Extrapolating data from lab experiments in mice to humans will always be a big leap, but by purposefully breeding mice to better mimic human genetic variation, that leap is now smaller than it was before. A new review in Environmental Health Perspectives describes why. Two recently developed rodent population models—the Collaborative Cross (CC) and the Diversity Outbred (DO)— have already gained a solid footing in the genetics community. With their review, authors Alison Harrill and Kimberly McAllister, researchers at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), aim to increase awareness of these resources and to encourage their broader adoption in toxicologic and environmental research. For decades, toxicologists primarily used single inbred (genetically identical) strains of mice to determine the dose at which chemicals may cause adverse effects in animals. Then they used that information to estimate exposures that could be hazardous for humans. With genetically identical strains, the response of one mouse is expected to be the same as that of another mouse to the same dose of chemical. However, we now recognize that human responses to similar environmental exposures are highly variable, presumably because of genetic differences between people. To better mimic human genetic heterogeneity for the purpose of toxicity testing, toxicologists began to explore the use of more genetically diverse mouse reference populations, taking advantage of resources that had already been developed for genetic mapping studies. Researchers created CC mice by intercrossing eight inbred "founder" strains that were chosen to maximize genetic diversity. The resulting inbred strains are distinct, but within each strain, CC mice are genetically identical. As a complementary resource, researchers also created DO mice by randomly mating pairs from the same eight founder strains, with each mouse being genetically unique (what is known as randomized outbred stock). The CC and DO mice allow toxicologists to observe a range of environmental responses in genetically diverse animals. "These new models offer unique advantages to environmental health scientists," says Steven Munger, an assistant professor at Maine's Jackson Laboratory, who was not involved in the review. "Although genetic variation differs in mice and humans, many of


This is a cross-sectional observational study. Children's weight, height, blood pressure, serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol were objectively measured from participants. Statistical analysis was performed using the ANOVA technique for parametric data and the KruskalWallis test for nonparametric data. Study was conducted on 157 children aged 7-9 from two educational institutions located in low-income areas in Bogotá, Colombia. Weight excess (overweight and obesity) was observed in 46 subjects, of which 97.8% had a high or very high waist circumference. The lipid profile was altered in 45.2% of the subjects; 22.3% presented high levels of triglycerides. Metabolic syndrome was identified in 32.6% of the subjects with excess weight, thus being the most frequent component of high or very high waist circumference. Finally this study confirmed the high prevalence of malnutrition by excess weightand, also excess weight associated with high triglyceride and low HDL levels. The results of this study suggest the need for early and thorough interventions aimed at improving the lifestyles and quality of life of children.


Patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) have elevated circulating calcium (Ca) and phosphate (Pi), and exhibit accelerated progression of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). We hypothesized that matrix vesicles (MVs) initiate the calcification process in CAVD. Ca induced rat valve interstitial cells (VICs) calcification at 4.5 mM (16.4‐fold; p < 0.05) whereas Pi treatment alone had no effect. Ca (2.7 mM) and Pi (2.5 mM) synergistically induced calcium deposition (10.8‐fold; p < 0.001) in VICs. Ca treatment increased the mRNA of the osteogenic markers Msx2, Runx2, and Alpl (p < 0.01). MVs were harvested by ultracentrifugation from VICs cultured with control or calcification media (containing 2.7 mM Ca and 2.5 mM Pi) for 16 hr. Proteomics analysis revealed the marked enrichment of exosomal proteins, including CD9, CD63, LAMP‐1, and LAMP‐2 and a concomitant up‐regulation of the Annexin family of calcium‐binding proteins. Of particular note Annexin VI was shown to be enriched in calcifying VIC‐derived MVs (51.9‐fold; p < 0.05). Through bioinformatic analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), the up‐regulation of canonical signaling pathways relevant to cardiovascular function were identified in calcifying VIC‐derived MVs, including aldosterone, Rho kinase, and metal binding. Further studies using human calcified valve tissue revealed the co‐localization of Annexin VI with areas of MVs in the extracellular matrix by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Together these findings highlight a critical role for VIC‐derived MVs in CAVD. Furthermore, we identify calcium as a key driver of aortic valve calcification, which may directly underpin the increased susceptibility of ESRD patients to accelerated development of CAVD.


Conventionally, the institutions which Autonomy owns do not consider the space requirement that the institution is located in. Therefore, there was not one effective inflection that only an administration method grieved at in all institutions. In 2005, By Local Government Act revision, A management method of the institution which a Autonomy owned was changed of from "Management Trust System" to "A Private Sector Management System". By this law revision, Regulation was relaxed, and private enterprise/NPO is able to have come to enter it. With it, each institution plays a role as every space, and it is hoped that it is inflected effectively as a high institution of specialty. In this study, I ascertain an activity trend of NPO juridical person and an element of a private sector management system choice requirement, I am aimed at arriving at means to use institutions of Autonomy functionally.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


Several classifiers are prevalent which act as a major drive for almost all supervised machine learning applications. These classifiers, though their objective working looks similar, they vary drastically in their performances. Some of the important factors that cause such variations are the scalability of the dataset, dataset nature, training time estimation, classifying time for the test data, prediction accuracy and the error rate computation. This paper focuses mainly on analyzing the performance of the existing four main classifiers: IF-THEN rule, C4.5 decision trees, naïve Bayes, and SVM classifier. The objective of this research article is to provide the complete statistical performance estimates of the four classifiers to the authenticated cloud users. These users have the access facility in obtaining the essential statistical information about the classifiers in study from the cloud server. Such statistical information might be helpful in choosing the best classifier for their personal or organizational benefits. The classifiers follow the traditional underlying algorithms for classification that is performed in the cloud server. These classifiers are tested on three different datasets namely PIMA, breast-cancer and liver-disorders dataset for performance analysis. The performance analysis indicators used in this research article to summarize the working of the various classifiers are training time, testing time, prediction accuracy and error rate computation. The proposed comparative analysis framework can be used to analyze the performances of the classifiers with respect to any input dataset.


