Whole-body regeneration requires wound response signals to control patterning programs to enable replacement of structures in their correct locations. While a number of molecular mechanisms underlying anterior-posterior regeneration have been identified, how small fragments of animals first re-establish polarity is less well understood, with non-canonical Wnt signaling recently emerging as a potential regulator. Here, we used the acoel worm Hofstenia miamia, a new research organism capable of robust whole-body regeneration, to assess functions of the components of the Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway in establishing regeneration polarity. We identified homologs of Prickle (pk-1) and Diego (dgo-1) to be required for head and tail regeneration, respectively. RNA-sequencing analysis and experimental corroboration revealed that pk-1 RNAi resulted in diminished expression of early wound response genes as well as of wound-induced expression of the anterior-specific marker fz-7, specifically in tail fragments. In contrast, dgo-1 RNAi impacted wound-induced expression of the posterior-specific marker tf7l2, specifically in head fragments. Furthermore, pk-1 and dgo-1 are enriched in longitudinal muscle, with muscle fibers showing disorganized morphology at anterior-facing wound sites of tail fragments under pk-1 RNAi. These findings suggest that pk-1 and dgo-1 are needed for wound-induced expression of anterior- and posterior-specific genes, and raise the possibility that this action is mediated via the control of muscle fiber orientation. Our work expands the study of PCP genes by revealing their functions in the process of whole-body regeneration in acoels, the sister-group to all other animals with bilateral symmetry, and will enable future studies of PCP components in controlling cellular and tissue-wide regeneration polarity.


The paper expands definition and essence of Building Information Modeling. It describes content and effects from application of Information Modeling at different stages of a real property item. Analysis of long-term and short-term advantages is given. The authors included an analytical review of Revit software package in comparison with Autodesk with respect to: features, advantages and disadvantages, cost and pay cutoff. A prognostic calculation is given for efficiency of adoption of the Building Information Modeling technology, with examples of its successful adoption in Russia and worldwide.


Summary form only given. Some optical properties of thin films in the complicated chalcogenide GeSe/sub 2/-CdI/sub 2/(Sb/sub 2/Se/sub 3/)-CdSe systems are studied as a function of the Cd and Sb content, respectively. The optical spectra of these thin films with different thickness were investigated using a spectrophotometer for the visible and IR regions. The spectra were analysed using special computer software "Layers". The investigations of the spectra of the films are carried out in the range 400-3000 nm. The general optical constants have been determined - the real and imaginary part of the dielectric function, the refractive index and the extinction. The spectral contribution of the absorption coefficient /spl alpha/ is determined after fitting of the experimental data of R and T with simulated spectra using Lorentz-theory and Brend equations. The optical band-gap is determined by means of Tauc's procedure. There is evidence of structural changes in the films due to the increase of the valence density of the current carriers. The thin film structures were studied with a transmission electron microscope TEM Philips 3003. The electron microscope investigation provides information about the morphology of the films. The film composition has been investigated by Auger electron spectroscopy. The thin films, prepared under the above conditions are amorphous and without three-dimensional defects.


To set the stage for a discussion of the influential planning books selected by fellow members of the JAPA editorial board, I tell my own story briefly and comment on the role of books in conveying ideas. Jane Jacobs' The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Random House, 1961) was required summer reading for students entering Radcliffe College in the fall of 1963. I did not experience an immediate epiphany, being not yet aware of planning as a field of study and a profession, but I was at an important transition from high school to college: impressionable and eager for new ideas and experiences. Only later did I realize that Jacobs' observations connected with others that contributed to my vocational choice in the next several years. Influence can be exercised through many media: personal advice, speeches, drama, novels, editorials, articles, and books. The spoken word is ephemeral unless also recorded to sustain its effect. The strength of books over shorter written forms lies in the space they allow for the author to fully develop an analysis and argument and the time they make available for readers to interact with the author's ideas. Unlike articles that can be read in one sitting, books may take several days, allowing readers to absorb concepts as they go about intervening activities, both literally and figuratively carrying the book around with them. With a couple of very important exceptions, the books selected by the editorial board members are monographs. A few are based on doctoral dissertations, while others represent wisdom accumulated over a career. Two selections date back 100 years and a handful are very recent, but most were published between 1960 and 1990 when most of the current members of the editorial board would have been in graduate school and starting their careers. While all are about planning in some way, several authors are from related professions and other fields that influence planning. To organize my discussion, I selected two constructs. First, I sought to determine the nature of each book's influence: How did the author's ideas affect the scholar who selected it? Did the book influence the board members' individual choices to become planners (as in my case), how they practice or teach planning, or their sense of the field more broadly? Second, I looked at the array of books selected and what they represent with respect to the field of planning, as well as what might be missing. I thought the second construct particularly important to validate the selection of books. JAPA editorial board members are not chosen to be statistically representative of planners or planning educators and their book selections were personal, so the list is not based on any survey method.


Background  The vast majority of non‐human primates used for experimental activities are purpose‐bred. However, in case of particular procedures or specific projects, it may still be necessary to use animals captured in the wild.


The invention relates to a touch control type anti-theft device which comprises a fingerprint anti-theft system, an operation interface, a terminal processor, a connection interface and a pressure sensing system. By using a fingerprinting device and a touch control pressure and contact time device to identify information, the touch control type anti-theft device achieves the anti-theft purpose, thereby not only solving the problem of the high dependence caused by the only use of fingerprinting sensitivity but also achieving the purpose of reducing cost because the requirement for the fingerprint sensitivity is lowered, and the requirements for the instrument and device sensitivity are consequently lowered.


This paper presents an implementation of a realtime ISDB-TB LDM receiver in Software Defined Radio/GNU Radio Companion. The main idea of this work is to provide a hybrid digital TV broadcasting system that can be used as an option in a transition period between the current Brazilian system (ISDB-TB) and a possible new standard, such as a modified version of ATSC 3.0. The Core Layer is fully compatible with ISDB-TB and is multiplexed with an Enhanced Layer using a powerful channel coder, high order modulations and some other ATSC 3.0 features and techniques. With the use of the LDM in such systems, it is possible to deploy UHDTV applications. The implementation is done using the GNU Radio Companion software along with a Software Defined Radio platform to transmit and receive the Radio Frequency signal in real-time.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics and practice of discharge planning nurses in acute care hospitals and to elucidate the relationship between subjective difficulty perceived in practice and reflection.

BACKGROUND
The importance of discharge planning for an effective transition from the hospital to a care facility is increasing. In acute care hospitals, however, it is not clear what discharge planning nurses are doing for patients who are highly dependent on medical treatment, the subjective difficulties they perceive in practical activities, and whether reflection by nurses can be expected to mitigate those difficulties.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional survey.

METHODS
This survey was conducted in 2,379 acute care hospitals in Japan from June 1 to June 30, 2018. The survey of discharge planning practice activities examined nine factors. A nurse who answered that he/she did reflect on his/her practices was defined as a self-reflecting nurse. The STROBE statement checklists were completed.

RESULTS
Questionnaires were collected from 760 respondents (response rate = 32.1%). The discharge planning nurses had fewer than 36 months of experience with discharge planning. Among the nurses who had been involved in hospital discharge support for 13 months or more, the self-reflecting nurses had fewer perceived difficulties in their practice activities than the non-self-reflecting nurses did.

CONCLUSIONS
It was shown that discharge planning nurses with 13 months or more of experience and who practiced reflection on their practical activities perceived less subjective difficulty. Reflection in daily practice may mitigate the subjective difficulty of practical activities experienced by discharge planning nurses, and the establishment of an effective training method that promotes such reflection is required.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
In the future, it will be necessary to construct and evaluate an effective education program for discharge planning nurses that includes self-reflection on practice cases.


The purpose of this study is about to characteristic of sulfate resist performance following precipitation age of high strength concrete using the garnet minute power. Experiment was compared to the weight change and compressive strength to follow that unit water content 160kg/m³, W/B 30%, 35% and fine aggregate ratio(S/A) 40%, 42%, 44%,
admixture(gamet minute power. fly ash) 0%, 10%, 20% and precipitation age. We got the conclusion of the downside through the experiment. Garnet concrete was appeared that was superior to sulfate resist performance by the increasing of garnet. Case of the W/B 30%. garnet concrete did not get up the diminution of weight to follow that small mixing ratio of S/A and expressed diminution of weight the increasing in ratio of S/A. Consequently. If we should make concrete as
condition of optimum mixture. we will be expected the effect of sulfate resist performance.


