Phenylacetylenes (ArC≡CH) having fluoro- or trifluoromethyl substituents (o-, m-, p-F; o-, m-, p-CF3; 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,5-(CF3)2) have been prepared from bromobenzenes (ArBr) and benzenes (ArH) using 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene (1) by a two-step route: ArLi or ArMgBr→ArCF=CCl2→ArC≡CLi. Upon careful treatment at −70 °C with 1, o-fluorophenyllithium gave o-FC6H4CF=CCl2 in good yield, together with benzyne-derived products, such as o-(o-FC6H4)C6H4CF=CCl2. Lithiation of m-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene at 0 °C for 9 h (24 h) followed by treatment with bromine gave 1-bromo-2,4-, 2,6-, and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene in 35 (38), 31 (36), and 8% (6%) yield, respectively.


As China becomes more and more international, the number of people traveling abroad is also increasing. The demand for English recognition is becoming more and more vigorous, and traditional translation software is time-consuming, laborious, and less accurate. This article optimizes the target detection model YOLOV3. Firstly, the image is divided into multiple model structures, and the K-means++ clustering algorithm is used to determine the target detection prior frame value and the high frame of the corresponding frame according to the characteristics of the English image. Then, by using K-means++ clustering algorithm to optimize the anchor parameters, the model structure is better adapted to the English identification dataset scene; finally, the feature information extracted by the DarkNet-53 model is spliced to improve the structure of the YOLOV3 convolutional layer, using 3090 graphics card GPU to perform multiscale training and testing. Experimental results show that the improved YOLOV3 algorithm in this paper has a mAP of 0.95 on the English identification dataset and a detection speed of 50fps, which is 0.11 higher than the mAP before optimization. Therefore, optimizing the YOLOV3 algorithm in this article has a good effect. In the future, English translation will become a necessary software program for Chinese people to go abroad.


Mathematical delay modelling has a significant role in the different disciplines such as behavioural, social, physical, biological engineering, and bio-mathematical sciences The present work describes mathematical formulation for the transmission mechanism of a novel coronavirus (COVID-19) Due to the unavailability of vaccines for the coronavirus worldwide, delay factors such as social distance, quarantine, travel restrictions, extended holidays, hospitalization, and isolation have contributed to controlling the coronavirus epidemic We have analysed the reproduction number and its sensitivity to parameters If, Rcovid 1 then this situation will help to eradicate the disease and if, Rcovid 1 the virus will spread rapidly in the human beings Well-known theorems such as Routh Hurwitz criteria and Lasalle invariance principle have presented for stability The local and global stabilizes for both equilibria of the model have also been presented Also, we have analysed the effect of delay reason on the reproduction number In the last, some very useful numerical consequences have presented in support of hypothetical analysis


Amongst the multiple catalysts that have been shown lately together with the outstanding development of the organocatalysis, chiral phosphoric acids derived from BINOL, have proved to be an excellent option for the performance of a wide range of reactions, being nowadays an essential tool when referring to asymmetric synthesis. This review compiles the most relevant characteristics of this type of catalysts as well as describing the multiple reactions developed in this area.


Some thermodynamic quantities such as the sorption enthalpy, ΔH 1 s , sorption free energy, ΔG 1 s , sorption entropy, ΔS 1 s , the partial molar free energy, ΔG 1 ∞, the partial molar heat of mixing, ΔH 1 ∞, at infinite dilution were obtained for the interactions of poly [(2-phenyl-1, 3-dioxolane-4-yl)methyl methacrylate] with alcohols, amines, benzene and n-alkanes by inverse gas chromatography method in the temperature range of 363-453 K. The specific retention volumes, Vg°, the weight fraction activity coefficients of solute probes at infinite dilution, Ω 1 ∞, Flory-Huggins interaction parameters, X∞ 12 between polymers and solvents were determined. Also, The solubility parameters, δ 2 , of the polymer found to be 6.21 (cal cm -3 ) 0.5 and 6.23 (cal cm - 3)0.5 from slope and intercept of [(δ 1 2 /RT) - X∞ 12 /V 1 ] = (2δ 2 /RT) δ 1 -δ 2 2 /RT equation, at 443 K, respectively. The glass transition temperature,Tg, of the polymer found to be 403 K by inverse gas chromatography.


The intangible culture is a cultural tradition hidden in the daily life.From intangible culture to the intangible cultural heritage,the space-time of traditional public culture is expanding.As a sharing culture,the intangible cultural heritage should be related with the specific group's daily life.Previous studies often ignored the association between the intangible cultural heritage and the daily life.This paper argues that the intangible cultural heritage generate from a cognition which is after the practice interrupted by human away.The "field" has changed when the intangible cultural heritage is from traditional daily life and to be another kind of public culture on the country "social named" rule.From the intangible cultural heritage to be a kind of public culture without consciousness foundation,the culture rely on the "power" provided from nation,and the national present must cater to the rule of cultural symbol and ceremonies of operation,especially the daily life being as a kind of "field".


With 'Banana Technology' an unconventional hybrid fabrication technology is indicated for the production of very large parabolic and hyperbolic cylindrical mirror systems. The banana technology uses elastic bending of very large and thin glass substrates and fixation onto NC milled metal moulds. This technology has matured during the last twenty years for the manufacturing of large telecentric flat-bed scanners. Two construction types, called 'internal banana' and 'external banana; are presented. Optical figure quality requirements in terms of slope and curvature deviations are discussed. Measurements of these optical specifications by means of a 'finishing rod' type of scanning deflectometer or slope tester are presented. Design constraints for bending glass and the advantages of a new process will be discussed.


A parallel booster control of transport aircraft controls has been modeled and the positive role of the power reserve for the operation of the structure with permissible operating differences in the pressures of the supply systems has been demonstrated.


We investigate the integrability of an anisotropic universe with matter and cosmological constant formulated as Bianchi IX models. The presence of the cosmological constant causes the existence of a critical point in the finite part of the phase space. The separatrix associated to this Einstein's static universe is entirely contained in an invariant isotropic plane forgetting the singularity at the origin. This invariant plane of isotropy is an integrable sub-space of the Taub type. In this paper we analyse the differential Galois group of the second order variational equations to this plane in order to apply the integrability theorem of the second author with Ramis and Simó. The main result is that the model is non-integrable by meromorphic functions.


People living with a chronic condition tend to go online not only to search for information; they also share what they know (Fox & Purcell, 2010). Virtual communities provide opportunities for people to engage with each other and share their knowledge and expertise of living with a condition trough discussion (Nettleton 2006; Eysenbach et al, 2004).
But, what are the sources of the information they share? Are themselves and their experience? Do they refer to an authority to pose a piece of information?
In this study we set off from Eysenbach's (2008) framework on apomediation, disintermediation and intermediation environments, to identify how these elements are present in the voice of people participating in virtual communities. We worked with two virtual communities of people living with diabetes that were created and are preserved by patients. They are communities that share software and social organization, but that express themselves in different languages (Spanish and English).
From their main forums and trough conversational analysis we studied 384 threads, with 4,073 posts (197 conversations-2062 posts in English; 187 conversations-1627 posts in Spanish). We found that information on the condition is shared in 89% of the posts in English and 76% in Spanish. The unit of analysis was the post, which was classified within categories developed from Eysenbach's (2008) framework to identify the voice of authority behind the information they shared. One post could have more than one voice.
An apomediaire voice is present when people share specific pieces of information as if they owned them, in their own words and without mention to an external source. It's their knowledge, whether practical, medical, scientific, or about their own body and it's enacted trough interaction. We found an apomediaire voice in 90.2% of the posts in Spanish and in 92.9% of the English ones. That is, primarily, these communities own their knowledge on the condition. Most likely that is because this knowledge is incarnated and entangled in their daily life (Mol and Law, 2004).
An intermediated voice is mainly present when people recommend to ask their doctor or specialist or not to act without his contentment. Intermediation recommendations are present in 15.2% of the Spanish posts and in 11% of the English ones. The presence of this voice is related to the dependence we all have of medical a point of view (O'Neill, 2005)
A disintermediated voice is present in conversations when people show an independent action different to that recommended by the specialist, or when the need or importance to be independent and capable of getting their own information is stressed along with invitations to assume personal responsibility for dealing with their condition. In this case English has the lead with 12.2% of threads, while disintermediation conversations appear only in less than 5% of the threads in Spanish. A difference possibly related to the prevailing power specialists have over patients in Latin America and to the low level of awareness the condition has compared to the USA.
Disintermediation is also present when people share a resource of information that they find useful, like a book, author, page or site. This was registered separately, as it represents filtering information for others. This filtering is present in both communities in 10% of the threads.
People with diabetes tend to have extensive knowledge about their condition, and virtual communities are natural spaces to interchange. Even though intermediation and disintermediation are present as voices when sharing, owning their voice is prevalent. This encourages the need of research of communities of patients, generated and sustained by patients, without the presence of medical specialists (Ferguson and Frydman, 2004). []


