Aarli, J. A., and 0. T6nder, Immunological Aspects of Neurological Diseases, 505 Abel, E. L., Marihuana: The First Twelve Thousand Years, 514 Abercrombie, M., et al., The Penguin Dictionary of Biology, 6th ed., 243 Adams, R. L. P., Cell Culture for Biochemists, 327 Adaptation to Thermal Environment: Man and His Productive Animals, by L. E. Mount, 214 Adaptations, breeding, in birds, article, 253 Adaptive Capabilities of the Nervous System, ed. by P. S. McConnell et al., 230 Adirondack Wilderness, by J. E. Keller, 70 Adler's Physiology of the Eye: Clinical Application, ed. by R. A. Moses, 7th ed., 366 Adsorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces, ed. by G. Bitton and K. C. Marshall, 78 Advanced Concepts in Ocean Measurements for Marine Biology, ed. by F. P. Diemer et al., 497 Advances in Cellular Neurobiology, ed. by S. Fedoroff and L. Hertz, Vol. 1, 99 Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research, ed. by P. Greengard and G. A. Robison, Vol. 12 (Pathophysiological Aspects of Cyclic Nucleotides), 105 Advances in Ephemeroptera Biology, ed. byJ. F. Flannagan and K. E. Marshall, 347 Aging, Cancer and Cell Membranes, ed. by C. Borek et al., 105 Aging, DNA damage as the primary cause of, article, 279 Aging Phenomena: Relationships among Different Levels of Organization, ed. by K. Oota et al., 68 Agricultural Energetics, by R. C. Fluck and C. D. Baird, 351 Air in Danger, by G. Breuer, rev. Eng. ed., 354 Akin, E., The Geometry of Population Genetics, 76 Ala;evic, M. (ed.), Progress in Environmental Mutagenesis, 335 Alden, P., and J. Gooders, Finding Birds around the World, 488 Aleksandrova, V. D., The Arctic and Antarctic: Their Division into Geobotanical Areas, 478 Alexander, R. D., Darwinism and Human Affairs, 102 Alexopoulos, C. J., and C. W. Mims, Introductory Mycology, 3rd ed., 207 Algae Biomass: Production and Use, ed. by G. Shelef and C. J. Soeder, 496 Algebras in Genetics, by A. W6rz-Busekros, 198 Allen, K. R., Conservation and Management of Whales, 355 Alpine Flora of New Guinea, by P. van Royen, Vol. 1 (General Part), Vol. 2 (Taxonomic Part Cupressaceae to Poaceae), 479 Altmann, J., Baboon Mothers and Infants, 100 Amateur Naturalist's Handbook, by V. Brown, 321 Amenity Grassland: An Ecological Perspective, ed. by I. H. Rorison and R. Hunt, 96 American Indian Environments, ed. by C. Vecsey and R. W. Venables, 364 American Wildlife Law, by T. A. Lund, 178 Ames, B., et al. (eds.), Ethylene Dichloride: A Potential Health Risk?, 241 Amino Acids and Derivatives, ed. by B. J. Miflin, 330 Amphibians (urodele), pattern regulation in the regenerating limbs of, article, 113 Anaerobic Bacteria: Selected Topics, ed. by D. W. Lambe, Jr., et al., 474 Anand Kumar, T. C. (ed.), Non-Human Primate Models for Study of Human Reproduction, 472 Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, by C. R. Metcalfe and L. Chalk, 2nd ed., Vol. 1 (Systematic Anatomy of Leaf and Stem, with a Brief History of the Subject), 206 Anatomy of the Grasshopper (Romalea microptera), by J. C. Jones, 493 'And Some Brought Flowers': Plants in a New World, ed. by M. A. Downie and M. Hamilton, 481 Andrews, H. N., The Fossil Hunters: In Search of Ancient Plants, 324


IN A period of crisis such as that through which the whole world is passing it is unnecessary to offer any justification for devoting the current volume of the Educational Yearbook of the International Institute of Teachers College, Columbia University, to a discussion of "The Meaning of a Liberal Education in the Twentieth Century." There is scarcely any country in the world that is not affected by the problems involved in such a discussion, and, while it would be too much to expect any unanimity of opinion, a great deal may be contributed to the clarification of thought on the subject, when it is approached from as many different angles as are presented in this Yearbook. The conservative, on the one hand, is compelled to justify his unfaltering devotion to the traditional concepts of a liberal education; the reformer, on the other, must justify his proposals either to modify or to discard this tradition. In neither case can educators evade the challenge which is presented by the current world ferment.


There is a support substrate (1) for an optoelectronic device (10, 20, 24) indicated that a main body (2) made of aluminum, wherein at least partial areas of the base body (2) are provided with an electrically insulating aluminum oxide layer (3) and on partial areas of the electrically insulating aluminum oxide layer (3) an electrically conductive layer (4) is applied. The carrier substrate (1) has at least one opening (5) extending from a first major surface (11) to a second main surface (12) of the carrier substrate (1), wherein the electrically conductive layer (4) forms at least one plated-through hole, the through opening (5) extends through and in the opening (5) by means of the electrically insulating aluminum oxide layer (3) of the base body (2) is electrically insulated. Further, an advantageous method for the preparation of the carrier substrate (1) and an optoelectronic component (10, 20, 24) with such a carrier substrate (1) specified.


Embryonically, the two Müllerian ducts have failed to fuse, the partition between them is still present. The cause of the fusion failure is not known nevertheless, this error makes uterus become a paired organ with two separate cervices, and often a double vagina as well. In this case, one vaginal opening is usually blocked and the external appearance of the genitalia is normal. Each uterus has a single horn linked to the ipsilateral fallopian tube that faces its ovary.


Introduction The field of body composition research is a multidisciplinary effort that serves multiple goals. It is very technology oriented, and a great deal of effort is expended on discussion of the techniques, and their validation and cross-calibration. For studies involving infants, children and adolescents, this is of particular concern, because techniques that are of proven accuracy in adults may be fraught with error in children due to changes in the size and composition of body compartments during development. Consequently, standard approaches used in adults may not be applicable or safe for use with children. This review is targeted at techniques for assessing body composition, and includes a disproportionate discussion of those techniques most feasible and practical for use with children. Considerations of the methodological assumptions and of the analysis and presentation of body composition results for children also are reviewed. Basic concepts Body composition assessment involves quantification of the amount and relative proportions of fat, muscle and bone, and their chemical components. Significant changes in body composition occur during growth and development, especially during infancy and puberty. Thus, body composition assessment in children is far more challenging than in adults, and serves a variety of purposes. First, it provides a better understanding of growth processes by describing changes in the size of body compartments and the chemical composition of the body. Infants and children are not miniature adults, and knowledge of their unique differences in body composition is key to understanding the biology of the human species.


Intergroup communication, given its interdisciplinary roots in communication and social psychology, has been eclectic in methodology. Earlier approaches tended to be quantitative and experimental. In the early 21st century, the full range of qualitative approaches—thematic analysis and grounded theory, discourse analysis, conversation analysis, and others—have come to prominence. A key issue has been how to reconcile the broad-brush aspects of surveys, tightly-controlled contexts in experiments, and very limited numbers of participants in qualitative research.

In the past decade or so, rapid improvements to the capabilities of computational technologies have brought forth a new generation of computational methods for communication research. Broadly known as visual text analytics, these methods provide communication scholars new ways to model, visualize, and analyze intergroup communication processes. They also allow larger scale in the detailed analysis of texts and discourse.

In spite of their great interest to intergroup communication, these new visual text analytic methods also present challenges. In presenting several newer visual text analytic methods, we articulate some ways to approach the tools to achieve maximum research benefit.
In the past decade or so, rapid improvements to the capabilities of computational technologies have brought forth a new generation of computational methods for communication research. Broadly known as visual text analytics, these methods provide communication scholars new ways to model, visualize, and analyze intergroup communication processes. They also allow larger scale in the detailed analysis of texts and discourse.

In spite of their great interest to intergroup communication, these new visual text analytic methods also present challenges. In presenting several newer visual text analytic methods, we articulate some ways to approach the tools to achieve maximum research benefit.


Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) provides a synthesis route for large‐area and high‐quality graphene films. However, layer‐controlled synthesis remains a great challenge on polycrystalline metallic films. Here, a facile and viable synthesis of layer‐controlled and high‐quality graphene films on wafer‐scale Ni surface by the sequentially separated steps of gas carburization, hydrogen exposure, and segregation is developed. The layer numbers of graphene films with large domain sizes are controlled precisely at ambient pressure by modulating the simplified CVD process conditions and hydrogen exposure. The hydrogen exposure assisted with a Ni catalyst plays a critical role in promoting the preferential segregation through removing the carbon layers on the Ni surface and reducing carbon content in the Ni. Excellent electrical and transparent conductive performance, with a room‐temperature mobility of ≈3000 cm2 V−1 s−1 and a sheet resistance as low as ≈100 Ω per square at ≈90% transmittance, of the twisted few‐layer grapheme films grown on the Ni catalyst is demonstrated.


Sheet Moulding Compound (SMC) is a material that can be easily tailored to specific needs due to its multi-component composition (glass fibres, thermosetting resins, filler, pigments, and additives). Outdoor products like electrical cabinets are traditional applications which have been known for decades.