The solenoid design follows closely the considerations qiven in {bar p} note 116. In particular we try to make the solenoid undivided, but with a centre tap for the cooling water. We found a variant for the centre tap, so that the two layers are now electrically in series. Due to the very long length, it seems better not to fill the clearance between return yoke and OD of the second layer with epoxy. Instead, we support and adjust the coil every 2 m with three bolts at 120 deqrees screwed in the return yoke. The latter is then supposed to be sufficiently stiff, so as to give the weaker mandrel the desired straightness. We give a positive pitch, i.e. somewhat more than the width of the copper section including insulation and tolerances. The precise pitch cannot be stated here, because the copper section will be somewhat trapezoidal. How much, depends on the winding procedure. The layers are epoxy impregnated and solidair with the mandrel. The Figures show an axial section and the construction of the central water tap. The dimensions shown are on the assumption of a free choice of the diameters of return yoke and mandrel. This maymore » not be the case, and a reshuffling of the dimensions may be needed.« less


Objectives: To identify the factors associated with non-adherence to pharmacotherapy in elderly Brazilians assisted by Primary Health Care (PHC) through a systematic review of the literature. Method: This is a systematic literature review in English, Spanish, and Portuguese, performed in the SciELO electronic library and in the electronic databases MEDLINE via PubMed, LILACS, Embase, and Web of Science from January 2010 to June 2020. Study selection was performed independently by two reviewers using the Rayyan selection application. Results: After applying the eligibility criteria, nine studies were included in the systematic review. The most frequent method used to measure the outcome was the Morisky-Green Scale (4-items). The results point that the main factors related to non-adherence to pharmacotherapy in PHC are difficulties in medication access, multimorbidities, polypharmacy, the use of potentially inappropriate medications for the elderly, the degree of trust in the medical professional, beliefs, negative self-perception of health and functional disability. Conclusions: In the context of PHC, non-adherence to pharmacotherapy by the elderly population presents itself as a very frequent problem, being triggered by multiple factors and with negative consequences for the control of health conditions, the rational use of medications, and healthy aging. It is also noteworthy that part of the associated factors are subject to intervention at this level of health care. 1 Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. 2 Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Medicina, Curso de Medicina, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. 3 Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. 4 Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil. Research funding: Master's scholarship from the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). Voluntary Scientific Initiation Scholarship from Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF). The authors declare no conflicts in carrying out the present study. Correspondence William Lucas Ferreira da Silva firstname.lastname@example.com Received: July 29,2021 Approved: November 17, 2021 ID


In view of specialized economy, the paper advances and constructs a specialized technology innovation strategy under the theoretical framework of specialized economy, accompanied with a thorough analysis on the logic relationship and operation system. It achieves the result on a bases of abundant research. On analyzing the investment in science and technology innovation, the scale of the enterprise, the technology innovation efficiency, resources application efficiency of social technology innovation and government's macro regulation as well as control for Heilongjiang industrial enterprises, the research follows the instruction of historical dialectics which unifies history into logics. Achievements in the research work are both valuable and constructive to Heilongjiang industrial enterprises in the process of selecting technology innovation technology, and at the mean time are suitable to other pursuing-typed industries and districts in a common sense.


Following the Columbia Accident Investigation Board (CAIB) Report, the "Diaz Team" identified CAIB Report elements with Agency-wide applicability. The "Diaz Report", A Renewed Commitment To Excellence, generated an action to "Review current policies and waivers on safety factors". This document addresses this action.


Pharmacy transitions‐of‐care services at the time of hospital discharge are helpful in reducing medication errors. Validated risk tools are commonly used by pharmacists to identify patients at greatest benefit of these services. However, current tools lack assessment of medication‐related risk factors and predict hospital readmissions rather than medication errors. To address this, a novel medication‐focused risk tool (UCSD‐Rx risk score) was created to help classify patients at a higher risk for medication errors. This study was split into 2 phases aimed to internally validate the risk score. Phase I of the study compared the predictability of 30‐day unplanned readmissions between the UCSD‐Rx risk score and a well‐validated risk tool, the LACE+ index. To further specify our risk score for pharmacist use, phase II of the study analyzed the predictability of the risk score to medication errors at discharge. Phase I demonstrated similar classification performance of 30‐day unplanned readmissions between the UCSD‐Rx risk score (C‐statistic, 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64‐0.68; P < .0001) and the LACE+ index (C‐statistic, 0.69; 95%CI, 0.67‐0.71; P < .0001). In phase II, logistic regression showed an increasing UCSD‐Rx risk score was predictive of individuals who would experience a medication error at discharge (odds ratio, 1.068; 95%CI, 1.005‐1.136; P = .035). Results of this study demonstrate that the UCSD‐Rx risk score is a promising tool targeted for pharmacist use to identify patients that may benefit most from transitions‐of‐care services prior to discharge.


Digital banking plays a vital role in today's world where people are looking beyond the traditional way of going to the bank for doing their bank transactions. Internet banking has transformed the traditional way of banking and has brought new dimensions to the banking sector. This research describes the current state of digital banking and discusses customers' perception on adoption of digital banking in Indian context. Digital banking has enabled the banks to enhance its operation and effective cost cutting, however looking at the global context, it still has a long way to go. This paper presents a detailed study of customers' perception and their adaptability to these revolutionary changes in banking. A primary survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire on the customers' level of satisfaction and their expectations regarding various digital banking services. The study establishes the fact that customers are in the process of getting acclimatised with the notion of digital banking and that despite all the challenges, their perception towards digitalization is fast changing.


Static and cyclic fatigue tests were performed on alumina using smooth-surface flexure specimens under several constant stress levels. The fatigue lifetimes, including imperfect data, were analyzed statistically to estimate the original distributions of the lifetimes. A technique for estimating the static and cyclic fatigue limits was proposed using the residual strength of the specimens surviving after the running time. The effects of cyclic stress on fatigue crack extension were confirmed experimentally by comparing the stress-lifetime curves obtained in the static and cyclic fatigue tests on smooth-surface specimens.


Background and Study Aim. An alternative solution to improve the praxis function in children with Down syndrom is the application of modern therapeutic programs that take place in the aquatic environment. The article focuses on a study tracking the effects of a therapeutic program based on water gymnastics resources as an alternative technology to improve kinesthetic manual praxis in individuals with Down syndrome.
Material and Methods.  Thirty children with Down syndrome (aged between 9 and 11 years) participated in the experiment and were differentiated in equal numbers into two groups: experimental (undergoing an 11-month therapeutic water gymnastics course) and control (taught using traditional technologies). The research battery for tracking the dynamics in the kinesthetic organization of manual movements included three neuropsychological probes with six items each, performed separately by the fingers of both hands. The empirical data were processed according to generally accepted methods of mathematical statistics: a Shapiro-Wilk test for the assumption of normality, descriptive statistics for the dependent variables and an independent samples t- test to verify between-group differences. SPSS 16.0 statistical package was used for statistical analysis, with a level of significance α = 0.05.
Results. In the primary phase, the two groups were homogeneous in terms of the initial results of their performance in the area of fine motor movements. In the final phase, a statistically significant difference was identified between the experimental and control groups in the performance of all three probes: Reproduction of finger postures by the visual model (t = 4.053, p<0.001); Reproduction of finger postures by the kinesthetic model (t = 2.973, p<0.01); Transfer of finger postures by the kinesthetic model (t = 2.866, p<0.05). A significant improvement was registered in the experimental group's performance in all components of manual praxis (Δ= 15.70%; Δ= 12.58%;  Δ= 10.39%).
Conclusions. The positive dynamics in praxis function development within the studied domain serve as clear evidence. These changes in the realization of purposeful, pre-planned manual actions can be generated through a well-structured training and therapy program utilizing the benefits of water gymnastics as an intervention method. This is a sufficiently encouraging fact for children with Down syndrome, given the specific psychomotor profile determined by the genetic pathology.


For the previous 7 years, under the auspices of a "Stability Pact of South‐Eastern Europe" and DAAD, a joint project for developing an undergraduate course in "Software Engineering" has been conducted. The intention of the project was to enable a usage of shared materials for software engineering courses at wide range of universities in countries participating in the project. During school year 2004/2005: for the first time the same course; with the same case study; and the same assignments; have been conducted at the Humboldt University Berlin and University of Novi Sad. In this article, we share some of the experiences obtained during conducting the same course for the last several school years. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 1–9, 2011


We study the impedance parameters and the energy transmitted and received by a couple of antennas working in a nonhomogeneous background. The focus is on stepped frequency ground penetrating radar (SF-GPR) prospecting. In particular, we propose a reconfiguration of the GPR system versus the frequency that accounts for the background scenario, and we show that the reconfiguration can improve the frequency behavior of the antennas significantly. Tests performed on two bow-tie antennas will be shown.


The approach for classification of cardiocycles of electrocardiosignals with cardiovascular diseases using the methods of artificial neural networks (ANN) is proposed. Classification of cardiocycles of electrocardiosignals based on features sets is realized using the radial basis neural network. The base architechture of networks based on radial basis functions is assumed the presence of three layers which executes various functions. In this work radial basis neural network is trained with 1000 data sets and tested with 1376 data sets.


In the 20th century beginning, economicㆍsocial development make environmental and energy problem. Environmental problem has been raise interest augmentation about quality of life. As a result, environmental sound and sustainable development is becoming the issue of the world-wide. This paper analyzes spatialㆍecologicalㆍeconomicalㆍsocial quality by the inside and outside of the country of ecological housing complex. Housing complex is planned as sustainable development. Any more it stay house form. This study extracts application possibility element. It confirms similar concept by theoretical investigation and ecological plan quality of housing complex. Also, find environmentally friendly and technique with base. We find ecological element plan by spatial, ecological, economical, social analysis. At the conclusion of this paper, housing complex interchanges three elements human-nature, human-social, social-nature.


