the cooperation between surfaces and edges.And the effective shape indices(e.g.polar moment of inertia and narrow extent index) are applied to eliminate non-road objects.So the road information is refined.The experiments indicate that the proposed approach is efficient for eliminating non-road information and extracting road information from high-resolution remote sensing image.


This paper introduces a model build using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System
(ANFIS) for evaluation of temperature for PV modules. The input of this model were
taken from meteorological data which are ambient temperature,Ta, solar
irradiation,GT, wind speed,Vw and humidity,RH. These parameters were evaluated
from outdoor exposure data measured at Malaysia Green Technology Corporation
(MGTC), Bandar Baru Bangi, Malaysia. The model was validated based on low
training error and accepted validation error.


Online participations have increased in recent years and various tools emerged to support participatory processes. However, often they support only one level of participation such as information, consultation or co-operation and definite security and privacy considerations seem to be not a priority. What is missing so far is a secure and flexible tool that can be used for multiple purposes and integrates security and privacy considerations from the beginning. In this paper, we propose a tool for online participation that supports multiple levels of participation, provides authentication with different electronic identities (eIDs), incorporates security and privacy by design and ensures interoperability to existing identity solutions. For example, with the use of different eIDs (if adequate to the level of participation), we expect to enable a low threshold for participation. Based on the aforementioned requirements, we expect to increase the trust between operators and participants in online participations in the long run.


The article presents the use of real options in determination of mining enterprise value. The value estimation is based on discounted cash flow method. The adoption of fuzzy numbers allows introducing a risk aspect to the known method of determination of enterprise value. A classic discounted cash flow method uses one scenario on the basis of which one value is determined. The method presented is grounded on three scenarios: optimistic, the most probable, pessimistic. On this basis the values defining a fuzzy number are indicated. Algorithm of this defuzzification, based on the idea of real options enables indicating a concrete value.


In order to fulfill the task of transporting passengers reliably, safely and economically, transport companies in the public transit sector require a considerable amount of information and data of different types. The collection and processing of the information in these companies is still carried out manually. The information flow depends mainly on personal commentary, telephoning and filling out forms and distribution of paper. Data collection and processing is carried out manually by procedures such as making notes, filing, looking for data and assessing the data by inspection. The results suffer from a lack of effectiveness, characterized by increased time for processing, fragmented results, increased use of materials and low capacity utilization. Technological progress over the last few years in the field of microelectronics and data processing have made it possible to introduce high performance data processing equipment to process and deal with a whole series of tasks in the public transit sector.


PARP inhibitors are a kind of anticancer drugs approved for the clinical treatment of ovarian cancer and primary peritoneal cancer on the basis of the strategy of synthetic lethality. With the publication of two phase Ⅲ clinical trials results, the indications for PARP inhibitors have been expanded to advanced breast cancer with germline BRCA-1/2 mutations. However, the current exploration of PARP inhibitors in breast cancer is still at early stage. This article summarizes the anticancer mechanism of PARP inhibitors and new advances in treatment of breast cancer.

Key words:
Breast neoplasms; PARP inhibitors


There are 11 age-old Siberian in garden Cultural Palace Xining.Their growth are declining.Their growth were resumed normal after rejuvenation measures.


Virus\|free materials of \%Allium sativum \%L. were obtained from \%in vitro \%shoot apex tissue culture. A series of optimization experiment for cultural medium composition, concentration of phytohormones were investigated with a view to accelerate the propagation of virus\|free materials. The obtained results indicated that the optimized medium for inducing callus was MS+BA 0.2 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L. The growth rate of callus in one month was 12.70. The best medium for multiplying clumpy buds was B\-\{5\}+BA 0.5 mg/L+IAA 0.2 mg/L, the highest propagating ratio reached 25.5. These results could meet the technology requirements of rapid\|propagation in large scale production. Virus \|free materials were observed repeatedly under electron microscope, 5 virus\|free samples were tested out which could be used to fast propagation for production.


Author Title Number of Pages Date Kirsi Hoikkala Analyzing the current state of a company's strategy – towards an even brighter tomorrow 53 pages + 3 appendices March 31, 2014 Degree Bachelor of Engineering Degree Programme Industrial Engineering and Management Specialisation option Instructor Antero Putkiranta, Principal Lecturer The first target for the thesis was to help Company Ltd to update its existing strategy. The second target was to find out how to implement the strategy so that it would be easier for the personnel to commit to it. The basic concepts of a strategy, as well as the different stages of a strategy work, such as developing, updating and implementing strategy are covered in the theoretical framework. An important role in implementing a strategy is change management, which is needed to insure that the personnel are committed to the strategy work. A survey with the personnel was also conducted as a part of this thesis. It helped to analyse the present stage of strategy in Company Ltd. The personnel also provided useful tips about how the strategy work should be carried out at Company Ltd. The research method was qualitative research but also the ethnographical method was used, as it was important to understand the phenomena from the inside. An action point list was formulated, as well as the best practices for strategy work were described based on the key findings of this thesis, to help Company Ltd. to better execute its strategy. In other words, this thesis gives answers to questions such as what should be done, how it should be done, and who will do it.


Indeed, all these features should have a large on waves and in particular on wave Still, the quantitative impact of on is not well known due to the complexity of the random and currents that are found in the ocean and the lack observations both and Here, we compare novel satellite altimetry data and state of the art phase-averaged numerical wave models forced both by wind and currents. Currents used are taken from the oceanic model Coastal and Regional Ocean COmmunity, run at high resolution. The influence of current field resolution is investigated by applying Gaussian filters of different width to that same high-resolution current field. We find that a numerical wave model that uses currents with resolutions of km or less and a directional resolution of 7.5° can provide accurate representations of the significant wave height gradients found in the Agulhas current. Using smoother current fields such as derived from altimeters measurements coarse directional spectral resolution or larger directional spread of the wave model underestimates gradients and extreme wave heights. Hence, satellite altimetry provides high-resolution wave height with a gradient magnitude that is highly sensitive to underlying surface current gradients, at resolutions that may not be resolved by today's altimeters measurements.


The adsorption of O2 over ThO2-BaF2 catalyst was studied at room temperature. Raman experiments reveal that there is much stronger adsorption of O2 on ThO2-BaF2 than on ThO2 XRD results suggest that ionic exchange exists between BaF2 and ThO2 phases forming the O-species and quasi-free electrons in ThO2-BaF2. The XPS, Raman and EPR results indicate that O22-, O2- and intermediate oxygen species O2n- and O2δ- (1n2, 0 δ 1 ) were forined over ThO2-BaF2 under oxygen atmosphere.


