Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze airport efficiency using the DEA methodology as airport activities are an important factor to support economic activities and environmental issues. Design/Methodology/Approach – Based on the DEA methodology, traditional analysis including BCC, CCR, and Super Efficiency analysis have been utilized to analyze the trends of efficiency in economic indexes. The Malmquist Analysis results also show productivity changes before and after COVID-19. This paper conducted research on the efficiency of the Korean airports in operational and environmental aspects. Adopting DEA models, seven variables were selected for analysis. Findings – This paper found that efficient airports are mainly supported by their large business markets, better hinterland connectivity, being a major airport, and effective resource management. Also, comparing the overall productivity of Korean Airports from 2018-2020, it is fair to say that from 2018 to 2019, before COVID-19, internal factors were driving the overall productivity change. Following other airports, Yeosu were successful in enhancing the efficiencies of the internal operation of airports in the 2020 period. It is also notable that, during COVID-19, the level of cargo at Incheon International Airport, and skyrocketed passenger movements at Jeju International Airport affected the level of efficiency. After COVID-19, although internal efficiency was apparently evident as a decisive factor for overall productivity for most airports, some airports (Jeju, Pohang, and Yangyang) focused on external factors such as technology, which was driving the overall productivity change in their operation compared to others in the sample in this study. Research Implications – This study implies that COVID-19effects on global trade have changed the way airports operate, as most airports now focus on and invest in safety instruments as well as cargo support services and auxiliary services. Airports will confront an enormous task in the coming years, and these goals are ideologically compatible with sustainable development goals. Airports are here to endorse sustainable development, as well as facilitate possibilities and connectivity, and the disclosure of ESG business information are the appropriate resource to help expansion and improvement.


oqiahbrs. This study sought to examine wbetber plasma brain 8strl~ pepttde levels can predkt pmtptosis after myocardial infhrctlon. ll4lc@und* it has been suggerlted that collce0tlatlons of plasma lnnla aatr4welk peptlde reBecl left ventrlcnbw fun&n. Althou@ the prop&3 after q yocardlai lnthettoa depeads 011 m&al left ventricular fun&q it Is sot known wbetber plasma kveis of brain natrluretk peptide after lb onset of myocardlal bsfamllon can be usd to predkt loag-term oatcome, Metha& Plasma brain aatrturetk peptide and atrlal aatrinrelk peptide levels 0s well OS levaslve hemodynamic variables were mensurul in 70 patknts attb acute myocardial iaftuctioa (53 me& 17 wVmen; mesa age 65 years). MeasuRmeats were obtaiaed on admlssioa (mean 6 b after onset) and oo day 2 after oaset. Meaa rollowap period was 18 moatbs. l&m&s. Plasma bmin natrluretk peptide kvels nwasured 00 adrissh aad day 2 correlated riga&aatly wtth bemodyaamic varlobb whkh art Influenced by left venlrkelar fuoction. However, plasma atdai aatriuretk peptide levels correlated w&b aooe of the hemodynomk varlabks measufed on admissioa; and of


This study combines the experimental measurements with large-eddy simulation (LES) data of a neutral planetary boundary layer (PBL) documented by a 60-m tower instrumented with eight sonic anemometers, and a high-resolution Doppler lidar during the 1999 Cooperative Atmospheric and Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) experiment. The target of the paper is (i) to investigate the multiscale nature of the turbulent eddies in the surface layer (SL), (ii) to explain the existence of a 1 power law in the velocity fluctuation spectra, and (iii) to investigate the different nature of turbulence in the two sublayers within the SL, which are the eddy surface layer (ESL; lower sublayer of the SL lying between the surface and about 20-m height) and the shear surface layer (SSL; lying between the ESL top and the SL top). The sonic anemometers and Doppler lidar prove to be proper instruments for LES validation, and in particular, the Doppler lidar because of its ability to map near-surface eddies. This study shows the different nature of turbulence in the ESL and the SSL in terms of organized eddies, velocity fluctuation spectra, and second-order moment statistics. If quantitative agreement is found in the SSL between the LES and the measurements, only qualitative similarity is found in the ESL due to the subgrid-scale model, indicating that the LES captures part of the physics of the ESL. The LES helps explain the origin of the 1 power-law spectral subrange evidence in the velocity fluctuation spectra computed in the SL using the CASES-99 dataset: strong interaction between the mean flow and the fluctuating vorticities is found in the SL, and turbulent production is found to be larger than turbulent energy transfer for k1z 1( k1 being the longitudinal wavenumber and z the height), which is the condition of the 1 power-law existence.


ABSTRACT In this study, hourly shift of green tide (GT) in the Yellow Sea (YS) during summer of 2015 and 2016 is investigated using Geostationary Ocean Color Imager-based normalized difference vegetation index images. The GT started blooming around 45 and 8 km away from the coasts in the western parts of the YS during May 2015 and May 2016, respectively. The GT patches shifted northwards during June, and afterwards were spread out into the western and central YS until early July. During those periods, their average speeds were estimated as 1.97 ± 0.80 and 1.51 ± 0.55 km h−1 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. In spite of the significant hourly shift speeds, they did not move much for a day due to frequent direction changes between hours. By July, most of the GT patches dissipated from the YS; however, far apart in Korea Bay and offshore Gyeonggi Bay, Korea, some small short-lived patches were traced during August. GT coverage in 2016 increased considerably than those of 2015 and 2008 by almost 23% and 100%, respectively, which might have facilitated by a 2–3° sea surface temperature rise. This study provides an insight on hourly temporal dynamics which would be helpful for monitoring their changes and distribution.


Predictive energy management and driver assistance systems are strongly depending on the vehicular velocity forecast including the dynamic behavior of the driver. In this brief two stochastic frameworks are derived to predict the driver depended velocity on basis of environmental features. First, the stochastic model assumes linearity and Gaussian distribution for underlying densities that lead to the Kalman Filter and Rauch-Tung-Striebel Smoother algorithms. Using non-parametric distributions for the second approach which makes numerical methods like particle-based algorithms essential, achieves more accurate prediction results for modeling driver individual behavior. The algorithms are evaluated on a study with eight drivers. Furthermore, the framework is usable for various automotive applications like prediction of lateral vehicle dynamics.


We report the first record of Physalaemus albifrons in the state of Alagoas, in the municipality of Boca da Mata, Brazil.


A new technique of atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been the first introduced to fabricate PbS-doped silica fiber, whose optical properties are measured. The fiber exhibits photoluminescence property in the wavelength range 1100-1185 nm.


Ligno-cellulosic fiber is an effective reinforcement as an alternative for man-made fiber in composite, while keeping the weight of the composite lower. In this paper, the assessment of bamboo fiber for composite was conducted with the determination of strength, Young's modulus and strain to failure using single fiber tensile test. The mean strength and standard deviation were calculated. Furthermore, a correction method assessed the real fiber elongation from the measured clamp displacement. Chemical analysis of bamboo fiber was conducted and the fiber surface and sclerenchyma cell wall in block was anatomically observed under SEM. Chemical analysis and surface analysis results showed that bamboo fiber is a technical fiber with parenchyma and sclerenchyma cell containing high amount of α-cellulose (50.23%) and holocellulose (67.08%). The fibers constitute the sclerenchymatous tissue and occur in the internodes as caps of vascular bundles or isolated strands. The fibers are grouped in bundles and sheaths around the vessels. For that reason bamboo fiber has high tensile strength (882 ± 307 MPa). Young's modulus for 5, 10, 15, 25 and 35 mm span length were found to be 10.41 ± 4.52, 17.90 ± 7.67, 23.67 ± 8.66, 29.49 ± 4.78, 33.52 ± 11.04 GPa respectively. After correction the Young's modulus was found to be 33.86 GPa. Strain to failure of bamboo fiber was found to be 3.90%. Thus it can be concluded that this procedure seems to be useful for strong bamboo fiber to produce more reliable results.


Looking after one's health belongs to one of several natural activities of every human being and is an important part of their life. Healthcare and the system of health policy should aid in this regard. Their function is to contribute to the quality of life as well as to support individual and community protection of citizens' health by taking action regarding public health and providing health care. The pharmaceutical industry is an inseparable part of functioning of such a system. It is an industry which researches, develops, produces and supplies preparations for protection and maintenance of health. Its main products are drugs, which play a fundamental role in the system of healthcare. Generally, we divide them into two groups - those subject to prescription and the so called over-the-counter drugs. The way of dispensing and classification of drugs is determined by the State Institute for Drug Control based on assessment of several criteria. Another inseparable part of the pharmaceuticals market is represented by food supplements, which, in contrast to drugs, are classified as foodstuffs. Both groups are integral to healthcare and health promotion. Slovak legislation allows their promotion aimed at general public (in contrast to prescription drugs). As a result, a lot of advertisements offering various products of this type can be seen in media. This contribution analyses the effect of particular media channels on their sales and compares the effectiveness of advertising in these particular types of media.


Objectives: Platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) combines the predictive risk of platelet and lymphocyte counts into a single risk index. PLR has been studied as a predictive marker in a variety of cardiovascular diseases. However, our understanding of the link between PLR and coronary artery disease (CAD) remains limited. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between PLR and intensity of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with suspected CAD.
Methods: In this retrospective study, we included 221 patients undergoing dual-source 64-slice coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Total and different types of leukocyte counts were measured with an automatic blood counter. Based on a modified version of the American Heart Association's categorisation, the coronary artery tree was divided into 16 segments. To assess the extent of coronary atherosclerosis, the number of affected coronary segments was counted. Coronary artery plaques were classified into three categories: (1) calcified plaque, (2) non-calcified plaque, and (3) mixed plaque.
Results: After multivariable backward stepwise regression analysis, PLR remained as an independent predictor for both the presence and extent of coronary atherosclerosis (OR=2.38, 95% CI: 1.27-4.47 and OR=1.66, 95% CI: 1.10-2.51, respectively). There was no significant relationship between PLR and plaque morphology.
Conclusions: Higher PLR was associated with the intensity of coronary atherosclerosis detected by CCTA. Further research is necessary to determine the optimal approach to using PLR in medical practice.


