The Archean saw the deposition of sediments with a huge range in iron isotopic compositions [1]. This, along with the occurrence of ferric-iron rich banded iron formation (BIF), provide evidence that redox cycling of iron occurred in the Archean oceans despite the anoxic state of the atmosphere at that time [2]. In a pre-oxygenated world, iron may have been a key electron donor and acceptor to microbial metabolisms, such as in photoferrotrophy, and dissimilatory iron respiration (DIR). Iron isotope variations measured in BIF and shale may indeed reflect the imprint of microbial activity, along with that of abiotic oxidants such as UV photons and localized O2. The prevalence of extremely isotopically light pyrites in Archean black shales, with δ56Fe extending below -3 ‰, has been taken separately as: evidence for a strongly depleted oceanic ferrous iron reservoir, formed complimentary to the deposition of isotopically heavy BIF [1]; an imprint of DIR in sediments following its early evolution in Earth history [3,4]; or a kinetic isotope effect occurring in an iron-rich Archean diagenetic environment [5]. These pathways either create an isotopically depleted ferrous iron pool for pyrite formation, or directly form isotopically light pyrite; but traditional iron isotope analyses cannot distinguish isotopically light pyrite signatures stemming from reservoir effects, DIR, or kinetics. We previously showed that UV photo-oxidation followed a specific mass dependent fractionation law for iron isotopes [6]. We now explore the slope of the mass dependent fractionation law for iron isotopes in Archean BIF, pyrite and black shales to assess whether the processes which led to the formation of these strongly fractionated sedimentary components are distinguishable in three isotope (Fe, Fe, Fe) space. Crucially, the depleted reservoir model for light pyrite of [1] can be directly tested, as this model predicts a cogenetic relationship for BIF and pyrites which implies they would follow a single mass fractionation law. The results of these exploratory studies will be reported at the meeting.


The calculation of transfer functions is a multiplication for multinomial, whose results depend on their coefficients. The key issue of the program is to process these coefficients of the multinomial. To store the coefficients in arrays make it possible to control the loop of a program. Laborious operations can be avoided and the MATLAB function feedback can be used conveniently by using this designed C program. This C program can be regarded as a complementary to the control toolbox of MATLAB.


Very few ecological studies have modeled Population Dynamics of the Serengeti Ecosystem. This paper seeks to analyze and forecast the trends of the Population Dynamics of the migratory ungulates of the Serengeti Ecosystem, under normal conditions. To get the Population Dynamics, we formulated a model of the four Ordinary Differential Equations for: Vegetation biomass, Herbivores, Lions and Cheetahs. For analysis we used the Least Mean Square method to simulate the model. We found that as the Vegetation biomass increases, the Herbivores population also increases and as a result the population of the Lions increases and the small Cheetah population decreases and goes to extinct due to competition with the Lions.


Abstract This article presents and discusses a new multinomial classification procedure based on a discrete distributional distance. Its performance along with other commonly used classification procedures is assessed through Monte Carlo sampling experiments under different population structures. In addition to reporting results consistent with the work of Gilbert (1968) and Moore (1973), the article describes sampling experiments which show that the new distance procedure is generally superior, in terms of both the mean actual and mean apparent errors, to the usual full multinomial rule in situations of disproportionate sample sizes.


A H+-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase (H'-PPase) was associated with low density membranes enriched in tonoplast vesicles of oat roots. The H+-PPase catalyzed the electrogenic transport of H+ into the vesicles, generating a pH gradient, inside acid (quinacrine fluorescence quenching), and a membrane potential, inside positive (Oxonol V fluorescence quenching). Transport activity was dependent on cations with a selectivity sequence of Rb+ = K' > Cs'; but it was inhibited by Na' or Li'. Maximum rates of transport required at least 20 millimolar K+ and the Km for this ion was 4 millimolar. Fluoride inhibited both ApH formation and K'-dependent PPase activity with an 15 of I to 2 millimolar. Inhibitors of the anion-sensitive, tonoplast-type H'-ATPase (e.g. a disulfonic stilbene or NO-) had no effect on the PPase activity. Vanadate and azide were also ineffective. H+-pumping PPase was inhibited by 7-chloro4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and N-ethylmaleimide, but its sensitivity to N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was variable. The sensitivity to ions and inhibitors suggests that the tonoplast H'-PPase and the H'-ATPase are distinct activities and this was confirmed when they were physically separated after Triton X-100 solubilization and Sepharose CL-6B chromatography. H' pumping activity was strongly affected by Mg2" and pyrophosphate (PPi) concentrations. At 5 millimolar Mg2l, H' pumping showed a Km. for PPi of 15 micromolar. The rate of H+ pumping at 60 micromolar PPi was often equivalent to that at 1.5 millimolar ATP. The results suggest PPi hydrolysis could provide another source of a proton motive force used for solute transport and other energy-requiring processes across the tonoplast and other membranes with H'-PPase. A pyrophosphatase is associated with vacuole membranes isolated from red beets (27), and tulip petals (25), and with microsomal membranes of sugar beets (10). Though the function of this enzyme was not clear, Walker and Leigh (27) suggested that it might be a H+ pump. Churchill and Sze (6) tested this idea with a low density vesicle preparation from oat roots enriched in tonoplast vesicles; and found that PPi generated a pH gradient in these vesicles. More recent studies by Rea and Poole (19) and Chanson et al. (5) have shown that the PPase' of the low density vesicles from red beets and corn coleoptiles is a H+ pump. Their work further indicates that the PPase is a separate enzyme and not a partial activity of the H+-pumping ATPase that is associated with the tonoplast. However, the properties of the PPase and its physiological function are still poorly understood. Here we show the H+-pumping PPase from oat roots is electrogenic and sensitive to fluoride inhibition. Under certain conditions, the ApH generated by the H'-PPase is similar in magnitude to that generated at optimal conditions by the H'-ATPase. A preliminary report of these results has been presented (29).


Double skin composite (DSC) is a structural system of steel plates connected to a sandwiched concrete core with welded stud shear connectors. Shear studs are welded to the plates at regular centers and act as connectors for the concrete core. The final structure acts compositely with the steel skins carrying either tension or compression, the concrete core carrying some compression and the connectors transferring both horizontal shear between layers and vertical shear across the section. In this research an investigation of double skin composite panels behavior when subjected to quasi-static loading was done. A series of quasi-static tests were used to analysis deformation and energy absorption capacity of such system when perforated by rigid penetrator with conical nose shape. Research results showed that such elements are very effective in resisting quasi-static loads and have great ability of absorbing energy when subjected to perforation due to ductility of lower plate skin and vertical stiffness of lower shear studs.


In this paper, we show the robustness of a proposed system using both a frequency diversity and a time diversity effect when the channel assumptions are relaxed such that all subbands are not subject to independent fading. We take time‐repetition coding with interleaving such that the repetition code symbols are spaced sufficiently far apart to guarantee time diversity. We also incorporate offset multicarriers into a proposed multicarrier DS‐CDMA system in a different way compared to that of [10] to reduce the total multiple access interference. When we take a convolutional encoder instead of a time‐repetition encoder, and again use both time diversity and frequency offset, then we can obtain the significant performance gain.


This paper presents the study of a heat pipe-equipped heat exchanger with two filling ratios of R134a 19% and 59%, respectively. The airflow rate varies from 0.4 to 2.0 kg/s. The temperatures at the evaporator side of the heat pipe vary from 40 to 70°C and at the condenser part from 20 to 50°C. The performance of the heat exchanger has been compared with two pool boiling models, Cooper and Gorenflo, and two filmwise condensation models, Nusselt and Butterworth. A fairly good agreement is found for measurements and the model of Cooper at low airflow Reynolds number at the evaporator side of the heat exchanger. The result of this study is that a heat pipe equipped heat exchanger can replace a water-cooled heat exchanger without loss of performance. The tested process conditions are typical for warmer countries.


The National Technological University was created in 1984 as a cooperative effort by many majorengineering and management colleges in the United States for the graduate and continuingeducation needs of busy engineers, technical professionals and managers. Today, 52 universitycampuses are linked by 16 channels of ne wMPEG2/DVB compressed digital video technology toworkplaces in North America, and since 1995, to nine countries in the Asia Pacific region. NTU'svision is to enable working professionals and managers to share premier educational resourcesglobally via telecommunications. NTU is a private, non-profit, accredited university although it hasno direct faculty or campus student facilities. Today, NTU offers thirteen MS degrees and a MBA,nearly 500 academic courses each year, and more than 450 non-credit continuing education coursesto a customer list of more than 250 business and government organizations. NTU's brief history ispunctuated with a number of innovations. These involve delivery technology, and more recently, thecreation of a for-profit subsidiary for many support functions. This paper describes the organ-izational relationships with the 52 participating universities and their faculties. Academic programoutcome measures are reviewed in depth. Current trends in continuing education service aredescribed. The increasing role of the Internet and World Wide Web in all aspects of the operation isreviewed. NTU's latest delivery technology strategy is also highlighted


Assessing Green Space as a Correlate of Physical Activity Among Twins Isabel Catherine Kanholm Chair of the Supervisory Committee: Associate Professor Glen Duncan


3094 Background: The peptides derived from ideal cancer-testis antigens, including LY6K, CDCA1 and IMP3 (identified using genome-wide cDNA microarray analyses), were utilized in immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). In this trial, we analyzed the immune response to and safety and efficacy of vaccine therapy. Methods: A total of 37 patients with advanced HNSCC were enrolled in this trial of peptide vaccine therapy, and the OS, PFS and immunological response were evaluated using enzyme-linked ImmunoSpot (ELISPOT) and pentamer assays. The peptides were subcutaneously administered weekly with IFA. The primary endpoints were evaluated based on differences between HLA-A*2402-positive (A24(+)) patients treated with peptide vaccine therapy and –negative (A24(-)) patients treated without peptide vaccine therapy among those with advanced HNSCC. Results: Our cancer vaccine therapy was well tolerated. The OS of the A24(+)vaccinated group (n = 37) was statistically significantly longer than tha...


