The results of this research show that Iowa beginning farmers prefer radio and information services for the delivery of beginning farmer education. At the same time, these same farmers viewed the Extension Service as an important educational provider. Research was conducted to identify the perceptions of beginning farmers toward education, educational providers, and educational media. A sample of beginning farmers was surveyed in 1997. This study revealed they prefer on-site educational instruction, single meetings, community-based education, and were "neutral" (had no opinion) about the future usefulness of cutting-edge technologies as a delivery method. The results of this study should be useful to educational providers who plan and deliver education to beginning farmers. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. This research is available in Journal of Applied Communications: http://newprairiepress.org/jac/vol82/iss4/2 22 / Journal of Applied Communications, Vol. 82, No. 4, 1998 Perceptions of Iowa Beginning Farmers Toward the Delivery of Education Larry D. Trede Scott Whitaker Larry D. Trede is an associate professor, Agricultural Education and Studies Department, Iowa State University and formerly an Extension Specialist. He currently coordinates a long-term research project on beginning farmer education. He is an ACE member. Scott Whitaker is a Graduate Research Assistant, Agricultural Education and Studies, Iowa State University. This study is Journal Paper J-17862, of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, Project No. 3374, and was supported by Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds. Abstract The results of this research show that Iowa beginning farmers prefer radio and information services for the delivery of beginning farmer education. At the same time, these same farmers viewed the Extension Service as an important educational provider. Research was conducted to identify the perceptions of beginning farmers toward education, educational providers, and educational media. A sample of beginning farmers was surveyed in 1997. This study revealed they prefer on-site educational instruction, single meetings, community-based education, and were "neutral" (had no opinion) about the future usefulness of cutting-edge technologies as a delivery method. The results of this study should be useful to educational providers who plan and deliver education to beginning farmers. The knowledge explosion, the information and computer age, rapidly changing agricultural technology, structural changes in agriculture, and the complexity in farm decision-making have all impacted 1 Trede and Whitaker: Perceptions of Iowa Beginning Farmers Toward the Delivery of Educ Published by New Prairie Press, 2017 Journal of Applied Communications, Vol. 82, No. 4, 1998 / 23 how farmers receive and use educational information. A myriad of educational information delivered with an extremely wide variety of sources is available to farmers and they, in turn, are prioritizing how they obtain, analyze, and use educational information. Research and census data indicate that the agricultural farming industry of the twenty-first century will likely be composed of commercial farms producing 95% of the total agricultural output and part-time farmers contributing a much smaller portion of the total output. Educational programs and the delivery of these programs must be planned to provide instruction to both groups. Because these groups are different, different program goals must be established (Robinson, 1983). At the same time, it has been well documented that beginning farmers (defined as entrants into agriculture) will be needed to replace retiring farmers and those exiting farming. For example, Lasley (1985) states that 16,000 new Iowa farmers will be needed to replace those leaving between 1992 and 2002. Chizari and Taylor (1991) found that few states have conducted research to identify educational needs of adults in production agriculture. Hillyard (1979) said educators must do a better job of identifying the agricultural education needs of beginning farmers. With emphasis on lifelong learning, Zemsky and Meyerson (1985) state that adjustments must be made in educational programs for adults involved in agriculture. According to Martin (1990), lifelong learning, as it relates to agriculture, can not be denied. Regarding the delivery of education, Cano and Miller (1987) found some interesting characteristics about adult education in agriculture. Farmers perceived the Cooperative Extension Service as a provider of their education. They also found that agribusiness owners and managers perceived product-line companies as a major source of education. Martin and Omer (1990) researched the methods of delivering agriculturally related educational programs to adults as perceived by extension personnel and postsecondary agriculture instructors. They found that postsecondary agriculture instructors tended to have a high level of regard for the principles of teaching and learning and placed a high priority on using a variety of teaching methods. Extension personnel considered radio to be very important and that presentation style and competence of instructors needed to 2 Journal of Applied Communications, Vol. 82 [1998], Iss. 4, Art. 2 http://newprairiepress.org/jac/vol82/iss4/2 DOI: 10.4148/1051-0834.2130 24 / Journal of Applied Communications, Vol. 82, No. 4, 1998 be enhanced. Martin (1987) recommended that agriculture educators, at all levels, should learn to become facilitators of the educational process by planning and conducting educational programs with farmers and not merely for farmers. All of these factors point to a strong need for continuing education for beginning farmers. The delivery of that education will be increasingly important in the future. Well planned programs focusing on the educational needs of beginning farmers will be necessary. Purpose and Objectives The primary purpose of this research was to identify the perceptions of beginning Iowa farmers toward beginning farmer education and the delivery of that education. Beginning farmers are defined to be new entrants into production agriculture and in the early stages of their farming careers. A secondary purpose was to determine the extent to which selected educational providers and media were useful to beginning farmers. Objectives of the research included the identification of beginning farmers' perceptions regarding delivery systems and the adequacy of the content of beginning farmer educational programs as well as the extent to which selected educational providers of education and educational media are important to beginning farmers. Methods and Procedures This study is part of a long-term research project focusing on beginning farmer education in Iowa. Data were collected by a selfadministered, mail questionnaire sent to a randomly selected list of beginning farmers who had received a beginning farmer loan from the Iowa Agricultural Development Authority (IADA) between 1992 and 1996. The sample size was 286 farmers. The IADA exists to develop and implement programs that assist Iowa farmers to finance the purchase of agricultural land, depreciable machinery or equipment, breeding livestock, and buildings. Loan applicants must be at least 18 years old, can not own more than 30% of the county's median farm size, and have a net worth of no more than $200,000. The survey instrument was developed by the researchers and pilot tested by a panel of experts. In addition to demographic informa3 Trede and Whitaker: Perceptions of Iowa Beginning Farmers Toward the Delivery of Educ Published by New Prairie Press, 2017 Journal of Applied Communications, Vol. 82, No. 4, 1998 / 25 tion about the respondents, the survey contained sections dealing with the current and future usefulness of educational providers and educational media, perceptions related to the delivery of beginning farmer education, and perceptions related to selected program topics. Farmers indicated their level of agreement ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree); a Likert-type scale rating. Likert-type scale ratings seem to be the most useful in behavioral research, according to Issac and Michael (1990). They are easier to develop and yield about the same information as equal-appearing interval scales. Also, a greater variance is obtained. Questionnaires were received from 138 participants — a 48% response rate. Of the 138 returned questionnaires, 128 were considered to be useable (92.7%). No statistical differences were found between respondents and nonrespondents after telephoning a random sample of ten percent of the nonrespondents. The research study also had some limitations that could impact upon the findings. Since the study was limited to those beginning farmers who had received a loan from the IADA, the results may not be generalizable to all beginning farmers. Also, low response rates were expected due to the fact that farmers do not respond well to surveys (Lasley, 1985; Howe, 1977). However, the actual response rate for this study was similar to other studies.


The pressure dependence of the low-momentum phonon dispersion relation in liquid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ has been determined from an analysis of experiments on the interactions between sound waves and thermal phonons. Specifically, changes $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}C}{C}$ in sound velocity were studied in the frequency range 1-15 MHz for pressures $0\ensuremath{\lesssim}P\ensuremath{\lesssim}20$ atm, at temperatures $0.1\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}0.45$ K. The results were found to be in agreement with phonon dispersion, for small momenta, of the form $\ensuremath{\epsilon}=Cp(1+\ensuremath{\gamma}{p}^{2}\ensuremath{\cdots})$, with $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ positive at low pressures. At saturated vapor pressure, the present study yields a value $\ensuremath{\gamma}=(16\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{37}$ cgs; $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ decreases linearly with increasing density and reaches zero at a density corresponding to a pressure of \ensuremath{\sim} 18 atm.


Aim To develop a method for determination of amino acids of compound α-keto acid tablets.Methods Derivated by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene,5 kinds of DNP-amino acids in the tablets were analyzed by RP-HPLC with an Luna C18 column(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm) as stationaryphase,methanol/acetate buffer as mobile phase,The detection wavelength was at 360 nm and the flow rate was 1.0 ml·min-1.Results The average recovery of all amino acids were 97.2%~102.8% and RSD of all amino acids were 2.0 %.Conclusion The method is simple,accurate,reliable and can be used for determination of amino acids in compound α-keto acid tablets.


We study supergravity inflationary models where inflation is produced along the angular direction. For this we express the scalar component of a chiral superfield in terms of the radial and the angular components. We then express the supergravity potential in a form particularly simple for calculations involving polynomial expressions for the superpotential and Kähler potential. We show for a simple Polonyi model the angular direction may give rise to a stage of inflation when the radial field is fixed to its minimum. We obtain analytical expressions for all the relevant inflationary quantities and discuss the possibility of supersymmetry breaking in the radial direction while inflating by the angular component. ∗E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com †E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com ‡E-mail: email@example.com


In order to detect knock in spark ignition engines, usually structure-borne sound signals measured by acceleration sensors mounted on the engine housing are analyzed. However, the sound signal is distorted and disturbed, whereas expensive measuring of the in-cylinder pressure signal provides best information of combustions. Based on a vibration signal model, a least-squares method is applied to estimate the model parameters from structure-borne sound. Afterwards the estimated parameters can be used in an appendant in-cylinder pressure model for pressure approximation. For a good approximation of pressure signals it is essential to estimate accurately the starting time of knock, which is incapable of measurement. In this paper a theoretical evaluation of the estimated knock begin is provided. Additionally, a reference for the knock begin, based on the pressure model, is derived, such that an evaluation can be given for measured data.


