Spontaneous failure in a solid medium is described as a localized transition of the material from one physical state to another, characterized in part by contrasting rheological properties and density. Such a process is viewed as a local disordering of the relatively ordered structure of the solid due to any variety of causes, such as massive microfracturing or shear melting, and can be confined to a very thin zone, but nevertheless of finite volume such that a volumetric transition energy can be defined. This leads to the description of failure as a generalized phase transition in a prestressed continuum, with instability and transition zone growth being driven by the energy contributions from the relaxation of stress in the surrounding medium. Direct application of mass, momentum and energy conservation to such a generalized phase transition leads to 'jump' conditions specified on the growing boundary surface of the transition zone, that relate the rupture growth to discontinuous changes in the dynamic field variables across the failure zone boundary. These field discontinuities are, in turn, related to the localized changes in physical properties induced by failure. Dynamical conditions for rapid spontaneous failure growth in a stressed medium are investigated in some detail, and we find that the failure boundary growth can be simply expressed in terms of energy 'failure condition' and a dynamic growth condition specifying the rupture velocity. These results imply that the integral energy change associated with earthquakes is in the range 10^4−10^6 erg/g. Further the failure growth rate is shown to be expressible in terms of the rheological properties of the material before and after failure. For shear melting resulting in a low viscosity fluid, for example, the rupture velocity will be near the shear velocity of the original material. A general Green's function solution for the radiation due to stress relaxation in the medium surrounding the growing failure zone is given and provides the basis for detailed computations of the strain or displacement field changes due to spontaneous failure processes. In particular, it is shown that the jump conditions for the growing transition zone boundary appear naturally as surface integral terms over the boundary. Since these boundary conditions contain the failure rate explicitly, then these terms include effects that have not been represented in previous integral representations of the radiation field resulting from failure. Further, we show that the formal Green's integral representation for the dynamical wave field can be used with known, simple Green's functions to generate approximate solutions for complex failure processes occurring in media with inhomogeneous material properties and prestress.


Modeling attacks, in which an adversary uses machine learning techniques to model a hardware-based Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) pose a great threat to the viability of these hardware security primitives. In most modeling attacks, a random subset of challenge-response-pairs (CRPs) are used as the labeled data for the machine learning algorithm. Here, for the arbiter-PUF, a delay based PUF which may be viewed as a linear threshold function with random weights (due to manufacturing imperfections), we investigate the role of active learning in Support Vector Machine (SVM) learning. We focus on challenge selection to help SVM algorithm learn ``fast'' and learn ``slow''. Our methods construct challenges rather than relying on a sample pool of challenges as in prior work. Using active learning to learn ``fast'' (less CRPs revealed, higher accuracies) may help manufacturers learn the manufactured PUFs more efficiently, or may form a more powerful attack when the attacker may query the PUF for CRPs at will. Using active learning to select challenges from which learning is ``slow'' (low accuracy despite a large number of revealed CRPs) may provide a basis for slowing down attackers who are limited to overhearing CRPs.


53 cases ofmelanocytic intraepidermal neoplasia (MIN) were retrieved from theUCHG files 19901993, ranging from lentigo maligna, dysplastic naevus to florid in situ malignant melanoma. Sections were bleached in Mallory's bleach (potassium permanganate + oxalic acid) and stained with S-100 and HMB-45, with di-aminobenzene (DAB) as chromogen. Sensitivity was 100% for both stains; and HMB-45 was specific for melanocytes, while S-100 also stained sweat glands and epidermal Langerhans cells, in addition to showing increased background staining. 7/53 (13%) cases showed a subtle microinvasive component, with individual melanocytes or small nests of 2-3 cells infiltrating not more than 0.36 mm into the superficial dermis. Recurrence was zero, however, over a follow-up period of 18 months minimum, suggesting that MIN with microinvasion does not confer a worse prognosis than entirely in situ melanoma.


The purpose of this study was to analyze characteristics of the bedroom environment of nursing homes for the elderly in Korea. Field case research was performed using a structured checklist and measurements, from Oct. 28th to Dec. 2nd, 2006. Collected data were analyzed for cognitive efficiency, privacy, safety, supportiveness and amenity. Based on nursing homes for the elderly nationwide (Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2006), we choose 43 facilities in which Seoul and six megalopolis areas that had answered our questionnaire in 2006. We then narrowed the list to 14 facilities, balanced them in terms of regional population. The contents of investigation consisted of eight categories: that general characteristics of the bedrooms (including number of residents per room, using a bed or floor mat, the size and shape of the chamber, space for wheelchair turning, signage), door of bedroom (including door, doorknob, door sill/level difference), windows in the bedroom(including type of window, window sill height, window treatment, window safety device/shape, view/daylight), furniture (including personal furniture and lock), finishes (material, character and color of wall, floor, ceiling), lighting (including types of lighting, night lighting, switch), bathroom in the bedroom (including signage, door size/type, doorknob shape, height of the washbowl, size of toilet bowl, handrail, finishes), and other facilities (including outlet and handrails).


A sample is analysed of those people [in the United Kingdom] who were married at the time of the 1981 Census to a different spouse from the one to whom they were married ten years previously. Comparisons are made between the 1981 and 1971 Census characteristics of the new spouse (and household) and the previous one. Appreciable differences are found between new marriage and the old--and these are compared with the changes in the circumstances of those married to the same spouse in 1971 and 1981. These analyses are practicable because of the use of the OPCS Longitudinal Study.


We investigate the effects of Dynes pair-breaking scattering rate $\Gamma$ on the superfluid flow in a narrow thin-film superconductor and a semi-infinite superconductor by self-consistently solving the coupled Maxwell and Usadel equations for the BCS theory in the diffusive limit for all temperature $T$, all $\Gamma$, and all superfluid momentum. We obtain the depairing current density $j_d(\Gamma, T)$ and the current-dependent nonlinear kinetic inductance $L_k(j_s, \Gamma, T)$ in a narrow thin-film and the superheating field $H_{sh}(\Gamma, T)$ and the current distribution in a semi-infinite superconductor, taking the nonlinear Meissner effect into account. The analytical expressions for $j_d(\Gamma,T)|_{T=0}$, $L_k(j_s, \Gamma, T)|_{T=0}$, and $H_{sh}(\Gamma, T)|_{T=0}$ are also derived. The theory suggests $j_d$ and $H_{sh}$ can be ameliorated by reducing $\Gamma$, and $L_k$ can be tuned by a combination of the bias current and $\Gamma$. Tunneling spectroscopy can test the theory and also give insight into how to engineer $\Gamma$ via materials processing. Implications of the theory would be useful to improve performances of various superconducting quantum devices.


Although associations between religiosity and marital quality have been demonstrated in previous research, mechanisms still remain unclear. Three 3-step hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine whether 10 individual, dyadic or family religious activities or uses of 7 forms of Christian media predicted positive relationship quality, negative interaction and intimate partner violence in a sample of North American Protestants. Joint spousal and family religious activities predicted higher levels of relationship quality. Individual activities, such as reading the Bible, and parent-child activities, such as praying with children and discussing Christians values with children, predicted lower levels of relationship quality. Listening to Christian talk radio and viewing Christian websites or blogs predicted lower levels of relationship quality. The authors inferred that individuals in low-quality relationships use activities such as reading the Bible, listening to Christian talk radio, and viewing Christian websites and blogs to seek information to improve relationships or promote healthy adaptation. Similarly, the authors speculated that praying with children and discussing spiritual values with them were seen as interventionary measures to protect children when parents were in low-quality relationships.


One of the most important factors of a successful translation depends on whether the translated work can reproduce the style of the original work. The translator's creative work can only be carried out within the circumscription set out by the original work. Translators must consciously restrain their own style. They have to learn how to convey the style of the original works at its maximum.


Pathological inattention following parietal damage causes perceptual impairments for visual stimuli in the contralesional hemifield. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine visual cortex activity in parietal patients as they performed a spatial attention task. Righthemisphere patients and healthy controls viewed counterphasing checkerboards in which coloured targets appeared briefly within the contralesional and ipsilesional hemifields. In separate fMRI runs participants focused their attention covertiy on the left or right hemifield, or on both hemifields concurrentiy. They were required to detect coloured targets that appeared briefly within the attended hemifield(s), and to withhold responses to distractor stimuli. Neural activit}' was significantly attenuated in early visual areas within the damaged hemisphere. Crucially, although attention significantiy modulated early visual activit}' within the intact (left) hemisphere, there was relatively littie modulation of activity within the affected hemisphere. Our findings suggest that parietal lesions alter early cortical responses to contralesional visual inputs.


Vertical Navigation (VNAV) trajectory optimization has been identified as a means to reduce fuel consumption. Due to the computing power limitations of devices such as Flight Management Systems (FMSs), it is very desirable to implement a fast method for calculating trajectory cost using optimization algorithms. Conventional trajectory optimization methods solve a set of differential equations called the aircraft equations of motions to find the optimal flight profile. Many FMSs do not use these equations, but rather a set of lookup tables with experimental, or pre-calculated data, called a Performance Database (PDB). This paper proposes a method to calculate a full trajectory flight cost using a PDB. The trajectory to be calculated is composed of climb, acceleration, cruise, descent and deceleration flight phases. The influence of the crossover altitude during climb and step climbs in cruise were considered for these calculations. Since the PDB is a set of discrete data, Lagrange linear interpolations were performed within the PDB to calculate the required values. Given a takeoff weight, the initial and final coordinates and the desired flight plan, the trajectory model provides the Top of Climb coordinates, the Top of Descent coordinates, the fuel burned and the flight time needed to follow the given flight plan. The accuracy of the trajectory costs calculated with the proposed method was validated for two aircraft; one with an aerodynamic model in FlightSIM, software developed by Presagis, and the other using the trajectory generated by the reference FMS.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


Methods are described for the multielement determination in three algae (biomonitors) samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). A certified lichen material from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) was used to verify the accuracy of the methods. A marked depression in all signal measurements was observed due to acid interference of the digested samples. The matrix-matched acid procedure or internal method of standard additions was applied to overcome the interferences. Best results were obtained by applying the matrix-matched acid procedure.