When do two living systems with the same parentage diverge in such a way that they are no longer cross-fertilizable, becoming distinct, unbridgeable species? Did the decisive Lacanian divergence take place more than a half century ago with his excommunication from the International Psychoanalytic Association, pushing him and his followers onto a psychoanalytic Galapagos? And with the subsequent luxuriant growth of a unique theoretical clinical system, is there nowadays the possibility of a new crossbreeding? Or will we at best have conceptual gene-splicings, piecemeal appropriations, or a kind of grafting of stock transplanted to a new terroir? With this thought experiment of the International Journal—"what is unique to the Lacanian approach to psychoanalytic practice and its relevance to non-Lacanian analysts?"— we ask a question whose time may have long passed. Certainly, Fink (2007) himself once vehemently thought this way, particularly when he wrote in his influential book Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique: A Lacanian Approach for Practitioners: "I hope it is clear from my account in this book that the Lacanian approach to psychoanalytic technique is not likely to converge anytime soon with any of the English schools of which I am aware..." (278); "The disagreements [are] based... on irremediable differences in theoretical perspective" (278). With his invited paper for this volume, he is more conciliatory to the possibility, though with a measured reservation. I admire his bravery in taking this on. At the start he makes it clear that there is "no single Lacanian approach" (1), that his familiarity with non-Lacanian schools is limited, and so his characterizations are likely to seem reductionistic. What is more, as Fink now ruefully acknowledges at the beginning of his paper, he is in certain regards a man without a country, criticized by some Lacanians as "overly 'American'": "overly direct, transparent, and simplistic, leading me to make excessively practical recommendations as regards technique" (1), while Fink (2007) himself has been scathingly dismissive of Americans for the very same reasons (Margulies 2014). It really does flow downhill. Perhaps the most informed group of analysts who deeply considered the question of integration of Lacanian thought into mainstream psychoanalysis are, alas, beyond the conversation we can have today—the field has moved on, and so have they—that is, those who began as students and analysands of Lacan, fell under his brilliant and charismatic sway, and then felt they needed to free themselves to find a different analytic path.


X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) clearly indicates the existence of hydrated Br− in a frozen aqueous RbBr solution at the temperatures lower than the eutectic point (teu) of the system. The relative population of hydrated Br− decreases with increasing concentration of RbBr in an original solution, and Br− consisting of the RbBr crystal lattice becomes dominant at the higher concentration of RbBr. This implies the existence of the liquid phase at the subeutectic temperatures. Continuous XAFS measurements over ca 6 h detect the progress of the RbBr crystallization. The analysis based on the populations of hydrated Br− and Br− in the RbBr crystal suggests that the ions on the surface of the salt crystal are partially hydrated. These strongly imply that the metastable liquid phase is in contact with salt crystals at the temperature below teu. Since impurities such as a salt are accumulated along the grain boundaries of ice crystals, the metastable liquid phase should thus be present together with the accumulated salt crystals.


This paper introduces the structure and development history of the Hyosung 20MW, ±12kVDC VSC MMC HVDC connected the Haengwon wind farm by the BTB (Back-to-Back)type. Converter valve, yard equipment, and C&P system (Control & Protection system)of this system are explained and the performed tests are described. And the test procedures and operation results in actual commissioning are explained.


We have developed a semiempirical method to obtain interlayer binding energy of graphite in the previous work M. Hasegawa and K. Nishidate, Phys. Rev. B 70, 205431 2004 . In the present paper, we revisit this approach and develop an improved method, in which ab initio calculations based on the density functional theory DFT are also corrected through an empirical atom-atom van der Waals vdW interaction. The local density approximation LDA and generalized gradient approximation GGA are used in the DFT calculations. The parametrized damping function introduced to modify the asymptotic atom-atom vdW interaction is more flexible than the previous ones and covers a wider range of possibility in correcting for the approximate DFT calculations. The damping function is determined empirically by imposing the condition that the experimental interlayer spacing, in-plane lattice constant, and c-axis elastic constant are reproduced. We also require consistency between the LDAand GGA-based methods LDA+vdW, GGA+vdW as the theoretically motivated necessary condition. The interlayer binding energy obtained by this method is 60.4 meV/atom at T=0 K. The result of 54 meV/atom at room temperature corrected by the thermal effect is consistent with the most recent experiment, 52±5 eV/atom R. Zacharia et al., Phys. Rev. B 69, 155406 2004 . The atom-atom vdW interaction obtained by the present semiempirical method favorably corrects for the overbinding and underbinding nature of the LDA and GGA, respectively, in the in-plane energetics of graphite. That interaction also provides a useful starting point for the studies of energetics of other graphitic systems such as fullerenes and carbon nanotubes.


I n the chapter on education in Future Stock, Alvin Toffler suggests an exercise for younger children: 'To sharpen the individual's future-focused role image, students can be asked to write their own 'future autobiographies,' in which they picture themselves five, ten, or twenty years in the future."1 At the Center for the Study of Student Citizenship, Rights and Responsibilities in Dayton, Ohio, a group of black high school students did just that. Kevin, a 16-yearold sophomore, wrote the following:


Aim of research: to explore the level of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the serum and to evaluate the functional significance of VEGF gene polymorphism in rs2010963 sector in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Material and methods. 100 patients CHC were examined, the control group included 70 healthy donors. Concentration of VEGF in blood was investigated by ELISA. The frequency of allelic variants of VEGF (rs2010936) and related genotypes on the analysis of melting curves obtained by polymerase chain reaction were estimated. Results. An increase in the concentration of VEGF in CHC in comparison with the control group (p = 0.001), a significant increase in the frequency of pathological CC homozygotes (х2 = 4.55, p = 0.03) were detected. A demonstrative correlation of pathologic minor allele T of VEGF (rs2010963) with the level of VEGF serum (r = 0.25, p = 0,007) were revealed. Conclusion. Adverse allelic variants of the gene, mainly due to homozygous carriers of the CC, can act as hereditary risk factors of endothelial damage in viral hepatic disease and progression of CHC. Gene VEGF (rs2010963) may be considered "candidate" genome of predisposition to CHC.


The author has conducted a mass health examination for ten years, from 1971 to 1980, about a few thousands of adult farmers inhabiting in rural area of Gunma Prefecture, Japan. They were requested to attend the health examination once a year on indicated dates. Results on blood pressure, hemoglobin content, liver function test, and others, were notified individually to the attendants with advice after the examination. In addition, three specific surveys were carried out. Firstly, a self-administered questionnaire survey was for 289 male and 584 female attendants on motivation to the health examination, subjective symptom, and daily health behavior. Secondly, a household interview survey in 1985 was for 89 non-attendants and 64 attendants applying a psychodynamic theory on the behavior of attendance postulated by Baker and Shontz. Lastly, health questionnaires, simplified Cornell Medical Index and the Todai Health Index, were applied to the attendants.Subjective symptom and/or mental complaints had little relation to the attendance rate, unexpectedly. The attendance rate to the continuing mass health examination was rather related to cognizance and attitude to health examination and also to personal and family health practice than physical condition, subjective symptom, and perceived health. The attendant group had significantly higher level of promoting factors and lower level of inhibiting factors of Shontz for behavior of attendance than the levels observed in non-attendance group. Frequent attendants tended to have mormal blood pressure level and improved hemoglobin content as compared with less frequent ones.


A spectrophotometric method for analysis of DBS anionic surfactant in Clarias batracus has been validated. The method of analysis was divided into two phases. Extraction with solid-liquid extraction using Soxhlet and analysis of DBS. The extraction was performed using solvent of n-hexane and methanol for 9 and 6 hours, respectively. The analysis was performed using Spectrophotometer UV-Vis based on the complex formation of DBS-methylene blue (DBS-MB). This methods is applied to the determination of DBS in local catfish after DBS exposure and that of obtained in markets. The results showed that the parameters of validation methods have high acceptability as linierity (R2 = 0.99), limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ ) (2.93 mg/g and 9.75 mg/g), sensitivity (ε = 2.44 x 10 L mol-1 cm-1), precision (RSD = 0.14-1.38%) and accuracy (% recovery in a range 82-110 %). The results of analysis of DBS in catfish with 2.5; 5; 10; 15 mg/L of DBS concentration exposure are 0.87; 1.67; 8.50 dan 18.10 mg/kg, respectively and catfish from markets in a range 8.5-61 mg/kg. The result showed that the method of analysis of DBS anionic surfactant using MB could be applied for catfish samples..


Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ciclesonide (CIC) powder inhaler for the treatment of mild or moderate bronchial asthma (asthma).Methods A multicenter,randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted.215 patients with mild or moderate asthma were randomly divided into a test group or a control group.The test group received domestic CIC (80 μg bid) for 12 weeks while the control group was given a placebo.Outcome measures:①The primary outcome:FEV1 before and after treatment.The dropout rate due to lack of efficacy.②The secondary outcome:changes were related in asthma symptom score between the two groups (asthma symptom score includes scores during the day and in the evening).Dose of rescue medicine use.The rate of diurnal variation of PEF.③Adverse events.Results After 12 weeks of treatment:①FEV1 of the test group has no significant improvement (P >0.05),but FEV1 of the control group was decreased (P <0.05),two groups are significantly different(P <0.05).②There was statistically significant difference between the two groups in the dropout rate due to lack of efficacy(P <0.01),LOE of the test group was lower than the control group,and the dropout time of LOE in the test group was also late.③Asthma symptom score was significantly reduced in the test group(P <0.01),while it was increased in control group,two groups are significantly different(P <0.01).④The dose of rescue medicine use was reduced in the test group,but there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups(P >0.05).⑤The day variation of PEF was reduced in the test group (P <0.01),while the control group was increased (P >0.05),two groups are significantly different (P <0.01).⑥The adverse events were similar in the two groups (P >0.05),involving in throat discomfort,hoarseness,sore throat.Conclosions It tends to be modestly effective and safety to use CIC powder inhaler with 80 μg twice a day for mild-moderate asthma,which is worthy to be popularized.