In learning, teachers are expected to be able to bring students to be active in cooperative learning to solve problems and to discover knowledge. One solution to overcome these problems is to use a learning model Team Games Tournament (TGT). This study aims to determine the implementation of learning using the TGT learning model, student learning outcomes after the application of the TGT learning model, and student learning responses towards learning using the TGT learning model. This study was a pre-experimental design using a One-Shot Case Study research design. The sampling technique was Non-Probability Sampling with the Purposive Sampling technique. The data collection technique used two methods, namely the test method (cognitive test) and the non-test method (observation and questionnaire). The instruments used were learning implementation observation sheets, knowledge test sheets, and student response questionnaire sheets. The observation result of learning implementation based on teacher activity obtained an average score of 92.05% and student activity of 85.38% so that learning was carried out well. Student learning outcomes (post-test) had an average of 85% with complete criteria. While the response of students to this learning which was 95.82% received a positive response by students.


English writing plays an indispensible part in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learning for Chinese students, which accounts for a high score in an English test in China. And it is also a comprehensive reflection of students' abilities in L2 application. However, most non-English majors in vocational and technical colleges have great trouble in English writing and writing incorrect and inappropriate sentences ranks number one among all the English writing problems. English writing teaching is always a weak part in English teaching. The researcher conducted an eleven-week action research on basic sentence pattern translation drills among 50 non-English majors from 4 classes who didn't pass CET-3 in a Vocational and Technical College. Before the action research, students' writing problems were identified via questionnaire, sentence test and writing pretest. Then an eleven-week action plan was carried out and one adjustment was made to the plan in the light of results of interviews. Writing posttest was taken and another interview was made afterwards. It was found from data collection and analysis as well as analysis of students' writing samples that students could write correct sentences in English and their English writing scores and abilities improved a lot after the action research.


A stochastic model theory is presented which suggests that the broadband shock associated noise of supersonic jets is generated by the weak interaction between downstream propagating large turbulence structures and the quasiperiodic shock cells in the jet plume. The large turbulence structures are modelled by a superposition of the intrinsic instability waves of the mean flow of the jet, and the quasiperiodic shock cells are broken down into time-independent waveguide modes of the jet flow using multiple scales expansion. The observed broadband shock associated noise consists of a superposition of the spectra generated by the different waveguide modes. Starting from the equations of motion of a compressible fluid, formulas for calculating the far field and near field noise are developed. Good general agreement is found with previous results.


The tendency of powdered substances to agglomerate and stick together is studied. The highly dispersed silicic acid Aerosil (tradename) is studied as an agent to improve the free flowing characteristics of powdered materials. It was concluded that the use of Aerosil 200, Aerosil R 972, aluminum oxide C and sylicic acid D 17 as flow agents caused broad improvements in the flow properties of powders. Additionally, the sifting, dispersion, and spray behavior, as well as the grinding and air separation characteristics of powders were improved.


Purpose: To investigate the potential benefit of using respiratory gating technique to reduce radiation doses to patient's heart in whole left breast irradiation treatment.Method and Materials: Conventional helical CT scan and retrospective 4D CT scans were acquired for 5 left sided breast patients. The 4DCT scans were sorted into 10 phases per respiratory cycle. Treatment plans, which consisted of two wedged tangential fields, were designed based on the helical CT scan. The PTV coverage, heart and lungdoses in this plan were used as references for comparison. 10 separate optimal plans were generated from the 10 different phases obtained from the 4DCT images. All beam parameters, except for beam energy and wedges, were adjusted so that the PTV coverage in these plans was similar to or better than that in the corresponding reference plan. The heart and lungdoses were then computed from these plans and compared to the corresponding doses in the reference plan. Results: The present results show that one patient would benefit from gated treatment at any given phase in terms of heartdose reduction. For four other patients respiratory gating would reduce dose to the heart. Gating at a given phase would reduce mean dose to the heart by 24%, 17%, 8% for 3 patients; for another patient a 17% reduction in maximum dose to the heart was found while the impact to the mean dose was insignificant. Conclusion: The use of respiratory gating in the irradiation of whole left breast treatment has the potential to reduce dose to the heart.


Diamond films doped with boron were fabricated by the thermal filament CVD method. Powdered B2O3 was used as the doping source. The films were identified as diamond by means of several methods including Raman spectroscopy. The resistivity of the films was inversely proportional to the B/C ratio over four orders. The temperature dependence of current was measured and to fit this result to the theoretical calculation, the activation energy was evaluated.


The aim of the article is to describe the situation of mothers who face alcohol problems of their adult children. We are primarily interested in female narratives, which are a reflection on the situation of mothers connected with adult children addicted to alcohol. We are trying to touch upon the essence of maternal experience. The inspiration for this presentation of the problem was a visible gap in the research carried out in the field of social sciences, which would concern directly the parents of harmful drinkers. The stage of designing and conducting the research, as well as the process of analyzing the collected empirical data, allowed for in-depth reflection on the experiences of the narrators in the context of femininity and motherhood. Prowadzone przez nas badania miały charakter jakościowy, umieszczone zostały w paradygmacie interpretatywnym (interakcjonizm symboliczny) wraz z wykorzystaniem metodologii teorii ugruntowanej.


To study the prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the infection reservoirs in the Republic of Tajikistan among children and the impact of BCG vaccination assessed by tuberculin skin test.


The Miao nationality is one of the largest minority groups in China.It has been living and flourishing for about one thousand years in the Southeast China.The Miao culture has been enriched tremendously as time goes by,and its art represents the people's value and connotation.Especially the dances are colorful with various forms,which show their respect to the nature and life.Normally,the Miao dance involves various instruments.Its complicated movements are combined with the rhythm,and it is known as "orient or Chinese Disco".This paper focuses on reorganizing the traditional Miao dance and transforms the dances from ritual gathering into stage performance.The writer tries to set up a dance method that can be widely used by educational base.


A new method is presented for the measurement of the average electron drift velocity as a function of the electric field (velocity‐field characteristic) for semiconductor materials which exhibit bulk negative differential conductance. The characteristic is determined from capacitive probe measurements made on high‐field Gunn‐effect domains. This method is most applicable for values of E > 20 kV/cm, where very little information exists. The method was applied to the measurement of the velocity‐field characteristic of GaAs. The characteristic found is nonsaturating and slowly decreasing up to 100 kV/cm, the maximum measured electric field. The results correlate well with the velocity‐field characteristic theoretically calculated by Heinle.