The clinical and experimental pathobiology of organophosophate nerve agent exposure has been extensively described. Here, were port for the first time an altered fecal microbiome and urine metabolome post‐exposure with soman, a highly lipophilic G‐class nerve agent. Non‐anaesthetized Sprague‐Dawley rats were administered soman via sub‐cutaneous injections versus a saline control group and feces, urine, and relevant organs were harvested at72 hrs and 3 months post‐exposure. To evaluate the direct effect of soman exposure on the bacterial biota, 16S rRNA‐based analyses were performed on feces and the ileum on the Illumina MiSeq platform. High resolution mass spectrometry was used to analyze and compare the metobolomic and lipidomic urine composition between exposure groups and the control group at both time points. Soman insult reshaped fecal bacterial biota by significantly decreasing the TM7phylum abundance and increasing the prevalence of the Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria phyla in the exposed rats with increasing dose and seizure status. However, analogous changes were not observed in the bacterial biota of the ileum tissue, which remained the same irrespective of dose or seizure status after insult. Interestingly, the urine metabolome was markedly altered based on only seizure status of the host, where guanosine diphosphate, leukotriene C4, kynurenic acid, aldosterone, and neuraminic acids were excreted at a much higher rate after the first 72 hrs in seizure rat groups, suggesting a multi‐organ impact of soman exposure. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using microbiota and urine metabolome‐based surveillance and monitoring for nerve agent exposure. These experiments were conducted under approved protocols (IACUC U‐908) at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense.


table solutions.Myguess is that the real limitation is concern about the medical-legal implications of not following up on incidental findings,3 although therehavebeen fewstudies of such concerns.4 But physicians—not lawyers—create the beast that they most fear, the standardof care.What if all radiology societies declared that, as of a certain date, the new standard of care was erasing or not acquiring unwanted images outside the body area of interest? Could this approach solve this vexing problem? This proposed solution would not address incidental findings seen in thebodyareaof interest, suchas thepulmonarynodules that mypatienthad. It alsowouldnotaddress incidentalpulmonarynodules foundonCT scansobtained for coronary calciumscoring.5 Follow-up of such incidental findings is probably an inevitable consequenceof theuseof advanced imaging, and it hasbeenargued that patients have the right to know about them.3 A more contentious proposalwould be tomore precisely focus imaging evenwithin the body area of interest (eg, the brachial plexus and lung apices onmy patient's chest CT scan). Taking that additional step would lead to subjective judgments regardinghownarrowly focused the imaging examination should be and potential complex decisions regarding howmore limitedexaminationswouldbebilled.Nonetheless,mitigatingtheproblemof incidental findingsby limitingscanstothebody area of interest would be amajor step forward. Chasing my patient's incidental findings was low-value health care. I certainly deserve a share of theblame for letting the cascade goon for as longas it did.Approximately 50%ofpeopleharbor thyroid nodules6 and 5%have adrenal nodules,7 although few people die of thyroid or adrenocortical carcinoma. I am especially thankful that the2 contrast reactions thatmypatient experiencedalong the way were relatively mild. To increase the value of health care and reduce its harms, novel solutions are needed that get to the root causes of problems, such as the solution that I propose here.


We construct discrete holomorphic observables in the Ising model at criticality and show that they have conformally covariant scaling limits (as mesh of the lattice tends to zero). In the sequel those observables are used to construct conformally invariant scaling limits of interfaces. Though Ising model is often cited as a classical example of conformal invariance, it seems that ours is the first paper where it is actually established.


Yttrium and bismuth co-doped BaCeO3 (BaCe0.8?xY0.2BixO3?δ, x=0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, abbreviated as B0, B10, B30, B50, respectively) powders were successfully synthesized by the citrate–EDTA auto-ignition method and dense ceramics were also obtained. The investigations were mainly focused on the chemical stability and electrical performance of the bismuth doped BaCe0.8Y0.2O3?δ. The phase and thermal analysis of the powders demonstrated that the appropriate amount of Bi dopant can well stabilize BaCeO3 (e.g. Bi=0.3 and 0.5) and prevented them from boiling water damage, whilst the stability in CO2-containing atmosphere degraded with the increase of the bismuth content. It was demonstrated that in wet air, the conductivities of B30 and B50 reached as high as 0.20 S/cm and 0.71 S/cm at 700 °C, respectively. And both were one order of magnitude higher than that of B0. An electron conduction mechanism for the bismuth doped BaCeO3 specimen was proposed. Yttrium and bismuth co-doping exerted influences on both the chemical stability and electrical performance.


Areas of glass formation and regions of "neo-ceramic" glasses in the systems Biz03-CdO-Si02, Bi203-Cd0-B203, and Bi203-Cd0-GeO2 are demarcated. Properties of glasses in the neoceramic regions were determined before and after nucleation and heat treatment. There are no maxima or minima in the dielectric properties versus composition curves. The dielectric constants increase after nucleation and heat treatment. The dissipation factors show a remarkable change toward higher values. Transparent glasses with Bi2O3. CdO as the predominant constituents have unusual dielectric constants ranging from 30 to 42 and dissipation factors ranging from 3 to 50 × 10−4., Since these glasses contain only from 0.5 to 2.0 wt% SiO2 or B2O3 or 5 wt% GeO2, the conventional concept of glass structure composed of a random spacial network of SiO4 tetrahedra, whose interstices are filled with network modifiers, cannot be sustained in this case. It is suggested that the dominant cations Bi3 + and Cd2+ form the network and that the interstices are occupied by Si4 + cations. The function of the Si4+ ion apparently is to distort the highly polarizable Bi3 + ion enough to form a random network. It appears to be possible that Bi3+ and Cd2+ can form the network in sixfold coordination. The dielectric losses observed are explained in terms of the relative instability of the structure.


The Nongba section in the Gengma area,southwestern Yunnan,consists of stratal fragments of varying age and lithology,of which two Early Carboniferous fragments are composed of basalt and graying white and purplish red radiolarian cherts,siliceous mudstone and tuff.Geochemical study of cherts indicates the following:the SiO 2 content in the cherts is80%,the average MnO /TiO 2 ratio is0.58,the average Al/(Al+Fe+Mn )ratio is0.48and the average Ce /Ce  ratio is0.91.A comparison with the geochemical charac teristics of cherts in the known tectonic setting indicates that they are cherts of oceanic basin-margin type near continental margins.


The susceptibility of neuronal cells to nitric oxide (NO) is a key issue in NO‐mediated neurotoxicity. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. As a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)‐independent NO signaling pathway, S‐nitrosylation (or S‐nitrosation) has been suggested to occur as a post‐translational modification in parallel with O‐phosphorylation. The underlying mechanism of the involvement of protein S‐nitrosylation in the susceptibility of neuronal cells to NO has been little investigated. In this study, we focused on the role of S‐nitrosothiols (RSNO) in the susceptibility of a cerebellar cell line R2 to NO. Our results showed the following: (i) S‐nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) induced a burst of RSNO in GSH‐depleted R2 cells, the majority of which were primarily contributed by the S‐nitrosylation of proteins (Pro‐SNOs), and was followed by severe neuronal necrosis; (ii) the elevation in the level of Pro‐SNOs resulted from a dysfunction of S‐nitroglutathione reductase (GSNOR) as a result of its substrate, GSNO, being unavailable in GSH‐depleted cells. In the meantime, the suppression of GSNOR increased NO‐mediated neurotoxicity in R2 cells, as well as in cerebellar granule neurons; (iii) Our results also demonstrate that the burst of RSNO is the "checkpoint" of cell fate: if RSNO can be reduced to free thiol proteins, cells will survive; if they are further oxidized, cells will die; and (iv) GSH‐ethyl ester and Vitamin C protected R2 cells against GSNO neurotoxicity through two distinct mechanisms: by inhibiting the elevation of Pro‐SNOs and by reducing Pro‐SNOs to free thiol proteins, respectively. A novel mechanism underlying the susceptibility of neuronal cells to NO is proposed and some potential strategies to prevent the NO‐mediated neurotoxicity are discussed.


Although Ananse Tales, which uses a dictinctive type of controlled composition, was published in 1966, little is known of the experiences of those who have used this approach. This article describes a one-year classroom tryout of the technique at Kabul University, Afghanistan. Adaptations were made of stories about Mullah Nasruddin, a character well known in Middle East folklore, and the materials were used once a week to supplement the regular composition activities. The procedure increased student accuracy, provided realistic grammar practice, and stimulated considerable student interest and productivity; an important factor in its success was that compositions were corrected immediately. A few problems in using the technique are also discussed.


Economists are learning the truth as old as the Bible that population growth is good for progress. This article discusses how the growth of population stimulates technical progress while stagnation limits the numbers born of creative persons who are the real motors of growth. The Universe still has many secrets to reveal so it is a big mistake to penalize fiscally and culturally large families. The Welfare State gives misleading answers as to what should be done in the face of the ageing of society.