This chapter explores the idea of God behind the text. In doing so one adopts a systematic exposition that is certainly alien to the text, but which will help us to get a better panorama of its worldview. The chapter delves into the epistemological framework of Gospel of Truth (GosTruth) , and analyses epistemological framework's theological perspectives that attempts to unveil possible influences on the text's idea of God. It focuses on the believer and on how to acquire knowledge of God and, with it, salvation. From a historical point of view, GosTruth narrates the Savior's activity, his intervention to save those who were in darkness; on the other hand, and more symbolically, its readership is informed about the pre-history of the Savior's redeeming act by means of a cosmogonical myth with anthropological implications that explains why his redemption was necessary, how it took place and what its results were. Keywords: Gospel of Truth (GosTruth) ; God; savior's activity


Rectangular planform silos are often used where there is need for simple construction or space restrictions. The flexibility of the flat plate walls leads to a horizontal variation in wall pressure across each wall, with much reduced pressures at the mid‐side. There is a clear and systematic relationship between the wall flexural stiffness relative to the stiffness of the stored solid and the pressure pattern on the wall which is now well proven. Since the centre of each wall is subject to significantly reduced pressures, it may be expected that the bending moments in the wall will much lower, permitting the use of a thinner wall. In turn, the thinner wall is then more flexible and leads to a further redistribution of the pressures. This paper is the first to examine the structural consequences of these pressure changes.


This paper disagrees to the major viewpoints and the conclusion of Zhang Ming-jun's paper Marx Did Not Put Forward the Idea of "Overpassing Cafudin Valley of the Capitalism". According to Marx's literary meaning, Cafudin valley refers to both the capitalist system and the economic crisis and disaster it brings about. In Marx's letter to Zarsulige and other relating documents, Marx proposed clearly that Russian countryside commune can overpass the Cafudin valley of the capitalism under certain conditions. Capitalism is the necessary road for all the countries and nationalities. The underdeveloped countries are able to overpass the Cafudin valley in some special historical conditions.


The present technology provides a single-stage interleaved software switching converter. According to a specific embodiment of the present invention, efficiency and costs of a charging device are reduced and harmful electromagnetic waves can be removed according to power factor control, battery charging, and the integrated control of currents on the basis of a single-stage interleaving-type PFC circuit, power density and durability can be improved by using a film-type capacitor rather than a conventional electrolyte capacitor, switching loss can be reduced on the basis of a soft switching operation, the volume of a filter unit can be reduced, a low-frequency component of a transformer is removed such that a magnetizing current can be designed to be small and volume can be reduced, and high power can be charged according to the number of windings of a transformer.


Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) remains a dominant photovoltaic material in solar cell industry. Currently, scientific and technological advances enable producing the c-Si solar cells (SCs) efficiency close to the fundamental limit. Therefore, combining the experimental results and those of modeling becomes crucial to further progress in improving the efficiency and reducing the cost of photovoltaic systems. We carried out the experimental characterization of the highly-efficient c-Si SCs and compared with the results of modeling. For this purpose, we developed and applied to the samples under investigation the improved theoretical model to optimize characteristics of highly efficient textured solar cells. The model accounts for all recombination mechanisms, including nonradiative exciton recombination by the Auger mechanism via a deep recombination centers and recombination in the space-charge region. To compare the theoretical results with those of experiments, we proposed empirical formula for the external quantum efficiency (EQE), which describes its experimental spectral dependence near the long-wave absorption edge. The proposed approach allows modeling of the short-circuit current and photoconversion efficiency in the textured crystalline silicon solar cells. It has been ascertained that the dependences of the short-circuit current on the open-circuit voltage and the dark current on the applied voltage at V < 0.6 V coincide with each other. The theoretical results, as compared to the experimental ones, allowed us to validate the developed formalism, and were used to optimize the key parameters of SCs, such as the base thickness, doping level and others. In this work, we have further generalized and refined the analytical approach proposed and used by us earlier to analyze high-efficiency solar cells and model their characteristics.


A new Pigeon Hole Imaging (PHI) method was conceived based on the 4-electrode Focused Impedance Method (FIM) developed by members of our group earlier. The FIM uses a group of 4 electrodes placed at the corners of a square region giving an enhanced sensitivity within the square, and the PHI uses many such groups arranged in a square or rectangular matrix in which the individual FIM values in the matrix elements form the pixel values of the image directly. The present work is the first approach to generate a graphical image for one or more objects within a prescribed area using the new PHI concept. Since the sensitivity outside the focused zone is not necessarily zero, though small, these may contribute to an erroneous image when a number of objects are present at close proximity. Some rules were developed to minimise such errors, and necessary software has been developed based on these rules to achieve an apparent higher image resolution. As a test for the software, simulated data were generated for assumed distributions of one or more objects within a specified area based on published experimental sensitivity values of 4-electrode FIM. PHI images were then produced using the developed software which gave a satisfactory rendition of the original object distribution. Although defined in 2D, both FIM and PHI may be useful in studying body organs using surface electrodes because of current flow in the 3rd dimension, giving 3D sensitivity. In the study of the functions of different body organs that changes in size or position with time, PHI may be useful.


A new genus Lubuya is described to accommodate the species Mabuya ivensii which differs significantly from all other members of that genus. It is tentatively suggested that 2 of the principal adaptations - the position of the nostrils on top of the snout and the restricted keeling of the dorsal scales - are functions of a semiaquatic way of life. * * *


In India an awareness needs to be created in the farming sector for the market support, direct payments and other support that can be made available in implementing various schemes to manage healthy crop production, post harvesting and other related parameters by individual farmers through IT. The farmers and their Panchayats need to recognize and understand the important role of Information Technology. It shall enable them to have various kinds of support at the rural level. This paper defines IT in agriculture as a management strategy that uses information technologies to bring data from multiple sources to bear on decisions associated with crop production. Precision agriculture has three components: capture of data at an appropriate scale and frequency, interpretation and analysis of that data, and implementation of a management response at an appropriate scale and time.


Objectives To investigate the effect of family reading environment on the phonological processing abilities of school-aged children.Methods Two hundred and sixteen children were selected with random cluster sampling method in grade three from a primary school in Wuhan.They finished the phonological processing ability tests(including phonological awareness,rapid naming test and short-term phonological memory test) and questionnaires of family reading environment.We used Generalized Linear Models to study the influence of family reading environment on the phonological processing abilities of children.Results Time that children watching TV every day(one to two hours P0.05;less than one hour P0.05) and parents encouraging children reading extracurricular books frequently(P0.01) had significant influence on phonological awareness.The frequency of buying extracurricular books for children(P0.05) had significant influence on rapid naming test and short-term phonological memory.Parents reading weekly(P0.05) had significant influence on rapid naming test.Conclusions Parents should often encourage the children reading extracurricular books.When doing Parent-Child reading they could discuss with the child frequently.Parents also need to guide their children to watch some beneficial television programs and control the time of watching TV.Building a good reading environment for children may help to promote the phonological processing abilities of children and then improve the reading abilities of children.