Key words:
Asthma;  Ciclesonide powder inhalation;  Validity;  Adverse reaction


Photovoltaic solar energy was one of the few sustainable and pollution-free energy sources. AgInS2 was a promising photovoltaic material, which had attracted considerable in long time due to its outstanding photovoltaic performance. Furthermore, the nanoparticles could improve the light absorption efficiency of absorption layer to enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cell. In this paper, the suitable preparation methods of AgInS2 film and gold nanoparticles were used to improve the optical-electric performances of AgInS2-based solar cell. AgInS2 films were prepared by vacuum evaporation using different raw materials (Ag+In+S and Ag2S+In2S3) and then annealed at 400 °C or 425 °C. From absorption spectrum, the AgInS2 film, which was prepared by two components (Ag2S+In2S3) and annealed at 400 °C, had the highest absorption. And the transmission spectrum of the AgInS2 film was similar to that obtained from finite difference time domain simulation. Furthermore, this AgInS2 film was used to prepare AgInS2/CdS PN junction and AgInS2/gold/CdS PN junction. Due to the introduction of gold nanoparticles, the forward current of the AgInS2/gold/CdS PN junction increased an order of magnitude, but ideal factor and barrier height decreased, which meant that gold nanoparticles can promote carrier transport and improve electric property. As a result, this AgInS2/gold/CdS PN junction owned high absorption efficiency, low reverse saturation current and large barrier height, which meant huge application potential in solar cells field.


Objective To establish bisulfite sodium sequencing technology. Compare the direct sequencing and clone sequencing in DNA methylation detection of imprinted genes in infertile male. Methods Routine semen analysis and morphological analysis were performed, sperm were purified by density gradient centrifugation and DNA was extracted and treated with bisulfite. Then a hemi-nest PCR was performed. The purified PCR products were cloned into pCR?2.1-TOPO? vector and proceed to Chemical Transformation. For each sample, PCR products and positive clones were selected for sequencing analysis. Results In direct sequencing of PCR products, the front of the sequence was lost about 40 bp and methylation information of CpG 1 was lost. There is only one sequence result in each sample, and there will present partial methylation in CpG sites. In Clone sequencing, there is no loss of sequence and methylation information of all CpG sites was complete. There is different methylation in 15 clones, which could show the average methylation of this sample. Conclusion Clone sequencing did not lose any sequence, the methylation information of CpG sites was complete. 15 clones selected from each sample for sequencing could show the average methylation of the sample.


Modern weapon systems produce very high levels of impulse and/or continuous noise. Exposure to intense noise induces mechanical and/or metabolic damage to the inner ear. At the hearing threshold the amplitude of the displacements of the sensory structures of the inner ear (stereocilia) is about 10 m (1/100 the diameter of the hydrogen atom). At 120 dB this amplitude reaches 1 micrometer (corresponding to an angular deflexion of ∼ 15 degrees of the stereocilia). Depending on the level of the noise, these structures may break off immediately (i.e., for large continuous and/or impulse noises) or be overpowered by fatigue failure mechanisms (figures 1 and 2).


Objective To investigate the relevant factors affecting the recurrence chronic obstructive pulmonary disease( COPD) within five years. Methods 218 cases of COPD in our hospital were chosen as the research objects,the observation group had no yearly recurrence within 5 years and relapse frequency 5,the control group relapsed at least once a year in five years,and single factor analysis and binary logistic analysis of COPD were carried out. Results Single factor analysis showed that smoking,drinking, long-term oxygen therapy,drug treatment status,and combination with SAS and SDS were affecting factors of recurrence and binary lo- gistic analysis showed that affecting factors were smoking OR = 5. 018,95% CI( 3. 173- 12. 610),drinking OR = 4. 162,95% CI( 1. 540-6. 189),COPD disease course OR =0. 435,95% CI( 0. 183-1.033),adhere to drug therapy OR =0.322,95% CI( 0. 136- 0. 759),depression OR = 0. 226,95% CI( 0. 098- 0. 525),anxiety OR = 0. 625,95% CI( 0. 267- 1. 461). Conclusion Smok- ing,drinking,COPD duration,SDS are high risk factors for recurrence of COPD,long-term oxygen therapy and consistant drug therapy were protective factors for recurrence in COPD patients.


This paper proposes the use of computer intelligent handling solution to "color matching" problem,which is an important factor in current fashion design.There are diverse difficulties associated with color matching,such as multi-dimension problem caused by a variety of affecting factors;exponential growth and knowledge explosion stimulated by permutations and combinations;and the incompleteness and fuzziness produced in the expression.These problems are solved by presenting the "color matching" in the quantum bits model.The color quantum matching model has practical advantage,for it is set up on the base of analyzing a number of "color matching" practical scenarios.The model clearly expresses the complex relation in the "color matching".Another innovation is the improvement of the query method,built on the features of quantum computing methods.Specifically,the quantum grover algorithm is used in achieving color matching search in the expert knowledge system,which is different from the normal simple database query system.As the test result shows,this quantum model has advantages of fastness,simpleness,extendability and robustness extendability.


We describe an experiment in which one member of a polarization-entangled photon pair is stored in an active Cyclical Quantum Memory (CQM) device, while the other propagates through a passive optical delay line. A comparison of Bell's inequality tests performed before and after the storage is used to investigate the ability of the CQM to maintain entanglement, and demonstrate a rudimentary entanglement distribution protocol. The entangled photons are produced by a conventional Spontaneous Parametric Down Conversion source with center wavelengths at 780 nm and band-widths of ∼ 10 THz, while the CQM has an even wider operational bandwidth that is enabled by the weakly dispersive nature of the Pockels effect used for active switching in a loop-based quantum memory platform.


The scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) launched aboard the Nimbus-7 satellite provided global data at five frequencies (6.6, 10.7, 18, and 37 GHz) and two polarizations. The global data over land surfaces from this instrument are available for the period of January 1979 to December of 1985. The 6.6 GHz data set, being the lowest frequency of SMMR is especially important for studying the vegetation canopies and the moisture variations of the underlying soil surface. In this study, a microwave emission model for vegetation canopies has been developed to simulate the 6.6 GHz channel of SMMR. The canopy model consists of three layers of crown, trunk and underlying soil. The emissivity from the canopy is obtained by first computing the bistatic radar cross section of the three layer canopy using the distorted Born approximation and then integrating the radar cross sections over the hemispherical scattering angles according to the conservation of energy. In this formulation, each layer of the canopy is modeled as a random distribution of canonical shape dielectric scatterers (discs and cylinders). The dielectric constant of the scatterers are determined according to the available moisture in various components of the canopy. The model is then verified over homogeneous agricultural canopies using a ground stationed radiometer system. In particular, the properties of the polarization ratio with respect to the available vegetation biomass and soil moisture have been analyzed and it is found that this ratio becomes less sensitive to soil moisture as the vegetation biomass increases. The model has then been modified to take into account the large spatial resolution of the SMMR data by introducing a distribution of gaps in each resolution cell. The model simulations are then used in conjunction with monthly averaged 6.6 GHz SMMR data over two areas of Amazon forest and North-West US to study the effect of the moisture and vegetation changes.<<ETX>>


The difficulties presented by out-of-print books along with the library profession's concern about the problem are discussed, while the literature concerning Books in Print Plus and out-of-print book patterns is reviewed. In this investigation, the Books in Print Plus and Books Out-of-Print Plus CD-ROM databases were used to analyze the subject patterns whereby books become out-of-print. On two different occasions identical searches for a range of years in 39 different subject areas were conducted in the two databases in order to calculate in-print/out-of-print proportions, resulting in four sets of data. Analysis ofthe results revealed, contrary to expectations, remarkably little difference in the percentage of books in-print and out-of-print among the three major branches ofknowledge : the sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities. A number of limitations to this approach are acknowledged, while issues for future research are suggested.


OBJECTIVE:To observe clinical efficacy and ADR of thymosin α1combined with cisplatin for ma1ignant pleural effusion. METHODS:96 patients with malignant pleural effusion were randomly divided into therapey group and control group. Both groups were given intrapleural infusion of relevant drugs after drained pleural effusion by central venous catheter installation. Therapy group was given cisplatin,thymosin α1and dexamethasone;control group was given cisplatin and dexamethasone. Both of groups were treated 1 times each week for 4 times. Therapeutic efficacy,quality of life and immunologic function index and ADR rate were compared between 2 groups. RESULTS:The total effective rate of therapy group(85.4%)was significantly higher than that of control group(60.4%);Karnofsky score of therapy group(72.9%) was significantly higher than that of control group(50.0%);there were statistical significances(P0.05). After treatment,the levels of CD4 and CD4/CD8 and NK cell activity in therapy group were significantly higher than in control group(P0.05). The incidence of ADR had no statistical significance between 2 groups(P0.05). CONCLUSIONS:The intrapleural infusion of cisplatin and thymosin α1is effective for malignant pleural effusion after drainage by central venous catheter installation,can improve the quality of life and immunologic function and have no effect on the occurrence of ADR.


This chapter from a Practical Guide to Transfer Pricing (Lexis) compares the U.S. Section 482 transfer pricing regulations to the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations as revised in 2010. Section 482's purpose is to ensure that taxpayers subject to U.S. taxation "clearly reflect income" related to transactions with other organizations that are under common ownership or control with the taxpayer, and "to prevent the avoidance of taxes with respect to such transactions." The desired result is "tax parity" between the "controlled taxpayer" and an "uncontrolled taxpayer," and, thereby, to determine the "true taxable income" of the controlled taxpayer. Similarly, the 2010 Guidelines state that the arm's length standard which flows from recognizing the separate entity status of related entities in different jurisdictions has the dual objective of securing an appropriate tax base in each jurisdiction and avoiding double taxation. Since many U.S. trading partners follow the OECD Guidelines (and to a certain extent the United States also does) similarities and differences between the OECD Guidelines and the U.S. regulations are important.