A cryocooler-cooled Bi-2212 superconducting magnet with a practical size of room temperature (RT) bore has generated static and alternating magnetic fields. The magnet has generated static magnetic fields up to 1.02T in the RT bore continuously for more than 30min. The alternating magnetic fields with frequencies up to 0.5Hz have been generated for 2h. As the typical results, the alternating magnetic fields with the peak magnetic fields, which are equal to twice as large as the respective magnetic field amplitudes, of 0.65 and 1.00T have been stably generated with frequencies up to 0.5 and 0.025Hz, respectively.


The clinical significance of fibrinolytic phenomenon and serum capillary permeability promoting action (CPP action) etc. was observed on diseases of the liver and bile ducts. And the results were as follows. 1. As for the fibrinolysis in liver diseases, the activity was remarkable in order of liver cancer, hemolytic jaundice, liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis and hepatosplenic syndrome, and the activity of fibrinolytic enzyme was relatively remarkable as it showed 66% in acute hepatitis, 87% in chronic hepatitis and 83% in liver cirrhosis. 2. The relative correlation between the action of serum CPP and the activity of fibrinolysis was observed and the rise of serum CPP action was seen in order of chronic hepatitis, liver cancer, acute hepatitis, hemolytic jaundice and liver cirrhosis. 3. The correlation between the number of petechia by the resistance test of capillary and fibrinolysis was not observed. 4. The correlation between the activity of fibrinolysis and serum bilirubin or the bromsulphalein test was not clearly observed, but the correlation between the activity of fibrinolysis and the histological changes of liver, necrosis and degeneration of liver cells or multiplication of stromal connective tissue etc., was considerably observed.


Keeping in mind the problem what is easiness in looking images and hearing sounds, we investigate here whether auditory cognitive processes affect mental stress of listener. In this study, we have made first preliminary experiments to our main experiment. The preliminary experiments were made to obtain "continuous" time responses of secretory immunoglobin A (s-IgA) to various stimuli for duration which covers the period of respective stimuli. Under these preliminary researches, we have designed our main experiment to investigate the response of salivary s-IgA during repetitive auditory cognitive task and the effect of odor (lavender) on the response. 10 healthy subjects (males) were asked to perform an auditory cognitive task (Oddball task), in which subjects must continuously respond to certain auditory stimuli among three kinds of stimuli, three times repeatedly (8 minutes in each) being exposed to the odor of lavender. After each task, it follows 3 minutes interval with no task. Before and after each task, saliva samples were collected. The control experiments, which are conducted without odor, were also performed. As a result, s-IgA secretion rate increased during the repetitive cognitive task in odorless condition. In odor condition, the average value of s-IgA secretion rate was always more than that during the repetitive task without odor. Considering several previous experimental findings that various mental stresses increase s-IgA level in a short-term response, our result could indicate the repetitive cognitive task generate some sort of mental stress, and an effect of odor would raise the level of s-IgA secretion rate without odor.


In the paper, according to current data, the authors represent primary hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in Kashgaer alluvial plain with indices of hydrochemical type and mineralization degree, analyze quantitatively the relationships between water chemical composition and mineralization degree by the methods of correlation analysis and cluster analysis and explore the basic factors affecting hydrochemical characteristics formulation. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the hydrochemical characteristic of the groundwater has markedly vertical and horizontal zonation, the dominant hydrochemical type is sulfate, and there are lineal relationship (p0.01) between the main irons and the mineralization degree. (2) the factors affecting hydrochemical characteristics formation are nature, which includes climate, hydrology and hydrogeology and human activity, which includes the projects of sluice, irrigation and sinking well.


We establish the Artin-Schreier-Witt theory in connection with the unit group scheme of a group algebra, following a method presented by Serre in Groupes algebriques et corps de classes. The argument is developed not only over a field but also over a ring, as generally as possible.


These studies aimed was too improvised and validated the absorption of the ratio method and mean centralization of the ratio spectrum method for determination to estimate the combination of guaiphenesin, acetaminophen, and CTM in the local syrup product. The preparation of guaiphenesin, acetaminophen, and CTM uses methanol-water as a solvent. Determination with the ratio absorption spectrum method on λ 235.8 nm, and Mean centralization of ratio spectrum at the second ratio and has a retrogression equation for guaiphenesin at 274 nm is y = 0.60171X + 0.057918, acetaminophen at 269 nm is y = 0.73291X + 0.00436, and CTM at 257 nm is y = 0.08347X 0.025702. The absorption of the ratio method has an intersection point at 235.8 nm. The guaiphenesin level is (99.16 ±0. 014) %, acetaminophen at (99.77±0.014) %, and CTM at (99.71 ± 0.014) %. The Mean centralization of ratio spectrum method has a level for guaiphenesin at 274 nm is (100.95 ± 0.7761) %, acetaminophen at 269 nm is (100.76 ± 1.4152)) % and CTM at 257 nm is (101.43 ± 0.5327) %. The measurements of all validation parameters have an excellent result, indicate that the three components of the drug meet the requirements of the ICH guidelines. The absorption of the ratio method and the method of mean centralization ratio spectra can use to analyze for the syrup of product local mixture. The level has been suitable to the 27th edition of the United States Pharmacopeia.


Web management apparatus, in the mobile terminal for accepting a touch operation, and identify precisely the operation mode for a web page, to provide a web page appropriate for the tendency of the user's operation, and at the same time having a display area for the display area, in the display area of the input device for detecting the physical contact, the it is possible to display the web page including the object, and a detection range for obtaining the position of physical contact with the object to be displayed in the display area embedded web page acquiring the location of the physical contact has occurred in the detection range of the Web page displayed on the generated generation means and, the generated web page, and the display area as a selected position of the object corresponding to the range, and indicating the selected position location information storage means for obtaining means, stores the obtained position information for acquiring and storing the position Information is aggregated and provided with adjusting means for adjusting a display target of the display area on the basis of the aggregated location.


Abstract Introduction The dynamic headspace sampling technique using thermal desorption, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (TD‐GC/MS) is a powerful method for analysing plant emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and experiments performed in sterile and controlled conditions can be useful for VOC metabolism investigations. Objective The main purpose of this study was to set up a laboratory high‐throughput glass chamber for whole plant volatiles analysis. Brassica napus L. plantlets were tested with the developed system to better understand the relationship between low emission of induced terpene and cadmium (Cd)‐related abiotic stress. Methodology VOCs emitted by 28‐day‐old Brassica napus L. plantlets cultivated in vitro were trapped with our device using adsorbent cartridges that were desorbed with a thermal desorption unit before cryofocusing with a cooled injection system and programmable temperature vaporising inlet into an HP‐5 ms GC column. Terpene detection and quantitation from chromatogram profiles were acquired using selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode during full scan analysis and mass spectra were obtained with a quadrupole‐type mass spectrometer. Results The new trapping method produced reliable qualitative profiles of oilseed rape VOCs. Typical emissions of monoterpenes (myrcene, limonene) and sesquiterpenes (β‐elemene, (E,E)‐α‐farnesene) were found for the different concentrations tested. One‐way analysis of variance for quantitative results of (E,E)‐α‐farnesene emission rates showed a Cd concentration effect. Conclusion This inexpensive glass chamber has potential for wide application in laboratory sterile approach and replicated research. Moreover, the non‐invasive dynamic sampling technique could also be used to analyse volatiles under both abiotic and biotic stresses.


Using the power flow equation (PFE), this article investigates mode coupling in step-index (SI) multimode (MM) polymer optical fiber (POF). This equation's coupling coefficient was initially fine-tuned so that it could appropriately reconstruct previously recorded far-field (FF) power distributions. The equilibrium mode distribution (EMD) and steady-state distribution (SSD) in the SI MM POF were found to be obtained at lengths L c = 15 m and z s = 41 m, respectively. These lengths are substantially shorter than their glass optical fiber counterparts. Such characterization of the investigated POF can be used in its employment as a part of the communication or sensory system. Namely, the POF's bandwidth is inverse linear function of fiber length (z −1) below the coupling length L c . However, it has a z −1/2 dependence beyond this equilibrium length. Thus, the shorter the coupling length L c , the sooner transition to the regime of slower bandwidth decrease occurs. It is also important to be able to determine a modal distribution at a certain length of the POF employed as a part of optical fiber sensory system.


There are a number of factors that may affect the air jet performance,such as its geometric size and geometric deformation,the nature of work fluid,the exhaust capacity of vacuum pump,the working pressure conditions,the running temperature conditions,etc.In this paper,through the use of FLUENT software and by means of numerical simulation,the impact of pressure conditions on air jet performance is discussed.The study shows that:1) with the gradual increase of the pressure of the primer precursor at the jet entrance,the condenser′s vacuum magnitude gradually decreases and the ejector coefficient gets gradually larger;2) when the mixed-fluid export pressure varies between 10 kPa and 13 kPa,the basic ejector coefficient generally maintains a set value;3) with the gradual increase of the mixed fluid export pressure,the shock wave behind the expanding pressure throat weakens gradually,and the best mixed fluid export pressure should be maintained at 13 kPa.


The levels of serum immunglobulins were measured in 30 subjects diagnosed bronchial carcinoma at Ataturk Universty chest disease's department in order to determine humoral and cellular immunity. Tuberkulin skin tests were made. As a result, regardless of the stage and type, the levels of serum immunglobulins were high. Especially negative results of tuberculin skin tests were significantly high in extensive stage carcinomas. This result indicated that there was a correlation between the stage and sellular immunity. [ Journal of Turgut Ozal Medical Center 2(2): 166-168,1995] Key words: Bronchial carsinoma, immunity


Objective: Pandemic viral infections as emerging infectious diseases are of a great global concern. However, for some viruses, particular strains are endemic to specific areas and can be genetically distinguished from strains in other regions. In contrast, for some other viruses, genetically similar strains can spread and circulate all over the world. This study addresses global dissemination of various viral infections. Methods: We classified 34 viruses as per their ability to cross borders by review. We also described factors responsible for and the dynamics of global dissemination. We examined biological characteristics of viruses, manners or routes of transmission, host responses and epidemiological factors. Results: Factors required for viruses to cross borders include 'non-blood infection', 'short incubation period', 'short infectious period', 'frequent re-infection', 'small basic reproductive number (R₀)' and 'high annual incidence'. Conclusion: Knowing the factors responsible for global dissemination of pathogens is useful for controlling and/or containing both classic and emerging infectious diseases.