Techniques for calculating and predicting efficiency losses in each component of a switch-mode power supply (SMPS) are detailed. In addition, features and techniques that improve switching regulator efficiency are discussed. Introduction Conversion efficiency is a prime consideration for all switch-mode power supplies (SMPSs), but is even more critical for those found in portable devices, where prolonging battery life is a key goal. High efficiency is also a must for compact designs that struggle with thermal management, or in products where the cost of providing power is of concern. To achieve maximum conversion efficiency in an SMPS, it helps to understand the elementary power-loss mechanisms in these converters, and what can be done to mitigate their effects. Additionally, familiarity with SMPS IC features that facilitate efficiency enable the engineer to make informed choices. Basic factors affecting SMPS efficiency will be explained and guidance will be provided on how to start a new design. We start with some introductory material and then move to specific switching component power losses. Efficiency Expectations Energy loss is an unavoidable part of energy conversion systems. Although a 100% efficient system is not achievable, well-designed power supplies can achieve efficiencies that are quite remarkable, approaching percentages in the mid to high 90s. Benchmark efficiencies for most power-supply ICs can be obtained by examining the typical operating characteristics found in device data sheets. In Maxim's data sheets, this data can be relied upon to be actual measured results. This should be true of any IC vendor data, but we can only vouch for our own. An example SMPS is the step-down converter circuit in Figure 1, which achieves up to 97% efficiency, and maintains high efficiency even for light loads. How are such high efficiency numbers realized? Understanding the fundamental losses common to all SMPSs is a great start. These losses occur mainly in the switching components (MOSFETs and diodes) and, to a usually lesser extent, in the inductors and capacitors. However, inductor and capacitor losses can be more significant when particularly low-cost (and high-resistance) components are used. With regard to the IC, special features that combat efficiency loss, such as control-architecture options and component integration, can be selected. For example, the circuit in Figure 1 employs several loss-minimizing features, including synchronous rectification, integrated low-resistance MOSFETs, low quiescent-current consumption, and a pulse-skipping control architecture. The benefits of these will be discussed as this article unfolds.


Introduction: The aim of this s tudy was to determine the role of meta-cognition and verbal ability in prediction of the mathematical performance of preschool children. Materials and Methods: This s tudy was descriptive and correlational. Based on Morgan table band clus ter sampling method, a sample of 196 preschool children were selected from preschool children in Ilkhechi during 2016-2017. The mathematical performance, metacognition tes t Salonen and verbal ability tes t were performed. Results: The results revealed a significant positive relationship between meta-cognition and verbal ability with mathematical performance in preschool children. Results of multiple regression analysis showed that metacognition and verbal abilities are capable to predict mathematical performance of preschool children. Conclusion: Meta-cognitive and verbal ability can be used to improve the mathematical performance of children.


This study investigates the periodic motions of an in-plane tethered satellite system in elliptical orbits. The equations of motion of the system are derived, and periodic solutions are obtained by perturbation method. Then, the stability properties of the periodic solutions are studied. Analysis results show that the periodic solutions become unstable when orbital eccentricity is larger than a critical value. Two classical control schemes are used to convert the unstable periodic motions to stable ones. Stability analyses of periodic solutions of the two controlled systems show that the two control methods can improve the critical value of orbital eccentricity. Numerical simulations of the controlled system are carried out to demonstrate the validity of the stable region.


An efficient electrochemical system has been developed for the synthesis of acetoxyhexanoic acid, by whose hydrolysis sorbic acid was prepared, via the manganese mediated oxidation of acetic acid acetic anhydride in the presence of butadiene. The effects of some factors, such as the current density, electrolysis time and temperature were investigated.


The article discusses ways to systematize knowledge of a foreign language by drawing up mental maps. The problems faced by the students are described in detail. The ways of using mental maps in the learning process are revealed. The effectiveness of using mind maps is illustrated by the example of teaching German vocabulary on the topic "Die Jahreszeiten" and the grammatical topic "Artikel mit geografischen Namen." The essence of mind maps as an effective way of visualizing thoughts is revealed, and the advantages of teaching with the help of mind maps are provided.


In Romania in general and in particular Crişana and Maramureș wooden churches are identifies of local identity. Using specific tools and methods used in geographical but complementary fields, in conjunction with an interdisciplinary architectural heritage element are analyzed wooden churches as tourist planning perspective. Each "land" and ethnographic area of the Tisa and Mureș north to south has a specific fingerprint identifiable architectural style of these "pearls" of Romanian folk architecture. This diversity is an element of favorable effects on tourism diversification and increasing the attractiveness of a region or locality.


(+/-)-Erythro- and (+/-)-threo-9,10-difluorostearic acids, which differ only by a stereogenic interconversion of a single C-F bond, have significantly different conformational stabilities.


GPs in the UK have been involved in commissioning healthcare for years; well before the Health and Social Care Act of 2012. In this article, we discuss the ethics of commissioning and resource allocation as an essential skill for all GPs. Limitations in resources for healthcare, need and expectations result in difficult decisions, which need to be visibly coherent and consistent for public trust in GPs is to be well-founded.


During the early part of the 20th century, inspired by a growing belief that the key to curing disease lay in scientific research, medical schools in North America, by integrating science, medicine, and technology and promoting laboratory-based research, began a remarkable transformation that would set the standard for the rest of the world. By the 1940s, many medical schools had successfully integrated teaching, research, and patient care. In sharp contrast and despite the availability of a vast biomedical literature of relevance to diseases in animals, veterinary clinical departments in the 1940s can best be described as an embarrassment. Few clinicians were trained or interested in the basic sciences, serious research in clinical departments was rare or discouraged, American textbooks of medicine and surgery rarely emphasized the pathophysiology of disease, aseptic surgery and radiology were yet to be introduced, and clinical specialists and veterinarian-scientists (clinicians responsible for patient care and equipped through basic science training to engage in high-impact biomedical research) were essentially nonexistent. This deplorable situation began to change in the United States in the aftermath of World War II owing to a huge infusion of federal dollars for biomedical research, research training, and research facilities and equipment. Led by veterinary schools whose faculties were integrated within leading research universities that also contained leading medical schools, a new generation of well-trained basic science and clinical faculty gradually emerged to bring about a revolutionary change in the quality of veterinary medical education. Clinical research, particularly research that emphasized the comparative aspects of human and veterinary medicine, was encouraged and funded, and clinical specialties, residency training programs, and research training programs for veterinarians proliferated. These advances were appreciated and absorbed readily by many practitioners in concert with increased public expectations about the scope and quality of veterinary care. To a large Veterinary school accreditation: on a slippery slope?