Recruitment and selection practices play a crucial role in the Human Resource Management process. While recruitment is significant to the organisation in the sense that on the one hand, it attracts capable applicants for employment against vacancies and on the other, acts as a publicity tool for the firm. The quantity as well as quality of applicants applying for a job depends solely on the recruitment policy the organisation has adopted. Again, selection process also is of no less importance since it establishes the 'best match' between the job requirements and the candidate's qualification. Moreover, the cost of wrong selection decisions could be greate. Thus both these processes are applicable to any organisation irrespective of its nature or size. Both recruitment and selection processes involve certain steps which are required to be followed for the purpose of ensuring scientific implementation which, again, will enhance individual and organisational competencies. However, literature review suggests that a majority of the small enterprises are practically observed to be using informal recruitment and selection practices. This indicates that unorganised or unscientific methods are being applied for recruiting as well as selecting the candidates. The major reason attributed to adoption of such practices includes cost cutting in terms of training and remuneration. The study seeks to examine recruitment and selection practices adopted by small manufacturing enterprises of Assam. The enterprises were selected as per definitions provided under Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Act, 2006. Moreover, the effectiveness of such practices has also been analysed through the study.


The stability of the electric power system is very important, because the stability of the system affects the quality and reliability of electrical energy supply. Many things can affect the stability of the system, one of which is a dynamic load that affects dynamic stability, dynamic stability can be defined as the system's ability to remain in synchronous conditions after the first swing (transient period) until the system reaches steady state condition, a power system is said to be in stable when all variables are stable, both bus voltage, rotor angle and generator rotor rotational speed. In this study the authors used the automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and power system stabilizer (PSS) controls to control the system's dynamic stability, hoping that after installation of these additional control devices the dynamic stability of the power system could be improved so that the system remained stable despite disturbances or load changes . Then a power system simulation was carried out using the MATLAB 2008a program, which proved that the installation of a power system stabilizer can reduce oscillation, in this case PSS works as an electric power controller or reactive power can be seen from the output voltage which only has overshoot 1.0169 before a load change and after being given a load change with the input step 25 overshoot increasing only 1.0215 for output the speed and angle of the generator rotor is less influential.


Abstract A total of 1,279 students in grades 5 through 9 were given personal finance education in the form of a live play and supporting classroom instruction revolving around the benefits of saving. Students' knowledge and attitudes were tested both before and after the educational intervention with identical questionnaires in order to examine the magnitude of change and to test for differences by the age (grade) of the students. The impact of the intervention on actual savings behavior was measured through an experiment which gave each student a dollar bill and promised an additional dollar if the original dollar was brought back after 2 weeks. The students were randomly divided into a test group, which received the original dollar after the educational intervention, and a control group which did not receive the education until after the experiment had been completed. The questionnaire results showed that learning and attitude change were inversely related to age, suggesting that earlier education might be more effective. The experiment showed that savings behavior (deferring consumption to earn a second dollar) was related to gender (females did better), directly to financial literacy and inversely to grade. However, the test group was not significantly more likely to return the dollar as the result of the educational intervention.


Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumor (PFT) is a rare, low-grade soft tissue tumor that occurrs primarily in children and young adults. The most common location of PFT is the upper extremity, and there are very few reports of PFT in the neck. We report here on a case of PFT presenting as a painless subcutaneous nodule in the neck of a 46-year-old woman. Histologically, this subcutaneous tumor was composed of a plexiform proliferation of histiocyte-like cells and fibroblast-like cells along with a few multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for vimentin, CD68 and smooth muscle actin (SMA).


A wideband and wide-angle anti-reflection dielectric coating is proposed and designed based on the effective-medium metamaterials. For a high-permittivity dielectric slab, the transmittance is always relatively low. We design a dielectric metamaterial-based anti-reflection coating with nonuniform thicknesses and permittivities to improve the transmittance. Such a coating can work for wide incidence angles in a wide band.


* Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, College of Dental Sciences & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India ** BDS, Department of Public Health Dentistry, College of Dental Sciences & Research Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India _________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Background & Objective: Self medication in dentistry is major problem which results in Antimicrobial drug resistance. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of self-medication and to determine factors associated with these practices among dental out patients presenting at a post graduate dental teaching institute in rural Gujarat, India. Materials & methods: A cross sectional survey was conducted in Ahmedabad rural, Gujarat, India from September 2013 to March 2014 using a self-administered pre-tested structured questionnaire written in local language. The questionnaire consisted of 15 questions regarding Demographic characteristics and Specific research. Statistical relationship between the variables was analyzed using the Chi-square test (p<0.05). Results: All the respondents admitted about self medication practice. Most common reasons were to have temporary relief and saving time. Majority used the old prescription of the doctor for reference. Very few knew about the specific dosage, adverse effects and contra indications of the medication. Conclusion: People are taking medication without consultation of dentist with almost no knowledge about drug dosage and contra indications. This trend has to be stopped to prevent drug over dose and specifically drug resistance in case of antibiotics.


7041 Background: Combining PD-1/PD-L1 blockade with hypomethylating agents (HMA) shows encouraging preliminary efficacy in AML, but immune features predictive of response are lacking. Methods: We treated 11 relapsed/refractory (R/R) AML patients with azacitidine (AZA) and nivolumab (Nivo) in a phase 2 clinical trial ( Daver N et al Cancer Discovery 2018). Patient characteristics: median (med) age 65 years (47-73), 63% adverse cytogenetics, 27% TP53 mutated. Pretreatment bone marrow aspirates had immune-phenotypic 17-color flow analysis and NanoString RNA quantification of 1469 immune-relevant genes. Results were correlated with clinical, pathological and molecular data. Results: The median courses of AZA+Nivo administered was 3 (range 1-17). The CR/CRi rate was 45% (including 2 CR, 1 CRi, 1 CRN and 1 CRP), with a median time to response of 1.8 months (range 0.8-4.9 months). The median overall survival was 13 months with 27% patients alive at 1 year. We found significant positive correlations between proportions of T-effector cells at baseline, and CD3+, CD8+, and T-regulatory cells at end of cycle (EOC) 1 (r > 0.75, p < 0.01 for all). At EOC2, these correlations were no longer significant. However, there was a significant positive correlation between T-effector cells at baseline and T-regulatory cells (r = 1, p < 0.001) at EOC4. Using NanoString analysis, we found 105 differentially expressed genes (fold change = 1.5, p < 0.05) between responders (5/11) and non-responders (6/11) at pretreatment. IL2-STAT5, TP53 and TNF Hallmark pathways and immune response from GO gene sets were highly enriched (q < 5x10-4) in responders. We then utilized z-score distribution analysis to quantify the degree of activation of known immunologic pathways. We found that signatures highly specific to neutrophils, NK cells, T-cells and eosinophils were significantly (p < 0.05) upregulated in patients with CR compared to non-responders at pretreatment. Conclusions: Our data demonstrates that a signature suggestive of lymphocyte activation in the pretreatment BM may be associated with augmented clinical response to PD-1 based therapies. Similar underlying pathways that have consistently predicted for responses to PD-1 inhibition in solid cancers, primarily IL2-STAT5 genes, may have predictive relevance in AML. Such pretreatment flow and NanoString signatures may help select AML patients most likely to benefit from PD-1 blockade plus HMA, further enhancing the benefit-risk ratio with such therapies.


