In 2001 it was estimated that 233,000 new cases of breast cancer would be diagnosed among women in the United States (American Cancer Society, 2001). The diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer can result in a range of psychological and emotional challenges. Studies estimate that between 20 percent and 66 percent of cancer patients suffer long-term psychological distress (Breitbart, 1995; Rieker, Fitzgerald, Kalish, & Robertshaw, 1989). Although the exact number of women with breast cancer experiencing long-term or severe psychological distress is unclear, it appears to be considerably greater than that of women in the general population. For example, Fallowfield and colleagues (1990) found that 29 percent of women suffered depression after a mastectomy and 22 percent after conservative therapy, and that 21 percent of both groups suffered depression 12 months later. Similarly, Dean (1987) reported that 20 percent of women undergoing adjuvant therapy for breast cancer experienced minor depression and 10 percent were regarded as psychiatrically ill. Estimates of the proportion of women experiencing sexual problems after diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer ranged from 10 percent to 50 percent (Hughson, Cooper, McArdle, & Smith, 1988; Maguire et al., 1978; Schain, d'Angelo, Lichter, & Pierce, 1994). Research shows that women who had a mastectomy before age 50 were twice as likely as women over age 50 to experience sexual difficulties (Hughson et al.). The experience of breast cancer may affect some women emotionally long after their diagnosis. Residual concern about recurrence and fear of checkups may last for many years after the original diagnosis, with up to 50 percent of women experiencing psychiatric disorders (Hall, Fallowfield, & A'Hern, 1996; Jenkins, May, & Hughes, 1991). The recurrence of disease has been shown to have a significant effect on the family (Carlson, Bultz, Speca, & St. Pierre, 2000; Christ et al., 1993; Lewis & Deal, 1995). BENEFITS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS FOR WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER Evidence demonstrates that cancer patients benefit from psychosocial interventions (Fawzy, Fawzy, & Canada, 2000; Owen, Klapow, Hicken, & Tucker, 2001). In a meta-analysis of 45 randomized controlled trials with adult cancer patients, those receiving psychological therapies had on average a significant improvement of 12 percent in emotional adjustment, 10 percent in social functioning, 14 percent in treatment- and disease-related symptoms, and 14 percent in overall quality of life compared with those not receiving psychological therapies (Meyer & Mark, 1995). A meta-analysis of 116 intervention studies showed that cancer patients receiving psychoeducational or psychosocial interventions had significantly lower rates of anxiety, depression, mood disturbances, nausea, vomiting, and pain and significantly greater knowledge about disease and treatment relative to nointervention controls (Devine & Westlake, 1995). There is less evidence to indicate the best model of therapy for particular clinical settings, but many therapies have much in common (Tapper, 1999). For example, evidence from meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials indicates the efficacy of supportive and cognitive--behavioral therapies in the treatment of depressive disorders in women with breast cancer (Devine & Westlake, 1995; Sheard & Maguire, 1996) and the efficacy of individual and group therapies (Sheard & Maguire). It may be that the features of therapy common to all psychological interventions, such as an empathic manner, listening, affirmation, reassurance, and support, generate the observed outcome. Some women are more comfortable with the privacy of individual counseling; other women benefit from group counseling, where they share the commonality of their experience with group members (Fawzy & Fawzy, 1998). The evidence supporting the provision of psychosocial care to women with breast cancer is clear. …


Oxygenate compounds are organic compounds that can be mixed into fuel to increase the oxygen content. The effect of these additions to the fuel is increased combustion efficiency and reduced environmental pollution. Diethyl carbonate (DEC) is an ideal additive to replace toxic fuel additives such as methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE). DEC has high oxygen content, low vapour pressure, high octane mixture value, reduces emissions of hydrocarbons, CO, NOx, and other particles. DEC can be used as a single additive in gasoline or a co-additive in combination with alcohol such as iso-butanol. The aim of this study were to obtain liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data of DEC (1) + iso-butanol (2) + H2O (3) ternary system at temperature of 303.15 - 313.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The LLE data were obtained by experiment using equilibrium cell equipped with heating jacket. This equipment has a pressure deviation of ± 100.72 kPa. Each liquid sample was taken separately to analyse its composition as an equilibrium composition using gas chromatography with a standard deviation of 0.1% mol. Based on LLE data result, it shows that iso-butanol + H2O and DEC + H2O binary mixtures are partially miscible while iso-butanol + DEC mixture is total miscible. The experimental data were then correlated with thermodynamic models Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL) and Universal Quasi-Chemical (UNIQUAC) equations with RMSD values of 0.72% and 0.62%.


This fin (20) is intended to be installed projecting inside a discharge conduit of a hydraulic machine. The fin (20) comprises a first face which has holes and a second face that is full. The fin (20) defines by itself, between the first face and the second face, a cavity (C) connecting the outside of the discharge duct with the first side holes.


Financial support from the MICINN of Spain (project number CTQ2005-00656 and Consolider Ingenio 2010 CSD2007-00006) and the Diputacion General de Aragon (E35) is acknowledged. F.J.F.-A. thanks the CSIC and the European Social Fund for funding through the I3P Program.


The Low Pay Commission (LPC) commissioned Professors White and Croucher to carry out an evaluation of the Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) and HM Revenue and Customs' (HMRC) pilot targeted National Minimum Wage enforcement campaign in the hairdressing sector.
The aim of the project was to evaluate the effectiveness of DTI/HMRC's first targeted enforcement campaign to raise awareness of the minimum wage and tackle non-compliance in the hairdressing sector. The project was to focus on
the awareness side of the campaign.
Specifically, the research should identify:
· Whether the level of awareness of the minimum wage, amongst both workers and employers, has increased as a result of the campaign.
· The aspects of the campaign that were most effective, and those that have had least impact.
· Particular areas of the minimum wage provision where there is confusion or misunderstanding.
· Levels of awareness of the NMW Helpline and how to make a minimum wage complaint.
· Any changes that could be made to future campaigns to increase their impact.
· Any evidence arising on the campaign's effectiveness in tackling noncompliance.


StickyPillars introduces a sparse feature matching method on point clouds. It is the first approach applying Graph Neural Networks on point clouds to stick points of interest. The feature estimation and assignment relies on the optimal transport problem, where the cost is based on the neural network itself. We utilize a Graph Neural Network for context aggregation with the aid of multihead self and cross attention. In contrast to image based feature matching methods, the architecture learns feature extraction in an end-to-end manner. Hence, the approach does not rely on handcrafted features. Our method outperforms state-of-the art matching algorithms, while providing real-time capability.


A simple and universal method of analyzing regional watersaving level is presented. Using this method, through investigating and analyzing the present of water use and watersaving in Pingyang County, its watersaving level is analyzed and evaluated, and its watersaving potential is quantitively estimated. Based on them, watersaving strategy of each industry is put forward. All these work will provide an important inference for Pingyang County's establishing some watersaving object and related policies.


or Ny lander's reagents interfere with the accuracy of this test. As a quick and perfectly reliable plan R. Saundby4 mentions his method of filtering the urine through animal charcoal seven or eight times before applying Fehling's reagent. This can be done in 10 minutes without any difficulty, and, as the filtration removes all the reducing substances except sugar, we have a very perfect and simple test. The fermentation reaction, valuable as it is, may be vitiated by traces of sugar in the yeast, and, moreover, takes a considerable time. Hence he employs the combined filtration and Fehling's methods in all doubtful cases in his own practice.


We give an algorithm that for an input $n$-vertex graph $G$ and integer $k>0$, in time $2^{O(k)} n$, either outputs that the treewidth of $G$ is larger than $k$, or gives a tree decomposition of $G$ of width at most $5k+4$. This is the first algorithm providing a constant factor approximation for treewidth which runs in time single exponential in $k$ and linear in $n$. Treewidth-based computations are subroutines of numerous algorithms. Our algorithm can be used to speed up many such algorithms to work in time which is single exponential in the treewidth and linear in the input size.


With the rapid economic development of the society,people are gradually aware of the protection,the importance and urgency in the development of national culture.Minority sports culture is an important part of our national culture.Therefore,it is significant to protect and develop minority traditional sports culture.Guangxi,one of China's five minority autonomous regions,inhabited by the Zhuang,Yao peoples and other ethnic minorities,has rich and unique minority culture,including sports culture.The Guangxi ethnic sports culture records not only the process of Guangxi minority history,but also the cultural connotation of Guangxi minority.Therefore,it is urgent to protect and develop Guangxi ethnic sports culture.For this purpose,this paper proposed some strategies for Guangxi ethnic sports culture industry.


In this paper, the design and construction are studied synthetically that length-different piles enter respective soil layers in accordance with the upper loads, projects deformations and the soil's properties on the base of examples in order to avoid practical difficulties in the area of both thicker soft and violently changed soil layers.


The increasing use of deicing salts has caused various environmental problems, including crop damage along the motorway where deicing salts are sprayed during winter. Deicing salts used on roads have been reported to negatively affect crops, but little information is known about their impact on crops. A seedling emergence assay was conducted to evaluate the effects of deicing salts on crops using oilseed rape (Brassica napus) as a model plant. We tested five chloride deicing salts consisting of NaCl, CaCl2, or MgCl2 and 1 non-chloride deicing salt (SM-3) at a range of concentrations (25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mM), and untreated control. Regardless of deicing salts, they significantly delayed and reduced seedling emergence of oilseed rape with increasing salt concentration. Non-linear regression analysis of seedling emergence with a range of salt concentrations by fitting to the log-logistic model revealed that the chloride deicing salts reduced seedling emergence more than the non-chloride deicing salt SM-3. The GR50 value, the concentration causing 50% seedling emergence, of SM-3 was 47.1 mM, while those of the chloride deicing salts ranged from 30.7 mM (PC-10) to 37.5 mM (ES-1), showing approximately 10 mM difference between non-chloride and chloride deicing salts. Our findings suggest that seedling emergence assay is a useful tool to estimate the potential damage caused by deicing salts on crops.