The present paper describes the various methods employed by earlier researchers in determining the compatibility of dyes in dyeing combination shades on natural and synthetic fibres. Various articles reporting from 1943 -1992 on the methods of assessing the compatibility of direct, cationic, anionic, disperse and leuco-vat dyes in mixtures, both in aqueous and fibre phase, have been reviewed.


Ageing of population will increase the number of people demanding the assistance and medical support. In order to increase the life quality of elderly people the medical support and assistance will be provided at people homes which require the development of new technologies to support their living and reduce needed interaction of the nursing stuff. Activity detection and deviation from daily activity patterns are recognized as the main indicators to identify modification of the people behaviour showing potential risk in the deterioration of their physical and mental health. The passive and active localization are two key technologies applied for activity detection and tracking. In this respect in this paper we specify a new communication protocol for passive and active localization applicable for assisted living applications supporting tracking one person in their apartment. Communication protocol exploits the IEEE 802.15.4-2011 UWB communication technology for ranging and channel sounding application as inputs for the passive and active localizations.


Abstract : The objective of this study was to identify indicators that enable the visual location of buried land mines. Four trained visual combat trackers each searched four 15-meter-long mine training lanes for visual indicators of buried mine simulants. Each mine simulant at the Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, site gave some visual indicator that caused a tracker to mark it as a mine. Indicators included sub-strata stones, color changes, surface cracks, depressions, mounds, circular patterns (cracks, bare spots, vegetation, soil composition, etc.), disturbances, unnatural ledges or soil wash-outs, and recurring plant species over targets. The authors recommend teaching visual land mine detection to combat engineers, visual trackers, and any one who will be in possible land mine-contaminated areas. The authors also recommend that further research be conducted to broaden the visual indicator knowledge base to encompass different terrains and environments, various burying methods, and seasonal changes. As a direct result of this study, teaching of visual land mine detection has already been implemented at the U.S. Army Combat Tracking School at Fort Huachuca, Arizona.


This project focused on the implementation of a novel cam-follower mechanism that was deemed to have good potential for practical application into a passive lower limb exoskeleton to determine its effectiveness in reducing the energy requirement of the user and its ability to match the walking gait of the user. The design of this novel-cam follower mechanism is inspired by the retractable mechanism of a ballpen. The cam follower mechanism was incorporated into a passive lower limb exoskeleton that was available prior to the study. Passive exoskeletons are intended to augment the load carrying capacity of the user through mechanical means instead of relying on external power. The walking gait study was conducted using physical testing. The mechanism was found to cause the user to bend below his natural centre of gravity a couple of times throughout the walking cycle. The user also had to stabilize himself from being rocked from side to side. Energy calculations were likewise conducted to investigate the energy consumption for a full cycle. The interchange among gravitational potential energy, spring potential energy and kinetic energy of the mechanism for a full walking cycle did not indicate possible advantage for the user.


The tests reported herein were made for the purpose of determining the high-speed load distribution on the wing of a 3/16 scale model of a scout-bomber airplane. Comparisons are made between the root bending-moment and section torsional-moment coefficients as obtained experimentally and derived analytically. The results show good correlation for the bending-moment coefficients but considerable disagreement for the torsional-moment coefficients.


The article deals with the problem of professional identity, the dynamics of transformations of content, the meaning and acmeological significance of this concept from the point of view of modern science. There is raised the issue of interdisciplinary links of professional identity of an individual in the context of introduction of the acmeological approach to vocational training and self-fulfillment of the personality as a professional. There is traced the correlation between the ability of an individual to respond to social reality by the level of self-optimization, the choice of means for professional adaptation and the regard to objective laws of professional self-determination of an individual. There have been found out the determinants of professional self-determination, necessary from the point of view of the acmeological system, such as: the need for professional fulfillment, time perspective and flexible thinking, social perception, cognitive and auto-psychological competence, the level of development of the personality as a professional, value orientations in the profession, ways and methods for achieving the desired result. The foregoing provisions act as the psychological and acmeological basis of the system of professional identity of an individual, allowing to carry out the transition of the level of professional development from the real to the future ideal state.


The main means which organizes the verse in popular Faroese poetry is end rhyme. In four-line stanzas the rhyme connects the second and the fourth lines, in two-line ones both present lines. The Faroese rhyme is not strict. It is enough only to repeat the stressed vowel, the consonant following after might vary. The part of the word which follows the stressed vowel may undergo significant changes. The masculine ending sometimes rhymes with the feminine one. Even the stressed vowel might vary to some extent. The Faroese rhyme is often trivial. The ballads on the Faroese Isles were oral. So, some special formula technique was applied for their transition. The means of the formula technique are formulas and repetitions. The formulas are metrically conditioned reproducible word groups having the length of one line, meanwhile the repetitions are metrically non-conditioned sequences of different length. The formulas and repetitions, as well as they perform the same function of the building material for the oral poetic text, also possess the same structure. They both are composed from permanent end variable parts. In repetitions their entwinement takes different forms. They may follow one another, usually first comes the permanent part then the variable one. The permanent part sometimes occupies the second half of one stanza and then the first half of the following stanza. The permanent end variable parts might cross one another. In this case the permanent part occupies unpair lines and the variable part occupies pair ones. The distribution of these parts of both formulas and repetitions is tied to the rhyming places of the verse. The rhyming word is usually located in the variable part but sometimes it is found in the permanent part. This one more time proves that there is no impenetrable boundary between formulas and repetitions. Refs 8.


This letter shows that an n-element circular array can have up to n ? 1 independent zeros in the 360° range of its directional pattern and describes suitable phasing networks to steer independently these zeros. Experimental results are presented for steering two nulls with a 4-element circular array, and the significance of certain pattern-distortion terms is briefly discussed.


Areca catechu Linn. is a commonly used herb in Ayurvedic medicine. This review supports all updated information on its phytochemical and pharmacological activities, traditional uses and scientific approach. The plant extracts and its chemical marker or target molecule Arecoline, have been widely used for the treatment of a large number of human ailments. The chemical entities of this plant has been used as an antidiabetic, blood pressure regulating activity, antiulceogenic, antioxidant activity, anticonvulsant activity, C.N.S. stimulant activity, oxytocic activity, antifertility, anthelmintic and antiviral activity etc. Scientifically proved activities are related with traditional concept. Scientific evidence exists with respect to their major and minor constituents. Areca catechu Linn. is one of the most important controversial and effective natural origin that has a tremendous future for research. The novelty and applicability of Areca catechu Linn. are hidden. Such things should be overcome through modern scientific concept.


ABSTRACT This article sheds new light on the ways that the enlightened Habsburg rulers Maria Theresa and Joseph II were perceived in the Austrian political landscape of the 1860s, focusing on the liberal school reform bills of 1868 and 1869. In this period when State–Church relations emerged as a crucial political topic in Austria, the memory of Joseph II and his mother, who had first enforced state control over the Church as well as education, became a useful rhetorical instrument over policy legitimization. In the 1860s, the Austrian liberals claimed ideological continuity with Maria Theresa and Joseph II and used his name to attract historical depth in their aim of abolishing the Concordat of 1855, which had granted excessive legal and educational privileges to the Catholic Church. The advocates of the Concordat argued on the other hand that through this pact with the Vatican, the historic rights of the Church against state oppression -crystallized in the figure of Joseph II- were defended. Thorough analysis of how nineteenth-century Austrians perceived their past can be valuable both as a study on the aftermath of Enlightened Absolutism and, more importantly, in assisting to comprehend the worldview and motivation of the mid-century liberal politics in imperial Austria.


In a recent paper by Bala Subrahmanyam and Sujith [1], a theoretical study of axisymmetric vibrations of solid circular and annular membranes with continuously varying density has been presented continuing the works of previous investigations [2–7]. Exact solutions are found for two families of functional dependencies of the membrane density with respect to the cylindrical radial co-ordinate [1]. One family is for the case where the density r1 varies as r1ðrÞ 1⁄4 r0 f1ðrÞ; f1ðrÞ 1⁄4 A r2 þ Br þ Cr; ð1Þ


The complex formed between acridine orange (AO) and polycytidylic acid (poly(C)) was studied by spectrophotometry and spectrofluorometry. The complex was characterized by its stoichiometry, structure, and the thermodynamic parameters of its formation. The results are in agreement with an external aggregation of the protonated dye along the negatively charged poly(C) chain and indicate that approximately two AO molecules are bound per nucleotide unit of poly(C). The kinetics of the reaction between this complex and a Pd(II) complex was studied by the stopped-flow method. The addition of (dien)Pd(II) to the AO–poly(C) complex leads to the dissociation of the latter, due to fixation of the Pd(II) complex to the N3 site of the cytosine base of poly(C). The rate constant for the AO liberation, extrapolated at zero AO concentration, corresponds to the rate constant of Pd(II) fixation on poly(C). This indicates that AO can be used as an indicator for this reaction and allows kinetic studies at very low concentra...


Abstract We present a case of spermatic cord cavernous hemangioma. A 32-year-old man presented with a circumscribed, painless mass in the left side of the spermatic cord. An orchiectomy of the left...