This paper considers the phenomena of shitposting as drawing attention to Instagram's logic of visibility. Rather than being about consumption, shitposting is about the extrusion of recirculated material and the evasion of community guidelines. As such, shitposting indexes a complex and often defiant user relationship to the digital labour of content circulation.


When will much vaunted hydrogen become a major source of transportation energy, and how will it affect pipelines, asks Gordon Cope.


In the era of social media, information became abundant, versatile and easily accessible. Such characteristics enable almost anyone to publish and share their opinion about a variety of subjects. Such freedom comes at a cost since information and source credibility are in jeopardy. Therefore, numerous solutions were proposed to evaluate source credibility. In this paper, we review previous efforts on twitter credibility evaluation. We also propose an approach that relies on the impression of user social network on his tweets to determine his credibility. Furthermore, we incorporate a feature that determines the credibility of the URLs shared by the user through his tweets. The evaluation of our approach has shown it outperforms the baseline in both precision and recall.


ABSTRACT In the context of Western heteronormative cultures, fat bodies are coded as either symbols of comfort and nurture or they are fetishized objects of sexual (often ocular) consumption. The lattes occurs largely in insular online communities, while media portrayals of fat bodies skew heavily toward the former. Fat bodies, in this paradigm, are distinctly not bodies worthy of romantic love and attention. Without downplaying the deeply rooted fat phobias that plague many cultures, we propose that part of this issue is linguistic, and hence conceptual: we currently have no non-fetishized vocabulary for describing people, of whatever size, who are attracted to fat bodies, and therefore lack a conceptual framework for understanding how fat bodies participate in romantic relationships. We hope to show that combating the stigma of intersectional fat attraction remains ideologically difficult if we lack the critical language for describing and articulating the complexities of what we call fat-forward sexualities. This framework, we argue, reclaims fat admiration as a non-binary sexual identity, giving those who resonate with fat-forward a platform for articulating their experience that extends beyond fat fetishism.


Migration in China is traditionally dominated by unskilled rural-urban migrants that find their way into the city through urban villages, dormitories or informal housing. However, a remarkable increase in the number of skilled migrants has been witnessed with the economic restructuring. Reforms in the labour and housing market have shifted the spatial arrangement of opportunities, consequently changing migrants' access to the cities. Using 2000 Population Census and employing spatial regression models, this study shows skilled migrants to have better access to the city in the sense that their residences locate in the areas with more professional jobs and better houses. It is their advantages in the labour market that determines their favoured access to the public sector housing, resulting in better residential locations. Female skilled migrants are less likely than males to settle in areas with a large proportion of urban village housing or shared accommodation. These findings reveal the heterogeneity among migrants and the concomitant differences in spatial behaviour.


In recent publications (Johns 1986, 1988) I have described a microcomputer-based approach to foreign language learning that takes seriously the notion that the task of the learner is to "discover" the foreign language, and that the task of the language teacher is to provide a context in which the learner can develop strategies for discovery strategies through which he or she can "learn how to learn".


RIZA ZAINUDDIN AHMAD. The Efectivity of Duddingtonia flagrans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungi in controlling Haemonchus contortus worm in sheep. Under the Supervision of Fadjar Satrija, Nampiah Sukarno, and Fachriyan Hasmi Pasaribu. Duddingtonia flagrans mold was applied as the biological control to Haemonchus contortus worm. The preliminary study showed that the prospect of using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as agent of biological control could be combined with D. flagrans. This study was carried out in four steps experiment to study effectivity of D. flagrans and S. cerevisiae as biological control agents for H. contortus in sheep. The first step was to study characteristic of S.cerevisiae growth to various effects of medium, light intensity, temperature, rumen fluid and storing time. The test was carried out by inoculating this yeast in media and then was given by above treatments. This experiment showed that the growth of yeast was not effected by these treatments. The activity of chitinase, protease enzymes and attractant of both fungi were observed in the second step of experiment. The test was carried out by harvesting fungi in agar media, and then the content of these enzymes were observed. The worms larvae which approached to the fungi was assayed for attractant . The activitiy of intra celluler chitinase of D.flagrans and S.cerevisiae were: 3.1812 units/gr and 4.2563 units/gr, respectively. The content of protease activity were 7.1315 units/gr for D.flagrans and 0.0052 unit/gr for S.cerevisiae. Meanwhile, the activity assayed of extra celluler chitinase in D.flagrans and S.cerevisiae were: 2.1724 units/gr dan 2.1812 units/gr, respectively. Meanwhile, the protease activity of both fungi were relatively small. The attractant of S. cerevisiae was (45%) higher than D. flagrans (40%). The third step was to study the effect of D. flagrans and S. cerevisiae spores by in vitro assayed to find out its ability to reduce H.contortus L3 in agar medium and coproculture. The assayed was carried out by administration both fungi to L3 in agar medium and coproculture. The result of experiment showed that larvae was significantly reduced by D. flagrans in both media. S. cerevisiae did not kill larvae directly, but It acted a bacteria competitor which was needed for developing larvae in coproculture. The fourth step was to study the effect of drenching D. flagrans and S. cerevisiae spores on microscopical structure of reproduction organ, L3 reduce and worm fecundity in infected sheep by H. contortus. The assayed test were carried out by administration both fungi to infected sheep. The observation of histopathological changes in female reproduction organ (ovum) and male (sperm) showed that the treatment groups were significantly different compared to the control group (P<0.01). D.flagrans only destroyed spermatocid cells significantly (P <0.01). S. cerevisiae destroyed spermatocid cells and ovum cells significantly (P<0.01). The administration of both fungi did not effect the size of reproduction organs i e. copulatriks bursae, spiculum and vulva flap. The administration of D.flagrans in in vivo could significantly reduced H.contortus larvae (P<0.05) in infected sheep. Base on all results above we concluded that D.flagrans and S.cerevisiae seem could be use as biological control againts H.contortus.