India, presented with a 1-month history of fever, of symptoms of left arm claudication, episodes of central pain, palpitations and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea. blood of There


This chapter addresses questions about the emergence of art, sign, and representation, showing what these categories mean as applied to the archaeological record and how evidence of them may relate to the evolution of human cognitive capacities. It goes beyond the Eurasian Upper Paleolithic to consider marked or decorated objects from significantly older sites associated with Anatomically Modern Humans in Africa and Indonesia, Neanderthals in Europe, and Homo erectus in Trinil, Java. The materials evidence a range of graphic production across significant space and time. They indicate the emergence of graphic expression and its role in human evolution is much more complex than traditional Eurocentric model, as well as more recent models, allow. The review points to problems with the current epistemology of symbolic evolution and emphasizes how the use of "art" and other traditional artifact classes bias interpretations of prehistoric behaviors and models of when and why symbolling emerged.


This presentation will explain what OERs (Open Educational Resources) are in general and will also explain the details of the Minnesota Partnership for Collaborative Curriculum and how it will benefit Minnesota K12 school districts with a special focus on grades 3-5. The use of MPCC Learning Management System ready content in grades 3-5 will be demonstrated.
These are slides used to foster a conversation by attendees of the session. The Moodle site will be available for at least 30 days, longer if the discussion gets used.
http://www.sabier.org/


China started its market oriented reform process in 1978. Reforms have covered all major sectors o f the economy including agriculture, industry, finance, international trade and investment. The major characteristics of reforms are managerial autonomy, decentralized decision-making and the opening up o f the economy. Reforms have resulted in higher productivity and higher economic growth. China became the fastest growing economy o f the world through the reform . process. The entry into the WTO will further deepen the reforms. Recent years hove witnessed dramatic rise in India's interest in China, mainly ^ because o f the poor performance o f Indian economy as compared to China. India has lot o f lessons to learn from China's reform process. Some o f the lessons are: (i) India should give emphasis on agricultural sector which has been neglected so far in the reform process, (ii) efforts should be made to attract more FDI, (Hi) trade should be liberalized more removing restrictions so as to integrate the economy with the world economy, and, (iv) attention should be pai&towards the development o f high quality infrastructure. Precisely, India should push her second-generation reforms forward to catch up with China.


Alarmist demography often situates older people as natural disasters: images of the 'gray flood' and 'silver tsunami' imbue senescence with the destructive force of climatic proportions. This Element focuses on the demographic dread arising from the relative shift in younger and older populations: not of a world lacking children, but of one catastrophized by the overabundance of the old and aging. Drawing on examples of science fictional sterility dystopias, Aging Earth challenges the privilege of youth in ecocritical thought and practice, especially the heteronormative urgency to address climate change for the sake of children and future generations. By decoupling the figurative connection between futurity and children, senescent environmentalism attunes itself to the contingency of non-linear and non-teleological futures: drawing together the delicacy of ecosystems on the brink with the structural precarity of older people, queers, and people of color.


PurposeThis paper considers a supply chain with a manufacturer (she) selling through an online retail platform (he) and studies the channel structure choices of two firms when investing in advertising.Design/methodology/approachThe authors assume that the platform provides the manufacturer with an agency and/or reselling channel; thus, there are three possible channel structures: agency channel, reselling channel and dual channel. By developing a game-theoretic model, the authors investigate the channel structure choices of two firms when advertising separately, simultaneously and cooperatively and analyze the optimal combination strategy of channel structure and advertising scheme for both firms.FindingsWhen the advertising efforts of the two firms are independent of each other, the equilibrium results show that different advertising schemes lead to different channel choices. For the manufacturer, it is optimal to choose the dual channel structure and adopt the advertising scheme that both subsidizes platform advertising and advertises on her own. For the platform, this combination is also optimal at a high commission rate; otherwise, the advertising scheme in which both firms advertise simultaneously is optimal and he is better off switching from the dual channel structure to the reselling channel structure as interchannel substitution intensity increases. The above results still hold for complementary advertising efforts and asymmetric marginal advertising costs, while in the case of substitutable advertising efforts, one firm may ride on another firm's advertising efforts, leading to different strategic combinations.Originality/valueThis paper not only provides useful guidance for manufacturers and platforms in channel selection and advertising strategy, but also theoretically enriches the literature on manufacturer encroachment.


Weather radar networks provide data with good spatial coverage and temporal resolution. Hence they are able to describe the variability of precipitation. Typical radar stations determine the rain rate for every square kilometre and make a full volume scan within about 5 minutes. A weakness however, is their often poor metering precision limiting the applicability of the radar for hydrological purposes. In contrast to rain gauges, which measure precipitation directly on the ground, the radar determines the reflectivity aloft and remote. Due to this principle, several sources of possible errors occur. Therefore improving the radar estimates of rainfall is still a vital topic in radar meteorology and hydrology.


Increased collections from the Hibbertia-rich vicinity of Sydney, New South Wales, prompted a survey of rarer species to publicise the need for more information ahead of the rapid urban spread. Many of these species were previously misunderstood or are listed as rare and endangered. Thirteen new taxa (in bold) are described and discussed in context with the following seventeen taxa within seven different species groups: 1. H. acicularis group: H. woronorana Toelken; 2. H. humifusa group: H. fumana Toelken; 3. H. pedunculata group: H. intermedia (DC.) Toelken; 4. H. rufa group: H. pilifera Toelken, H. pustulata Toelken, H. rufa N.A.Wakef., H. surcularis Toelken; 5. H. sericea group: H. puberula subsp. puberula, – subsp. extensa R.T.Mill. and – subsp. glabrescens Toelken; 6. H. stricta group: H. cistiflora N.A.Wakef. subsp. cistiflora, – subsp. quadristaminea Toelken, H. oxycraspedota Toelken & R.T.Mill., H. stricta (R.Br. ex DC.) F.Muell. subsp. stricta, – subsp. furcatula Toelken, H. sulcinervis Toelken; 7. H. strigosa group: H. strigosa Toelken.


Fracture mechanics includes the analysis of stress and strain fields of solids in the vicinity of the stress concentrators: cracks and V-notches. At present, only the methods of stress analysis and fracture criteria for cracked bodies are most completed. In the case of bodies with V-notches these methods are at the early stage of development. This remark refers to both sharp V-notches, in which, in compliance with the linear theory of the elasticity, stresses rise to infinity, as well as blunt V-notches the vertices of which are rounded with small radii of curvature. At the vertices of such notches even the moderate level of loading causes the stress concentration which significantly exceeds the strength of material.


The analysis of modern problems of a professional training of specialists in the Russian Federation is presented. Ways and directions of stabilization and development of continuous professional education, and also necessary changes in the integrated Education «Act of the Russian Federation» is proposed.


Spinal cord cross-sectional area (CSA) is a relevant biomarker to assess spinal cord atrophy in various neurodegenerative diseases. However, the considerable inter-subject variability among healthy participants currently limits its usage. Previous studies explored factors contributing to the variability, yet the normalization models were based on a relatively limited number of participants (typically < 300 participants), required manual intervention, and were not implemented in an open-access comprehensive analysis pipeline. Another limitation is related to the imprecise prediction of the spinal levels when using vertebral levels as a reference; a question never addressed before in the search for a normalization method. In this study we implemented a method to measure CSA automatically from a spatial reference based on the central nervous system (the pontomedullary junction, PMJ), we investigated various factors to explain variability, and we developed normalization strategies on a large cohort (N=804). Cervical spinal cord CSA was computed on T1w MRI scans for 804 participants from the UK Biobank database. In addition to computing cross-sectional at the C2-C3 vertebral disc, it was also measured at 64 mm caudal from the PMJ. The effect of various biological, demographic and anatomical factors was explored by computing Pearson's correlation coefficients. A stepwise linear regression found significant predictors; the coefficients of the best fit model were used to normalize CSA. The correlation between CSA measured at C2-C3 and using the PMJ was y = 0.98x + 1.78 (R2 = 0.97). The best normalization model included thalamus volume, brain volume, sex and interaction between brain volume and sex. With this model, the coefficient of variation went down from 10.09% (without normalization) to 8.59%, a reduction of 14.85%. In this study we identified factors explaining inter-subject variability of spinal cord CSA over a large cohort of participants, and developed a normalization model to reduce the variability. We implemented an approach, based on the PMJ, to measure CSA to overcome limitations associated with the vertebral reference. This approach warrants further validation, especially in longitudinal cohorts. The PMJ-based method and normalization models are readily available in the Spinal Cord Toolbox.


The new ISO 45001 safety standard should reinforce the message to manufacturers that a safe workplace begins with good culture


Abstract This study investigated the influence of a professional learning intervention on parents and special educators' perceptions of collaboration to support student outcomes. Over a period of six months, participants worked together to identify effective ways to establish and sustain partnerships in their districts. Eight pre- and post-intervention semi-structured focus groups were conducted with homogenous parent and educator participant groups. Findings indicated that participants recognized specific needs of improvement in home–school partnerships in the areas of: communication, understanding, and appreciation of the families' experiences, contributions and funds of knowledge, and participation in special education processes. The post-intervention findings indicated that the training helped participants to gain critical insight over each other's perspectives. This study brings important considerations for school districts or other agencies to design and deliver effective professional development in the area of partnerships between schools and families.