As a result of an increase in the urban demand for organic horticultural products, locally available soil amendments need to be evaluated. Here, the effects on growth and reproductive output of Cucurbita pepo , were assessed for the aquatic invasive Eichornia crassipes , a commercially produced vermicompost, and chicken manure. In addition, their effects were contrasted with those of a Nitrogen (N) dose-response experiment that was used for standardization of plant responses. In general, higher N doses yielded a greater reproductive output. For instance, the high N concentrations of 3.2 and 8 mM yielded over 50% more flowers that were also about three times larger than those from the lower doses. While chicken manure inhibited seed germination for C. pepo , transplanted individuals treated with this soil amendment were the only ones to produce female flowers. In addition, a greater number of male flowers (4-fold greater) that were substantially (3.3-fold by dry mass) heavier than the control resulted from this amendment. Plants fertilized with vermicompost produced twice as many flowers than the control, and were 43% heavier. In turn, the plants fertilized with E. crassipes tended to be similar to the control. Key words: Chicken manure, invasive species control, organic fertilizer, vermicompost, water hyacinth. INTRODUCTION The use of organic soil amendments for crop production has become increasingly important around the world (Altieri, 1987; Gliessman, 1997). For the case of Mexico such an organic agriculture has two main drivers. First, a majority of agricultural operations are of self sustenance and receive low agrochemical inputs, owing to their ever increasing prices. In this case, many farmers resort to the use of organic soil amendments, usually derived from farm and domestic residues. The second driver for the use of organic soil amendments is the fact that an import-ant portion of the country's commercial agriculture caters to international markets that exert an increasing pressure to implement more sustainable agricultural practices. In


Coal roadway tunneling is a very complicated system.In order to do some researches well on it and realize the visual simulation of real working condition and technique flow under virtual environment.It's necessary to build three-dimensional entity model for the system,in addition,to investigate the methods of Model's dynamic control based on the studies of the structure and working method of E90 excavating machine.Given the procedures and methods of building three-dimensional model and special effect controls when excavating through the software multigen creator vega,combination with the module DIGUY make the virtual miner's action control come true,the dynamic simulation of excavating flow and techniques is accomplished.


With the improvement of requirement to DDOS firewall performance in good-sized skeleton network,performance test isbecoming a important part of firewall test.The paper introduces the design process of performance test case,common test tools usedin test process and base method of test execution and puts forward a method to evaluate uncertainty of test results.


Investigation of Wall Induced Modifications to Vortex Shedding From a Circular Cylinder Guido Buresti. The present paper may be considered a useful contribution to the analysis of the vortex shedding mechanism from a circular cylinder in wall effect. As pointed out by the authors, this situation has received comparatively little attention in the past, in spite of its practical importance. A very interesting point arising from this work is the small but clear increase in the vortex shedding frequency which was found for decreasing distance from the plane. This result is at variance not only with the hot wire measurements previously reported in [2] and [5], but also with the measurements of the fluctuating forces described in [11] and summarized in [12], and which were carried out with three different thicknesses of the boundary layer on the plane, viz. 5/D = 0.1, 0.45, 1.1; in that case only a the very lowest distances from the plane at which regular vortex shedding could still be observed, i.e., d/D — 0.3-0.4, could variation of the Strouhal number be observed, but with values of the same order as the experimental uncertainty, i.e., lower than 3 percent. Particularly striking in the present paper is that the increase in the vortex shedding frequency seems to start at distances as high as 2.0 or even 3.0 diameters, at which all previous investigations had shown the cylinders to be in flow conditions practically coincident in all respects with the isolated cylinder case. Therefore it seems interesting to try to understand which of the differences in experimental conditions might be the cause of these discrepancies. To this end, some further information from the authors might prove useful.


Morphological study at the light and electron microscopic levels was carried out on the posterior group of the magnocellular neurons in the hypothalamus of the rat as revealed by monoamine oxidase (MAO) histochemistry. A conspicuously high activity of type B MAO was found in the perikarya and dendritic processes of these neurons. The dendritic processes ramified into fine varicose fibers which ran in all directions throughout the hypothalamus. Axodendritic synapses were frequently observed on the MAO-positive dendritic trunks and varicosities, some of which were filled with the small round vesicles. The ventrally directed dendrites richly branched into a dense network at the basal surface of the posterior hypothalamus and penetrated the limiting astrocytes where they appeared to have a close association with cerebrospinal fluid. In addition, these neurons showed an ability to synthesize serotoin after administration of the immediate precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan. The possible neuronal and humoral functions of the magnocellular neurons in the posterior hypothalamus is discussed.


259Background: In the past, various prognostic factors in pancreatic ductal carcinoma (PDAC) have been identified, and there found to be not only tumor-specific clinicopathological factors but also individual patient characteristics. In particular, weight loss, muscle wasting and cachexia are hallmarks of PDAC that may be associated with depletion of both skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Most notably, sarcopenia is defined to be degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass that is quantifiable using cross sectional imaging computed tomography (CT) by measurement of psoas area and the muscle's density. Furthermore, visceral adipose tissue loss also has been reported to associate with a poor survival among patients with PDAC. Methods: A total of 265 patients who underwent curative surgery for PDAC were examined in this study. The total skeletal muscle and fat tissue areas were evaluated in a single image obtained at the third lumber vertebra during a preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan. The patients ...


Introduction: Trans-radial access (TRA) for PCI has been consistently shown to reduce mortality and bleeding complications compared with trans-femoral access (TFA) in pts with STEMI. On the contrar...


A liquefiable peroxide reactive molding composition comprising a reaction product of a polyol, an organic polyisocyanate and a hydroxyl ethylenic containing compound, said liquifiable composition having a free NCO content of less than about 0.3% by weight and an organic peroxide and being useful as an injection molding composition and as an adhesive that is essentially insensitive to atmospheric moisture.


The long history of the "Marlboro Country" and "Marlboro Man" advertising campaigns (1954- 1989) represents the renewability of a certain image which was perfectly designed and meticulously thought out. This history constitutes a well-developed "syntagma" which consists of not one but many different, individual versions of a message. What is important is that the administrators and creators of these advertisements succeeded in keeping a semiotic balance between the personal characteristics of a particular model and the image schema which this model was to maintain. Each of these versions sustained the image that had once been created (stability of a cliche) and at the same time featured different representatives of this image and presented them in ever new ways that refreshed the previously achieved expression (dynamics of innovation). This was a multi-stage project which had been planned to "last long". The "shape" of the Marlboro Man's model face is a kind of personal testimony to the excellence of the product offered. The representatives of this image kept changing, but its matrix, which made these representatives similar to one another and instantly recognizable as part of a well-known stereotype, turned out to be surprisingly stable and unchanging over several decades.


Flapping wing air vehicles are unmanned miniature aircraft's that draw inspiration from birds, bats and insects. They utilize continuous flapping wing motion to generate aerodynamic forces and moments. The fluid structure interaction analysis of biological and artificial flapping flyers is extremely complicated thus an efficient unsteady aerodynamic model is required in such time consuming problems as optimal flapping wing simulation. This project deals with designing a flapping wing air vehicle which includes applying inertial impulsive force to UAV in such a way that the flapping wing air vehicle reaches almost constant flight speed after removing the initial impulsive forces. The flow dynamics are different of the flapping wing air vehicles with that of the fixed wing UAV and this project deals with the utilization of the flapping wing in the UAV to overcome the challenges faced by a fixed wing UAV like maneuverability in remote areas, sound produced and identification during mission. Structural and aerodynamic characteristics of a bird in flight offer benefits over typical propeller or rotor driven unmanned air vehicle (UAV). Hence this study deals with the designing of an flapping wing UAV to overcome these drawbacks of fixed wing UAV.


The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of bunt training employing monocular vision on kinetic and dynamic visual acuity and bunt performance in collegiate baseball players. Thirtyfour collegiate male baseball players participated in this study as subjects. Subjects were divided into two groups: Pitcher group (n: 7) and Training group (n: 27). The training group performed special bunt training employing monocular vision three times per week for seven weeks. Subjects bunted balls at 120 kilometers per hour employing monocular vision. Static, Kinetic, and Dynamic visual acuity and bunt performance were measured at preand post training. In the Training group Kinetic visual acuity and bunt performance were increased significantly (p<0.05). However, there was no signifi cant difference of Dynamic visual acuity between preand post training in the Training group. It was suggested that the training methods utilized in this study improved the Kinetic visual acuity in collegiate baseball players. Moreover there is a possibility that this training improves bunt performance.


ABSTRACT This article reveals that teaching is applicable to far more than just traditional settings of scholarship. It demonstrates the effective (though usually unwitting) application of modern adult learning theory and technique to the effective development, change, and administration of organizations.


The present invention is one kind of polishing pad and its making process. The polishing pad includes one pad body and one window embedded by means of chemical bond onto the pad body. It is made through setting colloid into one mold, injecting polishing pad material into the mold, curing the colloid to form one window during forming the polishing pad, and forming chemical bond between the polishing pad material and the window to obtain the polishing pad with waterproof window.


We study the problem of existence of Kähler–Einstein metrics on smooth Fano threefolds of Picard rank one and anticanonical degree

 22
 22

 that admit a faithful action of the multiplicative group

 C

 ∗

 \mathbb {C}^\ast

. We prove that, with the possible exception of two explicitly described cases, all such smooth Fano threefolds are Kähler–Einstein.