Aims :Aim of this study was to evaluate the comparative efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)Miersex Hook. F.,Tinospora sinensis(Lour.) Merrill and T. cordifoliagrowing on Neem (Azadirachta indicaA.Juss.) calledNeem -guduchi. Study Design: Selected species have beenwidely used in the traditional medicine systems in various dosage forms to treat liver disorders. They are of common occurrence and are being used as substitutes to each other. There is no comparative hepatoprotection study yet published, therefore, present study has carried out. Place and Duration of Study:Interactive Research School for Health Affairs, Pune and


This essay discusses feminism and race—a complex issue that has been at the forefront of debates in NWSA's history—in the specific context of graduate feminist classrooms. Donadey examines how the struggle to move from a monist (gender-only) analysis of women's oppression to an intersectional framework tends to generate resistance in feminist theory classes, especially when questions of race and racism arise, and particularly at the graduate level. She analyzes ethical implications of such resistance, its disastrous consequences on students of color, and discusses the issue of instructor responsibility to name and expose racism. She presents several possible explanations for student resistance to multicultural feminist approaches. Finally, she offers strategies to respond effectively to student resistance.


Endophytic fungi (EF) are increasingly gaining attention due to the numerous benefits many species can offer to the plant host, while reducing the application of chemicals in agriculture, thus providing advantages to human health and the environment. The growing demand for safer agrifood products and the challenge of increasing food production with a lower use of pesticides and fertilizers stimulates investigations on the use and understanding of EF. Other than direct consequences on the plant damaging agents, these microorganisms can also deliver bioactive metabolites with antimicrobial, insecticidal, or plant biostimulant activities. In tomato, EF are artificially introduced as biological control agents or naturally acquired from the surrounding environment. To date, the applications of EF to tomato has been generally limited to a restricted group of beneficial fungi. In this work, considerations are made to the effects and methods of introduction and detection of EF on tomato plants, consolidating in a review the main findings that regard pest and pathogen control, and improvement of plant performance. Moreover, a survey was undertaken of the naturally occurring constitutive endophytes present in this horticultural crop, with the aim to evaluate the potential role in the selection of new beneficial EF useful for tomato crop improvement.


Window functions have been successfully used in various areas such as filtering, beam forming and multirate signal processing. Due to available closed form expressions, the role of windows is economical. One of the key applications is the design of FIR filters. These filters are used in decimators and interpolators which are the basic building blocks for any multirate system and filterbank. In present scenario, a system with an improved performance, better quality, little error is the prime requirement. With this objective FIR multirate filters are designed using window functions. These functions can be used to design half-band filters where fifty percent filter coefficients result with zero value. With bandpass filters more than seventy percent zero valued coefficients are obtained if they preserved the concept of half-band symmetry. On the basis of error criterion filterbanks are of two types, viz., pseudo filterbanks and perfect reconstructed filterbanks. A new linear optimization algorithm is applied to obtain the pseudo filterbanks. Lag windows can be used to design energy efficient filters called compaction filters. The compaction gain is very near to optimal ones.


Adoptive transfer of thymus‐derived natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) effectively suppresses disease in murine models of autoimmunity and graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD). TGFß induces Foxp3 expression and suppressive function in stimulated murine CD4+25‐ T cells, and these induced Treg (iTregs), like nTreg, suppress auto‐ and allo‐reactivity in vivo. However, while TGFß induces Foxp3 expression in stimulated human T cells, the expanded cells lack suppressor cell function. Here we show that Rapamycin (Rapa) enhances TGFß‐dependent Foxp3 expression and induces a potent suppressor function in naive (CD4+ 25–45RA+) T cells. Rapa/TGFß iTregs are anergic, express CD25 at levels higher than expanded nTregs and few cells secrete IL‐2, IFNγ or IL‐17 even after PMA and Ionomycin stimulation in vitro. Unlike other published methods of inducing Treg function, Rapa/TGFß induces suppressive function even in the presence of memory CD4+ T cells. A single apheresis unit of blood yields an average ∼240 × 109 (range ∼70–560 × 109) iTregs from CD4+25‐ T cells in ≤2 weeks of culture. Most importantly, Rapa/TGFß iTregs suppress disease in a xenogeneic model of GVHD. This study opens the door for iTreg cellular therapy for human diseases.


Since 1975 the Royal Netherlands Naval College has operated a bridge manoeuvring simulator for the training of naval officers and petty officers of the deck department. There is a strong relationship between training objectives and performance abilities of a simulator and the way the two match defines the cost effectiveness and the value of simulator training. The training objective being the result aimed at (for a professional watchkeeper) consists partially of a combination of training subjects (things to be learned at the simulator). During 1980 and 1981 R.Nl.N.C. conducted a survey on simulator training subjects by means of an inquiry amongst Royal Netherland's Navy and Merchant Navy officers, marine lecturers (all of Dutch origin) and members of the International Marine Simulator Forum (IMSF). The results form the subject of this note.


The development of a new class of broadband matching devices, including active impedance transformers, with the possibility of correcting the phase response is an actual task at present. Synthesis of a broadband active impedance transformer with a phase response corresponding to a second-order lattice X-section in a distributed elemental basis based on the previously presented method for the synthesis of broadband matching devices with predetermined phase response is considered in this paper. As a result of synthesis, the y-matrix of the broadband transforming two-port network is obtained. The functions of its own parameters represented in the form of Foster. Applying various conditions of circuit realizability in the synthesis process, we obtained structures convenient for realization on microwave on regular transmission lines, one of which is investigated at various parameters of a given phase response. As a result of the research, it is found that the structure has a wide ability to reproduce the phase response of a second-order lattice X-section with different parameters, and also reproduce the linear phase response characteristic while maintaining an acceptable level of the power conversion coefficient in a given frequency band. Thus, the efficiency of the previously proposed method of synthesis of broadband matching devices with predetermined phase response is demonstrated, and also the possibilities of active impedance transformers on regular transmission lines are shown.


Introduction Part 1 Criminal Law and Justice in Context 1. Locating crime and justice 2. Processing problems with the criminal law 3. Criminal Law: Problem Solving Part 2 Problems in Context 4. Establishing criminal liability 5. Elements of the offences 6. Solving problems for the criminal lawTopic 1 Crime and societyTopic 2 Colonisation and the imposition of the criminal lawTopic 3 Criminal justice I: Police powersTopic 4 Criminal justice II: Court-room Justice?Topic 5 Criminal justice III: DiscretionTopic 6 Constructing the truth: Bail and verdictTopic 7 Determining criminal liability I: Volition and capacityTopic 8 Determining criminal liability II: Elements of the offenceTopic 9 Determining criminal liability III: Exceptions to liability, participation and preparatory offencesTopic 10 Assault: Domestic violenceTopic 11 Sexual assault and law reformTopic 12 Homicide ITopic 13 Homicide IITopic 14 Homicide IIITopic 15 Factors affecting liability ITopic 16 Factors Affecting Liability II: Duress and NecessityTopic 17 Factors affecting liability IIITopic 18 Factors affecting liability IVTopic 19 Factors affecting liability VTopic 20 Property offences: Dishonest acquisition ITopic 21 Property offences: Dishonest acquisition IITopic 22 Sentencing and punishment ITopic 23 Sentencing and punishment IIBibliography Index


SUMMARY

Grafting to virus-free Mistletoe chrysanthemums was the most reliable method of detecting the chrysanthemum stunt agent, but specific light and temperature conditions were required for the diagnostic 'measles' symptoms to develop. Although stunt agent was highly infectious, leaf-rubbing inoculations with chrysanthemum sap gave erratic results. Colorimetric and electrophoretic tests were unreliable for indexing chrysanthemums.