The goal of this study was to unveil the ecological significance of biological clock in cockroach. In particular, study demonstrated the differences of reproductive success in cockroach, Blattella germanica and B. bisignata, when the mate-finding locomotion was off-phased between sexes. In each step leading to a successful mating was investigated the significant effect by the locomotor circadian phase. The mate-finding rate, copulation rate and number of offspring in each major step were calculated when the pairs were grouped into four scenarios, of which 10L♀-10L♂ and 10L♀-10L♂ as on-phased scenarios and 22L♀-10L♂and 10L♀-22L♂ as the off-phased ones. The results indicated circadian phase significantly affected the success of mate-finding, timing of copulation, and number of offspring. In particular, the female's circadian phase was the crucial factor to determine the success of reproduction. Since B. germanica is a domicile cockroach and B. bisignata is a feral species, the effect of circadian phase contributes significantly on reproductive success more in the former than the latter. Imagine the B. bisignata was able to establish in cockroach-free households, too. May the B. bisignata can win the competition with B. germanica? In this article, I develop a stage-structured population model of these two species and use two kinds of calculate methods (such as in time continuous and time discrete) to explore (i) whether their circadian clock impact their long-term population dynamics, (ii) which of these species is a superior competitor, and (iii) how stringent potential pest control strategies have to be to significantly impact established populations of the German cockroach. The results of the model are as follows. Firstly, variation in the circadian clock did not affect cockroach population dynamics unless males and females were out of phase and their mate finding abilities rather limited. Secondly, the German cockroach was the superior competitor: it was able to invade and drive out established populations of the double-striped cockroach and prevent any invasion of the latter. Finally, only a significant and simultaneous reduction in a number of most sensitive German cockroach parameters gave us a chance of species extirpation. Only careful and data-based models of German (and double-striped) cockroach population dynamics can become helpful tools in our quest to win the fight over this awkward yet very sturdy species.


Using 323 matched parties of birth mothers and adoptive parents, this study examines the association between the degree of adoption openness (e.g., contact and knowledge between parties) and birth and adoptive parents' post-adoption adjustment shortly after the adoption placement (6 to 9 months). Data from birth fathers (N=112), an understudied sample, also were explored. Openness was assessed by multiple informants. Results indicated that openness was significantly related to satisfaction with adoption process among adoptive parents and birth mothers. Increased openness was positively associated with birth mothers' post-placement adjustment as indexed by birth mothers' self reports and the interviewers' impression of birth mothers' adjustment. Birth fathers' report of openness was associated with their greater satisfaction with the adoption process and better post-adoption adjustment.


Software applications have become wider and the size and complexity has been ever-increasing.Security flaws and vulnera-bilities in the software are growing.Software security problems have become increasingly prominent.Software security testing is an important means to ensure software security and decrease security risks.The main features and content of software security testing is discussed,and the major methods and tools of domestic and foreign software security testing are investigated the advantages and disadvantages of various methods and the scope of application are analyzed,a classification of security testing tools is presented.In con-clusion,the present studyis summarized and future focusand development directions of softwaresecurity testing technologyarepointed out.


Despite multilingualism and multiculturalism, English language is taught by teachers as they face impacts of globalization, diffusion, and disruption. Armed with ideas, practices, strategies, and perspectives, the English language teachers continue providing quality and relevant language instruction to their students both in virtual and onsite classes. Living in a borderless and boundless world makes learners acquire and learn other languages. As language and literature teachers, we have to be innovative in developing, designing, and implementing new curriculum and instruction that will cater to the needs and diversities of the learners. This reflective and narrative paper aims to discuss and describe the researcher's fruitful and thoughtful introspections on multilingualism and multiculturalism as they affect and effect online and offline ESL classes, and how teachers cope with the situation.


This paper focuses on the effects of entrepreneurial overconfidence at new venture creation. By analyzing Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data and using the theory of planned behavior as a framework, the study provides new evidence on the relative or absolute nature of overconfidence in entrepreneurial skills and the effect of overprecision on new venture creation. Overprecision of supporting beliefs is newly linked to venture creation and it is shown that nascent entrepreneurs' overconfidence is based on a self-focusing attitude. The results confirm that overconfidence is not a single construct and highlights the differences between the forms of overconfidence habitually confused in the entrepreneurship literature.


Relying on a simulated bacterial infection in Egyptian fruit bats, we identify haptoglobin and lysozyme as potential diagnostic markers for extracellular infections in bats and find no relationships between inflammation and oxidative stress.


ASQ continues its tradition of looking ahead to identify impacts that may affect the future of the profession, organizations, and Society but introduces a new process that was used to gather and summarize the data.


This study on the use of strategic planning tools and techniques in the Sultanate of Oman aims to contribute to the research on strategic planning processes. Currently, only a few research studies have been conducted on strategic planning in developing countries, especially in the Middle East. Almost no evidence of such research exists to understand the extent of the use of strategic planning tools and techniques in the Sultanate of Oman. The study used a questionnaire to ask about 14 strategic planning tools and techniques. Twenty organizations in Oman that have a written strategic plan comprised the sample population. The data were collected from heads of departments and sections, directors, managers, and advisors directly involved in the strategic planning process. The analysis shows that the most commonly used strategic planning tools employed by organizations in Oman are benchmarking, followed by stakeholders analysis and then strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis, while the Delphi technique, experience curve, Porter's five forces, and what-if analysis techniques were the least commonly used. Considering the segmentation of organizations, one can see that the financial sector and business groups use the tools most frequently whereas the single- and family-ownership groups have limited use of strategic planning tools. On average, almost 30% of the organizations in Oman never or very rarely uses strategic planning tools. This paper provides an understanding of strategic planning in Oman and supplies the missing links in the previous studies conducted on strategic planning.


Siliu is another name of Pianwen,which was popular from Weijin to Song.Liuxun,living in the era between Song and Yuan,was a famous writer of Siliu.He stated his criterion of Siliu,and he created a lot of Siliu himself,which could accord with his criterion.


The main objective of the current study was to compare the kabaddi and Kho-Kho players of Murshidabad district, who
was attained position at district level sports competition on selected psychological abilities through the selected test
items such as: psycho-motor Ability, Concentration and sports Competition Anxiety Test between the players of kabaddi
and Kho-Kho. For the purpose of the present study, finally sixty players were selected as subject. Out of total sixty subject,
30 subjects from the Kho-Kho have been selected on purposive and random sampling basis, who was won
medal/position district level sports competition. All the subjects were involved in regular practise as a preparation for
their targeted competition in their own sports. The data ware collected in raw from and analysed by calculating the
descriptive statistical techniques and 't' test were applied. The level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence.
There was significant difference was found in the Psycho-motor Ability in relation to the Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players.
There was no significant difference found in relation to consultation ability measured through great taste between
Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players. The significant difference watch found in the sports competition hello anxiety test (SCAT)
in relation to the Kabaddi and Kho-Kho players.