Technological improvements related to object acquisition, visualisation and modelling, have caused a considerable growth of the number of 3D models in digital form. Digital 3D models are now available in large databases of shapes, ranging from unstructured repositories, like the web, to specialised catalogues used in engineering and simulation. In this panorama it is clear that methods for the retrieval and automatic classification of 3D content will play a crucial role in the development of efficient applications for the organisation and filtering of 3D data.


In 1973 John Coles published the first book-length treatment of the experimental approach, entitled Archaeology by Experiment. This early book was a survey of the major studies which had been done up to that time. Now, more than six years later, Coles has produced a second book called Experimental Archaeology. The second book, like the first, is intended as a review and summary of the field's accomplishments. It differs from the earlier volume in that it covers a broader range of topics and also takes into account a considerable amount of work done since 1973. Indeed, the vitality of the field is such that, in the relatively short time separating the two books, the size of Coles' bibliography has almost doubled. Coles defines experimental archaeology as "any honest effort to understand ancient artifacts by actually working with them" (p. 12). This is a broad definition (perhaps too broad, as we shall later see) and naturally forces the author to be selective in choosing topics and particular studies for presentation. European studies, for example, tend to be discussed more frequently than American studies. The tremendous volume of recent experimentation on the manufacture and use of flaked stone tools is (by the author's own admission] given only cursory treatment. And, though Coles acknowledges the importance of ethnographic information to archaeological reconstruction, there is virtually no mention of ethnoarchaeology, which is considered by some to be very much a part of the experimental approach (e.g., D. Ingersoll et al., Experimental Archaeology, 1977). The book's first chapter begins with a history of experimental archaeology, tracing the roots of the subject back into the nineteenth century. It then moves on to a general discussion of the rules and procedures which govern the experimental approach. Coles stresses quite correctly that the key to useful experimentation is that the work be designed to answer a specific question or questions: "the experiment designed only for vague curiosity will probably yield nothing of permanent worth" (p. 43). This background established, each subsequent chapter presents a sampling of experimental work dealing with a particular topic. "Discovery and Exploration" covers various sea voyages which have been undertaken to demonstrate the feasibility of transoceanic contact, including those of the Kon-Tiki, Hokule'a, Brendan, Ba, and several Viking ships; it also describes a number of attempts at reconstructing ancient wagons and chariots. The chapter on "Subsistence" summarizes experiments designed to shed light on aspects of food production (land clearing, tilling, harvesting, etc.), food storage, and food preparation. "Settlement" looks at reconstructions of ancient dwellings and other structures; especially interesting is the attention given to experimental studies of settlement destruction and erosion, processes the understanding of which is critical if we are to correctly interpret how sites were formed. "Arts and Crafts" describes experimentation as applied to a broad range of light industries, including the manufacture and use of stone tools, bone implements, metals, pottery, weapons, clothing and textiles, leather, pigments, and ancient musical instruments. The first half of the chapter called "Life and Death" is taken up with a discussion of modern attempts to experience life under primitive conditions—notably the projects initiated by Errett Callahan in the United States and by deHaas in the Netherlands; the second half describes investigations into trephining, cremation, mummification, and the construction of large stone and earthen monuments. Finally, the "Conclusion" sums up the book and points out directions for future research.


The standard oxygen consumption rate and the activities of muscle citrate synthase, creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase in the tropical fish Oreochromis niloticus acclimated to either 20.5 ± 0.3° C or 26.5 ± 0 ± 5 ± C for at least 3 months were investigated. The standard oxygen consumption rate of individual fish from the two acclimation temperatures was determined at 20, 25 and 30 ± C. At all experimental temperatures, the standard oxygen consumption rate of fish acclimated to 20.5 ± 0.3° C was significantly higher than that of fish kept at 26.5 ± 0.5 ± C. In both groups smaller individuals had a higher oxygen consumption rate than large ones.

Analyses of the activity levels of citrate synthase (CS), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in both red and white muscles isolated from fish kept under the two temperature regimes were performed at 26 ± C. The activity of CS in both red and white muscles isolated from the 20.5 ± 0.3° C acclimated fish was significantly higher than that of muscles isolated from the 26.5 ± 0.5 ± C acclimation group. Similarly, the CPK activity in white muscles isolated from fish acclimated to 20.5 ± 0.3 ± C was higher than that of muscles obtained from the 26.5 ± 0.5 ± C acclimation group. However, the CPK activity in red muscles isolated from the two fish groups was not significantly different. The opposite results were obtained for LDH activity. For example, the LDH activity of white muscles isolated from fish acclimated to 26.5 ± 0.5 ± C was significantly higher than that of the same muscles but from the 20.5 ± 0.3 ± C acclimated fish. No differences were observed in the LDH activity of red muscles isolated from the two fish groups.


In the murine somatosensory pathway, the metabolic whisker map in barrel cortex derived with the autoradiographic deoxyglucose method is spatially in register with the morphological whisker map represented by the barrels. The barrel cortex of adult mice, in which we had removed three whisker follicles from the middle row of whiskers shortly after birth, contained a disorganized zone surrounded by enlarged barrels with partially disrupted borders. With the fully quantitative autoradiographic deoxyglucose method, we investigated in barrel cortex of such mice the magnitude and the pattern of metabolic responses evoked by the deflection of whiskers. Most remarkably, the simultaneous deflection of six whiskers neighbouring the lesion activated not only the territory of the corresponding barrels, but also the unspecifiable area intercalated between the clearly identified barrels. This metabolic whisker map, unpredictable from the morphological 'barrel' map, may reflect a functional compensation for the deficit in input.


Abstract This study examines mortality rates for 12 surgical procedures of varying complexity in 1498 hospitals to determine whether there is a relation between a hospital's surgical volume and its...


Malnutrition occurs since the baby is in the womb and in the early days of birth, but stunting only appears after the child is 2 years old (Kemenkeu, 2018). Children who experience stunting can experience impaired physical, mental, cognitive and intellectual development so that children are not able to learn optimally. Stunting children have low cognitive abilities, if not treated before reaching the age of five years, they can have an impact until adulthood and are at risk of death and will give birth to children with low birth weight (Soetjiningsih, 2013). The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between mother's knowledge and work regarding the growth and development of toddlers with the incidence of stunting at the Dabun Gelang Health Center, Dabun Gelang District, Gayo Luwes Regency in 2021. The type of research conducted is descriptive analytical, the population in the study is 578 people and a sample of 57 people is taken, using Accidental Sampling. The data collected in the study is primary data, namely data obtained directly from respondents. The data analysis used is univariate analysis and bivariate analysis. The results of the study were that the majority of respondents lacked knowledge as many as 31 (54.4%) respondents with short stunting, 23 (40.3%%) respondents. From the results of statistical tests obtained P value of 0.003 <0.05, which means that there is a relationship between mother's knowledge about growth and development of toddlers with stunting. the majority do not work as many as 30 (52.6%) respondents with short 25 (43.8%) respondents. From the statistical test results obtained P value 0.000 <0.05, which means that there is a relationship between the mother's work on the growth and development of children under five with the incidence of stunting. It is hoped that health workers at the Dabun Gelang Health Center can encourage and foster the community to better maintain health and improve the growth and development of toddlers so as to minimize the risk of stunting


It is shown that continuous oxide films form on iron specimens in contaminated hydrogen atmospheres in which the metal is the thermodynamically favored phase; the explanation being that (1) oxygen in the gas does not come to equilibrium with the hydrogen but reacts with the iron, (2) the high activation energy of nucleation prevents reduction at the oxide-gas interface, and (3) hydrogen cannot diffuse through the continuous oxide film to the oxide-metal interface. The nonequilibrium nature of the oxidation is demonstrated by the finding that simultaneously with the formation of the continuous oxide films, bulk iron oxides on iron specimens become reduced. Also, reduction of the continuous oxide films proceeds readily when iron nuclei are formed by the addition of small quantities of iron carbonyl to the hydrogen stream.


Abstract : The Administration is currently planning (and has begun to execute) an increase in U.S. ground forces in Iraq. That plan calls for increasing the number of U.S. combat brigades in-theater by 5 above the December 2006 level of 15, peaking at 20 combat brigades deployed. As of now, the Administration has not specified how long it plans to sustain such an increase. This Congressional Budget Office (CBO) analysis considers the effects of increasing U.S. ground forces in Iraq. In particular, it analyzes the effects on operational tempo and availability of units to respond to other contingencies. To analyze those effects and compare them with the alternatives for employing U.S. forces incorporated in the House and Senate versions of the supplemental appropriation for fiscal year 2007, CBO constructed five deployment scenarios: Scenario 1: U.S. force levels return to and are then maintained indefinitely at 15 combat brigades in-theater (i.e., no increase in forces beyond what has already been executed); Scenario 2: A 4-month increase that builds up to 20 combat brigades in-theater by May 2007 and sustains that increase until August 2007; Scenario 3: A 12-month increase that builds up to 20 combat brigades in-theater by May 2007 and sustains that increase until April 2008; Scenario 4: A 24-month increase that builds up to 20 combat brigades in-theater by May 2007 and sustains that increase until April 2009; and Scenario 5: A withdrawal from Iraq that steadily reduces the number of combat brigades in-theater from current levels until all U.S. combat brigades have departed by June 2008. This analysis updates CBO's previous work on this topic, "An Analysis of the U.S. Military's Ability to Sustain an Occupation in Iraq" (Sep 2003) and "An Analysis of the U.S. Military's Ability to Sustain an Occupation in Iraq: An Update" (Oct 2005), using the same measures of stress on the force (rotation ratios and number of brigades immediately available to respond to other contingencies).