Panjakan or Jiaogulan or Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino is a medicinal herb that has gained considerable interest among Thai people, as research has shown that it possesses various pharmacological activities. This study was conducted to determine an appropriate pattern of cultivating and harvesting G. pentaphyllum in order to obtain the highest yield and highest total saponin content. Cultivation pattern, the staking or non-staking of G. pentaphyllum did not show any difference in the yield of G. pentaphyllum cultivar Sibsongpunna No.1. However, harvesting times of two, three and four and a half months showed differences in yield, and the differences were statistically significant. The weight of fresh G. pentaphyllum at three periods of harvest ranged from 35 to 1,005 kg/rai. A harvesting period of 4.5 months showed the highest yield at 1,005 kg/rai. The dry weight of G. pentaphyllum at three periods of harvest ranged from 19.5 to 176 kg/rai. A harvesting time of 4.5 months showed the highest yield, at 176 kg/rai. Analysis of total saponin content showed that the staked herbs had a content of 11.44 g/100 g dry weight and non-staked herbs yielded a content of 8.92 g/100 g dry weight. The difference was not statistically significant. Planting with stakes for any period of harvesting yielded a higher total saponin contents than non-staked crops; however, the differences were not statistically significant. Key words: Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino, cultivation pattern, harvesting time, days to harvest, saponin


Nurses past and present are being encouraged to share their stories and memorabilia for an online project charting the history of the NHS.


Asthma is the common chronic disease in children which is complex and heterogeneous,and requires long-term regular treatment.Due to the complex pathogenesis and multiple contributing environmental factors,the treatment is complex and diverse.For now,in addition to avoiding contact with various allergens and stimuli which may trigger asthma,drug therapy remains the most fundamental and important approach.Inhaled corticosteroids(ICS) therapy is the cornerstone of asthma control,but the control effect still remains poor.Adding a second drug to inhaled corticosteroids can ameliorate symptoms,and achieve a good level of control.The combination therapy includes ICS therapy with long-acting β2-adrenergic agonists,with leukotriene receptor antagonist,and with the aminophylline.By comparision,The effectiveness and safety of these combination therapies for childhood asthma was assessed,trying to find the best therapeutic approach.


Objectives: To report the baseline characteristics of the Diagnosis, Management and Outcomes of Depression in Primary Care (diamond) study cohort and discuss the implications for depression care in general practice.


The physiological response of the seedlings of radish(Raphanus sativus L.) varieties Youbai No.1 and Baiyuchun to selenium(Se) under high temperature stress was studied through pot experiment.The results indicated that when the concentration of Se was below or equal to 0.9 mg/kg,the contents of total chlorophyll,soluble protein,soluble sugar and malondialdehyde(MDA) in the leaves of radish were increased.While when the concentration of Se was over 1.2 mg/kg,their contents were decreased.It was concluded that treatment with suitable concentration of Se could slow down its damage to radish seedlings,promote their growth and raise their tolerance to high temperature.


From primary orality to secondary literacy in the era of the dominance of Internet bias Scientists tend to overestimate writing as the primary form of language, while the oral communication is the primary form of the whole communication. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to the crucial role of technologies such as writing in the thought processes and evolution of culture.


The (p)ppGpp nucleotides act as global transcriptional regulators by modulating directly or indirectly RNA polymerase (RNAP) activity. The major consequences are the immediate arrest of ribosome biogenesis and cell growth and the activation of stress survival genes. This chapter presents two points that are presented in two separate main sections. The first part reviews the current knowledge on the functioning of RelA/SpoT enzymes and how (p) ppGpp levels are controlled in the cell. The second part shows the role of (p)ppGpp in controlling the balance between growth and survival, first by describing its mode of action on RNAP and other enzymes and then by describing its global effects on the physiology of bacteria (from growth control to pathogenicity). The mechanism of rRNA transcription inhibition by (p)ppGpp is one of the most studied and rRNA promoters constitute the archetype of stringently inhibited promoters. In B. subtilis, it is the elongation itself that is controlled by (p)ppGpp because the replication forks are arrested during the stringent response. This arrest is caused by direct inhibition of the primase by (p)ppGpp, arresting the replication fork at any location when the stringent response occurs.


This manuscript proposes a framework to reduce the uncertainty of the data points for chaotic kernel. The work applies a probability based feature extraction method to find the threshold value of the data point and determine the uncertain support vectors (SVs), The reduction of uncertainty in data points was achieved through the framework. The computational time was also optimized. The experimental details of the same are proposed henceforth.


Objective To investigate the applications and the therapeutic effects of bilateral small incisions in operative treatment of Gartland type Ⅲ humeral supracondylar fracture in children.Methods 47 patients with Gartland type Ⅲ humeral supracondylar fracture were treated by operation.Crossing K-wire fixation after reduction was performed through bilateral small incisions.Results A total of 47 patients were followed up for 6 months to 2 years.All fracture were healed.The results were excellent in 39 cases,good in 5,and fair in 3 cases;and the excellent and good rate was 93.6% according to the Flynn standards.Conclusions The treatment through bilateral small incisions provides good results,which has minimal trauma,little blood loss and few complication.


PURPOSE: A liquid crystal display and a back light driving device thereof are provided to protect a circuit by shutting down an inverter in the case that a contact voltage increases highly. CONSTITUTION: Two transformers(T1,T2) are connected between a driving unit(910) and two lamps(351a,351b). A driving signal is supplied to the lamps through the transformers from the driving unit. Secondary sides of the transformers are connected with each other. A contact point(A) of the transformers acts as a star point. In the case that arc is generated by a short-circuit of the transformers, the star point moves due to load at a place where the arc is generated, so a voltage of the contact point increases. If a voltage divided from the voltage of the contact point is not less than a reference level, a control unit(920) shuts down the driving unit.


This article presents the first results of expert interviews conducted within the project MoKoM funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). These are intended to refine our first theoretically derived competence model comprising competencies in the domains of informatics systems and modeling. In this context, the question arises, which software engineering workflows could be relevant for software engineering education at secondary schools and which are also adequate in professional contexts. Furthermore, it will be exemplarily shown which competence aspects have been added to the theoretical model and how to advance it in an empirical manner.


This review paper is about the schemes of removing the inter carrier interference in the multiple input multiple output-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system. The inter carrier interference occurs by the frequency offsets. In the cellular communication system the inter carrier interference arises due to the fully loaded traffic conditions at the cell edge .which is removed by the combining the multiple cell coordinated or frequency reuse .The inter carrier interference occurs when the cyclic prefix length lesser than the channel impulse response .To mitigate this interference use the spatial diversity techniques are used. In this method by using the spatial techniques the length of the cyclic prefix becomes more than the channel impulse response. The inter carrier interference can also be removed by the single input multiple output but this is not the better method to remove the inter carrier interference as it does not remove the inter carrier interference properly. Inter carrier interference arises when the wireless channel estimation is done with the help of Doppler spread information and the data symbols detector. In the wireless channel estimation the inter carrier interference is removed by the parallel interference cancellation and the decision statistically combining method .The parallel interference cancellation and decision statistically combining methods are used at the receiver end.


The unprecedented growth of mobile data traffic challenges the performance and economic viability of today's cellular networks and calls for novel network architectures and communication solutions. Mobile data offloading through third-party Wi-Fi or femtocell access points (APs) can significantly alleviate the cellular congestion and enhance user quality of service (QoS), without requiring costly and time-consuming infrastructure investments. This solution has substantial benefits both for the mobile network operators (MNOs) and the mobile users, but comes with unique technical and economic challenges that must be jointly addressed. In this paper, we consider a market where MNOs lease APs that are already deployed by residential users for the offloading purpose. We assume that each MNO can employ multiple APs, and each AP can concurrently serve traffic from multiple MNOs. We design an iterative double-auction mechanism that ensures the efficient operation of the market by maximizing the differences between the MNOs' offloading benefits and APs' offloading costs. The proposed scheme takes into account the particular characteristics of the wireless network, such as the coupling of MNOs' offloading decisions and APs' capacity constraints. Additionally, it does not require full information about the MNOs and APs and creates nonnegative revenue for the market broker.


In this study, we give the practice of entropy in wind energy. Firstly, we fit marginal distributions to each of the variables and later demonstrate the notion of entropy to perform a comparison the wind energy data of the stations (Bursa, Elazig, Istanbul, Mugla, Rize, Tokat, Van, and Zonguldak) that have been examined in a period 2015-2018. The results of probability distribution fitting to these wind energy variables show that the wind energy time series of Bursa, Elaz?g, Istanbul, Mugla, Rize, Tokat, Van, and Zonguldak are best resubmitted by Gamma Burr and Lognormal distributions. Later, we calculate Shannon entropy for several various values, Tsallis entropy, Renyi entropy, and the approximate entropy. We form calculation outcomes with these entropies for daily dats.


In this brief, typical locations of the interface and oxide traps generated by the hot carrier degradation (HCD) in FinFETs are studied with experiments and "atomistic" TCAD simulations under the worst case stress conditions. The typical round-Fin locations of different types of traps are analyzed by comparing the experimentally extracted results with the calibrated TCAD simulations. Then, the traps' different impacts on HCD variations in both forward and reverse bias modes are employed to disclose the typical lateral locations of different traps. The results suggest that for both n- and p-type of FinFETs under the worst case stress conditions, the interface traps and oxide traps (type 1) are mainly distributed in the midchannel region closer to the source side on the Fin side, whereas oxide traps (type 2) are mainly distributed in the midchannel region closer to the drain side on the Fin top. Therefore, the two types of oxide traps originate in the different generation locations but may share the same atomistic structures in the same device. The results are helpful to the physical understandings of HCD in the FinFET technology.