Based on the formalism of General Relativity, we analyze generalizations of concepts used in conventional geodesy. One such concept is the Earth's geoid. We present our definition of the relativistic geoid in terms of the level sets of a time-independent redshift potential. Such a potential exists for any congruence of Killing observers, i.e. for any rigidly moving object associated with a stationary spacetime in the outer region. The level surfaces of the redshift potential foliate the three dimensional space into isochronometric surfaces, which can be determined with the help of standard clocks. Two such clocks on the same surface will show zero redshift when their frequencies are compared. One of these level surfaces, singled out by a suitable convention, defines the relativistic geoid in our framework. At the same time, the redshift potential is also an acceleration potential for the congruence of observers. Hence, the isochrono-metric surfaces are orthogonal to the acceleration of freely falling objects, i.e. they are orthogonal to the local plumb line. Therefore, two independent kinds of measurements can contribute to the determination of the relativistic geoid. It can be shown that clocks, which are connected by optical fiber links, can be used to determine the redshift potential; this gives the operational foundation of our framework. Moreover, we show that our definition reduces to the well-known Newtonian and post-Newtonian notions in the respective limits. To illustrate our framework, we consider analytic examples of spacetimes, for which we calculate the level surfaces of the redshift potential and illustrate their intrinsic geometry by an embedding into flat Euclidean space. We emphasize that our definition of the geoid in terms of relativistic concepts is valid for arbitrarily strong gravitational fields. We do not use any approximation in the sense of weak fields or post-Newtonian expansion schemes. Hence, the definition can also be applied to very compact objects such as neutron stars.


Seventy-one diabetic pregnarcies and one hundred healthy pregnancies were monitored, on two occasions between the 27th-32nd and 33rd-36th week of gestation, by standard biometric echography, behavioural state analysis [Quiet state percentages (S1F) and activity state (S2F)] and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry (UA) (Resistance Index or RI). Our purpose was to determine if behavioural state and Doppler velociometry:1) are different in normal and diabetic cases2) are correlated, in diabetic cases, with maternal glycemia;3) are predictors of some perinatal outcomes selected: emergency cesarean section (CS); Apgar score <7 at 1st and 5th min.; Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS); Neonantal Hypoglycemia (NH); Neurological Injury (NI) (evaluated at the Our finding suggest:* there are significant behavioural state and Doppler velocimetry differences between normal and diabetic cases;* abnormal glycemia values are correlated with abnormal behavioural state and UA Doppler velocimetry values;* S1F and S2F are negative predictive factors of fetal sufference, abnormal glycemia values and non balanced insulin therapy, unstatisfactory perinatal outcome and neonatal shortterm follow-up;* UA RI is an important factor in fetal sufference detection and negative perinantal predictor only if combined with abnormal behavioural state percentages.


ISSR markers were applied to analysis the genetic relationships among 9 species of Euphorbia,and 251 bands were amplified with 24 primers,including 248 polymorphic bands.The polymorphic percentage is 98.8%.The genetic similarity among 9 species ranged from 0.51 to 0.69.UPGMA results showed that the species were obviously clustered into three groups.The five species from subgen.Chamaesyce,subgen.Poinsettia and one specie of the subgen.Euphorbia was clustered into the first group while the three species of subgen.Euphorbia were clustered into the other two groups.The ISSR markers results differ drastically from the results based on morphological characters.


Utilizing intelligent remote terminal Qiemo pulse diagnosis device and a method, to an apparatus and method Qiemo TCM pulse diagnosis device and a pulse by the pulse detector simulator, intelligent terminal and the client software, the pulse detector according cable with microphone and headphones connected to the intelligent terminal, client software running on the intelligent terminal, using the pulse detector is fixed to the wrist strap on the pulse of the wrist, so that the pulse detector and a pulse sensor detects human inch off pulse phase at the foot , the pulse detector detects the intelligent terminal off-inch ruler pulse beat, intelligent terminals pass through the connection line, the intelligent terminal to the physician via the mobile Internet, Guan and Chi pulse waveform inch display information on a doctor's intelligent terminal, the doctor the hand on the pulse of the simulator shut-foot three-inch vibrator, you can feel the pulse beat, its vibration effect similar to the pulse beat of the people, realize the remote Qiemo.


This work was made possible by the support from Rockefeller Foundation and National Agricultural Research Organization (Uganda). Special thanks to Soroti District Agricultural officer, Soroti District Environmental Officer, Dr. Bonface Wambu (University of Nairobi), Dr. Phillip Omondi (ICPAC), Dr. Everlyne Komtunga (NARO) and Dr. Drake Mubiru (NARO) and ICPAC staff for their support and counsel throughout the entire study.


The extended non-relativistic electronic Hamiltonian, HHne+ aHee, is linear in coupling strength parameter (a), but its eigenvalues (interpreted as electronic energies) have only quasi-linear dependence on "a". No detailed analysis has yet been published on the ratio or participation of electron-electron repulsion energy (Vee) in total electronic energy – apart from virial theorem and the highly detailed and well-known algorithm for Vee, which is calculated during the standard HF-SCF and post-HF-SCF routines. Using a particular modification of the SCF part in the Gaussian package we have analyzed the ground state solutions via the parameter "a". Technically, this modification was essentially a modification of a single line in an SCF algorithm, wherein the operator rij -1 was overwritten as rij -1  arij -1 , and used "a" as input. The most important finding beside that the repulsion energy Vee(a) is a quasi-linear function of "a", is that the extended 1 st Hohenberg-Kohn theorem (0(a=1)  Hne  Y0(a=0)) and its consequences in relation to "a". The latter allows an algebraic transfer from the simpler solution of case a=0 (where the single Slater determinant is the accurate form) to the realistic wanted case a=1. Moreover, we have generalized the emblematic theorems in the title in relation to the coupling strength parameter.


This article argues that women athletes were implicated in discussions of sex changeability occurring in 1930s Britain. The topics of the suitability of sport for women and of sex changeability were both given considerable press coverage. Sports officials were faced with the practical problem of how to differentiate female competitors from male ones. Medics at London's Charing Cross Hospital interpreted athleticism and an interest in sport as signs of maleness in patients. Sports practice developed muscles, which were held to be akin to a male secondary sex characteristic. An awareness of the unfixity ascribed to somatic sex means appreciating that debates about the masculinity of sportswomen cannot be understood simply as homophobia—the possibility of changing sex was a real concern.


The structure of the title compound, C 27 H 47 N 5 O 4 Si 3 , has been determined at 223 K. There are two independent molecules per asymmetric unit. The main structural characteristics are as follows: (i) the compound has a 2'S configuration and (ii) the furanose part of the molecule adopts a 3'-endo conformation [pseudorotation phase angles 27.5 (2) and 26.8 (3)°].


This paper deals with the real-time multiplierless implementation of halfband IIR filters having approximate linear phase and significantly smaller processing delay than previously reported implementations.


New TIMS dates from British sites underpin and extend the growing model of mammalian faunal history during the Late Pleistocene. The sequence of British faunas during the three successive warm phases of MIS 5 presents a challenging model in which the mammal faunas of the first two temperate phases, 5e and 5c is dominated by species of a classically interglacial character, while that of the final phase, sub‐stage 5a, is dominated by bison and reindeer. This we see as the 'cold fauna' appearing in Britain during the cool isotope sub‐stage 5b and subsequently isolated by the rising sea level of isotope sub‐stage 5a. All these three faunas are true island faunas. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Since 2008, he is Prof. Emeritus of Seoul National University where he served for 32 years. He has been actively involved since 2009 to develop the design technologies for cable-supported bridges as a programme director at the Super Long Span Bridge R&D Centre. His major scientific research areas are the dynamic behaviour and the health monitoring technology of cable-supported long-span bridges.


The influence of major cost items on the total production cost of beef cattle during the growing phase was evaluated. A mathematical model assessing production inputs considering the cost of the items according to the Economic Theory was used. Costs were allocated into: A) variable costs, B) fixed costs, and C) factor income. A survey was carried-out in 2018 and 2019 with a rancher located in the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil) aiming to define the major technical indicators of production. The spot prices used in the current analysis refered to December 2019. The base-animal used during the growing phase represented the Nelore breed (Bos indicus), intact males and females (n = 34), separated into three lots according to the ranch of origin and sex. The initial averaging 195 ± 15 kg of live shrunk BW (body weight), and the average selling weight was 360 ± 15 kg shrunk BW. Two types of supplementations were offered during the year, the mineral was provided for 150 d, and protein supplementation was offered for 210 d. In the base scenario, the production cost was US$ 1.13/kg of animal. The fixed cost of the activity represents 23% of the total cost, in which capital depreciation, equipment maintenance, and labor represented 7.1%, 6.7%, and 5.9%, respectively. The variable cost of the activity represented 66.3% of total costs, in which cattle purchase price and feed costs represented 58.8% and 7.1%, respectively. These two factors, cattle purchase price, and feed costs, can be directly related to the success or failure of the system, thus also becoming good variables to be closely managed, justifying the importance of current elasticity analyses in such items. The price elasticity of items involving production cost variability in case a total expenditure cost of such items increased by 1% was hypothesized. The input costs that most represented the total cost were in order: 1) cattle purchase price, 2) feed, 3) capital depreciation, 4) labor, and 5) equipment maintenance. The cattle purchase price represented in the elasticity analysis as the most impactful factor, followed by equipment maintenance, feed, depreciation, and labor, at +0.54%, +0.11%, +0.07%, +0.07%, +0.05%, respectively. The cattle purchase price was the most related to the total cost. The increases of 1% in this variable caused variations of +0.54% of the total cost. It means the cost of production of 1 kg of beef cattle goes from US$ 1.13/kg to US$ 1.74/kg. In conclusion, the power of negotiation when buying and selling animals was the factor that can influence the most total costs of the cattle enterprise assessed.