After following Moore ́s law for more than four decades, the exponential performance increase of silicon based CMOS technology will run into inherent technological and physical limits by 2020. In particular, the Flash memory, widely spread used in MP3 players, cameras, and smart phones, suffers from limits in voltage scaling and endurance. A potential leap beyond these limits may emerge from redox-based switching effects encountered in oxides and higher chalcogenides. A range of systems exist in which ionic transport and redox reactions on the nanoscale provide the essential mechanisms for bistable resistive switching. One class relies on mobile cations which are easily created by electrochemical oxidation of the corresponding electrode metal, transported in the insulating layer, and reduced at the inert counterelectrode. Another important class operates through the migration of anions, typically oxygen ions, towards the anode, and the reduction of the cation sublattice in the layer locally providing metallically or semiconducting phases. In all systems, the defect structure turned out to be crucial for the switching process. Despite exciting results obtained in recent years, huge challenges have to be met before these physical effects can be turned into industrial technology. This presentation will outline the fundamental principles, the prospects and challenges, as well as the open questions.


An efficient synthesis of aromatic lactate esters is reported via highly regioselective Friedel-Crafts reactions of electron-rich aromatic compounds with pyruvate ester promoted by TiCl4 in the presence of basic Al2O3. The utility of the reaction is shown by the efficient synthesis of the pesticide cycloprothrin in high yield.


PURPOSE It has been shown that by carefully removing the crural fascias attachment to the calcaneus approximately half the torque produced by the posterior Biceps Femoris (pBF) was lost [1, 2, 3]. Therefore, our objective is to quantify and characterize the role of the crural fascia in transmitting forces from muscles across joints thereby exploring its role in intra-limb coordination and stability. We hypothesize that the crural fascia redirects some of the force produced by the hip extensors and knee flexors to the ankle joint. APPROACH The crural fascia in the feline hindlimb initiates from the hip flexor/knee extensor muscles, surrounds the triceps surae muscles as a sheath and inserts into the medial side of the calcaneus as two thickened bands. We investigated this anatomical connection in the decerebrate cat by systematically disrupting the crural fascia. In all experiments we recorded four conditions: 1, intact; 2, longitudinal split through the sheath; 3, randomized cut of the medial or lateral band; and 4, cutting of the remaining band. This was conducted in locomotion studies involving electromyography (EMG) and kinematic recordings, as well as intramuscular stimulation (IM Stim) experiments recording ground reaction forces in the x, y and z directions. RESULTS In the locomotion preparation we observed a decrease in EMG in the peroneus brevis muscle; and an increase in rotation of the tibia resulting in an eversion of the foot during swing phase. During IM Stim, the largest change in the force direction in the xy plane was seen when one band was disrupted in the gracilis, semimembranosis and posterior biceps femoris muscles. Upon disruption of both bands the end point force direction returned closer to the original direction. CONCLUSIONS The crural fascia contributes to the stability and constraining of the degrees of freedom at the ankle joint, as well as the transmission of force from hip extensors/knee flexors to the ankle joint. action of the hamstrings muscles at the feline ankle mediated by the crural fascia. torque produce by the cat hamstrings muscle about the andle as a function of hindlimb position.


Abstract The difficulties of developing projective measures that are valid, objective, reliable, simple and convenient to administer, and flexible are briefly discussed. A technique specifically constructed to overcome these problems is described in the context of an experiment designed to measure selected dimensions of the self images of voters. This technique lends itself to modification so that it may be applied to a wide range of problems where projective measures are required that can be readily evaluated in terms of their validity and reliability. In the present study validity is demonstrated using the external criterion of actual voting habits. Comparison of the preferred and rejected self images provides a measure of reliability similar to that obtained by using equivalent forms of the same tests. Product moment correlations for all eight dimensions are significant beyond the 5% level on a two-tail test. Differences between the two groups of middle class voters are discussed in terms of the strong...


Given a modular form which is not a cusp form $M_k(z)=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}r_ne^{2\pi inz}$ of weight $k \geq 4$, we define the series $M_{k,s}(x)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{r_n}{n^s}\sin(2\pi nx),$ which converges for all $x\in\mathbb{R}$ when $s>k$. In this paper, we compute the H\"{o}lder regularity exponent of $M_{k,s}$ at irrational points. In our analysis we apply wavelets methods proposed by Jaffard in 1996 in the study of the Riemann series. We find that the H\"{o}lder regularity exponent at a point $x$ is related to the fine diophantine properties of $x$, in a very precise way.


Recently, S. Yamanouchi and T. Sato, archaeologists, have proposed an entirely new chronology of the Neolithic age of Japan. In Japan the Neolithic age divided into two times, namely the Jomon and the Yayoi. It has been estimated that the beginning of the Jomon time was older than 9000 years by C14-dating. However, Yamanouchi and Sato have concluded that the beginning of the Jomon time was not so old, but was dated in B.C. 3000's based on a typology of implements. While C14-dating is generally a useful method for the investigations of paleogeographical problems during the Holocene, it is difficult to say that all the results of this dating referred to the former Neolithic absolute chronology of Japan are reasonable, because Japan is in one of the areas observed the low concentration of C14 in the air or the sea water in the world.Now, the author re-investigated the data concerning to the movements of the sea level during the Holocene in northern Japan, which have been published in the Journal of the Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo (Sec. II, Vol. XII, Pt. 3) in 1961. Further, adding some available data to the newly achieved results, the author discussed the problems of Postglacial sea level changes in Japan. According to the former hypothesis, the sea level reached the maximum height during the early Jomon time, and afterwards the regression occurred. However, this hypothesis is not acceptable. The shell bed of a midden in the Tokyo Lowland clarifies that the transgression still continued during the late Jomon time. This cannot be only a local phenomenon.According to the curve of the sea level changes estimated by the author, the highest stage of the sea level was probably dated between B.P.4000 and B.P. 2000 in Japan, and its height was about 5m. The inmost shore-line stage along Japan coasts in the Holocene does not always correspond with the highest level stage. The Postglacial transgression occurred and the rapid rise of the sea level took place. Sea invaded into valleys formed during a sea level falling period. When a sea level came near the maximum, the velocity of rising of the sea level gradually decreased. In large drawned valleys accumulation is active. In such a valley no matter what a transgression continued, actually the progress of the shore line, namely the apparent regression occurred. However, in small valleys or in areas without rivers men could see transgression. consequently, in some places the age of the inmost shore-line stage corresponds with one of the highest level stage, but in many places both ages do not agree to each other. In such a case the former was always older than the latter. The age of the stage of Kurohama, the early Jomon time, has been dated to B.P.5100 by C14-method. If it is correct, the sea level would not have reached the maximum. yet. If the stage of the maximum sea level corresponded with the Kurohama stage, C14-dating would not be correct. In the latter case, the beginnig of the early Jomon time may be at least 1000 years later than the formerly estimated one.Judging from the above-mentioned discussion, it is clear that the former Neolithic absolute chronology of Japan is necessary to be re-investigated.


The paper has analyzed production-related aspects of broiler farming under contract and independent management, and has examined inputs and services provision arrangements. About two-thirds of the contracts are of long duration of three years, and the remaining are of two years or eleven months duration. Surprisingly, none of the contract farmer possesses a copy of the agreement with him. The average net return per kg of live weight as well as per bird has been found higher in non-contract than contract farmers. The average net returns per bird increases with increase in the size of the farm for both the groups. Despite contract for supply of inputs and sale of output, contract farmers face problems like delay in supply of inputs, high feed prices, delay in lifting the produce, delay in payment, low price, and sometime even rejection of output. Beside these problems, low growing charges, delay in providing chicks, delay in providing veterinary services, high visiting charges and deduction of tax at source are some other problems being faced by the contract farmers.


Background. The aim of this study was to assess to what extent changing the measurement point affected the results of myometric parameters describing muscle mechanical properties assessed by a MyotonPRO ® device in three skeletal muscles: the biceps brachii (BB), tibialis anterior (TA) and rectus femoris (RF). We hypothesised that muscle mechanical properties would change differently as the myometry probe was moved towards the proximal or distal part of a muscle. Methods. Sixteen untrained, healthy, young male students participated in the study. Myometric frequency, stiffness, decrement, relaxation and creep parameters were measured in the BB, RF and TA of the right and left sides of the body at five measurement points: the central point of a muscle, and points shifted by 10% and 20% of the muscle length proximally and distally from the central point. A multivariate: 5 (measurement points) × 3 (muscle) analysis of variance (MANOVA) for each of the parameters separately was used for the main analysis. Results. MANOVA showed that measurement point (the location), muscle and interaction between measurement point and muscle have an impact on all measured parameters (P < 0.05) except interaction between measurement point and muscle in relaxation parameter (P > 0.05). Differences in myometric values were shown for both measurement points located distant from each other, as well as for those located adjacent to each other. Conclusions Our results emphasized the variation in muscle properties along the long axis of chosen skeletal muscles expressed by myometry outcomes.


This article describes the implementation of an extensive reading (ER) program with 43 first language (L1) and second language (L2) adult literacy students. Among them, 16% were nonnative speakers of English. The main principles considered in the design of the program were (a) purpose of reading, (b) reading tactics, (c) material used, and (d) teacher role. The program included sustained silent reading, book talk, and reading aloud. Because a well-equipped library is essential for a successful ER program, this article discusses practical considerations for implementing a library and establishes principles that could guide others working on similar programs. This article also discusses criteria teachers should consider when selecting books for a reading-aloud activity as well as the books and genres that were popular with our sample.