The article presents the results of long-term studies of the peculiarities of the phenological phases of the development of promising pear varieties of domestic breeding in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals (Orenburg region). The research was carried out in 2018-2021 at the experimental site of the 2002 laying of the Orenburg branch of the Federal Research Center of Horticulture. The objects of research were varieties of pears of domestic breeding Krasnobokaya (st), Skazochnaya, Pingvin, Permyachka, Sverdlovchanka, Isetskaya sochnaya, Lel, Chizhovskaya, Lada, Vidnaya, Povislaya (st), Gvidon, Uralochka, Samarskaya krasavitsa, Pamyat of Parshin. The calculation of phenological atypicity to identify the correspondence of the phases of development of pear varieties to the conditions of the region was carried out according to the method of Zaitsev G. N. Statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out in accordance with the methodological recommendations of Zaitsev G. N. and Dospekhov B. A. using the Microsoft Office Excel 10 analysis package. It was established that the studied varieties are characterized by a short growing season — 160-170 days; the required amount of active heat is on average 3 158.9 °C. For pear varieties, the timing of the onset of phenological phases is determined by the accumulated sum of positive temperatures: the beginning of vegetation — 200-304.7 °C; the beginning of flowering – 354-476.6 °C; removable fruit maturity — 2 504-3 603 °C; the end of leaf fall — 3 1793-666 °C. It was found that the timing of the onset of the phenological phases of the beginning of vegetation, the beginning and end of flowering, the end of shoot growth, as well as the duration of flowering periods, shoot growth and vegetation depend more on the conditions of the year than on the genotype. The removable maturity of fruits, the duration of the interphase period, the formation and growth of fruits are determined by characteristics of the variety. The assessment of phenological atypicity revealed that all the studied varieties are in the optimum for the realization of their phenological phases of development.


We followed the cases regarding work ability in the IML Timisoara area of competence, these being included in civil cases, respectively in divorce cases and lawsuits against the employer when the employee was not satisfied with the change of work place. The forensic expertise was done exclusively at the request of the courthouses and represented 1/7 of the total of work capacity related investigations. 80% of the cases came from the cities and 90% referred to women. Cardiopathic ischemia, arterial hypertension, neurological diseases, psychiatric diseases, diabetes mellitus and TBC were diagnosed. The appreciation of the degree of adaptive ability, respectively the framing of the degree of disability were mostly in the II nd degree, then the III degree, then no deficiency and finally I degree. In some cases we observed that the judges did not respect the terms of revision recommended by the medical experts. We present 2 cases in which the expertise was requested during lawsuits in which people were dissatisfied with the change of work place or the diminishing of their income, respectively when a person accused the working environment of producing somatic disease, aspects which could not be confirmed by the expertise. Conclusions: Establishing the quantum of adaptive capacity in civil cases requires the rigor specific to this type of expertise. In some cases, occupational medicine experts joined the expertise team.


As the next stage of medical visualization technology with floating images, we are working on augmenting the volume slicing image with context information. We have developed a new optical system and a linear motor drive that allows scan-
ning through the displayed volumetric area. By fast automated scanning of the display screen, we show the surrounding region of the volumetric image, so the afterimage puts the currently viewed slice into context. We expect that this helps forming a correct three-dimensional understanding. Another method we are
trying out is to insert physical (3D-printed) objects into the view, overlayed with the volume slicing image. This is expected to work as a guide for the user when scanning through the images. We report on experiments with these techniques, and the evaluation of the system by a medical doctor.


The safety of the glass curtain wall is always concerned in engineering.Combining the site testing for glass curtain wall,the fuzzy comprehension evaluation method for safety performance of glass curtain walls is proposed,and the composition of the factors set for safety evaluation of the glass curtain walls and the expression of the membership function are also presented.According to the evaluation method,the safety performance of the glass curtain wall can be evaluated from material,quality of the elements and the characteristic of the whole structure.Through this method,more rational and beneficial result can be produced.Furthermore,two application examples of projects are presented to indicate the usage of the proposed evaluation method.


Diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are the most common type of non‐Hodgkin lymphomas. With chemotherapy and progenitor stem cell transplantation, about 60% of patients with DLBCL are long‐term survivors. The International Prognostic Index identifies patients with different outcomes. However, biologic characteristics also may help to discriminate different treatments groups.


The total length of the diversion tunnel of Niangyong Hydropower Station is 15 406 m with a horse-shoe section. During the excavation of the No. 1adit and its main downstream tunnel,the surrounding rock with a super-high ground temperature is encountered; of which the maximum rock temperature is as high as 86 ℃ and the length of the tunnel section with the high ground temperature is up to 400 m. Based on the tunneling practice under high ground temperature,the key technologies for the tunneling under high ground temperature are discussed herein from the aspects of the key factors such as lowering the environmental temperature inside of the tunnel,control of the drilling-blasting excavation,the initial supporting measures,etc.


This paper summarized the operation cooperation and management of the first case of bilateral lung transplantation assisted with double extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for the recipient with novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) in the world The bilateral lung transplantation assisted by double ECMO had been accomplished successfully on a recipient with COVID-19, who was supported by ventilator and ECMO, with other organs function basically normal The operation took 405 min and went smoothly The cooperation and management guidelines of the operation room included the following: setting up of COVID-19 emergency operation group quickly;listing and preparing of the detailed operation supplies;transferring of the whole system of lung transplantation operating room in Wuxi People's Hospital to the Wuxi No 5 People's Hospital (isolation hospital);reconstruction of a negative pressure operating room for lung transplantation;formulating and strictly implementing the guidelines and management process for the operation of patient with COVID-19


Undoped silicon nanowire (Si NW) field-effect transistors (FETs) with a back-gate configuration have been fabricated and characterized. A thick (200 nm) Si3N4 layer was used as a gate insulator and a p++ silicon substrate as a back gate. Si NWs have been grown by the chemical vapour deposition method using the vapour–liquid–solid mechanism and gold as a catalyst. Metallic contacts have been deposited using Ni/Al (80 nm/120 nm) and characterized before and after an optimized annealing step at 400 °C, which resulted in a great decrease in the contact resistance due to the newly formed nickel silicide/Si interface at source and drain. These optimized devices show a good hole mobility of around 200 cm2 V−1 s−1, in the same range as the bulk material, with a good ON current density of about 28 kA cm−2. Finally, hysteretic behaviour of NW channel conductance is discussed to explain the importance of NW surface passivation.


The analysis of lignocellulosic materials is crucial to optimizing the conversion efficiencies in biorefineries and to studying crop residue input to soil nutrient cycles. Mid‐infrared (MIR) and near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopies are rapid, simple, and nondestructive methods for the determination of biomass compositions. However, the analysis of a small set of plant biomass is not generally possible with conventional methods of data processing, such as partial least squares. Additionally, IR spectra do not distribute spherically in the data space. To overcome these problems, we propose a weighted‐covariance factor fuzzy C‐means clustering method combined with bootstrapping. The algorithm can classify spherical and nonspherical clusters, in contrast to classic fuzzy C‐means, which is only adapted to spherical clusters. Bootstrapping enables resampling of the available spectra to generate several datasets on which the classification is performed. This unsupervised clustering methodology was tested to classify a small set of maize roots in soil according to genotype or period of their biodegradation process based on their NIR and MIR spectra. This methodology is applied to determine the optimal pretreatment of IR spectra, to study the contribution of the combination of MIR and NIR spectra and to compare the results on spectral and chemical data. The results show that the best methods of pretreatment are the first‐order Savitzky‐Golay derivative followed by standard normal variate. The MIR spectra produce a better result than NIR spectra for the initial characterization and for dynamic samples, while MIR spectra acquired on raw samples, without soluble extraction, provided better classification than wet chemistry.


There are a great deal of diabetes patients all over the world, which has a severe effect on humans. It can cause a variety of serious complications. Therefore, early detection of diabetes is the key to reducing diabetes mortality. In this paper, an IG-DNN algorithm is proposed, which combines Information Gain (IG) and Deep Neural Network (DNN). In the proposed new method the information gain is applied to decrease the attributes to five ones, which are input into DNN network. The new method presented in this paper has a classification accuracy of 90.26%, which is better than most previous research results.


mining services play an important role in the field of Communication industry. Data mining is also called knowledge discovery in several database including mobile databases. In this paper, we discuss and analyze the consumptive behavior based on data mining technology. We discuss and analyze different aspects of data mining techniques and their behavior in mobile devices. We also analyze the better method or rule of data mining services which is more suitable for mobile devices. In this paper, we propose a novel CSUA (Create, Select, Update and Alter) Based data mining approach for mobile computing environments. In CSUA approach, we first propose to create a data set according to the requirement and need then select the data set, then update the data set according to the customers and finally reconstruct the structure of the dataset. It is achieved by CLDC and MIDP component of J2ME.


Shifting cultivation is the most important farming system in Northern Laos, but population pressure and government regulations are increasingly undermining its productivity and sustainability. Identifying and promoting alternative production systems is a high priority of the Lao Government. However, farmers' adoption of new technologies is often hampered by the predominantly mountainous topography, the undeveloped infrastructure, the limited market demand, the relative poverty of the population, and by other factors. Teak (Tectona grandis) planting by shifting cultivators is one of the more promising possibilities, and has expanded rapidly since about 1988. Despite the high income potentials and ready adoption by farmers, the benefits of teak planting are limited by the inferior genetic material currently planted, by the inadequate management of farmers' teak plantations, by the competition with agriculture for arable land, and by the inability of farmers to hold on to plantations for 20-30 years. There are also concerns that plantations may be prone to serious pest attacks, excessive erosion, and soil depletion. Teak planting may provide an alternative or supplement to shifting cultivation, but is not likely to have a role in improved fallow systems.