Louisa endeavoured to produce such a collection of correspondence herself, but by the time of her death in 1940 she had yet to manage the task. Since then, many letters found their way into various archives, private collections and attics scattered around the United Kingdom and Europe. Recently, however, that situation has begun to change. Between 2006 and 2015, an international team of historians formed the John Tyndall Correspondence Project (JTCP) to collect and transcribe more than 8000 of Tyndall's letters in a nine-volume set to be published for researchers between 2015 and 2023 – researchers like Roland Jackson. The Ascent of John Tyndall represents the first major biography of Tyndall since 1945, and Jackson's book is as comprehensive as it is overdue. Drawing from a wealth of historical sources that include personal and professional correspondence, scientific papers and accounts in the popular press – many of them newly available because of the JTCP, but many of them the products of Jackson's own diligent archival work – Jackson at once recounts the important events of Tyndall's life and uses Tyndall himself to build a richly textured picture of the social and scientific world in which he lived. The book favours a rigorous attention to detail over deep historiographical engagement, and in building a chronicle of a life Jackson often leaves his reader a good deal of work to determine the relative importance of the events he relates. Nevertheless, Jackson's impressive facility with the scientific and political contexts of Tyndall's late-nineteenth-century world enables him to weave together a series of themes that define both the man and the period, providing a useful and comprehensive launching pad for a wide variety of forays in to the social and scientific worlds of Victorian England.


An experiment was conducted during 1991-93 to study comparative efficiency of nitrogen absorption and utilzation in 'Robusta' banana (Musa x paradisiaca L.) using 15 N-enriched ammonium sulphate, Nitrogen was applied in 4 equal splits of 50 g each at early vegetative (45 days after planting), late-vegetative (90 days). bud-differentiation (155 days) and Shooting stages of plant growth. After each application absorption and utilization of fertilizer N was monitored by collection of leaf samples at 20-day intervals till bunch harvest. The absorption of fertilizer N [nitrogen derived from fertilizer (Ndff) applied at early and late vegetative stages was faster but decreased gradually to a low value at the time of bunch harvest. However the application at bud·differentiation and shooting stages maintained higher fertilizer N in leaves till bunch harvest. Uptake and utilization of fertilizer N increased with delayed stage of applicalion and the highest utilizalion (38.87%) was obtained when applied at shooting stage and least when applied at early vegetative stage (11.73%).


The commedeja pe 'mmuseca, a comic operatic genre in Neapolitan, flourished in early eighteenth-century Naples. Gradually, it began integrating Tuscan-speaking characters into its plots, accompanied by a dramma per musica inspired musical style. This inclusion of the literary language of the Peninsula and of a seria musical style has been interpreted as an attempt to ennoble the genre, and has led to the theorization of a dichotomy between Tuscan serious characters and Neapolitan comic ones. This view of Tuscan is based on the mistaken premise that Neapolitan is the language of the people and Tuscan, that of the aristocracy. I argue that, caused by a misunderstanding of the political and linguistic context of eighteenth-century Naples, it not only overlooks the reality of the music and libretti, but also neglects the political and nationalistic dimensions of the genre's multilingualism. In fact, Neapolitan was spoken by all Neapolitans, whereas Tuscan was the language of foreigners and of the Austrian ruling power. This leads me to suggest a new interpretation to the commedeja's multilingualism: accompanied by regional characterization, it is actually a form of local resistance against foreign domination. The analysis of sixty-six libretti, dating from 1721 to 1749, and of Lo frate 'nnamorato (1732) by Gennaro Antonio Federico and Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, confirm this hypothesis.


Neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) have been shown to play an important role in modulating LH secretion. One mechanism by which the ARH NPY system may regulate LH secretion is by modulating GnRH neuronal function. Thus, the present study examined whether the ARH NPY system provided direct input to GnRH cell bodies in the preoptic area (POA), as well as to their nerve terminals in the median eminence (ME). The possible involvement of the NPY Y1 receptor subtype in mediating the effects of NPY was also investigated. Lactating rats were used in these studies because they have increased hypothalamic NPY content, especially in the ARH/ME areas, making it easier to detect NPY fibers and terminals. The anterograde tracer, Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), was iontophoresed into the ARH of lactating rats; and triple-label immunofluorescence was performed, with the aid of confocal microscopy, to visualize NPY, PHA-L, and GnRH. GnRH cell bodies were found scatter...


This research is aimed to know the library user's perception toward the
information system of Eprintsdigital library in State Islamic University SunanKalijaga
Yogyakarta. The method that is used in this research is descriptive quantitative
method. This method is included into sample research which involve 96 digital library
users who have been around the State Islamic University SunanKalijaga Yogyakarta.
The method of collecting data that used are observation, interview, documentation,
and questionnaire. The data are analysed using correlation formula of Product
Moment and the data are processed by using SPSS software version 21 for Windows.
Based on the data that have been analysed, it is known that the level of the library user
perception toward information system software of Eprintsin the State Islamic
University SunanKalijaga Yogyakarta from the content indicator can be gotten mean
3, 06, from the accurate indicator can be gotten mean 2,93, from the format indicator
can be gotten mean 2,98, from the ease indicator can be gotten mean 3,05, from the
time indicator can be gotten 2,98. Based on those five indicators, it is gotten grand
mean 3,00 that means that the library users perception toward information system
software of Eprintsin the State Islamic University SunanKalijaga Yogyakarta is very
good or the users have been satisfied. Based on the result of this research, the
researcher gives suggestions that in order to make the Digital Library in the State
Islamic University SunanKalijaga Yogyakarta better to give the service, the colour
ofEprintscan be designed to make it clearer. For its file size, it is suggested to make it
smaller so that it can be accessed as fast as possible. Moreover, from its font of the
format can be made bigger so that it can be clearer in order to give the comfortable
service for the library users.


75 albino mice were employed to study the influence of melatonin on the gonadal effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). It was noted that administration of HCG by itself augmented the weight of the uterus but that administration of HCG together with melatonin did not. It was also noted that MADE-513 and MADE-2014 2 synthetic derivatives of melatonin antagonized the inhibiting effect of melatonin on the weight of ovaries previously treated with HCG. (Summary in ENG)


Abstract A practical millimeter-wave (mmw) holographic imaging system with tunable intermediate frequency (IF) attenuator has been developed. It can be used for the detection of concealed weapons at security checkpoints, especially the airport. The system is utilized to scan the passenger and detect the weapons hidden in the clothes. To reconstruct the three dimensions (3-D) image, a holographic mmw imaging algorithm based on aperture synthesis and back scattering is presented. The system is active and works at 28–33 GHz. Tunable IF attenuator is applied to compensate the intensity and phase differences between multi-channels and multi-frequencies.


The evolvement of rock damage struck by a high-pressure water jet is characterized by nonlinear properties,thus making it a complicated dynamic problem.Based on a nonlinear finite element and elastic-plasticity theory,a computational model was established.The dynamic load striking the rock by a high-pressure water jet was simulated by the dynamic contact method.Furthermore,the propagation of a stress wave in the same rock was simulated at different impact velocities.The results show that the propagation velocity of a stress wave is proportional to the impact velocity of the high-pressure water jet.The effects of a stress wave in sandstone and coal impacted by high-pressure water jets of the same velocity were simulated.The effect of a stress wave in coal was stronger than in sandstone,while the region of propagation of stress wave in coal was smaller.


Athletes, bodybuilders, and physically active individuals extensively consume protein-rich products such as whey, soy, casein, and egg (Williams, 2005). Among these, whey and casein are the preferred proteins in terms of quality (Tipton et al., 2004). Whey and casein are mostly derived from cow milk. Cow milk protein consists of 80% casein and 20% whey protein. Whey protein is consisted of β-lactoglobulin (β-LG) and α-lactoglobulin (α-LG) and a small amount of immunoglobulin (Bobe et al., 1998). β-LG has 162 amino acids and the most distinctive feature of whey protein compared to casein is that it has 5 cysteines in its structure (Sava et al., 2005). This significant difference is used to determine the quality difference between casein and whey protein (European Union, 1990; Ballin, 2006).


The changes that took place during the fermentation of cassava mash over a period of ten days at ambient temperature (28 – 32C) were investigated. On daily basis, changes in pH, titratable acidity, hydrocyanic acid (HCN), ascorbic acid as well as chemical composition were determined. pH decreased significantly (p<0.05) from 6.4 to 3.2 while titratable acidity initially increased significantly (p<0.05) from 0.2% to 0.8% from the first to the fourth day and thereafter reduced to 0.5%. HCN reduced significantly from 6.5 mg/100g to 3.2 mg/100g, while ascorbic acid increased significantly from 24 mg/100g to 28 mg/100g. Moisture content increased significantly (p<0.05) from 65.94% to 77.1% while protein, crude fibre and ash increased significantly (p<0.05%) within the first four days and thereafter decreased all through. Total plate count increased significantly from 5.2 x 10cfu /g to 8.4 x 10cfu/g within four days and thereafter reduced to 3.0 x 10cfu/g. Results obtained showed that fermentation for a period of four days will be adequate for optimum development of nutrients and organoleptic quality of cassava mash for gari processing.