Lung cancer is the most serious disease in the world and millions of people die of it every year. Because of the limitations of current treatment processes, it is difficult to cure lung cancer if the patient is no longer in the early stages. Therefore, it is necessary to diagnose lung cancer as early as possible, thereby increasing the chances to cure it. The Fuzzy Interactive Naive Bayesian (FINB) network is a new Bayes network that can be used to classify lung cancer by using microarray data sets. The FINB network is an interactive network and every attribution has an interactive parent and with a weight on the relationship that shows the interaction of the attribution in the data set. In our experiments, we use the gene expression profiles from the Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 microarray. We use the Neural Network with a Weighted Fuzzy Membership Function (NEWFM) to train the data set and reconstruct the Fuzzy Interactive Naive Bayesian network. Then we compare the results with Tree augment naive Bayesian (TAN) network. We conclude that the FINB network performs better than the TAN network.


Debates the primary issue of whether crime should be addressed as a matter of individual responsibility and accountability, or treated as a symptom of a dysfunctional society. Addresses the latest social issues and discusses innovative criminological perspectives within a well-grounded and traditional theoretical framework. Emphasizes the wide and interdisciplinary variety of academic perspectives which contribute to a thorough and well-informed understanding of the crime problem. Considers Jack Kevorkian and the issue of whether the "assisted death" should continue to be criminalized; the insanity defense and John E. du Pont; analyses of the Daubert standard and DNA testing, the FBI's new National Computer Crime Squad (NCCS), the Reno v. ACLU 1997 case on internet indecency, and much more. Includes an award-winning web site and numerous other supplementary resources.


The purpose of the research is determining characteristics of strength properties and shrinkage of adobe on the Yemen and Ural clays and its dependence on adobe's humidity at different times of drying. There is always water vapor in the air that is formed as a result of water evaporation from the surfaces of oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, etc. The amount of water vapor contained in the air, dependent on the weather, determines a person's well-being, the functioning of many of his organs, as well as the preservation of properties of technical objects and architectural structures; this is a characteristic feature of hygroscopic materials with high microporosity. Such material as adobe changes its properties in several times depending on humidity due to both water consumption and as a result of hygroscopic property and condensation of water vapor. Therefore, adobe is frequently used in countries with hot dry climate. For Yemen, a long period of high temperatures while absence of rainfall is a characteristic phenomenon. Nevertheless, at the coastland, an increase of air humidity and decrease of qualitative characteristics of adobe's properties becomes possible during the winter season. Therefore determining dependencies of adobe's properties on humidity is a relevant objective.


It is demonstrated that back-contacted PUM modules made with industrially applicable processes will result in at least 0.8% absolute higher efficiencies than modules manufactured with conventional H-pattern cells. At the cell level, this advantage is about 0.3% absolute, which is almost entirely related to the 2% larger short-circuit current of PUM cells due to less front-side metallization coverage. After interconnection and lamination, at least an additional 0.5% absolute efficiency gain for PUM was obtained because of the lower series resistance losses in the PUM concept. The more efficient current collection over the cell area and the possibility of using wider interconnection material at the rear are the reasons for the lower resistance losses. The stability of the in-line PUM process using simple belt furnaces was demonstrated on a batch of more than 350 cells. The average efficiency for PUM cells is 15.8% with a top efficiency of 16.7%


abstract Gender inequality intersects with economic deprivation to produce more intensified forms of poverty for women than men in rural communities. Feminist theory has highlighted the undervaluing of the household and community leadership roles that women perform. This article focusses on the largely unrecognised roles many rural women perform in formal and informal leadership roles in their respective families and communities and their participation in various activities to sustain their families and to build community resilience among them to address the problems that they confront. The women of the Ga-Sekororo community in Maruleng District, Limpopo province have organised themselves into different social groups that participate in self-help activities such as Sebata-Kgomo (a Sepedi expression meaning 'to call out for help') and stokvels, for saving money, buying groceries, supporting members during bereavement and meeting other needs such as paying for school fees and health needs. This article seeks to reflect on poor rural women's informal organisation which draws on understanding of communal or shared power and the idea of mutual aid. Six focus group discussions from three social groups were used in this qualitative research study, consisting of 10-15 members each. The research focused on how these women assume their positions as leaders and the multiplicity of roles they play in their respective families and community. The research draws on African feminism and Asset Based Community Development perspectives to interpret how these social groups and clubs play a role in developing meaningful opportunities for women's leadership and participation to be mobilised.


The advance of robotics, actuators and manufacturing technology motivates the research on measurement of multiple degree-of-freedom (DOF) rotational motions. A novel laser-based high-precision spherical displacement sensing methodology has been proposed in this paper. The laser detector is utilized to measure the distance from the target to the detector itself on several light spots, and thus to calculate the rotation angle of the rigid body in three directions. As there is no physical contact between the laser detector and the moving rigid body, additional mass/moment inertial and friction exerted on the rotor can be avoided, and thus the working efficiency of the moving part can be improved. The algorithm of orientation angles has been derived. Experimental apparatus has been developed to evaluate the working performance of proposed 3-DOF laser-based measurement methodology. The comparison between experimental and analytical results shows that the laser-based orientation measurement method can achieve high-precision performance. The measurement precision and speed of the the laser-based angular displacement measurement method can be improve further by increasing the slot density on the rigid body and using new models of laser detectors.


^mil·y Dickinson's deliberate choice of the personal letter as one of her chief means of communicating with a contemporary audience ties her tightly to her Victorian culture, a culture that prized and promoted the art of letter-writing and considered it to be one of the few forms of writing suitable for women to practice. Reading Dickinson's correspondence in the context of Victorian letter-writing conventions, rules, and expectations offers us new insights into her aesthetics and her art. When we read both "lyrics" and "letters" as part of her literary project and attempt to reconstruct the Victorian contexts for letter-writing within which she wrote, our ideas about Dickinson's work both broaden and alter because we can bet-


KIM, SEONG BEOM. Analyzing and Characterizing Space and Time Sharing of the Cache Memory. (Under the direction of Dr. Yan Solihin.) The dissertation studies the concurrent space sharing of the cache memory, focusing on the fairness between threads in a chip-multiprocessor (CMP) architecture. Prior work in CMP architectures has only studied throughput optimization techniques. The issue of fairness, and its relation to throughput, has not been studied. This work makes several contributions. First, it proposes and evaluates five cache fairness metrics that measure the degree of fairness in cache sharing. Secondly, this work proposes static and dynamic L2 cache partitioning algorithms that optimize fairness. The dynamic partitioning algorithm is easy to implement, requires little or no profiling, has low overhead, and does not restrict the cache replacement algorithm to LRU. Finally, this work studies the relationship between fairness and throughput in detail. We found that optimizing fairness usually increases throughput, while maximizing throughput does not necessarily improve fairness. On average our algorithms improve fairness by a factor of 4×, while increasing the throughput by 15%, compared to a non-partitioned shared cache. The increasing computer hardware and software complexity has resulted in the increase in complexity and overheads of cycle-accurate processor system simulation, especially in full-system simulation which not only simulates user applications, but also OS and system libraries. The dissertation seeks to address how to accelerate full-system simulation by which time-sharing of the cache memory is better understood. We found that each OS service exhibits multiple but limited behavior points that are repeated frequently. In our technique, a simulation run is divided into two non-overlapping periods: a learning period in which performance behavior of instances of an OS service are characterized and recorded, and a prediction period in which detailed simulation is replaced with a much faster emulation. On average, the method needs the learning periods to cover only 11% of OS service invocations in order to produce highly accurate performance estimates. This leads to an estimated simulation speedup of 4.9×, with an average performance prediction error of only 3.2%, and a worst case error of 4.2%. ANALYZING AND CHARACTERIZING SPACE AND TIME SHARING OF THE CACHE MEMORY


Septic shock is the ultimate consequence of the systemic inflammatory response generated by the infection. Its steadily increasing incidence and its morbidity and mortality are a major public health issue.


As a novel strengthened glass, engineered stress profile (ESP) glass has attracted extensive attention during recent years. The theoretical basis of the ESP glass was reviewed. The processing and mechanical properties of some ESP glasses were introduced. Compared with the conventional strengthened glass, the merits of the ESP glass (such as high strength, low strength variability, high surface damage resistance and multiple cracking before final failure) were outlined. The combination with other strengthening methods to improve glass strength and microwave hybrid heating or electric field assisted ion exchange used to shorten treatment time and lower cost for processing were proposed to be some aspects on the studies of ESP glass in the future.


Chemical components determination, fiber quality analysis and SEM observation were used to investigate the effects of substituting MgO for NaOH on the properties of triploid Populus Tomentosa PRC-APMP in this paper. The result of chemical components analysis showed that increasing the substitution levels of magnesium oxide for sodium hydroxide in the second impregnation stage could reduce the dissolving of organic solvent extraction, lignin and carbohydrate, and increase the pulp yield. The results from fiber quality analysis and SEM observation illustrated that the pulp yielded had shorter average length, higher fine content, greater porosity between fiber and fiber, and the surface of the handsheet became more rough, compared with that without substitution of magnesium oxide. After using magnesium oxide, the bulk and light scattering coefficient of handsheets could be improved, while the physical strength and brightness could be decreased.