In this article, a young man's narratives of violence are analysed, and a culturally shared storyline is identified as the basis of these narratives. It is argued that the stories are organized so as to construct a preferred self-presentation. One strategy to achieve this is to establish boundaries for what type of violence to use, whom to fight, where and for what reasons. I also argue that the narratives are structured to avoid being categorized as either victim or perpetrator, although both categories are drawn upon. Issues of masculinity are made relevant through categorization of the characters in the narrative, and positions are made available. Different masculine categories such as the hero/villain/non-man become relevant in the analysis. Different gendered positions are used in negotiating a masculine identity around narratives of and through telling about violence.


A panel of nine Western Hemisphere nations is employed to test the proposition that the remittances of immigrants respond to risk variables, in particular to exchange-rate uncertainty. To estimate annual exchange-rate uncertainty, a nonparametric estimator based on monthly exchange rate returns is used. Also the instrumental variables procedure of Pagan and Ullah (Journal of Applied Econometrics, 3, 87–105, 1988) is employed to insure that the conclusions are robust to possible error in the measurement of exchange-rate uncertainty. The results give credence to the 'new economics of migration' approach which argues that immigrants are highly motivated by portfolio variables.


We present the results of searches for high-energy muon neutrinos from 41 gammaray bursts (GRBs) in the northern sky with the IceCube detector in its 22-string configuration active in 2007/08. The searches cover both the prompt and a possible precursor emission as well as a model-independent, wide time window of −1 h to +3 h around each GRB. In contrast to previous searches with a large GRB population, we do not utilize a standard Waxman–Bahcall GRB flux for the prompt emission but calculate individual neutrino spectra for all 41 GRBs from the burst parameters measured by satellites. In none of the three time windows do we find a deviation from the background-only hypothesis. Therefore, we place 90% CL upper limits on the fluence from the prompt phase of 3.7 × 10−3 erg cm−2 (72 TeV – 6.5 PeV) and on the fluence from the precursor phase of 2.3×10−3 erg cm−2 (2.2 TeV – 55 TeV), where the quoted energy ranges contain 90% of the expected signal events in the detector. The 90% CL upper limit for the wide time window is 2.7 × 10−3 erg cm−2 (3 TeV – 2.8 PeV) assuming an E−2 flux. Subject headings: gamma rays: bursts – methods: data analysis – neutrinos – telescopes


A 39-years-old woman, was diagnosed with limited pulmonary granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) five years ago. She was treated with methotrexate 15mg/week subcutaneously, oral glucocorticoids (0.5mg/kg/day) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (160mg-800mg/day) with good clinical response. Three years later, while still on therapy, re-evaluation revealed mild anemia (Hb:11.4g/dL), increased C-reactive-protein (62mg/L, normal-value <5mg/L), moderate proteinuria (500mg/24h) and high PR3-ANCA titers. Renal biopsy was unrevealing.


We consider random walks among random conductances on $\mathbb{Z}^2$ and establish precise asymptotics for the associated potential kernel and the Green function of the walk killed upon exiting balls. The result is proven under a general set of assumptions, where examples include uniformly elliptic conductances, random walks on supercritical percolation clusters and ergodic degenerate conductances satisfying a moment condition. We also provide a similar result for the time-dynamic random conductance model. As an application we present a scaling limit for the variances in the Ginzburg-Landau $\nabla \phi$-interface model.


Summary
High strength double-network (DN) biopolymer-based hydrogels were created using copolymers of methacrylated chondroitin sulfate (MCS) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) as the first network and polyacrylamide (PAAm) as the second network. The concentration and cross-linking of the networks were adjusted to control the mechanical properties including the failure stress, failure strain, Young's modulus, and yielding behavior. First, we increased the cross-linking of the first network both by increasing the MCS concentration from 13 to 20 wt% and by copolymerizing MCS with 2 to 6 wt% PEGDA. The additional cross-linking increased the Young's modulus as much as five times, reaching 3.3 MPa, and the failure stress up as much as four times, reaching 2.9 MPa. However, this also reduced failure strain from a high of 2.9 mm/mm to a low of 0.12 mm/mm and diminished the yielding region. Changes in the concentrations of acrylamide or its cross-linking with N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) in the second network had a lesser effect on the DN properties. We hypothesized that to obtain a yielding region which results in high toughness, we need to alter the cross-linking of the first network such that the yield stress of the MCS-PEGDA/PAAm DN does not exceed the failure stress of PAAm network. Because of the wide range of mechanical properties achieved in these DNs with limited changes in the swelling degrees, unlike conventional single-network gels, the DN approach allows attainment of a much greater range of mechanical behavior than is possible with single networks.


In this paper, the vibration characteristics of the rotating thin circular cylindrical shell subjected to the radial excitation are presented. Based on the Love's shell theory, the governing equation of the rotating thin circular cylindrical shell is derived by using the Hamilton's principle. Then, the amplitude-frequency responses for traveling wave vibration of the circular cylindrical shell are investigated. The results indicate that there exists the traveling wave vibration for the rotating thin circular cylindrical shell, namely: the forward wave and the backward wave. The effects of the damping and excitation on the amplitude-frequency response are analyzed.


Ahead of some reflections on the training processes in education in contemporary society, with a particular look from the paradigm of complexity the article proposes that only working together the three dimensions of the educational process, such as: the reflective


N. N. Boldyrev) which, on the one hand, have characteristics of lexical language categories: in case of prepositions, this is the relationship between reality objects and, on the other hand, have characteristics of grammatical language categories. The study dwells upon one of the fundamental emphases of the cognitive approach to language and its units: the recognition of their semantic motivation through their usage by the following key factors: cognitive and communicative. The analysis of prepositions' meanings was performed with the method of primary meaning projection defined as prototypical on all the other variants. The study has proved that every semantic variant of the prepositions is the product of conceptual derivation. The primary meaning development proceeds through the mechanism of semantic deri-vation. The primary meaning acquires the status of prototype in every subsequent semantic variant, which ensures explicability of a preposition being used in another function with no exception, including semantic and grammatical features of the relatum and referent.


The schedule for the design, procurement, fabrication and installation of the slurry evaluation cell (Cell 3, Building 4507) is presented. Design is 24% complete; neither fabrication nor installation have been started. Installation is scheduled to be completed by the end of June, 1959; however, it is a tight schedule and it would seem to be highly desirable to increase the manpower assigned to complete the design earlier to assure completion of the installation within the deadline. Note: This schedule was completed just prior to the announcement by Westinghouse and Pennsylvania Power and Light of the dissolution of the PAR Project. All work described in this report has been stopped; the report is issued, however, for record purposes. (author)


An efficient computer program which permits rapid calculations for solving a large sparse system of linear equations, which arise in most power system network problems, is described here. This procedure will have an application to any system having a similar admittance matrix to the power system, such as a weather prediction or transportation system. The basic powerful tool?direct hash technique? is used to store the nonzero elements of the sparse matrix. The two main features, triangular factorization of the given sparse matrix and use of this factored form to find the direct solution to the system, are used to estimate a post-transient steady state of a power system. Updating the node admittance matrix after a change in the system structure is also performed in factored matrix form. In both factoring the Jacobian and in changing the the system structure, the introduction of additional non-zero terms in a sparse matrix is easily handled without prior knoledge of the new locations.


The problem of transporting a set of objects between the vertices of a tree by a unit capacity vehicle that travels along the edges of the tree is considered. For the case in which any object can be dropped at intermediate vertices along its route and picked up later, the authors present algorithms for finding a minimum cost transportation that run in O(k+qn) time and in O(k+n log n) time, where n is the number of vertices in the tree, k is the number of objects to be moved, and q<or=min(k,n) is the number of nontrivial connected components in a related directed graph. In the case in which each object must be carried directly from its initial vertex to its destination, the problem is NP-hard. The authors present approximation algorithms that run in O(k+n) time with a performance ratio of 3/2 and in O(k+n log beta (n,q)) time with performance ratio of 5/4.<<ETX>>


A combination forecasting method based on fuzzy logical system is presented in this paper. The main idea of this method is that the nonlinear combination forecasting function ¿(x) can be simulated by Takgi Sugeon fuzzy model. Not only the difficulty of constructing ¿(x) is reduced, but also the predicted precise is improved by the new combination forecasting method.


As the formation of government coalitions between two or more political parties is a typical procedure in multiparty systems after elections and the parties' decision on what coalition to form heavily influences policy outcomes, electorates, academics, and other stakeholders like journalists or party officials increasingly need digital tools that can determine the parties' most preferred coalitions. This article presents a novel visualization tool for identifying utility-maximizing choices and equilibrium coalitions to provide users with rapid analyzing capabilities revealing parties' most preferred coalitions in the aftermath of parliamentary elections. We demonstrate our tool's analytical leverage taking the 2017 German federal elections as in-depth example. Our tool is available online at www.mytuc.org/mcbz .


This article explores the properties of proper names involved in visual political communication from the standpoint of multimodality and functional pragmatics. The material encompasses 198 campaign posters, spanning 1999–2022, which have a verbal element containing anthroponyms, toponyms and other proper names. Such political advertisements incorporate linguistic and visual elements so they are viewed as multimodal texts in which politically relevant information is created due to the integration of various modes. The research rests in the realm of socio-onomastics and uses the systemic functional approach to multimodal discourse analysis. The findings show that in juxtaposition to other semiotic signs, an onym's meaning is equally conditioned to the internal semantics and broad social and cultural contexts. Hence, functionally, they are a part and parcel of those complex semiotic relations shaping the message and the image-language models of the visual political discourse. The research elucidates the functions names perform in political posters which encompass identification, attention drawing, ludic, identity assessment and evaluation ones. The findings have implication for studying the manipulative potential of proper names set in a socio-political context.


