We study the most general unitary transformation that transforms the Hamiltonians of particles of spins 0, 12, or 1, into Hamiltonians containing even or odd matrices only. We present also the expressions for the position operators for each transformation that are valid for the three kinds of particles mentioned above.


The development of railways in Mexico has become a landmark of modern life, as in several other countries. Interesting information design objects have been created for the construction and development of the railway system, such as maps and charts. However, the knowledge related to such objects has remained in the realm of cartographers and other specialists. The study reported in this article, shows that information design can help us understand history, and be acquainted with questions, such as: why it took so much time to build one railway line, what problems were faced, what comparisons can be made, what were the consequences of the advent of the railway. This is the first topic studied that aims to develop a body of knowledge on the history of information design in Mexico.


Current 3D printing uses a wide range of plastic, metal, and ceramic materials, with no significant effort to integrate these techniques for multi-material fabrication. We previously developed an ink deposition system for binder jetting. In this technique, gearing is applied to achieve mechanical advantage (MA)≪1, enabling high pump velocity. Motor acceleration made up for the lost torque. In recognizing that gearing could be used to increase torque with MA≫1, we realized the potential to perform Direct Ink Writing (DIW) using our ink deposition system. To this end, we DIW-printed viscous inks. We also recognized that DIW and BJ shared similar layer change, material transport, and gantry motions, allowing the 2 techniques to be implemented in the same system. We designed and built the hybrid 3D printer, and demonstrate printing using both DIW and BJ printing modes.


This report summarizes pavement joint design details developed for the New York State Pavement Design Manual. It describes the principles on which the design methods were based and the processes by which they were developed. Included are descriptions of design procedures for slab length, dowel bars, and tiebars. For slab length, the ratio of slab length to radius of relative stiffness is the basis for design. Dowel design uses a mechanistic-empirical model. Tiebar design is based on the strength of the reinforcing steel and drag forces on the slab. Tables and figures produced for these design procedures are included.


Abstract The present study compares the mechanical behavior, failure mode and microstructure of sandstone with a single infilling fracture grouted by common cement and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) based cement. The mechanical properties of the samples were tested under the MTS816 testing system with the assistance of the acoustic emission system and a digital video camera. The microstructure of the grouting materials was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the incorporation of MWCNTs into grouting reinforces the mechanical behavior of samples at an inclination angle (α) ranging from 15° to 75°. The highest reinforcing effect occurs at α = 30° for improving the compressive strength (147.8%) and at α = 15° for enhancing the elastic modulus (99.4%). The samples show three main failure modes at different inclination angles. The addition of MWCNTs reinforces the bonding strength and shearing resistance of the grouting surface, compared with the reference group, the infilled specimen presents more fracture occurring in the final rupture mode particularly at α = 15° and 30°. SEM images further illustrate that the reinforcing effects mainly result from the crack bridging and pulled-out distribution of MWCNTs in the grouting.


Ouyang Xiu in China's literary history has an important position,he inherited and developed the spirit of a literary innovation movement launched by Han Yu.As in the Song Dynasty Literature Reform Movement leader,he not only had prominent writing achievements in such many aspects as the poem,gentle, ci,etc,In particular,his classical,but also had opened up a new style of writing on the basis of their predecessors,right then and have a great impact on future generations.


Abstract : Anesthetized sheep were exposed to a reverberant wave environment like that produced from firing an antitank weapon from a room. The simulation was accomplished by detonating C4 explosives outside a chamber of 18.2 m3 volume. The blast wave traveled into the chamber through a 20-cm I.D. tube and was reflected off the back wall and subsequently throughout the chamber. The resulting waveform very closely approximated that generated by a Carl-Gustav antitank weapon fired from a chamber. Part I of the studies indicated that for a series of 1 shot or 3 shots, 2.5 minutes apart, multiple shots have a strong additive effect, decreasing the subthreshold levels. The subthreshold for a single blast was estimated to be above a peak of 48 kPa. The subthreshold for 3 exposures was estimated to be at 44 kPa. This study, called Part II, used 100 shots, 1 minute apart. For this exposure, a subthreshold peak of at least 23 kPa was verified using 19 animals.


The paper reviews some of the problems which arise in teaching verbs to language-handicapped children, first with reference to different types of input structure, then with reference to the question of selecting verbs to teach early in a programme. It outlines a set of criteria for choosing verbs, and proposes a technique for evaluating them.


Abstract Knowledge of the structure of coronal magnetic field originating from the photosphere is relevant to the understanding of many solar activity phenomena, e.g. flares, solar prominences, coronal loops, and coronal heating. In most of the existing literature, these loop-like magnetic structures are modeled as force-free magnetic fields (FFMF) without any plasma flow. In this paper, we present several exact solution classes for nonlinear FFMF, in both translational and axisymmetric geometries. The solutions are considered for their possible relevance to astrophysics and solar physics problems. These are used to illustrate arcade-type magnetic field structures of the photosphere and twisted magnetic flux ropes through the coronal mass ejections (CMEs), as well as magnetic confinement fusion plasmas.


With the development of social economy,the influences from China's population and consumption on carbon emission are getting increasingly deeper.An extended STIRPAT model is established in this article.Impacts from population,consumption and technology on carbon emissions are analyzed econometrically with the ridge regression method.Empirical results of China's carbon emission from 1980 to 2007 demonstrate that the extended STIRPAT model has high explanatory power for China's realities.The impacts of the urbanization rate,the household consumption level and the population scale have more explanatory power to the quantity change regularity of China's carbon emission,which is more influenced by the urbanization rate and the household consumption level than the population size at the present stage.Both the changes of household consumption level and consumption pattern have possibilities of being new growth points for China's carbon emission.The impacts of technology has limited explanatory power to China's carbon emission,thus means China has tremendous potential for future carbon emission reduction through technology progress.


Objective:To establish the method for determining the content of total polysaccharide in Hirudo Pheretima and evaluate the quality of Hirudo Pheretima.Method:After circumfluence-extracting by phenol-vitriolic acid agent display color and adopting Ui-vis to determine the content of total polysaccharide in Hirudo Pheretima.Result:The content of total polysaccharide in Hirudo Pheretima have calculated by glucose.It has good linear correlation 18.54~92.68μg,and the linear equation of polysaccharide is Y=0.0045X+0.0012(r=0.9998).Conclusion:The above method to determine the content of total polysaccharide in Hirudo Pheretima is brief,the result of methodology is ideal,it can pilot quality control of the Hirudo Pheretima.


This study reports the operational implementation of technique for the exploitation of TOPSAR data in the framework of soil condition applications. Three empirical and theoretical radar backscatter models were examined in this study to characterize radar backscatter of TOPSAR data over coastal lowland of Sadong Simunjan River Basin, Sarawak, Malaysia. The main objective of this study is to analyze relationship between radar backscatter of TOPSAR data to (i) degree of wetness of drained peatland, (ii) depth of water table and, (iii) peat decomposition. The analysis of these models were examined using varying terrain-and-sensor related parameters namely surface roughness, dielectric constant, incidence angle, polarization and frequency, respectively. These simulated backscatters were used to understand the interaction of SAR with the above three methods before mapping the soil conditions using TOPSAR data. Results of this study indicate good relationship (RMSE<5.0) exists between radar backscatters and moisture content, even in the relatively moist drained peatland, which good correlationship with the depth of water table and peat decomposition at 0.89 and 0.88 respectively.


The effect of three stocking densities (4, 8, 12 no. l -1 ) on size heterogeneity, sibling cannibalism and growth of Asian seabass larvae were studied. Fish stocked at the intermediate stocking density (8 no. l -1 ) recorded the lowest survival (13.73 ± 0.69 %) and highest cannibalism percentage (17.71 ± 5.44 %), while the maximum survival (22.63 ± 4.13) was recorded at the lowest stocking density. Lowest growth rate (334.72 ± 68.26 %) was recorded at the lowest stocking density. Coefficient of variation and size heterogeneity showed a direct relation to stocking density. Some contrasting results observed in the present study have been attributed to the life stage and social nature of species involved.


Dresses flax seeds with spore powder of the PGPR bud spore bacillus has not been reported.This paper shows the results of the experiments of PGPR bud spore bacillus on flax cutivation.


We will discuss the status of high repetition rate high energy femtosecond fiber laser systems, review their scaling potential in terms of average power, pulse energy and peak power. First micro-machining applications demonstrate the potential of this laser technology.


The strain rates effect of TiC-particle-reinforced titanium matrix composite TP-650 was investigated under room temperature tensile conditions.The quasi-static and dynamic tensile properties of the TP-650 composite were compared with those of the matrix.The morphologies of fracture surfaces of both the matrix and the composite were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) .The result shows that the strain rates exert complex effects on the mechanical behavior of particle-reinforced titanium matrix composite.Under the quasi-static conditions,both the behaviors of the matrix and the composite are similar to those of the ideal elastic-plastic materials.The composite has better reinforcing effect than the matrix due to the addition of the TiC particles.While under the high strain rate,the mechanical characteristics of the composite are not obviously superior to those of the matrix,and the composite shows a higher brittleness than the matrix.The composite and matrix do not show monotonic strain-rate effect under different strain rates.


recognized as a significant cause of food borne and waterborne illness in the industrialized world. Each year, E. coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains (STEC) cause an estimated 73,000 cases of hemorrhagic colitis and 60 deaths in the United States.1,2 As many as 8% to 18% of victims go on to develop hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS).1-3 These patients may require kidney dialysis and transfusions, and some are left with chronic renal failure and neurological damage; 3% to 5% of patients with HUS die.2,4 The greatest threat to public health from E. coli O157:H7 is from unintentional contamination of food or water, but contamination could also be deliberate. This happened in 1984, when members of a religious sect sprayed salad bars at 2 restaurants in Oregon with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, sickening 750 people.5 The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 and the anthrax attacks in October 2001 heightened concern that the food or water supply might be deliberately tainted, prompting the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and its partners to develop a list of biologic agents that could be used in an attack. E. coli O157:H7 appears on this list as a biothreat level B agent (which means it has a moderate ease of transmission, moderate morbidity, and low mortality).5 Whether contamination of the food or water supply occurs accidentally or deliberately, clinical laboratories play a key role in the detection and surveillance of outbreaks.5 To protect the public health, it is critical that they are able to identify or rule out pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7. However, surveys have shown that laboratories vary widely in their stool culture protocols and their ability to reliably isolate and correctly identify this organism.6,7 In 2003, American Proficiency Institute (API) and the Michigan Department of Community Health, with a grant from the CDC, conducted a study to evaluate whether a nationwide proficiency testing program could assess laboratories' ability to detect E. coli O157:H7. This report presents the results of that study.