SCOPE
Data on resveratrol-(trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene)-induced caloric-restriction-(CR)-mimicking effects in mice receiving a high-fat diet (HFD) are contradictory. We hypothesized that this could possibly stem from different bioactivities of resveratrol (RSV) microbial metabolites.

METHODS AND RESULTS
We fed C57BL/6Rj mice an ad-libitum HFD supplemented with RSV or its metabolites, dihydroresveratrol (DHR) and lunularin (LUN) (approximately 28 mg (dihydro)stilbene/kg mouse*day) and included a 40% CR group in our study. While the CR mice showed robust changes in bodyweight and composition, hormone levels and mRNA expression, we found slight changes (more muscle, less adipose tissue) in body composition, leptin and insulin levels in RSV-supplemented mice compared to the ad-libitum controls. LUN hardly and DHR did not change the hormone levels measured. Metabolome analysis of serum showed changes in CR mice but only slight, if any, changes in RSV-, DHR- or LUN-supplemented mice compared to the controls. Evaluating the capability of RSV and its metabolites to inhibit carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes in vitro, we found that RSV reduced α-glucosidase activity to a stronger extent than DHR and LUN.

CONCLUSION
Decelerated carbohydrate breakdown by RSV might have contributed to the moderate impact of dietary RSV supplementation on mouse insulin sensitivity (lowered fasting and post-glucose-bolus insulin levels). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


ABSTRACT The present research aims to analyze, within the specific context of internet shopping, what is the relationship between personal traits and purchase inten-tion, seeking to understand what is the role of attitude toward online purchase and the consumer familiarity with online shopping in that relationship. A sur-vey was conducted in order to understand the effect of four personal traits: self-efficacy, inherent novelty seeking, need for interaction, and need for touch in the familiarity, in the attitude and in the online purchase intention. Based on the literature review, a model was built and tested, using Confirmatory Factor Analy-sis to evaluate the measurement model and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test the hypotheses of this work. A total of 233 graduate students answered to the survey. The results demonstrated that there is a significant relationship between personal traits, familiarity and attitude toward online purchase. The need for social interaction was the most relevant personal trait having a direct impact on


The specimens representing the Katunga lavas are compact fine-grained porphyritic rocks of lustrous stone-grey to deep blue-grey colour, the phenocrysts being olivine (up to 3 mm. long) of various tints from nearly colourless to yellow-green, and melilite (up to 2 mm. square) in thin tabular, less conspicuous crystals which, megascopically, have a shining grey to black appearance. Some of the specimens from near the sources of the flows are internally altered and have become fawn or buff in colour, mottledby white zeolitic specks and reddish brown ferruginous pseudomorphs after olivine and melilite. Some weathered specimens have a brown ochreous crust, but within this the rock is normally fresh.


Phosphor-in-glass (PiG) thick film was fabricated on a borosilicate glass substrate using a conventional screen printing method and employing phosphosilicate glass to allow low-temperature sintering. The vehicle content and sintering temperature were optimized to form a thick film with a thickness of ~50 μm. Commercial yellow (Y3Al5O12:Ce3+) and red (CaAlSiN3:Eu2+) phosphors were successfully incorporated within the glass matrix and then sintered at 550°C. Color-tunable white LEDs were achieved using the PiG thick films as a color converter by varying the glass to phosphor (GtP) ratio. The high luminous efficacy of up to ~120 lm/W and high color rendering index of up to 89 in combination with the thermal quenching property prove the practical feasibility of the PiG thick films for high-power/high-brightness LED applications.


Many software services today are hosted on cloud computing platforms, such as Amazon EC2, due to many benefits like reduced operational costs. However, node failures in these platforms can impact t...


Marfan′s syndrome is a rare congenital connective tissue disorder. It occurs worldwide with no sex predilection. Mutation in the fibrillin genes result in production of abnormal elastic tissue, which predisposes the aorta to cystic medial degeneration and may result in dissection, rupture, or aneurysm formation. Other vascular structures like the heart valves may also be involved causing aortic regurgitation and mitral valve prolapse and regurgitation. Aortic dissection is rare in children even in those with Marfan′s syndrome. We report a case of an 11-years-old girl with Marfan′s syndrome who had an intramural aortic hematoma.


This paper develops a theory of international currency portfolios that holds in general equilibrium, and that is therefore not subject to the criticisms directed at the portfolio balance literature of the 1980s. It shows that, under plausible assumptions about fiscal policy, the relationship between the rates of return of different currency bonds is not correctly described by an arbitrage relationship but instead also depends on outstanding bond stocks. Other findings are: (1) There is a monotonically increasing relationship between domestic interest rates and the portfolio share of domestic currency denominated assets. This relationship is steep at low levels of government debt, and almost flat at high levels of government debt. (2) Optimal private sector foreign currency positions are negative, and their size is decreasing in exchange rate volatility. Under volatile exchange rates large negative aggregate net foreign asset positions can only be rationalized by assuming large public sector borrowing from foreign governments. (3) For a baseline economy with zero net foreign assets, open market sales of domestic government debt lead to valuation gains (losses) when the country as a whole has a short (long) position in foreign currency. (4) A fiscal theory of exchange rate determination is compatible with general equilibrium in a two-country world. (5) Equilibria are determinate when both fiscal and monetary policy are passive.


Acknowledging the increasing pressure to reverse the relatively isolationist paradigm of Brazilian foreign policy making, as well as its current broad domestic repercussion, this article seeks to: (a) analyze the factors, both domestic and international, that, since the return to democracy and the systemic changes caused by the end of the Cold War, have pressured the Brazilian Ministry of External Relations (Itamaraty) to overcome its isolation; and (b) evaluate the instruments that have been used by Itamaraty for the promotion of intra-governmental policy coordination (within the Executive Branch) and intergovernmental (between the federal executive and state governments), as well as inter-sector coordination (federal government and social actors), in the formulation of the country's foreign policy.


This paper presents performance evaluation of voice activity detectors (VAD) by long-term spectral divergence and simple energy-based scheme. Evaluation is made in the terms of false accept (FA) and false reject (FR) errors using four different types of materials, recorded under different transfer channels, scenarios and conditions. Performance of VADs is considered for forensics, speaker recognition and interactive speech dialogue applications. Performance is still far from perfect, but despite the numerous classification errors of the methods tested, especially with noisy data, the methods can be still useful.


One of the defining elements of the post-Cold War era has been the diffusion of power away from the two superpowers. This has occurred across a wide variety of measures, including nuclear weaponry. In particular, since the end of the Cold War, proliferation across states and increasing arsenal capabilities within some of them have characterized Asia's international security affairs. Given the importance of nuclear weapons to the development and conduct of the Cold War, we should expect these changes in the post-Cold War era to be similarly important.These changes have been the subject of significant scholarly analysis already. Dubbed the "second nuclear age" by eminent strategists Colin Grey and Paul Bracken, this epoch seems to pose new dangers and challenges.1 Important debates have developed about the degree to which the most engaged dyad-India and Pakistan-is more dangerous than the dyads in the Cold War, to which nuclear weapons provided apparent stability.2 Other studies have examined a broader range of countries facing this new environment.3 A burgeoning quantitative literature surveys both Cold War and post-Cold War crises and dyads to evaluate a wide range of hypotheses about stability and coercive leverage.4To further these discussions, the National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR) has initiated a broad-based research program entitled "Approaching Critical Mass: Asia's the Multipolar Nuclear Future." With funding from the Carnegie Corporation of New York and John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the project began with the publication of Strategic Asia 2013-14: Asia in the Second Nuclear Age in 2013.5 Building on this and other work, NBR in January 2014 convened a conference jointly with the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies in Singapore to further explore several important themes.Several key themes emerge from the essays in this roundtable. First and foremost, it is important to find the right geometric analogy to describe contemporary nuclear dynamics in Asia. Two promising candidates are nuclear triangles and nuclear hierarchies. While, as the essay by Rajesh Basrur reminds us, it is true that bipolar dynamics were not the only form of interaction during the Cold War, competition with the Soviet Union was the dominant driver for the United States for nearly the entire period. Today, for several countries, at least two other nuclear states play an important constitutive role in shaping nuclear policy. Thus, in Asia the United States worries about both Chinese and North Korean nuclear developments. The nature of the nuclear capabilities of those two states is dramatically different, and so is the nature of the strategic competition between the United States and each of them. This at least raises the possibility that steps taken to address one potential competitor are suboptimal with regard to the other. Similarly, P.K. Singh's essay cogently makes the point that Indian strategic dynamics must be situated in a broader regional context that includes both Pakistan and China. Other interactive triangles may include the United States, China, and India or the United States, Russia, and China. Triangles might vary in terms of the degree to which they are tightly coupled (or not), in the symmetry across the different legs of the triangle, and likely in other dimensions. Further development of this concept is likely to be useful.Additionally, the essays raise the issue of nuclear hierarchies. While different arsenal sizes existed among different actors during the Cold War, today there is a greater degree of interaction among states with such different sized nuclear forces. Arsenals run from barely existent (North Korea) to midsized (China, India, and Pakistan) to large (United States). Although analogues to each existed in the Cold War (South Africa, France, and the Soviet Union, respectively), there was limited strategic interaction across those categories. Today, there is much more. …


Base on the working principle of the wind/solar hybrid power generation and the concept of average charging for each battery,a new kind of miniature and effective wind/solar hybrid power source based on average charging for each battery was designed,and selection of the power generation and storage components is presented.The power source system adopts the control scheme of voltage boosting,voltage stablizing,and then charging.The design of the controller and its control method are presented.