In this paper we present the following definitions P-asymptotically equivalent probability of multiple L and P-asymptotically probability regular. In addition to these definitions we asked and provide answers for the following questions. (1) If x Probability ≈ y then what type of four dimensional matrices transformation will satisfy the following μ(Ax) Probability ≈ μ(Ay)? (2) If [x] and [y] are bounded double sequences that P-asymptotically converges at the same rate, then what are the necessary and sufficient conditions on the entries of any four dimensional matrix transformation A that will ensure that A sums [x] and [y] at the same P-asymptotic rate? (3) What are the conditions on the entries of four dimensional matrices that ensure the preservation of P-asymptotically convergence in probability?


Guy de Nadaillac DERO/EL IFREMER Brest The choice of erosion, deposition and settllng veloclty empirical formula as well as consolidation algorlthm is difficult. Through a one-dlmensional and a ''point .. models, these formulations are studied. When tidally forced, results appear to be very sensitive to the involved coefficients. Simple models are then useful to get a comprehensive idea of the effects of the mathematlcal schematizations in a more complicated mud transport numerical mode!. INTRODUCTION Mud transport has been the subJect of numerous studies. These works have two main obJectives: harbour maintenance and the consequences of engineering works fate of pollutants adsorbed to the particles, ecological consequences of the turbldlty. Numerlcal models receive much interest for their ability to be easy-to-use predictive tools. They, unfortunately, face the lack of basic knowledge in the phenomena involved in erosion and sedimentation. Therefore, many coefficients have to be callbrated and the models do not give reliable results. This work is supposed to bring a synthetic insight in the tunlng of the coefficients. Severa! tests were performed through two simple models: a 1-dimenslonal vertical mode! and a "point" model. The latter ls used to evaluate the effects of the depthintegrated hypothesis.


Complex 5-axis NC machining often needs point simulator,which powerfully aims at some problems,to direct actual production and to avoid machining failures derived from improper tool selection or unsuitable tool path planning.As a result the authors use VBA in Auto CAD platform to successfully develop a 5-axis NC machining simulator in view of the needs of 5-axis NC machining for a whole centrifugal impeller.The system can flexibly receive two kinds of control information namely tool location data and standard NC codes,quickly and dynamically generate the corresponding tool paths figure.Thus the system provides the clearest evaluation basis for tool geometric parameters planning of 5-axis NC machining for parts of whole centrifugal impellers type.At last an example application presents that the 5-axis NC machining point simulator not only possesses important significance for directing actual production but also supplies strong means to avoid tool interference.


Abstract Background: Pleural empyema is a serious condition with a considerable mortality rate and morbidity. This study evaluated the correlations between several potential prognostic factors (age, predisposing diseases, early drainage, insufficient initial antimicrobial therapy, thoracic surgical treatment, intrapleural fibrinolysis, and nosocomial status) and outcome. Methods: Danish patients with positive pleural cultures attending 3 hospitals over a 9-y period, were identified in the laboratory databases. Clinical details and outcome were evaluated retrospectively by audit of the medical records. Results: We included 158 patients in this study. The overall mortality was 27% and the median length of stay was 29 days. Mortality correlated independently with several factors: nosocomial infection (odds ratio (OR) 2.62, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.71–4.16), predisposing conditions (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.50–3.14), and also with the possibly interventional factors of sufficient initial antimicrobial therapy (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.31–0.65), thoracic surgery treatment (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.14–0.52) and local fibrinolytic therapy (OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.06–0.28). Delay in chest tube drainage more than 2 days was not independently correlated with mortality. The initial biochemical diagnostics of non-purulent pleural effusions (63%) did not follow the current international guidelines. Conclusion: Factors correlating independently with survival included the possible interventional parameters of fibrinolytic therapy, insufficient initial antimicrobial therapy, and having thoracic surgery treatment.


Author Irena Niskanen Topic Cultural Problems That Expatriates From Balkan are Facing in Finland Year 2009 Language English Pages 73 + 5 appendices Name of Supervisor Ossi Koskinen ___________________________________________________________________________ Within the world of globalization and open borders, everything becomes more international. The organizations have subsidiaries in other countries, employees and their families are moving abroad because of work or pleasure. Therefore the need for cultural understanding is in growth worldwide. Cultural differences make it hard for the inhabitants of one origin to understand others. In order not to experience culture shock, the expatriation is the process that should help all expatriates integrate in the new environment as well as possible. The purpose of this thesis is to explore and to understand the problems that Balkan expatriates are facing in Finland. It debates, as well, what kind of measures should be taken so the integration would be successful. The research is done with the qualitative methodology. Twenty expatriates from Balkan who live in Finland have been interviewed. To gain better perception and insight into Finnish culture and human behavior, fourteen inhabitants of Finnish ethnicity have been interviewed as well. The empirical study shows that none of the Balkan expatriates had any opportunity of cultural awareness training, which led to big adjustment problems and possible culture shock. Therefore, we can come to the conclusion that some expatriates are still jammed in the adjustment phase even after ten years of being in Finland. This thesis gives an idea about the improvement of the expatriation process. The government and companies should organize pre-departure and post-arrival awareness trainings, as well as, courses and workshops where is possible for expatriates to interact socially with the host community.


Six thin asphalt pavements were tested under accelerated pavement testing. Those pavements generally varied in the base and subbase materials, but had the same layer thicknesses. Pressure cells and Multi-Depth Deflectometers were used to monitor the vertical stresses and plastic deformations developed inside the pavement structures. Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) tests were performed during the accelerated loading. Test results indicated that a test section with a furnace slag stabilized Blend Calcium Sulfate (or BCS, an industry waste material) base performed significantly better than its counterpart section with a fly-ash stabilized BCS base, whereas both BCS sections appeared to out-perform the pavement sections with the foamed-asphalt stabilized bases and the crush limestone bases. In addition, a cement-treated soil subbase was found to have a better load carrying capacity than a lime-treated subbase. Further investigation illustrates that both the FWD data and instrumentation results could reveal the structural deterioration fairly well.


This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of high-performance 0.1 /spl mu/m-channel CMOS devices with dual n/sup +p/sup +/ polysilicon gates on 35 /spl Aring/-thick gate oxide. A 22 ps/stage CMOS-inverter delay is obtained at a power supply voltage of 1.5 V. The highest unity-current-gain frequencies (f/sub T/) measured are 118 GHz for nMOSFET, and 67 GHz for pMOSFET.<<ETX>>


Synthesis of sugar phosphate derivatives by means of phosphite triester method is de- scribed.Seven glucose phosphotriester derivatives have been prepared,i.e.dimethyl,methyl n-pro- pyl,and methyl isopropyl(1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose-3-)phosphate(5,7 and 8);methyl bis-(1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose-3-)phosphate(6);methyl bis-(1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose-6-)phosphate(9);methyl bis-(1,2-O-isopropyl- idene-3,5-O-benzylidene-α-D-glucofuranose-6-)phosphate(10);and methyl(1,2,5,6-di-O-iso- propylidene-α-D-glucofuranose-3-)(1,2,3,4-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose-6-)phosphate (11).The results of the displacement of second chlorine atom of the reagent by different alcohols showed that methanol,n-propanol,isopropanol and as well as the glucose derivatives reacted nor- mally to give the expected phosphite esters which yield the expected phosphate products after oxidation, but not the t-butanol.Removal of methyl group from a phosphotriester linkage can be easily achieved by the action of t-butyl amine and thus,t-butyl ammonium bis-(1,2:5,6-di-O-isopropyl- idene-α-D-glucofuranose-3-)phosphate t-butyl amine salt(12)has been obtained from its parent phosphotriester in nearly quantitative yield. The mass spectra data of di-O-isopropylideneglucose phosphate reveals that the cleavage of these compounds follows a general pattern and can be used for their characterization.


This paper describes a real world application of how cultural considerations affected the design of an automotive navigation system. We describe an industry project where a navigation system was adapted for the United States market, and how cultural considerations informed the design decisions for the system.


BACKGROUND
Although travelers' diarrhea is one of the most common health problems among international travelers, current findings depend largely on hospital and clinic-based information. To better understand the disease epidemiology and to identify specific subpopulations with increased risks, denominator data covering a large traveler population are needed.

METHODS
We conducted a questionnaire survey of all travelers at the quarantine station, Narita International Airport, and retrospectively reviewed records from January 2001 to December 2005. The Immigration Bureau database was used as denominator data on travel patterns during the same period. To elucidate the risks of contracting diarrhea, we estimated incidence according to age, sex, month of travel, and travel destination.

RESULTS
A total of 7,937,654 people voluntarily submitted questionnaires; 9,836 had travelers' diarrhea. Travelers of both sexes aged 20 to 29 years reported the disease most frequently. Men aged 20 to 24 had the highest estimated incidence compared with any other age and sex group. The incidence was higher in March, August, and September than other months, mainly due to the influx of young adult travelers. Travel to south-central Asia, Southeast Asia, and North Africa was associated with higher risks than that to other areas.

CONCLUSIONS
Risks of contracting travelers' diarrhea are dependent on age, sex, season, and destination of travel. Incidence of diarrhea in all four seasons varies with age. Some destinations are associated with increased risks regardless of age. To prevent travelers from contracting diarrhea, adequate measures should focus on specific subpopulations.


Reaching an employee whose job performance is deteriorating due to substance abuse, personal concerns or emotional problems, is one of the most difficult and most often avoided tasks presented supervisors, coworkers and/or union stewards. Yet, when such problems do exist and doliffect job performance, (and perhaps the work and safety of coworkers) clear decisive action must be taken. A proven method for taking such action is the constructive confrontation strategy. Constructive confrontation is a pragmatic and humanistic workplace-based intervention strategy designed to address deteriorating job performance while offering help and assistance to


PCT No. PCT/FI95/00234 Sec. 371 Date Nov. 12, 1997 Sec. 102(e) Date Nov. 12, 1997 PCT Filed Apr. 28, 1995 PCT Pub. No. WO95/31969 PCT Pub. Date Nov. 30, 1995A pharmaceutical composition containing a microemulsion made up of a hydrophilic component, a lipophilic component, a surfactant and a drug, where the hydrophilic component, the lipophilic component and the surfactant form, when examined on a macroscopic scale, a one-phase solution. The hydrophilic component is dispersed as colloidal droplets in the lipophilic component, or the lipophilic component is dispersed as colloidal droplets in the hydrophilic component. According to still another alternative, the hydrophilic and the lipophilic components form a microemulsion with bicontinuous structure where the components form elongated adjacent channels. The drug is dissolved in the dispersed component or, in the case of a microemulsion with bicontinuous structure, in the hydrophilic or the lipophilic component. The microemulsion is stabilized by means of the surfactant. It is characteristic that a gelatinizer and water are added to the microemulsion thereby bringing the microemulsion into a gel form.