The intrinsic structural and electronic properties of a surface are important for any further study or application of the material, especially when a high surface‐to‐volume ratio is obtained or the surface gets functionalized, as e.g. during growth. Due to increasing material quality over recent years, the first experimental results are now available for the non‐polar group‐III nitride semiconductor surface, which can be compared with previously reported theoretical calculations. While the reports on AlN and InN surfaces are still small in number, for GaN quite a lot of experimental results on the non‐polar surfaces were published on the intrinsic geometric and electronic properties, the defects, the decomposition, and the effect of impurities. Furthermore, the growth on non‐polar group‐III nitride surfaces is a new concept to reduce undesirable piezoelectric polarization in heterostructures and the side walls of wurtzite‐structured nano‐wires are formed mostly by non‐polar facets. Hence, we review the existing intrinsic structural and electronic properties of non‐polar surfaces of group‐III nitride semiconductors in this contribution.


Purpose – Malaysia, which is in an intermediary phase of development and industrialization, has experienced various magnitudes of disasters ranging from biological, structural collapse, fires and explosions, landslides to meteorological incidents. The first major disaster that could be linked with the development of the country was the collapse of a four‐storey building in 1968. This article describes how, by applying a grounded theory approach, examination and analysis of archival data were conducted to identify the phases and latent errors of this landmark disaster.Design/methodology/approach – Grounded theory approach was utilized to develop a substantive theory of socio‐technical disaster preconditions.Findings – Data indicated that the disaster had developed in phases as found by other disaster scholars. Regulatory failures were found to be one of the main causes of the disaster. The disaster appeared to be an inevitable consequence of the inability of the laws and regulations to keep in tandem with ...


Infectious mononucleosis is caused by Epstein-Barr virus, which infects more than 98% of the world's adult population. Approximately 90% of adults become antibody-positive before the age of 30. The ages of 15-24 years are the most likely time for the onset of symptoms. We report the case of a 13-year-old girl who came to our emergency department for bilateral erythematous-poltaceous tonsillitis complicated by dysphagia and dyspnea. She had a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. For some hours the young woman presented an inconsistency between a marked respiratory distress and the patency of her upper airways. Finally the clinical picture fell suddenly, requiring an emergency tracheotomy to ensure a patent airway. In the following days a diagnosis of a left parapharyngeal abscess was reached. A tonsillectomy with drainage of the parapharyngeal abscess was required. It is well known that infectious mononucleosis is typically a silent infection. We describe the case of a girl who risked losing her life due to aggressive infectious mononucleosis, and how we treated her. Such a complicated case has never been described in Literature.


Previous research in Mashhad collection chickpeas (MCC) has shown that there are some cold tolerant genotypes for fall planting in the highlands. To obtain more detailed information about the reaction of these genotypes to fall and spring planting, the yield and yield component responses of 33 chickpea genotypes (32 cold tolerant genotypes and one susceptible genotypes) to four planting dates (28 Sep., 16 Oct., 2 Nov., and 7 Mar.) were evaluated in 2000-2001 growing season. The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of college of agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad as a split plot design with two replications. The planting dates were imposed as main plot and chickpea genotypes as subplot. Effects of planting date and genotype on percent of plant survival (PPS) after winter, number. of pod per plant, 100 seed weight, yield and Harvest Index (HI) were significant (p<0/05). In the third planting PPS was more than the two previous plantings and in 84% of cold tolerant genotypes were more than 95%, also susceptible genotype had the lowest PPS (41.7%). Averaged over genotypes and fall planting, number of pod per plant, 100 seed weight, yield and HI were 10.5, 1.2, 62.4 and 2.4 times more than spring planting, respectively. Among the fall planting treatments, no. of Pod per plant and seed yield in first planting were 1.8 and 2.1 times more than the third planting, respectively. No. of Pod per plant in all cold tolerant genotypes was more than susceptible genotype (with the exception MCC 202). MCC 426 had the highest 100 seed weight. MCC 83 and MCC 505 (susceptible) had the highest and lowest seed yield, respectively (98.1 and 10.7 gr/m2). Effects of planting date x genotypes on number of pod per plant, 100 seed weight and seed yield were significant (p<0/05). MCC 476 in first planting (with 41.9 pods per plant) and MCC 458, 496 and 283 in the fourth planting (without any pod) had the highest and the lowest pod per plant, respectively. The greatest 100 seed weight was observed in MCC 426 in the second planting (36/0 g) but the smallest seed belong to the MCC 332 in the first planting (6.7 g). MCC 476 in the first planting (with 188.7 gm-2) and MCC 283, 458 and MCC 496 in the fourth planting (without any seed) have had the most and the least yield, respectively. With due attention to the final goal from introduction of fall planting chickpea in the highlands (increasing the yield and productivity), it is necessary that growth and yield of these genotypes be evaluated in the replicated experiments in other areas.


In this paper, an experimental study of DC hollow cathode glow discharge plasma at different nitrogen pressures ranged from (0.065 to 0.75Torr) has been proposed. Investigated was carried out under the influence of the hollow cathode geometry such as diameter and depth of hollow cathode on the breakdown voltage of the nitrogen gas, the discharge system consists of two electrodes, the cathode forms various geometrical shapes and anode as a disc- shaped with diameter (8.8cm). The electrodes are enclosed in a large cylindrical glass chamber of pyrex filled with nitrogen gas. Three important physical parameters affecting the condition of the discharge are the gas pressure, constant inter-electrode distance and the cathode geometry. We used the hollow cathode with geometric shapes such as Cylindrical, conical, oppressive and variable dimensions. The cylindrical and conical shapes have inner diameters (3 & 6) cm and repressive shapes have inner diameter (1 & 2) cm. The breakdown voltage Vb is shown to depend on the product (p.d), for lower values of pressure, p or gap, d. This work represents the investigation of the dependence of the breakdown voltage on the gas pressure and on the distance between electrodes and the cathode geometry. The minimum value of breakdown voltage increases with increases gap d or increase the diameter of the hollow cathode with the length of the cavity is fixed.


Zhang Henshui's novels have not only prolonged artistic charm but active social value. The social value of Zhang Henshui's novels chiefly reflects the awakening of "human" consciousness, exposes boldly the social evils, carries on active propaganda to resist Japanese aggression and save the country, and so forth. These are Zhang Henshui's important contributions to push forward Chinese modern social change and safeguard the national dignity.


An investigation of the hoverfly fauna of the Dutch Frisian islands was carried out between 1967 and 1983. A total number of 110 species has been found. For each species the earlier records from the literature are listed and new localities given together with the total number of specimens collected. A comparison is made with earlier investigations of the hoverfly fauna in dune areas in the Netherlands and with comparable surveys in Denmark and northern Germany (SchleswigHolstein).


This research focuses on the housing needs of Indigenous women and children who
are severely over-represented in rates of both homelessness and domestic and
family violence (DFV).


Abstract. Complex wave retrieval (CWR) from an off-axis digital Fresnel hologram proposed by Liebling et al. is a single-exposure scheme in which a non-linear holographic process is modeled using simultaneous linear equations. This linear model fits well into the compressive sensing (CS) framework. We propose a method in which the CS is applied to a CWR method with Fresnelet sparsification. This approach compensates for the noise in the retrieved Fresnel field that is aroused due to the linear modeling approximations involved in the reconstruction process. As a result, a superior intensity and phase reconstruction were obtained by this method. Four methods including the direct CWR (conventional) method, compressive CWR method without sparsification, compressive CWR method with Haar wavelet, and compressive CWR method were compared with Fresnelet sparsification. The simulation and the optical experimental results converge to the same conclusion: the Fresnelet sparsified case is the best choice for quantitative phase imaging using compressive off-axis digital Fresnel holography.


The work of Barnes and his associates suggested a possible new approach to the treatment of leukemia. In order to translate their experimental work on the mouse to man, at least two things are necessary: first, an adequate, readily available source of transplantable human bone marrow of a type which will take in the irradiated recipient; second, a source of radiation which will insure a total-body dose of radiation as nearly uniform as possible. A perusal of the available sources of radiation in the northeastern section of the country failed to disclose any available sources that would give a fairly uniform dosage distribution throughout the human body. Consultation with Dr. John Trump of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dr. Dale Trout of the General Electric Company, and Mr. Donald Green of Picker X-ray led to the conclusion that optimum distribution could be obtained only by using two sources of radiation at an angle of 180° to each other. The consultants unanimously agreed that cobalt 60 woul...


The paper is intended to study the relationship between the fiscal decentralization in Bulgaria and the current financial position of local governments. The main purpose is to present the status, tendencies, and fundamental problems of the municipal budgets as a base for further analysis, conclusions, Assessments, and recommendations.


At the close of the First World War, the British government continued to examine how to defend an empire that spanned the globe. This challenge was compounded by a number of debt-conscious members of the House of Commons and post-war governments who were eager to reduce defence spending. Thus the challenge for the Royal Navy and their parliamentary supporters was how to successfully sell a scheme explaining that the establishment of a naval base in Singapore combined both fiscal responsibilities with realistic strategic planning.