Background: Treatment strategies for tight control of early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are highly effective but can be improved. Objective: To investigate whether adding prednisone, 10 mg/d, at the start of a methotrexate (MTX)–based treatment strategy for tight control in early RA increases its effectiveness. or a biologic agent to the treatment. Results: Erosive joint damage after 2 years was limited and less in the group receiving MTX and prednisone ( n (cid:2) 117) than in the group receiving MTX and placebo ( n (cid:2) 119). The MTX and prednisone strategy was also more effective in reducing disease activity and physical disability, achieving sustained remission, and avoiding the addition of cyclosporine or biologic treatment. Adverse events were similar in both groups, but some occurred less in the MTX and prednisone group. Limitation: A tight control strategy for RA implies monthly visits to an outpatient clinic, which is not always feasible. Conclusion: Inclusion of low-dose prednisone in an MTX-based treatment strategy for tight control in early RA improves patient outcomes.


In this dissertation, we study trade-offs between computational complexity and information content of problems arising in different facets of theoretical computer science. In the first part of the dissertation, we study the information content of online problems. For the online Steiner tree problem, we give matching upper and lower bounds on the advice complexity of the problem for the entire range of advice bits and thus resolve the problem. Then, we continue to study the randomness complexity of the disjoint path allocation problem. Our result shows that, in some cases, it is possible to use random bits instead of advice bits, while maintaining the same performance of the algorithm. In light of previous work on the power of advice bits for this problem, our algorithm is optimal. The second part of the dissertation is devoted to constructions of cryptographic primitives, focusing on constructions of a universal one-way hash function from a one-way function. First, we relate the regularity assumptions made about the one-way function to the efficiency of the construction, measured by the number of calls it makes to the one-way function. Qualitatively speaking, the stronger the assumptions about the structure of the underlying one-way function are, the better the performance of the construction is. We then study the limits of black-box constructions for this task, which, loosely speaking, are constructions that only use the functionality of the one-way function, but not its description. Since their introduction by Naor and Yung (STOC, 1989) twenty-five years ago, no lower bound on the number of calls to the one-way function such a construction has to make was known other than the trivial one of a single call. We give a first lower bound of an almost-linear number of calls. Moreover, if the function is regular, our bound is tight. Finally, in the last part of the dissertation, we continue the study of a recently introduced model of communication complexity with advice. We establish that the equality problem admits a protocol of polylogarithmic communication, provided a laconic advice of just one bit. For the divisibility problem, we design a protocol with sublinear communication and advice.


CONTEXT
Adjunctive restorative therapies administered during the first few months after stroke, the period with the greatest degree of spontaneous recovery, reduce the number of stroke patients with significant disability.

OBJECTIVE
To examine the effect of escitalopram on cognitive outcome. We hypothesized that patients who received escitalopram would show improved performance in neuropsychological tests assessing memory and executive functions than patients who received placebo or underwent Problem Solving Therapy.

DESIGN
Randomized trial.

SETTING
Stroke center.

PARTICIPANTS
One hundred twenty-nine patients were treated within 3 months following stroke. The 12-month trial included 3 arms: a double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of escitalopram (n = 43) with placebo (n = 45), and a nonblinded arm of Problem Solving Therapy (n = 41).

OUTCOME MEASURES
Change in scores from baseline to the end of treatment for the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) and Trail-Making, Controlled Oral Word Association, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III Similarities, and Stroop tests.

RESULTS
We found a difference among the 3 treatment groups in change in RBANS total score (P < .01) and RBANS delayed memory score (P < .01). After adjusting for possible confounders, there was a significant effect of escitalopram treatment on the change in RBANS total score (P < .01, adjusted mean change in score: escitalopram group, 10.0; nonescitalopram group, 3.1) and the change in RBANS delayed memory score (P < .01, adjusted mean change in score: escitalopram group, 11.3; nonescitalopram group, 2.5). We did not observe treatment effects in other neuropsychological measures.

CONCLUSIONS
When compared with patients who received placebo or underwent Problem Solving Therapy, stroke patients who received escitalopram showed improvement in global cognitive functioning, specifically in verbal and visual memory functions. This beneficial effect of escitalopram was independent of its effect on depression. The utility of antidepressants in the process of poststroke recovery should be further investigated. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00071643.


Learning methods to represent graph nodes as feature vectors is a field that has recently seen a surge in research. Embedding graph nodes as vectors is useful to make graph datasets suitable for use in several downstream machine learning tasks. In this survey, we attempt to present an overview of the various methods found in the literature.


This paper analyzes the present status and problems relating to prevention of pollution from ships in the Three Gorges Reservoir,and provides some suggestions on the relevant measures to be taken.


A new enamel has been developed to be used as a protective and thermal barrier coating of aircraft engine components subjected to thermal shocks and corrosion. This enamel is based upon the oxide system SiO2-BaO CaO-Cr2O3 and can stand about 1100°C without losing its adherence and main protective characteristics. The microstructural element concentration and crystalline phases have been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) in order to offer a better understanding of the enamel characteristics.


The multiplicity of temporal priors proposed for regularization of the bioelectromagnetic source imaging problems [e.g., the inverse electrocardiogram (ECG) and inverse electroencephalogram (EEG) problems], is discordant with the fact that fundamental statistical principles sharply limit the choice. Thus, our objective is to derive the form of the prior consistent with the general unavailability of temporal constraints. Writing linear formulations of the inverse ECG and inverse EEG problems as H=FG+N (where the ith columns of matrices H, G, and N, are data, signal, and noise vectors at time step i, and F is the transfer matrix), and using the noninformative principle that features of the spatiotemporal prior not supplied a posteriori should be invariant under temporal transformations, we show that the implied spatiotemporal signal autocovariance matrix (of the vector formed by the entries of G) is given in block matrix form as where C/sub g/ is a matrix of unit trace proportional to the autocovariance matrix of any column of G (representing supplied information regarding the spatial prior), /spl epsiv/[/spl middot/] denotes expectation, superscript ' indicates transpose, /spl ominus/ is the Kronecker product, /spl par//spl middot//spl par/ is Frobenius norm, and the "matrix scalar product" /spl odot/ indicates the inner product of the two vectors formed by the entries of the two adjacent matrices (i.e., A/sub /spl odot//B/spl equiv/trace[A'B]). This result eliminates some uncertainties and ambiguities that have characterized spatiotemporal regularization methods - including eight methods previously introduced in this transactions. Ultimately, the result derives from an implied symmetry principle under which the form of a nontrivial noninformative temporal component of the prior can be identified. Among other things, separability of the spatiotemporal prior in terms of the above Kronecker product can be thought of as the expression of the lack of "entanglement" of the spatial and temporal contributions (a consequence of noninformativity). The approach is generalized to the important cases of non-Gaussian spatial priors, and signal and noise that are not independent (transfer matrix noise). We also demonstrate a means for computational complexity reduction, related to the application of a particular orthogonal transformation, having features dependent on whether or not the transfer matrix represents a subjective mapping.


Health financing is one of the important things in the implementation of the National Health Insurance, which is held in hospitals by the Health Social Security Administering Body through the submission of claims. The file submitted was not fully confirmed, resulting in the return of the claim file. This happened at the Jember Clinic Hospital, inpatient claimed files pending for 3 months an average of 8%. The purpose of this study analyzes the return of inpatient claim files by social security administrator health verifiers with the (Plan, Do, Check, Action) approached at Clinic Hospital Jember. The type of research was qualitative. Data collection through interviews, observations, questionnaires, documentation and brainstorming conducted to four informants. The results of the identification of the factors causing the return of inpatient claim files were caused by several things, one was the patient administrative discrepancy. The planning carried out in this research was making checklist sheet for completeness of claim files, makimg Standard Operating Procedures for completeness of claim files and making a request form for the completeness of the claim files. Based on the results of the planning implementation that had been carried out, the return of the claim file was still quite high because it was not in accordance with the target set by the researcher. Recommendations from this study was to minimize the return of claim files, namely to include training for related officers, making Standard Operating Procedures related to claim process systematically and carried out computer maintenance regularly.


tion from the navy. In helping to suppress the attempted military coup of 26 February 1936 Ishiwara was, on the face of it, more completely successful, but Peattie indicates that his relationship to the rebels was not unambivalent and that he emerged from this episode with more enemies than before. He also refers to Ishiwara's role in preventing an Ugaki cabinet in 1937 and his master-minding of the Hayashi cabinet, but concludes that once again Ishiwara's schemes were frustrated. The final major episode on which Peattie focuses is the now well-known failure of Ishiwara to prevent the escalation of the China Incident in 1937 or achieve a negotiated peace. Here too, although the interpretation is not basically new, the inclusion of new detail makes it easier to appreciate Ishiwara's situation and difficulties. Peattie carries his treatment of Ishiwara beyond his removal from the General Staff in October 1937 down to his death in 1949. Inevitably he highlights Ishiwara's increasing concern with East Asian co-operation, and in doing so illuminates the ambivalent nature of Japanese Pan-Asianism, even in its most serious advocates. His study also throws light on the character of military education, the relevance of factionalism to army politics, and the complex background of Japanese ultranationalism. Not in the least of its merits is the attention paid to Ishiwara's ideas, in particular his combination of militant Buddhism with a historical analysis of European war to produce a theory of a coming ' Final War '. Perhaps the most important question on which Peattie throws light, however, is the nature of decision-making within the Japanese army. On more than one occasion he takes issue with J. B. Crowley over the degree of involvement by central headquarters in the Kwantung Army conspiracy in 1931. Although the evidence is not always clear-cut, Peattie's interpretation is generally convincing. On one point, however, his criticism of Crowley may be misleading. While it may not be the case that Ishiwara visited Tokyo in the summer of 1931, as Crowley states, Crowley's suggestion that Ishiwara's scheme was communicated to high-placed army officers may be true since it is recorded in Daihonei Rikugunbu, I, 307, that Ishiwara's nominal superior and fellowplotter, Colonel Itagaki, did make such a visit in late July.