Stunt agent infected eight of twenty-nine species in the family Compositae, but none of 116 species in forty-seven other families. Stunt spread rapidly by foliage contact and by handling plants, but dipping the hands in 2% trisodium orthophosphate when handling plants increased the amount of spread. Stunt agent was not transmitted by four species of aphids, the glasshouse redspider mite, dodder (Cuscuta campestris) or through chrysanthemum seed.

Stunt agent withstood 10 min at c. 98 °C and dilution to 10-4, was not pelleted by ultracentrifugation, and was inactivated by RNase in weak, but not strong, buffer, suggestive of an uncoated RNA 'viroid'. Partially purified preparations were made by homogenizing frozen chrysanthemum leaves in 0.5 m phosphate buffer with antioxidant at c. 2 °C, and clarification by n-but-anol and chloroform, followed by centrifugation. Highly infective RNA was precipitated from the supernant fluid by 2.5 vol. cold ethanol, and resuspended in a small volume of buffer.

The u.v. absorption spectra of infective preparations and the u.v. absorbance profiles of density-gradients, were very similar to those of preparations from healthy chrysanthemum. Infective partially purified preparations of stunt agent withstood exposure to 2% formaldehyde or tri-sodium orthophosphate, u.v. irradiation, and sonication. Stunt preparations contained no virus particles recognizable by electron microscopy, gave no distinct peak on analytical ultracentrifugation, and did not consistently contain any specific antigen. Although similar to the 'viroids' potato spindle tuber and citrus exocortis, stunt agent did not infect Citrus limon, Gynura aurantiaca or tomato.


The analysis of retrieved implant devices can provide information unavailable through any other method. With the variety of implant designs rapidly increasing, retrieval and analysis of failed cases is an important means of evaluating existing designs, as well as suggesting modifications that might improve implant performance. This paper describes a case in which design considerations, rather than mechanical or material failure, appeared to be a major contributing factor.Sixteen months after insertion of a Howmedica Kinematic Rotating Hinge knee, the patient complained of barometric pain in the knee. Roentgenograms at that time showed the metallic axle component to be protruding laterally. Upon retrieval the polyethylene bumper-lock component exhibited deep scalloping on its surface, which unlocked the axle and allowed it to slide out.


In finding that there had been no violation of the right to privacy and the right to reputation, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) upheld a high level of freedom of expression in a case concerning a joke in a TV-programme about the sexual orientation of a television celebrity in Portugal. For the ECtHR it was important that the domestic courts, in dismissing the defamation complaint by Mr Sousa Goucha, took into account the context in which the joke had been made, and referred to the playful and irreverent style of the television comedy show and its usual humour. It also noted that Mr Sousa Goucha, as a well-known television host, is a public figure, who had earlier publicly declared his homosexuality.


We demonstrate, for the first time, simultaneous generation, transmission and reception of quantum signals and classical signals on a single wavelength. 61.6kbps quantum key and 590kbps classical data rates are estimated.


In this paper, an embedded wafer level package with Cu through mold via (TMV) interconnects was developed for package on package (PoP) application. Cu pillar interconnects for different heights were fabricated on daisy chain test chips and sacrificial chips. The daisy chain test chips were then stacked onto the sacrificial chips using die attach film, and the chip stacks were picked and placed onto a molding tape for mold encapsulation to form a re-configured wafer. The reconfigured wafer was mechanically backgrinded on both sides to remove sacrificial chips and to expose the Cu TMV. The thinned re-configured wafer was temporarily bonded to a stiff Si carrier using a temporary adhesive, in order to reduce the wafer warpage to enable wafer level processing of the Cu redistribution layers (RDL). After front side RDL processing, the re-configured wafer is de-bonded and re-bonded for backside RDL processing. The warpage value of the reconfigured wafer was measured during different process steps and through-scan was performed using a scanning acoustic microscope to inspect the quality of temporary bonding of re-configured wafers to a Si carrier. Electrical test shows good connectivity between front and back side RDL with Cu TMV, thus enabling embedding wafer level package for PoP application.


The villager autonomy provides the effective institutional foundation for the construction of the harmonious countryside of socialism, and the latter correspondingly supplies harmonious background for the former's development. The establishment and perfection of the villager autonomy are significant for promoting the construction of the democratic system and the new harmonious countryside of socialism in China.


The KLOE experiment at the DAΦNE e+e− collider of the Frascati Laboratories of INFN is going to start a second data-taking campaign (KLOE-2). The detector has been upgraded with small angle electron taggers; the insertion near the interaction point of an inner tracker and a couple of calorimeters at low angle (QCALT and CCALT) is planned for the next year. The interaction region of DAΦNE has been modified using a crabbed waist scheme, which has been successfully tested during year 2008. An improvement in luminosity of about a factor of 3 is expected. The KLOE-2 scientific program aims to further improve the experimental studies on kaon and low energy hadron physics, e.g. CKM unitarity and Lepton universality, CPT symmetry and quantum mechanics, low energy QCD, gamma-gamma physics and the contribution of the hadron vacuum polarization to the muon anomalous magnetic moment.


"Islam" in particular as well as "the MENA region" more generally continue to be research objects that are often reflected upon in the light of specific grand narratives. "Orientalism", "Clash of Civilisations", and the "Arab Spring" are not only indicative of the ambiguous position of "Islam" in varying discourses but also shows its particular relevance within IR due to its meaning in the global realm. Does the requirement to develop an Islamic or Middle Eastern IR theory logically follow? This paper argues that such an endeavour would rather reinforce meta-theoretical narratives and eventually perpetuate Middle Eastern exceptionalism. Instead, this paper seeks to contribute to critical IR theory which accounts for the 'situatedness' of meaning that shapes social practices in a particular context. This, however, poses new challenges on the complex issue of in an increasingly globalised world that harbours more and more constitutionalised structures on a global scale, in which the question of legitimacy has to be substantially addressed. Thus, the paper proceeds in three steps: First, it critically assesses predominant IR theories (tacitly) working with normative assumptions, e.g the Westphalian system, and thus producing positivistic scholarship based upon "Western principles". Second, it will be shown that a turn to reflexive scholarship and interpretive methods in IR not only allow to better assess the diverse practices that are related to "Islam" in different contexts but also constitute the basis to critically approach the question of legitimacy. Third, the discourses during the Syrian uprising will empirically highlight the theoretical claim.