Background: The antibiotic use optimization program (PROA) in Catalonia (Spain) is part of the surveillance program for nosocomial infections in hospitals in Catalonia (VINCat). Despite the existence of guidelines for the treatment of urinary tract infections in hospitals, adherence to them is not guaranteed. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate the adequacy of empirical antimicrobial therapy to local guidelines in bacteremia caused by Escherichia coli of urinary source within the PROA-VINCat program during a 3-year period. The impact of a voluntary survey asking for evaluating local results and implementing correction measures was also analyzed. Methods: Multicentric prospective observational study including all episodes of E. coli bacteremia of urinary source between May 2017 and September 2019, in adult hospitalized patients in 45 Catalan hospitals. Adequacy of the empirical therapy to local guidelines was one of the prospectively recorded items. A survey evaluating local results of 2017–2018 and asking for possible correcting measures was sent to the participating centers at the end of 2018. Percentages of adequacy of empirical antimicrobial therapy in 2017, 2018, and 2019 were compared by means of χ2 test. Results: Overall, 3,804 episodes of bacteremia were recorded: 845 in 2017, 1,861 in 2018 and 1,098 until September 30, 2019. Globally, adequacy of empirical therapy to guidelines increased from 73.7% in 2017 to 78.2% in 2019 (P = .06). Interestingly, in the 24 hospitals that responded to the voluntary survey, the adequacy of empirical therapy increased significantly from 72.9% in 2017 to 79.9% in 2019 (P = .009). In hospitals that did not respond, adequacy remained the same over the years (76.7% in 2017, 75.1% in 2019; P = .90). Correction measures applied were: meeting with the antimicrobial stewardship team to evaluate the results (100%), review of local resistance rates (62%), review of local guidelines (58.3%), improving guidelines dissemination (75%), sessions for improving guidelines adherence (58%), and analysis of adherence to guidelines after education (65%). Conclusions: In the empirical treatment of E. coli bacteremia of urinary source, adequacy to local antimicrobial therapy guidelines improved from 2017 to 2019, but only in hospitals answering a voluntary survey regarding correcting measures for improving adequacy. Adherence to antimicrobial stewardship proposals improves indicators at local and regional level. Funding: None Disclosures: Juan Pablo Horcajada reports consulting fees from MSD, Pfizer, and Menarini and speaker honoraria from MSD, Pfizer, and Zambon.


This article makes a content analysis on the latest 23 issues of Public Opinion Research and 10 representative monographs of this field,aiming at laying out the basic status of foreign public opinion research and providing a frame of reference for Chinese researchers.For the academic journal in question,three dimensions applied in the author's analysis are research subject,methodology,and academic horizon.For the monographs,the author makes a review -styled discussion.


The results reported here confirm that environmental stress cracking phenomena in plastics depend on the size and shape of the test liquid's molecules as well as their Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) relative to those of the polymer. The behavior of other, untested liquids can be estimated from HSP correlations based on a limited number of test liquids. A simple test has been developed for the cracking tendency of immersed polymer tubes having different levels of externally applied, controlled stresses. This uses standard tapered NS Teflon (most glass is too rough) stoppers placed on a toploader analytical balance. Polymer tubes are pressed onto the stoppers until the balance shows the given desired force. The tube and stopper are then immersed in a test liquid and observed at regular time intervals for cracking. It has been assumed that the Teflon stoppers are inert in this application. The experiments described here used a COC (cyclo-olefinic copolymer) type polymer (Topas 6013, Ticona). The samples ...


Let D be the open unit disk |x| < R of a complete ultrametric algebraically closed field IK. We define the growth order ρ(f), the growth type σ(f) and the cotype ψ(f) of an analytic function in D and we show that, denoting by q(f, r) the number of zeros of f in the disk |x| ≤ r and putting |f |(r) = sup|x|≤r |f(x)|, the infimum θ(f) of the s such that lim r→R− q(f, r)(R− r) = 0 satisfies θ(f) − 1 ≤ ρ(f) ≤ θ(f) and the infimum of the s such that lim r→R− log(|f |(r))(R− r) = 0 is equal to ρ(f). Moreover, if 0 < ρ(f) < +∞ and 0 < ψ(f) < +∞, then θ(f) = ρ(f) and σ(f) = 0. In residue characteristic zero, then ρ(f ′) = ρ(f), σ(f ′) = σ(f), ψ(f ′) = ψ(f). Suppose IK has characteristic zero. Consider two unbounded analytic functions f, g in D. If ρ(f) 6= ρ(g), then f g has at most two perfectly branched values and if ρ(f) = ρ(g) but σ(f) 6= σ(g), then f g has at most three perfectly branched values; moreover, if 2σ(g) < σ(f), then f g has at most two perfectly branched values. Subject Classification: 12J25; 30D35; 30G06


X-ray computed tomography, first devised to image internal structures of the human body, has gained increasing importance for material quality control. Material discontinuities, inclusions, cracks and vo i s can be detected and properly measured without physically damaging or destroying the sample under analysis. In this paper, the matter of checking through computed tomography the weld joint between the turbine shaft and wheel of a turb ocharger system is addressed. The influence of different control settings of metrological CT systems, and the use of b am-hardening reduction algorithms, are experimentally considered and discussed in order to produce appropriate voxel datasets an d material analysis results.


Objective: To increase the sensitivity of the method that measures the lead in the air of the working site by the flame-atomic absorption spectrometry.Methods: Select 217.0 nm as the wavelength of the lead and the deuterium lamp as a background for emendation.Results: The linear scale is 0~5 μg/ml,and the measure limit is 0.09 μg/ml,and the recovery rate of method is 94.6%~104.0%.The method is verified by the standard matter filter membrane(Zk101-2),and the results are consistent to the recommended value,the relative standard deviation(n=9)is 2.82%.Conclusion: In the selected wavelength is 217.0 nm,the determining results are accurate and credible, and the sensitivity of the method that measures the lead in the air of the working site by the flame-atomic absorption spectrometry can be increased too.


Depending on their biological characteristics, some species can exert strong (idiosyncratic) effects on ecosystem process. Human impacts on biological communities are related to biodiversity declines but also with species shifts and replacements. In northern Chile, the occurrence of copper mine tailings in seawater is associated with a decrease in the number of sessile species and with rocky intertidal substrate monopolization by one sentinel species, the green ephemeral-opportunistic algae Entermorpha compressa. In spite of these changes, several consumer species persist on the contaminated sites. In this study, we test the hypothesis that changes in benthic species dominance and composition is associated with an increase in productivity, which affects intertidal consumer abundance, biomass, and/or diversity. We compare benthic species richness, composition, and productivity as well as the abundance, diversity, and diet of consumer species on contaminated and noncontaminated sites. Our results show that ...