A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effect of prebiotics on intestinal histo-morphometry and gut health status of broiler chickens. A total number of 240 day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to six dietary treatment groups
 having five replicates each with eight birds per replicate for six weeks. A basal corn-soybean diet was formulated that served as control (T1). The rest five test dietary treatments were prepared by adding antibiotic (bacitracin methylene
 di-salicylate-BMD at 0.002% of diet (T2), prebiotics i.e., mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) at 0.1% or 0.2% (T3 and T4) and fructo oligosaccharides (FOS) at 0.1% or 0.2% (T5, T6 respectively) with basal diet. Total anaerobes counts were significantly (P
 LESS THAN 0.05) reduced at 21 and 42 d at ileum in T2, T3 and T4 groups whereas, coliforms count were reduced (P LESS THAN 0.05) in T2 and T3 groups. However, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count were significantly (P Less than 0.05) increased in T3 and
 T4 groups but lactobacillus count were increased (P less than 0.05) in only T3 group at 21 and 42 d in ileum. Villus height (VH) and width (VW) were significantly increased (P less than 0.05) at 21d and 42 d in T3 and T4 groups, whereas, at 21 d,
 crypt depth (CD) were increased (P less than 0.05) in T3 and T4 groups but at 42 d, CD were significantly improved in T3 and T4 or T5 and T6 groups. No significant (P>0.05) differences were observed in ratio between VH and CD at 21d or 42 d. Thus,
 it might he concluded that 0.1% or 0.2% MOS inclusion in basal diet improved intestinal histo-morphometry and gut health in broiler chickens and it is a better alternate feed additive to replacement of antibiotic growth promoter.


For a special class of non‐injective maps called the weak k‐1‐endomorphisms on Riemannian manifolds upper and lower bounds for Hausdorff dimensions of invariant sets are given in terms of the singular values of the tangent maps, which generalize Franz's corresponding results. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


This study is carried out for obtaining the basic materials for presentation of creation and desirable management of urban roadside trees through analyse the existence effect of trees on people who operate th commercial areas along the streets. Roadside tree and green areas are recognized comfort space in addition to simple planting area. Therefore various trees and flowering plants should be introduced in addition to roadside facilities for convenience. Planted roadside trees should be maintained. We will propose an method that residents plant and manage the trees and flowering plants on the two lane of one way road. However main lines more than four lane of one way have more public property beside the residents space. Therefore these should be maintained mainly by related government agencies.


Previous research found that organizational commitment is positively related to employee well-being. However, in the current age of contingent work, transitions, and `protean careers', the advisability of commitment is questionable. Therefore, we analyzed the role of organizational commitment in one paradigmatic area of contingent work arrangements: temporary agency work. In contrast to standard workers, temporary agency workers have to deal with two organizations: the temporary agency and client organization. Results revealed an ambivalent role of organizational commitment for temporary workers. Cross-sectional commitment towards the client organization had positive effects on workers' well-being, whereas commitment towards the agency had no effects. However, longitudinal analyses revealed that commitment to the client was detrimental to workers' well-being when they experienced reassignment to another client. In sum, we found beneficial and dysfunctional effects of organizational commitment on well-being, which suggest the reconsideration of the role of organizational commitment for individuals in unstable work arrangements.


The invention discloses a method and a device for unlocking a screen of touch screen equipment. The method comprises the following steps: 1, providing an unlocking mode customizing interface by the touch screen equipment; 2, on the unlocking mode customizing interface, performing the customized setting of the mode of the unlocking of a locked screen of the touch screen equipment according to the requirements of a customer and storing the customized unlocking mode; and 3, judging if the unlocking operation of the customer is matched with the stored customized unlocking mode, wherein the locked screen of the touch screen equipment is unlocked if the unlocking operation of the customer is matched with the stored customized unlocking mode, and the locked screen is unlocked if the unlocking operation of the customer is not matched with the stored customized unlocking mode. The method and the device provided by the invention meet the needs of the customer for the personalization of the unlocking mode, and the customized unlocking mode can be used as a secret key for keeping the information of the customer secret.


Abstract : This report describes the results of research during the first year of a proposed three year project to provide a critical evaluation of the attributes of plasma-filled high power backward-wave oscillators when compared with high efficiency vacuum backward-wave oscillators. Since the direction of the program at the University of New Mexico was altered by the newly initiated MURII triservices funding, only about one third of the originally proposed tasks were accomplished. Nevertheless, important new results have been obtained and will continue to be investigated under the auspices of the MURI program.


Foot volumetry was introduced by Norgren & Thulesius in 1973 as a non-invasive method of functional evaluation of venous insufficiency. In the following paper we suggest a slightly different method of curve analysis, thus showing the possibility of reducing the methodological error by 30-40%. Based on healthy men and women between 15 and 75 years, new reference values are presented.


A field experiment was conducted at Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres (ICAR), Barrackpore, West Bengal to find out an effective pre-emergence herbicide for weed management in jute (cv. JRO 8432). Grasses, broadleaved weeds and sedges were found in the experimental field with highest intensity of infestation by grasses (90-95%). The predominant grass was Echinochloa colona (L.) Link. Phyllanthus niruri L., Physalis minima L. and Cleome sp were the dominant broadleaved weeds and the only sedge was Cyperus rotundus L. Trifluralin at 0.75-1.0 kg a.i./ha resulted higher weed control efficiency (86 - 91%) at 8 WAS as compared to two manual weeding and the same trend was obseived throughout the growth of jute. Among the different doses of Trifluralin, 0.75 kg a.i./ha gave the highest weed control efficiency for all date of observations, whereas, Trifluralin at 1.0 kg a.i./ha favoured growth of sedge weeds due to absolute control of Echinochloa colona leaving little interspecific competition for sedge. Application of 0.75-1.0 kg a.i./ha of Trifluralin at I day before sowing as pre-plant soil incorporation controlled grass and broadleaf weeds for a wider period starting from the early crop weed competition phase and yielded better (28 - 44% more) than the conventional two manual weeding. In the recommended dose of Trifluralin (up to l kg a.i./ha), there was no problem of residue in soil after the haivest of jute crop as evidenced from bioassay and HPLC studies.


HumanFasciola hepaticainfection is a rare entity involving infestation of the liver and biliary tree with adult flukes, which can result in hepatitis, cirrhosis, and biliary tract inflammation, obstruction, and lithiasis. The patient had the typical diagnostic tetrad of fever, eosinophilic leukocytosis, tender hepatomegaly, and fluke ova in the stools. Treatment consists of emetine hydrochloride administration for hepatic involvement and common duct exploration for removal of flukes, with cholecystectomy for associated cholelithiasis. The combination of medical and surgical therapy can be expected to produce an arrest of this infection.


To investigate the detection probability of low light level imaging system,a method of calculating the detection probability and recognition probability of target based on the detection equation was proposed.The result shows that when the other conditions were invariant,the discovering and recognition probability of target was related to the surface reflectivity,the size of the target and the atmospheric transmittance;and that when the target size turns smaller,the surface reflectivity gets closer to that of the background or the atmospheric transmittance becomes lower,the discovering and the recognition probability will be smaller.Finally,some relevant camouflage measurements were analyzed and provided.


Several types of selectively doped AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs heterostructures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy, and were characterized by slow positron beams to obtain the depth distribution of vacancy-type defects. The results indicate that GaAs layers grown on AlxGa1-xAs contain a number of Ga vacancies VGa in comparison with those grown on GaAs layers. This could be a reason for the low mobility of carriers in an inverted high-electron-mobility transistor because the VGa in the channel layer can act as a scattering center for the motion of electrons. It is also observed that the dependence of the creation of VIII, namely VGa or VAl, in Si-doped AlxGa1-xAs on the Si concentration is much weaker than that in Si-doped GaAs.


Embedded waveguides are a potential alternative to copper for providing high bandwidth in future applications. Besides technical viability, significant effort is required to standardize testing methods and procedures to fabricate and qualify functional parameters of optical waveguides and board specifications. We show examples of the first deployments of standardised PCB fabrication and measurement specification processes.


Ad Hoc networks are self-organizing wireless networks, absent any fixed infrastructure. Nodes in such networks communicate through radio transmissions of limited range, sometimes requiring the use of intermediate nodes to reach a destination. Nodes in ad hoc networks are also limited in their power supply and wireless bandwidth. Node mobility further complicates the environment. A communication protocol must take into account not only the restrictions on resources imposed by the nodes in ad hoc networks, but must also be robust enough to deal with the dynamic network topology. One well-known solution to routing in ad hoc networks is flooding [1]. The flooding protocol works as follows: upon receiving the message for the first time, each node retransmits the message to all neighbors. Although a very simplistic protocol, flooding has the virtue of being reliable, while requiring minimal state retention. Unfortunately, flooding often results in redundant messages, consuming valuable bandwidth and power as well as causing contention, collision, and packet loss. Probabilistic flooding [2, 3, 4. ] was introduced to address these problems, but has many problems of its own. In this paper, we discuss approaches to address problems of broadcast storms in dense networks and message delivery in sparse networks of ad hoc organization. We begin by reviewing probabilistic rebroadcast, or gossip. In the next section, we address density and distribution as they relate to broadcast storms. We follow with a theoretical discussion of optimal retransmission and introduce dynamic, probabilistic rebroadcast in Sections 3 and 4. We summarize and conclude the paper in the final section. While flooding is a reliable transmission protocol, it is prone to the broadcast storm problem in dense networks [5, 6]. A simple solution to the broadcast storm problem is to send fewer redundant messages. This is the approach taken in probabilistic retransmission protocols, also referred to as gossip protocols. The difficulty in gossip is to know which messages are necessary and which are redundant. In the absence of better information, gossip assumes that all messages are equally important. The most straightforward version of gossip behaves in much the same way as flooding, beginning with the source node broadcasting the message. Since the source node always sends out this message, we say that the source transmits this Abstract Ad hoc networks are becoming more common. In order for these networks to be effective, they need a proper routing protocol. Although many probabilistic protocols have been …


This paper describes loop power supply system and emphasizes theoretically the loop network when the current through the diode distribution of isolation.And it furtherly elaborates the DC loop system of system security and difficulties caused by the DC system ground detecting.According to different system conditions and the implementation of three projects it proposes solutions:(1) using electrical interlocking DC contactor or switching power supply automatically to transfer switching equipment;(2) constituting a loop through the two feeder power supply with a transformer;(3) the device adopting a master-and-standby two-way isolated power supply program.The advantages and disadvantages of these three programs are compared.In the actual project and loop under different load conditions,a combination of the above programs is needed to solve ground loop problems.