Summary Due to the fact that the quality area has its roots firmly established primarily in the statistical research tradition, its rapid and extensive development mainly towards the management‐oriented area has created different kinds of problems. This paper discusses different consequences of this development. The paper further describes how quality issues are treated in various types of educational scenarios at the College of Applied Engineering and Maritime Studies at Chalmers University of Technology.


Higher chip densities and the push for higher performance have continued to drive design needs. Transition delay fault testing has become the preferred method for ensuring these chips operate at the specified frequency. However, current industrially used X-filling (random-fill or compression) schemes tend to generate transition delay fault patterns with switching activity much higher than what would be seen during functional mode operation of the chip, potentially causing failures that would not occur in the field. In this paper, we present a low- switching transition delay fault pattern generation flow. The flow short-lists patterns based on high switching activity, which is determined by the fault lists of each pattern. Once those patterns with high switching are filtered, they will be replaced by low-switching patterns to recover any lost fault coverage. The proposed pattern generation flow works well with commercial tools and can easily be integrated into an industrial flow.


Abstract A series of new results about the degree heterogeneity index (Estrada, Phys. Rev. E, 82 (2010), 066102) are provided here using both analytical and computational methods. This index quantifies how far from regularity, and close to starlikeness, the degree sequence of a graph is. We provide here a statistical, a geometrical, and a dynamical interpretation of this index in terms of degree skewness at every edge of the graph, the Hellinger distance between two probability vectors, the angles spanned by the position vectors of the nodes in certain Euclidean space, and the potential energy needed to group the nodes of a graph according to their degrees, respectively. We then study 17 real-world networks representing food webs in a variety of ecological environments. We show that the degree heterogeneity index accounts very well for the synchronizability of these networks confirming quantitatively the "heterogeneity paradox". Finally, we provide a graphical method for representing any graph in a degree heterogeneity space.


Cyclaneusma Needle Cast is associated with the fungal pathogen Cyclaneusma minus . The disease has led to significant losses of Pinus radiata production in New Zealand, but the disease appears less serious in Australia. Two cultural morphotypes of C. minus have been discriminated in New Zealand, and isolates from Australia also correspond to these two morphotypes. To examine if the two morphotypes of Cyclaneusma are different species, phylogenetic analysis using sequences from five gene regions (rDNA ITS, mt-LSU, n-LSU, tef–1 and βT-1) was conducted. This study revealed that C. minus consists of two distinct clades which correspond to the two morphotypes. One morphotype ('verum') was more closely related to Cyclaneusma niveum than to the other morphotype ('simile'). A morphological description is required to formalise the new species represented by the 'simile' clade; an investigation of the individual pathogenic behaviours of both morphotypes is also required.


Bi4Ge3O12 belongs to the class of complex Bi‐oxides (α‐Bi2O3, Bi3O4Br) which exhibits unusual magnetic properties. Local magnetic fields of about 30 G were revealed in the Bi4Ge3O12 single crystal by 209Bi NQR experiments. In the present paper the nuclear spin–lattice relaxation was studied in the Bi4Ge3O12 single crystal by 209Bi NQR spin–echo technique. The experimental relaxation curves were described by the single effective spin–lattice relaxation time T1. The temperature dependence of 1/T1 was close to Tn law with n = 2.4 – 2.7. The nuclear spin–lattice relaxation in the multi‐level system was theoretically calculated for the case of single‐axial crystalline electric field. Both quadrupole and magnetic mechanisms of relaxation were taken into account. We conclude that the magnetic mechanism contributes noticeably to the spin–lattice relaxation in Bi4Ge3O12 at T ≤ 50 K.


There is an imperative need to explore new technologies for hydrogen energy production without sacrificing life and environment. A 27.12 MHz radio-frequency plasma in liquid was used to decompose cellulose suspension for hydrogen production. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of sodium hydroxide and ultrasonic irradiation pretreatment. Molar concentration of sodium hydroxide was varied to 0.001 M, 0.01 M and 0.1 M and ultrasonic irradiation time was varied between 15 and 60 minutes in order to observe the hydrogen production rate and hydrogen yield. Hydrogen production had no significant enhancement at lower than 0.01 M sodium hydroxide. On the other hand, the hydrogen production rate increased dramatically to 23.0 μmol/s at 0.1 M sodium hydroxide. Typical optical emission spectrum of 0.001 M sodium hydroxide solution showed that radical species including OH (281.1 nm), Hβ (486 nm), Hα (656.3 nm) and O (777 and 845 nm) were generated which are very beneficial in attacking and decomposing organic molecules for hydrogen production. The highest production rate was obtained at 30 minutes of pretreatment. A longer than 30 minutes pretreatment with ultrasonic irradiation reduced the hydrogen production rate. Thus, ultrasonic irradiation pretreatment between 15 and 30 minutes was the potential condition for hydrogen production without sacrificing greenhouse gases effect.


To identify the developing model of different size lily bulb,colorimetry and HPLC were employed in this study.Results indicated that,for the bulb in Lilium davidii var.unicolor,more sugar was consumed in the exterior scales of smaller bulb during sprouting stage and total sugar content reached the lowest value earlier.The beginning of sugar consumption in the middle scales was later than that in exterior scales.Sugar content in bigger bulb was higher and decreased more significantly during sprouting stage.Sugar content in the basal plate reached the peak at 60 d after anthesis,but for other parts of the bulb,the sugar content presented the maximum at the planting and earlier sprouting stage.Great changes in soluble sugar took place at 20 d after sprouting and visible bud stages.For the Lilium 'Elite',the least value of soluble sugar content in smaller bulb appeared 20 d late than that in the bigger one,and the soluble sugar content in the basal plate decreased notably at sprouting stage. The ratio of sucrose to soluble sugar changed visibly during the whole growing period and determined the changes of soluble sugar.Reducing sugar content changed significantly at visible bud stage,but further study is necessary to find out whether it is related to the flower formation.


The invention discloses a method for extracting caffeol with supercritical carbon dioxide. The method comprises the following steps: (1) crushing coffee bean, and then performing geotrichum candidum fermentation treatment; (2) weighing the fermented coffee bean powder, and performing ultrasonic treatment; (3) performing supercritical CO2 extraction on the coffee bean powder treated in step (2) so as to obtain the caffeol. The invention further provides application of the caffeol extracted with the supercritical carbon dioxide for cigarettes, the caffeol is diluted into a solution of which the mass concentration is 1% by using ethanol of which the mass concentration is 95%, and then, the solution is added to the tobacco shreds of the cigarettes, which accounts for 0.01-0.03% of the weight of the tobacco shreds. The caffeol prepared by the method disclosed by the invention is added to the tobacco shreds to coordinate with the natural aroma of tobacco so as to perform the functions of stimulating the spirits, restoring consciousness and allaying tiredness, and besides, the caffeol can also enrich and cooperate the aroma of the tobacco, and reduce the simulating effect; particularly, a micromolecular organic acid generated by degrading oil and fat ingredients can effectively improve the aroma of the tobacco and can reduce the stimulation.


In this work the one dimensional device simulation of lead-free perovskite solar cell of CH<inf>3</inf>NH<inf>3</inf>SnI<inf>3</inf> absorber perovskite material is performed. The parameters which affect the overall performance of the solar cell are investigated and it is observed that the absorber thickness, doping concentrations of HTM (hole transport material), ETM (electron transport material) and perovskite absorber and temperature, influence the solar cell performance. The optimized performance of the perovskite solar cells with PCE (power conversion efficiency) of 30.59%, is obtained when the thicknesses of perovskite was 300nm and the doping concentrations of Cu2O, PCBM and perovskite were 9×1021cm-3, 1×1021cm-3 and 1×1013cm-3 respectively. It is observed that suitable optimization of material parameters and device dimensions may lead to high efficiency Perovskite solar cell.


A multi-residue method for the determination of 65 pesticides in vegetables and fruits by means of LC / MS / MS is presented.The pesticides were extracted by acetonitrile,enriched and cleaned up by SPE.Chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column using a gradient elution of acetonitrile-water containing 0.02% formic acid.The average recoveries ranged from 70%~120%,and the limit of detection(LOD) was 0.02~20 μg / kg.The method is simple,rapid,accurate and suitable for simultaneous determination of these pesticides in vegetables and fruits.


In this paper, a contactless energy transmission system(CETS) with iron core is proposed. The power transfer efficiency is simplified by modeling the separable transformer, properly compensating the coils and introducing constraints for circuit's parameters. An optimization model for the variable gap transformer is given to obtain the optimal design. Four primary coils are wound and tested under the same experimental condition. The measured data reveals that the proposed transformer could keep the efficiency high within given gap variable range.


In bacterial meningitis, the Viridans streptococci group is not considered a prevalent pathogen. In contrast, the S. viridans group may cause endocarditis and fatal infections in immunocompromised children and adults. We report a 5‐year‐old immunocompetent boy with signs of meningitis. The CSF tested positive for meningitis with streptococcus viridans.