Hippocampal theta oscillations (5-10 Hz, Jung and Kornmüller, 1938) occur during exploration and REM sleep (Buzsáki, 2002). The medial septum is an essential theta rhythm generator (Petsche et al., 1962) and forwards ascending inputs to the hippocampus (Bland and Oddie, 2001). Among the neuronal populations within the medial septum GABAergic neurons exhibits theta rhythmic burst firing (Hangya et al., 2009) and have been suggested to rhythmically disinhibit hippocampal pyramidal cells via innervation of hippocampal interneurons (Freund and Antal, 1988). During locomotion the frequency of theta oscillations is correlated with running speed (Vanderwolf, 1969). However, whether hippocampal theta oscillations regulate locomotor speed remained a long-standing question (Vanderwolf, 1969; Grastyan et al., 1959), as electrical stimulation of ascending hippocampal afferent regions inevitably involves unspecific activation of brain circuitry involved in locomotor control (Green and Arduini, 1954). Only since recently distinct brain pathways can be manipulated with high spatial and temporal precision using optogenetics (Yizhar et al., 2011b). In this study, we achieved entrainment of hippocampal theta oscillations by rhythmic optogenetic stimulation of medial septal GABAergic cell terminals in the hippocampus. When the frequency of theta oscillations was optogenetically controlled, it was no longer correlated with running speed. Hence, as indicated by earlier lesion and pharmacological studies (reviewed in Bland and Oddie, 2001), the association of theta frequency with running speed is mediated by ascending afferents. We next found that the entrainment of hippocampal theta oscillations, regardless of stimulation frequency within the theta range (6-12 Hz), mediated slower and more regular running speed. The optogenetic entrainment promoted a lower variability of theta amplitude. A correlation between theta amplitude variability and running speed was observed for optogenetically entrained as well as for spontaneous theta oscillations. Further analysis of the data (Bender et al., 2015) indicated that lower amplitude variability is associated with a more stable output of pyramidal cells across theta cycles. Moreover, we revealed that the behavioural effect disappeared when the main hippocampal subcortical output, to the lateral septum (LS, Risold and Swanson, 1996), was inhibited: pharmacoor optogenetic inhibition of this pathway prevented the decrease in speed or speed variability during entrainment of hippocampal theta oscillations. The LS is also innervated by the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC, CarusCadavieco et al., 2017), which guides goal-directed behaviour (Miller and Cohen, 2001). Cognitive processes are linked to gamma oscillations (30-90 Hz, Cardin et al., 2009, Kim et al., 2016), which allow binding of sensory, e.g. visual, informations into complex representations (Singer and Gray, 1995). We found that optogenetic stimulation of the mPFC to LS pathway at gamma frequencies did not influence running speed, but improved performance in a spatial food-rewarded learning task. In conclusion, our findings suggest that hippocampal theta oscillations can regulate locomotor speed via the LS and gamma oscillations within the mPFC to LS pathway support spatial goal-directed behaviour.


Abstract Let P1, …, Pn and Q1, …, Qn be convex polytopes in ℝn with Pi ⊆ Qi. It is well-known that the mixed volume is monotone: V(P1, …, Pn) ≤ V(Q1, …, Qn). We give two criteria for when this inequality is strict in terms of essential collections of faces as well as mixed polyhedral subdivisions. This geometric result allows us to characterize sparse polynomial systems with Newton polytopes P1, …, Pn whose number of isolated solutions equals the normalized volume of the convex hull of P1 ∪ … ∪ Pn. In addition, we obtain an analog of Cramer's rule for sparse polynomial systems.


At S is now generally understood, the Natiuitas et Victoria Alexandri,1 a mid-tenth-century t anslation into Latin by a Neapolitan Archpresbyter, Leo, from a (lost) so-called 8-group MS. of the Greek Pseudo-Callisthenes,2 thrice underwent expansion and elaboration. These expanded versions of Leo's work pass commonly under the generic title Historia de Preliis and exist in three main recensions: J1, the earliest, was twice independently reworked, yielding recensions J23 and J3 (ante 1150); J3a (ca. 1150) designates a recently discovered derivative of J3, apparently local to England.4 The J3 recension is of special interest to bibliophiles since, in an abbreviated form, it was utilized for most of the famous Historia de Preljis incunabula, notably those printed at Strassburg.o Although Latin texts of recensions J1 and J2 have already been edited,6 we


We developed novel methods for analyzing the concentrationresponse curve of an agonist to estimate the product of observed affinity and intrinsic efficacy, expressed relative to that of a standard agonist. This parameter, termed intrinsic relative activity (RAi), is most applicable for the analysis of responses at G protein-coupled receptors. RAi is equivalent to the potency ratios that agonists would exhibit in a hypothetical, highly sensitive assay in which all agonists behave as full agonists, even those with little intrinsic efficacy. We investigated muscarinic responses at the M2 receptor, including stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis through G 15 in HEK 293T cells, inhibition of cAMP accumulation through Gi in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and stimulation of cAMP accumulation through Gs in CHO cells treated with pertussis toxin. The RAi values of carbachol, oxotremorine-M, and the enantiomers of aceclidine were approximately the same in the three assay systems. In contrast, the activity of 4-[[N-[3-chlorophenyl]carbamoy]oxy-2-butynyl]trimethylammonium chloride (McN-A343) was 10-fold greater at M2 receptors coupled to G 15 in HEK 293T cells compared with M2 receptors coupled to Gi in the same cells or in CHO cells. Our results show that the RAi estimate is a useful measure for quantifying agonist activity across different assay systems and for detecting agonist directed signaling. Drug discovery often involves testing compounds in isolated tissues and high throughput assays to determine activity at target receptors. In the case of agonists, the measured parameters are usually EC50 and Emax, whereas the parameters of greater relevance to drug design are observed affinity and intrinsic efficacy. If the receptor is a ligand-gated ion channel, then receptor activation can be measured directly as whole cell current, and the EC50 and Emax are reasonable estimates of observed affinity and intrinsic efficacy provided that desensitization is not excessive. It would seem that, in most instances, the observed affinity and intrinsic efficacy of an agonist for a ligand-gated ion channel would be constant, regardless of the tissue or cell in which the receptor is expressed. The situation is more complex for a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). First, GPCRs are inactive in isolation and must interact with a G protein to elicit a response. It is possible that the G protein with which the receptor interacts selects for a receptor conformation having a unique agonist profile and that the observed affinity and intrinsic efficacy of the agonist-receptor complex may be G protein-specific or influenced by other proteins interacting with the receptor (Leff et al., 1997; Berg et al., 1998). Second, because it is difficult to measure receptor activation directly, most assays involve measuring a downstream response, and the corresponding EC50 and Emax values may vary, depending on the point in the signaling cascade at which the experimenter measures the response. Therefore, the magnitude of the response elicited by a GPCR is usually not proportional to receptor activation, and EC50 and Emax are not equivalent to observed affinity and intrinsic efficacy. Rather, EC50 and 1 Here and throughout the article, we use the term "observed intrinsic efficacy" to refer to Furchgott's definition of "intrinsic efficacy" (Furchgott, 1966), which denotes the amount of activated receptors. As described previously (Ehlert, 2000), it is useful to discriminate between the latter definition of observed intrinsic efficacy and the ratio of agonist affinity constants for ground and active conformations of the receptor (intrinsic efficacy). This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant GM 69829 (to F.J.E.). Article, publication date, and citation information can be found at http://jpet.aspetjournals.org. doi:10.1124/jpet.107.120857. ABBREVIATIONS: GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; McN-A-343, 4-[[N-[3-chlorophenyl]carbamoy]oxy-2-butynyl]trimethylammonium chloride; CHO, Chinese hamster ovary; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium with high glucose and L-glutamine; KRB, Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate; 4-DAMP mustard, N-2-chloroethyl-4-piperidinyldiphenylacetate; AF-DX 116, 11-[[2-[(diethylamino)methyl]-1-piperidinyl]acetyl]-5,11-dihydro-6Hpyrido[2,3-b][1,4]benzodiazepine-6-one; RSS, residual sum of squares. 0022-3565/07/3213-1193–1207$20.00 THE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS Vol. 321, No. 3 Copyright © 2007 by The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 120857/3213825 JPET 321:1193–1207, 2007 Printed in U.S.A. 1193 at A PE T Jornals on July 8, 2017 jpet.asjournals.org D ow nladed from Emax depend on the receptor, proteins interacting with the receptor, and a long list of downstream elements that affect the sensitivity of the response. Because the number of nonreceptor entities that affect observed affinity and intrinsic efficacy is small compared with the long list of cellular components affecting EC50 and Emax, it would seem that observed affinity and intrinsic efficacy would be useful parameters for the characterization of the agonist-GPCR complex across different assays. The estimation of these parameters, however, requires additional data not obtained in high throughput screens. Fortunately, it is possible to estimate the product of observed affinity and intrinsic efficacy of an agonist relative to that of a standard agonist just through analysis of the concentration-response curves (Ehlert et al., 1999; Ehlert and Griffin, 2001). This product is equivalent to the potency ratio that an agonist would exhibit relative to a standard agonist in a hypothetical, highly sensitive assay in which both agonists behave as full agonists, even if one or both have very little observed intrinsic efficacy. When viewed from this perspective, estimation of the product of observed affinity and efficacy provides a means of converting potential differences in both the EC50 and Emax values of agonists into a single, relative measurement, analogous to the potency ratio. Therefore, the product of observed affinity and intrinsic efficacy should be a useful, receptor-dependent parameter for measuring agonist activity at GPCRs. Here we describe methods for analyzing agonist concentration-response curves to estimate the product of observed affinity and intrinsic efficacy expressed relative to that of a standard agonist. We refer to this product as intrinsic relative activity (RAi). The calculations are the same as those used in the analysis of allosterism in which the control agonist concentration-response curve is compared with one whose properties of affinity and efficacy have been modified allosterically (Ehlert, 1988, 2005). This situation is analogous to comparing the concentration-response curves of two different agonists with differing affinities and efficacies. We have estimated the RAi values of a group of agonists for eliciting responses through the human M2 receptor coupled to Gi, G 15, and Gs to determine whether the G protein with which the M2 receptor interacts influences the activity of the selected agonists. Although most of the agonists investigated exhibited similar RAi values for triggering M2 muscarinic responses through the different G proteins, compound McNA-343 exhibited 10-fold greater activity when stimulating M2-G 15 responses compared with M2-Gi responses. Our results show that RAi is a useful parameter for the estimation of agonist activity across different assays. Materials and Methods