The recognition of color is a significant part in human's cognition and experience.People's vision and sensibility,in a degree,will react to color,conferring pragmatic meaning on color,and meanwhile conferring other hidden meaning about color.Therefore,in language,there appear many metaphors about color.Because of cultural background diversity,cultural meaning of color terms in different languages differ from each another,so the analysis on the cultural connotation of color terms and the analysis on the symbolic meaning of color terms are of great help for foreign language learners to know the cultural background which a language belong to,which,in turn,helps improve the language proficiency and achieve the goal of well communication.


BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Early Crohn's disease (CD) treatment involves anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents, while ileocecal resection (ICR) is reserved for complicated CD or treatment failure. We aimed to compare long-term outcomes of primary ICR and anti-TNF therapy for ileocecal CD.

METHODS
Using cross-linked nationwide registers, we identified all individuals diagnosed with ileal or ileocecal CD between 2003 and 2018, treated with ICR or anti-TNF agents within one year of diagnosis. The primary outcome was a composite of one or more of the following: CD-related hospitalization, systemic corticosteroid exposure, CD-related surgery, and perianal CD. We conducted adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analyses and determined cumulative risk of different treatments following primary ICR or anti-TNF therapy.

RESULTS
Of 16,443 individuals diagnosed with CD, 1,279 individuals fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Of these, 45.4% and 54.6% of individuals underwent ICR and received anti-TNF, respectively. The composite outcome occurred in 273 individuals (IR 110/1000 person years (PY)) in the ICR group and in 318 individuals (IR 202/1000 PY) in the anti-TNF group. The risk of the composite outcome was 33% lower with ICR, compared to anti-TNF (aHR 0.67; 95% CI 0.54, 0.83). ICR was associated with reduced risk of systemic corticosteroid exposure and CD-related surgery, but not other secondary outcomes. The proportion of individuals on IMM, anti-TNF, who underwent subsequent resection, or on no therapy 5 years post-ICR was 46.3%, 16.8%, 1.8%, and 49.7%, respectively.

CONCLUSION
These data suggest that ICR may have a role as first-line therapy in CD management and challenge the current paradigm of reserving surgery for complicated CD refractory or intolerant to medications. Yet, given inherent biases associated with observational data, our findings should be interpreted and applied cautiously in clinical decision-making.


High temperature superconducting stacks of tapes can also trap high magnetic fields which makes them a promising candidate for a multitude of electrical applications. In this paper, we aim to replace the traditional permanent magnet in linear synchronous motors by magnetized tape stacks. To study the characteristics of how traveling magnetic fields cause trapped fields to decay, stacked tape configurations comprised of two parallel columns were assembled, tested, and modeled computationally. The decay characteristics of the trapped magnetic field at different stator current amplitudes and different frequencies were measured by a homemade measurement system. A two-dimensional model including stator and stacks of YBCO coated conductors was constructed to investigate the related electromagnetic properties. The mechanisms linking the magnetic ac losses to the trapped magnetic field decay is discussed. Lastly, we present three effective methods to reduce trapped field decay which include: placing superconducting shielding layers at the sides; inserting Permalloy pieces in between; and increasing the number of stacked layers.


This thesis deals with systems integration at four levels. The systems integration is a complicated process which it usually do a system integrator. It is not just about the systems for business applications and administrative process but it also includes systems for manufacturing, distribution and communication. Each level is characterized by specific requirements.


in AD1824—1925 tree rings of a white spruce, growing at the Mackenzie Delta(68°N,130°W) in Canada. The results are listed in Table 1.


This paper presents an automated irrigation system for strawberry crops, which the main goal is to keep soil moisture in a suitable range by making efficient use of energy and water resources. A Constrained Matricial Predictive Controller- CMPC was used because it allows projecting the behavior of moisture through a prediction horizon, estimating the perturbations and responding appropriately to them. To feed the model, evapotranspiration data from the climatological station of RAMPA research group were systematized for three years. The solution was evaluated on four scenarios with different evapotranspiration curves. The key advantage of the proposed controller is the possibility to get the minimum amount of energy and water resources necessary to achieve the control objective using an optimization scheme. The results show that the proposed controller obtains a better performance with respect to reference PID controller, widely used in this kind of applications.


This article centers on cultures of anxiety and threat across the Pacific. Threat is an especially useful category for writing about a "rising" China, which is often imagined both as a site of localized environmental ruination that prefigures imminent global collapse and as a source of contamination that easily crosses national borders. Particularly in the global North, China has become a focal point for ecoanxieties that are shadowed by longer histories of perceived racial and cultural threat. This article confronts the idea of China as threat by investigating representational cultures across the Pacific. It focuses on a series of recent events mediated through textual and visual forms that unfold as a contemporary ethical drama between species—the human and the pig: the 2009 swine flu pandemic, a 2013 episode in which thousands of pig carcasses were found floating in Shanghai's Huangpu River, and the 2013 purchase of Smithfield Foods, one of America's biggest pork producers, by the Chinese conglomerate Shuanghui. To understand the movement between the representation of threat and the violent responses that flare up in its wake, one must pay attention not only to quantifiable risks but also to the cultural forms that characterize anxiety in the Anthropocene. Ultimately, what is at stake is not just geopolitical relations or public health but also the lives and deaths of the animals that are so often slaughtered to protect humans.


PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method of forming an aerobic granule by which the granule is stably formed by a continuous water passing system under an aerobic condition. SOLUTION: The method of forming the aerobic granule is carried out by continuously introducing raw water containing organic materials into a reactor to bring the raw water into contact with microorganisms to granulate the microorganisms into the granule under the aerobic condition in the coexistence of nitrification bacteria. COPYRIGHT: (C)2009,JPO&INPIT


Understanding and controlling the optical and electrical properties of the solar cells, from the absorber layer to the complete devices, is one of the key elements for engineering high-efficiency devices. Such an understanding, especially the correlation between device performance and optical-structural-morphological properties of film stack, is still lacking in the field of cadmium selenide/telluride alloy-based solar cells. Here, we report confocal Raman and photoluminescence microscopy study results obtained through exciting both film and glass sides of cadmium selenide and cadmium telluride bilayer device stacks treated with cadmium chloride. We show that the device stack, especially the glass side, losses significant charge carries to the recombination arising from uniformity issues related to material composition, energetics, and defects. Furthermore, there is a high energy tail emission peak originating from CdTe, and CdSe can suppress it significantly under $\mathbf{CdCl}_{2}$ treatment.


Hydration of cement is very important to be estimated, since there are a great relation of hydration with the properties of hardened cement paste. Limited information available about the rate of hydration of cement containing silica fume with low water to cement ratio. In this investigation strength development of cement paste with and without silica fume described using gel-to-space ratio concept. Twenty seven mixes of cement paste were prepared with low water-to-cement ratios ranging from 0.23 to 0.35 and different silica fume contents (0, 5, 10, 15, 20) % by weight of the binder. The mixtures were maintained at different curing temperatures (10, 20, and 40 ) oC . Non-evaporable water considered as combined water and compressive strength were determined at different stages of hydration. A best fit power equation used to describe the relationship. Index Term-Degree of hydration, compressive strength, silica fume cement system.


In view of the possibility of obtaining cadmium deposits with higher corrosion resistance at cent percent cathode efficiency from perchlorate baths than from cyanide ones, the corrosion behaviour of cadmium electrodeposited on cold rolled steel from both the baths was investigated by the galvanostatic polarisation technique. The corrosion currents calculated from the current-potential plots were found to be considerably lower in the case of deposits from the perchlorate solution


Located in the northwest of the Lake Van basin, the city of Malazgirt was an important area of the kingdom of Urartu from its earliest period due to its stra- tegic location. Inscriptions of king Minua (810–785/80 BCE) mention important construction projects, including fortresses, temples, and irrigation canals, in and around Malazgirt. This article deals with the Urartian presence in Malazgirt, presents new Urartian inscriptions, and considers their significance for historical geography. Particularly important is the Leter stele, which informs us of the correct reading of the name of the irrigation canal built by King Minua—Mezaiani, the antecedent form of Malazgirt. Another stele documents the agricultural activities of King Argišti (780–756 BCE).


In the operation of a printing press, color control depends very much on the operator's skill and experience. However, with the development of the color control system by color scale, the conventional operator's skill is being replaced by numerical evaluation of color quality, and productivity is greatly enhanced. Recently, it has been attempted to measure the whole print image and develop a color control system for the next generation based on a new concept of controlling the print color tone. This system guarantees the quality of the image of the merchandise, and presents a new solution for digital system of print work flow that is rapidly advancing in the directions of print standardization and color management.


There is considerable debate around modes of professionalization for the research computing and data (RCD) community. In 2018, credentialing was recommended around three roles (systems facing, software facing, and researcher facing). Reviewing the experience in the profession since 2018 and with new survey data collected in 2022, we provide an expanded set of findings and recommendations addressing career paths, inclusion, professional networks, burnout, community building, and other challenges facing research computing and data professionals. Although there is support for this broader view of professionalization via a professional society, there is also variation in views across the many types of RCD professionals with regard to the desired function of such a society.


The emerging field of Quantum Computing is still in its infancy stage. Much research has been done to develop application specific quantum gates for combinational and arithmetic logic. Still, there are shortcomings in this inventory of designs. In this paper, a Toffoli representation is provided for quantum implementation in both simulation as well as execution on an IBM quantum computer. Quantum metrics are provided for analysis of the proposed quantum gate design. The work presented here is an attempt to fill a single deficiency in this repertoire with the proposal of a Four Bit, One's Complement, Quantum Gate (OCQG-4B). This quantum gate design is both novel and reversible.