Recently, a powdery mildew on the leaves of Capsium spp., Pimento and pepper, occurred greatly in the vinyl-house at Seungchon area, Chonnam province. According to the field survey, the disease is severe at high temperature and high humidity conditions in the vinyl house. Diseased loaves were severely fallen and remained only several top leaves, thus the setting and thickening of fruits were greatly depressed. The pathogenic fungus was identified as Oidiopsis taurica(Lev.) Arn., imperfect stage of Leveillula taurica (Lev.) Arn., The perfect stage of fungus was not observed. Optimum temperatures for conidial germination ranged at with high humidity.


The seasonal decline in clutch size in birds can be a response to the environmentally conditioned decrease in prospects for offspring or a consequence of a lower physical ability of late-breeding females. To find out which of the explanations apply in Tree Swallows Tachycineta bicolor, we assessed whether replacement clutch size in this species is affected by an individual female's ability to lay a certain number of eggs. To do this, we measured the decline in clutch size as a function of laying date between first and replacement clutches in individuals that re-nested following natural failure, and compared this with the rate of decline in clutch size with laying date for Tree Swallows that laid only a single clutch in that season. Additionally, we assessed whether the clutch size and the rate of its seasonal decline varied across years. We accounted for the truncated and under-dispersed nature of clutch size data by using a Bayesian approach in the analysis. We found little variation in the rate of clutch size decline across years at our breeding site. Accounting for this seasonal decline in clutch size, mean clutch size was similar between single-time breeding females and those that laid replacement clutches, implying that the number of eggs laid on the second attempt by female Tree Swallows is determined by laying date, rather than by the female's physical ability to produce a clutch of a certain size.


An apparatus for printing a material web (3), which can be transported by the apparatus in a transport direction (3'), and in which a colorant can be applied onto the material web (3) at least in a first station (1) and a further colorant can be applied onto the material web (3) and/or the colorant can be localized on the material web in at least one further station (2), is characterized in that a first buffer storage (5a) is arranged in the transport direction (3') of the material web (3) upstream of the first station (1).


Responsibility to Protect (R2P) as a legal norm has emerged through the international community's failures to respond to genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing committed ...


The practice of psychiatry and the development of psychological treatments rest upon how we understand the mind and emotional life. As clinicians working with patients with difficulties in how they feel, relate and think we need an understanding of psychic life in healthy and more disturbed states, just as practitioners of physical medicine need to understand bodily processes in sickness and in health. Since the late nineteenth century psychoanalytic theory has provided a platform from which a series of models of the mind have evolved. An underlying and fundamental tent of this approach is that most of mental functioning occurs at an unconscious level; a finding now widely supported within psychology and neuroscience [1]. The unique contributions of a psychoanalytic approach seek to elucidate and to understand the form and nature of these unconscious processes, both in healthy and more disturbed states of mind. Furthermore, clinical techniques derived from psychoanalysis such as free association and dream interpretation are specifically aimed at identifying unconscious mental processes and psychoanalysis has a great deal to offer a systematic study of the unconscious. Although the terms psychodynamic or psychoanalytic tend to be used in association with psychotherapeutic treatment, a psychoanalytic approach refers to a school of thought able to provide insights into the workings of the mind far beyond the treatment approaches derived from it. The limits of rational thought and considered volitional action in explaining emotional life are blindingly evident from the complexities, extremities and non-common-sensical nature of much of human behaviour. Being driven by powerful emotional forces which we may struggle to fully know or to understand is intrinsic to human life. Our need to love, to connect and to relate contrasts with acts fuelled by hatred, cruelty and alienation. We can function in both highly creative and deeply destructive ways and a coherent model of mental life requires the capacity and vision to address this paradox. Psychoanalytic thinking draws upon the intensity and passion of early life, when the infant's survival is dependent upon his ability to secure a nurturing attachment, and to regulate and tomanage his primitive terrors, as the starting point from which to consider the management of psychic energy throughout life. In taking a developmental perspective psychoanalysis seeks to identify the influencing factors determining how we feel, relate and behave from infancy and throughout life. This enormously ambitious project provides a means to consider how the internal world is formed at an individual and unique level, and also how we behave in groups and within society.


MXenes, as an emerging family of conductive two-dimensional materials, hold promise for late-model electrode materials in Li-ion batteries. A primary challenge hindering the development of MXenes as electrode materials is that a complete understanding of the intrinsic storage mechanism underlying the charge/discharge behavior remains elusive. This article presents two key discoveries: first, the characteristics of the Ti₃C₂Tₓ structure can be modified systematically by calcination in various atmospheres, and second, these structural changes greatly affect Li-ion storage behavior, which reveals the mechanism for lithium storage in Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene. Specifically, via ammonization, the interlayer spacing gets dilated and uniform, giving rise to only one redox couple. In stark contrast, there are two well-recognized redox couples corresponding to two interlayer spacings in pristine Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene, in which Li-ion (de)intercalation occurs between interlayers in a sequential manner as evidenced by ex situ X-ray diffraction (XRD). Notably, the XRD diffraction peaks shift hardly in the whole range of charge/discharge voltage, indicating a zero-strain feature upon Li-ion (de)intercalation. Moreover, the diffusion-controlled contribution percentage to capacity inversely depends on the scan rate. The understanding suggests a new design principle of the MXene anode: reduced lateral size to shorten the diffusion path and dilated interlayer spacing.


Contact address: Dan Horatiu Comsa,17-19 Ploiesti Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com 1 "Nicolae Stancioiu" Heart Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 2 Department 5, Faculty of Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania 3 Department of Cardiology, Rehabilitation Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Abstract: Myocardial ischemia is not commonly associated with infective endocarditis, but when it occurs in this setting, it is more frequently due to embolism from the vegetations or coexisting coronary artery disease. Even though aortic root abscess is a known complication of aortic valve endocarditis, coronary artery compression is an uncommon cause of myocardial infarction in these patients. Case presentation – We describe the case of a 48-year-old patient with infectious endocarditis of the mitral and aortic valve, with compression on both left anterior descending artery and circumfl ex artery due to a large aortic root abscess, causing myocardial ischemia and subsequent cardiogenic shock. These fi ndings were suggested by transoesophageal echocardiography and cardiac computerized tomographic scan and were later confi rmed on autopsy. Conclusion – Finding the cause of myocardial ischemia in a patient with infective endocarditis can be very challenging. We emphasise the role of transoesophageal echocardiography, supported by cardiac computerized tomography for the diagnosis and management of these patients.


Let M be a Riemannian manifold with asymptotically non-negative curvature. We study the asymptotic behavior of the energy densities of a harmonic map and an exponentially harmonic function on M. We prove that the energy density of a bounded harmonic map vanishes at infinity when the target is a Cartan- Hadamard manifold. Also we prove that the energy density of a bounded exponentially harmonic function vanishes at infinity.


Energy Efficiency"s Role in a Zero Energy Building: Simulating Energy Efficient Upgrades in a Residential Test Home to Reduce Energy Consumption


acyclovir than expected [3], other reports did not find a correlation between serum or CSF levels and symptoms [4]. The neurotoxic effect of acyclovir is usually reversible, and recovery occurs earlier when the patient is on hemodialysis [4]. The distinction between acyclovir neurotoxicity and spread of the viral infection to the central nervous system can sometimes be difficult. In our patient the presence of fever, headache, and temporal lobe EEG changes suggested a diagnosis of encephalitis on the one hand; the normal findings in the CSF on the other hand raised doubts but did not dismiss it entirely. The periodic localized episodic activity, as seen in our patient before she lapsed into coma, was previously thought to be almost pathognomonic of herpes simplex encephalitis but this has recently been questioned [5]. When faced with this dilemma, it is important to recall that herpes encephalitis is a potentially lethal disease if untreated, and even with therapy neurologic sequelae are common. Given the adverse outcome of failure to treat herpes virus encephalitis compared to the complete reversibility of the neurotoxicity, we chose initially to err on the side of treatment. This was also the approach of Rashiq et al. [3]. Acyclovir is a valuable drug for the treatment of herpes encephalitis, both simplex and zoster. Its potential for neurotoxicity should be recognized by all physicians using this drug. While it has not always been shown to be dose-dependent, the prescribing physician should be aware of the dose reduction necessary in the presence of renal dysfunction. The manufacturer recommends increasing the dose interval to 12 hours if creatinine clearance is between 25 and 50 ml/minute to 24 hours with a creatinine clearance of between 10 and 25 ml/min, and reducing the dose to 50% of usual dosing and increasing the dose interval to 24 hours with creatinine clearance of 0±10 ml/min. For the patient on hemodialysis, 60±100% of the loading dose should follow each dialysis session [1]. References


To the Editor:

I read with interest the letter of Dr. Walker, 1 the following reply, 2 and the editorial commentary. 3 There are 2 reasons why a chest tube should be used routinely after pneumonectomy. First, it provides immediate information on the amount of blood that the patient may lose after the operation. Although as a rule the blood loss is insignificant and should not exceed 200 to 300 mL, instances are known of massive blood loss due to a slipped ligature or other cause. A pleural drain placed for 24 hours provides this information and prompts the surgeon to re-explore the chest immediately. The second reason for placing the pleural drain has been pointed out by Dr. Cooley: 3 it is to equalize intrathoracic pressure changes. When the patient is turned from the decubitus to the supine position after the operation, the mediastinum shifts, and air in the post-pneumonectomy space becomes compressed, often resulting in immediate subcutaneous emphysema, sometimes massive.