Confocal live cell imaging is a powerful tool for studying central neurones and well as glial and vascular cells abundant in brain. Expression of fluorescent proteins allows imaging of particular cellular phenotypes or intracellular elements which can be in this way distinguished from irrelevant background structures. Viral vectors are one of the best ways of introducing genes encoding for fluorescent constructs into differentiated postnatal brain neurones and glia. Using various promoter sequences it proves possible to selectively target at least certain cell types and to express a variety of fluorescent constructs. Several popular viral gene delivery systems are currently in use. These include vectors derived from adenovirus, lentivirus and adeno-associated virus genomes which all have their specific advantages for gene delivery in vivo and in vitro. Viral vectors can be introduced in vivo and fluorescent neurones imaged a few days later in either fixed or living tissue. In this way, certain neuronal groups can be transduced in the retrograde manner and cells which have certain axonal projections visualised specifically. However, the most favourable conditions for imaging which at the same time are compatible with viral gene delivery are provided by organotypic brain slice cultures. Such cultures can be transfected using one or more viral vectors and then remain viable and suitable for imaging experiments for several weeks. An adenoviral vector encoding for EGFP under the control of 3.7 kb of the GAD67 promoter has been used to fluorescently target GABAergic neurones in the nucleus tractus solitarii. These cells were then recorded in whole cell patch clamp mode using a red-shifted Ca2+ indicator Rhod-2 and the effects of nitric oxide on intracellular Ca2+ concentration in somata, dendrites and axons were studied in great detail. For imaging of noradrenergic neurones we use vectors based on an artificial PRSx8 promoter (Teschemacher et al., 2005). Both, EGFP and monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein (mRFP)expressing vectors have been generated. mRFP distribution in many neurones is far from homogeneous and it frequently forms small aggregates which puts in question claims of its suitability as an intracellular tag. However as it leaves the green part of the spectrum open it is possible to patch mRFP-expressing neurones using fast Ca2+ dyes (such as Fluo-4) and study dynamics of the fast Ca2+ events in different cellular compartment including the putative release sites in axonal varicosities. These methods will be demonstrated in the course of the meeting.


Tourism-related enterprises around the globe are shifting more towards environmentally friendly services. This research provides a theoretical discussion and aims to assess the continuous digital communication activities of tourism business players tiny and medium-scale companies and give an overview of their existence in digital communication technology. This research focuses on determining the concept and various sustainable performance indicators. The data were collected directly from official websites, accommodation booking applications, and social media. This research adopts a matrix dimension to build a database and analyse the meaning of words in the relationship between meeting visitor needs, service quality, cultural wealth, community welfare, and resource efficiency. The research uses the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) approach to test the model that has never been stretched and grouped using heterogeneous techniques. The findings revealed that foreign credentials were less adaptable for local credentials than one-off credentials and that fewer enterprises rate eco-labels on online advertising. The rate of participation of society on the platform was seen to be more complex and intellectual. This research is one of the first to investigate the resilience mechanism in the tourism industry firms. It is anticipated that this research would encourage more studies on the principle of contact and the quality of SME strategies in hospitality and contribute to the drive to facilitate broader acceptance of managerial implications.


Welcome to the South Asian Studies subject guide - your guide to using the library resources, services and facilities for your subject.


Background: In a randomized controlled trial, we tested the efficacy of
 an intervention delivered via a smartphone application that communicated either textual or
 auditory persuasive health information. Methods: After downloading the smartphone application,
 respondents were exposed to either text-based or audio-based tailored health information and
 feedback over a period of six months. In addition, a control condition was added in which
 respondents completed only the baseline and post-test measures. Within a community sample (N =
 146), self-reported fruit and vegetable intake at six-month follow-up was our primary outcome
 measure. Findings: A significantly higher fruit intake was found after exposure to the auditory
 information, especially in recipients with a poor perceived own health. In addition, a
 significantly higher vegetable intake was found for recipients with high health literacy after
 exposure to one of the interventions, whereas it was the highest in the control condition for
 low health literacy recipients. Discussion: Auditory persuasive health information can lead to
 behavior change via our smartphone application. It is however worthwhile to investigate how
 recipients with low health literacy can benefit from persuasive health information.


Pionium lifetime corrections are evaluated in the frameworks of constrained Bethe-Salpeter equation and chiral perturbation theory. Corrections of order $O(\alpha)$ are calculated with respect to the conventional lowest-order formula, in which the strong interaction amplitude has been calculated to two-loop order with charged pion masses. The total correction is found to be of the order of $(6.1\pm 2.0)%$.


Experimental Maize crop data was used in Decision Support System for Agro Technology Transfer (DSSAT) Model. These experiments were conducted during three consecutive years i.e. 2005, 2006 & 2007 at experimental farm of Regional Agromet Centre, Rawalpindi. DSSAT Model provides a userfriendly working environment in which various stand-alone tools and applications are seamlessly integrated. Within the shell, the user can launch applications for creating and modifying data files, running the crop models, and analyzing the results. DSSAT Model requires only four weather parameters as input viz. air temperature (Min. & Max.), solar radiation & precipitation. These parameters are to be given on daily basis. As an output, the model simulated different weather parameters viz. air temperature (Min. & Max.), average temperature, solar radiation, precipitation, soil temperature and day length hours. Some of results obtained from the model were compared with results recorded in the field. These results are annexed in Tables & Graphs form. Yield parameters were recorded on daily basis with the help of DSSAT Model (Frequency of output days).The role of soil temperature is significant from germination to ripeness and soil temperature were simulated at different depths which were compared with mean soil temperatures recorded at 0300, 0900 and 1200 (GMT) on daily basis during the entire growth period. The role of precipitation is also significant from germination to ripeness of a crop and was simulated during entire three years of crop growth period.


The article considers the problem of code switching in the academic discourse as a type of language contacts when English is used as the main component due to its flexibility and popularity. Approaches of Russian and foreign linguists to the interpretation of bilingualism and multilingualism from the theoretical point of view are analyzed. Types of code switching and their peculiarities are described. Multilingual code switching and its features are focused on. The fragment of the lecture in the academic course "Safety and durability of buildings and structures" as a kind of the academic discourse is examined in order to identify cases of code switching typical of the participants of the discourse, namely students from Iraq who have come to Russia to do a Master's course in "Civil Engineering", and to explain the factors that affect the choice of a language in a specific situation.


It is pointed out that advanced submicron CMOS processes result in failure mechanisms that tend to be increasingly analog in nature. They are not adequately covered by stuck-at, stuck-on, or stuck-open models. Furthermore, delay faults, spot defect models, and IDDQ approaches only cover restricted subsets of the dominant failure mechanisms. The impedance fault model forms a superset of all the above fault models while explicitly addressing the analog nature of the failures. An associated design methodology for robust impedance fault testability (DRIFT) provides robustly testable general structures with less area overhead than other transistor level DFT techniques and negligible speed penalties. DRIFT is especially well-suited for gate array, standard cell, and synthesized designs. The effects of process and device level variabilities of the IC are directly represented as variations of the channel impedance characteristics. The DRIFT techniques then transform the channel impedance difference into logic level changes at the CMOS structure output.<<ETX>>


We demonstrate that a series of procedures for increasing the efficiency of transition matrix calculations can be realized by integrating the standard single-spin flip transition matrix method with global cluster flipping techniques. Our calculations employ a simple and accurate method based on detailed balance for computing the density of states from the Ising model transition matrix.


This research was developed and designed an orally
disintegrating mini-tablets (ODMTs) containing Metoclopramide HCl,
using various pharmaceutical compositions to enhance patient
compliance. Metoclopramide HCl was formulated into orally
disintegrating mini-tablets using the direct compression method and
suitable excipients such as microcrystalline cellulose and
Trehalose as the diluent, talc and magnesium stearate as
lubricants. The excipients were mixed with Polyplasdone XL
(crospovidone) and Primojel (sodium starch glycolate) at
concentration of 3%, 5% and 7 % w/w of each using a V-Shell
blender. This was done in order to select and optimize the
concentration of the best superdisintegrants having the least
disintegrating time and fastest dissolution. The flowability of the
powder mixtures were evaluated using Carr's index, angle of repose
and the Hausner ratio. The tablets were evaluated according to the
USP based on weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability,
disintegration time, a simulated wetting test, and in-vitro
dissolution. The determination of the most effective type and
optimal amount of superdisintegrants for orally disintegrating
mini-tablets was manufactured by direct compression. The final data
of the study revealed that a combination of microcrystalline
cellulose, Trehalose and 7% Polyplasdone XL produced the best
combination after using the test previously
mentioned.


The arbitration system is a quick,easy and confidential process with a final award to resolve disputes.The application of arbitration,precisely because of the existence of these advantages,makes it increasingly favored by the parties to the International Commercial Contracts,thus becoming one of the main settlements of international commercial disputes.The entry into force of the arbitration agreement is the conclusion that the arbitration process was initiated.Because of the development of economic globalization,the international conventions, national legislation and practice tend to the effectiveness of the detection the flaws in both the arbitration agreement and the arbitration clause.This paper seeks to determine the meaning of a flaw in the arbitration agreement which summarizes the types of flaws in the arbitration agreement,thus laying the foundations for the identified effect of flawed arbitration agreement.On International Commercial arbitration agreement,if the parties do not breach the provisions of the Law on the arbitrability and the public policy of the countries interested,they are belong to a valid arbitration agreement and it must be executed.