Most papers written on the subject of the relationship between groups and near-rings are concerned with the structure of those near-rings which are associated in some way with particular groups. The theme of this paper is in the other direction: recapturing information about the group from the near-rings associated with it. So far most of the work has been concerned with one particular case: obtaining information about Inn G from I(G). We also will concern ourselves mainly with this situation, although we will provide a very general framework. In the next section we set up the background. The second section gives a view of the results we used as our starting point. Finally we present our contribution to date.


This paper examines the application of formation flight to micro air vehicles with regard to possible power savings. Results of an experimental investigation on echelon formations using low-aspect-ratio (AR=2) flat plate rectangular wings at low Reynolds number (Re=35,000) are presented. One-, two-, and three-wing configurations are tested in a low-speed wind tunnel. To quantify the power savings by lift enhancement and drag reduction, the aerodynamic loads acting on each wing are measured using specific balances while the trailing wings of the formation are being traversed laterally and vertically in fine steps. In addition, the flowfields of the wing wakes are measured using particle image velocimetry. The force and flowfield measurements show that the optimal positions for lift enhancement appear at slightly spanwise overlapping between the leading and trailing wings.


Evaluation of the reports of studies indicating that the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) was higher with use of third-generation than with second-generation oral contraceptives (OCs) correctly pointed to bias as being responsible for the results. One indication of the role of bias was the fact that incidence of VTE was lower among users of the second-generation OCs than it was a decade ago. Since VTE risk is associated with estrogen content and estrogen is similar in second- and third-generation formulations such a reduction is biologically implausible and is best explained by prescribing bias. Indeed data support this notion by revealing that third-generation OCs have been selectively prescribed to women at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease because clinicians believed the new generation of OCs to be safer. Another bias at work is the health-user effect which led women with complaints or those who developed risk factors for cardiovascular disease to switch to the newer formulations. Other second-generation users discontinued OCs when they experienced thrombotic adverse effects. The third-generation users are generally younger and may not have experienced a thrombotic event (such as during pregnancy) which would indicate their risk. Thus more of them may be at risk with the risk not yet evident. The unfortunate panic which resulted from publicity of the reports of increased incidence ignores the fact that the risk of VTE in OC users is actually lower than previously believed.


Abstract. The role of hyperlipidaemia for the outcome of renal transplantation was evaluated in a prospective study involving 151 patients. Graft losses were associated with more pronounced pre‐transplant lipid abnormalities. An increased risk of graft loss during the first two post‐transplant years was found in patients with marked pre‐transplant hypercholestero‐laemia (≥6.9 mmol L‐1, P= 0.014; relative risk 2.2). Hypercholesterolaemia ≥6.9mmol L‐1 at 6 months after transplantation, present in 41/115 patients, was associated with a lower GFR (P= 0.007) and more pronounced albuminuria (P= 0.009) at 2 years. In patients with graft dysfunction (serum creatinine >160μmol L‐1) at 2 years, more pronounced lipid abnormalities before and at 6 months after transplantation were found. Between 6 months and 2 years, total and LDL cholesterol did not change significantly, but HDL cholesterol decreased (P= 0.03). In conclusion, hyperlipidaemia is also a risk factor for the long‐term outcome in renal transplantation. Further investigations are needed to determine whether graft losses and late graft failure can be prevented or ameliorated by treating hyperlipidaemia in renal transplantation.


An angular force model, which includes central forces and the de-Launey type angular forces, has been developed for studying the harmonic properties of the hexagonal close packed lattices. Three metals Be, Mg and Zn have been studied and the phonon dispersion, frequency spectra and the specific heats have been computed and compared with the experimental data. The agreement between theory and experiment is good for Mg, fair enough for Be but rather poor for Zn.


Several lines of evidence suggest that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and semaphorin (sema) interact via neuropilin (npn) receptors to modulate axon growth. The present study tests the hypothesis that VEGF/sema/npn interactions modulate axon growth at sympathetic neurovascular junctions. RT‐PCR and western analyses indicate that VEGF, sema and npn‐1 are expressed at sympathetic neurovascular junctions (SNJ). Neutralization of VEGF (VEGF Ab) decreased outgrowth of axons from explanted sympathetic ganglia. Axon growth in the presence of VEGF Ab (248 + 68 mm) was less than that in the absence of antibody (830 + 201 mm; p = 0.05; unpaired t‐test; n = 4). We have previously shown that inhibition of sema binding to npn‐1 promotes growth of sympathetic axons towards neonatal carotid arteries. Time lapse video microscopy was used to visualize rapid responses to sema in living sympathetic axons. Sema 3A (200 ng/ml for 30 minutes) collapsed sympathetic axons grown in the absence (5 out of 6) but not in the presence of VSM (0 out of 5). These data indicate that VEGF, sema, and npn‐1 are present and functional at SNJs. These data also suggest a novel interaction between VSM and sympathetic neurons that may modulate the actions of sema at SNJs. These data support our hypothesis that interactions between VEGF, sema, and npn‐1 contribute to the development and/or maintenance of vascular sympathetic innervation. HL076774.


A powder for an oral solution comprised of the hydrochloride salt of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) with a potential application for photodynamic therapy. After oral administration, ALA is converted intracellularly into the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Upon exposure to light of appropriate wavelength (violet to blue range), excited PpIX emits a characteristic red fluorescence which could facilitate guided resection, and generates excited singlet oxygen molecules that could kill cells when appropriate laser dosage is applied. ALA is preferentially taken up by and accumulates in many types of cancer cells compared to normal, healthy cells. Consequently, cancer cells can be visualized and can be distinguished from normal, healthy cells. Qeios · Definition, February 2, 2020


Soft X-ray radiograph method using a flash X-ray tube was developed as a means of measuring air density in a hypersonic flow in a shock tube. The method was applied to the measurement of the density distribution between a circular cylinder and the detached shock wave at a free-stream Mach number of 5.5 and a free-stream density of about one-tenth of the normal atmosphere. Results suggest that the method is promising for the investigation of hypersonic flow fields, especially for the measurement of narrow regions with steep density gradients, because the effect of refraction can be neglected without error in the wavelength range of X-rays.