The SOFC cell-stacks called "flat-tube segmented-in-series cellstacks" have been developed jointly by Tokyo Gas and Kyocera. The cell-stacks were composed of multiple single-cells (8YSZ electrolyte, Ni/8YSZ anode, and LaSrCoFe cathode) and currentcollectors, placed on both sides of the flat-tubular substrate. The fuel to electric power-generation efficiency of the latest cell-stack converted as the methane fuel was estimated to be more than 53% HHV-DC at 1023 K at the current density, 0.2 A/cm 2 . The complex impedance spectra of the cell-stacks were measured under the operating conditions, for investigations of the relation between the performance and components design. By the measurements under several conditions, we identified the relationship between the impedance spectra and the fuel usage dependence and degradation of the segmented-in-series type cell-stack performance. Based on these results, we are continuing further studies of the component design (especially anode), for higher efficiency and long-term durability of the cell-stacks.


In a recent Letter [PRL 103, 186402 (2009)], the energy band structure of Fe-As-based superconductors is fitted with a tight-binding model with two Fe ions per unit cell and two degenerate xz and yz orbitals per Fe ion. The author claims that the proposed model, which differs markedly from a model previously used by other authors for the same two orbitals in the same compounds, possesses the symmetry required to describe the Fe-As planes in iron-pnictide superconductors. In this comment we argue that this is not the case.


The historical origins of chemical topology are highlighted and seven open problems in the discipline are defined. The current state of experimental work towards their solutions is reviewed. Open problems discussed include size and tightness limits on molecular knots, synthesis of knots more complex than the trefoil, measurement of the enantiomerization barrier of a topological rubber glove, and syntheses of a polyethylene trefoil knot, a stable open knot with stoppers, and a molecular Whitehead link.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)


Loess deposition age sequence during the Holocene in the region is established by the description of rock character of loess-palaeosol stratum,the partition and contrast of stratum of section in Yu Baotou village of Xi'an Shen Heyuan,and with the combination of age measuring of AMS14C in Xin Zhuang village of Jing Yang county and other scholars'testing datums.According to the character of the curve expressed by substitution indication of climate of susceptibility,the changing regularity of this substitution indication in the section is expounded in this article.At the same time,the strength changing character of winter and summer monsoon in East Asian reflected by the loess section is explored too,then the character of the susceptibility curve of this section is compared with temperature curve of sporopollen spectrum established by other scholars. Also,on the base of careful analysis and verification to the palaeoclimate stage trait during the Holocene in Xi'an area,7 climate stage nearly 10 000 years in Xi'an area can be raised.


Empirical models of retrospective voting primarily employ standard monetary and financial indicators to proxy for voters' utility and to explain voters' behavior. We show that subjective well-being explains variation in voting intention that goes beyond what is captured by these monetary and financial indicators. For example, individuals who are satisfied with their life are 1.6% more likely to support the incumbent; by contrast, a 10% increase in family income leads to a 0.18% increase in an individual's support of the incumbent. We use difference-in-differences analysis to identify how voter intention is affected by a negative shock to well-being: the death of a spouse. Individuals who experience the death of a spouse are around 10% less likely than those in the control group to support the incumbent. The results hold even if elected officials' policies (health care, social welfare) cannot reasonably be blamed for the death.


At Phutthachinnarat Sangha College (PSC), Thailand, there is a diversity of students from monastic and secular educational backgrounds, causing learning management, particularly teaching English, more difficult compared with other institutions. To understand and improve this educational context, in this paper, we provide the guidelines for English teaching and learning by means of Cooperative Learning Management (CLM) for undergraduate students majoring in Bachelor Program in Social Studies, Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University, (MCU), PSC. In so doing, the overview of English teaching and learning in the studied site will be provided and thereafter CLM together with Learning Together Technique (LTT) will be discussed.


Dr Savigear's 'Philosophical Idealism and International Politics: Bosanquet, Treitschke and War' is especially welcome because this important topic has not been much discussed. However, on a subject so complex and controversial, some disagreement is to be expected. I shall suggest that Dr Savigear's argument requires qualification because it underemphasizes the cosmopolitanism which provides continuity to this aspect of Idealist moral and political philosophy.


Abstract Zinc (Zn) adsorption in mollisols conformed to the linear form of Freundlich equation. The log K values were positively correlated with silt, clay, and carbonate contents and soil pH, but negatively correlated with sand content. Sequential desorption of adsorbed Zn in 0.05M Ca(NO3)2, 0.1M Mg(NO3)2, 0.005M DTPA, and 0.1M HCl revealed that weakly and specifically bound fractions of added Zn, which could easily equilibrate with soil solution, were low and decreased with silt and carbonate contents and soil pH. Weakly bound fraction increased with sand content. Strongly bound and complexed fraction of applied Zn was the maximum and increased with clay, soil organic carbon and carbonate contents and specific surface area, but decreased with sand content. The mineral bound fraction of applied Zn was intermediate and increased with silt, clay and carbonate contents, and soil pH and specific surface area. Zinc uptake due to added Zn fertilizer by rice crop (Y) negatively correlated with log K, but positi...


Avicenna, as he is known in the West, was a famous Persian Muslim physician and influential philosopher-scientist of the medieval Islamic world. He wrote and compiled the Canon of Medicine text, a book which was adopted as the main text of medicine at the most Persian and Western universities. The book consists of basic medical sciences, applied clinical sciences and pharmacology. In the current study, we present an analysis of the anatomy of the musculoskeletal and peripheral nervous systems as viewed by Avicenna in the Canon of Medicine, and compare them with the relevant modern literature.


New cell phone designs demand small form factor while maintaining audio sound-pressure level. Speakers have typically been the component that limits the thinness of the design. New developments in ceramic, or piezoelectric, speakers have opened the door for new sleek designs. Due to the capacitive nature of these ceramic speakers, special considerations need to be taken into account when choosing an audio amplifier to drive them. This article was also featured in Maxim's Engineering Journal, vol. 62 (PDF, 1.3MB). Today's portable devices need smaller, thinner, more power-efficient electronic components. Cellular phones have become so thin that the dynamic speaker is now the limiting factor in how thin manufacturers can make their handsets. The ceramic, or piezoelectric, speaker is quickly emerging as a viable alternative to the dynamic speaker. These ceramic speakers can deliver competitive sound-pressure levels (SPLs) in a thin and compact package, thus potentially replacing traditional voice-coil dynamic speakers. Some of the differences between dynamic and ceramic speakers are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Advantages and Disadvantages of Ceramic and Dynamic Speakers Ceramic Speakers Dynamic Speakers Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages • High efficiency • Very thin form factor • Tight manufacturing tolerances • Smaller acoustic cavity required • Large drive voltage required • Restricted low-frequency response • Capacitive load • Inexpensive • Proven technology • Smooth frequency response • Wide manufacturing tolerances • Inefficient • Thick solution size • Larger acoustic cavity required Amplifier circuits that drive ceramic speakers have different output-drive requirements than those that drive traditional dynamic speakers. The structure of the ceramic speaker requires the amplifier to drive a large capacitive load and supply increasingly larger currents at higher frequencies while maintaining a high output voltage. Ceramic Speaker Attributes Ceramic speaker manufacturers use technology similar to that of building multilayer ceramic capacitors. This manufacturing technique gives speaker manufacturers tighter control over the speaker tolerances as compared to dynamic speakers. Tight construction tolerances become important when attempting to equalize the speaker, and are significant for obtaining repeatable sonic characteristics from unit to unit. Ceramic speaker impedance, as seen by a driving amplifier, can be modeled as an RLC circuit with a large capacitance as its main element (Figure 1). Across most audio frequencies, the ceramic speaker is mostly capacitive. The speaker's capacitive nature dictates that impedance decreases as the frequency increases. Figure 2 shows the similarity of ceramic speaker's impedance versus frequency to that of a 1μF capacitor. This impedance also has a point of resonance above which the speaker is most efficient at producing sound. The dip in impedance around 1kHz indicates the speaker's resonant frequency.


Suicide by drowning increases with age but its rates vary between countries and among communities. Drowning suicide rates in some of the available studies may have been over reported or under reported because of misclassification.


In this paper, we derive the closed form expressions for the finite and infinite sums with summands having products of balancing and Lucas-balancing numbers in the denominator. We present some generalized Brousseau's sums for balancing and Lucas-balancing numbers.


Commercialization of Molecular Electronics Molecular Electronics Chemical Synthesis Molecular Self-Assembly, Device Construction, and Testing Architectures in Molecular Electronics Programming the Nanocell.


Length‐weight relationships (LWR) of eight fish species, Lepomis auritus (Linnaeus, 1758), Amphilophus labiatus (Gunther, 1864), Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters, 1852), Cichla ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801, Parachromis managuensis (Gunther, 1867), Vieja melanura (Gunther, 1862), Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau, 1855), and Gobiomorus dormitor Lacepede, 1800, collected by electrofishing and gillnetting from ten reservoirs in Puerto Rico were determined using 3,557 individual fish records collected between 1998 and 2014. All LWRs were significant with r² values ranged from 0.900 for A. labiatus (Gunther, 1864) to 0.996 for C. ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801. The LWR parameter b ranged from 2.807 for P. pardalis (Castelnau, 1855) to 3.180 for C. ocellaris Bloch & Schneider, 1801. Data presented herein expand the knowledge base for these species as they have limited or no LWR data available. Also, our samples provide a new maximum length data for P. pardalis (Castelnau, 1855).


