In spring 2001 and 2002 a small stream was stocked with tagged hatchery-reared yearling brown trout (Salmo trutta), in order to study their influence on the resident brown trout population. The stream was separated into six sections: two sections without stocking, two sections where stocking doubled the trout population and two sections where the fish population was quadrupled. The working hypothesis was that due to food limitation (competition) growth of the wild fish will be negatively influenced by stocking, and wild fish will be displaced by the (possibly more aggressive) hatchery fish. Surprisingly, growth rate of wild and stocked fish of the same age was similar and independent of stocking density. Two main reasons may be responsible for this finding: only a low percentage of the stocked fish remained in the stream, and food was not limited during summer. Only 12–19% of the stocked fish were recaptured after six months, in contrats to 40–70% of one-year old and up to 100% of older wild trout. The wild fish were not displaced by hatchery-reared fish: During summer the wild fish remained more or less stationary, whereas most of the stocked trout had left their release site. The results indicate that in a natural stream stocking of hatchery reared brown trout does not influence negatively growth and movement of the wild fish independent of stocking density.


Objective To discuss the relationship between Pre-S1 Antigen(Pre-S1) and hepatitis B virus markers in serum(HBV-M) and their clinical significance. Methods Pre-S1 and HBV-M were simultaneously detected by ELISA in 1067 serum samples from HBsAg positive patients. Results The positive rates of Pre-S1 were 60.5%(245/405),59.8%(52/87),14.3%(72/504)and 7.0%(5/71)among the four positive patterns with HBsAg,HBeAg,Anti-HBc;HBsAg,HBeAg;HBsAg,Anti-HBe,Anti-HBc and HBsAg,Anti-HBc.The Detection of Pre-S1 antigen in HbeAg positives and HbeAg negatives were significantly different(P0.01). Conclusion There is a nice consistency between Pre-S1 and HBeAg.The detection of Pre-S1 can show the replication status of HBV inside the body,Pre-S1 can be taken as a complement to the dectection of traditional hepatitis B virus markers.


Describes the existing new tunneling technologies for coal mines,and elaborates the applications of the new tunneling technologies and processes,and studies the development trend of new tunneling technologies for coal mines at last.


This study presents the work on the development and evaluation of web based applications for people with developmental disabilities (DD) in collaboration with Hope Services, a California based non-profit organization that provides services to improve the quality of life for individuals with DD. These web applications are HTML-5-based and designed for Android and Windows tablets. These web applications are targeted towards people with DD of all ages. The system includes two games, one that aim to teach basic skills such as object relations (e.g. smaller, larger, less, more) and another that aims to help users learn about causality and or improve upon cognitive skills (e.g. memory, focus, and problem solving). User evaluation suggests that these games provide a good platform for people with DD to increase their independence, provide an additional or alternative learning system, as well as improve their life satisfaction.


This work reports phytoplankton changes in a shallow, acidic and oligotrophic lake (Loch Rusky, Scotland) from two different periods: one with artificial phosphate fertilization and neutral pH (SRP 3–18 g l 1, pH 6.6–7.8, 1972–73) and the other with low phosphate and acidic pH values (SRP <1.5 g l 1, pH 5.6–6.9, 1985–86). Phosphate enhanced markedly total algal biomass and favoured the presence of cyanophytes, especially in the summer epilimnion, while cryptophytes dominated at this time during unfertilized periods. Anabaenasp. peaked during summer and a higher density of Ceratium hirundinellaandPeridiniumsp. in mid-summer was also observed during the fertilized period. Otherwise, algal composition and periodicity remained similar for the two comparative periods. In both, diatoms ( Asterionella formosandAulacoseira italica) dominated during spring.


In this study, we applied a couple of different imaging methods to ultrasound measurement system to evaluate their performance. We employed a 128-element ultrasonic concave array system for this measurement. Images generated by the conventional migration method were compared with the Envelope Method, a promising high-resolution imaging technique. To check the imaging quality of an ultrasonic measurement system using reduced number of elements, we selected 8, 16, 32 and 64 elements from the total 128 elements used in our imaging process. The results show that the Envelope Method can produce clear images with the RMS (Root Mean Square) error less than 0.5 mm even when using a small number of elements, suggesting that the introduction of the Envelope Method could be an effective way of reducing the number of elements employed in array systems while maintaining its high performance in image quality.


Kelvin J. Layton, Mark Morelande, David Wright, Peter M. Farrell, Bill Moran, and Leigh A. Johnston Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, National ICT Australia, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Parkville, Victoria, Australia TARGET AUDIENCE Researchers with an interest in T2 mapping.  PURPOSE There is increasing interest in quantifying the distribution of T2 values in each voxel of the brain, underpinning emerging techniques such as myelin water imaging used to study multiple sclerosis [1]. Two distribution models are commonly used: a pseudocontinuous grid, estimated using a non-negative least squares (NNLS) algorithm [2], and a multicomponent discrete distribution, estimated using nonlinear least squares [3]. It was recently demonstrated that a gradient-based nonlinear least squares algorithm is unreliable for the discrete distribution model and an alternative Bayesian algorithm was proposed [4]. Here we extend the method to include the extended phase graph (EPG) algorithm [5] to model stimulated echoes (arising from non-ideal refocusing pulses) for a multicomponent T2 distribution. The EPG algorithm for stimulated echo compensation has been implemented for NNLS [6] and for single component decays with inhomogeneous slice profiles [7]. We use the EPG algorithm for a model with multiple discrete components (Eq. 1).


Telecommunications networks are unique because they require a high degree of cooperation from all parties involved and because of the interdependency of network components. Technical standards, service definitions, and pricing arrangements all must be well understood by the various users of the network in order to ensure efficient provision of the network's services. Therefore, in order to allocate properly the joint costs and benefits of the telecommunications network, a sound interconnection pricing policy is of paramount importance.


Information technologies will haw an increasing impact on many components of post-secondary education. lhese new technologies, will drive major changes in instructional progammes and learning environments; both on and off campuses. Recent publications on current applications and possible future transformations in the instructional areal are reviewed in this paper. Creative utilization of infirmation technologies can help with many of the issues currenth facing universities—finances, educational content, outreach, retention, time-to-degree, delivery options, assessment, internationalization and K-12 (pre-college) interactions. Paradigm that are possible with educational technologies have generated and will continue to generate increased competition in the education market-place. Those who choose to ignore the new players will do so at their peril.