This research is a critical analysis of lifelong learning (LLL) as a strategy for continuous professional development (CPD) of curriculists in the Department of Technical Vocational Education & Training (DTVET) in Botswana. The assumption that formal education will provide the required competencies for the duration of the work cycle is obsolete. The researcher argues that the workplace provides a rich environment for informal, problem-centred learning and that LLL skills are essential tools that enable practitioners to be actively involved in their professional development. The main discussion is within a postmodern paradigm which views learning and development as both a cognitive process as well as a social construct. This view forms the basis for an analytical construct to examine the fundamental question; do practitioners see themselves as observers on the outside, or as active participants, within the experience, having the ability to adapt to changes in the


ture and an intellectual treat that transcends the categories of highbrow and lowbrow. . Playback (1958) by Raymond Chandler. A novel widely criticized for not adhering to the conventions of the hard-boiled mystery but which in fact goes beyond the genre using such diverse elements as '' cross genre adaptations, intertextual borrowings, self-reflexive asides, metafictional references, playfully deconstructed clichés, authorial intrusions, ironic wordplay, and passages of sociological and existential discourse ''(146). . Chain of Chance (1976) by Polish philosopher–essayist and novelist Stanislaw Lem. Another mixture of various genres ranging from different subgenres of the thriller and mystery to futuristic and philosophical concepts like the uncertainty principle and political commentary, all in the same novel. Thus Swirski convincingly illustrates his concept of nobrow, or, to use another of his expressions, his idea of '' artertainment, '' texts which are both art and entertainment.


Porous carbon was prepared by templated method using diatomite as template and furfural alcohol as carbon source.N2 adsorption analysis indicates that the specific surface area of the porous carbon is 542m2/g,and the mesoporosity is 54.7%.The as-prepared carbon is a porous material with micro-pores and rich meso-pores.


The article analyzes the problem of gifted teachers, its genesis and the process of formation in the context of historical and pedagogical works. The historical prerequisites for the emergence of concepts: intellectual abilities, giftedness of teachers are highlighted. The analysis of the works of famous philosophers, historians and teachers revealed that the activity of gifted teachers is associated with their innovative approach to the organization of the learning and upbringing process. In the current crisis situation in the world, a significant place should be given to education and upbringing of young people. Only gifted educators capable of proposing new approaches and means of education and forming a new worldview can effectively solve these issues. Such a personality quality as "giftedness" acquires great importance in Russia and abroad. The personal characteristic of giftedness fully applies not only to students, but to a greater extent to university teachers. The intellectual resource of specialists becomes a decisive factor in the conditions of global competition between countries. The problem of identifying and training gifted teachers and students has acquired not only personal and significant, but also social dimension in our society. The article presents famous gifted teachers of Saratov Universities.


The amplitude of surface temperature oscillation induced thermoelastically by cyclic loading is analysed through solutions of the heat-conduction equation. Significant attenuations may occur under typical operating conditions as a result of internal conduction and the presence of surface coatings. Attenuation due to heat loss to the environment will be significant only under rather particular circumstances. Comparison is made with analytical and experimental work of earlier investigators.


In this paper,according to the sixth census data in 2010 in Shanxi province,the regional differences of family size in Shanxi province ares clearly demonstrated by means of literature analysis method,comparative research method and the map method. From the nature,economy and society three aspects,the reason forming this difference is discussed. And the development trend of family size in future is predicted for guiding people to correctly treating the family scale,and promoting the sustainable development of economy and society in our province.


A new labdane diterpenoid, 15-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-labda-8(17), 13E-diene-3β, 7β-diol (1), was isolated from the aerial parts of Pteris semipinnata, along with two known compounds, namely paniculoside III (2), and pterosin C 3-O-β-D-glucoside (3). The structure of 1 was established on the basis of spectroscopic data, including IR, HR-ESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.


There have been several algorithms which extend the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) solution of Maxwell's equations to nonlinear electromagnetic problems. Relative to other methods, FDTD achieves robustness by directly solving for the fundamental quantities, electric field E, and magnetic field A in space and time, rather than performing asymptotic analyses or assuming paraxial propagation and nonphysical envelope functions. As a result, the FDTD method is almost completely general and can account for any type of electromagnetic problems. As in linear cases, for a practical simulation, nonlinear FDTD modeling also requires the development of absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) to effectively absorb the nonlinear electromagnetic waves for open nonlinear structures. In this paper, based on the Berenger's perfectly matched layer (PML), a nonlinear PML (nPML) absorbing scheme is presented and then implemented in the transmission-line matrix (TLM)-based FDTD method. Numerical results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the nPML proposed.


The purpose of this article is to show the interest of craft as a sociological paradigm in the development of a sporting career of a handicap Tunisian athlete. Meeting the demands of a sporting career, the athlete goes through different stages of representation of disability. The representation is made from stage such as (shaped, composed, performed) through his or her sporting career. We analyzed the life story of "W" and "H", two Tunisian Paralympic champions and their Sports career. This analysis allowed us to illustrate the necessity imposed by the social environment. It seems that athletes consider primarily the interactions in which it will keep the opportunity open and hazardous to their itinerary to finally pursue their individual actions. These actions are used to the structures, interactions, rational, irrational, subjectivity and objectivity. An entry in the sporting career which we have identified as an entry using the paradigm of high-level sports career craft formally determines the complexity of the professionalization of the Tunisian handicap. The interviews are guided by three dimensions related to civil status, sporting and social. The results indicate the sports career of a Tunisian handicap is filled with obstacle and obstructions. A difficult choice to keep that characterizes their existence and their sporting career. Passing through three stages of representation of disability: the "cursed" disability "used" disability and handicap "revered" the athlete who saw a fashioned route and anchored ambivalent and whose primary objective was the public recognition and social success. This success is achieved through learning a skill and a life of bricolage favoring the construction of a disability representation in sports career.


Red eye is the most common sign of ocular inflammation . Serious cases of red eye need diagnosis and proper treatment by ophthalmologist but many other from of red eye can be managed primarily by health care personals. If General practioners were able to diagnos e and differentiate the causes of red eye the serious complication have not been observed and the patients were have been treated on due time. Some of the cause s of red eye are: blepharitis, ______________________________________________________________


- machines hot drink. - The invention relates to a hot beverage machine, in particular a coffee machine, comprising a housing (1) with a filter holder (4) provided with at least one liquid outlet (11), means anti-gout associated with a return means and a closure valve to close, in retracted position, said liquid outlet (11), said anti-drip means comprenent a first position control means (20) of anti means -goutte operable automatically by the carafe when the latter is placed on the machine to disengage said outlet (11) characterized in that: - the anti-drip means is associated with a second means position control (20a) of the anti-drip means operable, preferably manually, for bringing and keeping said anti-drip in a stable position of release of said liquid outlets means (11). - Coffee .


1. Single interneurones excited from group Ia afferents and located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord in the cat were activated antidromically by stimulation of their axons with one micro‐electrode while recording extracellularly close to their somas with a second micro‐electrode. The interneurones studied were those which, according to previous indirect evidence, should mediate the reciprocal Ia inhibition of motoneurones.


Policy-Driven Separation for Reconfigurable Systems Ted Huffmire Reconfigurable hardware is at the heart of many high-performance embedded systems. Satellites, set-top boxes, electrical power grids, and the Mars Rover all rely on Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) to perform their respective functions. Despite the proliferation of reconfigurable devices into critical systems, sound reconfigurable system security remains an unsolved challenge. An FPGA system often has multiple modules (cores) on the same chip that share external resources such as off-chip memory. While this enables small form factor and low-cost designs, it opens up the opportunity for modules to intercept or even interfere with the operation of each other. Providing a low-cost means to ensure logical separation between modules is our primary goal, and we will leverage the reconfigurable nature of FPGAs to our advantage in solving this problem. We propose a novel approach to reconfigurable system security that relies on a reference monitor to enforce policies that specify the legal sharing of memory. These policies are expressed as a formal language, and a specialized compiler translates them to a hardware description that can be directly transferred to an FPGA. Our language is powerful enough to express a variety of classic security scenarios, and our language-based approach provides an incremental way of constructing mathematically precise policies. We plan to enhance our technique by designing a configuration manager that can dynamically switch the policy enforced by the reference monitor in response to events, such as the system coming under attack. Our quantitative analysis will employ a novel phase classification technique to show that our methods are efficient.


As to the impact of tourist experiences on tourists' perceived destination the existing study literature is limited to the discussion about perceived image and perceived value rather than perceived destination attractiveness. First-time tourists and repeated visitors of a destination represent tourists with different tourist experiences. The purpose of this paper is to explore their perceived attractiveness of destinations and disparity. Nankun Mountain Ecological Area, Guangdong Province, a rapid developing tourist destination with considerable repeated tourists,is selected as a survey site and an empirical study is conducted through in-depth interviews and questionnaire survey. The results indicate that perceived destination attractiveness includes two dimensions of total environmental attractiveness and sightseeing experience attractiveness. Repeated visitors have significantly higher perception of total environmental attractiveness than first-time tourists, whereas there is no significant difference in terms of the perception of sightseeing experience attractiveness. This study conclusion is of stronger enlightening significance to the development of destinations and marketing practice.


Multidetector CT represents a huge advancement in CT technology.The ability to scan organs, such as the heart in one breathhold, largely eliminates respiratory artefact.Faster scanning allows more accurate imaging within a given vascular phase which has allowed the development of CT angiography.Development of 16-row CT and beyond has enabled the production of true isotropic volume imaging allowing multiplanar reformatting in any imaging plane without loss of data.The ongoing development of new imaging applications has allowed the further development of CT angiography, CT colonography and CT urography which are beginning to replace more invasive diagnostic investigations.


This paper presents a methodological proposal to evaluate the impact of electrical demand uncertainty regarding power system transient stability, considering the probabilistic analysis of the Critical Clearing Time (CCT).
A probabilistic analysis of transient stability allows establishing a probability density function (PDF) of the CCT behavior. This PDF is calculated by means of Monte Carlo simulations in which the CCT is evaluated for each generated scenario and contingency.
The bisection method is applied for calculating the CCT. This method consists in iteratively modifying the fault duration time (


The more practical mastery of information technology has an impact on the choice of varied learning resources. Current education requires students to access all the information needed to answer the problems they face and to improve their understanding of certain fields of science. Through the learning process, students can become empowered and creative people. The four pillars of learning, learning to know, learning to do, learning to be, learning to live together can be the basis of the process of empowering the lives of every student. In order to create creative learning activities, the learning resource center is present as a building designed in such a way as to store, care for, develop various learning resources for the benefit of teachers and students, especially in accessing learning resources regarding Islamic education. To develop a learning resource center, at least one must pay attention to teacher creativity, paradigms, facilities, and targets as well as time and management competencies.