Blacklists (BLs), also called domain name system-based blackhole list (DNSBLs) are the databases of known internet addresses used by the spammers to send out the spam mails. Mail servers use these lists to filter out the e-mails coming from different spam sources. In contrary, Whitelists (WLs) are the explicit list of senders from whom e-mail can be accepted or delivered. Mail transport agent (MTA) is usually configured to reject, challenge or flag the messages which have been sent from the sources listed on one or more DNSBLs and to allow the messages from the sources listed on the WLs. In this paper, we are demonstrating how the bandwidth (the overall requests and responses that need to go over the network) performance is improved by using local caches for BLs and WLs. The actual sender's IP addresses are extracted from the e-mail log. These are then compared with the list in the local caches to find out if they should be accepted or not, before they are checked against the global DNSBLs by running 'DNSBL queries' (if required). Around three quarters of the e-mail sources have been observed to be filtered locally through caches with this method. Provision of local control over the lists and lower search (filtering) time are the other related benefits.


ABSTRACT Using in-depth face-to-face interviews, this study explored 34 homeless shelter workers' perceptions of homelessness and working with the homeless. We asked the following questions: 1) What were the barriers that homeless shelter residents faced in combating homelessness, from the perspective of the homeless shelter workers? 2) What were the challenges that homeless shelter workers encountered in working with this at-risk population? Our findings shared the realities that the homeless population faced from the lens of shelter workers with different job responsibilities (ranging from customer service workers to case managers, program directors/coordinators, and shelter administrators). Overall, we found that working with the homeless community could present a challenge for shelter workers given the limited availability of funding, discrepancies in agreement of solutions, the lack of qualified helping professionals, the limits of service coordination, preconceived judgment/prejudice from the public, and a series of obstacles that the homeless population faces including barriers to accessing services, employability, personal hardship, and social stigma.


In this paper we present the bimodal-tram simulator using CAN communication. The Bimodal tram is developed in KRRI (Korea Railroad Research Institute). The Bimodal tram has the advantages of both bus and train. The vehicle can be automatically operated by navigation control system (NCS). For the automatic driving, the vehicle lanes will be marked with permanent magnets that are buried in the road. The control algorithm developed for navigation control has to be tested before being applied in the vehicle. In this purpose, we design the simulator for controller test of the bimodal-tram.


Earlier studies of the scattering of radio wave by ionospheric irregularities are almost exclusively concerned with random or turbulent irregularities with averaged smooth spectra. However, the scattering by wavelike irregularities, whose wavelengths are of the order of the radio wavelength, is another important subject which has escaped the attention of most ionospheric radio workers. This is especially important when the direct (not statistical) property of the scattering is concerned, such as the individual sporadic-E traces on sonograms. The purpose of the present paper is to study the physical mechanism of resonant scattering by wavelike irregularities; the practical importance of the scattering by such wavelike irregularities will be discussed in the following papers in connection with the partial transparency of the radio echoes scattered from the ionosphere including sporadic-E irregularities.


Defense plan strategies are designed to avoid major blackout in electrical power systems and to keep frequency and voltage of the system within the acceptable limits. In some cases, islanding occurs as a result of lines cascading tripping, which leads to an over frequency situation in excess generation areas. This paper introduces a control strategy to maintain the frequency of the system within the generation protection limits in the excess generation islands. This strategy adopts intentional time delay coordination for generators tripping time. A number of appropriate generators can be tripped to decrease the frequency of the islands. A partial blackout in the western area of Libyan network is taken as a real case study. NEPLAN program is used in this study to reconstruct the incident and evaluate the performance of the new strategy.


Recently, the use of object proposals has been much introduced in the field of salient object segmentation methods. Object proposal methods provide a limited set of proposals per image which can successively be analyzed on their saliency. In this context, we regard saliency map computation as a regression problem and we used object proposals (selective search) to compute the saliency map. Our method based on low-level features combined with a random forest classifier a saliency classifier is trained. In term of F-measue our approach outperform state of the art results on two datasets.


Stiehm, in articles from 1985 1 and 1996, 2 raised an alarm that there were so few National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants awarded to Departments of Pediatrics that medical students could easily complete their training without having contact with a single NIH― funded pediatrician scientist. He showed that successful NIH funding of pediatrician scientists depended on a number of variables, but that most NIH grants were held in a limited number of Departments of Pediatrics. In his 1996 report, 2 Stiehm demonstrated that NIH funding had increased in the decade since his initial study in 1985, 1 Current information from the NIH web site (available at http://www.nih.gov/grants/award/trends94/ and http://silk.nih.gov/public/cbz2sn3; accessed July 20 and July 7, 1997, respectively) shows a slight increase in research dollars compared with that reported by Stiehm (1996), but a relatively stable share of NIH funding for Departments of Pediatrics. However, what is even more concerning is that it may be difficult for Departments of Pediatrics to maintain, let alone improve, their current level of NIH funding due to limited support for training of pediatrician researchers.


Combining findings on evolution, maturation, socialization, and culture, Konner offers a broad-based explanation of how biology underlies "normally developing social behavior." Combining findings on evolution, maturation, socialization, and culture, Konner offers a broad-based explanation of how biology underlies "normally developing social behavior."


Mostly, natural protected areas in Serbia are classified in category of (so-called) special purpose (intended) areas and allocated in less developed, depopulated, poverty regions, which are unable for sustainable development. Relatively isolated allocation of these areas, caused migration process in previous period resulting with current problems, such as low density of population (depopulation) and low level of economic development (depressed regions and areas). So far, interests (needs) and rights of local communities for development and investment were seriously jeopardized by rules of natural protection. In that order, reform of whole system of planning (from defining goals and objectives to management strategies, rules, and principles for implementation) based on rules and principles of sustainable development is necessary. Researching influences of economic politics and instruments in order of development and reaching protection aims is particularly important field of future researches. Active participation of local authorities in elaboration of development plans and providing funds with authorities and institutions responsible for managing protected areas is start point for increasing incomes in key sectors, activating produce of goods, tourism and services. So far restrictive approach, so-called "defensive approach" in managing of natural protected area has to be reformed, as basis for new challenges in managing. Defining new priority activities, producing standards and services which are pursuant with rules of protection and rights and interests of local communities are one of the most important activities in that order. Without active participation and negotiation with all actors in process of plans and programs elaboration, as well in creation of several politics from local to national level, is not possible efficient reform of planning practice. This article analyzes current practice and approaches in managing of natural protected areas in order of intention for intensification protection on one side, and investments and development in protected areas, on other side.


AIM: To observe the effect of antibiotic treatment on the inflammatory mediator expression in peritoneum and the peritoneal transport function in rats with acute peritonitis, and explore its mechanisms. METHODS: Eighty-six SD rats were randomly divided into three groups. Control group (n=28) were treated with PBS (ip), peritonitis group (n=28) and treatment group (n=28) were challenged with the E.coli (ip), but at 3 h and 9 h gentamicin was given (ip) in treatment group. Seven rats of every group were randomly sacrificed at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 7 d. Peritoneal equilibration test (PET) was did before they were killed. Leukocyte count, pathological changes and the expression of CD45, NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α in peritoneum were examined. RESULTS: (1)The blood leukocytes in peritonitis group decreased strikingly, but did not change obviously in other two groups. The peritoneal fluid leukocytes in peritonitis group increased significantly from 24 h to 72 h, while in treatment group, it enhanced more strikingly than peritonitis group at 24 h, and recovered earlier. (2) Both in peritonitis group and treatment group, the expression of activated NF-κB, IL-1β, TNF-α and CD45 increased significantly, but the treatment group was lower than model group at 48 h and 72 h. The mRNA level of IL-1β and TNF-α had the same trend as their protein expression. (3) Compared with the control group, UF and D/D_0 Glu decreased significantly in model group and treatment group, and D/PTP increased dramatically. The D/P TP in treatment group lowered obviously compared with peritonitis group, while the net UF and D/D_0 Glu had not significant difference between treatment group and model group. CONCLUSION: Antibiotic treatment can partly decrease the expression of inflammatory mediators in peritoneum of rats with acute peritonitis and also can improve the protein transport ability to some extent, but can not improve the peritoneal ultrafiltration and the glucose transport function.


A management research project submitted in partial fulfillment for the
requirements of an award in Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree;
School of Business, University of Nairobi.


As the core monitoring system of AP1000, BEACON always uses a full-core nodal model for core monitoring based on the ANC-NEM nodal model. The theory behind the nodal expansion method is discussed, and the application of the method in BEACON is described. Finally, an ANC-NEM calculation simulation is proposed.