The effects of water stress induced by polyethylene glycol 6000(PEG 6000) on morphological characters and membrane permeability of seedlings were studied using 8 varieties of potatoes.Each of the potato varieties was treated with 0(CK),5%,10%,15%,20%,25% and 30% PEG respectively.The results showed that leaf size and number decreased with increasing concentration of PEG.Leaf numbers of all the materials but Xiang Potato 1 were significantly lower than CK when treated with 10% PEG.The elongation of stems was more sensitive to drought stress,which were significantly inhibited by 5% PEG treatment compared to CK and internodes number was susceptible to 10% PEG treatment.The root growth was more sensitive to drought stress compared to the number of root.The root of Xiang Potato 1 could not grow under 15% PEG stress and Zhongshu3,Dongnong303,Favorita,Jinshanshu were restricted by 25% PEG treatment.Interestingly,the roots of Atlantic potato,Zhongshu5 and S.chacoense-1 could develop even under 30% PEG stress.Membrane permeability of seedlings increased with increasing concentration of PEG.The level of drought resistance varied among varieties of potatoes.The results revealed that the effect of PEG-induced water stress on seedling morphology was in accordance with the effect on membrane permeability.


The socialogic studies among pharmaceutic institutions managers, chemists and pharmacists are carried out. The positive attitude of these employees to privatization was revealed by questionnaire. However, as for now the pharmacetic managers prefer transition of the property in the form closed joint- stock company as more gradual way of reforms.


New materialism initiates a reexamination of the body, agency, nature, objects, and everything materiality. Also, this article attempts to illustrate a general view of the environmental crisis based on the new materialism approach. The environmental crisis is very limited in the view of the metaphysical investigation. At the same time, so the proposal of a new materialism agency-structure configuration provides a broad understanding of the environmental crisis. The materiality of the world is not passively comprehended but instead lives and sustains itself, including the crisis itself. Its implication of shifting subject s decentralization goes beyond the limitation of the definition of subject and object, and goes further for the possibility of a new understanding of ecological crisis. Since this introspection and self-adaptation of multiple political decisions in an irreducibly pluriversal a world of many worlds  are considered the actual, authentic, and with unblocking constraints touch the relation between human and non-human in the materiality of the more-than-human world.


fishes Cirrhinus mrigala weighing 55±10 g were divided into 3 groups of fifteen each. Group 1 st received fish diet only and served as control, while group 2 nd exposed with bisphenol-A (BPA) (2 mg/L) and group 3 rd exposed with vitamin-C (50 mg/L) and BPA (2 mg/L) for 15, 30 and 60 days and histopathological studies were observed in their liver and kidney. Bisphenol-A showed degenerative changes in hepatic and renal cells after 15 days exposures. However, these changes were more prominent and severe in later part i.e. 30 and 60 of the experiments. The animals exposed with BPA for 30 and 60 days showed atrophied changes in uriniferous tubules and hypertrophied hepatic nuclei, necrosis in hepatocytes and interrenal cells as compared to control group. The animals exposed with vitamin-C along with BPA showed recovery in their hepatic cells, interrenal cells, and uriniferous tubules after 15, 30 and 60 days as compared to BPA groups. These observations denotes that vitamin-C i.e. antioxidant has some antidote role or protective action against bisphenol-A toxicity in Cirrhinus mrigala.


A new harmonic detection method based on reassigned SPWVD is proposed,and the SPWVD and the reassigned SPWVD of signals are compared.Simulations show that the reassigned SPWVD can enhance the time-frequency congregation,improve orientation precision,and effectively detect the occurrence time and frequency information of harmonics and inter-harmonics in power systems.


Antipyretics are well known as stabilizers of commercial hydrogen peroxide solutions (Kausch, 1938; Slater, 1945), and it has been suggested by Bailey (1937) that 'antipyretic substances are in general aromatic, many ofthem phenolic, and quite possibly lower the temperature of the body by reducing the rate of oxidation', conceivably by interfering with H202 metabolism. In tissue metabolism, H202 may be produced by reactions involving, for example, D-amino-acid oxidase, xanthine oxidase, uricase (Sumner & Somers, 1943), and the chemical identification of H202 as a metabolic product has recently been demonstrated by Tosic & Walton (1946). The H202 produced is decomposed by the widely distributed cellular enzyme catalase, but simple protective decomposition of H202 into 02 and water is now considered by Keilin & Hartree (1945) to be less likely than catalysis ofcoupled oxidation ofalcohols, and possibly of other biologically important compounds. The possibility that antipyretic action may not be wholly central in origin is suggested by the hyperthermic action of dinitro-a-naphthol in a dog deprived of its central thermoregulatory mechanism (Heymans, 1928), and by the antipyretic action of acetanilide, quinine and pyramidone in decerebrate rabbits exhibiting pyrexia induced by ,-tetrahydronaphthylamine (Skowronski, 1929). The antipyretic substances, sodium salicylate, quinine and pyramidone, have a depressant action on isolated-tissue respiration (Nitzescu & Cosima, 1923), and the reduction ofmethylene blue by liver tissue is inhibited by antipyretics such as aspirin, antipyrine, phenacetin, quinine and sodium salicylate, as well as by a number of typical antioxidants (Boutaric & Jacquinot, 1931). Antipyretic activity, is broadly associated with particular chemical structures, and several representative antipyretic substances were tested for inhibitory activity in the isolated catalase-H202 system, in an attempt to provide evidence for the hypothetical mechanism suggested above for possibleperipheral action ofantipyretics. Ofthe four maintypes ofantipyretic substances, acetanilide and phenacetin represent typical aniline derivatives, salicyclic acid and acetylsalicylic acid represent typical phenol derivatives, antipyrine is a representative pyrazolone derivative, and quinine represents animber ofquinoline derivatives. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid is a phenol derivative not ordinarily used as an antipyretic.


Objective : To carry out a scientometric analysis of published articles that report the occurrence of the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides from 11 different fruits. Place and Duration of Study : The study was caried out at Department of Agronomy, State University of Goias, Ipameri University, Brazil and Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan from December 2019 to February 2020. Materias and Methods : For the development of this study, specialized searches were made on the "Web of Science" database using keywords e.g the scientific names of the plant species affected by the pathogen : per / articles. Conclusion : This study concluded that the largest number of articles has been published in the world literature that relate the occurrence of C. gloesporioides on M. indica and C. papaya . Further studies on anthracnose in some plant species are needed, due to the low rate of publications and citations. Gloeosporioides and its Hosts: A Scientometric Analysis. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 33(5)-2021. BJSTR. MS.ID.005479.


A qualitative picture of the solution to Van der Pol's equation, using rough phase plane plots, is obtained prior to using the Taylor and Modified Euler (TAME) method to obtain more exact phase plane plots. The character of the solution, which is a relaxation oscillation, is discussed. Finally, an application of Van der Pol's equation to a dc motor–generator hookup is given.