As a general view, the ixodid tick Haemaphysalis japonica is distributed in Japan (Kyushu, Honshu and Hokkaido islands) and in a continental area including Russia Primorsky Krai, eastern China and the Korean Peninsula. The continental population is treated as a subspecies, Haemaphysalis japonica douglasi. The Hokkaido population was once named Haemaphysalis jezoensis, but synonymized with H. japonica. An irregular taxonomic revision, however, elevated H. japonica douglasi to specific rank for the continental and Hokkaido populations. The resultant "Haemaphysalis douglasi" sensu Kitaoka is obviously invalid because of the lack of taxonomic literatures about its specific status. Even in the present time, the invalid name has yet been used for tick identification in Hokkaido. In this study, nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial DNA (large subunit ribosomal RNA gene) and nuclear DNA (internal transcribed spacer 2) were compared between adult samples of H. japonica from Honshu and those of "H. douglasi" from Hokkaido. The target sequences of the Hokkaido samples were completely identical with those of the Honshu samples, indicating that the elevation of H. japonica douglasi to specific rank or the resurrection of H. jezoensis is an inadequate treatment. The result clearly shows that H. japonica is distributed in


Microsporidia are spore-forming, obligate intracellular pathogens typically associated with opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Treatment options for microsporidia infections in humans are limited and additional research is necessary to create better therapeutic agents. For many pathogenic organisms, adhesion to the host cell surface is a prerequisite for tissue colonization and invasion. Our previous research has demonstrated a direct relationship between adherence of microsporidia spores to the surface of host cells and infectivity in vitro . In an effort to better understand adherence, we have turned our attention to determining what proteins may be involved in this process. Examination of the Encephalitozoon cuniculi genome database revealed a gene encoding a protein with sequence homology to members of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family of type I transmembrane glycoproteins. The microsporidia ADAM (MADAM) protein is of interest because ADAMs are known to be involved in a variety of biological processes including cell adhesion, proteolysis, cell fusion, and signaling. The objectives for this study were to examine the localization of MADAM, analyze its potential involvement during adherence and/or host cell infection, and to identify potential binding partners or substrates. Through the use of immunoelectron transmission microscopy, we demonstrated that MADAM is localized to the surface exposed exospore, plasma membrane, and the polar sac-anchoring disk complex (a bell-shaped structure at the spore apex involved in the infection process). Location of MADAM within the exospore and polar sac-anchoring disk suggests that MADAM is in a position to facilitate spore adherence or host cell infection. Thus far, we have been unable to conclusively demonstrate that MADAM is involved in either event. Through the use of a yeast two-hybrid system, we were able to identify polar tube protein 3 (PTP3) as a potential binding partner or substrate for the MADAM protein. The interaction between MADAM and PTP3 was confirmed by in vitro co-immunoprecipitation. PTP3 is hypothesized to be involved in the process of polar tube extrusion by stabilizing the interaction between PTP1-PTP2 polymers. Further analysis of the interaction between MADAM and PTP3 may lead to a better understanding of the events that occur during polar tube extrusion.


Sudden lane-changing maneuvers can disrupt the traffic flow. In this paper, we introduce an approach to optimize car-following behavior in response to a lane-changing vehicle in a connected driving environment. Our approach utilizes a quadratic Bézier curve in the time-space diagram to represent the car-following behavior. The algorithm adapts to sudden interruptions from the leading vehicle (i.e., the lane-changing vehicle on the road) while considering driving comfort, traffic impacts, and safety. We derive the acceleration term and factor in initial braking and speed reduction along the curve to generate a safe trajectory for car-following behavior. Our approach was simulated using MATLAB and tested against real-world lane-changing trajectory data collected in Chicago, IL. Results show that our approach produces a safe trajectory curve that adjusts according to the preferred driving pattern when provided with a lane-changing trajectory. This approach provides a useful means of designing safe car-following behavior while considering the impact on upstream traffic in a connected driving environment.


Ternary AlInN films were grown on (0001) sapphire substrates by reactive radio-frequency magnetron sputtering using aluminum and indium targets in an ambient of argon and nitrogen. It was found that the formation of nitride phase during reactive sputtering is mainly occurring at the substrate. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that highly c-axis-oriented AlInN films with a wurtzite structure can be obatined. The Al composition in the AlInN films could be controlled by changing the ratio of the sputtered area of the aluminum plate to that of the indium plate. (© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Woman political map election by election can only be guided through 30 % woman representative and must be applied with affirmative action. Since it thought that the policy only provide advantages to woman and not all the political parties have gender sensitivity Descriptive analysis is the method to analyse woman's vote mapping according to general election report in 1999, 2004, and 2009. One of theory applied to observe voter behaviour in mapping vote stated by Adman Nursaf refers to some Columbia and michigan tradition (psycological approach )and rational approach. Analysis report, most voted women who are success in gaining support and position in House of Representative have been increased compared to general election in 1999 and 2004. However, woman representation in House of Representative has not reached to 30% minimum quota yet. That is the reason why woman's qouta must be fighting for through legals. Considering the legal in quota domain is part of affirmative policy along with a hope, there is gonna be equality and balance between man and woman in House of Representative until it could be overcome


Taking 100 women college students who often take part in aerobic exercise as the experimental group and another 100 women college students of the same age group who have no exercise foundation as the contrast group,this paper studies the influence of different exercise ways on the physical shape and body fat of women college students.The results show that the women university students who often take part in aerobic exercise have changes in their physical shape,such as chest measurement increase,waist-to-hip ratio(WHR) decrease,lean body mass(LBM) increase,body mass index(BMI) and body fat% being obviously smaller that those of the contrast group.It indicates that often taking part in aerobic exercise is conducive to improvement of the physical shape and body fat composition and to building of more perfect figure.


In this paper, a comprehensive comparative analysis is performed on the short circuit (SC) withstand time and failure modes between a 650 V SiC Planar MOSFET, a 650 V SiC Trench MOSFET and a 650 V SiC Cascode JFET. The short circuit tests have been performed at a DC link voltage of 400 V with gate turn-OFF voltages at 0 V and -5 V. The results show that the SiC Cascode JFET failed in a source-to-drain short circuit with the gate still capable of blocking voltage while the SiC Planar and Trench MOSFETs failed with the Gate-Source (VGS) terminal short circuited and Drain-Source (VDS) terminals still capable of blocking voltage. Furthermore, short circuit withstand times measured on the SiC Planar and Trench MOSFETs showed an increase (20% for the Planar MOSFET and 9% for the Trench MOSFET) when the device gate voltages were turned-OFF with -5V compared to 0V. This was due to the increased inductance of the negative voltage gate driver reducing the peak short circuit current. In the case of the SiC Cascode JFET, there was no dependence of the short-circuit withstand time on the VGS turn-OFF voltage.


Ibn Qayyim states that changes and differences in issuing fatwa relatively depend on several elements which are the change of times, places, conditions, intentions and customs. In this article, we attempt to elaborate the elements in various form of changes, whether temporal, spatial, conditional, individual, or custom from Malaysia and Singapore contexts by using comparative approach. The contexts cover economy, religious composition, position of Muslims in politics and position of Islam in the constitution of both countries.


Summary
1. Reduction in diversity of both freshwater aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems has been attributed to salinity increase and such increases are a symptom of changes to land use. Hydrological alteration to ground and surface water are likely to be associated with salinity increase and its influence on biodiversity. However the combined effects of salinity and hydrology on aquatic biodiversity have not been elucidated fully in either field or experimental situations.

2. The effect of salinity and water regime on the biota in sediments from seven wetlands from inland south-eastern Australia was tested experimentally using germination of aquatic plant seeds (five salinity and two water levels) and emergence of zooplankton eggs (five salinity levels). Salinity levels were <300, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000 mg L−1 and water regimes were damp (waterlogged) and submerged.

3. Aquatic plant germination and zooplankton hatching was not consistent for all seven wetland sediments. Four of the wetland sediments, Narran Lakes, Gwydir Wetlands, Macquarie Marshes and Billybung Lagoon showed similar responses to salinity and water regime but the other three wetland sediments from Lake Cowal, Great Cumbung Swamp and Darling Anabranch did not.

4. As salinity increased above 1000 mg L−1 there was a decrease in the species richness and the abundance of biota germinating or hatching from sediment from four of the wetlands.

5. Salinity had a particularly strong effect in reducing germination from sediments in damp conditions when compared to the flooded conditions. In parallel, salts accumulated in the sediment in damp conditions but did not in flooded conditions.

6. There is potential for increasing salinity in freshwater rivers and wetlands to decrease the species richness of aquatic communities and thus of the wetland community as a whole, resulting in loss of wetland biodiversity. This reduction in diversity varies between wetlands and is at least partly related to hydrology. For aquatic plants the reduction in diversity will be more marked for plants germinating from seed banks at the edges of wetlands where plants are not completely submerged than for the same seed bank germinating in submerged conditions.