I attribute an 'intensional reading' of the second incompleteness theorem to its author, Kurt Gödel. My argument builds partially on an analysis of intensional and extensional conceptions of meta-mathematics and partially on the context in which Gödel drew two familiar inferences from his theorem. Those inferences, and in particular the way that they appear in Gödel's writing, are so dubious on the extensional conception that one must doubt that Gödel could have understood his theorem extensionally. However, on the intensional conception, the inferences are straightforward. For that reason I conclude that Gödel had an intensional understanding of his theorem. Since this conclusion is in tension with the generally accepted view of Gödel's understanding of mathematical truth, I explain how to reconcile that view with the intensional reading of the theorem that I attribute to Gödel. The result is a more detailed account of Gödel's conception of meta-mathematics than is currently available.


We investigate the well-posedness and longtime dynamics of fractional damping wave equation whose coefficient <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ \varepsilon $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> depends explicitly on time. First of all, when <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}$ 1\leq p\leq p^{\ast\ast} = \frac{N+2}{N-2}\; (N\geq3) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>, we obtain existence of solution for the fractional damping wave equation with time-dependent decay coefficient in <inline-formula><tex-math id="M3">\begin{document}$ H_{0}^{1}(\Omega)\times L^{2}(\Omega) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. Furthermore, when <inline-formula><tex-math id="M4">\begin{document}$ 1\leq p<p^{*} = \frac{N+4\alpha}{N-2} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula><tex-math id="M5">\begin{document}$ u_{t} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> is proved to be of higher regularity in <inline-formula><tex-math id="M6">\begin{document}$ H^{1-\alpha}\; (t>\tau) $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> and show that the solution is quasi-stable in weaker space <inline-formula><tex-math id="M7">\begin{document}$ H^{1-\alpha}\times H^{-\alpha} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. Finally, we get the existence and regularity of time-dependent attractor.


Pairs of adult black ducks (Anas rubripes) were fed a diet containing 0, 4 or 40 ppm cadmium as cadmium chloride. One-week-old ducklings that had been fed the same dietary concentrations of cadmium as had their parents were tested for avoidance of a fright stimulus. Ducklings fed 4 ppm cadmium ran significantly farther from the stimulus than did controls or ducklings fed 40 ppm cadmium. Such an alteration in behavior could have harmful effects on wild birds.


The rise of technological adoption of video-based information distribution accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic leads to a substantial increase in video streaming on-demand service users. Video streaming services such as Twitch, and YouTube have enormous amount of active users so the system developers need to develop a system capable of handling numerous requests. The increase of video streaming on-demand service users poses a challenge for system developers to guarantee the Quality of Experience (QoE) for all system users. Said surge of users also resulted in high resource usage to serve each user while securing QoE. In order to ensure the QoE on video streaming on-demand service, this work develops the system using the waterfall model that implements a distributed approach for the video streaming service system. The system has reverse proxy and load balancing capabilities to forward and equally distribute HTTP requests and uses DASH to segment the video file to stream the video without sending the whole file. The developed system for this work subjectively ensures the QoE with a mean opinion score (MOS) of 4.434 from 53 respondents.


Short time-resolution photometry of RX And was done over a complete orbital cycle to determine the light variations. No eclipses or periodicity on the order of seconds were detected. Variations of the order of 0.1 to 0.6 magnitude occurred on the order of 3 minutes. Under the assumption that free-free emission from a hot spot is responsible for most of the light in the binary system, the possible changes in the relevant parameters of temperature and electron density are computed to account for the observed variations. Key words: dwarf novae - free-free emission


Deverbal nominalizations derived with –ung in German display different sortal readings (e.g. event, result, object) depending on the context that they occur in. However, there are cases that show conflicting evidence and hence pose problems for the compositional process. This paper provides a new explanation for the constructions in which one nominalization is understood as expressing two different readings simultaneously in order to match different semantic restrictions by modifiers or governing predicates. As these cases cannot be explained sufficiently by conventional strategies of interpreting nominalizations in context, I apply Nunberg's notion of predicate transfer to shift the context rather than the noun: It is claimed that the nominalization expresses just one reading that fits the semantic restriction of the first modifier or predicate, while the second modifier or predicate changes its meaning through meaning enrichment. This analysis allows for the preserving of compositionality and releases other theories of these special cases.


Received: 18 April 2020 Accepted: 19 December 2020 ABSTRACT The purpose of this research was to study the women's coping style with the marital challenges based on their identity style. The research method was qualitative and phenomenological. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The sample included 13 married women who had been married for at least five years. Sampling was performed purposefully and interviews continued until adequate data were collected. Before the interview, participants were given Berzonsky's Identity Style Inventory (ISI-6G) and their scores were calculated for obtaining three identity styles. The method of data analysis was Colaizzi's seven-step method. Through asking questions about how participants coped with challenges, important themes were extracted and coded. The main themes of coping strategy for women with an informational identity style were: "dialogue", "problem-solving between the couple", "adapting to real conditions", "flexibility in solving problems", and "existential awareness". The main themes of coping strategy for women with a normative identity were: "relying on social capital", "following predetermined patterns", "gradual change" and "direct dialogue through messages". The main themes of coping strategy for women with Diffuse-avoidant identity style were: "passive solutions", "authoritative solution" and "feeling desperate in solving challenges". The results of this study enable counselors to offer pre-marriage advice to couples. Article Type Research Article


The results of the inter-RMO key comparison EURAMET.L-K5.2016 on the calibration of a step gauge are reported. Twenty-two National Metrology Institutes from four different metrological regions all over the world participated in this comparison which lasted three years, from December 2015 to December 2018. Two artefacts were circulated so that the varying ranges of participants equipment could be accommodated. A 1020 mm ceramic monolithic step gauge remained stable throughout the comparison. A 610 mm steel step gauge changed length, possibly due to an impact while travelling between participants. The comparison of this artefact was divided into two groups, those before the damage and those after, with the reference value for each group derived from a linking participant who had demonstrated equivalence in the 1020 mm artefact circulation. For the 1020 mm comparison the inverse-variance weighted mean was taken as reference value. Of the twenty two participants, eleven successfully demonstrated the validity of the claimed measurement capability. Of the remaining 11, 3 submitted revised uncertainties after the initial circulation of results which were shown to be valid when compared to the reference value. A set of recommendations and actions were agreed with the remaining participants. Main text To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/. The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCL, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).


The purpose of the research reported in this paper aims to understand how sanitary waste is managed in the United Kingdom and what drivers led the country to implemented such a system, a problematization approach was followed to formulate the research questions.
Inductive thematic analysis was used to process data collected through in depth interviews and secondary data such as governmental documents. The results of the analysis were the two main themes that help the author to present the results: Sanitary Pads' Commercial Waste Management System and Sanitary Pad Waste Management System initial and current drivers. Finally, the paper discuses how legislation has kept control over how the waste is transported, stored, processed or treated and disposed, presenting the three drives that lead the country to implement a system for sanitary pad waste and two main reasons why the system has not been implemented successfully were identified and presented.


The rotational temperature of nitrogen molecules in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharge has been measured using the electron beam fluorescence (EBF) technique. The neutral gas temperature is an important parameter in understanding the energy balance and neutral radical uniformity in plasma processing. The EBF technique has been used to study rarefied flows, but has not been applied previously to characterize a semiconductor plasma reactor. In this work an electron beam was integrated into an inductively coupled semiconductor plasma reactor, and was used to excite neutral nitrogen molecules from the N2X 1Σg+ state into the excited molecular ion N2+B 2Σu+ state. The electron beam excitation process maps the rotational population distribution of the original ground state into the excited molecular ion state following a dipole model with ΔK=±1. The rotational temperature, which is thought to be equivalent to the neutral gas translational temperature under plasma reactor conditions, can be determined from the rotational intensity distribution of the fluorescence spectrum from the N2+B 2Σu+ state. For the range of neutral gas temperatures found in the plasma reactor a dipole model of the excitation-emission process provides good agreement with the measured spectrum. A least-square fitting procedure comparing the model and measured emission spectra is used to determine the rotation temperature. In this article the first EBF measurements of gas heating in an ICP reactor at different gas pressures (20, 50 mTorr) and plasma source input powers (250, 500, and 1000 W) are reported.The rotational temperature of nitrogen molecules in inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharge has been measured using the electron beam fluorescence (EBF) technique. The neutral gas temperature is an important parameter in understanding the energy balance and neutral radical uniformity in plasma processing. The EBF technique has been used to study rarefied flows, but has not been applied previously to characterize a semiconductor plasma reactor. In this work an electron beam was integrated into an inductively coupled semiconductor plasma reactor, and was used to excite neutral nitrogen molecules from the N2X 1Σg+ state into the excited molecular ion N2+B 2Σu+ state. The electron beam excitation process maps the rotational population distribution of the original ground state into the excited molecular ion state following a dipole model with ΔK=±1. The rotational temperature, which is thought to be equivalent to the neutral gas translational temperature under plasma reactor conditions, can be determined fr...