The essay addresses the complex cultural historical claim that with modernity the earlier unity of reason and sensibility underwent a dissociation that has important consequences for our current predicament and for our present understanding of the relationship between reason, faith and sensibility. Three case studies (Geza Ottlik, T. S. Eliot and Blaise Pascal) are examined in order to establish the nature of the divide and provide an archaeology (with the help of Pascal) of one of its first conceptualisations as well as of an early attempt to heal the growing fissure between what is termed by Pascal as reason and the heart. The second part examines current thought concerning the need to enlarge the narrow Enlightenment conception of reason and the recent call to re-envision its theological contours. The argument is then made that the same procedure should be applied to the theologically long-neglected domain of human sensibility. Theology is registered as also being accountable for internalising and perpetuating the cultural dissociation due to its failure to preserve the traditional theological contours of affectivity and its naivety in leaving the exploration of this domain entirely to the competence of secular philosophy.


ABSTRACT Simscape is a physical modeling language developed by Mathworks Inc. The language uses equation statements instead of assignment statements to describe physical systems. The paper focuses on the Simscape language itself instead of using components in the Simscape libraries. The language will be introduced from a perspective different from the Mathworks' Physical Network point of view. Our perspective focuses on two types of variables at the connectors. In additional, internal variables are not separated into through and across variables. The alternative perspective is more general and easier to understand. The paper also illustrates how to develop components in a powertrain library following the proposed new perspective. INTRODUCTION Physical object-oriented modeling approach greatly facilitates model development for complex multi-domain physical systems. In this approach, models for different components are developed independently and placed into libraries. A user can select components from the libraries and connect them together just like building a physical system. Connections between component models represent actual physical connections. The model layout mimics the physical system. Therefore, the model is much easier to understand, use, and maintain. The Simscape product family from Mathworks Inc. adds the physical modeling capability to Simulink. The basic package includes a foundation library and the Simscape modeling language. The foundation library contains basic components for mechanical, electrical and hydraulic systems, etc. There are also other specialized add-on libraries. The Simscape language [1] is a modeling language used to develop custom components. The Simscape language, like most physical modeling languages [2], uses equation statements instead of assignment statements. In equation statements, input and output variables are not explicitly specified, i.e., they are non-causal. The two sides of an equation statement are equal in a mathematical sense. The equations can be either differential or algebraic. A solver sorts and solves all equations through symbolic formula manipulation. This paper will focuses on the Simscape modeling language itself instead of on developing simulation models from existing libraries. The Simscape language will be introduced from a perspective different from the Mathworks' Physical Network point of view. The physical Network approach centers on energy flows, which is not considered in our perspective. Our perspective only focuses on two types of variables at the connectors. Internal variables are not separated into through and across variables. We think this perspective is more general and easier to understand. The paper will first discuss the basics of the Simscape language from the new perspective. We will next introduce the powertrain library that was developed with the new perspective to validate the new perspective. The paper includes component models for two-flange rotational inertia, planetary gear set, and clutch. A complete transmission model and simulation results are also included.


In the next several years, the telecommunication industry expects staggering growth, fueled by the Internet, convergence in voice, data, and multimedia applications, and telecommunication deregulation in global markets. Rapid product development cycles have presented unique opportunities to design, manufacture, and provision the products in these markets. The AirLoop® wireless local loop (WLL) team partnered with an original equipment manufacturer (OEM)/supplier to expedite development and share manufacturing of the 3.4-GHz subscriber transceiver radio unit (STRU). The design was completed in six months by cooperation between the Lucent Technologies design group in Chippenham, England, the OEM supplier, and the Lucent factory in Columbus, Ohio. This paper addresses the obstacles, opportunities, and lessons learned in the unique "design anywhere, manufacture anywhere" (DAMA) wireless design and manufacturing experience across international boundaries. The experience gained has positioned Lucent's ability to accelerate innovation and exploit new markets internationally.


As we are in the harvest season, producers are searching for the best way to manage their residue cover, particularly with corn. Some farmers manage their residue by chopping, bailing, or grazing in livestock operations. But before planning to use any of these options or others, and reducing corn residue cover after this year's harvest, one of the first things to plan for is the remaining crop residue coverage. With that in mind, producers need to ask themselves a series of questions.


This study compares the efficacy of some commonly observed vendor selection and contracting mechanisms with respect to two key challenges in service outsourcing: vendor selection and contract efficiency. We show that competitive bidding yields good selection but contract inefficiency (positive information rent paid by the client); in this process, the winning vendor's bid constitutes the terms of the contract between client and vendor. We then show that if instead the client establishes the contract terms then the "menu" it designs yields contract efficiency but poor selection. In one particular case - namely, when the client establishes the contract terms and may work with a previously nonselected vendor if the first vendor reneges - it is possible to attain good selection and contract efficiency. We also highlight the implications of performance-based contracts in services.


Iron tetracaboxyphthalocyanine(Fe-CPc) and cobalt tetracaboxyphthalocyanine(Co-CPc) were synthesized and characterized by element analysis and FT-IR.The products were supported by modified cellulose fibers in acidic condition to obtain a novel deodorizing fibers.The results show that FePcF(fibers-supported Fe-CPc),CoPcF(fibers-supported Co-CPc)and CoFePcF(fibers-supported Fe-CPc and Co-CPc) can remove methanthiol,hydrogen sulfide,ammonia and trimethylamine effectively at room temperature.Methanthiol and hydrogen sulfide were removed by the mechanism of catalytic oxidation,while ammonia and trimethylamine by the mechanism of neutralization.The efficiency of these fibes in deodorizing methanthiol and hydrogen sulfide has the following order CoFePcF CoPcF FePcF.


Animal studies seeks to understand how humans study and conceive of other-than-human animals, and how these conceptions have changed over time, across cultures, and across different ways of thinking. This interdisciplinary introduction to the field foregrounds the realities of nonhuman animals, and is compelling and comprehensive, writes Jia Hui Lee. Paul Waldau convincingly argues for a deeper and more meaningful engagement with the world, and students of all social science disciplines should find this of interest.


PURPOSE: A dispersant for suspension polymerization is provided to manufacture polymerizable particles having excellent polymerization stability, uniform particle shape, thereby reducing the generation dust and scale. CONSTITUTION: A dispersant for suspension polymerization is a copolymer formed by uniform polymerization of 10-85 weight% of a monomer in chemical formula 1, 5-45weight% of a monomer in chemical formula 2, and 10-45 weight% of a (meth)acrylate ester monomer. In the chemical formula 1, R^1 is H or CH3, M^1 is one selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium salt. In chemical formula 2, R^2 is H or CH3, and M^2 is one selected from lithium, sodium, potassium, and ammonium salt.


The paper proposes the index keys methodology of analysis of urban structures. Few hypotheses are formulated concerning the relation between the crowd of people representing a given culture and the urban settings, which constitute their habitus. The geometrical analyses of public spaces, including the examination of urban closures crosssections and urban silhouettes, draw upon the writings of Kazimierz Wejchert, widely recognised for his contribution to the theory of urbanism in Poland. Quantitative parameters describing the form of space are introduced, including: central angle, corrugation and regularity. Cultural aspects of given settings, as proved by the results of preliminary descriptive analysis of the former Jewish district in Lodz, require developing methods of description of public spaces. Keywords-urban design; public spaces; urban morphology.


An enhanced ISDN (integrated-services digital network) system that provides the switching and transmission capability for 2-Mb/s and 140-Mb/s channels for dialogue and distribution services is discussed. The main subjects are the transmission modules for subscriber-line and subscriber-premises applications. >


− Typically, a car has over 80 dynamically stressed seals. Since many years, the radial seal in combination with the shaft is a critical component for the automotive industry. A helix-like structure due to the manufacturing process (as a fingerprint of said process) can lead to an unacceptable oil consumption. In collaboration with Daimler, an objective method for characterising such functionrelevant helix-structures better known as lead was developed. The lead parameters, which are relevant to leaktightness, are derived from a least square fit of complex exponential functions in both directions radial and circumferential. The basic measurement setup consists of a stylus instrument in combination with a rotation unit.


Borrowing the words of Francis Merritt, the first director of the Haystack Mountain School of Crafts, the title of the Portland Museum of Art exhibition, In the Vanguard: Haystack Mountain School of Crafts, 1950–1969, defiantly flouts the longstanding misconception that the avant-garde is an exclusively urban phenomenon. Now that art historians have widely challenged the dominance of New York and Paris on the development of a singular modernism, exhibitions such as this one are free to position such rural art communities as pivotal nodes in a richer, denser narrative of multiple modernisms that bridge rural and urban, local and global, craft and fine art. Cocurated by independent curator M. Rachael Arauz and the Portland Museum of Art's Associate Curator of American Art Diana Jocelyn Greenwold, this research-driven exhibition is the first sustained project to consider the robust contributions of this Maine institution to midcentury American modernism. The exhibition and accompanying catalogue chronicle Haystack's early history through the Studio Craft Movement of the 1950s and into the sociopolitical upheavals of the 1960s. During these years, Haystack served as a hub for nationally and internationally renowned students and educators to address themes and materials that were of local importance to Maine and of broader significance to 1960s counterculture, such as communal living, freedom of expression, and the fusion of art, life, and the natural environment.


Wow, adverts today are just getting better and better, becoming a source of entertainment viewed online and shared across social media channels. The Virgin Atlantic Airline is a good example of such and has just launched a new campaign and overall global brand positioning called "Flying in the face of ordinary". Emphasizing on the Virgin…


Most of women's deaths related to pregnancy occur in newly industrialized countries. In association with gynecologists and obstetricians of the Antonio Pedro University Hospital (HUAP) in Brazil, we have identified deficiencies in the prenatal care of the Brazilian public healthcare system that can be computer-supported. They are mainly related to protocols that must be followed in the primary healthcare institutions and the referral process that must take place when a high risk pregnancy is identified, besides other functionalities that can be automated by a software application. In this paper, the Prenatal Care Unified System (SUAP) project will be introduced, which provides a Multi-agent System for supporting and monitoring the prenatal care. This project uses agent technology to manage healthcare records, to act as a clinical decision support system, and to handle the logistics of high risk pregnancy cases. We also describe the challenges encountered during the implementation of the SUAP and discuss the benefits that an agent-based solution provided to the development of our system.