Robot design is a major component in robotics, as it allows building robots capable of performing properly in given tasks. However, designing a robot with multiple types of parameters and constraints and defining an optimization function analytically for the robot design problem may be intractable or even impossible. Therefore black-box optimization approaches are generally preferred. In this work we propose GlobDesOpt, a simple-to-use open-source optimization framework for robot design based on global optimization methods. The framework allows selecting various design parameters and optimizing for both single and dual-arm robots. The functionalities of the framework are shown here to optimally design a dual-arm surgical robot, comparing the different two optimization strategies.


Many animals engage in sociosexual behaviour, including that between same-sex pairs. Bonobos (Pan paniscus) are famous for their sociosexual behaviour, but chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) apparently do not engage in sociosexual behaviour frequently. However, sociosexual behaviour in chimpanzees may have been overlooked. We observed 584 instances of sociosexual behaviour in chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda during three years of study. All ages and sexes engaged in sociosexual behaviour, which included mounting, touching of genitals, and pressing genitals together. Most sociosexual behaviour was between adult males. Sociosexual behaviour was often during tense contexts, such as subgroup reunions and during territorial behaviour. Among males, grooming and dominance rank relationships do not explain patterns of sociosexual behaviour. Although sociosexual behaviour may be less frequent in chimpanzees than in bonobos, and bonobos remain distinct in their genito-genital rubbing, our findings suggest that sociosexual behaviour is a regular part of chimpanzee behaviour.


Context: The aim of this report is to illustrate a case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) that was revealed in the context of treatment-resistant first-episode psychosis. The incidence of this life-threatening condition is increasing in adults. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are important for an optimal patient outcome. Case Report: The patient was a 20-year old female who had been admitted to the inpatient unit of a Psychiatric Hospital for disorganized behavior with psychotic features. Clozapine had been introduced as the clinical picture did not evolve despite several trials of antipsychotics. As severe agranulocytosis developed, the patient was transferred to a general hospital. A diagnosis of HLH was suggested. Patient responded well to treatment, and remission of psychotic symptoms was observed. Conclusion: This case demonstrates the occurrence of HLH in a complicated clinical scenario involving psychotic experiences and the use of clozapine. Further studies are necessary to understand the potential environmental and pathological factors related to HLH. International Journal of Psychiatry Emmanuelle Levy1,2,3, Karen Tam3, Anne-Sophie Smilga3, Aldanie Rho4 and Ridha Joober1,2,3 *Corresponding author Emmanuelle Levy, MD, FRCPC, PEPP-Montréal, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard Montreal, (Quebec) H4H 1R3, Wilson Pavilion; Tel: 514-761-6131; Fax: 514-888-4458; Email: emmanuelle.


The simplicity of the expression and meaning of literary works of Mustofa Bisri is seen in the simplicity of the use of its poetic and aesthetic. The simplicity of the poetic and aesthetic means includes the elements of the structure of literary works and the manner in which they are expressed. The elements of the structure of literary works include typography, sounds, diction, images, and meaning. The simplicity of typography is seen in the freedom of the traditional ties and conventions of the theoretical structure of the poetical visualization. The simplicity of the sound is seen in the beauty, fusion, harmony, wholeness, and simplicity of its orchestration so it is more beautiful if Gus Mus's literary works are spoken. The simplicity of diction is seen in its attachment by clichés, classics, and bombastic, but in the election of words that are normally used to conversing and joking in everyday communication. The simplicity of his imagination is seen in the picture of wishful passage in and around the dwelling; next door neighbors, food stalls, markets, and everyday events: working, watching television, worshiping. The simplicity of meaning is seen in the reasonableness and calm it produces, namely the ability to dampen turmoil, not only the turmoil of body and soul, but also social unrest.


In this paper, we propose two interest-based bandwidth-efficient lookup protocols, simple lookup protocol and advanced lookup protocol, for mobile environments. A peer willing to search files broadcasts a query message with keywords relevant to its interests to its neighbors in the transmission range, and only those neighbors also interested in the query forward. Simulation results show that our protocols have higher success rate and raise the scalability and bandwidth efficiency comparing to the previous work. Besides, our protocols can avoid selfish behaviors, since the behavior of forwarding queries benefits not only the source node but also the forwarding node.


Background Hearing loss (HL) in children may adversely affect their development. HL is more prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) than in the general population. This study evaluated the prevalence of HL and its underlying diseases in patients with childhood-onset in CKD. Methods In this retrospective study of a tertiary referral center, childhood-onset CKD patients (stage 2–5, age at onset of renal symptom < 18 years) were recruited. We referred to the "renal" syndromic HL as cases with genetic or syndromic diseases, or extra-renal anomalies in addition to HL and CKD. Results A total of 421 patients (male:female = 279:142) were reviewed according to the causes of CKD: congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT; n = 184, 43.7%), glomerulopathies (GP; n = 105, 24.9%), cystic kidney diseases (CYST; n = 39, 9.3%), perinatal problems (PP; n = 29, 6.9%), and others (n = 64, 15.2%). HL was detected in 82 (19.5%) patients, including 51 (12.1%) patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), 30 (7.1%) with conductive hearing loss (CHL), and 1 patient with mixed HL. The prevalence of HL in each group was as follows: 16.8% in the CAKUT group, 28.6% in the GP group, 12.8% in the CYST group, 24.1% in the PP group, and 14.1% in the others group. HL was more common in higher CKD stages, especially CHL in end-stage renal disease. SNHL was more prevalent in CKD from GP. Of the 82 patients with HL, 50% had renal syndromic HL: 58.8% of SNHL and one-third of CHL were renal syndromic HL. Conclusion One-fifth of the childhood-onset CKD had HL. Collectively, renal syndromic HL comprised half of the HL in this study. To improve the quality of life in patients with childhood-onset CKD, we suggest that HL should be considered, requiring surveillance, and if necessary, early intervention.


Hand and wrist soft tissue masses comprise a special subset of soft tissue masses. Lesion prevalence always should be considered. The World Health Organization tumor database reveals soft tissue masses of the hand and wrist are much more common than osseous lesions. In clinical practice, pseudotumors are much more common than neoplasms. Benign tumors of soft tissue are much more common than malignant tumors, with an annual incidence of benign tumors of up to 3000 per million population.1 Malignant sarcomas are extremely rare (50 cases per million per year).1 Understanding available imaging modalities and imaging characteristics of hand and wrist soft tissue masses will assist in formulating a short and relevant differential diagnosis.


In an earlier discussion of the planetary flyby anomaly, a preliminary assessment of cosmological effects upon planetary orbits exhibiting the flyby anomaly was made. A more comprehensive investigation has since been published, although it was directed at the Pioneer anomaly and possible effects of universal rotation. The general subject of Solar System anomalies will be examined here from the point of view of planetary science.


Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) provides augmentation to GNSS users in three main areas (1) broadcasting accurate corrections to the broadcast GNSS satellite ephemeris, (2) providing a real-time empirical model of the ionospheric delays in the region covered by the system and (3) providing integrity information in the form of reliable estimates of the confidence of the ephemeris corrections and ionospheric delays.


Side-chain liquid-crystalline polymers (SCLCPs) were synthesized from the alternating copolymerization of maleic anhydride with swallow-tailed 1-alkenes having two mesogens. In contrast to similar polymers from 1-alkenes with one mesogen per repeating unit, these novel polymers exhibited lower isotropization temperatures and higher glass transition temperatures. The degree of order in the mesophase strongly increased: these SCLCPs exhibited a highly ordered smectic H phase. The polymers with a hexyl spacer between the malonate junction and the mesogen exhibited a uniaxially limited-correlation-length smectic E mesophase (SEu) which has, according to our knowledge, not been observed before. The highest transition temperatures and entropy changes were observed for polymers with completely interdigitated side chains.


Viral Diarrhoea (BVD) is an acute, highly contagious viral disease of ruminants characterized bytransient fever, diarrhoea, immunosuppression, fertility problems, thrombocytopenia, mucosal lesions, abortion,neonatal death, congenital malformations, persistent infection of the offspring, podo–dermatitis and recentlyreported glomerulonephritis.


A new aspidogastrid trematode species, Cotylogasteroides barrowi, is described from the intestinal tract of the freshwater mussels Lampsilis siliquoidea and L. ventricosa. This species is clearly distinguished from C. occidentalis (Nickerson, 1902), the only other member of this genus, by a smaller number of alveoli on the ventral holdfast organ, smaller body size, posterior position of the reproductive organs, lack of a seminal receptacle, and lack of a papilla on the oral disc. Diagnostic characteristics of the genera Cotylogaster Monticelli, 1892, and Cotylogasteroides Yamaguti, 1963, are reviewed, with modifications to the latter. Mussels were collected from the Cuyahoga River in April 1971, at Hiram Rapids, Ohio, and maintained in chilled (15 C), aerated stream water. All soft parts of the mussels were dissected microscopically, and all worms found were kept in a medium of half Ringer's solution and half mussel blood for further study. After observations and measurements of the worms were complete, they were fixed in AFA with slight pressure, stained with Delafield's hematoxylin, Semichon's acetocarmine, or Semichon's acetocarmine with iron, and permanently mounted by standard methods. Three specimens were fixed in cold Lillie's neutral buffered formalin and subjected to the Koelle and Friedenwald (1949) indoxyl acetate method to demonstrate nonspecific esterase activity. Measurements are in microns (micrometers) unless otherwise indicated. Thanks are expressed to the Hiram College Department of Biology for furnishing space and equipment required for collecting in that area. Appreciation is also extended to R. J. Etges for assistance in the preparation of Figure 4. Cotylogasteroides barrowi sp. n. (Figs. 1-4) Description (based on 10 mature specimens): Body 2.35 to 4.30 mm long by 0.96 to 1.35 mm wide at midbody with conical dorsal protuberance posteriorly; narrow anterior portion of body completely retractable into the larger posterior portion, tegument aspinose; ventral holdfast organ about % as long as body, wider anteriorly, with 14 to 17 transverse and 50 to 52 marginal alveoli, between which prominent marginal organs are situated; mouth surrounded by muscular, heart-shaped Received for publication 5 October 1971. oral disc; prepharynx 250 to 400 long; pharynx subspherical, 250 to 360 by 200 to 250; intestine saccate, simple, reaching posteriorly to level of testes; excretory system symmetrical, the 2 primary ducts arising at dorsal lobe of oral disc, terminating posteriorly at excretory bladders; 2 excretory pores open subterminally at base of dorsal body protuberance; testes paired, posterior, subspherical, 120 to 190 in diameter, obliquely tandem with dextral testis anteriormost; vasa efferentia 250 to 600 long; vas deferens 1.20 to 1.80 mm long, with glandular cells around distal end near genital atrium; genital pore ventromedial, between pharynx and anterior margin of ventral holdfast; cirrus and cirrus pouch absent; ovary 90 to 140 wide by 160 to 250 long, situated immediately in front of anterior testis; Laurer's canal passes from oviduct to posterior opening between 2 excretory pores; uterus slightly undulating, passing posteriorly from ootype to rear of worm, ascending to midbody, looping to rear of worm, and finally ascending to genital pore; Mehlis' gland present; seminal receptacle absent; eggs unembryonated, 50 to 100 by 20 to 50; vitellaria paired, tubular, asymmetrical, forming horseshoe-shaped arch extending 1/3 of body anteriorly; nervous system with massive ganglia at base of oral disc in which extensively branching fibers are seen; dorsal and ventral pairs of nerve trunks with numerous transverse connecting fibers from oral disc to posterior end of body; paired nerve fibers serving each marginal organ. Named in honor of Dr. James H. Barrow of Hiram College. Type specimens: USNM Helm. Coll. holotype No. 72127; paratype No. 72128.