It is not the chest tube that is hazardous, but the suction applied to it. Because there is no lung tissue to expand, negative pressure in the post-pneumonectomy space serves no purpose at all. Moreover, it causes mediastinal shift, with all of its undesirable consequences. Suction should never be applied, and the tube should be removed after 24 hours.


The relative toxicity of imidacloprid and bifenthrin were evaluated against the 4th instar nymph of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) by working out the probit analysis. Imidacloprid was found to be most effective followed by bifenthrin and deltamethrin. Their LC50 values were 0.00017 and 0.00015 for imidacloprid, 0.00152 and 0.00122 for bifenthrin, 0.00199 and 0.00134 for deltamethrin, after 24 and 48 h of treatment respectively. Imidacloprid was 8.93 times and bifenthrin 1.10 times more toxic than deltamethrin after 48 h of treatment. On the basis of LC50 values the order of toxicity was found to be imidacloprid >bifenthrin >deltamethrin.


The paper attempts to discuss Nathaniel Hawthornes Marble Faun (1860) with respect to the Gothic tradition and its influence. It considers the way how particular Gothic elements (persecution, fear of death and evil forces, a confused identity, the secrets of the past, the setting of the Roman Catholic South) are modified and shaped into new connections and contexts: The specific role of American Puritan experience is discussed together with the Romantic emphasis on the healing power of imagination. The feeling of the sublime is related to the central theme of transgression, which is dealt with against the background of Hawthornes mythological tales ("The Paradise of Children") as well as P.B. Shelleys Gothic tragedy The Cenci (1819).


This paper considers some of the recent legislative developments concerning the rights of nature and argues that the environmental rights movement would benefit from more strenuous critical engagement with the question of nature's potential legal 'rights'.


Book reviewed in this article:

Recreating Motherhood: Ideology and Technology in Patriarchal Society. By Barbara Katz Rothman.

Surrogate Motherhood: The Legal and Human Issues. By Martha A. Field.


Abstract : In this age of Communication information and wide access to it considered as wealth. One of the keys to such a source lies in the application of information retrieval techniques which have contributed a lot for the emergence of new Communication technologies. But the use of the word 'new' is not appropriate; technologies are not new, but remarkable transformations have taken place in their application of Communication. They are now available for mass consumption. These technologies have been defined as a micro-electronic system, incorporating computers and telecommunications. ICT (information and communications technology or technologies) is an umbrella term that includes any communication device or application, encompassing: radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network hardware and software, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and applications associated with them, such as video conferencing and distance learning. In such a scenario, education, which always plays a critical role in any economic and social growth of a country, becomes even more important. Education not only increases the productive skills of the individual but also his/her earning power. It gives them a sense of well being as well as capacity to absorb new ideas, increases their social interaction, gives access to improved health and provides several more intangible benefits. When such technologies are used for educational purposes, namely to support and improve the learning of students and to develop learning environments, ICT can be considered as a subfield of Educational Technology. In this study data were collected from college going girl students of B.A. second year and B.A. third year (age group 18-24) of Vasant Kanya Mahavidyalaya and Arya Mahila Degree College of Varanasi district. Which is affiliated to Banaras Hindu University. There was multi stage sampling method. Selection of college was purposive sampling method. Total 191 respondents were selected for this study. Data were collected through self structured questionnaire. This study is based on to empower girls through training and assessment about clothing construction technique. The rate of increase in average knowledge score is found to be significantly of similar pattern because no significant difference is observed between Computer based training and manual based training during pre, intervention and follow up first and second respectively. It was also noted that no significant difference in knowledge level between computerized C.D. and manual booklet provided students during pre intervention as well as first and second follow up regarding , taking body measurement, cutting, drafting and paper patter making respectively. It can say in other words both type of educational materials significantly have similar efficiency to provided knowledge regarding these matter to the students.


We have previously identified an unsupervised molecular classification of ulcerative colitis (UC) into two groups, UC1 and UC2, predictive of response to biologic therapy1. In that study, gene expression data in inflamed colonic biopsies from several published UC cohorts were used. UC1 is characterised by, for example, high expression of Cytochrome P450 26B1 (CYP26B1), calprotectin (S100A8) and interleukin 11 (IL11) and poor response to infliximab, which is also predicted by high expression of oncostatin M (OSM)2. In the current study the consistency of this classification was investigated in a heterogeneous group of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Also, we sought to validate a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) primer set as an alternative, more convenient methodology instead of microarray.

 PCR primers for 7 differentially expressed genes that distinguished UC1 from UC2 in our microarray study were validated. OSM was also included. Separate gut biopsy samples (n = 44) from 15 patients, (8 Crohn's disease, 7 UC), from different locations and at different time points, were analysed with qPCR.

 A heatmap of Pearson correlation coefficients (r) between gene expression levels and clinical factors for the pooled data was generated, Figure 1. Strong correlations, defined as 0.7 ≤ r ≤ 1.0, were found between OSM, CYP26B1, S100A8 and IL-11 (pairwise correlations were statistically significant, p < 0.00001). Similar inter-gene correlations were also observed within individual samples, (data not shown). Gene expression levels were not associated with inflammation, Figure 1.

 These data demonstrate that the group genes we have previously identified as predictive of response to biologic therapy in UC, (CYP26B1, S100A8 and IL-11) plus OSM are also concordantly up-regulated in biopsy material from heterogeneous patients. Thus not only patients with active UC, but also other forms of IBD may be sub-grouped according to this gene expression pattern. The capacity of this gene expression profile to predict therapeutic response should therefore be tested in a broader range of IBD patients. The fact that the concordance of the up-regulation of these genes was independent of inflammation per se, supports the clinical significance of this molecular clustering. Establishment of qPCR-based characterisation into UC1 and UC2 presents a more convenient methodology for clinical stratification.


This study has several objectives, namely, to describe the position of parents in fostering children's spiritual quontients in the millennial generation in Rt 03 Rw 16 Tembokrejo Muncar Banyuwangi, to describe the strategies of parents in fostering spiritual quontients of children in millennial generation on Rt. 03 Rw. 16 Tembokrejo Muncar Banyuwangi, To describe the inhibiting factors of parents in fostering children's spiritual intelligence in the millennial generation on Rt 03 Rw 16 Tembokrejo Muncar Banyuwangi. In conducting this research the approach used by researchers in this study is a qualitative approach. In collecting data, the techniques used by researchers are observation, interview and documentation. Meanwhile, the analysis used is qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that there are several roles of parents in fostering spiritual intelligence of children in the millennial generation, namely, the role of role models, educators, motivators, and caregivers. The strategy of parents to increase children's spiritual intelligence is to foster a love for God and His apostles, foster prosocial behavior in children, parents become a good role model for children. The inhibiting factor itself is twofold namely, internal and external factors.


An 85-year-old man presented to our outpatient breast surgery clinic with an enlarging nipple mass and spontaneous bloody discharge for 1.5 years. The patient's history included coronary artery disease and bilateral carotid endarterectomies, for which he was taking acetylsalicylic acid and


The invention discloses a washing and drying integrated machine which comprises a washing barrel, a heating air duct, a drying draught fan, a condenser, an optical detecting device and a controller. One side of the heating air duct is communicated with the washing barrel. A heater is arranged in the heating air duct. One side of the condenser is communicated with the washing barrel. The other side of the condenser is communicated with the other side of the heating air duct through the drying draught fan. The condenser comprises a transparent detecting part. The optical detecting device is arranged on the outer surface of the transparent detecting part and used for emitting light rays to the transparent detecting part and receiving reflected light rays of the transparent detecting part to obtain clothes drying detection signals. The controller is connected with the optical detecting device and used for judging the drying level according to the clothes drying detection signals and conducting drying control according to the drying level and a preset drying level. The washing and drying integrated machine can judge the clothes drying degree and is instantly stopped when drying is completed, and control accuracy is improved.


Twenty-seven diabetic patients with clinical evidence of neuropathy were investigated by foot radiography, two-phase bone scintigraphy, biothesiometry and cardiovascular autonomic function testing. Typical signs of diabetic osteopathy on radiography were found in 10 subjects (37%), the degree of radiographic abnormality correlating with the severity of neurological impairment. Furthermore, all diabetics with evidence of severe neuropathy showed some evidence of osteopathy on foot radiographs. In all 10 cases of diabetic osteopathy diagnosed radiographically, abnormalities were shown on scintigraphy. In addition, five other patients showed scintigraphic abnormalities, without corresponding changes on radiography, and in this group the neurological impairment was less severe. Although confirmatory longitudinal studies are necessary, it seems likely that the earliest changes of diabetic neuropathic osteopathy may thus be recognized on bone scintigraphy, at a time when conventional radiographs are normal. This stage of diabetic osteopathy is associated with a lesser degree of neurological impairment.


The invention discloses a production method of a grinding wheel for a steel tube. The grinding wheel comprises, by weight, 100 parts of abrasives, wherein 30-50 parts of fused zirconia alumina, 50-70 parts of brown fused alumina, 17-25 parts of phenolic resin, 4-8 parts of pyrite, 1-3 parts of feldspar, 1-3 parts of cryolite, 1-3 parts of carbon black and 3-5 parts of gypsum. In a molding process, feeding is performed for three times and two wheel rims are placed in a non-grinding area; and in a hardening process, segmented heating or heat preservation is performed, the temperature is heated from a normal temperature to 160 DEG C gradually, and the hardening time is 14-16 hours. According to the method, mixed abrasives containing the fused zirconia alumina and the brown fused alumina with multi-granularity are used, the cost of the raw materials is effectively reduced, and the cutting capacity and strength of the grinding wheel are improved; on-load grinding is achieved and the grinding efficiency is improved due to placement of the two wheel rims; the hardening temperature and time are optimized and improved, and the effect is ideal; and the porosity of the grinding wheel is enlarged, the cooling performance is good, the grinding wheel is not easy to explode, and the safety factor is high.