DIMITROFF, V. T. 1926 Spirochaetes in Baltimore market oysters. J. Bacteriol., 12, 135-177. DODGSON, R. W. 1928 Report on mussel purification. Minn. Agr. and Fisheries Invest. Ser. II, 10, 1-498. ELIOT, C. 1926 Bacterial flora of the market oyster. Am. J. Hyg., 6, 755-776. EYRE, J. W. H. 1923 Some notes on the bacteriology of the oyster (including description of two new species). J. Roy. Microseop. Soc., London, 1923 (4), 385-394. FABRE-DOMERGUE, M. 1912 Bacterial purification of oysters by standing in filtered artificial seawater. Chem. Abstr., 6, 1045. FANTHAM, H. B. 1907 Spirochaeta (Trypanosoma) balbianji (Certes) its movements, structure, and affinities; and on the occurrence of Spirochaeta anodontae (Keysselitz) in the British mussel, Anodonta eygnea (Prelim. account). Annual Magazine Natural History London, Ser. (7) 19, 493501. FOOTE, C. J. 1895 A bacteriological study of oysters with special reference to them as a source of typhoid infection. Medical News, 66, 320. GEIGER, J. C., WARD, W. E., AND JACOBSON, M. A. 1926 The bacterial flora of market oysters. J. Infectious Diseases, 38, 273-280. GEORGALA, D. L. 1958 The bacterial flora of the skin of North Sea cod. J. Gen. Microbiol., 18, 84-91. HUGH, R. AND LEIFSON, E. 1953 The taxonomic significance of fermentative versus oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates by various gram-negative bacteria. J. Bacteriol., 66, 24-26. JOSEPH, M. 1914 Bacteriological findings in Baltimore oysters. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 25, 128-131. KELLY, C. B. AND ARCISZ, W. 1954 Survival of enteric organisms in shellfish. Public Health Repts., 69, 1205-1210. LISTON, J. 1957 The occurrence and distribution of bacterial types on flatfish. J. Gen. Microbiol., 16, 205-216. LISTON, J. 1959 The bacterial flora of Pacific fish. Bacteriol. Proc., 1959, 12. MACLEOD, R. A., ONOFREY, E., AND NORRIS, M. E. 1954 Nutrition and metabolism of marine bacteria. I. Survey of nutritional requirements. J. Bacteriol., 68, 680-686. SHEWAN, J. M. AND LISTON, J. 1956 Objective and subjective assessments of fish quality. Bull. Inst. Refrig. Suppl. Annexe, 1956-1, 137. SHEWAN, J. M., HODGKISS, W., AND LISTON, J. 1954 A method for the rapid differentiation of certain non-pathogenic asporogenous bacilli. Nature, London, 173, 208. Society of American Bacteriologists 1957 Manual of microbiological methods. Biotech Publications, Geneva, New York. TANIKAWA, E. 1937 Bacteriological examination of oysters stored at low temperatures. Zentr. Bakteriol. Parasitenk. Abt. 2, 97, 133-147. ZoBELL, C. E. 1946 Marine microbiology. Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, M1assachusetts.


By analyzing the development status of concrete materials,the prospect are outlooked,which can show that the extensive application of fiber reinforced concrete can lay a good foundation for development and research of new concrete materials.


Objective To discuss the diagnostic value of color Doppler ultrasound in space-occupying lesion in the liver.Methods Color Doppler ultrasound was performed in 62 cases of liver space-occupying lesion diagnosed by CT or pathological examination,including 18 cases of primary hepatic carcinoma,14 cases of metastatic hepatic carcinoma,22 cases of hepatic hemangioma,and 8 cases of hyperplastic nodules in cirrhotic liver.Results Compared with patients with hepatic hemangioma or hyperplastic nodules in cirrhotic liver,Doppler perfusion index and resistance ratio index significantly increased in patients with primary hepatic carcinoma or metastatic hepatic carcinoma(P0.05).Compared with patients with space-occupying lesion in the liver,total liver blood flow and portal congestive index obviously increased in patients with hyperplastic nodules in cirrhotic liver(P0.05).Conclusion Color Doppler flow imaging can provide multi-parameters and improve the diagnosis and identification of space-occupying lesion in the liver.


Mucin 16 (MUC16) is a transmembrane protein produced by epithelial cells, and its main role is to contribute to the formation of a protective mucous barrier to inhibit debris, pathogens and viruses from entering the cells. However, when overexpressed, MUC16 can lead to cancers of the breast and ovary. Recent studies have shown that in cancer cells, MUC16 is trafficked to the nucleus, but little is known regarding the mechanism of this trafficking. One possible explanation may involve dimerization of MUC16, as shown in the case of mucin 1 (MUC1). Overexpression of the transmembrane MUC1 is also associated with various forms of cancer. Recent studies have shown that MUC1 is trafficked to the nucleus, where it may act as a transcription factor regulating the expression of genes associated with cell growth. The nuclear trafficking of MUC1 is dependent on the formation of MUC1 dimers, formed through inter‐disulfide bonds by two cysteine residues near the end of the transmembrane domain (TMD) of MUC1.


omnibuses, the lifts of the Tube Railway, and similar places, where the risk of their having conveyed infection broadcast is very considerable. Such risks cannot by any amount of aiministrative zeal be avoided or removed. It is, however,no doubt very desirable, especially in densely crowded localities and houses, to remove each case of small-pox when recognized, and to surround it, at small-pox hospitals, with a cordon of people well protected by efficient vaccination. The duty of doing this has been assigned to the Metropolitan Asylums Board, a body which was created by the Metropolitan Poor Act of I867. Its managers number 73. Of these, i8 are nominated by the Local Government Board, and the rest are chosen by the Boards of Guardians from among themselves. The Asylums Board is under the immediate control of the Local Government Board, and it is in no way responsible to the borough councils or vestries. It is defined as a "sanitary authority for the prevention of epidemic disease;" it would be more accurate to speak of "the limitation" rather than " the prevention" of such disease. It deals with infectious fevers, small-pox, and diphtheria, and also with defective children and imbeciles. It takes charge of the ambulance service of London. It has under its care twelve large fever hospitals, small-pox hospital ships on river and land, convalescent hospitals, land ambulance stations and wharves, hospitals for imbeciles, etc. Admission into any one of the hospitals under the Asylums Board is not equivalent to receiving parochial relief or alms, although the expenses incurred for the maintenance of such person are paid by the guardians of the Poor-law union from which he is received, and though the guardians are repaid out of the Metropolitan Common Poor Fund.2 The arrangements for removing small-pox and other infectious cases promptly, once they are recognized, are excellent. The failure in the case of small-pox to arrest an epidemic is not due to bad administration, but to the inherent impossibility of doing what is aimed at by means of isolation.