"Preventive treatment of disease" theory contains the meanings of preventing disease,early treatment to prevent deterioration and the recurrence of disease.TCM(traditional Chinese medicine) prevents the occurrence of disease by means of adapting nature,harmonizing yin and yang,mental conditioning and diet control etc..After the occurrence of disease,its developing law must be handled to adopt the effective means earlier to prevent the development and deterioration of the disease,and the conditioning after recovery from disease and preventing the recurrence are emphasized."Preventive treatment of disease" theory is valuable to improve the psychological quality of the undergraduates at present,and has great significance to prevent and to find out the psychological obstacle and psychological disease earlier in undergraduates.


As an important element in the cultural system,economy cannot be separated away from the national culture to exist independently.The economic system is always immersed in cultural environment,in which they have their own rules,customs,and behavior modes.Economy often forms various complicated relationships with the elements in culture,i.e.family relationship,religion belief,moral,law,and traditional customs.By analyzing the value of national economy behavior,this paper explores the relationship between cultural reason and existence forms in the process of national economy,illustrating that it is a fundamental rule to ensure the least risk in traditional culture.


Phased retirement is a worklife option advocated by some gerontologists and benefits managers as a positive experience for older workers and their employers. This paper moves from a theoretical discussion to the actual experience of a group of phased retirees and their supervisors. The questions asked of both groups center around their work relationship and how phased retirement changed that relationship, if at all.


This study aims to develop the Dominoes card game media in the science learning of food chain material for class V SD in the form of an application and also to determine the feasibility of the Food Chain Dominoes card game media. The research method used is Research and Development or R&D. The research model used is ADDIE. Data collection instruments in the form of observations, interviews, expert test questionnaires and student response questionnaires. The expert test process is carried out to material experts, media experts and linguists. The results of the material expert test validation are 100% so it can be said to be "very feasible", the media expert test validation results are 85.5% so it can be said to be "very feasible", and the linguist test validation results are 91.6% and are said to be "very feasible".It can be averaged that the three expert test scores obtained a value of 92.3% and can be said to be "very feasible". The student response test could on a one-to-one test consisting of 5 students who live close to the researcher. The results of the one to one test to 5 students resulted in an average of 93.5% which can be said to be a "very feasible" product. This shows that the DORAMA Card game media is feasible to be used as a medium in learning Natural Science material for Food Chain.


This paper discusses the prospects of using hydrotreated vegetable oil as a biofuel, and as a biocomponent to diesel fuels. By comparing the physical, chemical and operational properties of hydrotreated vegetable oil with traditional types of diesel fuel, the positive and negative aspects of its use are assesed.


William W. Culbertson, MD ment [7]. In the early years of the AIDS epidemic, patients lived for only several months after developing CMV retinitis. Now, with AZT, ganciclovir, and other supportive care, such patients typically live 1 to 3 years, thus extending their time at risk for blindness from CMV retinitis [7], The leading cause of suicide among AIDS patients is blindness [M. A. Fischl, personal communication, 1988]. Usually patients have carried the diagnosis of AIDS for many months and have had other manifestations of AIDS, such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, moniliasis, Kaposi's sarcoma, and CMV colitis, before developing CMV retinitis. In approximately 1% of cases CMV retinitis is the presenting abnormality in patients with undiagnosed AIDS; therefore, ophthalmologists are sometimes called on to make the diagnosis of AIDS. The finding of typical CMV retinitis without a known cause for immunodepression is highly suggestive of AIDS [8].


With regard to the influence of methane on the reactivity of ethene on Ag/H-ZSM-5 zeolite, the diffusivities of methane in the presence of ethene coadsorbed on Ag/H-ZSM-5 has been analyzed by PFG 1...


The composition methods of Chinese Meticulous Painting, with its flat sense and decorative meaning, are based on "cavalier perspective", focusing on the subjective feelings of the painter. It has a profound influence on the composition techniques of Persian miniature painting.


Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) play a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle. Aberrations in the control of cell cycle progression occur in the majority of human malignancies; hence, CDKs are promising targets for anticancer therapy. Here, we define the cellular effects of the novel CDK inhibitor NU6140, alone or in association with paclitaxel, with respect to inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis in HeLa cervical carcinoma cells and in comparison with purvalanol A. Both CDK inhibitors induced a concentration-dependent cell cycle arrest at the G2-M phase and an increase in the apoptotic rate, with a concomitant down-regulation of the antiapoptotic protein survivin, a member of the inhibitors of apoptosis protein family. Notably, the addition of NU6140 to paclitaxel-treated cells resulted in markedly increased cytotoxic effect and apoptotic response in comparison with the paclitaxel-purvalanol A combination (86 ± 11% and 37 ± 8%, respectively). Similarly, the extent of caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation in paclitaxel-NU6140–treated cells was ∼4-fold higher than after the paclitaxel-purvalanol A combination. Moreover, an almost complete abrogation of the expression of the active, Thr34-phosphorylated form of survivin was observed in cells exposed to the paclitaxel-NU6140 combination. A synergistic effect of the paclitaxel-NU6140 combination, as a consequence of survivin inhibition and increased activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, was also observed in OAW42/e ovarian cancer line but not in the derived OAW42/Surv subline ectopically expressing survivin. Results from this study indicate that NU6140 significantly potentiates the apoptotic effect of paclitaxel, with inhibition of survivin expression/phosphorylation as the potential mechanism.


Background: Prevention of micro-leakage plays an important role in the success of composite restorations. This has led scientists to find newer composite restorative materials. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four human freshly extracted molar was randomly selected for this study. The teeth were stored in 0.1% thymol solution diluted in 0.4% saline. Class V cavities were prepared at the cemento-enamel junction on the buccal surfaces of each tooth. One coat of seventh generation bonding agent G-bond (GC Japan) was applied to all the samples. The samples were randomly divided into two groups of 12 samples each. All the samples were restored with composite resin using single increment technique as per the grouping. The teeth were then stored at 370°C water, except when they were removed from storage and subjected to thermo cycling for 1000 cycles in water between 50°C and 550°C for 30 s in each bath and 15 s transfer between bath. After thermo cycling, the samples were dried superficially, and two coats of nail varnish applied to the entire sample surface, leaving a 1 mm window around the restored cavity margins. All teeth were immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 24 h at room temperature. The teeth were sectioned in the bucco – lingual direction across the center of the restoration using a slow speed saw (Isomet 1000, Buchler, USA). The sectioned teeth were examined by two calibrated inspectors for dye penetration levels. Results: Mann–Whitney U-test showed that there was no significant difference in dye leakage between Group I and Group II. However, at experimental level, when observing the enamel and dentinal margin, Group II showed a greater degree of leakage than Group I. Conclusion: In the present study, it was observed that self-etch adhesive systems and single increment technique are beneficial as they help in reducing the application time and technique related sensitivity.


A procedure for the optimal management of the oxidation ditch process was developed, comprising the integration of a dynamic process model, an input forecaster and an optimization algorithm. The system can be set to optimize operating costs (having the effluent quality as constraint) or process performance (having a maximum budget as constraint). Simulations with data from full scale oxidation ditches showed the usefulness of the method in terms of on-line control and/or off-line planning. A comparison between the proposed strategy and other conventional control policies was done by Monte Carlo simulation, varying the values of the inputs and initial states. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that, in general, the optimal management was able to give a significantly better effluent quality but, in some cases, at higher operating costs.


This numerical study is aimed at investigating the influence of a premature contact caused by an implantretained crown on strain distributions in bone surrounding the implant. A finite element model of a mandible with a single tooth dental implant with adjacent teeth is created. Rigid plates are used to represent the antagonist teeth. Premature contact heights of 0 (control case) and 250 μm are considered. The obtained results show that the magnitude of the principal strain in the marginal bone reaches pathologic overload when the premature contact with the height of 250 μm occurs. From the results, it can be concluded that the premature contact of an implant-retained crown should be avoided to maintain stability of dental implants.


This paper focuses on the problem of scheduling a workflow onto a set of heterogeneous resources with stochastic model of task execution times and communication times. With understanding that deterministic scheduling heuristics can seldom perform well in such a stochastic model, we extend a well-known deterministic heuristic and propose a novel randomized scheduling approach. Extensive experiments have been carried out by simulation. The results show the proposed randomized approach significantly outperforms its deterministic counterpart and the extra overhead introduced is not only controllable but also acceptable.


influence on marketing activities in business. Marketing roots of CRM were presented. An issue of superiority or inferiority between CRM and marketing was discussed. There were also pointed some elements of marketing mix (by Borden) where CRM can have the clearest influence. The author has focused on possibilities of impact obtaining by new CRM tools such as chabot. It was also shown how CRM can affect on PR activities in business.


While reading a book by David Wells on curious and interesting geometry, I came across the following remarkable theorem named after Holditch. In Figure 1 the point R divides a straight stick ST into lengths p and q, where p, q 0. We restrict the end points of the stick, S and T, to lie on a plane, simple, closed, convex contour, C 1, and ST slides around C1 . Assuming C 1 is such that ST can pass around C 1 once, the locus of R is another plane closed contour, C, inside C 1.


We examine the electronic heat transport phenomena in nanoscale junctions composed of organic molecules coupled to two metallic reservoirs of different temperatures. The electronic heat flux and its dynamical noise properties are calculated within the scattering (Landauer) formalism with the transmission probability determined by using non-equilibrium Green's functions (NEGF technique). The method based on Taylor series expansion is used to determine nonlinear corrections to the electronic heat flux and its noise power spectral density with up to the second order terms with respect to the temperature difference. Our results show only limited applicability of ballistic Fourier's law and fluctuation-dissipation theorem to heat transport in molecular systems. We derived and tested numerically several signal-signal, noise-signal, and noise-noise relations applicable to nanoscale heat flow carried by electrons at strongly non-equilibrium conditions (similar formulas are expected for phonons and photons). Importantly, the special treatment proposed by us may be extended to higher order terms in order to address a variety of problems related to nonlinear thermal and electro-thermal effects which may occur at nanoscale.