The hygiene hypothesis, which explains the rising prevalence of asthma, eczema, and allergy in the developed world as a consequence of reduced or delayed exposure to microorganisms in early life, continues to stimulate investigations. Paediatrics has a trial of supplements of Lactobacillus rhamnosus given to infants with at least one atopic parent over the first six months of life (Paediatrics doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3000). However, no beneficial effects on rates of eczema, asthma, or rhinitis were apparent at age 2.


In the early 70's Dennis Sullivan applied his theory of minimal models and surgery to the classification of 1-connected closed smooth manifolds of dimension ≥ 5 up to finite ambiguity [Su]. To a diffeomorphism class of such a manifold M he assigns the isomorphism class given by the real minimal model ℳ (M), the integral structure in form of various lattices and the real Pontryagin classes. If one controls the torsion of the manifolds by some bound, his result is that the map given by the triple above is finite-to-one ([Su], Theorem 13.1). He also proves a realization result for the rational minimal model and the Pontryagin classes but not for the lattices ([Su], Theorem 13.2).


The name gangrene is one which has been used for many, manyyears. But very few know that it is derived from a Greek word, ypcu'vco, to gnaw. From the original meaning, therefore, it is most applicable to such processes as ulceration, suppuration, phagedena, etc., that is to say, the death of small particles or molecules. Unfortunately, it has become usual to apply it to the " death of visible portions of tissue," and, in consequence, is understood to imply the death of large parts, such as limbs and parts of limbs. The common meaning of the word, then, is very different from its original significance. Gangrene frequently covers also the putrefactive processes which occur after the death of the tissues. The old names of sphacelation and sphacelus refer to the separation of the dead from the living tissues, i.e. the process of sloughing, and the slough of dead tissue cast off. The mere fact that a tissue is possessed of life presupposes that it must die. When the whole body dies the process is called death, not gangrene. When a part of the body dies it should be called local death. Adopting the customary use of Greek phraseology, these two catastrophes may be called general or total necrosis, and local or partial necrosis. This is the more exact nomenclature, though it will be a long time before the word gangrene is expunged from our text-books. Death or necrosis is the natural end of all living tissue. When *t occurs as a general dissolution of the body, the death of the parts is bound up with that of the whole, and no attention is paid to them. '


Let be convex domains in complex normed spaces respectively. When a mapping is holomorphic with f(0) = 0, we obtain some results like the Schwarz lemma. Furthermore, we discuss a condition whereby f is linear or injective or isometry.


Structural changes and folding properties of 2- and 3-dimensional di-block polyampholytes are investigated via multicanonical molecular dynamics simulations. The restricted free energy of the 2-dimensional system clearly shows double well structure at intermediate temperature region, which is indicative of the structural transition between extended and compact structures. In the 3-dimensional system, only single well structure in the restricted free energy is observed.


This editorial refers to 'Prediction of long-term outcomeof cardiac resynchronization therapy by acute pressure–volume loop measurements', by G.J. de Roest et al.doi.10.1093/eurjhf/hfs190Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has been established asan effective treatment strategy for heart failure patients withsevere LV systolic impairment and electrical dyssynchrony.


This article, using the cash dividend distribution samples from 2002 to 2006 in China's stock market, concludes that there does exist tunneling in the market after an empirical study based on the double principle-agent theory. Subsequently, dummy variable is introduced into the regression model to make a contrast of dividend policy before and after the share segregation reform, and the conclusion shows that the reform has played its role in prohibiting tunneling.


Three stages(preparation stage,implementation stage,summary and conclusion and additional stage) of the medical equipment use and maintenance skills assessment are described.The specific implementation methods are investigated.The assessment with dedicated preparation,strict implementation,timely summing up and supplement is a rigorous,efficient,safe and orderly assessment.Though the assessment,the situation of medical equipment use and maintenance will be greatly improved.It can better ensure the medical equipment integrity and safety,and eventually maximize the equipment functions and win greater social efficiency and economic benefits.


This paper presents results from a study of frost resistance of air entrained concrete with additions of fly ash. In this study, concrete with different additions of fly ash were cured at different ages and elevated temperature prior to the standard frost scaling test. The equivalent water-binder ratio was fixed at 0.45, with efficiency factors of either 0.4 or 1.0. The results show that properly air entrained concrete with fly ash achieved a frost resistance similar or even better than that of Portland cement concrete. Curing for longer ages or at elevated temperature did not improve the freeze/thaw durability.


Higher operating frequencies have increased the importance of inductance in power and ground networks. The effective inductance of the power and ground network can be reduced with an interdigitated structure. A closed-form solution for determining the optimal power and ground wire width is described, producing the minimum impedance within an interdigitated structure. The optimal wire width is determined under different physical network dimensions and signal frequencies, suggesting useful trends for interdigitated power and ground networks. In addition, a closed-form expression for the optimal wire width is determined that minimizes the voltage drop over a single metal layer of an interdigitated power/ground network.


In this work, a novel method called Syringe-assisted dispersive micro solid phase extraction (SA-DM-SPE) was developed based on repeatedly withdrawing and pushing out a mixture of an aqueous sample including some chelated potentially toxic metal ions with bis-(acetylacetone) ethylenediimine and a low level of a suitable adsorbent (1.6 mg of multi-walled carbon nanotubes) in a test tube using a syringe. Since maximum contact surface areas were simply provided between the chelated ions and adsorbent with no need to essentially off-line the accelerating mass transfer (including sonication and vortex) and centrifugation steps, maximum efficiency was achieved within a short period of time. The optimized conditions for the extraction of Pb2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cr3+, as target ions, were investigated by the experimental design strategy. Under the optimum conditions, limits of detection, linear dynamic ranges, consumptive indices, and repeatabilities (in terms of intra-day precisions) ranged from 0.3 to 2.0 μg L−1, 0.9 to 980 μg L−1, ∼0.33, and 3.4 to 4.2, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of target ions in different water (tap and wastewater), fruit juice (apple, pear, grape, and grapefruit), and biological fluid (saliva and urine) samples using a microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry (MS-FAAS) technique.


In this paper, we propose and study two time-splitting spectral methods for the generalized Zakharov system. These methods are spectrally accurate in space, second order in time, and unconditionally stable. The unconditional stability of the methods offers greater numerical efficiency than those given in previous papers, especially in the subsonic regime. Our numerical experiments confirm the accuracy and stability. In particular, we analyze their behavior in the subsonic regime. The first method, using the exact time integration in phase space for the wave equation for the nondispersive field, converges uniformly with respect to the sound speed for the dispersive wave field, while the second method, using the Crank–Nicolson method in the same step, with an initial layer fix by an L-stable time discretization, converges uniformly with respect to the sound speed for both dispersive and nondispersive fields. Using these new methods we also study the collision behavior of two solitons, in the subsonic region as well as the transsonic region. We obtain numerical results which are quantitatively different from those reported in previous papers using lower resolution numerical techniques. 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.