Purpose: To investigate the effects of the transmittance of diffusive blurson visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Methods: Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were measured by using Optec 6500 in Healthy 30 subjects aged (male 13, female 17) who were recruited from university students. Cataract simulator was used as a tool for diffusive blur. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were measured with varying the transmittance of diffusive blur in order to simulate progression of cataract and concentration in fog. Results: Visual acuity was reduced proportionally with decreasing the transmittance of the diffusive blur as follows: . Contrast sensitivity was decreased in all spatial frequencies. Contrast sensitivity in a high spatial frequency band was a greater effect and was off the normal range of contrast sensitivity. The peak of contrast sensitivity was moved in the direction to low frequency. From an intersection point of contrast sensitivity function, we could calculated the transmittance of the diffusive blur being off the normal range and the shift to peak spatial frequency. The peak of contrast sensitivity function was observed to move from 6 to 3 cpd at transmittance of about 78.70%, the contrast sensitivities for all frequencies at transmittance of about 69.71% were deviated from the normal range. Conclusions: The transmittance of diffusive blur causes a reduction in visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, a deviation of normal range of contrast sensitivity, and a shift of peak contrast sensitivity. Therefore the more attention is required when suffering from cataracts or driving in fog.


Using the local Heine-Abarenkov model potential, the effective ion-ion potential and interatomic force constants of alkali metals are calculated, and are compared with the results obtained using other models. The interatomic force constants so obtained are in good agreement with those derived from fitting the experimental phonon spectra and give a set of important data for the binding forces of crystals with various lattice defects. Dynamical elastic constants are also calculated using the long-wave phonon method and are also compared with results obtained using other models. The compressibility problem, proposed by Brovman and Kagan (1970), is that the two (static and dynamical) methods for calculation of the elastic constants in terms of second-order perturbation based on the same pseudopotential do not give identical results. This problem is investigated quantitatively and is shown to be important for alkali metals.


The aims of this study were to estimate daily intakes of artificial sweeteners from beverages and liquid teas as well as evaluate their potential health risks in Korean children and adolescents (1 to 19 years old). Dietary intake assessment was conducted using actual levels of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose in non-alcoholic beverages (651 beverages and 87 liquid teas), and food consumption amounts were drawn from "The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007~2009)". To estimate dietary intake of non-alcoholic beverages, a total of 6,082 children and adolescents (Scenario Ⅰ) were compared to 1,704 non-alcoholic beverage consumption subjects (Scenario Ⅱ). The estimated daily intake of artificial sweeteners was calculated based on point estimates and probabilistic estimates. The values of probabilistic artificial sweeteners intakes were presented by a Monte Carlo approach considering probabilistic density functions of variables. The level of safety for artificial sweeteners was evaluated by comparisons with acceptable daily intakes (ADI) of aspartame (0~40 mg/kg bw/day), acesulfame-K (0~15 mg/kg bw/day), and sucralose (0~15 mg/kg bw/day) set by the World Health Organization. For total children and adolescents (Scenario Ⅰ), mean daily intakes of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation were 0.09, 0.01, and 0.04 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, and 95th percentile daily intakes were 0.30, 0.02, and 0.13 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. For consumers-only (Scenario Ⅱ), mean daily intakes of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation were 0.52, 0.03, and 0.22 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, and 95th percentile daily intakes were 1.80, 0.12, and 0.75 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. For scenarios Ⅰ and Ⅱ, neither aspartame, acesulfame-K, nor sucralose had a mean and 95th percentile intake that exceeded 5.06% of ADI.


Reports an analysis of class preferences for certain foodstuffs in the UK. Multivariate analysis of the UK Family Expenditure Survey is used to show that distinct factors operate in choice of food purchase dependent on a person′s social class. Relying on Bourdieu′s Distinction thesis as the theoretical basis, a scale of tastes for certain foods is arrived at using discriminant analysis. This builds on work already reported in the BFJ.


In the last two decades, much empirical research has been done in the field of behavioral economics to explain the psychological foundations for economic decisions. In particular, it has been shown that people exhibit time-inconsistent behavior when making intertemporal decisions, i.e., they demand higher interest rates for a delay of their consumption in the near rather than in the distant future. People also show loss aversion. They demand more compensation for a loss than they are willing to sacrifice for a gain. We analyze these features for the nonmonetary decision of the amount of time invested in learning hours before an exam. Asked at two different points in time, the students were willing to learn more when the time of learning seemed far away than when the learning time had arrived. On the other hand, students were loss averse trying to prevent a deterioration of their grade to a larger extent than when they tried to work for an amelioration.


The genetic basis and molecular pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and the molecular mechanisms responsible for its progression remain poorly understood. Here, karyotyping techniques specifically optimized for CLL, comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to search for CLL‐specific genetic aberrations. CGH and karyotyping both revealed copy number changes in 12 of the 25 CLL cases (48%) analyzed. Loss at 11q emerged as the most common aberration (6 cases), followed by a gain of chromosome 12 (4) and loss at 13q (3). Concordance between CGH and G‐banding was found in 23 of the 25 cases (92%), which is more than reported in a recent similar CGH study of CLL. Owing to the basic differences in G‐banding and CGH, however, their simultaneous clinical application is recommended. The frequent loss of 11q14‐24 suggests that this chromosomal region deserves further attention as a candidate locus involved in the pathogenesis of CLL. Genes Chromosom. Cancer 19:286–290, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, is a foundation species that forms dense forests of complex physical habitat and supports coastal biodiversity, productivity, and other essential ecosystem services. Tasmanian coasts have suffered a massive decline in giant kelp forests due to changes in regional oceanography and environmental conditions, but efforts are being made to restore these disappearing populations using identification and selective breeding for lineages that are more tolerant to warmer temperatures. Here, we used gametophytes that originated from remnant populations collected at three sites in northeastern and three sites in southeastern Tasmania to determine the genetic structure of the giant kelp population via genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) and assembled a draft genome from a Tasmanian giant kelp sporophyte individual. Previous research identified seven strain lines that were tolerant to warm temperatures, and we used the GBS data to test whether genotypes were associated with warm tolerance. Kelps from the north were genetically distinct from the southern ones, with much lower gene flow between regions than within regions. These results revealed that giant kelp populations from Tasmania are more genetically structured than previously thought. Two loci were significantly associated with warm temperature tolerance. They are population-specific: the alternative allele from one of the loci was found only in the northern populations, while the other was found in the southern populations. This could suggest that thermal tolerance is adapting locally or drifting given large changes in population demography, but further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis. Our research sheds light on genetic patterns in this critical habitat-forming kelp and will help inform conservation management, including selective breeding.


Translation of literature is not only a linguistic challenge, but it means also the ability to fi nd readable equivalents describing an existential experience in foreign culture code. The article raises issues of translation in relation to Arabic literature, which in the cultural perspective is relatively distant to a Polish reader. In the fi rst part, the authors mention the most important examples of translations of Arabic literary works into Polish ranging from baroque to modernity. They draw attention to the main trends that Polish translators followed and point to the basic problems, which they had to face. The second part of the article refers to the authors' own experience in translation. It presents the short analysis of the phenomena, which are, in their opinion the biggest challenges in translational work on the Arabic literary texts.


Phthalates with potential adverse health effects are being replaced by other phthalates or phthalate alternatives. Little is known about temporal trends of phthalate exposure in pregnant women in the U.S. We quantified 16 metabolites of 8 phthalates and di(isononyl) cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) in 656 urine samples collected from 192 California pregnant women in 2007-2013 during their 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy who participated in the MARBLES (Markers of Autism Risk in Babies - Learning Early Signs) study. We used multiple regression to estimate least square geometric means of phthalate biomarker concentrations and annual percent changes over the study period. Biomarker concentrations of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and three phthalates with known toxicity and adverse health effects (i.e., butyl benzyl phthalate [BBzP], dibutyl phthalate [DBP], di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [DEHP]) decreased while those of di-isobutyl phthalate [DiBP], di-isononyl phthalate [DiNP], and di-n-octyl phthalate [DOP] increased in California pregnant women during our study period. To understand broad social forces that may influence temporal trends and geographic variations in phthalate exposure across countries, we compared our phthalate biomarker concentrations with those of other populations. We observed a factor of 2 differences in exposure across countries for some phthalate biomarkers and between pregnant and non-pregnant women for DEP.


The present invention provides a biopsy device and a method for obtaining a tissue sample such as breast tissue biopsy sample. The apparatus includes an outer cannula, the cannula having an outer cutter lumen and a side tissue port communicating with the cutter lumen. The apparatus may include a fluid controller, fluid controller for selecting the gas or liquid for moving tissue samples through the cutter.