A glassy carbon electrode modified by poly-lamotrigine(PLTG/GCE) was prepared using cyclic voltammetry in dilute H2SO4 and its electrochemical behavior was investigated in this work.The poly-lamotrigine film as the modifier could attach firmly onto the electrode surface.Copper ions were pre-concentrated selectively with the electrode under a certain reductive potential,and were detected by differential pulse stripping voltammetry.It was found that the modified electrode could capture more Cu(Ⅱ) than the bare electrode.The experimental conditions,such as electrochemical polymerization condition,medium of concentration and stripping,and pre-concentration time and potential were optimized.A good linear relationship was realized between the anodic peak currents of copper and Cu(Ⅱ) concentrations in the range of 4.0×10-9 ~1.3×10-7 mol·L-1with the detection limit of 1.5×10-9 mol·L-1 and a correlation coefficient of 0.9999.The modified electrode demonstrated a high sensitivity and an ideal selectivity,which was successfully applied to the determination of Cu(Ⅱ) in real water samples,and the average recovery was 98.7%.


This article explores the idea of taxing book income in some detail, including the history of having separate book and tax reporting systems and trends in the differences, potential benefits, costs and policy considerations, and revenue estimates for a stylized proposal. Overall, the estimated revenue does not support a rate decrease sufficient to overcome other potential costs. The article concludes by recommending that this idea receive further attention only when the long-term effects of recent changes in financial reporting and auditing standards, tax enforcement, and book-tax gap reporting are better understood.


a Institute of Frontier Medical Science, Jilin University, NO.126 Xin Min Street, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China. b College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University No. 235 Hohhot West Road of University, 010022, P. R. China. c Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Changchun University of Technology, No. 2055 Yan An Road, 130021, P. R. China


Hybrid phosphine crown ether molecules are obtained from Ph2PCl, PhP(OMe)2, or P(OPh)3 and the carbanions generated by a lithium/bromine exchange reaction between n-butyllithium and 5-bromo-1,3-xylyl-18-crown-5 or 5-bromo-2-methoxy-1,3-xylyl-18-crown-5. With these phosphine systems represented as PhxP(crown)3-x, the x = 0−2 and 1−2 members are reported for the former and latter crown ethers, respectively. The A1 υ(CO) stretching frequencies from the Ni(CO)3L (L = PhxP(crown)3-x) complexes are within 0.4 cm-1 of 2068.9 cm-1, the frequency for Ni(CO)3PPh3. For both series of ligands, H or OMe in the 2-position, the υ(CO) stretching frequencies are found to decrease with increasing substitution by the crown ether groups (deceasing x). The addition of Na+−Cs+ (SCN- salts) to the Ni complexes causes the A1 bands to shift to higher frequencies and to broaden. The largest shifts are observed with phosphines substituted with larger numbers of crown ether groups and added Na+ ions. 31P NMR spectral data for the L2...


The paper discusses the growth and evolution of mobile phone rendered serviceportfoliosthat comprise rich voice service, messaging, internet services, and personalized content. The paper examines factors which lead to adoption of diffusion of innovative generic and multimedia services among surveyed households.An array of government and commercial innovations in services such as mobile education, mobile health,and mobile entertainment have already been anticipated to makefull-fledged practice in India. The paper discussesthe pre-requisite to diffuse digital technologies and innovation across urban areas and village settlements. The paper further examines various obstacles to adopt an innovation at individual and household level, existing structural problems regarding the diffusion of technological innovations and existing gap or divide among the surveyed households. It emerges from the study that the possession of mobile phone and the need driven uses cannot make much distinction between young and old users of the households in the pretext that everyone use a cellphone. Rapid evolution of digital technologies has embedded new applications and service provisioning with the old easy way to use mobile phone. As a result, technology has been diffused but the gap between owning a mobile phone and innovative uses have not got over. Instead, the applications and services that the advanced convergent cell phone or smartphone provided has exacerbated gender divide in society and new digital divides among different cohorts in households.


References: [1] Aho, A.V; Hopcroft, J.E; Ullman, J.D, () [2] Banerji, R.B, Similarities in games and their use in strategy construction, (), 337-357 [3] Berge, C, (), (E. Minieka, Trans.) [4] Even, S; Tarjan, R.E, A combinatorial problem which is complete in polynomial space, J. assoc. comput. Mach., 23, 710-719, (1976) · Zbl 0355.68041 [5] Fraenkel, A.S, Combinatorial games with an annihilation rule, (), 87-91, The Influence of Computing on Mathematical Research and Education [6] Fraenkel, A.S; Garey, M.R; Johnson, D.S; Schaefer, T; Yesha, Y, The complexity of checkers on an \textit{n} × n board— preliminary report, (), 55-64 [7] Fraenkel, A.S; Lichtenstein, D, Computing a perfect strategy for \textit{n} × n chess requires time exponential in n, J. combin. theory ser. A, 31, 199-214, (1981) · Zbl 0467.90100 [8] Fraenkel, A.S; Perl, Y, Constructions in combinatorial games with cycles, (), 667-699 [9] Fraenkel, A.S; Tassa, U; Yesha, Y, Three annihilation games, Math. mag., 51, 13-17, (1978) · Zbl 0413.90102 [10] Fraenkel, A.S; Yesha, Y, Theory of annihilation games, Bull. amer. math. soc., 82, 775-777, (1976) · Zbl 0331.05112 [11] Fraenkel, A.S; Yesha, Y, Complexity of problems in games, graphs and algebraic equations, Discrete appl. math., 1, 15-30, (1979) · Zbl 0429.90103 [12] Garey, M.R; Johnson, D.S, () [13] Knuth, D.E, (), "Fundamental Algorithms" · Zbl 0191.17903 [14] Lichtenstein, D; Sipser, M; Lichtenstein, D; Sipser, M, Go is polynomial-space hard, (), 27, 48-54, (1980), Preliminary version in · Zbl 0434.68028 [15] Noble, B, () [16] Reisch, S, Gobang ist PSPACE-vollständig, Acta inform., 13, 59-66, (1980) · Zbl 0401.90112 [17] Reisch, S, Hex ist PSPACE-vollständig, Acta inform., 15, 167-191, (1981) · Zbl 0431.90103 [18] Schaefer, T.J, On the complexity of some two-person perfect-information games, J. comput. system. sci., 16, 185-225, (1978) · Zbl 0383.90112 [19] Smith, C.A.B, Graphs and composite games, J. combin. theory, 1, 51-81, (1966) · Zbl 0141.36101 [20] Stockmeyer, L.J; Chandra, A.K, Provably difficult combinatorial games, SIAM J. comput., 8, 151-174, (1979) · Zbl 0421.68044 This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. It attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming the completeness or perfect precision of the matching.


Submerged early Holocene or late Pleistocene reefs up to 90 km long and with bottom relief commonly about 20 m were established in relation to preexisting lower sea levels on outer edges of terraces at depths ranging from 30 to 80 m off most islands in the eastern Caribbean. They are far more impressive physiographic features than their modern counterparts. These reefs are distinguished from modern reefs in that they are present at depths greater (below about 15 to 20 m) than are commonly associated with present reef-framework construction by hermatypic corals. Data from echo-sounder profiles, rock dredging, bottom photographs, and first-hand observations indicate that off the Virgin Islands, St. Martin, St. Barthelemy, Montserrat, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Lucia, and t e Grenadine Islands, submerged reefs are dead and covered by only a few scattered living corals. On these reefs, reef corals below 15 m cannot cope with skeletal destruction by boring organisms and cannot compete for substrate with other encrusting or attached organisms. Off the west coast of Barbados, however, reef-framework construction is still occurring below about 15 m. Although the age relations of these reefs are not known, they are probably no older than late Pleistocene, and have a minimum age for initial development of about 8,000 years B.P. The eastern Caribbean is characterized by living inner-shelf fringe reefs; however, the common occurrence of shelf-edge submerged reefs indicates that during the latter stages of the Holocene transgression, reefs in this area were generally adjacent to deep waters similar to the modern Pacific barrier and atoll reefs. End_of_Article - Last_Page 350------------


This work was undertaken as the result of the observations of one of us (Pancoast 1 ) on the gastro-intestinal motility of a patient who had a hypodermic of morphin several hours before the Roentgen studies were made. There was found not only an hour-glass constriction of the stomach, but also a striking retardation of the motility of the small intestine. Control studies on this patient at a later date, and when freed from the influence of morphin, revealed no such abnormalities. The earliest investigations in which the Roentgen rays were utilized in the study of the action of opium and its derivatives on the gastro-intestinal tract were those in which animals, especially dogs and cats, were utilized. These studies frequently revealed, not only a retention of the bismuth meal in the esophagus for a period of one-half hour, but also a retention, even for hours, in the fundus and not


A cable transportation system cable return pulley (1) has a hub (3), which is configured to rotate about an axis of rotation (A) and has a plurality of lateral coupling sides lying along respective coplanar straight lines (a, b, c; a, b, c, d; a, b, c, d, e; a, b, c, d, e, f) crosswise to the axis of rotation (A); and a main body (4), which is coupled to the hub (3), has an annular seat (6) for housing the cable, and a number of sectors (20) equal to the number of lateral coupling sides of the hub (3), and wherein each sector (20) is coupled to the hub (3) and to the adjacent sectors (20) solely along two of the straight lines (a, b, c; a, b, c, d; a, b, c, d, e; a, b, c, d, e, f).