It is odd, perhaps, given the fundamental role of the senses in the arts, that so little detailed attention has been paid to the sensorial dimensions of artistic production, expression and experien...


Gas turbine components have to operate in extremely strenuous conditions where service temperature can reach nearly to the melting point of the materials. Blades inside the turbines have to face high stresses, vibrating environment and high temperature. All these factors will activate variety of degradation modes onto the components of turbine resulting in the catastrophic failure of the turbine. Due to this turbine will fail to meet his functional requirement and consequently in this event power plant will remain shut down for approximately one month resulting in the huge economic loss and more importantly stoppage of service to the society. This review article discusses and presents common failures found in the gas turbine.


This work describes the mistakes that a group of 27 students of the Mathematics speciality of the Master's Degree in Secondary Teacher Training have revealed in a modelling task. Based on the literature review, a system of mistake categories is established in the different phases of the modeling process and the coherence between them. The analysis of the results shows a higher frequency of errors in the phases in which the original real situation intervenes: the simplification phase to obtain the real model and the validation phase to interpret the results obtained. The types of mistakes reported provide information for the training of future mathematics teachers.


AbstractIn this study, the potentiality of Cactus opuntia (ficus-indica), as a coagulant for the treatment of simulated industrial water-based paint wastewater in terms of colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity was investigated. The coagulation ability was assessed for 1 L of effluent using the standard jar test apparatus by varying the operational variables like eluent type (water, NaCl and BaCl2), eluent concentration (1–5 N), coagulant dosage (1–6 g), coagulant volume (20–100 mL), initial pH (5–11) and initial effluent concentration (3100, 4224, 5650, 6258 and 7693 mg/L named as sample number 1–5, respectively). The results were maximum when 100 mL of 3 g of C. opuntia, eluted using 3 N NaCl was used as a coagulant to treat a litre of effluent. The favourable pH to run the treatment was confirmed as the actual pH of the sample (7.2–7.8). It was found that the removal efficiency increased as the pollution load swelled. The FTIR study revealed the presence of various functional groups, which ...


Starting from the hadith narrated by narrated by Imam Muslim which means: "every human being is born upon fitrah. His parents made him Jewish, Christian or Majusi." From this hadith, it is clear that parents have big role in shaping children religiosity. Thus, the obligation of parents is to make children have religious maturity by doing religious moderation so that children develop an attitude of respect for other religions. Moreover, education during the Covid-19 pandemic which is more conducted at home makes the mother figure a determinant of the success of teaching religious moderation in children. The purpose of writing this article is to describe mothers and how to teach religious moderation to children during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research is qualitative research with grounded theory method, it used interview in collecting data with the help from related written references on the theory of religious moderation. The results of this article concluded 1) the urgency to prevent children from radical literacy in cyberspace, and 2) the stages of teaching Pancasila values that are in accordance with religious moderation in the neighborhood.


The author solves the problem of differentiation between the phenomena of plateosemy (contextually conditioned polysemy) and polysemy (common polysemy) on the basis of the research results of verbs with broad semantics and general meaning "to do". The main differences of units with broad semantics and polysemantic are related to the principles of semantic construction, which in the case of plateosemy is possible on the basis of a prototypical approach when emphasizing the invariant that correlates with a broad meaning. Other features of the unit with broad semantics are the ability for hyper-hyponymic relations, referential function, multifunctionality.


ABSTRACT We present a new type of waveguide bandpass quasi-elliptic filter whose resonators are implemented by thin transverse resonant diaphragms with an aperture in the form of a rectangular window with two metal L-shaped ridges. It is shown that the amplitude–frequency characteristics of such contoured diaphragms demonstrate the frequencies of parallel and series resonances simultaneously. We also construct equivalent circuits of the third and fifth-order elliptic filters and provide a computer simulation of the diaphragms satisfying the amplitude–frequency characteristics of each resonator. It is shown that for waveguide elliptic filters, some resonators can be located on one resonant diaphragm, which further reduces the length of the filter. The synthesis results of compact quasi-elliptic filters for WR137 rectangular waveguide with the central frequency of 6.5 GHz and bandwidth of 7.5% are presented. The total length of the filters is 34 mm for third order and 64 mm for fifth order, respectively.


B-cells have been strongly implicated in cardiac allograft rejection (CAR). Recently, however, the CTOT-11 trial showed that depleting mature CD20+ B-cells did not reduce rates of rejection in cardiac allograft recipients and unexpectedly increased the severity of allograft vasculopathy. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that differing phenotypic subtypes of B-cells correspond with different biological mechanisms relating to CAR. Though, current applications to quantify these subtypes of immune cells, i.e with immunohistochemistry or flow cytometry, are often restricted by limited cell markers and cost-burden; therefore, we demonstrate a novel deconvolution method, FARDEEP, that has been validated to accurately enumerate peripheral blood mononuclear cell-subtypes (PBMCs) in a quicker and more cost-effective manner.

 To better understand the association of different B-cell subtypes in CAR by identifying the B-cell subtype most predictive for pathologically defined rejection.

 The machine learning tool, FARDEEP, was trained with the transcriptomic signatures of 29 PBMC subtypes, characterized by previous single-cell RNA experiments. FARDEEP then was used to deconvolute data-mined RNA from 259 blood samples from 98 cardiac allograft recipients enrolled in the CARGO study (GSE2445). Random forest tree (RF) was then used to analyze the levels of deconvoluted subtypes to predict the severity of rejection assessed by endomyocardial biopsy. Finally, RF was used to identify the subtypes of PBMCs most valuable in predicting rejection.

 Out of the 259 samples with consensus pathological readings, 140 had a consensus International Society of Heart and Lung Transplant grade of 0, 63 with grade 1a, 31 with grade 1b, and 25 with grade 3a or higher. We grouped biopsy samples with grade 0, 1a, and 1b as "low-risk" rejection (n=234). 3a or higher samples were grouped as "high-risk" (n=25). There were no grade 2s in the dataset. According to the dataset, blood was extracted from patients on average 72.5 days post-transplant. The RF had good performance in predicting rejection severity. (Figure 1a) CD20- plasmablast cells were stronger predictors for differentiating high-risk from low-risk compared to CD20+ B-cell populations (i.e B Naive and B Memory cells). (Figure 1b) Overall, however, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, monocytes, and basophils were the strongest predictors for rejection.