Abstract Background: Regional body composition can influence disease risk and simple screening methods to identify individuals at risk are still needed. Aim: To develop equations for estimating fat and lean mass distribution, using DXA as a criterion, and to compare their performance by the association with cardiometabolic risk factors (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerides and fasting glucose). Subject and methods: The study was conducted among 391 adults (52% female; aged 24–64 years), randomly selected from the EPIPorto cohort, with anthropometric (skin-folds and circumferences) and DXA measures. Multiple linear regression models, by sex, were used to derive predictive equations and to investigate their performance by the associations with cardiometabolic risk factors. Results: The best predicting models included circumferences and skin-folds. The final equations standard error (SEEs) ranged between 1.7–3.2% in men and 2.0–3.7% in women. Similar associations were found between regional body composition, measured by DXA or estimated by anthropometric equations, with traditional cardiometabolic risk factors, supporting the convergent validity of the equations. Additionally, it was found that central fat was associated adversely, whereas peripheral fat was favourably associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and their clustering. Conclusions: Equations combining both circumferences and skin-folds met the necessary standards for predicting regional body composition accurately, being an important tool to identify individuals with cardiometabolic risk.


appear once and that is it so that an interdisciplinary topic would be found in the subject area he chose and not elsewhere. This means that the index becomes so important but, since it has no additional subject arrangement, books on such topics will not be found. Nevertheless, Ubbens has provided a consistently important and relevant bibliography of much of the world's monographic literature and this volume is a further contribution in this area. Thus, it is regrettable that Ubbens has announced that this 2003 will be the last after 30 years. It seems that as an unintended result of German reunification funds that used to support the University Library of Bremen where he did his research have now been diverted instead to the University Library of Leipzig. He and his mass communication bibliography will be sorely missed. For reviews of several of the earlier volumes of this annual see CBQ 29:65, 30:209, 30:543, 34:53 and 35:3. (Eleanor Block)


We address the problem of evaluating textual, task-oriented dialogues between the customer and the helpdesk, such as those that take the form of online chats. As an initial step towards evaluating automatic helpdesk dialogue systems, we have constructed a test collection comprising 3,700 real Customer-Helpdesk multiturn dialogues by mining Weibo, a major Chinese social media. We have annotated each dialogue with multiple subjective quality annotations and nugget annotations, where a nugget is a minimal sequence of posts by the same utterer that helps towards problem solving. In addition, 10% of the dialogues have been manually translated into English. We have made our test collection DCH-1 publicly available for research purposes. We also propose a simple nugget-based evaluation measure for task-oriented dialogue evaluation, which we call UCH, and explore its usefulness and limitations.


The article is devoted to the relevant criminal proceedings subject, namely to the analysis of changes introduced into article 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code by Federal law № 23-ФЗ «On amending articles 62 and 303 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation» of March 4, 2013. The article analyzes new additional means of preliminary verification of the claim (message) on the crime, problems which take place at verification of the messages about crime, as well as the possibility to prove with the help of additional means, conducting of pre-investigation check. On the basis of the studied materials, a number of amendments in article 5, 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and in articles 307, 308, 309 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is given.


The current evidence supports that the genetic code architecture is optimized to minimize the transcriptional and translational errors and to preserve amino-acid hydrophobicity during mutational events. The genetic code is mathematically equivalent to a cube inserted in the ordinary three-dimensional (3D) space, which leads to consistent phylogenetic analyses of DNA protein-coding regions. Herein, the symmetric group    , GC of the genetic-code cubes is formally developed. Next, it is shown that principal component (PC) scales of amino-acid derived from subsets of the genetic-code cubes are highly correlated with hydrophobicity and other physicochemical amino-acid properties. The effect of this architecture on the evolutionary process was modelled by a Weibull probability distribution to fit the evolutionary mutational cost estimated using amino acid PC-scales optimized on a set of homologous proteins. The application of Weibull model permits the identification of mutational events with high and low probabilities of fixation in gene populations. It is illustrated how this approach conveys a valuable information for de novo vaccine design. * Corresponding address: 360 North Frear, Department of Biology. Eberly College of Science. University Park. Penn State University. PA 16802. USA. MATCH Communications in Mathematical and in Computer Chemistry MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem. 79 (2018) 527-560 ISSN 0340 6253


This article aims to develop a reflection on large-scale assessment, from the BNCC (2017; 2018), as a dimension of the containment policy in Brazil. To this end, the relationship between large-scale assessment and BNCC is discussed, taking into account the discourse of International Organizations, which in turn maximize the strict search for results. In this way, BNCC and its main supporters are introduced in order to explain the business reform in education and the intentionality of the large-scale assessment presented in the document. Therefore, the observation is that the BNCC expresses the containment / restriction of access to scientific content, as well as the control and standardization aimed at large-scale evaluations through the policy of releasing so-called socio-emotional content as guides for learning.


The time-dependent electromagnetic field of a magnetic sample mounted in vibrating, rotating, and spinning sample coil magnetometers is modeled using stationary oscillating current multipolar arrays. Suitable detection coil geometries and low-eddy-current cryostat designs follow as a natural and simple consequence of knowledge of the electromagnetic field of the sample analog. The simpler nature of the external time-dependent electric (rather than magnetic) field is a particularly useful feature of the model. >


Distortum vultum sequitur distortio morum --Thomas More History of Richard III Contemporary criminal reporting often likens perpetrators to animals when their crimes are considered particularly reprehensible. Witness this recent headline from the New York Daily News:. "One of the most savage entries in New York's crime annals--the 1989 Central Park wilding attack on a female jogger--may have to be rewritten after DNA testing now clearly points to a new suspect, the Daily News has learned" (September 4, 2002). The adjectives "savage" and "wilding" to describe the crime stress its inhuman qualities and awaken the racial and class tensions that have marked this case. Such comparisons also reify divisions between the species: humans, they suggest, are morally superior to their amoral animal counterparts. Moreover, making the division between human and animal in terms of their capacity for crime serves a definitional purpose that includes a normative component: human beings are perforce that species that does not partake in "beastly" criminal acts. This conflation of the animalistic and the criminal is by no means the invention of current crime news. Shakespeare's was one period in which this motif was rampant. Pamphleteers characterized cozeners, those who commit fraud, and rogues, for example, by pointing out their proximity to animals. For instance, in 1566, Thomas Harman, a landowner and local officer from Kent, described a "wild rogue" by comparing him to a beast: "He is more subtle and more given by nature to all kind of knavery than the other [a regular rogue], as beastly begotten in barn or bushes, and from his infancy trade up in treachery; yea, and before ripeness of years doth permit, wallowing in lewd lechery--but that is counted amongst them no sin." (1) Harman's characterization implies that an animal-like birth is conducive to learning the sinfulness and lechery of criminal life, and then, like a pig, wallowing in this life without compunction. This characterization may also serve to remind readers that the words "crime" and "criminals," in the sense we now use them are inventions of the late nineteenth century when criminology first became established as a scientific discipline. During the Renaissance, citizens worried about the "sin of all sorts" rather than crime and, instead of criminals, those "evildoers [that] go on with all licence and impunity" as another Kent magistrate put it in 1582. (2) Many sixteenth-century statements about the dangers presented by those who commit acts of "lechery" and "sin" may be likened to current preoccupations with the perceived threat of violent crime. In this essay I wish to trace associations of the criminal with the animal into the past by examining the characterization of Shakespeare's Richard York, Duke of Gloucester, who later became Richard III. Specifically, I will analyze the repeated associations of this character's criminal behavior, or sins, and his physical abnormalities with animals. Rather than focusing on Richard's deformity as an indication of his monstrosity, a subject that has been well documented, (3) I intend to show how Richard's extraordinary physicality is connected both with his crimes and with specific animal images. My argument is prefaced by an overview of how Shakespeare repeatedly foregrounds the Duke of Gloucester's anomalous body as a central aspect of his characterization. I then explain the audience's response to this fascinating and repulsive body by revisiting Lady Anne's reluctant sexual attraction to Richard as evidenced in the wooing scene. Concentrating on the cursing scene (act 1, scene 3), I trace in the third part of this essay the individual lines of animal imagery associated with Richard, including those related to dogs, boars, toads, and spiders. An analysis of specific types of animal imagery will demonstrate, on the one hand, that Richard's individual crimes are conflated with his supposedly beastlike physical characteristics; on the other hand, note will be taken of those less numerous allusions to Richard's animalistic characteristics that underscore his cleverness and strength. …


An account is given of experiments in which several critical features of the radar operator's task were examined. Experienced operators were used in each case, and special simulators were constructed to give realistic but controllable presentations. Throughout the first study, subjects were required to undertake an auditory detection task at the same time as maintaining a visual search on the radar display. Each experimental watch lasted for 3 hours and was preceded and followed by a measurement of ' optimal' performance under psycho-physical test conditions. Results wore analysed to compare the effects of ' continuous ' and ' interrupted ' radar operating, and to show how performance on watch ia related to ' optimal' standards. Trends throughout a single session, and throughout five successive daily or weekly ones, were examined. The second experiment was designed to assoss the influence of target density (the number of contacts displayed simultaneously) and of blip-scan ratio (probability of ' paint ') ...