Statistical analysis of longitudinal data is required in a number of applied fields including econometrics, epidemiology, psychology, and public health. In these studies, one may be interested in some events, and subjects could experience the event of interest multiple times. One type of these studies monitors study subjects continuously and thus produces recurrent event data, which record the times of all occurrences of events. In the other type, study subjects are observed only at discrete time points, and only the numbers of occurrences of the events between observation times are known, resulting in so-called panel count data. For the analysis of panel count data, most of the existing approaches assume that the observation and longitudinal response processes are independent and therefore rely on the conditional inference procedures given the observation times. In practice, however, this assumption may not be true. The first part of this dissertation will consider regression analysis of panel count data with dependent observation times. We introduce viii a class of semiparametric models to characterize the possible correlation between the observation and response processes. The inference procedures are proposed based on estimating equations, and the asymptotic distributions of the resulting estimates are established. Some results from simulation studies are presented, and the method is applied to a bladder cancer study. In the second part of this dissertation, we will focus on regression analysis of multivariate panel count data. In many applications, several recurrent event processes may be correlated, and appropriate dependence structures are difficult to accommodate. We present a class of marginal mean models that leave the dependence structures for the related types of recurrent events completely unspecified. Some estimating equations are developed for inference, and the resulting estimates of regression parameters are consistent and asymptotically normal. Simulation studies are conducted for practical situations, and the methodology is applied to a psoriatic arthritis study. The last part of the dissertation considers the same problem studied in the first part and provides an approach that allows both observation and follow-up times to be correlated with the recurrent events of interest. Many researchers have developed the methods which assume that the follow-up time is noninformative, but this assumption may be violated in some clinical trials when the drop-out time is informative. We propose some shared frailty models that allow potential dependence among the response process, the observation process and the follow-up process. Estimating equations and an EM algorithm are developed for estimation of regression parameters. The proposed estimates are consistent and have asymptotically a normal distribution. Their finite sample properties are evaluated through simulation, and the method is used to reanalyze the data from the bladder cancer study.


This article describes a simple method, how to enhance human-to-computer communication using a tool, which is very natural to everybody – human hands. We are trying to create a system allowing the user to work intuitively and without unnecessary hassle. Such systems were traditionaly built with expensive hardware and special software. We are going the different way – commodity hardware and a bit of software "cheating". But nevertheless, the results are comparable.


of the director, who is vice-director of the Russian prison system, a soeiolo' gist, a psychologist, a psychiatrist, and a penologist. Instead of the typical guards, internes are employed. Most of these internes are women who have finished their university training and have specialized in the mental and the social sciences. They are under the general direction of a woman psychologist. Every prisoner is under the direct observation of an interne who prepares da,ily reports, which, together with data secured in special studies, are presented at staff meetings and used for purposes of treatment. The internes are also the teachers and the leaders of study circles among the prisoners. A couple of years ago, there were about 180 prisoners housed in this clinic, half of them sentenced for murder.


This paper analyses stark splittings of Nd3+ in glasses. The experimental method of determining fluorescence levels is described and the experimental results of stark splittings of the metastable states and ground states for four types of Nd3+-doped silicate glasses are given. In addition, the radiative and non-radiative transition rate of the 4F3/2 state, the stimmulative emission cross-section a, the radiative quntum efficiency η, the fluorescence branching ratio β and the lifetime τ are also determined experimentally for thirteen types of Nd-doped glasses with different compositions. On the basis of experimental results, the relation between non-radiative transition rate and compositions of the hosts is discussed.


Integral membrane proteins (IMPs) play a critical role in regulating various cellular processes, including intercellular communication, vesicle trafficking, ion transport, protein translocation/integration, and the propagation of signaling cascades. However, the IMP analysis presents great challenge due to the hydrophobic nature. Recently, much attention has been paid to the solubilization of IMPs by chaotropes, detergents, organic solvents, and organic acid. Besides, the separation of hydrophobic peptide also has significant impact on the identification of IMPs. However, the in-depth study on this aspect has rarely been reported.

In our recent work, membrane proteins from rat hippocampus were first solubilized by ionic liquids based protocol [1]. Then, to decrease the complexity of membrane protein digests, the prefractionation of peptides was performed during desalting. Finally, the effect of alkyl chain length of stationary phase on the separation of IMP digests was studied by μRPLC-ESI-MS/MS. In duplicate runs, in total, 536 and 703 peptides, corresponding to 301 and 398 proteins (FDR <5% at peptide level), were identified with protein digests separated by C18 and C8, respectively. For hydrophobic peptides and IMPs, the identified number obtained by C8 column was improved by 29.3% and 20.3%, respectively, compared with that obtained with C18 stationary phase. All these results indicate that C8 reverse-phase stationary phase is preferred for the large scale membrane proteome study


A three-dimensional fluid flow model for a self-rotating twisted-tape-inserted tube was presented.The RNG k-e turbulent model was used to simulate the fluid flow and heat transfer in the self-rotating twisted-tape-inserted tube.The characteristics of fluid flow and heat transfer in the self-rotating twisted-tape-inserted tube were determined.Numerical simulation results showed that the fluid flow was a complex three-dimensional helix flow in the self-rotating twisted-tape-inserted tube.Axial velocity was higher in the annular area near the tube wall than that in the smooth tube; the tangential velocity in the diameter area corresponding to the width of twisted tape increased with the radius.The tangential motion in the annular area between the twisted tape and tube wall was obvious, but the tangential velocity decreased with the radius. However, the tangential motion of the fluid in the smooth tube was only stochastic, and the tangential velocity was smaller by two orders of magnitude.The radial velocity and turbulence intensity were also larger than those in the smooth tube.Due to increase of the axial velocity,tangential velocity,radial velocity and turbulence intensity, the convection heat transfer of the fluid wasstrengthened and the surface heat transfer coefficient for the self-rotating twisted-tape-inserted tube was larger than that of the smooth tube.In addition, numerical simulation results of the velocity field were compared with the experimental data measured by Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) system.The numerical simulation results showed reasonably good agreement with the experimental data.


Abstract It is a significant challenge to fabricate functional stretchable electronics by directly printing Ga-based liquid metals (GLMs) due to their high surface tension. In this study, a coprint...


Pest biological control is playing a big role in pest ecological control. Its status and prospects as well as its superiority and feasibility have been acknowledged for a long time. But as research on pest ecological control is developing to a new scientific and technological level, the importance of biological control is further emphasized. This paper analyzes the major role of biological control in pest ecological control and introduces the present progress of molecular biotechnology that will help biological control develop quickly.


Download time has been recognized as one of the most important technological impediments to electronic commerce (EC). Unfortunately, the exact consequences of this impediment are currently ill-defined. The goal of this study is to extend the work of Rose (2000) and Rose and Straub (1999) to examine how the capabilities of technological delivery impacts the success or failure of EC initiatives. Using theories from marketing and the systems response time literature, it is hypothesized that download delay in an e-Service retailer's Web application has a negative impact on consumer attitude toward that Web retailer. Counter to anecdotal evidence in the press and our theoretical arguments, results from a laboratory experiment do not support this stance. Interpretations of this outcome, new research directions to tease out a deeper explanation, and managerial implications are discussed.


One of the main problems facing users of high speed imagers is the difficulty of storing the large volume of generated data. Silicon Mountain Design (SMD) has designed a 1000 frame per second digital camera, the Mach-1, which alleviates this problem by storing 1000 frames in its on board memory. SMD's software then allows the user to view the data set, or a subset and save the desired information to the storage media of choice. The unique design and interline transfer architecture of SMD's imager gives this camera high sensitivity, excellent red response, and eliminates the image smearing common in other high speed cameras. The Mach-1's output has 10 bits of dynamic range and uses innovative electronics to achieve less than 1 bit of rms noise, all without the need for active cooling. The frame rate is adjustable from 1000 FPS down to 62.5 FPS by factors of 2 and electronic shuttering is offered down to 10 microseconds. Electronic shuttering results in crisp images of rapidly moving objects without the need for inefficient LCD shutters. The Mach-1 also has the capability of synchronizing multiple cameras which allows for stereo imaging and other multiple viewpoint applications. The Mach-1 has been used to enhance the performance of weapons delivery systems and also for 3 dimensional medical imaging. A brief technical overview of the camera and its performance are presented in this paper.


The human rectal adenocarcinoma cell line(HR8348)was treated withlympholdne activated killer(LAK)cells in vitro and the changes of the microtubulin inboth the effector and target cells were investigated with the aid of immunofluorescencemicroscopy.It was revealed that after the attachment of LAK cells to the tumor cells,theeffector-target conjugates formed and distribution of the microtubulin in both the effectorand target cells changed.In the LAK cells,the microtubulin concentrated mainly in thecontact region,forming a crescent-like structure,while in the target cells,themicrotubulin condensed into patches and fused with the crescent-like structure of the LAKcells,Eventually,the target cells degenerated and died.It was suggested that the lysis ofthe target cells may be related to the redistribution of the microtubulin in both theeffector and target cells.


Objection:To observe the effects of Bushen prescription on plasma endothelin and calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) in rats with pressure overload.Methods:Sixty male SD mice were randomly divided into 5 groups:sham group,model group,captopril group,high-dose Bushen prescription group and low-dose Bushen prescription group,with 12 mice in each group.Left ventricular mass index(LVMI),left ventricular myocardium HE staining,plasma endothelin(ET) and calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP) were measured in each group.Results:Compared with sham group,the LVMI,ET of model group increased but CGRP decreased.After treatment,ET decreased(P 0.05) but CGRP increased markedly(P0.05).Plasma ET/CGRP ratio was less than 1 in sham group obviously,that close to 1 in model group and obviously less than 1 in captopril group,high-dose and low-dose Bushen prescription.This tendency of changes positively related to LVH.Conclusion:Bushen prescription can protect myocardial cells of left ventricular hypertrophy caused by pressure overload through decreasing ET and increasing CGRP,and its effect is similar to captopril.


Thromb Haemost 1998; 79: 447–9 normal at the second one. This leads to the disappearance of the group of patients with type II PS deficiency. In these patients, the ACV test results were strongly decreased confirming that all patients carrying the V Leiden in a heterozygous form had an ACV ratio <2.8 (2). Interestingly with the new generation PS assays, the 6 patients with the Heerlen polymorphism exhibited either normal PS values for one or more often type III phenotype. In this group the ACV test was less affected. In summary, the evolution of the assays has helped exclude interference with factor V Leiden leading to a decrease in the number of patients with type II deficiency. In this study, PS Heerlen polymorphism is primarily recognized by a type III deficiency. The ACV test deserves further investigation to clarify its help in the diagnosis of PC PS deficiency.