Based on the symmetrical component method, the system of three-phase self-excited induction generator with a single-phase load is analyzed. The phase variables are decomposed into sequence variables for the derivation of combined equivalent circuit, which is the basement to calculate electric quantities in steady-state operation. With a given output voltage, the capacitor combinations can be determined. Experimental investigation has confirmed the accuracy of the proposed technique.


This paper seeks to understand whether there is a concern in a municipal body as the Covilhã City Council to legitimize itself; gauge how it legitimizes the public processes of urgent matters, such as the Covid-19 process; and find out which categories of moral legitimacy suggested by Suchman (1995) are more important for the citizens of the municipality. In this case, legitimation through municipal communication was analyzed based on an in-depth interview with the professional responsible for communication, content analysis of press releases released by Covilhã City Council, and with data collected in four focus groups in order to understand the legitimating processes and expectations from the citizens' point of view.
The results show that there an intention on legitimizing that is not translated in a strategic or tactical-planned way. Although there is an intense communication around the urgent public process, with about 14 press releases referring to it in the period of six months, these are limited to a more informative character and to the dissemination of activity and political decisions, rather than strategic or with contents that seek legitimization processes with implicit and/or symbolic dimensions. From the analysis of communication management, despite the professionalization and even a structure in the body in question, there is no decision-making autonomy, nor monitoring of the public or planning according to analyses. In this way, ad-hoc communication may mirror momentary mental strategies of the manager and the team of communication and public relations professionals, but does not consider an analysis of publics, nor the production of specific materials for each segment of citizens. These findings are in line with conclusions from studies of government communication, which suggest the need for a strategic and not only tactical approach to build intangibles (e.g. Sanders and Canel, 2013).
Furthermore, the study reveals that citizens have expectations in various dimensions, including public communication in awareness-raising processes and strategies with preference to better suited tools to all age groups. As a conclusion we can state that there is no satisfaction of the communicative needs and consequently legitimacy is in question.
The focus group analysis shows that younger citizens seek and expect communication processes at the level of the role of politicians and dialogical processes; the dialogical and procedural expectations decrease with the age of the groups. However, there is a predominance of structural legitimacy in all Portuguese groups, which mostly include national and regional bodies. The roles of local processes are left to the background. Consequential legitimacy has less relevance.
The professional practice of communication in the public sector in the case of Covilhã Municipality regarding Covid falls short of what is proposed by the academic discipline. This study contributed to reinforce the idea that legitimacy and legitimation processes are always contextual and dependent on the environment and that, therefore, without research on publics, strategic management and strategic plans it is not possible to have an effective communication management in the public sector.


This paper presents a path selection methodology based on statistical timing models. Our contributions are twofold: (1) Unlike previous works in statistical path selection (Liou et al., 2002) where path set quality was analyzed using a pattern-independent static approach, this work analyzes the quality of patterns generated from the selected paths. (2) Unlike in previous works where the timing model is assumed to be 100% accurate, our path selection strategy aims to tolerate inaccurate timing models. To achieve pattern-based analysis, we develop an efficient timing simulator that can model both inter-die and intra-die process variations. To accomplish error tolerance in timing models, we introduce the concept of universal representative path set (UR-Set). We present experimental results to illustrate the usage of the statistical timing simulator and to demonstrate the superiority of our path selection methodology based on benchmark circuits.


This thesis presents a framework for modeling and developing temporal information systems. The framework defines a model driven development process which automatically transforms temporal system models into executable systems. Temporal applications have semantics not represented in conventional modeling languages, and the main contribution in this case is a temporal extension to an existing UML profile. The UML profile is extended with temporal concepts and constructs to provide a temporal conceptual modeling language. Temporal features are introduced by model elements defined with valid time semantics, that is, the information model captures earlier and possible future states as well as the current state of entities. The approach is based on timestamping entities with valid time intervals to represent when states of an entity were valid in the modeled reality. Based on the semantically extended models designed using the temporal profile the framework allows automatic code generation of temporal information systems . Thus, we provide model driven tool support for developing temporal valid time applications.


In view of the present operating situation of Chinese mobile communication markets,and combining the research conclusion in service and marketing by experts both at home and abroad,new researches are carried out on the correlativity between customers' sense of loyalty and the behaviors such as the establishment of corporate identity,improvement of product quality and enhancement of service quality.The most important factor in service,indeed,contributing to the increasing and stabilizing customers' sense of loyalty is also further discussed by the use of questionnaire and random interview with customers.The result shows that the service quality is the most important influencing factor to the attitude and the sense of loyalty of customers and the enterprise's image to has the greatest effect on the sense of loyalty of customers' behavior;in addition,the business friendship and procedure fairness are the two most effective factors in service.


The pour point depressant(PPD)and drag reduction agent(DRA)play a key role in the oil transportation in Kelamayi Oilfield.At present,the successful experience in application of PPD and DRA is adopted in the design stage of oil pipelines in Kelamayi Oilfield,which opens a new road in PPD and/or DRA application and makes the pipeline designed more economic and safe.


The results of a systematic x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) investigation across the Ce ${\mathit{M}}_{4,5}$ and ${\mathit{N}}_{4,5}$ thresholds for ${\mathrm{CeCo}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{CeRh}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{CeRh}}_{3}$, and ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{7}$${\mathrm{Rh}}_{3}$ are reported. The data have been analyzed by employing a simplified version of the Anderson single-impurity model in the infinitely narrow bandwidth approximation for the extended states. The model has been applied to the bulk Ce 3d XPS spectra of these compounds. The bulk values of the Ce 4f-occupation number ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{f}}$ and of the 4f extended states interaction strength \ensuremath{\Delta} obtained have been checked by applying the model to the bulk sensitive Ce ${\mathit{M}}_{4,5}$ XAS line shapes. The possible influence of a configuration dependence of the hybridization strength in the ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{f}}$ and \ensuremath{\Delta} determination has been discussed. This joint analysis allowed us to obtain an accurate estimation of ${\mathit{n}}_{\mathit{f}}$. The Ce ${\mathit{N}}_{4,5}$ XAS line shapes are in agreement with the deduced trend of the 4f electrons interaction strength with the conduction electrons in the bulk.


A design of UHF RFID(Radio-frequency Identification) Reader is detailed which uses discrete components for lower cost compared to using a reader IC.A reader system often comprises hardware and software as we all know.In this paper,we emphasize on the design of hardware and present you the architecture of software.The part of hardware design mainly consists of digital processing part,RF transmission and receiver.For the hardware,a matched software is designed which consists of protocol processing,the whole system control and communication with a computer,and is running on a MPU(Micro Processing Unit) chip.


The results of monitoring of the linear retreat of gully heads within the Udmurt Republic during 1978–2015 are discussed. Regular monitoring covered the heads of 168 gullies. All of them are located within the agriculturally developed parts of the Vyatka–Kama interfluve. The main attention is given to evaluation of the gully head dynamics during 1997–2015, when principal climate and land–use changes took place. It was found that the rates of gully head retreat gradually decreased during 1997–2003 and then stabilized at an extremely low level (0,2–0,3 m yr–1). Therefore during 1997–2015 the mean annual gully head retreat rate reduced 3 to 5 times for different type of gullies as compared with the previous time period (1978–1997). The rates of head retreat were somehow different for slope and bottom gullies. Mean bottom gully head retreat is 0,55 m yr–1 while it is 0,31 m yr–1, 0,22 m yr–1 and 0,16 m yr–1 for different sub-types of slope gullies. Furthermore, a positive trend of bottom gully head retreat since 2008 was revealed, so in 2015 the gully head retreat rate reached 0.8 m yr–1. Lithological features have no considerable influence on the gully head linear retreat rate.


The article addresses the issue of absence of voters – electoral absenteeism basing on the materials of the 2000–2012 Presidential campaign. Having analyzed sociological studies the authors conclude that the main types of absentees in the presidential elections in Russia are passive citizens, apolitical and alienated from politics. The authors forecast the level of absenteeism in the 2018 presidential election to be not higher than 40 % in case there will not be any social cataclysms. Some ways to solve the problem of non-participation in the elections are proposed. Among them: enhancing the level of political culture of citizens since school age, and the introducing an electronic voting for young people.