The Orthodox Christian Church is one of the largest religious groups within Christendom, second only to Roman Catholicism. Historically, it traces its origins to Christ and claims an unbroken line of fidelity to the teaching of the apostles and their successors. It consists of over a dozen autocephalous Churches, each of which is led by a Patriarch or Metropolitan Archbishop who together lead the Orthodox Church around the world in a conciliar ecclesial government, with the Patriarch of Constantinople recognized as the "first among equals." The oldest among these Churches are in the Middle East (e.g., Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem) and the Mediterranean (e.g., Greece, Cyprus, Constantinople), as well as many in Central and Eastern Europe (e.g., Russia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Albania, Romania, Poland, as well as the Czech Lands and Slovakia). It also contains a number of autonomous, or self-governing, churches in Asia (e.g., China and Japan). Thus, the Eastern Orthodox Church is rich in ethnic and cultural diversity, while being united in doctrine and worship. To many in the West, however, and especially to those in the English-speaking world, it remains an enigma that is often confused either with Roman Catholicism or with a syncretic mixture of Christianity and Eastern religion. This article provides a brief sample of works from the Orthodox intellectual tradition that are likely to foster greater collaborative engagement with contemporary academic philosophy. As a whole, the collection attempts to help readers answer three questions. First, what are the views of the Orthodox Christian Church, especially those that are more distinctive of Orthodox Christianity? Second, how have these views been explained and defended in historical philosophical and theological discourse? Third, how have these views been explained and defended in contemporary philosophical and theological discourse? The presentation is divided into seven sections: General Overviews and Historical Context; Metaphysics and Philosophy of Language; Epistemology and Philosophy of Religion; Moral Psychology and Character Formation; Normative and Applied Ethics; Social, Cultural, and Political Philosophy; and Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Russian Religious Philosophy. The selections within each section are principally designed to be of use for contemporary English-speaking academic philosophers by providing a representative presentation not only of topics but also of eras (e.g., ancient, medieval, modern, and contemporary), areas of jurisdiction (e.g., Middle Eastern, Byzantine, Slavic, etc.), and schools of thought (e.g., analytic philosophy, Continental philosophy, etc.).


Engagement of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) on mature B cells activates signal transduction pathways leading to B cell activation. It has also been shown that crosslinking BCR on murine mature B cells results in partial BCR internalization and limited receptor recycling. The EU12 µHC+ cells are phenotypically and functionally similar to human bone marrow immature B cells. Stimulation of these cells with low concentrations of goat F(ab')2 anti-IgM antibodies results in complete internalization of the BCR. The internalized BCRs travel to the early and late endosomes, presumably for degradation. Re-expression of the BCR on the cell surface can be detected as early as 2 hours and reach almost normal levels within 6 to 12 hours. However, the reappearance of the BCR, which is completely blocked by Cycloheximide and Brefeldin A treatment respectively, requires de novo protein synthesis and secretion. These results show that the EU12 µHC+ immature B cells do not recycle surface BCR after complete internalization of the BCR.


Consuls have tended to be seen as the poor cousins of ambassadors and ministers. Consuls have also performed a host of tasks that transcend diplomacy. This chapter focuses on Europe because other historical consul like offices seem to have had little influence on the consular institution as it developed and spread across the globe in the second millennium. Even for the European states, the source material is scanty. G.W. Rice comments, with regard to Britain, for example, that there is an 'extreme scarcity of private consular correspondence which could amplify the apparently scattered and fragmentary official sources before 1800'. The chapter discusses how consuls have been treated in diplomatic and commercial history. Nunez Hernandez notes how in the mid-thirteenth century in Barcelona, the King left it to his council to appoint consuls of the sea on a yearly basis and to have them swear an oath to him. Keywords:consul; Europe


Thirty five rats with biliary obstruction induced by double ligation and section of the common bile duct were randomly and blindly assigned to receive piperine (20, 40 or 80 mg/kg), silymarin (25 mg/kg) or saline once a day orally, starting one day after surgery and continued for one month. At the end of the treatment period, rats were killed and analyzed for blood biochemistry, liver and bone histopathology. Piperine administered at 20, 40 or 80 mg/kg to bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats reduced elevated plasma ALT by 16.2-37.5%, AST by 15.4-26.8%, ALP by 60.5-72.7% and bilirubin by 28.4-46.3%, respectively. On histology, liver fibrosis was reduced by piperine in a dose-dependent manner. Piperine also increased the amount of collagenous fibers in the matrix of bone tissue and areas of regeneration. It is concluded that in the model of bile duct ligation, piperine protects against hepatocellular injury and fibrosis and improves bone alterations.


I describe the space-time model of a uniformly rotating frame of reference satisfying the Helmholtz free mobility postulate, as we implemented it in a preceding article, and we discuss the implications of this model as it concerns the problematic of the one way or two ways velocity of light derived from the model and its relationship with the universal constant c.


The association between responses to an inquiry about contact with triatomid bugs and the confirmation of infection by complement fixation test is examined in a group of 2.154 cases from a hospital blood bank. The laboratory examination revealed a prevalence of infection of 14,5% and the inquiry a positive contact history of 11,5%. However, positive findings for both methods coincided in only 2,5%, while negative findings coincidedin 76,5%. The total concordance of findings, or the efficacy of the inquiry to correctly indicate the State of infection, was 79%. The sensitivity of the screening instrument was low (17,3%) and the specificity high (89,5%). The predictive value of a positive history of contact was only 21,5%, while that of a negative history was 86,5%. These results indicate that inquiries carried out in this way are of little value in screening for Chagas'disease and should be discontinued in blood banks, unless their precision can be enhanced.


The ideal anesthetic technique for laparoscopy should minimize the risk of cardiopulmonary complications while providing adequate amnesia, analgesia, and muscle relaxation with rapid recovery. Local anesthesia is best reserved for short procedures involving gentle manipulation and cooperative patients. Spinal or epidural anesthesia is not commonly used because of concerns about respiratory compromise or diaphragmatic irritation brought on by abdominal insufflation. Therefore, laparoscopic procedures are most commonly performed with general anesthesia. Total intravenous anesthesia may have some advantages over inhalational techniques, and among the latter, nitrous oxide is controversial because it may increase the gas volume in the bowel and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting.


Recent developments in technology assessment and optimization methodology have seen an expansion in the use of Virtual Clinical Trials (VCT) as an alternative to conventional clinical trials. However, the ultimate value gained from VCTs relies on the speed and quality of results generated from the VCT pipeline. In many cases the end-point human observer represents a bottle-neck due to resource and time limitations. This motivates the development of a machine-based observer for key task-based assessment studies. Previous work using Deep Learning for detection and observer studies has shown significant promise, but requires large amounts of data for training. We therefore have built a model observer based on the VGG19 neural network architecture combined with transfer learning to successfully train a TLMO (Transfer Learning Model Observer) that can detect both screen-detected malignancies and simulated lesions in images of 303 x 303 pixels. Our results demonstrate a strong response for the detection of simulated lesions, 4mm in diameter, using the OPTIMAM VCT Toolbox, achieving a sensitivity of 0.78 and a specificity of 0.92. The model has also been tested using well-defined and ill-defined screen-detected masses where it achieved a sensitivity of 0.85 and a specificity of 0.83.


Quadrotor helicopters are an increasingly popular rotorcraft for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms. Many groups have worked on quadrotors and realized various controllers and scenarios for it. And PID controller, because of simple structure, good stability and less dependence on the model, plays an important role in quadrotor control. This paper presents an application of Self-tuning PID controller based on adaptive pole placement to a quadrotor. This controller can tune the PID parameters online according to the system change. And the simulation results show that the designed flight controller can achieve accurate control for quadrotor with enough adaptability and robustness.


The Muslims of tenth-century Provence are a permanent fixture in the realm of folklore and legend. Through numerous attempts to explain and justify their historic settlement in southern France between the 890s and 970s, a number of mistruths have become the accepted standard in modern French historiography. Centuries of historical analysis have tended to obscure rather than clarify the course of events. In order to understand how this 'Saracen legend' was first created, this article examines modern historical and methodological approaches that have both shaped and perpetuated our view of the region. It asks how the story has evolved, and why it has remained so prevalent in the French historiography on tenth-century Provence.


This paper briefly introduces the working principle and control requirement of the micro\|bearing automatic testing system. At the same time, it introduces how to realize the test-controlling with PLC in this device. This paper also shows the system block diagram and programmable flow chart.


An ocean model is used to test the idea that sea surface Δ14C behaves as a thermocline proxy in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The ORCA2 model, which includes Δ14C as a passive tracer, has been forced with reanalysis fluxes over 1948–1999, and the output is compared with a previously reported Galapagos Δ14C record. The model reproduces the abrupt increase in the seasonally minimum Δ14C in 1976/77 found in the data. This increase is associated with neither a shift of thermocline depth over the NINO3 region, nor a change in the relative proportion of Northern/Southern source waters. Rather, it is due to a decrease in the Sub‐Antarctic Mode Water (SAMW) component of the upwelling water, thereby representing a decrease in entrainment of water from below the base of the directly ventilated thermocline.


Based on the development of the Internet of Things(IoT)and the study of modularization design, the characteristic that the modular is tend to be intelligent in the modularization design of digital products is analyzed. The interactive experience innovation brought by the intelligence of digital products module and the extension of modular system function space and the universality brought by the change of the interface mode between the modules are described. The design trends of more open, more flexible,more intelligent in the modularization design of the digital products under the background of the IoT are put forward.