The implications of selection bias due to volunteering (volunteer bias) for genetic association studies are poorly understood. Because of its large sample size and extensive phenotyping, the UK Biobank (UKB) is included in almost all large genomewide association studies (GWAS) to date, as it is one of the largest cohorts. Yet, it is known to be highly selected. We develop inverse probability weighted GWAS (WGWAS) to estimate GWAS summary statistics in the UKB that are corrected for volunteer bias. WGWAS decreases the effective sample size substantially compared to GWAS by an average of 61% (from 337,543 to 130,684) depending on the phenotype. The extent to which volunteer bias affects GWAS associations and downstream results is phenotype-specific. Through WGWAS we find 11 novel genomewide significant loci for type 1 diabetes and 3 for breast cancer. These loci were not identified previously in any prior GWAS. Further, genetic variant's effect sizes and heritability estimates become more predictive in WGWAS for certain phenotypes (e.g., educational attainment, drinks per week, breast cancer and type 1 diabetes). WGWAS also alters biological annotation relations in gene-set analyses. This suggests that not accounting for volunteer-based selection can result in GWASs that suffer from bias, which in turn may drive spurious associations. GWAS consortia may therefore wish to provide population weights for their data sets or rely more on population-representative samples.


Objectives: To examine day surgery patients' satisfaction levels with nursing services using Scale of Patient Perception of Hospital Experience with Nursing (PPHEN). Methodology: The study design was descriptive. Data were collected by the researcher in the Day Surgery clinic of a university hospital in Turkey. Participants with literacy were 18 years old and older. The sample included 148 patients agreeing to participate in the study. Data were collected using a questionnaire including socio-demographic questions for patients and PPHEN Scale, Turkish Version adapted to Turkish by Coban. The data were assessed through descriptive statistics, t-test, Man-Whitney U Test and Kruskal Wallis variance analysis. Results: When PPHEN point averages according to age were compared, the point average for the age group of 66 years and above was 72.78 (SD= 8.28), for the age group of 19 to 40, 68.26 (SD= 11.6); and the difference between these points was found statistically significant (P= 0.041). For PPHEN point averages according to patients' educational backgrounds, it was 70.50 (SD= 10.19) for primary school graduates, 64.57 (SD=15.97) for university graduates; and the difference was found statistically significant (P= 0.000). Conclusions: In this study, it was, in general, found out that the patients were satisfied with the nursing services.


The author propose changing the concept of learning by making to learning the construction of a system. The working population has made the transition from resource-intensive industries to knowledge-based industries through the development of technology. In order to effectively adapt learning by making in technology education to knowledge-based industries, we have to change the basic approach to learning from a work-based to a design-based approach, and the elements used from resource-intensive to knowledge-based. A learning approach that regards making something as a trial model is effective in lessons focused on design, and introducing knowledge-based elements in lessons is effective for students to learn the concept of system, in which students regard the parts as functioning elements and produce a new function by connecting them. Moreover, the concept of system allows teachers to smoothly implement lessons focused on design because the process of design applies an approach to choice and connection of elements. As a result, teachers can begin to use knowledge-based elements in their lessons and create an environment for students to learn technology by learning the concept of system.


Recent developments in the theory of exactly solvable models are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the finite size corrections to the Bethe ansatz equations. Baxter's formula which relates a 2-dimensional statistical model with a 1-dimensional spin model is extended into the finite temperature case. A combination of this extension and the theory of finite size corrections gives a systematic method to evaluate low temperature expansions of physical quantities. Applications of the method to 1-dimensional quantum spin models are discussed. Throughout this paper, the usefulness of the soliton theory should be observed.


BACKGROUND: Novel molecular aberrations are found and their prognostic or predictive values are reported. We have established a network for genetical analysis for central nervous system tumors in Kansai area, Japan. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed clinical records of histologically proven 144 glioma patients (grade4: 88, grade3; 30, grade2: 30) treated by institutes accompanied with Kansai network for molecular diagnosis of central nervous system tumors between 2004-2014. Surgical specimen which were obtained at an initial surgery were used for molecular characterization. We investigated methylation status of MGMT promoter by methylation specific realtime PCR. Mutation of IDH1(R132H), IDH2 and TERT promoter were analyzed by Sanger method. Survival proportion was calculated by Kaplan Meyer method. RESULTS: Median time of overall survival (OS) of grade 4 and grade3 gliomas were 77 and 190 weeks, respectively, OS of grade4 and grade3 patients with methylated MGMT promoter was significantly longer than those without methylation status (151 versus 75.6 weeks, p = 0.0027). IDH1 mutation was found in 23/30, 16/30 and 5/88 cases of grade2, grade3 and grade, respectively. Mutation of TERT promoter was detected in 16/30, 13/30 and 40/87 cases of grade2, grade3 and grade, respectively. CONCLUSION: These data bring us important information to decide how to treat glioma patients. And analysis of glioma patients include who do not match for clinical trial may reveal more practical clinical course and aspects.


Though ostensibly tasked with enforcing their respective nations' campaign finance laws, the Federal Election Commission ("FEC"), Australian Electoral Commission ("AEC"), and Electoral Commission ("EC") are woefully unable to meaningfully address the evolving nature of campaigns or enforce existing regulations in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, respectively. Attempts at enforcement are cut off at the knees by political infighting, half-hearted grants of independent authority, and a lack of institutional support. Conversely, the New York City Campaign Finance Board ("CFB") is recognized as an example of meaningful enforcement and relative political independence. By implementing changes that translate the CFB's municipally-successful structure to federal agencies, the FEC, AEC and EC could become more effective in the enforcement of existing laws and better at adapting to the changing face of elections. Cite as: Kelly Ann Skahan, Ineffective By Design: A Critique of Campaign Finance Law Enforcement in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, 27 WASH. INT'L


A comparative analysis of the occupational hazard was done when working with widely known cyanide electrolytes and new thiocarbamide and citrate acid-based electrolytes. For this purpose, we made use of available reference data on maximum permissible substance concentrations, i.e. process solution components. Appropriate computations were done to define the environmental hazard of the electrolytes used for the application of silver, gold and copper coatings and also for the electrochemical silver polishing. Consideration was given to the reactions that proceed in cyanide and thiocarbamide-citrate bathes. The main drawbacks and advantages of given electrolytes have been established. Special attention was paid to the quality of galvanic products. It was proved that the suggested electrolytes are highly competitive with cyanide analogues as for their visual appearance, density and other characteristics of the condition of treated surface. These turned out to be labor saving and energy efficient and have substantially lower harmful effect on the human health and environment.


Many Dutch castles and noble houses are situated in high-medieval reclamation regions. In literature sometimes a relationship is suggested between the castles and the reclamations, but empirical evidence is extremely rare, as is scientific research. In recent years, however, the amount of archaeological data on castles has grown enormously and also our knowledge of landscape history has increased. This makes it worthwhile to go back to the relationship between the two. The relationship between reclamations and castle building will be discussed in three wetland regions that were reclaimed during the High Middle Ages. In the first, in Langbroek, large numbers of small castles were built from the middle of the 13th century onwards, mainly by three families. Their spatial distribution suggests an indirect connection with land ownership by the manors in the surrounding villages that had organised the reclamations more than a century earlier. The second case study, Jutphaas, is less clear, although here the large density of castles seems to have been the result of building activities by one or two families. The third case study is situated in the core region of the systematic fenland reclamations along the border between the county of Holland and the bishopric of Utrecht. Here in recent years a number of castle sites have been discovered that may date from the early days of the newly-reclaimed landscape. These castles seem to have been deserted early. The reclamations offered opportunities for ambitious people to climb the social ladder and built or obtain castles and noble houses.


Martin has proposed a scenario dubbed ``compressed supersymmetry'' (SUSY) where the MSSM is the effective field theory between energy scales Mweak and MGUT, but with the GUT scale SU(3) gaugino mass M3 M1 or M2. As a result, squark and gluino masses are suppressed relative to slepton, chargino and neutralino masses, leading to a compressed sparticle mass spectrum, and where the dark matter relic density in the early universe may be dominantly governed by neutralino annihilation into t pairs via exchange of a light top squark. We explore the dark matter and collider signals expected from compressed SUSY for two distinct model lines with differing assumptions about GUT scale gaugino mass parameters. For dark matter signals, the compressed squark spectrum leads to an enhancement in direct detection rates compared to models with unified gaugino masses. Meanwhile, neutralino halo annihilation rates to gamma rays and anti-matter are also enhanced relative to related scenarios with unified gaugino masses but, depending on the halo dark matter distribution, may yet be below the sensitivity of indirect searches underway. In the case of collider signals, we compare the rates for the potentially dominant decay modes of the 1 which may be expected to be produced in cascade decay chains at the LHC: 1?c1 and 1?bW1. We examine the extent to which multilepton signal rates are reduced when the two-body decay mode dominates. For the model lines that we examine here, the multi-lepton signals, though reduced, still remain observable at the LHC.


The protonation equilibria of cysteine and its complex formation with the Tl(I) ion were studied over a wide range of pH (1 to 11), using a combination of spectrophotometric and potentiometric methods at constant temperature, 25 °C, different methanol−water mixtures, (0 to 40) % (v/v), and constant ionic strength (0.1 mol·dm−3 sodium perchlorate). Least-squares regression calculations are consistent with the formation of TlH2L+, TlHL, and TlL− species, where L2− represents the fully dissociated ligand. The protonation of cysteine and the formation constants of the formed complexes in different media were analyzed in terms of Kamlet, Abboud, and Taft (KAT) parameters. Single-parameter correlations of the formation constants versus α (hydrogen-bond donor acidity), β (hydrogen-bond acceptor basicity), and for π* (dipolarity/polarizability) are relatively poor in all solutions, but multiparameter correlations represent significant improvements with regard to the single-parameter model. Linear correlation is o...