The primary objective of this subcontract is to develop amorphous silicon p-i-n/p-i-n tandem junction photovoltaic submodules (>900 cm{sup 2}) having an aperture area efficiency of at least 9%. A further objective is to demonstrate 8% tandem submodules that degrade by no more than 5% under standard light soaking conditions. The main lines of investigation during this period concerned with exploration of novel types of p-layers, the properties and applications of doped zinc oxide films to a{minus}Si:H cells, the effects of various surface treatments of SnO{sub 2} and ZnO transparent conducting oxides (TCO's) on cell performance, the dependence of cell stability on substrate and junction type, and the development of techniques to enable the full potential performance of the a{minus}Si:H to be realized in a module configuration. 12 refs., 11 figs., 13 tabs.


Audio guides are commonly utilized to enrich the experience of art gallery visitors and to fully engage them with the artwork by providing background, contexts, and other information related to the corresponding artists. However, this method may be monotonous to the public and cannot automatically change to the appropriate recording when users move to the next artwork. The traditional operation of audio guides is only enabled by the user's visual recognition of the artwork to activate appropriate commentaries manually. In this paper, we explore the potential enhancement of the art gallery visitors' experience by applying Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, and computer vision techniques to recognize the artwork's main features automatically and provide the corresponding artist and other information to the visitors. We train a model using a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Kaggle's Painter by Numbers dataset, and host the trained model on a low-power AI accelerator equipped with a camera to recognize the artwork in real-time. The results are then transmitted to a database, which is utilized by a custom Android application on the smartphone to provide updated artworkrelated information on the display or by audio. Our system targets not only the general public for an interactive experience in the art gallery but also visually impaired people for proper guidance with the smartphone's camera and its voice feedback capabilities.


This work proposes a computational method to treat, identify and forecast natural dynamic systems applied in temporal data series. This method uses the exponential smoothing statistic technique on data treatment, the Nonlinear Auto Regressive Moving Average with eXogenous inputs - NARMAX statistic technique integrated to a feedforward neural network to identify, simulate and forecast temporal data series without manual treatment or choice of analitical models. The method was validated as a prototype applied in a real case study in the Amazonian Basin scenario.


The application of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) technology to New Radio (NR) V2X can further reduce communication delay and improve the system capacity of the vehicular network. However, in NR V2X Mode 1, the base station first needs to allocate resources in each transmission period, and then the vehicles transmit information by the allocated resource. According to this, we propose a two-stage scheme of centralized resource allocation and distributed power control to meet the requirement of the NR V2X Mode 1 while NOMA technology is employed in vehicle groups. Firstly, at the beginning of a transmission period, the base station allocates resources to vehicle groups. For this centralized manner, we propose a graph-based matching approach to allocate resources to improve system capacity. Then, each vehicle group controls and adjusts transmission power for NOMA communication in the period. For this distributed manner, we put forward a cooperative game approach to control the power of the vehicle group while increase system capacity. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can increase the system capacity.


On the basis of the introduction of backgrounds and influence of the three welfare thoughts-Social democracy,Neo-conservatism and The Third Way in 20th century,this article makes a comparison of the three thoughts from two angles: one is from the welfare principles which includes equity,coersion and popularity,the other is the system design,which includes the sharing of burden between the state and individual and the role of the government and market.


The self-intersection local time of the multi-parameter generalized Wiener processes was studied. Then the lower bound of Hausdorff measure and the Hausdorff dimension and packing dimension of k multiple time sets, the Hausdorff dimension and packing dimension of k multiple point sets for N parameter d dimensional generalized Wiener processes were obtained.


Small first normal stress differences of fluids are measured by a method which utilizes the reaction force of the jet issuing from a capillary tube. The fluids used in the experiment are water and dilute polymer solutions. The data and the following discussion show that the first normal stress difference is not zero even in a steady Poiseuille flow of water and that the first normal stress differences in various dilute polymer solutions are greater than that of water but not so strikingly different from that of water as expected from the dramatic reducing effect of drag in turbulent flow conditions. These experimental data will be fundamentally available for the construction of a constitutive equation or the analysis of more complicated flows.


Under conditions of ongoing climate warming and increasing anthropogenic impact on land resources, the use of moisture-saving soil-protecting technologies becomes especially important. Snow cover is of great importance for agriculture, as it changes radiation and thermal balance of underlying surface, protecting soil from cooling and winter crops from freezing, accumulates winter precipitation, being the most important source of increasing soil moisture reserves in arid and subarid zones in spring. Winter precipitation accounts for up to 30% of the annual norm. Soil moisture reserves formed with their help take up to 42% in total water consumption for grain crop yield formation during wet summer and up to 75% during dry summer. This article aims to study the effect of different methods of snow retention and snow cover height on the yield of grain crops. An effective method of snow retention is leaving high stubble after harvesting winter and spring crops. Leaving stubble bushes with a height of 0.35-0.40 m and a width of 1.5 m every 4.5 m provides accumulation of a solid snow cover in steppe areas with a height of 0.30-0.35 m, which increases the yield of wheat. Waders provide a more uniform distribution of snow cover than forest strips. Climate change contributes to the fact that snow retention becomes an urgent problem not only in the dry steppe, but also to the north even in the forest-steppe. Creation of snow retarders was done on Vetelny state farm, located in Balashovsky district in the western part of Saratov region, in the steppe zone, where chernozem soils prevail in the soil cover. In the autumn period, snow barriers were installed, and in the winter period, their effect on snow accumulation was studied. The study of the effect of snow barriers on soil moisture accumulation during the growing season of winter wheat was compared in the zones of dry steppe, steppe and forest-steppe. It was revealed that during regrowth of winter wheat the least amount of productive moisture stocks in 0-1.0 m soil layer was contained in dry steppe 1377 m·ha, the highest in forest-steppe zone up to 1841 m·ha. Snow retention increased the amount of moisture in the soil in the dry steppe, steppe and foreststeppe zone by 251, 151, 115-131 m·ha, or 18, 10, 6-8%, respectively. Thus, rational use of winter precipitation is a significant reserve of agricultural landscape productivity increase, especially in dry-steppe areas.


Wu Jingchao is one of the founders of Chinese sociology. His academic career can
be divided into four phases, with special achievements, characteristics and motivating factors respec-
tively. Although his achievements were comparatively the least at the last phase, his pursuing spirit
is very inspiring. His academic interests are catholic, with a focus on modern social issues. His sci-
entific approach guarantees his pioneering work, bringing forth very distinguished prophetic achieve-
ments. He is a milestone in the history of Chinese sociology. Wu Jingchao's academic manner pro-
vides us a glimpse of his aspiration and a good grounding in sociology.


Although the Advanced Light Source (ALS) was initially conceived primarily as a low-energy (1.9-GeV) third-generation source of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and soft X-ray radiation, it was realized very early in the development of the facility that a multipole wiggler source coupled with high-quality (brightness-preserving) optics would result in a beamline whose performance across the optimal energy range (5–15 keV) for macromolecular crystallography (MX) would be comparable to, or even exceed, that of many existing crystallography beamlines at higher-energy facilities. Hence, starting in 1996, a suite of three beamlines, branching off a single wiggler source, was constructed, which together formed the ALS Macromolecular Crystallography Facility [1]. From the outset, this facility was designed to cater equally to the needs of both academic and industrial users, with a heavy emphasis placed on the development and introduction of high-throughput crystallographic tools, techniques, and facilities, including large-area CCD detectors, robotic sample-handling and automounting facilities [2], a service crystallography program, and a tightly integrated, centralized, and highly automated beamline control environment for users.


The mutual inductance of a superconducting slab of infinite extent, in the Meissner state, with both point dipole and circular-current-loop applied magnetic fields, is examined. The effect of a distinct, constant permeability of the slab is considered and the full mutual inductance and various approximations are obtained. Closed form representations are also found for an inductance per length factor which has proven useful in inductance data inversion in order to obtain an absolute measurement of the London penetration depth.


The noise characteristics of synthetic images generated by a Monte Carlo SPECT simulation package (Sim-SPECT) were examined. Sim-SPECT generates single planer projections via analog Monte Carlo methods but uses a directional photon cloning technique to simulate tomographic acquisition. Statistical noise characteristics were investigated in both single planar projection and tomographic acquisitions, the latter to assess the potential noise distortion of the directional cloning algorithm. The root-mean-square (EMS) and the noise power spectrum were two mathematical measures used to characterise the noise. NPS was estimated using spectral averaging techniques. Synthetic Sim-SPECT and experimental data (both single planar and tomographic acquisitions) were obtained using phantoms of identical dimensions and uniform activity.<<ETX>>


With an increased focus on cost and resource utilization in health care, there is paucity in the literature on preoperative factors associated with lower total adult spinal deformity surgery costs. This study identified decreased baseline deformity, physical disability, and frailty as significant predictors of experiencing lower total costs surgery by 3 years. Study Design. Retrospective study of a prospective multicenter database. Objective. The purpose of this study was to identify predictors of lower total surgery costs at 3 years for adult spinal deformity (ASD) patients. Summary of Background Data. ASD surgery involves complex deformity correction. Methods. Inclusion criteria: surgical ASD (scoliosis ≥20°, sagittal vertical axis [SVA] ≥5 cm, pelvic tilt ≥25°, or thoracic kyphosis ≥60°) patients >18 years. Total costs for surgery were calculated using the PearlDiver database. Cost per quality-adjusted life year was assessed. A Conditional Variable Importance Table used nonreplacement sampling set of 20,000 Conditional Inference trees to identify top factors associated with lower cost surgery for low (LSVA), moderate (MSVA), and high (HSVA) SRS Schwab SVA grades. Results. Three hundred sixtee of 322 ASD patients met inclusion criteria. At 3-year follow up, the potential cost of ASD surgery ranged from $57,606.88 to $116,312.54. The average costs of surgery at 3 years was found to be $72,947.87, with no significant difference in costs between deformity groups (P > 0.05). There were 152 LSVA patients, 53 MSVA patients, and 111 HSVA patients. For all patients, the top predictors of lower costs were frailty scores <0.19, baseline (BL) SRS Activity >1.5, BL Oswestry Disability Index <50 (all P < 0.05). For LSVA patients, no history of osteoporosis, SRS Activity scores >1.5, age <64, were the top predictors of lower costs (all P < 0.05). Among MSVA patients, ASD invasiveness scores <94.16, no past history of cancer, and frailty scores <0.3 trended toward lower total costs (P = 0.071, P = 0.210). For HSVA, no history of smoking and body mass index <27.8 trended toward lower costs (both P = 0.060). Conclusion. ASD surgery has the potential for improved cost efficiency, as costs ranged from $57,606.88 to $116,312.54. Predictors of lower costs included higher BL SRS activity, decreased frailty, and not having depression. Additionally, predictors of lower costs were identified for different BL deformity profiles, allowing for the optimization of cost efficiency for all patients. Level of Evidence: 3