........................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................ iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. viii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... x List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1.0 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2.0 Review of Literature ................................................................................................. 3 2.1 Poultry Gut Health ..................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 The Gastrointestinal Tract ................................................................................. 3 18.104.22.168 The Digestive System ........................................................................... 3 126.96.36.199 Accessory Organs ................................................................................. 4 18.104.22.168 Microflora ............................................................................................. 5 220.127.116.11 Immune System ...................................................................................... 6 2.2 Clostridium perfringens ............................................................................................ 6 2.2.1 Epidemiology in Poultry Operations. .............................................................. 7 2.2.2 Growth Characteristics ..................................................................................... 8 2.2.3 Virulence Factors ............................................................................................. 9 2.2.4 Pathogenesis in Necrotic Enteritis ................................................................... 9 126.96.36.199 Alpha-toxin .......................................................................................... 9 22.214.171.124 NetB Toxin ........................................................................................ 11 2.3 Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry ................................................................................................. 11 2.3.1 History .......................................................................................................... 12 2.3.2 The Types and Clinical Signs ...................................................................... 12 2.3.3 Gross Lesions ................................................................................................ 13 2.3.4 Treatment and Prevention Through the Use of AGPs .................................. 15 2.4. Predisposing Factors: Controlling Necrotic Enteritis Post-Antibiotic Era ......................... 16


Attitude strength is a key characteristic of attitudes. Strong attitudes are durable and impactful, while weak attitudes are fluctuating and inconsequential. Recently, the causal attitude network (CAN) model was proposed as a comprehensive measurement model of attitudes, which conceptualizes attitudes as networks of causally connected evaluative reactions (i.e., beliefs, feelings, and behavior toward an attitude object). Here, we test the central postulate of the CAN model that highly connected attitude networks correspond to strong attitudes. We use data from the American National Election Studies 1980–2012 on attitudes toward presidential candidates (N = 18,795). We first show that political interest predicts connectivity of attitude networks toward presidential candidates. Second, we show that connectivity is strongly related to two defining features of strong attitudes—stability of the attitude and the attitude's impact on behavior. We conclude that network theory provides a promising framework to advance the understanding of attitude strength.


Method of communicating with a trigger device, including a control circuit and an RFID tag, the method characterized by comprising the step of using the RFID tag to read data in respect of at least the state of the detonator device being from the control circuit and to transmit information and commands to the control circuit, in which information and commands are selected at least one of the following: instructions to verify the functionality of the detonator; process calibration and adjustment of time-outs.


From the psychiatric point of view the major objection to accepting the diagnosis is the length (if the final illness, 181o—182o. The authors attempt to avoid this difficulty by suggesting that this last phase was due to †̃¿ senility'. If that were so, one would not have expected the king to have lived for as long as he did. Historical diagnosis is a diverting game which we must all be allowed to indulge in from time to time. However, it is an essentially trivial matter which is usually impossible to resolve. Much more serious are the underlying assumptions which run through this book. The first concerns the supposed culpability of psychiatric patients. We are asked to believe that if a patient is diagnosed as suffering from an unexplained illness such as manic-depressive psychosis or from a neurotic disorder he is being †̃¿ maligned', whereas if he is found to have a known biochemical disturbance he is †̃¿ not mad' and only the unfortunate object of an accident of heredity. The second assumption is that some lessons can be learnt from these diagnostic exercises. †̃¿ The royal malady' they tell us †̃¿ may perhaps again—as in i 788— serve psychiatry by indicating the direction of its future progress.' Brave words, but what do they really mean ? Should we be screening all our patients for porphyria ? Or should we be concentrating all our efforts into biochemic,l research? I have dealt at some length with the discussion of George III's diagnosis because this constitutes the main part of this book. However, the most interesting and least contentious chapters are those which deal with Georgian psychiatry, the political consequences of the king's madness and its impact on social policy. The excellence of this section makes it all the more regrettable that the authors ever took that course in biochemistry without tears.


Introduction: Justice is an important managerial issue which has received considerable attention world-wide. Over thirty years of research on justice in organizations indicate that individuals are highly sensitive to executing justice in allocation of complications, procedures under which the complications are allocated and behaviors that are conducted. Social capital is a modern concept that plays a more important role than that of physical and human in the organizations and societies. Nowadays, in sociology and economy it has received widespread attention in managements and organizations. In the absence of social capital, other organizational capitals will lose their effect and cannot be used optimally. Therefore, knowledge of the amount of social capital is important. This study aimed at studying the importance of organizational justice and its impact on the social capital of employees. Methods: A questionnaire comprising of two main sections was designed. Then, among 215 employees of medical department of Ayatollah Taleghani with Bachelor of Science, 95 individuals were selected randomly to fill out the questionnaire. After collecting the data, analysis was carried out by using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations coefficient and T test. Results and conclusion: The results indicated that there is a meaningful relationship among employees sensitivity to justice execution (procedural, distribution justice and organizational justice) and their social capital level. Also, there is a positive meaningful relationship between understanding distributive justice, procedural justice and creating trust in organization.


One of the most important strategies to achieve the objectives of sustainable development is to promote a coherent legal system in the European Union. The trends and priorities are mapped and monitored under the Programme of Action on the environment. The environmental Action Programmes are documents underpinning EU environmental policy. The first of these programs was adopted by the European Council in 1972 and was followed by five others. These action programs are actually a combination of medium-term programs, coupled with a strategic approach and is characterized by a vertical and sectoral environmental problems. Since 1973, the European Community action program in the field of environment have become an increasingly important role. The European Community Treaty of 1986 is the legal basis of EU environmental policy. The Article 174 outlines environmental policy objectives and defines its purpose - ensuring a high level of environmental protection taking into account the diversity of situations in different regions of the European Union. The underlying objectives of EU environmental policy, under Article 174, are: • the preserve, protect and improve the environment; • the protection of human health; • the rational use of natural resources; • a promoting measures at international level to treat regional environmental issues. The Article 175 identifies the appropriate legislative procedures to this end and establishes the decisionmaking in environmental policy. The Article 176 allows Member States to adopt and stricter standards if it is deemed important and if it is justified. The "Sustainable development" is mentioned early in Art. 2 of the Treaty of Amsterdam Treaty which underlies the formation of the European Community. The Article 6 promotes sustainable development as a cross-cutting policy of the European Union, highlighting the need to integrate environmental protection requirements into the definition and implementation of EU sectorial policies. The Article 95 of the Treaty of Amsterdam is the harmonization of legislation on health, environment and consumer protection in the Member States, while allowing the inclusion of national legal provisions in order to better protect the environment.


In many developing parts of the world, evidence on advance care planning (ACP) is either lacking or fragmented. Lack of streamlined means for ACP is known to lead to inconveniences for the clinicians as well as the patients and their families. This case report focuses on a young male diagnosed with metastatic osteosarcoma, who explicitly verbalised his wishes to be managed conservatively without involving invasive life-sustaining measures. However, the patient faced cardiopulmonary resuscitation before his demise against his wishes, which also contradicted with the medical point of view. Sri Lankan doctors face moral, ethical and legal dilemmas as they deal with terminally ill patients at the verge of their death due to the deficiencies in the medical and legislative frameworks in the country.


Size-fractionated particles were collected at campus site and mixed zone. Mercury extracted from size-fractionated particles by wet digestion and thermal decomposition was analized by cold vapor atomic absorption method. The volatile particulate mercury (VPM), reactive particulate mercury (RPM) and ~inert particulate mercury (IPM) were differentiated by two-steps-extraction. Results indicated that more than 90% of mercury in TSP in Zhabei district was in particles with a size less than 8 μm, while ~50%~ 60% was found in campus site. Particulate mercury in winter is clearly larger than that in other seasons, and IPM has the larger ratio in finer particles, which indicates that particulate mercury speciation is associated with its formation mechanism. No strong correlation of mercury concentration with ~ ~207 Pb/~ ~206 Pb, ~ ~208 Pb/~ ~206 Pb ratios is found, while ~ ~207 Pb/~ ~206 Pb and ~ ~208 Pb/~ ~206 Pb are relatively close to those of the particles ~exhausted from coal burning and soil, so it suggests that coal burning and suspended dust might be the ~important contributors. Preliminary anthropogenic emission inventory of atmospheric mercury suggests that coal burning might be the main sources.


Proper functioning of the start-up process in a micro jet engine is of great importance. This is due to the fact that the combustion chamber of such engine is so small and therefore, there is little time for fuel and air mixture to be present in the chamber. Hence, failed starts or repetitive attempts by the electric starter are very likely due to non-formation of the initial combustion. Also, the performance of the turbine start-up, impressively affects the limited life time of the micro jet engine. In this paper, an experimental study on the injection of compressed air during the start-up of a micro jet engine to improve its performance has been conducted. For this purpose, test components' layout and a monitoring system are designed. The allowable pressure of the air injection has been calculated using both the engine dynamic model and experimental tests. The simulation results have also been compared and validated with the experimental test results. Finally, several tests were conducted to study the injection process of the compressed air form which, several results have been deduced including the reduction of maximum exhaust gas temperature (EGT) during the start-up, reduction of the start-up time interval and service lifetime enhancement. The method proposed in this paper is applicable on any micro jet engine with the similar structural form and starting process.