 Our findings support the results from the CTOT-11 trial showing that CD20+ B-cells may not contribute to CAR as significantly as seen with other PBMC subtypes. Instead, we showed that among B-cells, CD20- plasmablasts were more likely associated with CAR, possibly explaining why targeting CD20 was ineffective in preventing rejection. Thus, targeting plasmablast-associated markers could potentially be more useful to prevent CAR.
 Model Performance with Variables

 Type of funding source: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): 1) Society of Academic Emergency Medicine Foundation; 2) The Jewish Fund


Under the National Curriculum programmes of study taught in local authority maintained schools from September 2014, financial literacy education is statutory for the first time, as part of citizenship education in key stages 3 and 4 (ages 11-16). In addition, the new mathematics curriculum is intended to ensure that young people leave school with an understanding of the skills needed for personal finance.


Abstract : The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space based positioning, navigation, and timing distribution system, which operates through weather and electromagnetic environments (jamming, spoofing, etc.). GPS supports both civil and military users in air, space, sea, and land operations. GPS is a satellite-based radio navigation system that serves military and civil users worldwide. GPS users process satellite signals to determine accurate position, velocity, and time. GPS must comply with 10 United States Code (USC) Section 2281 which requires that the Secretary of Defense ensures the continued sustainment and operation of GPS for military and civilian purposes and 51 USC Section 50112, which requires that GPS complies with certain standards and facilitates international cooperation. The GPS Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX) program procures and fields a modernized satellite command and control (C2) system which replaces the current ground control system for all legacy and new GPS satellites. OCX implements a modern flexible architecture with built-in robust information assurance to address emerging cyber threats. The Air Force is taking a block approach to develop OCX with each block delivering upgrades as they become available. The OCX program of record consists of 2 block deliverables: Block 1, and Block 2. OCX Block 0, a subset of Block 1, will allow OCX to support the launch and checkout of GPS III satellites. OCX Block 1 replaces the existing legacy GPS C2 system and fields the operational capability to control all legacy satellites (GPS IIR, IIR-M, and IIF) and control existing signals (L1 C/A, L1P(Y), L2P(Y)). OCX Block 1 also adds the operational capability to command and control the GPS III satellites and the modernized civil signals (L2C and L5).


Objectives: To determine the tobacco smoking status and cigarette expenditures among low, middle and high income households and to estimate the effects of tobacco smoking on basic needs across different income groups in urban slums of Yaounde in Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 372 households with 1,488 individual's members aged 10-64 years was conducted in twenty urban slums of two health districts in 2009. Cross tabulations and the ordinary least squares regression model were used to assess tobacco smoking status and the effects of tobacco smoking expenditures on basic needs between low, middle and high income smoking households. Results: In urban slums, the majority (64.5%) of households surveyed were cigarette smoking households. The percentage of either income or expenditures allocates to cigarette smoking was higher (9.8% of income and 10.1% of expenditures) for low income households, following the middle income households (6.4% of income and 7.1 of expenditures) than for the high income households (4.2% of income and 5.8% of expenditures). The trends in cigarette expenditures were reflected in both the quantity of packs of cigarette smoked and the average price per pack paid by different income levels. Cigarette smoking by household's members had an important opportunity cost by restricting the household limited budget available to spend on basic needs (food, water, housing, health care, clothing, electricity, transport, sport and leisure). Increasing cigarette price by raising tobacco tax rates would reduce consumption more among low income households than among high income households. Conclusion: The actual monthly expenditures on cigarettes against expenditures on basic needs shows that all income groups would significantly improved their livelihood if they do not spend any money on cigarettes. Any country specific tobacco taxation policy aiming to increase the price of cigarettes without any consideration for the changes in households' income, might not be most effective in reducing cigarette smoking across different income groups. Government interventions from outside the health sector – specifically – in social protection, poverty reduction, urban planning and economic regulations have the potential to strengthen tobacco control in Cameroon.


The invention relates to a method for achieving correction of a distance-amplitude curve. The method comprises the steps of fitting the corresponding distance-amplitude curve (DAC) according to each DAC point, dispersing the DAC curve into DAC curve correction sections at fixed intervals, downloading the DAC curve correction sections to a field programmable gate array (FPGA) through parameters, and performing DAC correction on sampled signals in the corresponding curve sections through the FPGA according to the parameters. By means of the method, the problem that floating-point calculation must be performed by a microprocessor in the correction process is solved, development complexity of hardware of ultrasonic flaw detectors is simplified, development cost is reduced, correction speed is increased, and reliability of the hardware is improved.


The areas of application of modern patient simulators are becoming more widely. Many different medical areas are using simulation in many different ways, e.g. basic education, advanced training, research and even performance assessment [1][2]. One of them is research on human factors, human limitations and medical ergonomics [3].Moreover, the methodology of simulation based trainings and the environment of modern simulation centres provides a perfect playground to introduce new medical devices to healthcare practitioners.


We use the Parikh–Wilczek method to study the tunnelling radiation from the event of the black string, which is asymptotically anti-de Sitter and possesses cylindrical symmetry. We show that higher corrections to the semi-classical rate which are caused by energy conservation and angular momentum conservation exist and the emission rate has completely the same functional form as that for spherically symmetric or axisymmetric black holes.


A series of WO3, BiVO4 and WO3/BiVO4 heterojunction coatings were deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), by means of reactive radio frequency (RF) plasma (co)sputtering, and tested as photoanodes for water splitting under simulated AM 1.5 G solar light in a three-electrode photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell in a 0.5 M NaSO4 electrolyte solution. The PEC performance and time stability of the heterojunction increases with an increase of the WO3 innermost layer up to 1000 nm. A two-step calcination treatment (600 °C after WO3 deposition followed by 400 °C after BiVO4 deposition) led to a most performing photoanode under back-side irradiation, generating a photocurrent density of 1.7 mA cm−2 at 1.4 V vs. SCE (i.e., two-fold and five-fold higher than that generated by individual WO3 and BiVO4 photoanodes, respectively). The incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) measurements reveal the presence of two activity regions over the heterojunction with respect to WO3 alone: The PEC efficiency increases due to improved charge carrier separation above 450 nm (i.e., below the WO3 excitation energy), while it decreases below 450 nm (i.e., when both semiconductors are excited) due to electron–hole recombination at the interface of the two semiconductors.


The direct tunneling current has been calculated for the first time from an inverted p-substrate through different gate dielectrics by numerically solving Schroedinger's equation and al- lowing for wavefunction penetration into the gate dielectric stack. The numerical solution adopts a first-order perturbation approach to calculate the lifetime of the quasi-bound states. This approach has been verified to be valid even for extremely thin dielectrics (0.5 nm). The tunneling currents predicted by this technique compare well with the WKB solution. Also for the first time investigation of the wavefunction penetration into gate stacks and their effects on quantization in the substrate has also been performed. For the same effective oxide thickness (EOT) the direct tunneling current decreases with increasing dielectric constant, as expected. How- ever, in order to take full advantage of using high-K dielectrics as gate insulators the interfacial oxide needs to be eliminated.