Background:Numerous studies have explored periodontal therapy in terms of success and failures. However, the perceptions of patients towards periodontal therapy have not been extensively studied and are not well understood. Thus, this descriptive study investigates patients experience and satisfaction through use of pretested questionnaire. It also assessed patients' motivation and awareness towards the general oral hygiene. Materials & methodology:This survey was conducted in 4 different dental colleges in Bangluru, Karnataka from April 2014 to January 2015. One hundred patients who underwent any form of surgical periodontal therapy were included in the survey. They were given the questionnaire 1-week post operatively. Later, all the responses were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Results:The results showed average awareness (56%) regarding dental health among patients. However, once they underwent treatment, they were highly motivated (85%) about both these objectives. Around one-third patients (30%) experienced heavy morbidity 1 week post operatively. Majority of the patients (41%) were comfortable with local anesthesia administration but felt uncomfortable with the duration of anesthesia (47%). When comparing non-surgical periodontal therapy with surgical periodontal therapy the non surgical group showed higher level of satisfaction (90% vs. 47%). Also, the pain experienced was more for surgical group (61% vs. 35%). Conclusion:Although patient perceptions and preferences may influence the treatment decision making, there has been limited research in this field. This short survey was an attempt to look into this perspective and take the results into consideration while practicing. Introduction Patient-based outcomes (PBO)or ―true endpoints‖ are subjective measures, which capture patients' perspectives of disease, or therapy and complement conventional clinical (surrogate) measures. 1 True endpoints are outcomes that directly measure how a patient feels, functions or survives. True endpoints are tangible to the patient. True endpoints are sometimes referred to as clinically relevant endpoints, clinically meaningful endpoints, terminal endpoints, or ultimate endpoints.Surrogate endpoints are intangible outcomes used as a substitute for a true endpoint. Typical surrogate endpoints in periodontal research include anatomic measures (e.g. probing depth), measures of inflammation, microbiological measures, and immunologic measures. Surrogate endpoints are often objective because they can be measured by the clinician (rather than relying on self-report by patients) or by laboratory methods. Surrogate endpoints are sometimes referred to as intermediate endpoints, biological markers, or biomarkers. 2 Traditionally, periodontal disease has been defined and measured using surrogate markers, most commonly – pocket probing depth (PPD) and clinical attachment SURVEY ON PATIENTS' PERCEPTION TOWARDS PERIODONTAL THERAPY 2(4);2016 26 Journal Of Applied Dental and Medical Sciences 2(4);2016 Fig. 1: Questionnaire for the survey Fig. 2: To check the awareness & motivation of the patient SURVEY ON PATIENTS' PERCEPTION TOWARDS PERIODONTAL THERAPY 2(4);2016 27 Journal Of Applied Dental and Medical Sciences 2(4);2016 loss (CAL) However, true end points are reported to be more relevant to patient's daily lives than objective changes in PPD or CAL. Patient-based outcomes were identified as a research priority at the 2003 World Fig. 3a: Duration of Surgical Procedure Fig. 3b: Local Anesthesia Administration Workshop on Emerging Science in Periodontology. 3 Assessment of PBOs is important in periodontal therapy as patients' opinions may differ from traditional clinical endpoints. While there is sound evidence to support the clinical efficacy of both nonsurgical and surgical therapy for treatment of periodontal disease in adults, there is limited data on their PBOs. 4 The decision to employ which kind of periodontal therapy for the patients depend on various factors such as severity of the case, practical experience and relevant research. 1 However, the patient preferences often gets neglected. Several studies have emphasized the need to assess ―patient-related factors‖ prior to making treatment decisions. Patient preferences may also influence the decision making process. AIMS & OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY: The objective of this survey was to determine: 1. The awareness of various periodontal treatment modalities available for the patients and their motivation regarding these treatments. 2. To observe unfavorable factors experienced by the patient while being treated. 3. To determine the satisfaction levels. MATERIAL & METHODOLOGY: The present survey was carried out in four dental institutions in Bangalore, Karnataka from April 2014 to January 2015. Study Population included100 patients who fulfilled the following inclusion criteria: 1) Systemically healthy patients diagnosed with moderate to severe chronic periodontitis and who underwent both non-surgical and surgical treatment (Phase I and Phase II Therapy). 2) Patients who underwent any esthetic surgical procedure (gingivectomy or root coverage procedure) or any other gingival surgery (such as Crown Lengthening or a frenectomy procedure). A carefully prepared questionnaire was given to the patient one-week post operatively when he/she returned for follow up. A set of 9 questions (Fig. 1) was framed in English and Kannada (Regional language) that were closed ended and easily understood. The questions basically pertained to assess patient's motivation and awareness towards the oral health and gingival care. It also assessed pain, sensitivity, morbidity and satisfaction about nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapy. Each question was given appropriate choices where the above mentioned parameters could be measured based on the response. SURVEY ON PATIENTS' PERCEPTION TOWARDS PERIODONTAL THERAPY 2(4);2016 28 Journal Of Applied Dental and Medical Sciences 2(4);2016 RESULTS AND OBSERVATION: The results thus obtained from the questionnaire were tabulated based on the assessing parameter and analyzed. The first parameter being the patient Fig. 4: Comparison of patients' perception in non-surgical therapy vs surgical periodontal therapy. Awareness and motivation (questions 1-4); 56% of them showed average motivation saying that they would visit a dental clinic only when a problem pertaining to the oral cavity arises, 51% of the subjects were unaware that gum problems exist and about the gum treatments. However, once they underwent the treatment, they showed high motivation regarding future follow-ups (85%) and suggestion to their friends/relatives (81%) (Fig. 2). While analyzing the second parameter, the response of the subjects towards periodontal therapy (questions 5-8), 51% of the patients found duration of surgical therapy uncomfortable. However, 78% patients did not have much discomfort while local anesthesia administration (Fig. 3a & 3b). When comparing the two modes of therapy in terms of pain experienced, post operative sensitivity & discomfort and the overall satisfaction with the procedure, non-surgical excelled in each question (Fig.4). For the third parameter i.e., patients' experience 1 week post surgery(question 9), irrespective of the mode of therapy, 40% of the patients found it difficult to maintain oral hygiene, 24% said that they had some abnormal feeling in the treated area and only 8% reported that they felt their teeth loosened after the surgery (Fig.5). DISCUSSION: There is a huge debate whether true endpoints should be used to assess periodontal therapy or not. Subjective true endpoints are almost never used in clinical trials because of the notion that objective surrogates are superior endpoints. However, surrogates can be misleading because the causal pathway connecting the treatment to the surrogate to the true endpoint is often misunderstood. The initiative or the intervention used may be improving one aspect SURVEY ON PATIENTS' PERCEPTION TOWARDS PERIODONTAL THERAPY 2(4);2016 29 Journal Of Applied Dental and Medical Sciences 2(4);2016 (intangible parameter) but ultimately deteriorating the final outcome (tangible). The goal of periodontal therapy should be to provide tangible patient benefits and not tangible clinician benefits and therefore, the primary endpoints in periodontal trials should be studied from the patient perspective and not the clinician perspective. 1 This survey was an observational study to better understand the awareness and patients' perception towards periodontal therapy. Questionnaire surveys are subject to participants' reporting biases. Being conducted in educational institutions, the results cannot be generalized as all the procedures were done by post graduate students especially in terms of duration of surgery, LA administration and post operative pain and discomfort. Lee at al (2002) 5 in their questionnaire survey reported that the patients' satisfaction did not match with their expectations prior to surgery. Also patients failed to understand the relation between gingival bleeding and periodontitis. In a survey about patients' perception of periodontal therapy in periodontal specialty clinic, very low levels of discomfort with both surgical and non-surgical therapy were reported. 6 Steenberghe et al (2004) 7 in their survey to explore patients' discomfort during instrumentation for diagnosis and non-surgical periodontal therapy concluded that subgingival instrumentation causes pain and discomfort (52% reported pain while SRP and 35% during LA administration). These results are not in accordance with our survey.SimilarilyTonetti et al (2004) 3 described the patients' experience of periodontal surgery, their perceptions of the postoperative period, of the achieved benefits and of the disadvantages encountered. According to their study, the most frequently reported benefits included the ability to preserve a tooth/dent


In this text we will talk about modern computer technology and
its infl uence on children education. Th e computer technology is entering
many spheres of human activities and is changing the life style of the modern
man. It infl uences the educational process by changing the way of learning.
How that works we can see and understand if we direct learners' attention
through computer games.
Computer games are wildly popular with young people. Th ey show new
ways of learning typical for the new informatics age, help people learn by
integrating knowledge and enable learners to deal with things that are
important to them.
However, computer games can be used in anti-social and destructive
ways, based on—violent and sometimes misogynistic themes. But even the
strongest critics agree that we learn something from playing video games.
Th e question is: how can we use the power of video games as a constructive
force in schools, homes, and at work?


In this paper, low voltage cascode current mirror based on bulk-driven MOSFET (operating in linear region) and floating-gate MOSFET are presented. The proposed circuits are simulated using SPICE for 0.25 µm CMOS technology and their results are compared with that of conventional cascode current mirror.