In this paper, the processing technology of Rb2Te(Cs) solar blind ultraviolet cathode is described and samples of Rb2Te(Cs) solar blind ultraviolet cathode were produced. The spectral response, spectral reflectance and the fluorescence spectra under the excitation condition of 250 nm wavelength of Rb2Te(Cs)solar blind ultraviolet cathode samples were measured. The findings suggest that under the existing technological condition, the sensitivity of Rb2Te(Cs) solar blind ultraviolet cathode is greater than that of Cs2Te; as compared with Cs2Te solar blind ultraviolet cathode, the peak wavelength in spectral response is shorter at 250 nm, while the cutoff wavelength of long wave is at 315 nm. In addition, Rb2Te(Cs) solar blind ultraviolet cathode has better solar blind property; the spectral sensitivity at 633 nm is ranked at the order of magnitude of 10-5mA/W, two order of magnitudes lower than that of Cs2Te solar blind ultraviolet cathode.In terms of spectral reflectance, the findings show that the spectral reflectance of Rb2Te(Cs) solar blind ultraviolet cathode is higher than that of Cs2Te solar blind ultraviolet cathode within the scope of 200-400 nm wavelength, and is lower than that of Cs2Te solar blind ultraviolet cathode within the scope of 400-600 nm wavelength.The spectral reflectance curves of Rb2Te(Cs) solar blind ultraviolet cathode and Cs2Te solar blindultraviolet cathode are similar in shape, and the peaks in spectral reflectance curve of Rb2Te(Cs) solar blind ultraviolet cathode are basically same to the peaks in spectral reflectance curve of Cs2Te solar blind ultraviolet cathode. It is concluded that the refractive index of Rb2Te(Cs) solar blind ultraviolet cathode is basically same as that of Cs2Te solar blind ultraviolet cathode, only small difference in the range of longer wavelength. The findings on fluorescence spectra indicate that under the same condition and within the scope of 200-450 nm wavelength, the fluorescence of Rb2Te(Cs) ultraviolet cathode is more weaker than that of Cs2Te ultraviolet cathode, as the reflectance of Rb2Te(Cs) cathode is higher than that of Cs2Te ultraviolet cathode, the more the photo absorption, the more intense the fluorescence. Thus, the properties of Rb2Te(Cs) solar blind ultraviolet cathode are similar to those of Cs2Te solar blind ultraviolet cathode, and both cathodes can be applied to image device for solar blind ultraviolet detection.


This dissertation deals with the question how and why digital games are important in in the lives of young people. It does so by focusing on three main topics: game choice, gamer identity and the relation between friendship and digital games.
On account of game choice, three studies are presented. The first study elaborates on the conceptual foundations regarding motives, environment and behavior related to play. The second study operationalizes the relevant concepts developed in the first study by means of a measurement instrument. Using this measurement instrument, the third study explores the relation between conscious motives, habit and the social structure in which players are embedded on the one hand and behaviors in terms of frequency and duration of play and the content that is played on the other hand. Results show that the importance of conscious motives, habit and social structure in explaining behavior varies depending on how behavior is conceptualized.
The study on gamer identity asks which determinants are relevant in understanding why people categorize themselves or others as gamers. Results suggest a dialogue between how being a gamer is culturally constructed and the status of digital games in one's friendship group. A gamer identity is first and foremost constructed through the performance of behaviors and characteristics linked to a prototypical gamer. The social structure, however, can create an environment in which a gamer identity can become relevant and valued. In other words, the social structure in which players are embedded contributes to a gamer identity over and above prototypical behaviors and characteristics.
In our final study, we focus on the relation between friendship and digital games. The central question asks whether game and game-related practices are present in friendship networks and to what extent they are associated with the quality of those friendships. Findings indicate that talking about games within friendship networks is a widespread practice. To a lesser extent, the same is true for people playing digital games together. Similarly, talking about games and playing games together is associated with stronger friendship ties. In other words, digital games are a part of rather than separate to the everyday life of young people. What is more, it is also a part that significantly contributes to the quality of friendships. Taken together, these studies show how and why digital games can be important in the lives of young people. Digital games are a part of young people's lives because they provide several ways in which players can enjoy their free time. More importantly, however, they are important to young people because they allow them to share. They provide a means for young people to find a place where they belong and through their shared, game-related practices, games allow for friendship relations to be maintained or strengthened.
Underlying these studies is a framework that aims to explore how the relation between behaviors, the individual and social structure can be conceptualized and operationalized. Hence, in addition to understanding how and why digital games are important, this dissertation presents a pragmatic excursion into the question of agency and social structure. It does so by considering how network measures coincide with and relate to individual measures. Considering that social networks play a significant role for each of our topics, we believe that social network analysis can provide a promising addition to the toolbox of communication scientists.


"Our magic bullets have far more peaceful uses in the wild," says Marvin Whiteley at the University of Texas at Austin, referring to natural substances with antimicrobial activities. "Many known antibiotics are gene modulators, not weapons, requiring us to challenge our preconceptions about their ecological roles." The "view of antibiotics as therapeutic weapons is so strongly entrenched in our experience that we've ignored the more important functions these ubiquitous small molecules have in nature," adds Julian Davies from the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. They and other microbiologists are reappraising what such molecules do in natural settings, where their signaling activities appear more important than killing their microbial neighbors.


The research progress on preparation methods of chitosan microspheres in recent years has been reviewed. These methods including crosslinking, coacervation, emulsification-solvent evaporation, chitosan solution-coating, reacetylation, spray drying and so on were introduced.


The growth rate of postulated delayed hydride cracks in CANDU Zr-2.5%Nb pressure tubes is an important material property required for flaw evaluations and leak-before-break assessments. It is monitored using surveillance pressure tubes according to the requirements of the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Standard N285.4 [1]. Radial growth rate and axial growth rate are used to calculate the propagation of delayed hydride cracks in the through-wall direction and along the pressure tube length, respectively. The axial delayed hydride cracking growth rate had been previously found to increase exponentially with inverse absolute test temperature. This dependence had been described by an Arrhenius-type regression model with one explanatory variable. As more experimental results were obtained from surveillance pressure tubes, it has become possible to assess whether there may be statistically significant effects of other variables, which should be incorporated into the representative relation for the axial delayed hydride cracking growth rate. In this paper, multi-variable regression analysis has been used to develop an improved representative model for the axial delayed hydride cracking growth rate of irradiated Zr-2.5%Nb pressure tube material. The developed model explains approximately 93% of overall observed variation in the experimental data, and therefore has better predictive capabilities than the reference regression model with test temperature as a sole predictor. The developed multi-variable model is proposed to be incorporated into the scheduled revision (2010 edition) of the CSA Standard N285.8 as the representative predictive model.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


Justification for cataract surgery obviously depends on retinal efficiency. The study of light projections makes it sometimes possible to suspect a retinal detachment. We are, therefore, trying to check for retinal detachment by means of the various exploration processes now available. Results of echography, electroretinography, electro-oculography, and visual evoked potentials are discussed according to the exper-ence gained.


The objective of this working paper is to provide some basic analyses that help us to identify the main factors underlying different propensities to migrate from Africa to Europe (out-migration or departure) and from Europe to Africa (return), across individuals born in different African countries. Namely, we aim at clearly distinguishing the role played by individual, household and contextual factors in increasing (or decreasing) the individual likelihood of African people to migrate between Africa and Europe, rather than the specific migration rates between these two areas and their changes over time (a topic addressed in the working paper on migration patterns).


The Raspberry pi 3b+ is a small size Single Board Computer (SCB) having almost the size of a creditcard. It uses ARM (Advance RISE Machine) with clock speed 1.4 GHz 64Bit quad-core processor. Now a days it became very popular in the field of IOT (Internet of Thing), Data acquisition, Real time sensor monitoring, robotics, Home automation because of its low cost, small size and great performance. This paper describes the Raspberry pi technology, design of its components, scope and various projects on Raspberry Pi 3b+ Keywords— Raspberry pi 3b+, Single Board Computer (SCB), ARM, IOT, Data Acquisition.


There are many examples in science and engineering that may be described by a set of partial differential equations (PDEs). The modeling process of such phenomenons is in general a complex task. Moreover, there exist some sources of uncertainties around that mathematical representation that sometimes are difficult to be included in the obtained model. Neural networks appear to be a plausible alternative to get a non parametric representation of the aforementioned systems. It is well known that neural networks can approximate a large set of continuous functions defined on a compact set to an arbitrary accuracy. In this paper a strategy based on differential neural networks (DNNs) for the non parametric identification in a mathematical model described by hyperbolic partial differential equations is proposed. The identification problem is reduced to finding an exact expression for the weights dynamics using the DNN properties. The adaptive laws for weights ensure the convergence of the DNN trajectories to the hyperbolic PDE states. To investigate the qualitative behavior of the suggested methodology, here the no-parametric modeling problem for the wave equation is solved successfully. Some three dimension graphic representations are used to demonstrate the identification abilities achieved by the DNN designed in this paper.


In response to the recent intensive needs for civilian security surveillance, both full and compact versions of a Multimedia Security Surveillance (MSS) system have been built up. The new Microsoft DirectShow technology was applied in implementing the multimedia stream-processing module. Through Microsoft Windows Driver Model interface, the chosen IEEE1394 enabled Fire-i cameras as external sensors are integrated with PC based continuous storage unit. The MSS application also allows multimedia broadcasting and remote controls. Cost analysis is included.


: The effects of an artificial lake system upon the runoff hydrology of a small watershed have been determined by comparing the quantity and quality of runoff with that of an adjacent and similar watershed containing no lakes. Lake storage reduced peak discharge and slowed flood recession rate downstream. Water stored within the lakes is generally of different quality than downstream surface runoff. Salt stored in the lakes from winter deicing is released during periods of surface runoff throughout the rest of the year. During summer or fall runoff events, lake outflow dominates the salt load of the outlet stream, generating double-peaked load hydrographs in which the second, or lake-induced, crest is many times larger than the peak which corresponds to maximum flow. On the other hand, the lakes cause a reduction of salt loads and concentration in winter runoff. The concentration and loads of ions which are not related to road salt are generally less affected by the lakes, although they are increased substantially in the fall.