Purpose:To use theory about organization, stakeholders, knowledge management and powerstructures to analyze the challenges regarding life-cycle assessments in theconstruction industry in Sweden. Th ...


Many features of flowers comprise the key elements of the pollinating strategies of flowering plants. Our aims were to describe features that attract pollinators and to identify the pollination system of Petunia interior, a species for which bees have been suggested as the probable pollinators. Therefore, we described the morphology and floral biology, assessed nectar production, concentration, and composition, examined reproductive mode and identified pollinators. P. interior has a purple, infundibuliform, zygomorphic corolla with a short and wide tube and blue pollen. Flower opening and pollen release were asynchronous throughout the day. The pollen grains have pollenkitt on the surface. The nectar sugar composition has a proportion of sucrose lower than the proportion of glucose + fructose, and the nectar supply was constant, in small amounts, at a concentration between 16.6-23.1 %. The reproductive system is xenogamous and bees were the exclusive pollinators. P. interior exhibits a set of floral traits that prevent self-pollination and maintains attractiveness to the bees. The greater reproductive success under natural conditions highlights the importance of bees for the reproductive success of P. interior. As far as floral traits are concerned, only the sugar concentration in the nectar does not correspond to melittophily.


The crystal structures of two zinc(II) 5,15-dioxo-porphyrins (porphodimethenes) have been determined to investigate the coordination chemistry of porphyrins with interrupted conjugation system. Both compounds have a five-coordinated zinc center with pyridine as axial ligand and show overall structural parameters very similar to porphyrins. The oxidized meso-positions are, however, easily identified by longer Cm–Ca bond lengths and smaller Ca–Cm–Ca angles. The macrocycles exhibit a small degree of conformational distortion, and the etioporphyrin I derivative shows evidence for π-stacking in the crystal. Crystal data: 1 – C41H47N5O2Zn. Triclinic, a = 10.052(3) Å, b = 14.139(4) Å, c = 14.635(5) Å, α = 105.17(2)°, β = 108.62(3)°, γ = 106.29(2)°, V = 1745.3(9) Å3, CuKα radiation, λ = 1.54178 Å, space group P1̅, Z = 2. R = 0.089. 2 – C37H39N5O2Zn. Triclinic, a = 12.122(3) Å, b = 12.383(3) Å, c = 12.759(4) Å, α = 61.77(2)°, β = 72.19(2)°, γ = 70.32(2)°, V = 1563.8(8) Å3, CuKa radiation, λ = 1.54178 A, space group PĪ, Z = 2, R = 0.076.


Carbon isotopic compositions of organic matters in the sediments during late Glacial Maximum and Late Glacial Period have been analyzed in arid semiarid areas of northwestern China. It shows that the sediment have recorded in detail the process of climatic oscillation that changed from dry and cool to warm and wet in thousand or hundred years scale during this period in the transition of monsoon edge belts. High resolution record of organic carbon isotopic compositions is the same as that of GRIP oxygen isotopic composition. It also indicates that there is a relative climatic changes between the globe and arid China. The climate was warm and wet in the transition period of late Glacial Maximum to Late Glacial, and terrestrial plants grew briskly. And the monsoon had taken an important action in the climatic oscillation in Shiyang river basin. The proxy of δ 13 C is the effective indicator of reconstructing the palaeoclimatic variation in the arid China because of its sensitivity to the climatic changes.


In this study, the aim is to take the views of pre-service teachers on study sheets and evaluate these views. Problem question of the study was determined to be "What are the views of preservice physics teachers on study sheets?" In this study, which was realized in accordance with the aims of qualitative research, a case study model was utilized. The study group consists of 12 pre-service teachers who are seniors at the department of physics education at a state university during the spring semester. In the study, data were gathered via opinion forms and semi-constructed interviews. The obtained data were analyzed through content analysis. At the end of the study, the following themes came to the fore: "Appropriateness of study sheets for teaching," "The effect of study sheets on learning," "and "The applicability of the study sheets." It was determined that concerning study sheets, pre-service teachers think that study sheets can decrease misconceptions, enable meaningful learning, increase interest and attitude, determine the level of readiness, and can be used to relate topics with daily life. Moreover, preservice teachers indicated that preparing study sheets and applying them takes too much time. At this point, it can be suggested that pre-service teachers make use of computer-aided study sheets to save time.


The article presents examples of solving the tasks of analysis of safety of complex technical systems by using logical-probabilistic methods (LPM). LPM are characterised by sufficient visualisation and simplicity of formalisation of the hazardous state of the object in the form of the shortest paths of hazardous state or hazardous state scenario. Parametric representation of logical functions (Boolean sum and products of initiating events and initiating conditions) is carried out using the methods of orthogonalisation. Determination of individual and total contribution of events in probability of realisation of a dangerous condition can allow you to plan the activities to ensure the safety state of the object. In this article the examples are being solved with the use of ARBITR software.


In this paper we assume that strategic payoffs are Normal distribution, and discuss how the parameters of Normal distributions affect the NE payoff distribution that is also concerned by players. We find that distortions of NE payoff distributions are dominated by the distance between variances of strategic payoffs in small means cases and the variances of the dominantly strategic payoffs in large means case. We also find that the variances of strategic payoffs lead to the higher means of the NE payoff distributions, which contain risk premium and the dominantly strategic payoffs, whatever the means of strategic payoffs. However, compared with the dominant strategy that is NE of static game, our model obtains that the mean magnitudes of strategic payoffs lead to establish the different rade-off relationship between means and variances of the NE payoff distribution in the decision-making process.


Objective To investigate pertinent features fitting for beat classification.Methods The QRS complex was firstly detected by using continouse wavelet transform(CWT),then the feature sets were detected by different feature extraction technique.Using linear discriminants,4 types of ECG beats based on MIT/BIH arrhythmia database were classified and the classification performance of the feature sets was evaluated.Results A feature sets of 10 dimensions with the accuracy of 97.83 % was achieved.Conclusion The classification accuracy is significantly increased in detection with combining different feature extraction technique.


The stability of liquid metal jet(LMJ) during rotating transfer was discussed.The pinch instability and the twisting instability of LMJ at high current was the immanent factor to cause the rotating transfer.The effect of the wire diameter on rotating transfer was studied.The results show that the smaller the diameter,the more the stability of LMJ.