Introduction: After stroke, spasticity is often the main problem that prevents functional recovery. Pain occurs in up to 70% of patients during the first year post-stroke. Materials and methods: A total of 70 patients (30 female and 45 male) mean age (65.67) participated in prospective, controlled study. Inclusion criteria: ischaemic stroke, developed spasticity of upper limb, post-stroke interval <6 months. Exclusion criteria: contraindications for balneotherapy and inability to follow commands. Experimental group (Ex) (n=35) was treated with sulphurous baths (31°-33°C) and controlled group (Co) with taped water baths, during 21 days. All patients were additionally treated with kinesitherapy and cryotherapy. The outcome was evaluated using Modified Ashworth scale for spasticity and VAS scale for pain. The significance value was sat at p<0.05. Goal: To find out the effects of balneotherapy with sulphurous bath on spasticity and pain in affected upper limb. Results: Reduction in tone of affected upper limb muscles was significant in Ex group (p<0.05). Pain decreased significantly in Ex-group (p<0.01). Conclusion: Our results show that balneotherapy with sulphurous water reduces spasticity and pain significantly and can help in treatment of post-stroke patients.


We propose a spectrum-sliced incoherent channel receiver using a polarization-independent optical modulator (PIOM). Applying a 12.5-GHz sliced channel that has a 3 dB bandwidth of 0.1 nm, we have the error floor at 9.2×10-4 without the PIOM. With the PIOM, the bandwidth of the received 12.5-GHz sliced channel increases up to 1.5 nm and the error floor decreases to 1.2×10-7.


Abrupt Impacts of Climate Change:  Anticipating Surprises / National Research Council. National Academies Press, 250 p., to be published. Read online : http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=18373 Publisher's description : Climate is changing, forced out of the range of the past million years by levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases not seen in the Earth's atmosphere for a very, very long time. Lacking action by the world's nations, it is clear that the planet will be warmer, ...


The concrete realization of AI endeavors is challenging, especially for established companies. In this paper, essential requirements from theory and practice are analyzed holistically and applicable solutions are discussed. It incorporates insights from conducted case studies and expert interviews in the pharmaceutical industry.
 This work contributes to support previous research on how efficient, (ethically) responsible and human-centered AI solutions can be integrated into the business model of scientifically oriented fields (such as Medical Affairs). In this context, the role of management and interdisciplinary professionals is highlighted and the development of an AI framework is proposed.


Neglected monotheism is how Thaddeus Metz and Motsamai Molefe designate the common denominator among the various religious cultures found across sub-Saharan Africa. This is a product of their engagement with such traditional African religious themes as God's nature, God's will, life beyond death, and the duration of existence beyond or without a body consequent on death. This article uses traditional Yoruba theology and its ritual archive, the Ifa corpus, to argue that Metz and Molefe's monotheistic proposal is a hasty generalization. In fact, on close inspection, the Ifa corpus turns out that traditional Yoruba theology is grounded in panentheism.


Objective:To observate the clinical effect of hysterectomy and high frequency radiosurgical knife(LEEP) cone cutting surgery for cervical carcinoma in situ.Methods:To analyze the clinical data and follow-up results of 327 cases by hysterectomy and 88 cases by LEEP cone cutting surgery from January in 2001 to December in 2009.Results:The overall survival rate of 3,5,8 year was 99.28%(412/415),96.50%(303/314),93.48%(172/184).The overall survival rate of 3,5,8 year in hysterectomy was 99.39%(325/327),97.67%(252/258) and 95.27%(141/148).The overall survival rate of 3,5,8 year in hysterectomy LEEP cone cutting surgery was 98.86%(87/88),91.07%(51/56) and 86.11%(31/36).More than 26 cases died,1 case was accidental death,died for disease of heart head blood-vessel,cancer deaths.Two kinds of operative methods,the survival rate of 5,8 years has statistically significant(P0.05).Conclusion:The curative effect of hysterectomy and LEEP cone cutting surgery in the short term have no obvious difference.LEEP cone cutting surgery for young people,have fertility requirements,postoperative close follow-up.Hysterectomy for no fertility requirements cases,the resection of vaginal section is 1~2 cm.


Explaining dynamic relationships between input and output variables is one of the most important issues in time dependent domains such as economic, finance and so on. In this work, we propose a novel locally adaptive interpretable deep learning architecture that is augmented by recurrent neural networks to provide model explainability and high predictive accuracy for time-series data. The proposed model relies on two key aspects. First, the base model should be a simple interpretable model. In this step, we obtain our base model using a simple linear regression and statistical test. Second, we use recurrent neural networks to re-parameterize our base model to make the regression coefficients adaptable for each time step. Our experimental results on public benchmark datasets showed that our model not only achieves better predictive performance than the state-of-the-art baselines, but also discovers the dynamic relationship between input and output variables.


We considered the process regulation which is based on feedback affected by varying delays. Proposed approach relies on set-based control methods. One part of the thesis examines active control design for compensation of delays in sensor-to controller communication channel. This problem is regarded in a general perspective of the fault tolerant control where delays are considered as a particular degradation mode of the sensor. Obtained results are also adapted to the systems with redundant sensing elements that are prone to abrupt faults. In this sense, an unified framework is proposed in order to address the control design with outdated measurements provided by unreliable sensors.Positive invariance for linear discrete-time systems with delays is outlined in the second part of the thesis. Concerning this class of dynamics, there are two main approaches which define positive invariance. The first one relies on rewriting a delay-difference equation in the augmented state-space and applying standard analysis and control design tools for the linear systems. The second approach considers invariance in the initial state-space. However, the initial state-space characterization is still an open problem even for the linear case and it represents our main subject of interest. As a contribution, we provide new insights on the existence of the positively invariant sets in the initial state-space. Moreover, a construction algorithm for the minimal robust D-invariant set is outlined. Additionally, alternative invariance concepts are discussed.


The utility model discloses a mobile phone with an audio time indicating device, which comprises a mobile phone, an audio chimer chip and an audio receiving control chip. The output end of the audio receiving control chip is connected with the control end of the audio chimer chip. The audio chimer chip is connected with a main control chip positioned inside the mobile phone. The mobile phone is provided with a chimer button which is connected with the control end of the audio chimer chip. The output of the audio chimer chip is connected with a loud speaker, while the control end of the audio receiving control chip is connected with a sound pick-up. The utility model adds an audio chimer chip and an audio receiving control chip based on the primary mobile phone, thereby achieving the two modes of time chimer of the mobile phone keys and audio control which can work normally whether the mobile phone is powered on or off, further providing great convenience for customers. Besides, the utility model has the advantages of low cost, easy operation, convenient and practical usage.


The present invention includes at least one trivalent metal, and having a large molar ratio (Nb / Ti) less than 2, as titanium and niobium oxide mixture without lithium, the oxide material of the formula (I) and formula (II ) relates to a mixed oxide of titanium and niobium, characterized in that a substance selected from the group comprising of: -0.3 ≤ δ ≤ 0.3; -0.3 ≤ δ ≤ 0.3.


We describe key affordances required by tools for developing haptic behaviors. Haptic icon design involves the envisioning, expression and iterative modification of haptic behavior representations. These behaviors are then rendered on a haptic device. For example, a sinusoidal force vs. position representation rendered on a haptic knob would produce the feeling of detents. Our contribution is twofold. We introduce a custom haptic icon prototyper that includes novel interaction features, and we then use the lessons learnt from its development plus our experiences with a variety of haptic devices to present and argue high-level design choices for such prototyping tools in general.


~ appearance of a new translation of the Bible has very often been met with sharp criticism from Christians. There will always be those who are naturally conservative regarding any attempt to improve on the King James translation of the English Bible. This apprehension is quite understandable and is not new. Our Anglo-Saxon ancestors were really anxious to spread a knowledge of the Bible in the vulgar tongue but feared lest harm should come of it. Aelfric writing to Aethelwold the Alderman says: "Now it thinketh me, love, that that work [the translation of Genesis] is very dangerous for me or for any man to undertake; because I dread lest some foolish man read this book . . ." (Praefalio Genesis Anglice).


A digital DSSS system is introduced ,which is designed with FPGA Spartan2 XC2S200 of Xilinx company and DSP TMS320VC5410 of TI company. The designs of acquisition,tracking and baseband demodulation after downconvertion to baseband are based on FPGA. For acquisition,the authors present a method of double dwells serial-search DS acquisition with adaptive threshold. It not only saves much hardware resource, but also can have a short period of acquisition. This system has already passed all tests.