Fourth-rank tensors of complete Voigt's symmetry, that embody the elastic properties of crystalline anisotropic substances, were constructed for all 2D crystal systems. Using them we obtained explicit expressions for inverse of Young's modulus E, inverse of shear modulus G and Poisson's ratio, which depend on components of the elastic compliances tensor S, on direction cosines of vectors n of uniaxial load and the vector m of lateral strain with crystalline symmetry axes. All 2D crystal systems are considered. Such representation yields decomposition of the above elastic characteristics to isotropic and anisotropic parts. Expressions for Poisson's coefficient are well suited for studying the property of auxeticity and anisotropy 2D crystals. Phase velocities are calculated for all 2D crystal classes.


In this letter, we consider a Coded Edge Computing (CEC) network in which a client encodes its computation subtasks using the Maximum Distance Separable (MDS) code before offloading them to helpers. The CEC network is heterogeneous in which the helpers are different in computing capacity, wireless communication stability, and computing price. Thus, the client needs to determine a desirable size of MDS-coded subtasks and selects proper helpers such that the computation latency is within the deadline and the incentive cost is minimal. This problem is challenging since the helpers are generally dynamic and random in the computing, communication, and computing price. We thus propose to adopt a Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) algorithm that allows the client to learn and find optimal decisions without any prior knowledge of network environments. The experiment results reveal that the proposed algorithm outperforms the standard Q-learning and baseline algorithms in both terms of computation latency and incentive cost.


It was shown for the first time that when modelling the deformation of materials with cubic symmetry (at full stress), the rotation of the computational axes leads to the identification of anisotropic volumetric compressibility. Loading of the materials with cubic symmetry of properties in the directions not coincided with the main directions (for example, 011) allows one to detect 75% cases of the auxetic single crystals (i.e. with negative Poisson's ratio). In these cases, the negative volumetric compressibility has anisotropy, in contrast to the volumetric compressibility calculated along the crystallographic axes for cubic materials. Anisotropy of the volumetric compressibility leads to anisotropy of velocities of propagation of body waves. This paper considers several elastoplastic problems for a cubic material with different orientations of a coordinate system about its crystallographic axes. The behaviour of such a material under dynamic loads is modelled with an account of anisotropic bulk compressibility to provide the same anisotropy of bulk wave velocities in the elastic and plastic ranges and a uniform pressure function at the elastic-to-plastic strain transition. For each orientation of the coordinate system and respective planes, different values at the indicatrices of elastic constants are specified, and this specifies different deformation processes in cubic materials. Such an effect is demonstrated by solving three problems in three-dimensional (3D) statements approximating the following processes: (1) one-dimensional elastoplastic deformation in a thin target impacted by a thin plate; (2) uniform compression in a spherical body under pulsed hydrostatic pressure; and (3) 3D elastoplastic deformation in a cylindrical body striking a rigid target in view of anisotropic bulk compressibility. The problems were solved numerically using original programs based on the finite element method modified by GR Johnson for impact problems. Solving problems in a 3D formulation makes it possible to take into account the dependences of the direction of the elastic and plastic characteristics of the material, as well as the velocities of propagation of elastic and plastic waves from that direction. The simulation results suggest that for cubic materials, changing the orientation of two coordinate axes in a plane changes the strains along all three axes, including those perpendicular to this plane. It is concluded that anisotropic bulk compressibility in cubic materials should be allowed for by mathematical models of their elastic and plastic deformation. We demonstrate that the orientation of a computational coordinate system for cubic materials should be in those directions in which their deformation is analysed in each particular case.


Abstract Discrepancies in bureaucrat behavior, residential segregation, and police stops that turn deadly have spurred critical analysis surrounding who gets stopped by the police and what happens once they get stopped. This study considers the effect of officers' decision when performing vehicle stops and conducting vehicle or person searches, as measured at the block group level in Minneapolis neighborhoods. This research is one of the few empirical studies within public administration which examines police stop decisions during vehicle stops in segregated areas, and one of the few empirical studies that explores police actions toward immigrants. We find that majority African American areas of high segregation have 40% more vehicle or person searches than other parts of the city. Second, we find that in predominately African American areas with growing pockets of East African immigrant areas will be subject to 50% more vehicle and person searches. These results indicate that Black (whether native or foreign born) populations of people are more likely to have investigatory interactions with police officers.


We designed an open source device (EVAP-FOR) to monitor soil profile (soil water content and soil temperature at 3 depths) and air conditions (temperature, relative humidity) in terrestrial ecosystem. Assessesment of soil water content is done using low-cost capacitance probe. We first converted the measured voltage unit for each capacitance probe into relative permittivity using 10 standard solutions and developed a physical based model that used relative permittivity, bulk density and particles density to assess soil water content in soil cores. To test the robustness of our design and model, we built 12 data loggers and used 36 probes to assess water content in 36 soil cores that representing 12 soil texture (clayey to sandy). Preliminary results showed that capacitance probe were able to explain 86% of the total variance of soil water content in an independent dataset of 12 soil cores. The analysis of the residuals extracted from the calibration curves developed using standard solutions showed that there was no effect of the device (0% of the variance) on the measurement, but a small effect of the capacitance probe was detected (15%). This effect can be alleviated by the use of calibration curves that are specific to each probe. The low-cost of EVAP-FOR data logger provides the opportunity to develop local high spatial density networks of monitoring stations. Such networks will be useful to understand the spatio-temporal dynamics of terrestrial ecosystem productivity and resilience, for example, at watershed scale.


It is showed that the optimum operating temperature of atmosphere may be 1 000-1 050 ℃ when propane is made for controllable atmosphere,and the optimum operating temperature of furnace may be 1 050-1 100 ℃ when natural gas is made for controllable atmosphere.


Yanefangwan Pb-Zn deposit is a small Pb-Zn deposit of Fengtai ore-deposit-cluster area in Taibai county,Shaanxi Province and a few geological works have been done.Ore fluid of Yanfangwan Pb-Zn deposit is in medium-low temperature and low salinity and contains CO2,N2,CH4 etc.of the reductive gas system characteristic of hot saline.The fluid inclusions are mainly water solution,CO2-H2O-NaCl and pure CO2,the three kinds of inclusion which are immisible.The homogenization temperature is higher than that of Bafangshan-Erlihe Pb-Zn deposit that may be related to intrusion of Xiba rock body.H,O isotopic composition is characterized by mixture of magmatic water and metamorphic water,C,O isotopic composition by normal Silurian marine carbonate rock and Pb isotopic composition by mixture of Pb sourced from orogenic belt and that of upper crust.Isotopic characteristics of Yanfangwan Pb-Zn deposit differs obviously from those of large Sedex Pb-Zn deposits in the same area and is inapropriately classified into the hot water sedimentary large Pb-Zn deposit.


Many college instructors request that their students complete assigned weekly readings prior to in-class lectures, discussions, and activities. This request presumes that educational outcomes are improved when students prepare themselves to engage actively in the learning process. Indeed, research findings indicate that educational benefits accrue when students complete readings prior to class. For example, Terpstra (1979) found that greater academic achievement was associated with students who were presented with written material before oral presentations when compared to the reverse order. Some instructors rely upon, and often suffer through, the consequences of students' noncompletion of assigned readings prior to instruction-limited classroom participation and discussion, "cramming" for exams, poor exam performance, and failure to master course objectives. These instructors often use traditional oral questioning procedures during classes and select only those students who volunteer to provide answers. Other instructors actively attempt to promote students' consistent and punctual preparation by using traditional tactics such as frequent testing, unannounced written quizzes, and advanced organizers for major exams. Novel procedures also have been attempted. For example, Tuckman (1991) gave students an extra credit option of writing test items which addressed readings presented in subsequent lectures. This voluntary homework system enhanced students' preparation for class. The study presented here was designed to investigate how education majors' expectation of their instructor's in-class questioning method affects their preparation for class. While many college students expect to provide answers during class on a voluntary basis, some instructors use an alternative questioning method, random oral questioning, for which students expect that their instructor will call upon them to provide answers at random - that is, nonvoluntarily. Although random oral questioning is used effectively in many law schools and some other college programs, most teacher education faculty utilize voluntary oral questioning. The application of effective instructional practices from highly respected training programs, such as law, to teacher education programs seems warranted given concerns about the quality of undergraduate instruction and public demands for accountability and rigor in college programs (Greenberg, 1993). Research findings provide support for both the expectation and use of random oral questioning. For example, the effective teaching literature demonstrates that asking questions at random during instructional periods increases the amount of time students are engaged actively in academic tasks and reduces off-task behaviors (Mastropieri & Scruggs, 1987). Using random patterns to call upon students also facilitates high levels of attention and maintains students' involvement in the cognitive demands of the lesson (Hohn, 1986). In addition, rapid questioning from student to student encourages participation and increases students' confidence in their abilities to respond (Christensen, 1989). Finally, recent studies indicate that the expectation of random oral questioning promotes preparation for classes among community college students (McDougall & Cordeiro, 1993) and undergraduate business, nursing, and social science majors (McDougall & Granby, in review). Behavioral and cognitive principles provide further support for using random oral questioning. Behaviorally, random oral questioning conforms to a variable schedule of reinforcement which produces consistent and relatively high rates of behavior (Alberto & Troutman, 1990). Conversely, traditional voluntary oral questioning conforms to a relatively fixed schedule of reinforcement and results in predictable behavior patterns. That is, students who volunteer to answer the instructor's questions tend to be called on frequently, while students who fail to volunteer are not called on and do not provide answers. …