The photonic band structure of a two-dimensional square lattice composed of metallic cylinders was calculated for the H polarization by means of the numerical simulation of dipole radiation based on the finite-difference time-domain method. The presence of radiational eigenmodes that originate from surface plasmon polaritons was clearly shown by the symmetry and the localized nature of the field distribution.


This study aims to generate a better understanding about consumer behavior based on two cognitive models: risk perception and consideration set. In this sense, it has focus on consumer evaluation and choice processes, considering different risk perception levels in two service settings. A survey with a sample of 772 respondents was performed through a structured questionnaire. Results indicate that the number of brands considered for choice is associated with some risk perception dimensions. It was also identified which attributes are considered the most important in service delivery as well as the most used risk reducing strategies by consumers with varying patterns of risk perception. Conclusions and managerial implications are also discussed.


The I/sup -/S structure is a novel layer arrangement serving as a source for a negative drift field. Its application to solar cells is manifold and does not depend on Si. The deposition of the Aluminium Fluoride (AlF/sub 3/) layer involved can be implemented as final process in solar cell production; thus compatibility to existing processing sequences is given. First prototypes of a p inversion layer solar cell on Si were prepared providing evidence of function for the I/sup -/S structure. While conditions of preparation were far from optimum, a relative increase in conversion efficiency of 21% was achieved for solar cells with I/sup -/S structure versa solar cells without it. For testing the field effect impact the AlF/sub 3/ layer thickness was chosen to be 15 nm thus eliminating its additional advantage as anti-reflective coating (ARC).


Hasan M. N., Mahal M. J., Mou S. M., Shamim Kabir A.H.M. and Islam M. J. 2008. Susceptibility of Escherichia coli Isolated from Blood Stream. j. innov.dev.strategy 2(2): 34-37 The prospective study was conducted in IBN SINA Diagnostics and Imaging center, Dhaka, Bangladesh during May 2007 to May 2008. To ensure appropriate treatment, knowledge of the organisms that cause specific infection and their antibiotic susceptibility is mandatory. In the present study, 40 isolates of E.coli were analyzed in term of antibiotic susceptibility. Result of antimicrobial susceptibility test reveals that all of the isolates were sensitive to Cotrimoxazole (30.0%), Ciprofloxacin (20.0%), Nalidixic acid (10.0%), Ceftriaxone (30.0%), Chloramphenicol (70.0%), Cefuroxime (10.0%), Imepenem (100.0%), Cefixime (70.0%). Multi-drug resistance pattern was observed in 90% of the isolates. 30% isolates were resistant to 8 antibiotics, 40% isolates were resistant to 6 antibiotics, 10% isolates were found to resist 4 antibiotics and 10% isolates were found resistant to 3 antibiotics. Our study concludes that there is a trend towards an increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones in the common gram-negative bacteria. Imipenem is the most active agent against gramnegative bacteria (Escherichia coli).The results of the susceptibility of Escherichia coli causing bacteremia provide valuable information for implementing the appropriate chemotherapy for bacteremia.


By experiment,adopt clay as the transfer medium between copper bar and pavement,change the grounding mode of electrode,high density electrical method was used for subgrade failure detection. The experiment result show that this method can control all most ground resistance within 10KΩm and the subgrade failure can be detected. Because of the electrode grounding area is larger and the resistivity is higher,caused the inversion result has some error. This conclusion of experiment can provide reference for subgrade failure detection of high density electrical method for opening road.


13* Is There have been no studies on the ultrastructural cell morphology of swine myeloid leukemia, although ultrastructure of hereditary lymphoma has been ob~erved.~ A two- or three-year-old Landrace crossbred sow was brought to an abattoir due to reproductive disorders. Myeloid lesions with uniform, slight green color were detected in bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, liver, ovaries, renal cortices, pancreas, endometrium, and mammary glands. Neoplastic cells which were similar to promyelocytes had broad cytoplasms and stained weakly basophilic to eosinophilic with a faint granular appearance by hematoxylin and eosin. On electron microscopy, neoplastic cells contained large nuclei and well-defined nucleoli. The condensed chromatin area along the nuclear membrane was narrow. Ribosomes were found abundantly in the cytoplasm. Well-developed Golgi apparatus, luxuriant rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and a moderate number of medium-sized, round mitochondria appeared in the cytoplasm. Round or rod-like granules surrounded by unit membranes were identified as azurophilic granules or primary granules; they dispersed in various numbers according to cell maturation (fig. 1). Distinct peroxidase activity was demonstrated in these granules by electron microscopy in spite of a faint positive reaction by optical microscopy (fig. 2). Some granules were surrounded by Golgi cisterna. Fibrillar formation rarely was striated and occasionally was seen in the cytoplasm-but seldom in the nucleus. Erythrophagia occasionally was found. In lymph nodes and kidneys, neoplastic cells revealed intracellular vesicles including numerous particles (presumably C-type) (fig. 3). Some vesicles contained various types of bodies, and a few vesicles were surrounded by clear zones. Budding of particles through cell membranes was detected (fig. 3, inset), but few particles were found in intercellular spaces. The size of these particles and their nucleocapsids, which were measured in high magnification, was approximately 110 to 120 nm and 80 to 90 nm, respectively, in diameter (fig. 4). A knob-like structure was found only in the last stage of budding. In freeze-replica preparations, C-type particles also were visualized in vesicles-corresponding to those observed in thin sections (fig. 5). The cleaved concave and convex surfaces of particle envelopes were smooth, with only one or two tiny particles which were under 10 nm in size (fig. 5, inset). With examination by electron microscopy after peroxidase staining, neoplastic cells corresponded to promyelocytes.'. I I They differed from those of hypergranular promyelocytic leukemia in man-there wasno atypia. Judging from the lack of hemorrhage and thrombosis, the present case seems to correspond to myeloblastic leukemia with maturation in man.3 A number of particles, presumably C-type, were present in vesicles and appeared in tumor cells, but no budding through the membrane of vesicles was observed. Some vesicles contained various types of bodies other than C-type particles. They probably were degenerated organelles. Erythrophagia was detected in the present case and also was reported in an erythroleukemic cat.14 It is supposed, therefore, that phagocytosis of particles occurs in neoplastic cells. C-type. particles were observed in myeloid leukemia of miniature swine induced by strontium 90'O as well as in macrophages in hereditary lymphoma.' Although the porcine lymphoma C-type particles isolated from the permanent tissue culture line were investigated l7 the relation


BackgroundInfection with Helicobacter pylori causes active chronic gastritis. Once the infection is acquired, gastritis will persist for almost the rest of one's life. To date, very few data are available on H. pylori gastritis in relation to age. Therefore, we attempted to inestigate whether H. pylori gastritis in children exhibits features different from H. pylori gastritis in adults of two different age groups.