Abstract Background The Illinois XDRO Registry was created in November 2013 as an information system for XDROs; currently, the registry includes carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), carbapenemase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida auris. All Illinois healthcare facilities can manually query the registry at the time of admission to assess patients' prior colonization status. A subset of facilities, mainly hospitals, participate in the registry's automated querying process; alerts are generated automatically and sent via email, page, or text to infection preventionists at the time of patient admission. Methods We assessed counts of XDRO report submissions and total queries (manual and automated) over time, by organism. Facilities achieved automated alerts by sending a near-real-time feed of inpatient admission data (patient name and date of birth) to Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) via one of the three connection types: direct (data sent directly to IDPH), vendor (data sent via vendor software), and syndromic surveillance (existing syndromic surveillance data adapted for registry). Results In total, 6,445 unique patients (11,258 total reports) from 213 facilities have been reported to the XDRO registry (counts by organism type, Table). The registry has been manually queried 39,678 times by 232 facilities. Seventy-five facilities have achieved automation of alerting; the types of data connections used were direct (N = 56), vendor (N = 18), and syndromic surveillance (N = 1). In total, 5,344 automated alerts have been sent for 1,555 unique patients. Automated alerts per month have increased over time (P < 0.001, Figure). Infection preventionists reported feedback on 3,008 CRE alerts via a website questionnaire; among 1176 first alerts/patient/facility, 49% of patients' XDRO status were previously unknown to the facility, and 33% were not in contact precautions at the time of alert. Conclusion The XDRO registry, originally focused on CRE, successfully expanded to include emerging XDRO threats such as Candida auris and is poised for rapid response to emerging threats. The registry's adaptable reporting structure and expanding automation have enabled it to deliver an increasing number of actionable infection-control alerts over time. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.


The problem of turbine engines blades stress-strain state has been studied. All calculations have been provided for the cooled blades constructions, used in the turbo machinery manufacturing. The investigation's purpose was to develop the new adaptive mathematical model of turbine engine bladed disks with circular damping links stress-strain state by means of finite elements method. The foregoing approach to the finite elements method was borrowed from the literature on finite elements method. The main mathematical models and some types of the finite elements can't be used for the correct description of the foregoing problem. The matter is that turbine blades have constructional non-homogeneity, which hardly ever could be correctly explained, using well-known finite elements and their mathematical dependences. On the other hand the variable aerodynamic force influence has also been taken into consideration. That is why the new model, which consists of sections, including disk's sector, the whole blade and parts of damping links, has been developed. The finite elements methodology has been used for the dynamic stresses of this section calculation. Such approach gives an opportunity to describe the stress-strain state of the whole bladed disk as the superposition of the developed sections


On behalf of the Executive and Technical Program Committees, we take great pleasure in welcoming you to Paris and to DATE 02, the single, most comprehensive European Conference and Exhibition event bringing together academic researchers, industry specialists, users and vendors in the fields of Design, Automation and Test of electronic circuits and systems. The endless quest for faster, cheaper, smaller electronic products, particularly for the growing consumer and communications markets, dictate that increasingly complex designs be generated in continuously shrinking time scales. But while design time has been reduced by possibly as much as 70 percent over the past few years, the cost of design has significantly increased and continues to grow. This makes design automation a strategic technology for modern electronic systems, from simple ASICs via embedded IP cores to large systems on chip made of heterogeneous processors communicating via on-chip networks. DATE has become the pre-eminent European conference tapping into a large reservoir of research and development activities in the field of design technology. World leading companies in wireless communications and automotive industries have led to the emergence of recognised European specialities in Embedded Systems as well as IP and SoC Technologies, particularly with a strong mixed-signal content. These are three of the most important driving forces behind IT's explosive growth and the main contributors to accelerate the pace of electronic integration allowing complex systems to be built into a single chip. DATE is a unique event where the latest scientific and technological developments are brought to public from the leading players in the field. DATE, therefore, offers a once-in-a-year occasion to find out more about the technical and architectural trends of circuits and systems, small and large, and the design automation and test challenges they bring to tool vendors and PCB companies as well as semiconductor and IP providers alike. DATE 02 has received a total of 476 papers submitted to the regular scientific tracks of the Conference, a very significant 60 percent increase in the number of submissions in comparison to the previous edition. The Program Committee has had the hard and always difficult task of selecting 88 papers for long presentations, 54 papers for short presentations and 68 papers for presentation as posters. An additional 46 papers will be presented in the Designers' Forum which were selected from a record breaking 70 submissions. Last but not least, 14 Special Sessions have been chosen to bring …


This paper investigated the distribution,habitat and utilization of 56 species in Clematis in Yunnan province.Some suggestions on the development of the flower germplasm resources in Clematis were proposed.


Although ZrB 2 -SiC ceramics have been extensively researched for applications at ultra-high temperatures (>2000 o C), it is well known that at these temperatures the SiC oxidises actively yielding a gaseous sub-oxide, SiO, rather than the protective, passive oxide product, SiO 2 . This limits the high-temperature range of SiC-bearing ceramics for ultra-high temperature applications. In the present work, the addition of 5 vol% WC has been shown to partially eliminate the active oxidation of SiC in ZrB 2 -SiC ceramics, even when exposed to an oxyacetylene flame at 2400 o C. In contrast to the porous and fragmentary surface observed with ZrB 2 -SiC ceramics tested under the same conditions, a dense oxide surface layer was observed that is believed to have resulted in decreasing pO 2 in the layers beneath. This had the effect of changing the chemistry of the system and hence the composition of the phases produced. Clear evidence of the


The spectral properties of small bells from China and Tibet are considered. The amplitude modulation of these bells is a characteristic part of their spectral evolution, and sometimes includes synchronized frequency modulation. Models are developed for three different bell types, and their Csound implementations are given. Listening tests show that these models are perceptually indistinguishable from the original tones.


l‐Dopa‐induced dyskinesias (LIDs) are a troublesome complication in Parkinson's disease after long‐term therapy and a major reason for surgical treatment. LIDs are effectively eliminated by surgery. We aimed to reproduce such effect in the 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐lesioned rat model. Single or combined lesions with quinolinic acid were caused in the entopeduncular nucleus (EP) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) on 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐lesioned rats treated for 3 weeks with l‐Dopa (6 mg/kg plus 15 mg/kg benserazide, i.p.). l‐Dopa administration was continued for a further week following the lesion and abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) scored at the end of treatment. Neither the individual lesions of the EP and SNr nor the combined lesions had any antidyskinetic effect nor decreased the total number of rotations. These results suggest that excitotoxic lesions of neurons bodies of the output nuclei of the basal ganglia, which destroy cell bodies and spare fibers of passage, do not induce a beneficial reduction of dyskinesias in contrast to thermolytic lesions in humans (which provokes a complete tissue destruction), thus supporting the possibility that other nuclei or systems might be involved in the antidyskinetic effect of pallidotomy. Synapse 67:407–414, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Summary Pure swards of cocksfoot and perennial ryegrass cut on three occasions and of lucerne cut on two occasions were ensiled in test-tube silos after three treatments: (i) unwilted without additive, (ii) unwilted after the addition of formic acid at 0-23 % of fresh weight, and (iii) wilted to a water content of about 70 %, with no additive. Replicate silos were opened at intervals up to 105 days in order to follow the course of fermentation. Silages from the final sampling could be divided into two clearly defined groups. Those where the lactic acid content, expressed as a percentage of total fermentation acids (L %T), was over 60 (19 silages) were considered stable while those with a value less than 20 (5 silages) were considered unstable. The addition of formic acid resulted in a reduction in pH of the ensiled material from 5–86 + 0–12 to 4–60 ±0–11. This value changed little during the first 6 days after ensiling but then fell as lactic and acetic acids were formed. Stable silages made from unwilted crops without additive contained more lactic acid than those made with formic acid, but the converse was true for unstable silages. The ammonia content of silages made from unwilted material was always lower when formic acid had been applied. Wilting before ensiling gave stable silages from all crops.


Findings concerning the question: How important is driver fatigue and what can we do about it? are summed up. Fatigue behind the wheel is found to be definitely a major factor in accident causation, not only in the large countries. A lot of studies have been carried out that tried to answer the question whether fatigue, reduced arousal or increased drowsiness account for problems, i.e.whether they are related to errors and impairment in driving performance. Countermeasures are necessary, but not all "available" countermeasures are equally effective. Electronic devices that detect and perhaps also temporarily counter drowsiness are popping up in the market in large quantities, however it is difficult to judge which ones are really effective. Research is also still needed on the missing link between perceiving and realizing the signs of fatigue by the driver and taking the right consequence. Otherwise, even warnings by electronic applications would probably be ignored.


Abstract In recent times and in various countries there has been considerable pressure to raise educational standards and levels of student achievement. As a means to that end there has been a drive from the political right to greater diversity of school provision and an increase in parental choice of school. In theory, this market approach should be self‐correcting and so allowed to run its course without state intervention. The political left, whilst sharing the aspiration to excellence in the school system, has been thrown into a defence of some of the status quo ante and so at times into an anti‐libertarian position. It is argued that diversity and choice in the UK are defensible, drawing from both left and right libertarian positions. Though the two are not by any means always compatible, some combination is intellectually tenable and a possible basis for policy. In this modified libertarian approach, potentially acceptable to both left and right, diversity and choice are taken to be desirable unless...


A National Archives Council is created and composed of the Secretaries of each of the executive departments of the Government (or an alternate from each department to be named by the Secretary thereof), the Chairman of the Senate Committee on the Library, the Chairman of the House Committee on the Library, the Librarian of Congress, the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and the Archivist of the United States. The Council shall define the classes of material for transfer to the National Archives Building and establish regulations governing such transfer and shall advise the Archivist in respect to regulations governing the disposition and use of the archives and records transferred to his custody.


Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of severe vision loss in the older population, due to ingrowth of new leaky blood vessels (neovasculature) from the choriocapillaris, which results in destruction of photoreceptors in the fovea and loss of central vision. "Standard" one-photon (1-γ) photodynamic therapy (PDT) using Visudyne(R) is an approved method of AMD treatment but has the potential to damage healthy tissues lying above and below the neovasculature due to photosensitizer accumulation and its wide-beam 1-γ excitation. Highly-targeted two-photon (2-γ) excitation may avoid this, since, due to its non-linear intensity dependence, the probability of 2-γ excitation is greatest in the focal plane, which intrinsically avoids out-of-focus damage to healthy tissues. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the 2-γ efficiency of Visudyne and to compare it to the archetypal photosensitizer Photofrin(R). Since neovascular endothelium is targeted in AMD, an endothelial cell line (YPEN-1) was selected as the in vitro model. 2-γ PDT was delivered using tightly focused ~300 fs laser pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser operating at 850 nm with 90 MHz pulse repetition rate. An assay was developed for quantification of the cellular damage using the permeability stain Hoechst 33258 and the viability stain SYTOX. Visudyne (LD50= dose to kill 50% of cells: 500 J/cm2, 10 M, 7.2 μg/ml) was about an order of magnitude more effective than Photofrin (LD50 : 7500 J/cm2, ~42 μM, 25 μg/ml). We also demonstrate for the first time the quadratic dependence of the cellular response to 2-γ PDT. This in vitro work will lead to the design of optimized in vivo studies in animal models of AMD.


This research aims to describe the meaning, causes, and impacts of loyalty in Koyoharu Gotoge's Kimetsu No Yaiba comic. This type of research uses descriptive-qualitative research, with data collection techniques using note-taking techniques and data analysis techniques using objective literary theory. Based on the findings of the study, it was found that the meaning of loyalty in Kimetsu No Yaiba comics consists of 3 meanings: obedience, obedience, and determination. In Kimetsu No Yaiba comics there are 8 factors that become causes, namely admiration, anticipation, trust, happiness, love, hatred, optimism, terror, and submission. In addition to the factors that cause loyalty, there are also 4 impacts arising from loyalty: positive impacts on the subject, negative impacts on the subject, positive impacts on the object, and negative impacts on the object.


Although there has been marked progress in the development of coronary opacifying procedures and techniques within recent years, a more satisfactory method is still desired. During ventricular systole the ejection of blood from the left ventricle tends to wash the contrast medium away from the coronary ostia. During diastole, with the relative lack of flow in the aortic root and with the maximal rate of coronary artery flow, consequently, contrast medium is minimally diluted with blood in the aortic root and reaches the coronary arteries at a higher concentration. Since it requires several cardiac cycles for contrast medium to cover entirely from the coronary ostia to the minute peripheral branches, more excellent opacification might be obtained by the multiple successive diastolic injections method than by a single diastolic injection method. On the basis of this principle, the author has developed a new method for radiographic visualization of the coronary arteries ("Coronary Arteriography Using Successive Diastolic Injections"), and has attempted to evaluate this procedure experimentally and clinically. Thechniques: The in jector used in these studies was a Davol Heart Pump Model 8500, which was capable to inject contrast medium at any phase in the cardiac cycle in synchronization with a maximum electrocardiographic wave (R wave). The pump ventricle and a circuit including a contrast medium reservoir, two one-way valves and a catheter were specially devised and were very convenient for successive injections. The contrast media used were Diatrizoate (76% Urografin[○!R]) or Iothalamate sodium (Angio-con-ray[○!R]). Under general anesthesia, a catheter was introduced into the aortic root through either of the surgically exposed brachial or femoral artery. Contrast medium was injected by the above-mentioned injector under the injection pressure of 3.5 to 4.2 kilograms per square 〓e〓〓imeter for 3 to 4 strokes of the pump ven-tricle which worked in synchronization with the early diastolic phase of the heart. In all experimental animals and the patients with over 100 per minute of cardiac rate, ATP preparation was routinely administered via the catheter for decreasing the cardiac rate and dilating the coronary vessels, prior to the injection of contrast medium. At the same time with the beginning of the injections of contrast medium, serial X-ray filming was started at the rate of 3 films per second for 5 to 10 seconds, in 15 experiments and 9 clinical cases. In 11 experiments, a single X-ray film was exposed at the end of diastolic phase after 2 to 3 successive injections. The dosage of contrast medium ranged 0.13 to 0.80 milliliters per kilogram per stroke in the experimental animals and 0.13 to 0.21 in the clinical cases.


Significance Rounded oil-in-water emulsion droplets are ubiquitous in life and technology. We demonstrate that crystallization of the monomolecular nanolayer at the interface of these droplets provides a novel way to control the shape of liquid droplets. In particular, the droplets undergo a spontaneous faceting transition, split, and grow tails. All these transitions are fully temperature-controllable and reversible. The observed phenomena mimic shape selection in virus capsids, virus-associated pyramid formation in lipid membranes, and the growth of rod-like bacteria, yet the underlying mechanism is completely new. The observed effects allow formation of emulsions with controllable attributes, probe the fundamentals of molecular-scale elasticity, and open new routes for self-assembly of complex-shape colloids. Liquid droplets, widely encountered in everyday life, have no flat facets. Here we show that water-dispersed oil droplets can be reversibly temperature-tuned to icosahedral and other faceted shapes, hitherto unreported for liquid droplets. These shape changes are shown to originate in the interplay between interfacial tension and the elasticity of the droplet's 2-nm-thick interfacial monolayer, which crystallizes at some T = Ts above the oil's melting point, with the droplet's bulk remaining liquid. Strikingly, at still-lower temperatures, this interfacial freezing (IF) effect also causes droplets to deform, split, and grow tails. Our findings provide deep insights into molecular-scale elasticity and allow formation of emulsions of tunable stability for directed self-assembly of complex-shaped particles and other future technologies.


The processes of steel corrosion in the aquatic environment were studied. The values of the level of protection from corrosion depending on the concentration of inhibitor at different conditions of aeration were established. A comparison of the efficiency of the developed phosphate inhibitors was carried out


he late 1980s and early 1990s brought a dramatic rise in Chapter 11 bankruptcy petitions, corresponding with a high volume of defaults in pubT licly traded debt. For example, Moody's Investors Service reports that in the last two decades in excess of $63 billion of publicly traded debt defaulted, with $37 billion of defaults in 1990-1991 alone.' Many of these firms have emerged from Chapter 11 with a reorganized capital structure. In bankruptcy, the pre-petition debt of a company often is exchanged for the equity of the reorganized company. Through the process of negotiation and litigation, the bankruptcy court and investors assign value to this equity in the restructured firm. The new equity should be expected to trade at a price near the value assigned by these bankruptcy participants, but we present some evidence that this is not always the case. This article examines whether there are abnormal returns associated with new equity securities issued by firms emerging from the Chapter 11 reorganization process. Much of the recent literature examines the post-bankruptcy performance of firms emerging from Chapter 11 reorganizations in terms of corporate governance (Gilson and Vetsuypens [1993]), accounting and cash flow measures (Hotchkiss [1994] and Opler and Titman [1994]), and intra-industry competitive effects (Lang and Stulz [1992] and Maksimovic and Zechner [1991]). None of these studes, however, evaluates the stock price/return performance of firms as they emerge from the reorganization process. We seek to examine the market's reaction to firm valuation in the bankruptcy process, and provide, in intuitive terms, an analysis of the returns to those securities in the first trading year.


Abstract This article compares the level of climate literacy observed among university students enrolled on different academic courses, sampled at the start and end of their degrees (N = 1,149). The study involved distributing a questionnaire about various scientific topics related to Climate Change (CC) and aims to analyse the extent to which differences can be attributed to the influence of the social representations of common culture or to the scientific education received during their academic studies. The initial assumption made is that students who study natural science or engineering degrees and those who are in the final years of their degree course should be significantly more competent regarding the questions made to them than students studying social sciences or humanities and those who are at the start of their university degree. The weight of common culture is also noted as the decisive factor in predominant social representations.


The purpose of this study was to ascertain the ways former professional scientists who are learning to become teachers understand the planning and implementation of instructional design 1) while they are in a university program learning to become teachers and 2) during their first year of full-time teaching in a secondary classroom. The study used a grounded theory approach and was informed by multiple classroom observations, lesson planning artifacts, and interviews. It was found that during their methods class the teacher candidates employed both student-centered and backwards design principles. However, once the teacher candidates started teaching full-time, they no longer designed instruction and instead adopted lesson plans from veteran teachers, adapting only small parts to become more student-centered.


Studies in the past have clearly established that CTLA4 is a susceptible gene for Graves' disease (GD). However, association studies between CTLA4 and the risk of developing Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) in GD patients have shown conflicting results. In this study, associations of five CTLA4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (−1722A/G, −1661A/G, −318C/T, +49G/A, CT60) with GD risk and GO susceptibility in GD patients were investigated in a Chinese population. Our results showed that either +49A/G or CT60 polymorphism was associated with GD susceptibility in the Chinese population. Significant differences in the distribution of the genotypes or alleles evaluated between GD patients with and without clinically evident GO were only found for −318C/T polymorphism (P = 0.03). Multiple logistic regressions revealed that the −318T allele was negatively associated with GO under both additive and dominant genetic models (adjusted OR = 0.56, 95%CI 0.35–0.89, P = 0.014; adjusted OR = 0.51, 95%CI 0.30–0.84, P = 0.009, respectively). Stratification analysis according to gender demonstrated different scenarios concerning the role of the −318T allele in GO risk: a significant protective role for GO was only confirmed in male but not in female GD patients. Haplotype analyses showed that only the haplotypes containing the −318T allele played a protective role in GO. In conclusion, results from this study suggested that the −318T allele might play a protective role in GO susceptibility for GD patients at least in the Chinese population. However, extended analyses with larger sample size should be carried out in patients from different ethnic origins to further verify this association.