Abstract. The authors describe three patients with rare bilateral third nerve palsy due to midbrain infarction involving both oculomotor nuclei and intramedullary nerve fascicles. All survived the acute ischemic event but while recovering exhibited in addition to their disabling oculomotor and spastic deficit distinct signs of organic mental syndrome due to both additional thalamic lesions and interruption of mesencephalic tracts joining the midbrain to the limbic system. It can be assumed that in future we will more often encounter this typical vascular rostral brainstem syndrome, since neurological intensive care units and the use of interventional recanalizing neuroradio-logical techniques will allow better prognosis in severe basilar artery disease.


The paper builds a theoretical model of mechanism of fiscal expenditure and urbanization on Theil index.This paper analyzes the dynamic relations between fiscal expenditure,urbanization,economic growth and Theil index with SVAR model using the time series data from 1978 to 2009 of China.Theoretical model and empirical results show that,based on the urban-rural dualistic economic structure and government pursuit of economic growth,the increasing fiscal expenditure will raise the Theil index;the development of urbanization and development of economic growth have negative impact on Theil index.The policy implications are also discussed in the paper,such as adjusting the tendency of fiscal expenditure,accelerating the process of urbanization,paying attention to the quality of economic development and so on.


The purpose of this research was to know the effect of bark sengon tree fermentation to dry matter and crude protein as feed alternative. This research used completely randomized design method with 4 different treatments. There will be 5 replication treatment to each. Group P0 as a control did not use probiotic. Where as 3 other treatments used probiotic. Group P1 used 2% probiotic, P2 with 4% and P3 with 6%. The time of fermentation for each experiment was seven days. The result of this research showed that dry matter was decrease and crude protein was increase for different treatment. It different significantly showed with control (p<0,05). Optimal dry matter decreased was found on P3 that used 6% probiotic. The optimal crude protein increase was found on P3 also which used 6% probiotic


Recent evidence suggests that neonatal infection with Reovirus type 3 (Reo‐3) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of certain idiopathic cholestatic liver diseases of children. Whether this virus is of pathogenetic importance in similar diseases seen in adults is unclear. In this study, sera from 22 adults with idiopathic cholestatic liver disease (16 primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and six primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)) were tested for antibody to Reo‐3 virus by a standard hemagglutination inhibition assay. The results were compared to antibody prevalence in ten adults with various other causes of chronic liver disease and 11 healthy volunteers. Although patients with idiopathic cholestatic liver disease had a high prevalence of anti Reo‐3 antibodies (20/22, 91%), similar prevalence rates were found in the two control populations (7/10, 70% in chronic liver disease controls and 11/11, 100% in healthy volunteers). Moreover, the geometric mean litres of antibody to Reo‐3 virus were similar in all study groups. While these results do not exclude a pathogenetic role for Reo‐3 viral infection, they do imply that some genetic predisposition must exist if Reo‐3 infection is truly of pathogenetic importance in idiopathic cholestatic liver disease of adults.


The paper mainly describes the test system of AC contactor for electrical parameters, which is in the control of microcomputer. Under the control of the system software, the system could operate the AC contactor samples at the set frequency and measure the real-time electrical parameters of the contacts. The functions include automatic voltage adjusting, dynamic data acquisition based on FIFO, contact state monitoring, data saving automatically and so on. The further test and analysis is continuing.


The seed selection for being the invention discloses a species diversity pericarp color mitochondrial DNA three and its Commercial cultivation method, it is because being directed respectively into corn C MS sterile lines or restorer with the mode of hybridization, backcrossing and selfing by special pericarp color base, the difference of fruit colour is created between hybrid parents, sterilization Mixed plant combination seed color sorting technology is used again, produces corn hybrid seed.Beneficial effects of the present invention are:The sterilization production of hybrid seeds can exempt artificial emasculation process, and reduction production cost, raising purity of hybrid are conducive to large-scale seed farm to manage and intensive manufacture;Mixed plant can simplify corn hybrid seed production model, improve seed production mechanization degree, reduction production cost;Seed color sorting can ensure purity of hybrid and seed quality, the safe efficient, intensive of corn hybrid seed seed, mechanization production are realized, there is positive effect for ensureing hybrid corn seed quality safety, reduction seed production cost and alleviating rural laborer's deficiency.


In situ detection of non-spherical particles is very important for the ocean observatory, because they are the majority of the particles in the sea water. However, many of the current commercial instruments assume the spherical particles. In this paper, we present a method which has the potential to detect the orientation of the suspended rod-shaped particles in the fluid field. We use a simultaneous setup to measure the scattered polarization of the fibers suspended in the water and scan along the fluid field. The experimental results indicate that the intensity and degree of polarization (DOP) will change with the field. To explain it, we build a model by combining the fluid field and the scattering of infinitely long cylinders. The simulation based on the model can recover the main aspects of the experimental results. Then, we give the histogram of DOP of the individual fiber, which implies their orientation distribution. Finally, we suggest a method to retrieve the orientation of the fibers by measuring the full Stokes vector.


Introduction: Several studies have reported that minor trauma could cause a fracture of the ankylosed spine, which easily becomes unstable due to the inflexibility of the fused spine and long lever arm. Delayed diagnosis of spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) may result in increased risk of neurological injury and poor prognosis. Purpose: To highlight the risk of lumbar spine Chance fracture associated with symptomatic SEH in a patient with long lumbar spine fusion (LSF). Methods: The clinical findings, radiographic appearance, and surgical treatment of a SEH associated with L2 Chance fracture in LSF are described. Results: A 55-year-old male patient, injured after falling from a 2.5 m tree, presented with severe back pain. On plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) images, anterolateral osteophytes and fused lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5), in addition to an L2 Chance fracture, were noted. Patient was initially treated with bed rest followed by placement in a body cast due to improved clinical neurological deficits. Three days later, he presented with incomplete paraplegia of his lower limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images showed a SEH compressing the dura mater over L1-L3 area. The patient was successfully treated by L2 decompression and posterior fixation surgery using pedicle screws and rods over L1-L4. Postoperatively, there was rapid progressive improvement of motor and sensory function. Conclusions: A unique case of SEH complicating a L2 Chance fracture in LSH is presented. LSH is a risk factor for fracture and subsequent development of SEH. A high index of suspicion of SEH is necessary in such a case, particularly with early neurological deficits. Imaging studies including MRI and CT scans should be reviewed carefully to rule out any fracture or SEH.


The central theme of this article is that the traditional orientation to retailing strategy seems inadequate to cope with changing environmental realities of especially the past decade. The traditional concept of retailing strategy is analysed, and the general marketing strategy nature thereof is indicated. The difference between enterprise and marketing strategy is highlighted, and the nature and importance of a broadened enterprise strategy emphasis are stressed. The latter approach incorporates three hierarchial levels of strategy orientation, which lead to appropriate decisions regarding the character, scope and mission of a retail enterprise's activities.


Some signals obtained from biological systems evince a great complexity. Recently, new tools which allow the extraction of information from them have been proposed. In particular, multifractal analysis gives a quantification of the degree and distribution of irregularities in a signal. A possible approach for this analysis is the one based on wavelet leaders. In this work, the use of wavelet leader based multifractal analysis in short-time windows is proposed in order to analyze the evolution of the multifractal behavior of biological signals. In particular, applications of this technique to the detection of ischemic episodes in heart rate variability signals and to voice activity detection are examined. It is shown that the study of the time evolution of indexes obtained with the proposed new method gives useful information hidden in the signals.


An American economist describes recent Soviet thinking on monopoly and traces its impact on the reform process up until 1991. After an overview of industrial concentration in the Soviet economy, the study proceeds to examine the content of Gorbachev's antimonopoly policy, focusing on policy toward dominant firms, mergers, and entry of firms. Drawing on this background and antitrust experience in Western countries, it concludes by analyzing the role of antitrust policy and import competition in the transition to the market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: P20, L40.


Smooth and notched specimens of a 319 cast aluminium alloy were fatigue tested under a Society of Automotive Engineers service load history in the as-cast and hipped conditions. The hipping process, which includes subjecting the cast material to a high pressure at high temperature and then slowly cooling down to eliminate internal flaws, decreased the flaw size and improved the fatigue life of cast Al 319 smooth specimens. A 0.6-mm-diameter hole was drilled at the notch root of notched specimens to simulate a natural flaw at the notch root. Specimens with two different notch sizes were tested. Circular edge notches reduced the fatigue strength and a 0.6-mm-diameter drilled hole at the notch root resulted in a further reduction.

The fatigue lives of smooth specimens, notched specimens and notched specimens with a flaw at the notch root subjected to the service load history were predicted using the strain-life approach, an effective strain-life approach and a strain-based intensity factor crack growth model. In crack growth modelling of the fatigue life of smooth cast aluminium specimens the flaw was modelled as a circular edge notch having the same diameter as the flaw. However, in the case of a flaw at a notch root the flaw was modelled as a three-dimensional cavity subjected to the notch stress field and the crack length was predicted in the longitudinal and transverse directions of the specimen cross-section. The strain-life approach was unconservative for all specimen geometries studied. The effective strain-life approach gave good predictions for smooth and blunt notched specimens but gave very conservative predictions for the specimens with flaws in the notch roots. The crack growth calculations gave accurate predictions for all the specimen geometries.