In this paper we discuss the aspects of the using GLONASS for synchronizing 4G and 5G base stations. The requirements for synchronization in 4G, 5G networks both in frequency and in phase/time have been identified. Methods for organizing synchronization in 4G, 5G networks are considered: transmission of a clock signal over a fiber-optic transport network, from receivers of a global navigation satellite system. The features of using GLONASS for synchronizing 4G and 5G base stations were discussed. Algorithms for filtering parameters that fluctuate due to uneven movement of a mobile object have been investigated in measuring electronic equipment located on a mobile object, in particular on the GLONASS satellite. It is shown that using GLONASS signal as reference frequency source increases accuracy of reference frequency generator of radio signal measuring equipment.


The present disclosure, using an anti-IL-l [beta] binding molecules, such as anti-IL-l [beta] antibody or binding fragment thereof, relates to methods and materials for treating in a subject acne including, for example, moderate and / or severe acne .


This study discusses how the role of social workers in healing traumatic victims of KTD (Unwanted Pregnancy). The purpose of this research is to find out what are the roles played by social workers in healing traumatic victims of KTD. This study uses qualitative research through observation and interview techniques in which researchers are directly involved in the research process to obtain the information needed. The subject of the informants in this study were social workers who handled the victims of unwanted pregnancies in Women's Social Protection and Rehabilitation Center (BPRSW). The results of this study indicate that the role of social workers in healing traumatic victims of KTD is done by providing guidance, motivation and advice to victims so that victims are free from trauma and can continue their lives well in pregnancy. Keywords: The Role Of Social Workers, Healing Of Traumatic, Unwanted Pregnancy


A procedure has been developed to coat colloidal polystyrene spheres with a smooth and well-defined layer of amorphous titanium dioxide. The thickness of the coating can be easily varied from a few nanometers upward and can be increased further by seeded growth. The resulting composite particles are very monodisperse. The core−shell particles can be turned into spherical hollow titania shells by dissolution of the polystyrene cores in suspension or by calcination of the dried particles in a furnace. Calcination also crystallizes the titania into its anatase form. The coated particles were characterized with electrophoresis, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and light scattering. We find that the coating strongly densifies when the particles are dried but that it is not dense and about twice as thick when the particles are still in suspension. Calcination results in spherical shells composed of a dense arrangement of TiO2 (anatase) nanocrystals. This way, we obtained collo...


A positive learning environment can be achieved if all the school members follow the principal's learning process. The paper aims to study and analyze the principal's implementation of innovation and entrepreneurial leadership in creating a learning environment. The research is conducted qualitatively through a case study. The research subjects were determined using purposive sampling, while the data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation study. The data were then analyzed descriptively qualitatively using the Atlas.ti software. The results show that the principal has implemented the entrepreneurial leadership employing two main principles to create a learning environment. First, the principal regulates organizational growth through optimization, communication, motivation, monitoring, controlling, role model, and empowerment. The principal makes some innovation through several steps: vision building, staff development, and restructuring. This kind of leadership can create a comfortable and fun learning environment. As a result, all school members can follow the learning process and create innovative products, as well as making some progress in academic and non-academic achievements. The research findings imply a recommendation for the school's program in that a principal's entrepreneurial and innovative leadership is one of the critical factors in learning.


SOME CIRCUMSTANTIAL BACKGROUND MAY BE NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND Wordsworth's reason for writing a major work of prose which, like some of his poems, deals with an action that did not occur: the failure of Britain to engage in an anticipated battle of the Napoleonic wars. On 12 August 1807, Napoleon and Charles IV of Spain ordered that by September I the Prince Regent of Portugal declare war on Britain and seize all British possessions. On 18 October a French army under General Junot entered Spain; it arrived in Lisbon on 30 November and occupied the city. By then, the Prince Regent had fled to Rio de Janeiro. Napoleon was meanwhile emboldened in the invasion by a domestic crisis: on 27 October, Charles Iv had arrested his son Ferdinand, charged him with treason and then pardoned him. Charles later abdicated but then sought to renounce his abdication. The crisis of legitimacy of the Spanish throne was complete when Ferdinand surrendered his own claim. Joseph Bonaparte would have been appointed now to rule Spain had not riots broken out in Madrid, in May 1808, which led to a general revolt. On I August 1808, the British expeditionary force under Sir Arthur Wellesley arrived in Mondego Bay, on the coast of Portugal; it defeated Junot on 21 August but did not pursue: Sir Hew Dalrymple landed after Wellesley, and conveyed the government policy of caution. It was at this moment that General Kellerman asked that a convention be negotiated; and between 23 August and 30 August the terms were drawn up. The French army of 21,000 was permitted, by a superior British force, to evacuate from Portugal with all its equipment and possessions. The Convention of Cintra seems to me one of the great political essays of the Romantic era, but to call it a political essay is only a convenience. It begins as analysis and ends as a work of moral suasion, an eloquent statement of enthusiasm that means to convert its readers to a larger cause than the author can specify. Wordsworth wrote it with an urgency as driving as one feels in his major poems; yet its argument, plainly advancing a local cause under pressure of circumstance, remains difficult to reduce to practical wisdom. Its exhortations are at once republican, nationalist, and cosmopolitan: a curious blend. If, finally, Wordsworth professes an ideology of republican nationalism, the reader is made to arrive at national self-feeling by vicarious association with another people's act of national resistance; it is resistance itself that comes to be identified with the spirit of revolution. So complete is this equation that Wordsworth can say that the spirit of the French Revolution is most alive in the work of destroying "the child of the revolution," Napoleon. He wrote it not long after he had finished writing his Immortality Ode. Wordsworth was even more concerned at this than at other periods with demonstrating the coherence of his life and feelings; in the realm of politics, The Convention of Cintra meant to prove his days "Bound each to each by natural piety," just as the ode meant to prove them so in the realm of imagination and personal identity. Politics, for Wordsworth, no less than poetry is subject to a test of sincerity, which means a test of sensation. Recall his words in the Preface to Lyrical Ballads about the natural interest taken by the poet in "the goings-on of the Universe"; (1) the same interest is shown by the citizen, in The Convention of Cintra, who pursues "the appearances and intercourse of daily life" (PW 1: 304). The first of these concerns is abstract, the second particular and gregarious, but both are outward-looking and tend toward civic-mindedness. In The Convention of Cintra, too, Wordsworth cares for "that knowledge which is founded not upon things but upon sensations;--sensations which are general, and under general influences (and this it is which makes them what they are, and gives them their importance);--not upon things which may be brought; but upon sensations which may be met" (PW 1: 304-5). …


The principle of multi color storage using 3 lasers with different wavelength is introduced and the Method of Three-wavelength Confocal Adjustment (MTCA) is represented in detail. The three lasers are combined into a coaxial paralleled laser beam after passing through their own collimation system and one common light coupling system. Then they are focused in the same spot on the recording layer by an achromatic lens. The defocusing amounts' measurement bases on the knife-edge displacement method and displacement method of optoelectric detector. And then the 3 lasers can read and write confocally in recording media.


Higher education around the world appears to be at the beginning of a period of major transformation, with new roles, demands, and responsibilities. Administrators need new understanding, tools, and approaches for managing such a transformation. This paper describes a general framework for strategic planning that academic institutions can use in their efforts to engage in such a transformation. The framework includes many of the newest tools and approaches in management.


Olea pollen aerobiological dynamics in Catalonia This paper rewiews of the Olea atmospheric pollen data from Catalonia, for the period 1983– 98, with regard to their allergological and agricultural applications. The discussion is focused on the validity of certain parameters for the characterisation of Olea aerobiological dynamics, on the prediction of the pollen calendar from meteorological data and on the relationship between olive production and pollen concentration.


The cytoplasmic distribution of cellular structures is known to depend on the balance between plus‐ and minus‐end‐directed motor complexes. Among the plus‐end‐directed kinesins, kinesin‐1 and ‐2 have been implicated in the outward movement of many organelles. To test for a role of kinesin‐1 previous studies mostly relied on the overexpression of dominant‐negative kinesin‐1 constructs. The latter are often cytotoxic, modify the microtubule network and indirect effects related to altered microtubule dynamics should be excluded. In the present study we present a novel kinesin‐1 construct, encompassing the first 330 amino acids of kinesin heavy chain fused to GFP (kin330‐GFP) that does not alter microtubules upon its overexpression. Kin330‐GFP functionally inhibits kinesin‐1 because it induces the peri‐nuclear accumulation of mitochondria and intermediate filaments. Using this construct and previously established siRNA‐mediated knock‐down of kinesin‐2 function, we assess the role of both motors in the subcellular distribution of distinct steps of the vaccinia virus (VV) life cycle. We show that kinesin‐1, but not kinesin‐2, contributes to the specific cytoplasmic distribution of three of the four steps of VV morphogenesis tested. These results are discussed with respect to the possible regulation of kinesin‐1 during VV infection.


Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most frequent systemic inflammatory rheumatic diseases, being constantly assessed regarding new disease activity monitoring tools and new therapeutic targets and therapies. Tocilizumab (TCZ) is one of the latest biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) approved for RA's treatment, usually as a second line agent in daily clinical practice.Evaluate the different disease and patient reported outcomes in patients undergoing treatment with tocilizumab as the first biologic therapy.All patients with a definite RA diagnosis who had undergone treatment with TCZ as the first biologic therapy at a tertiary hospital's rheumatology department were included in this analysis. Diverse socio-demographic data, as well as disease and patient related outcomes were assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months of treatment with TCZ, and posteriorly extracted from the Portuguese register of rheumatic diseases (Reuma.PT). Statistical analysis included non-parametric tests such as Wilcoxon test and univariate analysis using linear and logistic regression models.Fifty-one patients were included, 88.2% females, with a median age at introduction of TCZ of 53.5 +/- 10.4 years; mainly seropositive for either rheumatoid factor (66%) or anti citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA; 68%), with an erosive disease (75.6%) and concomitantly treated with a conventional synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (csDMARD) (70.5%). During follow-up there was a statistically significant reduction at 6 and 12 months of TCZ treatment regarding DAS28 (4 variables) (4v) and DAS28(4V)-CRP scores (p < 0.001), SDAI (p < 0.001), CDAI (p < 0.001), 68/66 tender and swollen joint counts (TJC/SJC) (p < 0.001), ESR and CRP (p < 0.001), patient and physician VAS (p < 0.001) and HAQ score (p = 0.01 at 6 months and p < 0.001 at 12 months). Rheumatoid factor and ACPA serum levels weren't statistically different at 6 and 12 months of treatment with TCZ compared to the initial assessment, as well as the ACR responders at the same 6 months versus those at 12 months. A majority of patients showed good EULAR response at 6 (52.6%) and 12 (56.3%) months, as well as moderate to high mean improvement in ACR core set measures at 6 (53.3±22.7) and 12 (54.3±25.2) months. Assessment of subsequent therapeutic maintenance showed that 75% of patients remained under tocilizumab with an average treatment duration of 48.8±37.7 months. Reasons for switch ranged from adverse effects (63.6%) to primary failure (18.2%) and secondary failure (18.2%). There was a significant reduction in DAS28(4V), DAS28(4V)-CRP, CDAI, SDAI, TJC and SJC, ESR, CRP, patient and physician VAS and HAQ scores between 6 and 12 months of therapy (p < 0,001). ACR and EULAR responses didn't differ significantly between assessments at 6 and 12 months. In the absence of a representative number of RA patients on TCZ monotherapy, it wasn't possible to draw conclusions about the need to use combined therapy with a csDMARD for better clinically significant response.A higher degree of ACR response at 6 months was associated with higher serum rheumatoid factor levels (OR 1.13, p < 0.05) at baseline, while a lower degree of response was seen with higher TJC (p = 0.05) and HAQ score (p < 0.01). ACR response at 12 months was lower in patients with erosive disease at baseline (p < 0.05). Regarding EULAR response criteria at 6 months, there was a negative association with higher TJC (p < 0.05), while at 12 months the negative trend was associated with ESR levels (p < 0.05) and HAQ scores (p < 0.05) at baseline.There seems to be evidence of good therapeutic response to TCZ in bDMARD naïve RA patients assessed at 6 months from baseline, without evidence of significant improvement of response measures further down the line. Basal serum rheumatoid factor levels, TJC, HAQ scores and the presence of erosive disease may have some predictive value on the therapeutic response. Further studies comparing TCZ as the first bDMARD in naïve RA patients against TNF inhibitors are needed.None declared


The confinement factor, maximum output power, threshold current and the far-field vertical beam divergence of asymmetric waveguide for high power 1.06μm laser diode are calculated by Lastip simulation software and compared to the symmetric one.


Eating Disorders, Addictions, and Substance Use Disorders: Research, Clinical, and Treatment Perspectives is the first manual to focus on the co-occurrence of eating disorders (ED) and substance use disorders (SUD). The text is edited by Drs. Timothy D. Brewerton and Amy Baker Dennis, who are leading eating disorder treatment experts. Dr. Brewerton is also a longstanding member of the Eating Disorders editorial board. Drs. Brewerton and Dennis brought together other experts in the eating disorder and substance abuse fields to author this text. The book is divided into three parts: "Part One—Research Perspectives"; "Part Two—Clinical Perspectives"; and "Part Three—Treatment Perspectives." Part One provides a comprehensive scientific review of ED, SUD, and addictions. Chapters 1–5 describe animal, neurotransmitter, neuroimaging, and genetic research that has informed our understanding of ED and SUD. The first five chapters of Part 1 are able to cover complex concepts in an easily digestible manner. Chapter 6 examines personality disorders and their relation to ED and SUD, as well as specific personality traits often seen in individuals with ED and/or SUD. The chapter ends with treatment implications and future directions. Chapter 7 examines problematic exercise. It distinguishes between exercise addiction, exercise dependence, and exercise compulsion; describes different assessment measures for problematic exercise; and explores the co-occurrence of problematic exercise with ED, SUD, and other behavioral addictions (BA). Chapter 8 discusses the nutritional aspects of ED and SUD with a particular emphasis on nutritional deficits that are commonly seen in patients with ED and/or SUD. Chapter 9 explores the emergence of SUD, disordered eating, and other addictive behaviors after bariatric surgery. Chapter 10 reviews effective prevention models that have been used in the ED and SUD fields. The chapter reviews Dr. Eric Stice's dissonance-based eating disorder prevention and the ATLAS and ATHENA prevention programs, and concludes with proposed guidelines for the development of a prevention program that could address both ED and SUD.


As the role of institutional investors is being transformed, there is a tendency to overlook the needs of individual investors. Nevertheless, there are well over 30 million individual investors in the United States, and these numbers are growing rapidly. One area of particular concern is corporate communications. All investors, professional as well as non-professionals, should have access to financial information. However, annual reports, as currently issued, are often difficult to read and understand, and therefore lack communication value. A possible solution is the summary annual report (SAR), which has been designed to condense and simplify the traditional GAAP statements. To date, most U.S. Corporations have not adopted the new format, in part, out of a fear of negative shareholder reaction. Our survey results clearly indicate that annual reports, as they are currently issued, are difficult to understand for a sizeable minority of investors. One out of 4 investors reported that annual reports were so difficult to understand that they were of no substantial help in making investment decisions. Further, results show that a majority of respondents demand inclusion of further explanation of the financial information in less technical terms, and over a third would like to see SARs to the exclusion of full GAAP reports. Through the SAR, management has an opportunity to significantly improve corporate communications. WE strongly recommend that management continues to experiment with its format, design, and content.


A cross-sectional study was conducted between October 2007 and May 2008 to detect and determine oxytetracycline and penicillin G residue levels in bulk milk of cows in Debre Zeit dairy farms. A total of 400 bulk milk samples were randomly collected in the respective study dairy farms. A questionnaire survey was carried out by personal interviews with dairy farm owners in Delvotest positive farms (cases) and Delvotest negative farms (controls) to identify various risk factors and to determine associations among the occurrence of antibiotic residue in milk. All samples were qualitatively screened for antibiotic residues by Delvotest SP assay. Concentration of the positive samples was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Concentrations were established using linear calibration reference curves. Out of 400 samples analyzed for antibiotic residue, 34 (8.5%) milk samples were positive for antibiotic residues. The mean residue level of oxytetracycline was 142.00μg/l that of penicillin G was 4.77μg/l. Oxytetracycline concentratyions in all samples is ranged at a concentration between 27μg/l -251μg/l. The antibiotic residue positive samples which showed residues of oxytetracycline above the WTO/FAO/CAC established maximum residue limit of 100gμ/l were 24 (70.58%). For penicillin G with maximum residue limit of 4μg/l, they were 7 (20.58%). Penicillin G was found in some milk samples of (58.8%) dairy farms. The result obtained confirmed that oxytetracycline and penicillin G were imprudently used in dairy farms.


The soil material, structure, construction, operation and management conditions are all influence affecting the stability of earth-rock dam slopes. The analogy and cluster analysis methods are usually used to solve such multi-influence analysis problems. The common statistical classification method has sensitivity to the calculation process and requires high data parameters, so it is difficult to obtain the optimal result. The ant colony clustering algorithm simulates the method used by ants to solve the optimal path problem through bionics theory, and can obtain better calculation results. Based on the ant colony algorithm, the fuzzy theory is introduced to optimize the parameters of the ant colony clustering process to realize the fuzzy ant colony clustering calculation of the stability of the earth-rock dam slopes. The calculation examples are validated by clustering method, simulated annealing algorithm and ant colony clustering method to prove the result and advantage of the proposed method.


Abstract: The chapter addresses the polymerization and structure of advanced single-site polyolefins and ethylene-norbornene copolymers. The relevance of this information to compounding a variety of nanocomposite polymers is discussed. Data from the literature and unpublished experiments are summarized with an eye towards understanding the growing potential of these materials in commercial food packaging applications.


Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance, nutrient intake, and ingestive behavior of lambs fed high-moisture triticale grain (HMTG) ensiled with different additives. Twenty-four intact male lambs with an initial body weight (BW) of 20.05 ± 2.88 kg were assigned to one of four dietary treatments: silage of HMTG, without additive; silage of HMTG ensiled with enzyme–bacterial additive; silage of HMTG ensiled with 0.5% urea; and silage of HMTG ensiled with 1.5% sodium benzoate. No difference (P > 0.05) was seen in the performance (with an average daily weight gain of 210 g d-1), nutrient intake, or ingestive behavior of the lambs. There was a significant difference in the intake of ether extract according to the additive used in the silage. The highest intake (in relation to metabolic BW) was found for HMTG ensiled with enzyme–bacterial additive: 1.49 g kg-1 BW0.75. The silage of HMTG can be used as a single source of concentrate, aiming at moderate weight gains for feedlot lambs, thus providing an alternative for the conservation of nutritional quality of ensiling without causing changes in the performance of the animals.


For most of its history of undergraduate medical English instruction at Belgrade
University, translation was a major part of teaching and assessment. Educational
reforms in the early 21st century resulted in a shift towards content-based
instruction with the focus on reading comprehension and less translation. The
paper analyses the new role of translation in the reformed Serbian curriculum.
A brief history of Medical English instruction is outlined. The role of lexicon
and the level of discourse within the teaching of English translation in the
Serbian curriculum are explored. Some suggestions for the improvement of
medical English translation in the Serbian curriculum are offered. It has been
shown that translation is a valuable skill to be mastered. Translation exercises
allow instructors to recognize language-related comprehension problems.
Furthermore, teaching translation is important in that future medical
professionals are able to recognize different medical genres and structural
differences between English and Serbian.