This study investigates the use of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to extract intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) for the spectral analysis of EEG signals in healthy individuals and its possible biological interpretations. Unlike traditional EEG analysis, this approach does not require the establishment of arbitrary band limits. The study uses a multivariate EMD algorithm (APIT-MEMD) to extract IMFs from the EEG signals of 34 healthy volunteers. The first six IMFs are analyzed using two different methods, based on FFT and HHT, and the results compared using the ANOVA test and the Bland–Altman method for agreement test. The outcomes show that the frequency values of the first six IMFs fall within the range of classic EEG bands (1.72–52.4 Hz). Although there was a lack of agreement in the mean weighted frequency values of the first three IMFs between the two methods (>3 Hz), both methods showed similar results for power spectral density (<5% normalized units, %, of power spectral density). The HHT method is found to have better frequency resolution than APIT-MEMD associated with FTT that produce less overlapping between IMF3 and 4 (p = 0.0046) and it is recommended for analyzing the spectral properties of IMFs. The study concludes that the HHT method could help to avoid the assumption of strict frequency band limits, and that the potential impact of EEG physiological phenomenon on mode-mixing interpretation, particularly for the alpha and theta ranges, must be considered in future research.


Due to the overload of published scientific articles, paper recommendation has long been a critical research problem for automatically recommending high quality scientific papers for researchers. For scientific paper recommendation, the existing methods are mainly based on the user-paper interaction and the textual content of the paper. Although many scientific paper recommendation systems have been proposed, there are still two shortcomings: 1) the interaction information-based approaches cannot capture the higher-order user paper interaction information. 2) the content-based approaches cannot exploit the deep semantic information of the text, which impairs the interpretability of the models. To improve recommendation quality and model interpretability, we propose Citation Graph Collaborative Filtering (CGCF), which unifies document representation and Graph Neural Network (GNN). Our method consists of three steps:1) Build the user-paper bipartite graph based on citation relationship. 2) Use a pre-trained language model to initialize the paper's embedding with its title and abstract. 3) Tune node embeddings using high-order connectivity information captured by several stacked message-passing layers on the graph built in the first step and finally make predictions predicted by these learned embeddings. Experiment shows that our model performs better while ensuring training efficiency.


Photovoltaic forecasts are necessary in many fields of the energy industry. The rapid expansion of photovoltaic systems within the last years poses a growing problem especially for grid operators. New innovative concepts like smart storage solutions for reducing the grid load often need a generation forecast in order to be operated properly. In this work, a photovoltaic forecast based on only freely available cloud data is developed and compared to a commercially available one by evaluating their accuracy. Therefore, both forecasts are adapted to a 14 kWp photovoltaic system in Upper Bavaria, Germany. An Analysis of the results shows that both forecasts yield comparable results, but the one based on freely available data shows extreme inaccuracies in case of difficult prediction conditions like changeable cloud movement.


Abstract : Two important analytical techniques in biomedical research have been increasingly utilized in hyperbaric physiology over the past 12 years. Doppler ultrasonic bubble detection on the one hand and mass spectrometry on the other have been used to demonstrate responses to both elevated pressure and decompression which have previously been only conjecture. Both techniques have raised controversies, yet both, properly used, are capable not only of resolving them but also resolving many of the questions which have remained unanswered. The article discusses the 'state-of-the-art' of these two techniques in hyperbaric medicine and some of the more promising areas for the future. (Author)


Samples of surimi were prepared under laboratory conditions from Adriatic pilchard ( Sardina pilchardus). Water content in surimi was 81.5% before mixing with NaCl and к-carrageenan, which were added in the range of mass fraction from 0 to 10%. Relative apparent specific enthalpy ( H-), initial freezing point T i, density p and thermal conductivity k of surimi in the temperature range from -25 °C to 10 °C were determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA), gravimetric method and line-heat source technique, respectively. For determination of relative apparent specific enthalpy ( H-) the mathematical model of enthalpy based on orthogonal collocation approximation of DTA was applied. Redistributions of apparent enthalpy in the freezing range as functions of mass fractions of added substances were determined. Increase of mass fraction of added substances resulted in the increase of mass fraction of bound (unfreezable) water and lowered initial freezing point Ti, which has effects on the decrease of therma...


Conclusions These results show that variations in FBS have a significant effect on spontaneous mineralization rates in acellular SF scaffolds. We need to learn more about the process of mineralization and how variations in media composition affect tissue calcification in 3D cell culture. Results & Discussion Though we expected calcium content to remain low in acellular scaffolds, by week 7 the calcium content in some acellular scaffolds was nearly half the amount of their cellularized counterparts. Calcium content varied significantly between FBS brands in acellular scaffolds, but not in cellularized scaffolds, and μCT analysis showed similar trends. PAA Gold and PAA Standard Quality both displayed relatively low levels of mineralization when compared to Biochrom's FBS Superior or FBS Standard from Gibco.


In this study, we are developing the process of glass ablation by 248nm excimer to make micro-via to the glass material. The interposer connects many pins between both sides electrically. Therefore, the micro-via to the glass substrate must be needed. However, the micro-via machining to the glass material is difficult because the glass is brittle material. We report microdrilling processability of less than 20um diameter for glass material using a 248nm excimer laser. We also report the investigation result of the dependence of the drilling rate and laser fluence and laser pulse width.


BACKGROUND
 Potential is seen in web data collection for population health surveys due to a combination of its cost-effectiveness, implementation ease and the increased internet penetration. Nonetheless, web modes may lead to lower and more selective unit response rates than traditional modes and hence may increase bias in the measured indicators.

 OBJECTIVE
 This research assesses the unit response and costs of a web versus F2F study.

 METHODS
 Alongside the F2F Belgian Health Interview Survey of 2018 (BHIS2018; n gross sample used: 7,698), a web survey (BHISWEB; n gross sample=6,183) is organized. Socio-demographic data on invited individuals is obtained from the national register and census linkages. Unit response rates considering the different sampling probabilities of both surveys are calculated. Logistic regression analyses examine the association between mode system (web vs. F2F) and socio-demographic characteristics on unit non-response. The costs per completed web questionnaire are compared with these for a completed F2F questionnaire.

 RESULTS
 The unit response rate is lower in BHISWEB (18.0%) versus BHIS2018 (43.1%). A lower web response is found among all socio-demographic groups, however, the difference is higher among people older than 65, low educated people, people with a non-Belgian nationality, people living alone and these living in Brussels Capital. Not the same socio-demographic characteristics are associated with non-response in both studies. Having another European (OR (95% CI): 1.60 (1.20-2.13)) or a non-European nationality (OR (95% CI): 2.57 (1.79-3.70)) (compared to having the Belgian nationality) and living in the Brussels Capital (95% CI): 1.72 (1.41-2.10)) or Walloon (OR (95% CI): 1.47 (1.15 - 1.87) region (compared to living in the Flemish region) is only in BHISWEB associated with a higher non-response. In BHIS2018 younger people (OR (95% CI): 1.31 (1.11-1.54)) are more likely to be non-respondent than older people, this was not found BHISWEB. In both studies, lower educated people have a higher change to be non-respondent, but this effect is more pronounced in BHISWEB (OR low vs. high education level (95% CI): Web 2.71 (2.21-3.39)); F2F 1.70 (1.48-1.95)). The BHISWEB study has a considerable cost advantage; the total cost per completed questionnaire is almost three times lower (€41) compared to the F2F data collection (€111).

 CONCLUSIONS
 The F2F unit response rate is generally higher, yet for certain groups the difference between web versus F2F is more limited. A considerable cost advantage of web collection is found. It is therefore worthwhile to experiment with adaptive mixed-mode designs to optimize financial resources without increasing selection bias; e.g. only inviting socio-demographic groups more eager to participate online for web surveys while remaining to focus on increasing the F2F response rates for other groups.

 CLINICALTRIAL
 Studies approved by the Ethics Committee of the University hospital of Ghent


A new family of planthoppers Fulgoromorpha from the Lower Jurassic of southern China is described to comprise Qiyangiricania cesta Lin, 1986. The new family differs in venation pattern from the other Jurassic representatives of Fulgoroidea, presenting particular model of tegmen venation, not found among extinct and recent planthoppers. The Mesozoic stage of Fulgoroidea evolution is discussed. The extinct taxon Ricaniites fulgens (Brodie, 1845) from the Purbeck of United Kingdom is excluded from the Hemiptera.


We discuss the quantization of a four-dimensional model in which a massive Abelian vector field interacts with chiral massless fermions. We show that, by introducing extra scalar fields, a renormalizable unitary {ital S} matrix can be obtained in a suitably defined Hilbert space of physical states.


Since government regulations have forced manufacturers to minimise volatile organic compounds and consumer trends drive the demand for environmentally friendly products, polyurethane formulations have shifted away from solvent-based polyurethane formulations toward aqueous polyurethane dispersions. Because of the current need in this work, a renewable canola oil-based polyol derived from canola oil was synthesised by the epoxidation and oxirane ring-opening procedure and polymerized with different diisocyanates, dimethylol propionic acid, and 1,4-butanediol, used to produce waterborne PU dispersion. The structural characterization of the prepared polyol and dispersions was carried out by FTIR spectroscopy. The synthesised dispersions were applied to the poly/cotton fabrics by the pad-dry-cure process and their textile performances, such as pilling resistance and color fastness properties, were investigated. The antibacterial activity of the �nished applied fabrics was also evaluated against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. All the samples have shown remarkable enhancement in both anti-pilling (1/2 to 3/4 in dyed) and color fastness properties (such as rubbing in dyed, dry 3/4 to 4/5, and wet 3 to 4) as the solution concentration of the dispersions increases. The results reveal that canola oil-based PU dispersions applied as a �nish to the poly/cotton fabrics enhanced their textile as well as antibacterial performance.