Traffic monitoring sites are installed in highways to collect speed, volume, and classification data to support various planning and intelligent transportation system applications. There is minimal research that addresses speed accuracy and methods to evaluate it without manually collecting vehicle speed data. Accurate speeds are important because the measured speed is used to calculate axle spacing distances and determine the vehicle classification. If the speed measurements are not accurate, the axle spacing distances may not conform to expected values making it difficult to classify the vehicle. This paper identifies values for the drive tandem axle spacing on Federal Highway Administration (FHwA) Scheme F Class 9 vehicles based on truck-manufacturer sales data. A relationship between the drive tandem axle spacing and speed calibration accuracy is verified by collecting and analyzing data from two weigh-in-motion (WIM) sites in Indiana. Based on this relationship, a traffic monitoring lane can be autom...


SPF chickens showed classic symptom of IB when they were challenged with IBV M41 strains (0.3ml per chicken,100EID50) by the intranasal instillation. There were apparent pathological changes in the infected chickens' trachea, lung, kidney, and so on. A nested RT-PCR was used to detect IBVs in all of the organs, so the rising and falling rule of IBV in organs was found.


Very occasionally a young person comes along who truly stands out, who has the right combination of intelligence, creativity, motivation, and enthusiasm to give them extremely high potential to contribute to your field – in my case paleobiology. I have not met many of these in my 20 year career – perhaps 3 or 4. Phoebe Cohen is one of them. She is one of the most extraordinary young people I have ever met, with the potential to rank among the very best in our field. Phoebe was an undergraduate student in two classes that I taught at Cornell. She then approached me about sitting in on my graduate student seminar during her senior spring semester. After graduation I hired her as my assistant, a position she filled for two years before going to graduate school. During her time in grad school at Harvard we stayed in fairly regular contact. In addition to having dinner at GSA meeting every year, I usually asked her for the latest information in her specialty of late Proterozoic paleontology to integrate into my teaching, and she usually solicited my advice on issues from academic politics to career options. We published a paper together based on work she did while at PRI. I have therefore long valued her as a scientific colleague. During her time as my assistant, Phoebe almost literally did everything — from building exhibits to fixing computers to editing publications to assisting me with my personal research. She did everything I needed, usually better than I could have imagined, and then looked for additional challenges which she has also accomplished with great skill. As a scientist, Phoebe has made a real name for herself at a very young age, and established herself as an emerging "star" in the high-profile topic of Precambrian paleontology. She has contributed significant new observations and interpretations, and — just as importantly — presents them clearly in the context of the broader issues that Proterozoically-challenged colleagues like me are interested in. In her last year in grad school I invited her to come back to Cornell to give a departmental seminar — her first such talk — and she handled it like the seasoned professional she had already become. In addition to all of this, Phoebe's interests are much broader than just paleontology, which is the real justification for her receiving this award. She is passionate about teaching, about public understanding of science, about social and political issues, and in that hackneyed but in this case fully appropriate phrase, about "wanting to make a difference". Her move to Williams College this fall — which was so richly deserved and delightful to all of us who know her — gives her another prominent and, I hope, long-term platform to continue to do just that. I cannot take a bit of credit for Phoebe and her accomplishments, but it has been a great pleasure to watch her do so many things so well. I hope to continue to be able to do so for many years into the future. Congratulations, Phoebe, on this enormously well-justified recognition.


Classes are harder to subclass than they need be. This report addresses this problem, showing how to design classes that are more modular and easier to subclass without sacriicing the extensibility that makes subclassing useful to begin with. We argue that a class should have t w o i n terfaces, an instance interface used by programmers manipulating instances of the class, and a specialization interface used by programmers building subclasses of the class. Instance interfaces are relatively well understood, but design principles for specialization interfaces are not. In the context of single inheritance, we argue that specialization interfaces should be partitioned into class components. A class component groups part of a class's state together with methods to maintain that state. Class components establish abstraction boundaries within classes, allowing modular replacement of components by subclasses. Achieving this replaceability requires reasoning about each component as an independent unit that depends only on the speciications of other components and not on their implementations. We i n troduce the concept of abstract representation to denote the view of a class's state given in its specialization interface. This view is more detailed than the view used to describe instances of the class, revealing details that describe the interfaces between class components. It is less detailed than the actual implementation, hiding implementation details that should not be exposed even to specializers. We also consider multiple inheritance, speciically, S n yder's model of encapsulated multiple inheritance. We advocate separating class components into individual classes called mixins. Instantiable classes are built by combining multiple mixins. With the mixin style of design, class hierarchies have more classes than in equivalent single-inheritance designs. These classes have smaller, simpler interfaces and can be reused more exibly. To explore the impact our ideas might h a v e on program design, we consider classes from existing libraries in light of the proposed single-and multiple-inheritance methodologies. To explore the impact our ideas might h a v e on language design, we present t w o diierent extensions to Java, one that provides a level of static checking for single-inheritance designs, and another that adds the encapsulated model of multiple inheritance. Acknowledgements This report revises a PhD dissertation of the same title. My advisor, John Guttag, contributed to the thesis in innumerable ways. His own research on software engineering, and the courses he's developed and taught, were important, technical innuences. By turning my …


The current interest in space exploration, including a permanent manned presence on the moon, and the exploration of Mars has led to the investigation of various nuclear power system options for the supply of lunar and planetary surface power. This paper examines the broad goals that such a system should have, and in particular how they will differ from the goals of more fimiliar space nuclear power systems. We then sketch a concept for a modular nuclear reactor that can successfully meet these new and different objectives. Our concept draws upon several of the technologies being developed in the SP‐100 program, where they are appropriate, in order to hasten the development and implementation of a planetary surface power system that can best support these objectives.


The hierarchal structure of our patriarchal society is reflected in current educational policies. As such, this study seeks to explore the agency of the public high school principal, and illustrate ways in which feminist pedagogy and feminist thought can be used as a source of empowerment. In this study I interview three public, high school principals to explore their perceptions of their agency in stimulating social change, as compared to what is documented about their roles and responsibilities. I then analyze and critique this space from a postfeminist perspective, using postfeminist concepts to explore the power relations that principals are implicated in and how they might be challenged through feminist pedagogy. The study poses the following question: How can feminist pedagogy be used by public high school principals to stimulate social change?


In this paper we develop closed-form approximations for the coded BER in bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) transmission over Rayleigh fading channels. To obtain the desired expressions we apply the so-called saddle point approximation and use analytical forms of the probability density functions (PDF) of the reliability metrics. Numerical examples illustrate the accuracy of the proposed method.


This paper presents the results of an investigation of the pulsed recording of holograms that use a photosensitive composite based on polyvinyl alcohol with acrylamide. It shows that it is possible in practice to use the given polymeric material to record various types of holograms.


General information:  Compulsive buying disorder is characterized by excessive and inappropriate shopping and buying behavior that leads to impairment manifested through personal distress, social, marital, occupational dysfunctions, and financial or legal problems.  It involves (a) frequent preoccupation with buying or impulses to buy that is experienced as irresistible, intrusive, and/or senseless, (b) frequent buying of more than can be afforded, frequent buying of items that are not needed, or shopping for longer periods of time than intended, and (c) The excessive buying or shopping behavior does not occur exclusively during periods of hypomania or mania.


Proposed Canada-wide standards for medical waste incinerators that are slated for final approval this spring could lead to the closure of many incinerators.

Many of the country's 120 hospital incinerators now burn PVC plastic, paper, batteries and discarded equipment, and this leads to emissions of


A method for a node B obtaining the channel quality information in a TDD HSDPA system includes: the radio network controller (RNC) sends a measurement control message to a user equipment (UE), requests the UE reporting the downlink received signal quality of the serving HS-DSCH cell; the UE reports the downlink channel quality information to the RNC via a measurement report message; the RNC forwards the downlink channel quality information to the node B via a HS-DSCH (high speed downlink shared channel) frame. With the invention, when the node B performs transmission to the UE on the HS-DSCH for the first time, or the time interval is too long, the modulation and coding mode could be selected based on current channel quality information.


objective Somatostatin mediates its many inhibitory functions through five G‐protein‐coupled receptors (sstr1−5); however, it is not known whether somatostatin or its receptors are present in the endometrium.


Last July 2021, a destructive earthquake occurred in the northern Ampana area, Central Sulawesi, with the epicenter at sea. We investigated the earthquake and found 101 hypocenter points with a magnitude of 2-6 Mw from 26 July to 18 August 2021 using the BMKG network. Of the 101 earthquakes, we relocated the hypocenter using the multiple difference method and obtained 75 earthquake events resulting from the relocation. The results obtained from the relocation are that several earthquake events with a fixed depth of 10 km have been updated. To validate the results, we used a histogram of travel time results, which depict the relocation results as good, and some close to zero. The results of the hypocenter relocation have a depth of 5 to 30 km and are collected in one location. The shift's direction and angle from the relocation results show that most of them are in a dominant direction to the north. It is interpreted that the earthquake was caused by force activity caused by the Balantak thrust, which is in the east and has a north direction towards the study site.


. An outline is given of a project to model thick accretion discs around a black hole. A simple shear viscosity is assumed and the effects of radiation transport and thermal conduction neglected. Preliminary results are given for the equatorial structure of the model discs.