We have developed the prototype of the 8-inch Hybrid Photo-Detector (HPD) and the high quantum efficiency (QE) 20-inch photomultiplier tube (PMT) for Hyper-Kamiokande (Hyper-K) which is proposed as a next generation Megaton class water Cherenkov detector. Our goal is to develop the high-QE 20-inch HPD which satisfies the requirements to photosensors in Hyper-K. We evaluated the performance of the 8-inch HPD. The timing resolution for single photoelectron, the single photocelectron charge resolution, and the dark rate at 0.5 photoelectron threshold are measured to be 1.2 ns (1 σ), 12 %, and 2 kHz, respectively. To ensure the usability of HPD and high-QE PMT, we evaluate the performance in a 200 ton water tank as a sensor for a water Cherenkov detector. For the test in the tank, we checked the durability and safety in water of the 8-inch HPD. No trouble has been found. We calibrated the gain of the sensors before installation. Then, we installed eight 8-inch HPDs, five high-QE PMTs and 227 normal-QE PMTs into the tank. The installation of the sensors is successfully completed and the cosmic muon events were observed in the tank. The single photoelectron resolution of the 8-inch HPD in the tank is better than that of PMT. Because of the low temperature in the tank and closing the tank for two months, the dark rate of the 8-inch HPD decreases. The dark rate of the highQE PMTs measured in the tank is comparable to that of the normal ones. This is the first time to operate HPD and sensor which has a high-QE photocathode as a sensor for a water Cherenkov detecter. Through the test in the tank and more precise measurement, we plan to decide the photosensors for Hyper-K in 2016.


A safety shoe having a function of looking taller is provided to comprise an insole in which a heel portion is formed to be higher to enable a user to look taller and feel more confident. The safety shoe includes uppers of leather portion(20), a mid sole(30), an outsole(40) and an insole. In the insole, a heel portion(114) is formed to be higher than a flat toe portion(112) to enable a user to look taller. In the heel portion, a receiving portion having a coil spring built therein is formed. Fixing members fixing the coil spring to prevent separation of the coil spring from the receiving portion are formed on upper and lower surfaces of the receiving portion. On the upper surface of the fixing member, a recess for receiving the coil spring is formed. A center shaft is formed on the center of the fixing member.


Construction of a mega dam in Southeast Asia's Lower Mekong Basin has had detrimental effects for biodiversity and millions of people who depend on it. The use of successful case studies, and collaboration with non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to empower people and increase awareness of their rights, may help win environmental justice for the people of the Lower Mekong Basin.


for a of dementia by patient and NH in two of these cases, by family in and and family one case. This for 1,163 bed days, NH transfer for new care requirements to their medical needs, with an average LOS of 81.4days. Conclusion: Though they represent a small proportion of admissions, NH residents an alternative discharge destination for behavioural symptoms or complex med- ical needs are a


Fischer-Tropsch synthesis employing supercritical fluid reaction media offers mass transfer advantages over conventional processes. Data are needed to calculate effective diffusivities in catalyst pores, for which molecular diffusion coefficients in the supercritical media as well as the catalyst porosity and tortuosity are required. The Taylor dispersion technique was used to measure the molecular diffusion coefficients. A tracer response technique was used to measure the effective diffusivities employing 1-octene in supercritical ethane (P{sub c} = 48.8 bar, {Tc} = 305.4 K) as the model system with an iron-based Fischer tropsch catalyst. Measurements were made in the temperature range of 523--543 K and pressure range of 62--144 bar. The results were analyzed by the subtraction of moments method. The precision of the results is within approximately 15%. The average value of tortuosity divided by particle porosity ({tau}/{epsilon}p) is, 9.72 {+-} 1.22, while the average value of {tau} is 6.10 {+-} 0.766 using the particle porosity set at 0.628.


This study examines whether there is a moderating effect of corporate social responsibility(CSR) on the relation between sales, general, and administrative(SG&A) expenditures and future corporate performance. SG&A expenditures are decomposed into maintenance and investment components and the latter component is focused. Using 968 Korean firm-year observations with CSR scores in the KOSPI market for the period of 2012-2017, this study investigates the relation between SG&A investment component and future corporate performance and then the moderate effect of CSR on its relation. Main results show that the SG&A investment component increases the future corporate performance and the moderate effect of CSR on its relation is more positively explicit. This finding implies that the effect of SG&A investment component on corporate performance is differentiated according to the level of CSR.


The precise dimensions of the deoxyribosenucleic acid molecule may be determined by measuring the intensities on the X-ray diffraction photograph and by building accurate molecular models. The Fourier transform of the model is calculated and the model is adjusted until the transform corre-sponds with the observed X-ray intensities. The dimensions of the molecule are not very different from those of the model built by Watson & Crick; e.g. P atoms lie on a radius of 91 instead of 1OA. There are two helical grooves on the surface of the molecule, the nitrogen bases lying at the bottom of the grooves. In sperm heads the protamine molecule is wound around the shallower of the two grooves, but histone in vivo, although combined with the nucleic acid, is not attached in the same way as protamine. Non-basic residues in protamine occur in pairs in the polypeptide chain and probably form loops in the chain. Lysine-rich histone can combine in vitro with DNA in the same way. A characteristic X-ray diffraction picture is given by nucleohistone in intact calf thymus and fowl erythrocyte nuclei, sea-urchin sperm heads, and water-extracted thymus nucleohistone. Evi-dently the structure remains substantially intact during extraction. Although these observations give information about how protein binds to DNA, their implications with regard to protein synthesis are not immediately clear except to show that some proposed schemes are obviously incorrect and others have serious weaknesses. Ribonucleic acid does not give such well-defined X-ray diffraction pictures as DNA and hence progress in the elucidation of its structure has been more slow.


"This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited." The Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association Volume 54 Number 2 2019 Received June 12, 2018 Revised June 25, 2018 Accepted July 1, 2018 Correspondence to: Chul-Hyun Cho, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 56 Dalseong-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41931, Korea TEL: +82-53-250-7729 FAX: +82-53-250-7205 E-mail: email@example.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0252-8741 정형외과 수술 후 발생한 섬망의 발생 빈도와 관련 인자


OBJECTIVES/GOALS: During earlier periods of the pandemic, Black and Latinx populations in Michigan have suffered higher rates of infection, hospitalization, and deaths when compared to Whites. We conducted this study to understand how Black and Latinx residents perceived this disproportionate burden. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In 2021, 40 semi-structured interviews were conducted virtually in English or Spanish with Black (n=24) and Latinx (n=16) residents in Michigan areas highly impacted by COVID-19: Genesee, Kent, Washtenaw, and Wayne counties. Using a Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) approach, we partnered with leaders from 15 community-based organizations and health and human service agencies to develop research questions, an interview protocol, and to interpret the data. We used the data analysis software Dedoose (ver 4.12) for inductive coding (IRR=0.81). This study is a part of the NIH Community Engagement Alliance (CEAL) Against COVID-19 initiative. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Participants described the significant impact of the pandemic in terms of physical and mental health, job security, and the sheer number of deaths among loved ones. They attributed the impact to comorbidities and social determinants of health disparities exacerbated by the pandemic, including income, housing, access to healthcare, as well as systemic racism. They noted being overrepresented among frontline workers with higher exposure to COVID-19, limited or misinformation about the virus, language barriers, and difficulty with social distancing. Cultural norms that promote being in close proximity, such as intergenerational households, and loss of trusted community leaders were also noted. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Findings reflect the needs of Black and Latinx community members in Michigan and the discussions they feel are important to highlight. We must work strategically with partners and the community to provide transparency and effective leadership, and prioritize addressing systemic disparities in SDoH.


It is supposed that double patterning process is one of the promising candidates for making mask pattern for dry etching at 32nm and 22nm node. Currently, drastic improvement of overlay of scanner is considered to be the most important challenge and much attention has been paid to sidewall spacer process since it can avoid that problem and also can provide easier method to fabricate patterns repeatedly. In this paper, material option of core pattern, spacer pattern and hard mask, which are main components of this process, is presented and 32nm gate pattern is actually fabricated after process optimization. In addition, line-width-roughness (LWR), whose reduction is becoming more and more necessary, is measured in each process step of spacer process.


Optical tomography is one of the methods of process tomography, which is less expensive, has a better dynamic response and is more portable for routine use in process plant than other radiation-based tomographic methods. This project aim to implement infrared (IR) sensor arrange in
orthogonal beam projection based tomography for measurement of concentration profile of multiphase flow. The flow being used in this project consists of water and bubbles flow. The image is formed by reconstruction of data obtained from the array of sensor. Then the data will be converted into voltage readings in signal conditioning circuit. The data acquisition system is to collect and digitalize the analog system from the sensor input which is manipulated by a computer in off-line mode. Finally, imaging of tomogram is visualized on computer processing used by Visual Basic 6.0
software.


Objectives Laterally spreading tumours (LSTs) are a heterogeneous group of adenomas that are emerging as important precursors of colorectal cancer and in which the risk for cancer is related to their endoscopically definable morphology. It is currently unclear whether different molecular alterations determine their morphologies. We aimed to assess this relationship in LSTs using strict morphological classifications. Methods We characterized 135 sessile adenomatous lesions (≥20 mm) according to histopathology and the Paris classification. We investigated key molecular changes commonly found in colorectal neoplasms, namely mutation of KRAS, BRAF, APC and CTNNB1 and microsatellite instability, and determined their relationship with morphology. Results The Paris classification revealed a heterogeneous cohort comprising Is/IIa+Is (41.5%), IIa/IIb (53.3%) and IIc/IIa+IIc (5.2%) lesions. Histopathological analysis showed that 19 (14.1%) of these were sessile serrated adenomas. Here, we defined a group of 58 lesions that showed either Paris IIa or IIb morphology with no serrated histopathology. These 'classical LSTs' showed the following molecular characteristics: microsatellite instability 0/56 (0%), APC mutation 29/30 (96.7%), CTNNB1 mutation 2/55 (3.6%), KRAS mutation 24/55 (43.6%) and BRAF mutation 2/55 (3.6%). Separation of lesions according to surface morphology showed that KRAS mutations occurred much more frequently in granular (56.4%, 22/39) than in nongranular LSTs (12.5%, 1/16, P=0.004). Conclusion The microsatellite instable pathway is not important in the development of LSTs, which are instead likely to develop along a divergent chromosomal instability pathway. We demonstrate the biological significance of endoscopic findings by showing that the morphological characteristics of LSTs are underpinned by distinctive molecular profiles.


Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been used to evaluate the condition of a group of bridge abutments that were built in the 19th century in New England. Thickness and configuration of the abutments could be determined, and small voids suggesting open joints were detected within the abutments. Use of low and high frequency transducers is recommended in bridge abutment surveys.


The microbiological quality of drinking water and water ice has a high importance. For the preparation of water ice from water with increased bacterial counts is possible to produce water ice with a good microbiological quality by addition of hydrogen peroxide or ANTI-KEIM 50®. From water with a bacterial count of > 400 or about 2.400/ml was produce a water ice with a bacterial count of < 100/ml by addition of 10... 60 ppm ANTI-KEIM 50®. This bacterial count was retained during storage at 6 °C for 16 or 24 hours. By the addition of pure hydrogen peroxide in a concentration of 250 ppm was obtained a water ice with a bacterial count of about 300 CFU/ml.


This study presents an overall assessment of the current five most conventional cutting technologies in the offshore industry from the economic, production, safety, and environmental impact viewpoints. The applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of each cutting technique for cutting operations of jacket structures are summarised. The cutting times required by different techniques are investigated for decommissioning of jacket structures with different diameters and wall thicknesses. The study provides overall suggestions on the suitability of techniques for cutting offshore foundation structures.


A group of New York philanthropists, looking for a way to honor Sir Moses Montefiore on his 100th birthday early in 1884, decided to establish the Montefiore Home for Chronic Invalids. This 26-bed home on the upper east side of Manhattan became, in the next century, the Montefiore Medical Center, with 40 buildings and 2,000 patients, located in the northern Bronx and known as a pioneer institution in the social and scientific aspects of medicine. The choice of a medically related institution to honor Sir Moses would have also pleased his friend and physician, Thomas Hodgkin. Montefiore's first medical director, Simon Baruch, added outstanding men to the staff and improved services. Thanks to donations from Jacob Schiff, President of the Board of Trustees, and Lyman Bloomingdale, Montefiore purchased a farm at Bedford Station and turned it into a tuberculosis sanatorium. Another strong director took charge in 1921. Ernst Boas saw


This thesis discusses the potentials of application of the EU Trade Barriers Regulation (TBR) to EU-Russia trade relations. In light of the forthcoming and long-awaited Russia's WTO accession (expected to be completed in mid-2012), the theoretical analysis suggests that the TBR would become functional and useful for EU companies in tackling obstacles to trade on the Russian market. Also, this kind of approach reveals issues, for instance, related to private party access to international trade law, direct effect of WTO law in EU legal order and EU external economic competences. Additionally, an opinion is provided with regard to the international relations generally, including the opposition of the West and the East.


In three experiments laying performance was studied in hens given graded levels of maldison, dichlorvos and pirimiphos-methyl either separately or combined in the feed over a four-week test period. Results conclusively demonstrated interaction between dichlorvos and maldison as measured by depressed food consumption and egg production. Combining the three insecticides at levels which when given separately had no effect, severely depressed food consumption and egg production. After four weeks on treatment, birds receiving pirimiphos-methyl at 50 ¦g/g of diet had residues of 0.08-0.17 ¦g/g in fat and 0-0.06 ¦g/g in muscle, and residues of 0-0.07 ¦g/g maldison were recovered in the fat of birds receiving it at 100 ¦g/g of diet. No residues of any insecticide were detected in eggs and no dichlorvos residues were detected in any tissues. Plasma acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels were reduced by 70% with dichlorvos at 30 ¦g/g, by 30% with maldison at 100 ¦g/g and by 90% with pirimiphos-methyl at 50 ¦g/g. There was no indication of potentiation between insecticides as measured by plasma AChE inhibition, and effects upon food consumption and egg production appeared unrelated to plasma AChE activity. The relationship between food consumption and egg production was similar in groups receiving dichlorvos-maldison mixtures and in those receiving graded levels of untreated food, indicating that the insecticides' effect upon egg production was mediated via a reduced food intake. Maximum residue limits for pesticides in feeds should be based on a total index which takes account of interaction between the different pesticides present.


Abstract As revolutions swept across Central and South America in the 1820s and 1830s, Andrew Jackson's administration undertook a landmark reform that transformed the US foreign policy apparatus into the nation's first global bureaucracy. With the introduction of Edward Livingston's 1833 consular reform bill to Congress, the nation embarked on a long path toward the modernization of its consular service in line with the powers of Europe and the new American republics. Despite the popularity of Livingston's plan to turn a dated US consular service comprised of mercantile elites into a salaried professional bureaucracy, the Jacksonian consular reform dragged on for more than two decades before the passing of a consular bill in 1856. Contrary to Weberian models positing a straightforward path toward bureaucratization, the trajectory of Jacksonian consular reform demonstrates the power of mercantile elites to resist central government regulation just as much as it highlights how petty partisans—the protégé consuls appointed via the Jacksonian "spoils system"—powerfully shaped government policy to achieve personal advantages. In the constant tug-of-war between merchant-consuls and Jacksonian protégés, both groups mobilized competing visions of the "national character" in their correspondence with the Department of State and in the national press. Ultimately, the Jacksonian reform vision of an egalitarian and loyal consular officialdom prevailed over the old mercantile model of consulship as a promoter of national prestige and commercial expertise, but only after protégé consuls successfully exploited merchant-consuls' perceived inability to compete with the salaried European officials across the sister-republics of the southwestern hemisphere.


AbstractDifferent types of concrete mixtures are used as building materials. The manufacturing process of two-stage concrete (TSC) differs from that of conventional concrete. This study investigate...


Is suicide, as Aristotle held in the Nicomachean Ethics, an act of injustice against the city-state (unless actually required by that state, as in the case of Socrates)? Should community interest outweigh those of individuals both in barring most people from taking their own lives and in requiring some to do just that? Or should individuals be free to choose death regardless of community interests, as Seneca urged? Having been Emperor Nero's tutor, Seneca knew well the potential for state injustice both in taking human life and in prolonged torture of the living. In a letter to his friend Lucilius, he insisted that "a man is bound to justify his life to others, his death only to himself." To this day, the tension persists between the concerns of the community and individuals when it comes to suicide, assisted suicide, and euthanasia. Even as technology has brought new means both of ending and of prolonging life, debates about the legitimacy of choosing death still center around issues of justice: of what is owed to the community, to families, and to individuals facing suffering such that they envisage death as a release. Twenty-five years ago, I focused on these issues in completing my doctoral dissertation on voluntary euthanasia. In contrast to the atrocities of the Nazi "euthanasia program," advocates of legalizing euthanasia stressed its voluntary aspect. Mercy killing, they aruged, should only be permitted if requested in the presence of witnesses by fully competent individuals who were terminally ill, suffering greatly, and near death. I found the conflict both sharp and poignant, between, on the one hand, the legitimate desires of individuals for release from great and irremediable suffering; and, on the other hand, the societal imperative to guard against the risk of abuses and errors and pressures to expand the practice of euthanasia, once the present strong prohibitions against killing, inadequate as they too often are, are further relaxed. The legitimate concern of individuals to refuse treatment and even to speed their own deaths ought to be respected, I concluded. But the societal imperative rendered legalizing voluntary euthanasia unacceptable. To be sure, the risks of error and abuse would be lower in a world in which laws were more consistently honored, families closer and less burdened by financial pressures, and the judgment of physicians more uniformly trustworthy. But if euthanasia were made lawful in existing societies, it might come to be inflicted upon individuals either unable or unwilling to request it--especially upon those thought too weak, too incompetent, or too expensive to maintain in life. In writing on this question twenty-five years ago, I did not know about the birth of The Hastings Center and thus could not foresee how greatly it would contribute to the public debate and the scholarly analysis of issues having to do with death and dying. …


Based on the design methods and the interaction characteristics of anti-slide pile and soil,a program of improved FEM with contact element is developed.A calculation model is set up to calculate the bending moment and displacements along the pile with different cable's prestresses and different thrusts.The optimum presstress is discussed,which is important for the landslide control.


Three species of edible oysters were examined histologically in detail from Keamari and from the Greater Karachi area on the cost of Pakistan. Sample sizes were: Crassostrea gryphoides (n=514), C. madrasensis (n=30) and C. belcheri (n=146). Monthly analysis of sex-ratios based on examination of gonads of C. gryphoides, the principal edible oyster of Pakistan indicated lower percentage of females in the colder months of the year (November to January). During these months percentages of indifferent oysters were very high. Most of the male and female oysters examined histologically during these months showed gonads in resorbing condition. The overall sex - ratio in C. gryphoides, C. madrasensis and C. belcheri revealed the predominance of males. Males completely dominated the 1-80 mm size-class, while females were more in number among oysters larger than 81 mm. In oysters larger than 120 mm the sex-ratio was close to unity. It appeared that the change from males to females took place at 81-120 mm size. Hermaphrodites were found in the three species. C. gryphoides (0.78%), C. madrasensis (3.33%) and C. belcheri (0.68%) in spring to autumn months. These were all protandric hermaphrodites.