It has been found that flavours in draught beers described as "woody" or "musty" can be caused by species of Actinomycetes. The organisms do not appear to grow in beer but in the wood of the cask while empty. Ordinary washing does not always remove the flavours.


Work skills for children with mild mental retardation are very important, since the skills will be their assets for the future.There are two benefits that will be obtained if the learning skills are acquired directly in the workplace, namely; First the children will quickly understand the work. Second, the children's skill will directly be recognized by the employer – thus it does not require any tests for applying for the job. The research is intended to find out the learning skill work through apprentices whether to accelerate the comprehension of the child compared with learning work skill at school. The selection of skill programs is adjusted according to the work with the physical, mental / cognitive, social and conditions, and the children's interest on the job as well as the employer's acceptance for the children with mild mental retardation.Some work can be done by the children with mild mental retardation, because the available work is not too difficult and does not require thinking. The available jobs tend to require hand work. The used method in this research is research and development(R& D). The data are obtained through observation, interview, documentation workshop discussion, and limited validation. The results showed that the children with mild mental retardation were able to do semi-skilled jobs, as well as the employers are  willing to accept the children who want to work in the workplace. As for the recommendations the schools should try to apply work skills program through apprenticeship.


Rat cauda epididymides were kept in 1.5-ml centrifuge tubes containing 1 ml milli-Q water or physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) and stored and freezed at -196oC without cryoprotectant for up to 7 days. After thawing of the cauda epididymis, all spermatozoa were non-motile immediately after collection. All oocytes injected with sperm heads (nuclei) of spermatozoa collected from frozen-thawed cauda epididymis in saline were activated (100%) and gradually decreased (P<0.05) in cauda epididymis frozen in milli-Q water at -196°C (86%), and in control (69%). In activated oocytes, a large proportion of sperm heads had transformed into male pronuclear formation (66-78%). When 1-cell embryos were cultured for 120 h, 7% developed to blastocyst stages. These results indicate that genetic materials of species (at least in the rat) that had unexpectedly die can be saved by a simple method. Key words: ICSI, Sperm Heads, Piezo-Injection, Frozen, Rat


Thank you for reading industrial electronics for technicians and technician engineers. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search hundreds times for their chosen books like this industrial electronics for technicians and technician engineers, but end up in harmful downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some malicious virus inside their laptop.


Abstract Catalan includes six dialectal areas. In general, all of them are subdivided into subdialects. Eastern Catalan incorporates five subdialects: the northern transitional subdialect, the subdialects of Barcelona and Tarragona, and the so-called xipella and salat subdialects, which have only been defined by one dialectal feature. These particular traits are dying out at the moment. The aim of this paper is to study the process of extinction of the salat subdialect. The project L'arxiu audiovisual del parlar salat de la Costa Brava (The archive of the salat subdialect of the Costa Brava), started in 2004, shows the vitality of this subdialect and its present-day situation.


Study on proteomics can explain the protein biological function of executing life activities expressed by genome.The results of the research point to a new direction for pharmaceutical and clinical development.This review focuses on the latest developments of the qualitative and guantitative researches on biological mass spectrometry in proteomics,as well as their advantages and prospects.


Recent articles of Sánchez and Gómez (2003a, 2003b, 2004) addressed the subject of fuzzy regression (FR) and the term structure of interest rates (TSIR). Following Tanaka et. al. (1982), their regression models included a fuzzy output, fuzzy coefficients and an non-fuzzy input vector. The fuzzy components were assumed to be triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs). The basic idea was to minimize the fuzziness of the model by minimizing the total support of the fuzzy coefficients, subject to including all the given data. Key components of the Sánchez and Gómez methodology included constructing a discount function from a linear combination of splines, the coefficients of which were assumed to be TFNs, and using the minimum and maximum negotiated price of fixed income assets to represent the fuzziness of the dependent variable observations. Given the fuzzy discount functions, the authors provided TFN approximations for the corresponding spot rates and forward rates. The purpose of this article is to revisit the fuzzy regression portions of the foregoing studies, and to discuss issues related to the Tanaka approach, including a consideration of fuzzy least-squares regression models.


Organic cation transporter (OCT) 1could influence an individual's response to various treatments and increase their susceptibility to diseases. Genotypic and allelic frequencies of nineteen non-synonymous and one intronic Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) from the OCT1 gene were determined in 101 unrelated healthy Zulu participants, using a SNaPshot multiplex assay. Minor allele frequencies (MAF) were compared to representative populations of Africa, Asia and Europe, from Ensembl. MAFs for S14F, V519F, rs622342 and P341L were 2.0%, 6.0%, 6.0% and 1.0%, respectively. Sixteen of nineteen investigated non-synonymous SNPs were monomorphic. No study participant harbored variant alleles for S189L, G220V, P283L, G401S, M420V, M440I, G465R, I542V, R61C, R287G, C88S, A306T, A413V, I421F, C436F and V501E. Haplotype, CGTCGCCGCGCAAGAGGTGA, was most frequently observed (81.23%). Further investigations are encouraged to evaluate potential roles these SNPs could play in the therapeutic efficacy of clinically important drugs and in the development of various diseases in the Zulu population. Keywords—OCT1, PCR, SNaPshot assay, Zulu population.


This paper presents first steps towards development and assessment of a curriculum and tutorials built around hands-on exercises intended to introduce introductory and advanced concepts in wireless communications to current and future STEM professionals in a more effective way. We describe the motivation for the tutorials and our approach to designing and developing the tutorials, and provide a list of planned topics. Assessment results are provided for two tutorials, one of which included an exercise that employed CORNET, an Internet-accessible softwaredefined radio testbed at Virginia Tech. The tutorials were piloted with ten students in a graduate-level software-defined radio course. Based on these results we present conclusions and approaches for improving the initial tutorial exercise and tutorials and exercises to be developed.


Purpose
Last-mile fulfillment is among the most energy-consuming logistics operations in the supply chain. An array of fulfillment options exists, by which shipments are distributed to the point of reception (private household) by private transport, home delivery, and consumer pickup. The energy efficiency of these fulfillment options is a result of the interaction between distribution structure, transportation execution, and household logistics capability. This paper's purpose is to explore last-mile fulfillment options in regard to their energy consumption and identify propositions that make last-mile fulfillment more energy-efficient.
Design/methodology/approach
Interviews with Swedish retailers and their logistics service providers were conducted to compare different last-mile fulfillment options for consumer goods.
Findings
This paper identified options in last-mile fulfillment, which were analyzed in relation to their energy efficiency. Since private transportation is very energy-consuming, energy could be saved in last-mile fulfillment when certain propositions are in place and distribution structure, transportation execution, and household logistics capability are aligned.
Research limitations/implications
Viewing consumers as co-producers of logistics solutions may improve energy efficiency of last-mile fulfillment modes in the supply chain.
Practical implications
This paper gives insights to managers of logistics companies and retailers in how to shape last-mile fulfillment and save energy in this energy-consuming transportation leg.
Original/value
Sustainable development of logistics services can be further enhanced by examining energy efficiency of various last-mile fulfillment options.