As was pointed out ten years ago by Wedenski, from telephone observations of the negative variation, by Waller, from galvanometric observations of the same, and by Bowditch from the observation of long-persisting excitability in the nerves of temporarily curarised mammals, nerve is now admitted to be practically inexhaustible. The apparent exhaustion of nerve when a nerve-muscle preparation is submitted to prolonged excitation is, as was first demonstrated in Bernstein's experiment, not an exhaustion of nerve, but an exhaustion of the organ of intermediation between nerve and muscle, which, as pointed out by Waller, is the weak link in the neuro-muscular chain, being the point at which functional failure is first manifested, in fatigue, in nerve degeneration, in intoxication by curare (Bernard), and at death. Taking as the sign of action artificially excited in a nerve, the negative variation of its current of rest (du Bois-Reymond) or current of injury (Hermann), the long endurance by nerve of excitation excessive in strength and in length, is well shown by prolonged photographic records of the galvanometric indications, which exhibit little or no decline, in marked contrast with similar records of the negative variation of muscle which declines pari passu with the declining contraction due to fatigue of the motor end plates. This steady regularity of response renders nerve pre-eminently suitable to the systematic study of its experimental disturbance.


Fast (~50 ps) initialization of a long-lived hole spin qubit in a single InGaAs quantum dot is achieved by exciton ionization. A QD exhibiting no fine structure yields fidelities exceeding 98% at zero external field thus forming a key building block for high fidelity quantum information processing.


Since the development of Relativity theory, a variety of solutions have been found around Einstein field equations, depending on the time-space. For instance, we can find the axially symmetric space which describes a rotanting black hole. To understand this astrophysics objects, we must do a ray tracing, which is a simulation of photon's trajectory from the black hole to observer. Since are millions of photons recievied by the observer, we need a computational tool to resolve this problem for generating the image of black hole. Thanks to the YNOGK- GEOKERR code, we can visualise the black holes characteristics and the solutions of the equations of motion using separability and interior point methods. With this article we want to study this type of space and also to show the results for black hole simulations with this routine.


Recent research shows that the spectral characteristics of land covers and their responses to LST are different based on their climatic type. Resultantly, spectral indices (SIs) show different evaluations to be successfully used in sharpening techniques like the DisTrad, to sharpen LST over several land covers, especially in urban areas. The main objectives of this study are; 1)- to evaluate the spatial relationship between LST and a number of most commonly used urban's remote sensing SIs (21 SIs described in table 2) over the Gaza Strip in two land cover scenarios: all land covers "All" and the urban mask "urban"; 2)- to downscale aggregated low-resolution Landsat 8\LST image at 1000 m to a higher resolution of 100 m. Spectral indices and land surface temperature are calculated using the Landsat 8 image of summer 2017. Spatial regression analysis between SIs and LST within the "All" land cover class and at 1000 m resolutions show the best SIs that have the highest correlation (R2) with LST are DBSI (0.66) and ABEI (0.59). While in the "urban" class, the same indices shows also the highest correlation; BAEI (0.57) and DBSI (0.64). Moreover, statistical validation with LST observation at 100m resolution (Landsat 8\LST), DisTrad was found successful to downscale LST to 100 m resolution over UCI areas using the indices ABEI and DBSI with the highest correlation (R2) over the "All" class (0.77 and 0.73 respectively) and over the "urban" mask using DBSI (0.59) and BAEI (0.58).


The mechanism of dyeing of formalized vinylon with disperse dyes was studied, by using several vinylons having the degrees of formalization different from each other, and cellulose acetate rayon for comparison, and purified p-nitroaniline, p-nitrodimethylaniline, azobenzene and p-aminoazobenzene as models of disperse dves.Isotherm curves, for the distribution of p-aminoazobenzene and p-nitroaniline between formalized vinylon and water, showed the linearities explained by partition law, and it was found that their slopes depend on the degree of formalization, namely, the higher formalized vinylon causes the higher partition coefficient of model dyes. Accordingly, it may be concluded that disperse dyes dissolve into formalized PVA substrate. Therefore, a correcting coefficient, a function of the degree of formalization, is introduced into Majury's equation to calculate affinities of model dyes on formalized vinylon.Affinities of p-aminoazobenzene, p-nitroaniline and p-nitrodimethylaniline on vinylon, of which the degree of formalization was about 35 mole percent are nearly equal to those on cellulose acetate rayon. And also, their dyeing heat on vinylon are nearly equal to those on cellulose acetate rayon. But affinity and heat of the dyeling of azobenzene on formalized vinylon are lower than on cellulose acetate rayon, and its entropy changes of dyeing on formalized vinylon shows minus values, therefore it may be thought that other physical forces with exception of hydrogen honding are principal in this case.


The Merriam-Webster online dictionary describes a kaleidoscope as 'an instrument containing loose bits of coloured material (such as glass or plastic) between two flat plates and two plan mirrors so placed that changes of position of the bits of material are reflected in an endless variety of patterns' ("Kaleidoscope," 2019). As guest editors, Jennifer C. Greene and I consider the articles in this special issue of the International Journal of Research and Method in Education a kaleidoscope containing a diversity of intellectual thought on mixed methods in education that attends carefully to both conceptual and practical issues. The educational researchers, evaluators, and methodological scholars featured in this special issue thoughtfully question taken-for-granted paradigmatic assumptions, creatively theorize the purpose of mixed methods, illuminate the capacity and complexity of mixed methods research teams, make meaning of mixed methods work through artistic expression, promote the transformative possibilities of mixed methods designs, and purposefully mix different analytic approaches to produce richer understandings. The first two articles in the special issue disrupt traditional thinking about how theory can be used for mixed methods work. The article, Weaving an Interpretivist Stance Throughout Mixed Methods Research by Katrina McChesney and Jill M. Aldridge, problematizes the often unquestioned assumption that certain methods 'belong' with particular paradigms. McChesney and Aldridge argue that researchers have the flexibility as well as the responsibility to consider how a method or mixed methods is consistent with the philosophical assumptions of a paradigm. To advance their argument, the authors provide an empirical example that explicitly links an underexploited stance for mixed methods work (interpretivism) to a mixed methods approach used to investigate teachers' professional development experiences. The second article, Embedding the Dialogic in Mixed Methods Approaches to Theory Development by Elizabeth G. Creamer and Cherie Edwards, disrupts the way of thinking about incongruencies in qualitative and quantitative findings as something to be avoided. To do this, Creamer and Edwards introduce the concept of incremental and rupture theorizing, drawing attention to the generative potential of dissonance. Through empirical studies from diverse fields, including education, these authors illustrate incremental and rupture theorizing, showcasing the creative ways mixed methods researchers used dialogic techniques to integrate qualitative and quantitative findings in response to unexpected results. The second set of articles emphasize mixed methods teamwork, but in distinct ways. Cheryl Poth's article, Realizing the Integrative Capacity of Educational Mixed Methods Research Teams: Using a Team Developmental Strategy for Boosting Innovation, draws on concepts from complexity science to address the challenges of cultivating meaningful collaboration among members of mixed methods research teams. Her discussion offers strategies designed to continuously develop the capacity of a team in order to integrate their individual competencies and foster a shared responsibility for addressing complex educational issues. In their article, Dialectic Dialogue: Reflections on Adopting a Dialectic Stance, authors Stephanie Cronenberg and Marcia Headley address the mixing of paradigms. Working as a team (of sorts), these former education doctoral students participate in a meta-dialogue, engaging how the dialectic stance was applied in their respective dissertations. Their autoethnographic account uses first-person narratives and artistic expressions to reflect on how


This essay gave an analysis of the impact factors of rear-end accident,then set up a more practical and simple rear-end fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model by analyzing the various impact factors and choosing the important ones from them.The results of cases' evaluation verify that the fuzzy evaluation model could be used in practice.The model can considerate various factors and its results well provide the basis for accidents avoiding program formulation.


 ABSTRACT In designing industries, a lot of measures need to be taken before coming to the final design phase. During the initial stage of designing a product, designers usually will design according to their sketching without considering guidelines for mass production manufacturing. This will consume soo much time on re-designing for to suit manufacturing requirement. There-fore this paper purpose to consider industrial guideline specifically on designing product directly for injection moulding. The most basic requirement on design for direct manufacturing that designers need to consider while designing are wall thick-ness, rib, boss and cored holes, suggested design for corners and materials selection. The guideline was applied to a jaun-dice meter prototype design as a case


Materials and Methods: A total of 1196 postmenopausal women with BMD (g/cm2) measurements at lumbar vertebra (LS) and femur neck (FN) were enrolled. Demographic, reproductive characteristics and Body Mass Index (BMI) of patients were defined. In order to define BMD related factors, multiple regression analysis was employed. Results: Main results were as follows: mean age= 59.97±8.56 yrs; weight= 73.49±13.06 kg; BMI= 29.25±5.22kg/m2, age of menarche= 14.00±1.64 yrs; number of deliveries 4.22±2.09; total breastfeeding duration= 60.77±38.80 months; number of breastfeeding per day= 8.23±3.91; menopausal age= 47.12±4.22 yrs; duration of menopause= 12.80±9.10 yrs; LS BMD= 0.993±0.171 gr/cm2; FN BMD 0.844±0.14 gr/cm2. There were negative correlations between LS BMD and FN BMD values and age, menopause duration, total breastfeeding duration, and number of breastfeeding per day. There were positive correlations between LS and FN BMD values, and weight and BMI scores. Additionally, there were negative correlations between LS and FN BMD values, and age of menarche and number of deliveries. In linear stage regression analysis, weight, number of breastfeeding per day, postmenopausal duration, duration of total breastfeeding and age of menarche were defined as the most significant predictors for LS BMD, whereas weight, postmenopausal duration and number of breastfeeding per day were defined as the most significant predictors for FN BMD. Conclusion: LS and FN BMD in postmenopausal women are related to reproductive factors, so reproductive factors should also be considered in the evaluation of risk factors in postmenopausal women. (Turkish Journal of Osteoporosis 2012;18:8-12)


An approximate description of a many-electron atom can be given by considering each electron to be in a stationary state in a suitable central field, and a method of calculating the wave functions of the different electrons, based on this description, has been developed by one of us. Further, in developing the theory of complex spectra Slater has shown how to calculate approximate energies from such a set of one-electron wave functions in many cases, including a number in which more than one electron is in an incomplete group, so that a given distribution of electrons among the different groups gives rise to a number of different stationary states. The object of the work described in this paper is firstly the calculation of one-electron wave functions for the normal electron arrangements of O+++, O++, O+ and neutral O; secondly the use of Slater's results (slightly extended) and method for the calculation of the total energies of the various stationary states arising from the normal electron arrangements, and hence of the ionisation energies of those states; and thirdly the comparison with observation both of the absolute values of the ionisation energies so calculated (which correspond directly with the energies derived from the spectrum terms), and of the energy differences between the different terms arising from each electron arrangement (inter-multiplet separations).