Aquilegia × hybrida Sims 'Purple' and 'Dove' initiated flower buds 5 months after seeding without being exposed to low temperatures. Four experiments were conducted to test the effects of gibberellic acid (GA 3), long photoperiod, long photoperiod with a high level of irradiance, and cold treatments on forcing of the two cultivars. Time from treatment to anthesis was reduced by 9 days for defoliated 'Purple' plants treated with 250 mg GA3/liter, and by >14 days for defoliated 'Dove' plants treated with 125 mg GA 3/liter. Defoliated 'Purple' or 'Dove' plants treated with 18 hours of supplemental high pressure sodium (HPS) light at 250 mol·m -1 ·s -2 (18 SH) reached anthesis 14 or 10 days earlier, respectively, after treatment than plants grown under natural daylight (Nat). The 18 SH treatment increased the number of flowers from eight and nine per plant on Nat plants for defoliated 'Dove' and 'Purple', respectively, to 16 flowers on 18 SH plants. Cold treatments at 4 ± lC did not shorten the interval between treatment and anthesis, but decreased the number of flowers per plant in both cultivars. Chemical name used: gibberellic acid (GA3). Aquilegia, commonly known as columbine, is grown pri- marily as a perennial bedding plant. It is usually sown in late summer and flowers the following spring. Production as a pot plant or cut flower is limited mainly by its long production time, although the short shelf life of the individual flowers is also a limiting factor. Even in a greenhouse, it usually takes 7 to 8 months from seeding for Aquilegia to flower. Literature on the flowering physiology of Aquilegia is scant. Shedron and Weiler (1982) reported that Aquilegia × hybrids required 8 weeks of vernalization for flowering, although some seedlings flowered without cold treatments regardless of pho- toperiod. They concluded that vernalization was probably the primary natural environmental factor required to induce flow- ering. They also reported that neither leaves nor light during vernalization was necessary for flower induction, apparently be- cause the apical meristem, not the leaves, perceived the cold stimulus. GA3 induced some plants to flower but also caused weak stems, some of which collapsed before florets opened, especially at high concentrations (they used 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg.liter -1 spray). However, the effects of long photoperiod with a high level of irradiance and the interaction effects among photoperiod, high irradiance, GA3, and cold treatments were not studied. The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of high irradiance, long photoperiod, GA3 application, cold treat- ments, and the interactions among these factors on growth and flowering of Aquilegia × hybrida 'Purple' and 'Dove'.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three work‐value orientations — cosmopolitan, local and bureaucratic, on teachers' activities in the high‐school system. The research supported the notion that the bureaucratic orientation is not in conflict with the two other orientations and hence its effect on teachers' activities is not opposite to that of the local cosmopolitan orientation. Two hundred and sixty‐two high‐school teachers participated in the study. They answered mailed questionnaires which sought biographical data, measures of the three work value orientations and measures of five groups of school activities. Results indicated that teachers' activities are affected by their work‐value orientations. The bureaucratic orientation was not found to be in conflict with the two other orientations, but rather complementary to the local one in its effect on teachers' activity. The teachers who rated high in all three orientations were also the most involved in all five groups of school activities.


One represented the review of the data on prevalence, diagnosis, medication and prophylaxis of C. cerebralis infection in our country and in the world.


This contribution describes an approach that assigns arriving documents in an organization to agents. The assignment is based on the attributes and functions, i.e. positions and roles, of the agents. These attributes and functions are contained in an organizational model that includes all potential recipients. Using algorithms based on this model, the assignment of the documents works without machine learning methods. It can be regarded as non-probabilistic classification of the documents, with the agents serving as labels. These labels are not just denominators, but are also interconnected via the organizational model.


Investigating the chemical reactions at the surface of quantum dots (QDs) is fundamental for applications of QDs in ionic environments. On the basis of our recent report about the discriminative detection of Mn(II) from Cu(II) via QD fluorescence sensing, we herein focused on the QD surface chemical reactions with Mn(II) or Cu(II) at different QD surface modification conditions. Two types of QDs were used. One is well modified QDs with a surface rich in Cd-ligands complexes. Another is moderately modified QDs with both bared Te atoms and Cd-ligand complexes on the surface. Our results indicated that well modified QDs underwent a chemical reaction with Cu(II), namely, the substitution of Cd from QDs by Cu(II). In this case, the results of discriminative detection of Mn(II) from Cu(II) is always believable. For moderately modified QDs in comparison, it appears there is a new reaction manner via combination of bared Te atoms with Cu(II) or Mn(II). This new reaction manner occurs mainly around pH 10.3. Consequently, the results of discriminative detection of Mn(II) from Cu(II) via moderately modified QDs is not believable.


Notice is hereby given that the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) and the Assistant Secretary for Health have taken final action in the following case: Jason Elster, Saint Louis University: Based on the report of an investigation conducted by Saint Louis University, Mr. Elster's admission, and additional analysis conducted by ORI in its oversight review, the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) found that Mr. Elster, former undergraduate research assistant, School of Public Health, Saint Louis University, engaged in scientific misconduct by falsifying or fabricating data in at least eight of the 125 questionnaires he collected with support from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cooperative agreement U48 CCU710806, ''Rural Chronic Disease Prevention Center.'' Specifically, the objective of the questionnaire was to assess the extent of media exposure by the community and opinions regarding local media coverage of health issues as well as to determine baseline health-related behavior. The intent of the study was to use this information in developing effective strategies for delivering information on disease prevention to the public. No publications were affected, but because of the removal of Mr. Elster's 125 questionnaires from the study, interviews with 125 new participants were required to achieve the sample size needed to have sufficient statistical power. Mr. Elster has entered into a Voluntary Exclusion Agreement (Agreement) with PHS in which he has voluntarily agreed for a period of three (3) years, beginning on November 13, 2001: (1) To exclude himself from serving in any advisory capacity to PHS, including but not limited to service on any PHS advisory committee, board, and/or peer review committee, or as a consultant; and


In this article, we propose a multimodal perspective to diagrammatic representations by sketching a description of what may be tentatively termed the diagrammatic mode. We consider diagrammatic representations in the light of contemporary multimodality theory and explicate what enables diagrammatic representations to integrate natural language, various forms of graphics, diagrammatic elements such as arrows, lines and other expressive resources into coherent organisations. We illustrate the proposed approach using two recent diagram corpora and show how a multimodal approach supports the empirical analysis of diagrammatic representations, especially in identifying diagrammatic constituents and describing their interrelations.


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Objective To understand junior students' AIDS prevention knowledge,attitude and behavior in rural area of Anhui province,and to provide scientific evidence for school-based AIDS prevention education in rural areas.Methods 604 students in Grade 7 and Grade 8 from 2 junior schools in rural area of Anhui province were surveyed by self-administered questionnaire anonymously.Results About 41.2%,59.3% and 70.3% students knew that HIV can be transmitted by sexual intercourse,pregnant mother with HIV to the baby,and blood respectively.Only 16.1%,20.9% and 23.0% knew that HIV can not be transmitted by mosquito bite,having dinner together and shaking hands respectively.Only 20.4% students were willing to study with the people with HIV in the same class.About 2.3% students reported having sexual intercourse.Conclusion Rural junior students are lack of AIDS prevention knowledge.It's urgent to develop AIDS prevention education in rural middle school.


The γ‐ray strength function is an important input quantity for the determination of the photoreaction rate and the neutron capture rate for astrophysics as well as for nuclear technologies. Recent studies show that extra γ‐ray strength near the neutron separation energy Sn (pygmy resonance) affects the stellar reaction rate strongly. In this work, the photoabsorption cross section for 139La below Sn was measured using bremsstrahlung produced at the electron accelerator ELBE of Eorschungszentrum Dresden‐Rossendorf with an electron beam of 11.5 MeV kinetic energy. Experimental result of 139La is presented.


The Infrared Multi-Object Spectrograph is a facility instrument for the KPNO Mayall Telescope. IRMOS is a low- to mid-resolution, near-IR (0.8-2.5 um) spectrograph that produces simultaneous spectra of ~100 objects in its 2.8 × 2.0 arcmin field of view. The instrument operating temperature is ~80 K and the design is athermal. The bench and mirrors are machined from Al 6061-T651. In spite of its baseline mechanical stress relief, Al 6061-T651 harbors residual stress, which, unless relieved during fabrication, may distort mirror figure to unacceptable levels at the operating temperature (~80 K). Other cryogenic, astronomy instruments using Al mirrors have employed a variety of heat treatment formulae, with mixed results. We present the results of a test program designed to empirically determine the best stress relief procedure for the IRMOS mirrors. Identical test mirrors are processed with six different stress relief formulae from the literature and institutional heritage. After figuring via diamond turning, the mirrors are tested for figure error at room temperature and at ~80 K for three thermal cycles. The heat treatment procedure for the mirrors that yielded the least and most repeatable change in figure error is applied to the IRMOS mirror blanks. We correlate the results of our optical testing with heat treatment and metallographic data.


Different phases of migrating supraependymal macrophages in the third ventricle of rat were observed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The cell type of supraependymal macrophages and its relevant functions were analysed using transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The results indicated that the cell bodies of supraependymal macrophages in the third ventricle were ovoid or elliptic in shape and stretched out several peripheral lingual and fingerlike pseudopods.The whole migrating process may be,at first,a dome-like structure was formed on the surface of ependyma,then the interspace between ependymal cells were pushed open and the cell body of the migrating macrophages appeared,and eventually moved outside and droped in the ventricular lumen.Under TEM,supraependymal macrophages were ovoid with a large nucleus and scant of cytoplasmic organelles.These morphological characters are compatible with the characteristics of mononuclear phagocytes and provide the ultrastructural basis for further research on their functions.