This paper examines time management in the recording studio from the perspective of the music producer. The paper is presented in the form of a guide that will provide a common language to music clientele and technical personnel to help achieve the best possible creative outcome. The research for the guide combined the author's experience, literary evidence and external assessment to work towards establishing a practical industry resource. The result of the study explored how the success of any recording project can be forecast before valuable resources are committed. The feedback from the survey group was positive and some professionals recognised an immediate application for the procedural guide, which exceeded the author's expectations.


The present invention relates to initiator systems for synthesizing high vinyl diene rubber A are homopolymers and methods for producing diene copolymer having a high vinyl content dienes at high polymerization temperature, and it relates to the use for the production of a diene having a high vinyl content at high polymerization temperatures of homopolymers and diene copolymers.


Acronym FOSS is a free open source software. The FOSS program is a license that allows users to run the program freely for any purpose, modify the program as desired and also distribute copies of the original version or modified version freely, which is why select open source from closed source. Closed-source software is sometimes pressed to build in the background or other unwanted and secret features into the software. Instead of having to trust users of FOSS software vendors can check and verify the source code itself and can put trust in the community of volunteers and users. FOSS is not equivalent to priceless software, it's more like a command for open-source software with freedom granted at various levels (depending on license). For this, the license does not need to be included in the list, If the software follows the Open Source command and the license is compatible then at least one of the Open Source licenses. Student involvement in SMK Negeri 1 Kabupaten Sorong is the best place to give advice about FOSS because it is one of the favorite schools in Sorong regency.


Mechanical finishes usually can be applied to aluminum using the same equipment used for other metals. This article describes the two types of grinding used in mechanical finishing: abrasive belt grinding and abrasive wheel grinding. It reviews the binders and fluid carriers used in buffing, and discusses satin finishing and barrel finishing. It also describes lapping and honing techniques that are of special interest in treating aluminum parts that have received hard anodic coatings. Honing recommendations for aluminum alloys are presented in a table.


We report the superconducting state properties of YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) on introduction of BaZrO3 (BZO) as a secondary phase. YBCO+xBZO (x= 0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 wt%) composite samples were prepared by solid state reaction method and characterized for structural, morphological and superconducting properties. X-ray diffraction confirms the increased crystallinity and images of scanning electron microscopy measurement show an increase in both grain size and grain connectivity on addition of BZO in YBCO. These effects are well pronounced in an applied magnetic field. Critical current density, JC, as well as the pinning force peaks at 4% of BZO concentration showed significant difference. A three-fold enhancement in JC and a six-fold enhancement in pinning force were observed at this optimum BZO concentration. This has been attributed to the pinning of flux lines in YBCO due to introduction of BZO as a secondary phase. These results show that this composite has potential application in high current applications.


Subterranean clover communities were grown at 12, 16, 20 and 24°C in naturally lit temperature- controlled glasshouses. Rates of net CO2 exchange of communities varying in leaf area index (LAI) from 1 to 8 were determined at several levels of irradiance at the temperature at which the plants were grown and at other measurement temperatures. When measured at each of the four growth temperatures and at an irradiance of 250 W m-2, the net CO2 exchange rate increased with increase in LAI up to 3. Higher values of LAI affected the rate only slightly. At each growth temperature and an irradiance of only 50 W m-3, net CO2 exchange decreased with increase in LA1 over the range 2-8. Net CO2 exchange rate followed a hyperbolic curve with increase in irradiance at all LAI values, the asymptote being largely independent of temperature and of LAI within the range 3-8. The net CO2 exchange rates of a community, determined at different measurement temperatures, were also directly related to measurement temperature at high irradiance but, owing to increased respiration rate at high temperature, inversely related to temperature at low irradiance. Differences in net CO2 exchange rates of a community at high irradiance due to different measurement temperatures were greater than the differences due to different growth temperatures.


Although quite recently named, Cartography is an expression of one of humanity's most ancient and fundamental impulses mapping. This paper reviews its origins, nature and growth and, with the increasing support of technology, its essential role in representing and helping resolve the problems facing our fragile Earth in this 21 century. It is also proposed that, while the cognitive spatial consciousness from which it grew may have even predated natural language, the language of cartography itself has been seriously underused by the majority. Until recent decades, most people only read (used) the products of this language. Today, especially through technological advances such as computers and the Web, these restrictions are being lifted as more people are becoming involved in both interpreting and creating cartographic products (i.e. truly using the whole language of Cartography). With this in view and with the expansion of the field of GIScience, the vital importance of Cartography must be recognised to ensure that it is developed as a core part of that science and not just as a peripheral tool for representation. Prologue This little poem (origin unknown) expresses delight and wonder but also embodies the fears for our world as we journey into tomorrow. But it can also be interpreted as a challenge to preserve the environmental sustainability of this precious globe...the home of humankind. If we were, now, just entering the 20th century, our fears for the future would justifiably be much greater. The traditional but still developing professions of surveying and cartography had already begun to raise awareness of the world and its problems, but the technologies of these times could not have matched the enormous tasks which face us today – one hundred years on. And yet, only 70 years later, men would reach the moon and could look back at the Blue Planet in all its glory. The last half-century has been a period of unprecedented innovation in science and


Abstract : The history, background, and activities of the Mujahideen-e-Khalq (MEK), also referred to as the People's Mujahideen of Iran (PMOI), offers a fascinating window into the contemporary importance played by the Islamic Republic of Iran in key decisions of U.S. foreign policy relating to the Middle East. The MEK is the largest militant group opposed to the current Islamic regime in Iran. The MEK was founded in 1963 by a group of college students from Tehran University, and it had as its goal the overthrow of Iran's pro-Western monarchy, the Pahlavi dynasty, and a return to the socialist system that former Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadeq was working towards in the 1950s. In the first several years of the group's founding, the MEK primarily focused on developing and spreading a coherent ideology that combined elements of a secular view of Islam with a Marxist philosophy. However, beginning in the early 1970s, and in keeping with their goal of weakening the Pahlavi regime and its prime benefactor, the United States, the MEK began carrying out a series of terrorist acts focused mainly on bombing various infrastructure targets within Iran. During this period, the United States had a fairly robust advisory presence in the country, and the MEK carried out several targeted assassinations of U.S. military and civilian personnel working on defense contracts with the Iranian government. Today's debate as to whether the MEK is a terrorist entity focuses mainly on this period of its activities. The memory of its attacks on U.S. citizens keeps the MEK on the State Department's list of terrorist entities. This paper also contains sections entitled "Enemies of the Revolution" and "U.S. Interest in the MEK," which focuses principally on the potential use of MEK members as sources of human intelligence on Iran.