In 14 nine-banded armadillos the Mitsuda response to nude mouse-derived lepromin (lepromin-nu/nu) was compared to that of armadillo-derived lepromin (lepromin-A) by injecting the reagents intradermally into either side of the abdomen of the animal and examining the biopsies from the sites after 12 days. The histopathologic responses to both antigens were found to be similar, whether the animal was Mitsuda-negative (lepromatous) or Mitsuda-positive (tuberculoid). It is pointed out that armadillos are good experimental models for leprosy, and their use can replace humans in experimental studies.


The purpose of this paper is, first, to present an experiential framework for an international interior design course and, second, to determine if this framework assisted the students in attaining the course goals. The course, European Design, is a study–tour of five major cities in Europe. The experiential framework is based on Greenberg's (1978) four constructs of experiential learning as well as a fifth construct based on the authors' experience with international study programs. These constructs are well–planned experiences, serious study, opportunities for reflection, interchange with other learners, and use of a design focus in each city to guide learning. The goals of the course are to increase students' knowledge of European design characteristics and their sensitivity to culturally based design. Data were collected from students who participated in the European Design course over the past ten years. Statistical analysis showed that the two hypotheses (1) use of the experiential framework increased student knowledge about European design characteristics, and (2) use of the experiential framework increased student sensitivity to culturally based design, were not rejected. This finding provides support for use of the framework for experiential international interior design education. The need for interior design students to participate in international education and experiential learning also is discussed.


The rototranslational absorption spectrum of the D2–Ar–He mixture at 165 K has been measured at different helium concentrations. By subtracting the Ar–He and D2–He contributions from the D2–Ar–He spectrum it is possible to derive the spectrum due to the D2–Ar pairs only. The density effects on the pair spectrum are compared with those previously observed in D2–Ar spectra.


Based on the test of polypropylene fiber reinforced high strength concrete, the effect of polypropylene fiber quantity on compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, elastic modulus and dimensional effect were researched. The results indicated that the effect of polypropylene fiber on compressive strength and elastic modulus can be neglected, but the fiber can increase the splitting tensile strength of high strength concrete. The dimensional effect of compressive and splitting tensile strength of polypropylene fiber reinforced high strength concrete is obvious.


A similarity index allowing comparisons of human populations has been defined as the common 'Percentage of Isoactive Genes* or PIG, which can be calculated from any gene frequency distribution characterizing two populations. The complement to one of this value has been proved to be a distance, a measure which can be used in most techniques of cluster analysis as well as in usual representations of multivariated data (dendrograms, etc..). Furthermore, the formula can be generalized to a set of populations. From a biological point of vue, PIG values are particularly meaningful, whereas other previously defined indices which tend to measure similarity or difference between populations neither have such an advantage, nor can they be expressed by a single and clear number like a percentage. Moreover, comparisons using PIG indices depend at first on the fluctuations of the most frequent genes of a distribution; on the other hand, different measures principally reflect the variations of low frequency genes, which unfortunately are nearly always poorly estimated, due to weak samples of populations. Interestingly, PIG values can be applied to any frequency distribution of any kind of objects. They can also extend to a whole set of distributions by using a mean value. When applying these measures to a series of polymorphic genetical systems such as ABO, Rhesus, MNSs, Gm and HLA, one can account for the variability or the homogeneity particular to the different human groups, with simple and objective criteria. INTRODUCTION Practical considerations on data of human genie frequencies lead us to restart work on their representation, a subject that many authors have tackled in three very distinct perspectives : -The measure of kinship based on a genetic model [12], [9], (10], [3]. -The measure of genetic distance according to a phylogenetic model {!]. • This study was supported by the Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique, Grant N# 3.954-0.84. THEORIfl Segunda Epoca Ano II Curso 1986-1987, nS 4, pp. 143-154 This content downloaded from 188.8.131.52 on Thu, 21 Jul 2016 04:06:20 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Alicia SANCHEZ-MAZAS et al. -The measure of arbitrary distances for comparative purposes [8], [4], The first two types of measures assume constrictive models, which are practically never found in existing human populations. Their use was quite successful since the estimators of kinship coefficients or phylogenetic distances had a structure with good empirical distance indication [6]. The angular distances of the second type model present the handicap of being very sensitive to frequency fluctuations of the rarest genes, which, in concrete cases, are always poorly estimated [7], [8], Distances or similarity indices proposed by Jacquard [4] have no biological sense and may only be used for representations or visualisations of population differences. It would be possible to make a measure of similitude between populations based on any distance or empirical index system computed from genie frequency vectors, and this for different polymorphic markers known on this set of populations. But it appeared to us easier and more significant to compute, for each couple of populations, the common Percentage of Isoactive Genes (PIG) on a system or the average PIG on a set of systems. This avoids the delicate problem of system ponderation, especially when genetic systems exhibit a different number of alleles. By the way, such indices will favour differences or similarities due to the most frequent genes whose frequencies are better estimated, contrarily to angular distances.


Introduction: Medical regulatory authorities need reliable methods of assessing and remediating doctors where there are concerns over competence. There's a small but growing literature describing remediation programs and documenting their effectiveness. This article adds to that literature by describing a program associated with the Medical Council of New Zealand (MCNZ) and reporting outcomes for 24 consecutive doctors required to undergo remediation. Methods: Over the 18‐month period covered in this study, 24 doctors were required by the MCNZ to enter remediation after a performance assessment. The data set used in this study was drawn from these 24 consecutive cases and included the nature of concerns, severity of concerns, results of remediation and outcome of a second assessment when such an assessment was ordered. Results: Of 24 doctors who underwent initial assessment, 5 failed to engage with remediation and withdrew from clinical work. A 12‐month education remediation program was completed by all remaining 19 doctors. Of these, 13 were considered to be practicing at an acceptable standard at the end of remediation on the basis of sequential supervisor reports. Six doctors were required to have a second performance assessment. Of these, only 1 was considered to be functioning at an acceptable standard. Concurrent health concerns were common among this cohort of doctors. Discussion: Seventy‐five percent of doctors who entered remedial education were considered to be practicing at an acceptable standard at the end of remediation. This accords well with international data. A small number of doctors appear to be unresponsive to remediation.


The reaction of various d.c. power sources used in manual arc welding to short-term load changes such as occur in short-circuit-affected material transfer was investigated. In addition, the behaviour of compensation processes was measured and evaluated. The process stability in the arc phase and the behaviour of the process quantities before, during, and after droplet short-circuiting were examined. Particular attention was paid to position and shape of the working field for the arc phase region in conjunction with the behaviour of the static characteristic in the function diagrams.


The paper takes the marketing reformation as a major investigation object,combines interest analyzing method with system analyzing method together and construct a framework of system analysis on conflict of interest,particulaly discussing in China,the relationship between conflict of interest and system innovation existing in the startup of gradual reform and the process.The systematic root of conflict of interest,and settlement a system innovation approach on conflict of interest can be studied here in detail.It is believed that the systematic innovation of conflict of interest must make the interest of every part compass consistence in order to equilibrate communities. So it is necessary to perfect matching reform pace.


Martin Luther is not only a famous religious reformer,but also a great educator.In the movement of reformation.Luther puts forward the idea of popularizing compulsory education based on the thought of justification by faith.In Luther's opinion,it is the government that should take over the education.Luther discusses his theory of compulsory education from the aspects of the state,churches and children's parents.The governments should establish and maintain Christian schools,and the civil authorities are under obligation to compel the people to send their children to school.The churches should aid the poor children with their own property which is donated by the rich.What's more,it is the duty of parents to send their children to school.Martin Luther's thought of the compulsory education has a profound impact on the progress of the education modernization in the Western Europe.Martin Luther deserves to enjoy the worldwide high reputation.


The microstructure and the hardness due to the addition of copper of the Al-Si-Zn-Mg-Cu Alloy have been investigated. The copper content varies from 0 wt.%– 5 wt.% to see how the alloy's microstructure and hardness change. The Heat treatment at temperature 510 °C for 5 hours and then cooling to ambient temperature has fostered the dissolution of copper in the crystal and then precipitate during cooling. The results show that the alloying element forms a phase distributed in the matrix of the alloy. Increasing the content of the copper makes the form of the second phase more minor, and at the matrix show, fine particles distributed mostly entire of the surface—the hardness of the alloy increase as the copper content increase. The increase in hardness might come from the fine particle dispersed in the matrix. The onset, endset, and melting temperature tend to decrease as the copper content increase.


The present invention is a self-ligation offers a design for orthodontic brackets. Therefore, in one embodiment, a self-ligating orthodontic bracket tooth surface for mounting the mounting base, an open position and arches that allows access to the size of the arch wire slot, the arch wire slot that can accommodate an orthodontic arch wire formed on the base and it includes at least one locking feature for securing the rotatable selectively rotate the ligation cover, and a ligation cover rotating between a closed position covering a wire slot in the closed position. In one embodiment, the bracket is arranged in a rotating cover and ligated coplanar relationship on the rotating ligation cover comprises at least one locking tab, forming a cutout portion and the cooperation partner in the base. In one embodiment, the bracket is adjacent to the at least one locking tab, and includes at least one resilient retention mechanism aligned in coplanar relation and rotated ligation cover. Elastic holding mechanism can comprise at least one relief channel, which allows the ligation cover to be bent at least a portion of rotation adjacent to the at least one locking tab. Orthodontics, brackets, arch wires, ligation, rotation