The fermionic one-loop vacuum energy of the superstring theory in a system of non-parallel D1-branes is derived by applying the path integral formalism.


Spatial coherence of an optical field in a direction of its propagation depending on parameters of frequency and angular spectra of the field is considered. The expressions for function and length of longitudinal coherence are derived depending on width of frequency and angular spectra. The competing influence of angular and frequency spectra of a field on its longitudinal coherence is discussed. The experimental study with use the Michelson interferometer of longitudinal shift confirming theoretical results are executed.


The magnetization for electrons on a two-dimensional sphere, under a spherically symmetrical normal magnetic field has been studied in the large field limit. This allows us to use an Euclidean approximation for low energies electron states getting an analytical solution for the problem and avoiding the difficulties of quantization on a curved manifold. At low temperatures our results are exact and allow direct comparisson with the planar Landau case. In this temperature limit we compute the magnetization and show it exhibit an oscillatory de Hass-Van Alphen type of behaviour.


Background: The health, psychosocial and economic costs of carerelated adverse events (CRAE) have been known for quite some time. One of the main causes of preventable CRAE has been communication failures on the part of caregiving staff. It has been known that surgical patients are more prone to CRAE and one of the efforts that have been made to reduce CRAE has been the introduction of standardized handoff communication tools such as the situation, background, assessment, and recommendation (SBAR) mnemonic. However, there is scantiness in research regarding the extent and content of surgical nurses' (SN) handoff communication compared with SBAR. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the extent to which SN made postoperative handoff reports as well as to describe the agreement in structure and content between SN handoff reports and the SBAR adapted for postoperative handoff communication. Study design: A nonparticipant observation method was used to collect data as handoff communications took place at a postanesthesia intensive care unit (PAICU). Both SN and PAICU nurses were acquainted with SBAR and recommended to use the SBAR version adapted to use by their respective clinics. Data was collected by a checklist prepared from a SBAR version adapted to use in postoperative settings. Collected data was analyzed quantitatively complemented by field notes. Results: SN made postoperative handoffs in 9 (41%) of the 22 observations made at the PAICU. The amount of information delivered per patient ranged from 6.7 to 36.7 % making the average amount of information omitted per patient to 76%. The mean handoff time was 60. 8s (Std ± 20.9s). Conclusion: The results of this study have shown that the responsibility of delivering postoperative patientrelated information was not discharged adequately. The structures and contents of handoff communications were also found to be inadequate. There is a need for further research to design adequate communication tool that either specify the part of patientrelated information that each member of the multi professional team can handle adequately and deliver effectively and responsibly or make this information delivery a collective responsibility and specify how best it can be transferred between clinics. Key word: intensive care, postoperative handoff, SBAR, communication, adverse events Abstrakt Bakgrund: Halsomassiga, psykosociala och ekonomiska kostnaderna av vardrelaterade skador (CRAE) har varit kanda sedan lange. En av de viktigaste orsakerna till CRAE har varit bristfallig kommunikation bland vardpersonal. Det har varit kant att kirurgiska patienter ar mer benagna att drabbas av CRAE och en av de anstrangningarna som gjorts for att minska CRAE har varit inforandet av standardiserade kommunikationsverktyg sa som situationen, bakgrund, utvardering och rekommendation (SBAR) mnemonik. Det finns emellertid brist pa specifika studier som fokuserade pa i vilken utstreckning operationsskoterskor (SN) skoter postoperativa rapporter samt hur strukturerade och innehallsrika sadana rapporter kan vara. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersoka i vilken utstrackning SN skoter postoperativa overrapporteringar samt att beskriva hur pass overrapporteringarnas struktur och innehall overensstammer med en SBAR version som tagits fram for postoperativ overraportering. Studiedesign: En icke deltagande observation metod anvandes for att samla in data da postoperativa rapporter lamnades over till skoterskor som jobbade pa intensivvardsavdelning (PAICU). Bade SN och PAICU sjukskoterskor var bekanta med SBAR och anvander en anpassad SBAR version som rekommenderades av respektive kliniker. Data samlades in genom at utforma en checklista fran en SBAR version som ar anpassad for anvandning i postoperativa overrapporteringar. Insamlade data analyserades kvantitativt och kompletterades med faltanteckningar. Resultat: SN gjorde postoperativa overrapporteringar under 9 (41 %) av de 22 observationer som gjordes pa PAICU. Mangden information som overrapporterades per patient varierade fran 6,7 till 36,7 % vilket gjorde den genomsnittliga mangden per patient till 76 %. Den genomsnittliga overrepporteringstiden per patient var 60. 8s (Std ± 20.9s). Slutsats: Denna studie har visat att postoperativa patientrelaterad information ej overrapporterades fullt ut. Strukturen samt innehallen i overrapporteringarna var ej adekvat. Det finns ett behov av ytterligare forskning for att utforma lampliga kommunikationsverktyg som antingen specificerar den del av patientrelaterad information som varje medlem i det multiprofessionella operationsteamet kan hantera och leverera pa ett effektivt och ansvarsfullt satt eller gora overrapporteringen ett kollektivt ansvar och specificera hur bast det kan overforas mellan kliniker/vardavdelningar. Key word: intensivvard, postoperativ overrapportering, SBAR, kommunikation, vardrelaterade skador


Erythropoietin stimulates the immature erythroid J2E cell line to terminally differentiate and maintains the viability of the cells in the absence of serum. In contrast, a mutant J2E clone (J2E‐NR) fails to mature in response to erythropoietin; however, it remains viable in the presence of the hormone. We have shown previously that intracellular signalling is disrupted in the J2E‐NR cell line and that tyrosine phosphorylation is dramatically reduced after erythropoietin stimulation. In this study we investigated the defect in J2E‐NR cells that is responsible for their inability to differentiate. Screening of numerous signalling molecules revealed that the lyn tyrosine kinase appeared to be absent from J2E‐NR cells. On closer examination, both lyn mRNA and protein content were reduced >500‐fold. Consistent with a defect in lyn, amphotropic retroviral infection of J2E‐NR cells with lyn restored the ability of the cells to synthesize haemoglobin and enabled the cells to mature morphologically. Conversely, the ability of J2E cells to differentiate in response to epo was severely curtailed when antisense lyn oligonucleotides or a dominant negative lyn were introduced into the cells. However, erythropoietin‐supported viability was unaffected by reducing lyn activity. The ability of two other erythropoietin‐responsive cell lines (R11 and R24) to differentiate in response to the hormone was also reduced by dominant negative lyn. Finally, co‐immunoprecipitation and yeast two‐hybrid analyses indicated that lyn directly associated with the erythropoietin receptor complex. These data indicate for the first time an essential role for lyn in erythropoietin‐initiated differentiation of J2E cells but not in the maintenance of cell viability.


ribosomal subunits. The possibility for concomitant RNA processing and transport is discussed. Evidence is presented for kinase and phosphotase reactions necessary for these functions. Murty and coworkers present data and review the evidence for an increased release of nuclear RNA as effected by tryptophan. Two excellent papers summarize the conditions of transport; Maul describes the structure of the pore complex and hypothesizes three modes of travel based on its architecture, and Clawson and Smuckler review the biophysical data for RNA transport and propose a model incorporating the energy requirements and the physical limitations of the system. Significantly, four papers are presented which describe the association of DNA with the nuclear matrix. These provide evidence for attachment of the DNA at replication origins, and during DNA synthesis, at the replication forks. Contradicting previous reports, Berezney and colleagues demonstrate that the matrix-attached DNA is not enriched in repetitive DNA sequences. Pigiet and Humphrey describe the interaction of T antigen with the nuclear matrix during polyoma virus replication and transcription. The transcriptional function of DNA and the matrix is addressed at many levels. Hormone binding sites within the nuclear matrix are characterized by two groups. The topological considerations of both DNA replication and RNA transcription are discussed by Feinberg and Coffey, who cast the nuclear matrix in a central role of mediating and regulating these functions. Pogo and coworkers describe crosslinking experiments between nonhistone proteins and histones and snRNA to hnRNA. Tew reviews the data implicating an interaction of nuclear reactant drugs with the nuclear matrix in the cytotoxicity of these chemicals. Finally, a powerful argument is presented by Cavalier-Smith for the co-evolution of the nuclear matrix and the nuclear envelope by relating closed and open mitosis to these structures and the need for nuclear volume control. The Nuclear Envelope and the Nuclear Matrix summarizes our present understanding of these structures and provides an overview of the widely varied ideas associated with these topics. This book will be of great interest to all biologists and biochemists who are concerned with nuclear morphology, nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions, DNA replication, or RNA transcription.