The restriction of the groups of claimants represented in three recent shareholder class actions — to those aggrieved shareholders who were also the clients of the law firm acting for the class representatives — and the judicial termination of these class proceedings as long as this restriction continued to be employed, both highlight the existence of a number of fundamental problems with the class action regimes that currently operate in the Federal Court of Australia and in the Supreme Court of Victoria. This article provides a critical analysis of this controversial phenomenon.


Endoscopic papillectomy has been reported as a curative endoscopic treatment for laterally spreading tumors of the duodenal papilla and near the papilla [1, 2]. However, endoscopic papillectomy is associated with postoperative complications such as pancreatitis, cholangiopancreatic stricture, and bleeding. Insertion of a pancreatic ductal stent may prevent these problems and should be performed if possible [3, 4]. In addition, clip closure of mucosal defects may reduce delayed bleeding [5]. However, the presence of pancreatic and bile duct stents may interfere with clip closure and result in incomplete closure of the mucosal defects. We developed a new method, double-wire-guided closure with reopenable clips, which enables closure of mucosal defects before pancreatic and bile duct stents are inserted. With this method, guidewires are inserted into the pancreatic and bile ducts after complete resection of the lesion. The mucosal defect is then securely closed using a reopenable clip (SureClip; MicroTech Co., Ltd, Nanjing, China), with two guidewires in place to prevent respiratory movement. The clip can be opened and closed even with the elevator mechanism of conventional duodenoscopes. Our patient was a 65-year-old man with a laterally spreading tumor in the descending duodenum extending to the papilla. We performed piecemeal resection of the tumor with a duodenoscope (TJF290V; Olympus Medical Systems). We closed the mucosal defect using doubleE-Videos


Purpose To evaluate the performance of PCR-free whole genome sequencing (WGS) for clinical diagnosis, and thereby revealing how experimental parameters affect variant detection. Methods All the 5 NA12878 samples were sequenced using MGISEQ-2000. NA12878 samples underwent WGS with differing DNA input and library preparation protocol (PCR-based versus PCR-free protocols for library preparation). The DP (depth of coverage) and GQ (genotype quality) of each sample were compared. We developed a systematic WGS pipeline for the analysis of down-sampling samples of the 5 NA12878 samples. The performance of each sample was measured for sensitivity, coverage of depth and breadth of coverage of disease-related genes and CNVs. Results In general, NA12878-2 (PCR-free WGS) showed better DP and GQ distribution than NA12878-1 (PCR-based WGS). With a mean depth of ~40X, the sensitivity of homozyous and heterozygous SNPs of NA12878-2 showed higher sensitivity (>99.77% and > 99.82%) than NA12878-1, and positive predictive value (PPV) exceeded 99.98% and 99.07%. The sensitivity and PPV of homozygous and heterozygous indels for NA12878-2 (PCR-free WGS) showed great improvement than NA128878-1. The breadths of coverage for disease-related genes and CNVs are slightly better for samples with PCR-free library preparation protocol than the sample with PCR-based library preparation protocol. DNA input also influences the performance of variant detection in samples with PCR-free WGS. Conclusion Different experimental parameters may affect variant detection for clinical WGS. Clinical scientists should know the range of sensitivity of variants for different methods of WGS, which would be useful when interpreting and delivering clinical reports.


Abstract : Technological change is an important determinant of long-run productivity growth and therefore of increases in living standards over time. Many analysts, aware of the importance of research and development (R&D) for new discoveries, have studied the connection between spending for R&D and productivity growth. As a result, a large number of empirical studies estimate the effect of R&D investment on such growth. This Congressional Budget Office (CBO) paper is not meant to be a survey of the empirical literature relating to R&D and productivity, instead, the paper draws on previous studies, including past surveys, to offer information bearing on three questions related to R&D and productivity growth. First, is R&D an important factor in explaining the growth of total factor productivity (TFP) at the economy-wide level? Second, if R&D is an important factor, how great is its impact? In practice, the main evidence related to these questions consists of econometric estimates of the elasticity of output with respect to R&D, which is defined as the percentage change in output that would be expected from a 1 percent increase in R&D investment. The majority of this paper examines previous studies and surveys to determine a reasonable estimate of the R&D elasticity for the U.S. economy. The third question that the paper examines is, given the shortcomings of the available data, is it worthwhile to add R&D spending to existing models of the economy? CBO uses several such long-run models to forecast growth of gross domestic product (GDP) and to analyze policy options, and TFP growth is an important variable in each one. Although economics has yet to fully explain the determinants of TFP growth, even a cursory glance at the empirical literature suggests that R&D plays an important role. If so, models of long-run economic growth will benefit from an explicit treatment of R&D, especially if the addition of that factor allows those models to better explain economic history.


Over the past two decades,investigation of mediumsized silicon clusters has been an active area of research.In order to identify the growth pattern of low-lying clusters from medium to large sized,in this article,we review the structures and relative stability of medium-sized SiN clusters for 21≤N≤50 and N=60.For Si21-Si29,the predicted lowest-energy clusters(except Si27) exhibit prolate structures.For N≥30 the silicon clusters tend to adopt endohedral fullerene configurations.As cluster size increases(N≥41),tetrahedron configurations emerge in the core structures as embryo of bulk diamond lattice.The SiN cluster up to N=60 has already deviated from the molecule-like behavior of small clusters,but the transition into bulk solid has not completed yet.The structural motif by endohedral fullerene of medium-sized silicon clusters represents an intermediate stage of the transition from molecule-like to bulk-like behavior.


This invention relates to a manufacturing method of multi-function dressing agent of modified nanometer oxide and its use. It consists of the following products: modified nanometer oxide emulsified liquid 5%-30%, penetrating agent 0.01%-1.0%, hand conditioning agent 0-5%, cross linker or grafting agent consisting of more than two 10-90g/l, catalyzer 6-15g/l, the rest is deionized water or distillation. The character is that interlinked reaction can be made between modified nanometer oxide and natural fabric cloth by the aid of cross linker or grafting agent, through regular rolling-baking-torrefying process, multi-function dressing is made in order to make the dressed cloth have the qualities of ultravioresistance and antibiotic property, improve the wash resistance and hand feeling.