The dynamics of the oxidation reaction of an acetylene molecule with an oxygen atom was investigated through an ab initio molecular orbital method. The three reactions (1) C2H2+O→HCCO+H, (2) HCCO+CH2+CO and (3)C2H2+O→CH2+CO, reported in reaction schemes, were confirmed as being the main elementary steps related to the acetylene oxidation but were found to be not single elementary steps, with each one forming intermediary spacies before the proposed products. These intermediaries are expected to decompose always and much faster than they form, so that those three reactions can be treated as elementary steps without problem. Under ideal conditions, only reaction (3) can be expected to proceed, but vibrations of the atoms in a structure formed during the process can cause its decomposition into HCCO +H, and later the so formed HCCO can meet another H atom and react to CH2+CO. Reactions (1) and (2) are then found to be, respectively, an early and a late step of reaction (3), but each of the three events can occur, depending on how is the collision between the O atom and the vibrating C2H2 molecule. The present results are compared with experimental data reported in the literature, and a qualitative agreement with the data of Miller and Bowman can be seen for reactions (1) and (3), and with the data of Warnatz for reaction (2).


Objective To explore the surgical manipulation of inferior vena cava(IVC) invaded by retroperitoneal tumors(RPT) in order to raise the resection rate and improve the operative safety. Methods The clinical data of 41 cases undergoing resection of retroperitoneal tumor along with the reconstruction of IVC in our hospital from January 1990 to April 2003 were retrospectively analyzed. ResultsAll the patients were cured by operation. Management of IVC included partial excision and repairement(17 cases), partial IVC resection and right kidney excision(11 cases), partial excision and ligation(10 cases), partial excision and artificial vascular grafting(3 cases). ConclusionBUS, CT, MRI and selective angiography were essential for diagnosis and helpful for treatment. It is not an operative contraindication for RPT cases in which IVC was invaded. Resection and reconstruction of IVC is safe, effective and practical to raise the excision rate and decrease the recurrence rate.


In order to achieve wireless communication between sensor nodes, a multi-bus system integrated into a wireless sensor network nodes is applied with the measurement of temperature and humidity. The SPI bus, I 2 C bus, RS232 bus, and l-wire bus are discussed in detail, and given full play to their strengths. The master and slave of the software workflow are also introduced. The system that bases on multi-bus control of the wireless sensor network node has achieved, and can successfully and effectively monitor the environment with an emphasis on the temperature and humidity contexts.


The meeting of the Powhatan tribe and the English settlers centuries ago at what is now known as Jamestown marked the birth of American culinary traditions. The first colonies established by the English, Spanish, and French began the intermingling of European traditions and food ways with those of the Native Americans all along the Atlantic coast in early settlements. Although the settlers brought with them various foods and animals, they soon found themselves interacting with New World foods. This interaction changed their diet and highlighted the stratification of wealth among the settlers. Aboard the ships of European settlers were "horses, cattle, goats, sheep and chickens, as well as pigs; they brought apples, turnips and cabbage; they brought wine, brandy, rum and malt brew"—the rest was provided by the New World (Egerton 11).


The last few years have seen an enormous expansion, in different countries, of distance education for managers. Paul Northcott, of Deakin University, Australia, has first‐hand experience of several of these developments and charts their key features.


Internet advancements and the arrival of new embedded gadgets have radically raised the information sharing in the form of images. In turn, the encryption algorithms have been widely used to secure images. Most of these image encryption algorithms have to run on resource-constrained devices that demand less computational complexity. In this regard, the algorithm proposed in this paper satisfies the need for a computationally less complex image encryption process with its simpler and efficient key generation procedure. The analysis of the implementation results in terms of statistical parameters in addition to its ability to withstand differential attacks validates the security level of the proposed Iightweight image encryption algorithm.


PURPOSE: To enable the optical modulation of optical information with high efficiency without converting the information to electric information by using an optical wave coupler having a composite layer composed of a material which is changed in refractive index by photoirradiation and a metal. CONSTITUTION: The argon ion laser emitted from a laser oscillator 1 is collimated to collimated beams of light by a beam expander 2 and these beams are passed through a slide film 3. The boundary 12 of a silver thin film 6 and an org. dyestuff-contg. film 5 is irradiated with these beams in such a manner that beams are imaged on this boundary by an imaging lens 4 from the atm. side of the composite layer on the base of a prism. On the other hand, the helium neon laser emitted from a laser oscillator 9 generating reading out light is made incident in the state of the collimated beams of light by a beam expander 8. The written information is obtd. in the form that the intensity of the reacting out light is modulated in space distribution on a screen 11 via the imaging lens 10 by the plasmon resonance at the boundary between the org. dyestuff-contg. film 5 of a refractive index changing material and the silver thin film 6. COPYRIGHT: (C)1993,JPO&Japio


The title compounds have been obtained from 5-amino-1,2,3-thiadiazole 6 by methylation and reaction with arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates; their 13C NMR data and X-ray analysis are discussed in terms of two non-equivalent resonance contributors 11A and 11B.


Northern rural communities are particularly challenging environments in which to provide year-round transportation options and ensure that people can meet their travel (mobility) wants and needs. Climate, lack of amenities, small population sizes and low population densities, as well as vulnerable populations, all present challenges to developing rural transportation systems that will result in more livable communities. Using a 2009 database of residents of Vermont, Maine, and New Hampshire, this study examined how the availability of built and natural amenities, weather and attitudes towards travel help to explain revealed and unserved travel demand and subsequently, how these variables affect livability as measured by quality of life (QOL) in a northern rural climate. Structural equation modeling was used to obtain estimates of QOL. The presence of unserved travel demand significantly decreased QOL. This suggests that addressing unserved travel demand, not trip making, should be the primary objective of future mobility initiatives in northern rural climates.


Pollution in Periyar River in Kerala is increasing rapidly and mercury is a major pollutant that is released by the industries situated on its banks. Mercury toxicity is difficult to diagnose and can eventually result in conditions such as Minimata disease if not controlled. An attempt has been made in this study to assess the extent of mercury contamination in the river by dithizone method and compare it with the maximum permissible level for river water. A comparison has also been attempted to assess the extent of mercury contamination of Periyar with that of other contaminated rivers of India. A total of 40 water samples each were collected from 10 different locations of Periyar river at surface level and at 1 metre depth. The samples were analysed by dithizone method of heavy metal extraction with the help of spectrophotometer. The mean mercury value obtained (at both levels) was 0.03 mg/L, which is 30 times more than the permissible level allowed in water (0.001 mg/L). The values obtained at 1m depth are slightly higher than at the surface. The mercury levels are comparable to that of polluted tributaries of other rivers such as Ganga and Yamuna in north India.


The bacteraemia in the emergency department associate to high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study is to specify first the epidemiologic, clinic, bacteriologic, therapeutic and evolutive aspects, to identify the predictive factors of the nosocomial bacteremia and this with impact on the prognosis and finally to suggest measures of prevention. Patients and methods : It is a retrospective study about 50 files of patients hospitalized in the emergency department of UHC Ibn Rochd in Casablanca during 18 months from January 1 st , 2009 to June 31 st,2010. The diagnosis of the bacteraemia is based on 2 positive hemocultures for the negative Coagulase staphylococcus (NCS) and 1 hemoculture for the other pathogenic agents in the patients who have been hospitalized for more than 48 hours. The rate of positivity of hemoculture was 49.15%. The proportion of the bacterriemies community was predominantly 78.5%, against 21.5 for the nosocomial bacteriemia. The isolate germs consisted particularly in cocci gram-positive (60.7%) dominated by the negative coagulase staphylococcus (35.7%) and the S.pneumoniae (17.8%). The bacillus gram-negative represented (32.14%) dominated by the E.Coli (14.28%) and Klebsiella (7.14%). The analysis of the profile of the germs revealed that the resistant staphylococcus meticiline represented 50% of the isolate stocks that are all sensitive to the vancomycin. The klebsiella was resistant to the emipenem in 100% . For E.coli, were resistant to the Gentamycin was about 50% and 20% to amox + clav. Acid. The rate of mortality was about 43.4% in the bacteremic patients predominantly the nosocomiale bacteraemia 66.7%, vs 35.7% for the community bacteraemia. The rate of mortality was about 40.74% in the non bacteremic patients. The rate of mortality in the bacteremic patients is mainly due to septic shock VS multivisceral failure syndrome (MVFS) in the non bacteremic patients. The making use of prevention measures about the sensibilization of the medical and paramedical staff are the only guarantee of a reduction of the mortality, morbidity and the cost due to the nosocomial bacteremia.


The article considers specific characteristics of multimedia publications, including interactive electronic applications and magazines, as a result of modifications in the printed form and the convergence of communications.