Poisson regression is a common approach for modelling discrete data. However, due to characteristics of Poisson distribution, Poisson regression might not be suitable since most data are over-dispersed or under-dispersed. This study compared four generalised linear models (GLMs): negative binomial, generalised Poisson, zero-truncated Poisson and zero-truncated negative binomial. An air-pollution-related disease, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), and its relationship with various air pollution and climate factors were investigated. The data were obtained from Johor Bahru, Malaysia, from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2013. Multicollinearity between the covariates and the independent variables was examined, and model selection was performed to find the significant variables for each model. This study showed that the negative binomial is the best model to determine the association between the number of URTI cases and air pollution and climate factors. Particulate Matter (PM10), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Ground Level Ozone (GLO) are the air pollution factors that affect this disease significantly. However, climate factors do not significantly influence the number of URTI cases. The model constructed in this study can be utilised as an early warning system to prevent and mitigate URTI cases. The involved parties, such as the local authorities and hospitals, can also employ the model when facing the risk of URTI cases that may occur due to air pollution factors.


An experiment was undertaken on 18 Asian elephants to study the effect of oral probiotics on body measurements for two months. Simultaneously, the efficacy of existing prediction equations and allometric relationship of heart girth-body weight (BW), height-forefoot circumference (FFC) and height-body weight were also observed. The animals were divided into three groups, with six each. The experimental probiotics; Lactobacillus acidophilus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were supplemented @ 1 gm 1 × 109 cfu/gm for every 50 kg BW/day to the elephants of LACTO (T2) and SAC (T3) groups, respectively, whereas no probiotic was given to the control group. Heart girth was measured four times, on days 0, 20, 50 and 60 of the experiment to determine BW. Other morphometric estimations, like length, height, hind girth, and FFC were documented once, at the end of study. The data of heart girth and body weight revealed non-significant effect of the treatment. Irrespective of probiotics treatment, allometric parameters such as heart girth-body weight and height-FFC showed an isometric relationship whereas, the height-body weight relationship wasn't found to yield an equivalent accuracy. The equations involving heart girth and FFC were observed to be most authentic to calculate BW and height, respectively.


The 100-F-44:2 waste site is a steel pipeline that was discovered in a junction box during confirmatory sampling of the 100-F-26:4 pipeline from December 2004 through January 2005. The 100-F-44:2 pipeline feeds into the 100-F-26:4 subsite vitrified clay pipe (VCP) process sewer pipeline from the 108-F Biology Laboratory at the junction box. In accordance with this evaluation, the confirmatory sampling results support a reclassification of this site to No Action. The current site conditions achieve the remedial action objectives and the corresponding remedial action goals established in the Remaining Sites ROD. The results of confirmatory sampling show that residual contaminant concentrations do not preclude any future uses and allow for unrestricted use of shallow zone soils. The results also demonstrate that residual contaminant concentrations are protective of groundwater and the Columbia River.


The fluid dynamics of Hot Gas Cleanup (HGCU) systems having complex geometrical configurations are typically analyzed using computational fluid dynamics codes (CFD) or bench-scale laboratory test facilities called cold-flow models (CFM). At the present time, both CFD and CFM can be effectively used for simple flows limited to one or two characteristic length scales with well defined boundary conditions. This is not the situation with HGCU devices. These devices have very complex geometries, low Reynolds number, multi-phase flows that operate on multiple-length scales. For this reason, both CFD and CFM analysis cannot yet be considered as a practical engineering analysis tool for modeling the entire flow field inside HGCU systems. The thrust of this work is to provide an aerodynamic analysis methodology that can be easily applied to the complex geometries characteristic of HGCU filter vessels, but would not require the tedious numerical solution to the entire set of transport equations. The analysis methodology performs the following tasks: Predicts problem areas where ash deposition will most likely occur; Predicts residence times for particles at various locations inside the filter vessel; Lends itself quickly to major design changes; Provides a sound technical basis for more appropriate use of CFD and CFM analysis; and Provides CFD and CFM analysis in a more focused way where if is needed.


You pay the first $50 of Blue Cross .benents for each hospital admission for yourself as the subscriber and for your spouse. However, this $50 deductible on each admission does NOT apply to c ildren on your contract who are age 19 or less. The difference in cost per m 0 nth for the deductible amounts to 71 cents per month for one-person ward coverage and $1.72 for ward coverage for two-person and family. For semi-private coverage, it is 75 cents per month less for oneperson and $1.79 less for twoperson and family.


Developing software systems are easier to design, cheaper to maintain, and more robust therefor software engineering has been seen as a continuous quest in developing software systems. Recently, most major software companies have either acquired or developed workflow components for integration into their existing software platforms. Software flexibility shows that indicate if the software is easy to change .Workflow management by modeling business processes explicitly and managing business processes as data helps achieve software flexibility that they are much easier to modify than conventional program modules, while workflow systems must be adaptive in order to effectively support today's dynamic, uncertain, and error-prone collaborative work environments. In a workflow environment an innovative technique of achieving software flexibility was investigated to achieve a robust, cost effective and flexible software. Software can be made more robust, more cost effective to maintain, and easier to change by incorporating workflow technology and intelligent agent techniques into modern information systems. In this paper two steps investigation consist of first: critical and deep investigation on the software flexibility issues, and second, an investigation on the integrated system architecture that include of workflow coordination mechanisms and the agent-based decision making capabilities, more insight was prepared for further researches in this disciplines.


In this paper I draw on insights and work of many Cree people and other colleagues. I want to specially acknowledge my debt for unexpected ideas to: Philip Awashish, Mario Blaser, Jasmin Habib, and Colin Scott. I also want to thank: Matthew Coon Come, Brian Craik, Paul Dixon, Samuel C. Gull, Peter Hutchins, Toby Morantz, Ted Moses, Monica Mulrennan, the Late Eva and Joeseph Ottereyes, Jr., Matthew Ottereyes, Alan Penn, Susan Preston, Alan Saganash, Jr., and Joe Spaeder. The article is available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25606240 It appears in the repository by permission of University of Toronto Press Journals, email 2019/02/13.


Evolutional equations the solutions of which are multivalued functions are examined. The studied equations describe multivalued mappings which arise in differential system control problems. The approaches and methods of [1-3] are used. The presented results develop and supplement investigations [4-5].


Abstract While cultures are diverse in nature, there are many similarities between them. This is the case with African and Maōri cultures. Local people largely view their realities in a similar way. The question as to whether there are similarities in the indigenous epistemologies related to farming activities in different regions (such as West Africa, southern Africa, and Oceania) therefore arises. Given that no form of knowledge is mutually exclusive, we attempt to seek the points of convergence between local or indigenous knowledge and scientific modes of enquiry in relation to soil fertility management. In addition to secondary information, qualitative data were purposively obtained from key informants in selected farming communities in northwestern Botswana, the Canterbury province in New Zealand (Aotearoa), and southwestern Nigeria. We hypothesise that local farmers' ways of knowing related to soil fertility and management have commonalities with mainstream science, particularly in terms of soil classification. Our findings show that both scientific and indigenous epistemologies as regards soil fertility are based on certain indicators, including soil morphology, the presence of fauna, plant growth, and so forth. While African farmers used the "principle of mental economy" to determine soil suitability, Māori farmers systematically group various soils, which is an indication of their sophisticated environmental knowledge.


When an anonymous German critic once referred to Peter Henry Emerson as the 'Courbet of England', Emerson's photographic depictions of the lives of England's rural peasants could not have been far from mind. Despite this, many scholars have largely overlooked the social meaning Emerson ascribed to these peasant labourers, instead focusing on his more vociferously argued aesthetic programmes. The present article addresses the significance that England's peasantry had for Emerson, and the particular role photography played in the depiction of this social class. Through a more intertextual approach than has been undertaken in previous studies, I conclude that Emerson perceived the East Anglian peasantry as a paragon of natural, well-ordered labour, in contrast to the labour in disarray emerging in many colonial locales. Emerson represents, then, a peculiar kind of imperial subject, using photography to construct the imagery of well-ordered labour for a similarly positioned imperial audience. These claims are demonstrated through recourse to more recent photographic scholarship on the construction of historical imaginations, as well as little studied volumes from Emerson's oeuvre, such as his Cuban novel, Caóba, the Guerilla Chief.


This article is based on a national comparative study of state higher education governance structures. The study sought to improve understanding of how differences in the state governance structures affect system performance. This article develops a new f ramework for examining such structures and its implications for state policy. The study suggests that statewide governance is best understood as the result of the interaction between the framework's two dimensions: policy environment and system design.


The article is concerned with a method for teaching the design of electromechanical devices to undergraduates. The method is based on the concept of realism, using manufacturer's catalogues and 'experience' information wherever possible. The design of an electromagnet is described in detail as an illustration of the method.


The performance of a supersonic air ejector in the case of zero-secondary flow was studied by varying the Mach number of the primary nozzle and the throat area ratio of the mixing tube to the primary nozzle. As the result, it has been shown that an optimum throat area ratio exists for each Mach number of the primary nozzle in which case the vacuum performance of the ejector becomes maximum with a minimum stagnation pressure of the primary flow. The physical meanings of the optimum throat area ratio and other ejector characteristics have been clarified from the results of pressure measurements and optical observations. Furthermore, modifying a previous method in the case of a constant-area mixing tube, the ejector performance was calculated for a variable-area mixing tube in the case of a larger throat area ratio than the optimum one. Calculated values agree well with the experimental results.


K2SnCl6 single crystals doped with Cu were grown by the evaporation of saturated solution. The electron magnetic resonance (EMR) of the Cu ion in the crystal has been investigated by using an X-band spectrometer. The rotation pattern in the crystallographic plane together with spin Hamiltonian parameters of Cu ion in K2SnCl6:Cu single crystal shows that the local site symmetry of the Cu 2+ ion is cubic at room temperature. The calculated spectroscopic splitting factor g of Cu impurity ion is 2.1908(±0.0007). The hyperfine constants of Cu impurity ion due to the Cu and Cu isotopes in K2SnCl6:Cu crystal are 0.83(±0.01)×10 −4 cm and 0.89(±0.01)×10 cm, respectively. It turns out that the Cu ion substitutes for the K ion without any nearby charge compensation.