ABSTRACT Limited evidence exists for phase one, manualized group interventions to aid recovery from complex trauma and its consequent symptomology. The current project aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a 10-week psychoeducational course (Survive and Thrive) for adult survivors of interpersonal trauma. Over a 3-year period, 199 participants attended at least the first session of the course. The Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation – outcome measure (CORE-OM; Evans et al., 2000) was administered every session while the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5; Weathers et al., 2013), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire – Short (CERQ-short; Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006) and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale – Short Form (DERS-SF; Kaufman et al., 2016) were administered at pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. Intent-to-treat analysis (ITT) was employed using last observation carried forward (LOCF). Significant reductions from pre- to mid- to post-intervention were found in global distress (ηp2 = 0.14) and PTSD symptomology (ηp2 = 0.17). Significant improvements were observed on several emotion regulation DERS-SF (ηp2 = 0.03–0.41; strategies, non-acceptance, goals, clarity), and CERQ-short subscales (ηp2 = 0.02–0.06; self-blame, rumination, catastrophizing, and positive re-focusing). None were found for impulsivity; awareness; other blame; perspective; positive reappraisal; acceptance or planning (p <.05). This project provides further preliminary evidence for Survive and Thrive's effectiveness.


Venezuelan savannas are exposed to land‐use changes and biological invasions which compromise their persistence and function. The native C4 grass Trachypogon plumosus is the most important component of the savannas under diverse combinations of climate and soils, suggesting substantial interpopulation variation. We examined quantitative traits and isozyme variation of nine populations of this grass and related these estimates to geographical and environmental features of sampled locations. Isozyme diversity estimates were based on 10 polymorphic enzyme systems whereas 21 quantitative traits, from field and controlled growth conditions, were evaluated. Distance matrices for quantitative traits, isozyme, geographical and environmental data were subjected to clustering analysis. Correspondence between quantitative trait distance and genetic distance, and their association to geographical and environmental distances were analysed with Mantel tests. All quantitative traits differed significantly among populations. The average QST calculated for eight quantitative traits measured in the greenhouse was 0.157. Isozyme diversity differed significantly among populations. About 28% of total isozyme variation occurred among populations. Significant positive associations were detected between environmental, quantitative field traits, and geographical distance as well as between the later and genetic distances. Genetic distances did not correspond significantly with quantitative traits nor did environmental distances. Ecologically meaningful associations were detected between field quantitative traits, environmental, and geographical data using cluster analysis. Our results support the hypothesis that processes of the neutral type are mainly responsible for the variation patterns observed in T. plumosus populations in Venezuelan savannas. Variation observed for quantitative traits among populations seems to be due to the effect of environmental conditions on phenotypically plastic traits, and not the result of directional selection favouring different phenotypes in different populations.


Method of manufacturing wind turbine blades of variable length. The method comprises steps of providing and using enlarged manufacturing molds (41, 43, 45, 47) with a common area (13) of a predetermined length and at least one adaptive zone (15) arranged with the length required for the manufacture of blades with the desired length, and particularly with the length required for optimizing annual energy production (AEP) of a predetermined turbine model at a given location.


Hafnium. Ruthenium. Tantalum. Zirconium. Now cobalt can be added to that list. As the semiconductor industry tries to uphold Moore's law—Gordon Moore's 1965 prediction that the number of transistors in a computer chip will double every two years—silicon is no longer its only significant chip-making material. These days the industry is reaching deep into the periodic table for the ingredients needed to fabricate its most advanced chips. Cobalt is the latest element to be tapped. Applied Materials, a major manufacturer of chip fabrication equipment, is working with its electronics industry customers to incorporate thin cobalt films into semiconductor architecture. And behind the scenes, several chemical companies are jockeying to supply the organometallic precursors needed to make cobalt happen. Like hafnium oxide in transistors and tantalum nitride in barrier layers, cobalt is being added to the chip fabrication regimen to make the devices work at increasingly tiny dimensions. In the semiconductor ...


The reaction of the Reformatsky reagent derived from ethyl bromoacetate and subsequent coupling of the resulting Blaise intermediate with oxiranes allows the synthesis of the title compounds in fair yields.


As researchers, our sexualities are always relevant to the research process. However, when woman researchers engage in research with men about their (hetero)sexual experiences, our positionality becomes more explicitly central. This article makes a methodological contribution to critical research into male sexualities by providing a reflexive analysis of cross-gender interviews conducted with 43 men about paying for sex. It employs an understanding of both the participant and the interviewer as defended subjects and it interrogates the complex interviewer-participant power relationship, offering a critical approach to understanding the knowledge that is produced by and within our research encounters.


This research was conducted to examine the effect of Knowledge of Detecting Error, Experience of Audit, Professional, and Auditor's Code of Ethics on Determination of Materiality Level at Public Accounting Firm in South Jakarta. The sample in this study amounted to 82 auditors who are in the Public Accounting Firm in South Jakarta selected by using Incidental Sampling which the sample are collected on 5 November until 5 December 2018. Obtained a total of 82 auditors. The final data produced are 82 samples ready for analysis and test. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression and using an application of statistic names Partial Least Square (PLS) with significance level of 5%. The results of this study indicate that (1) Knowledge of Detecting Error has a significant effect on Determination of Materiality Level, (2) Experience of Audit has a significant effect on Determination of Materiality Level, (3) Professional has not a significant effect on Determination of Materiality Level, and (4) Auditor's Code of Ethics has not a significant effect on Determination of Materiality Level.


OBJECTIVE To establish an HPLC method for content determination of ketoprofen powder for injection.METHODS The HPLC analysis was carried out using a column of Agilent C18(200mm×4.6mm,5μm),a mobile phase consisted of 0.01 mol·L-1 KDP solution(pH3.5)-methanol(55∶45),at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1 and detection at 256nm.RESULTS The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.005125~0.05125 mg·mL-1(r=0.9996,n=6).The mean recovery rate was 99.93%,with a RSD of 0.17%(n=5).CONCLUSION The method is simple,accurate and reliable.


We deal with Pavlov-like strategy as well as Tit for Tat-like strategy in Demographic Donor-Recipient (DR) game. We study the role of Pavlovlike strategy on the emergence of cooperation by Agent-Based Simulation. We extend Tit for Tat (TFT) and Pavlov (Pav) up to three states from two and call them TFT-like and Pavlov-like strategy, respectively. Unlike TFT-like, Pav-like has the following feature: Pav-like changes to using C from using D or remains in using D if he is using D and experiences opponents' D's or C's, respectively. Thus we expect that some Pavlov-like strategies in the population may soften the tendency toward defection of the whole population and also the tendency toward full cooperation of the whole population. Although sole Pavlov-like strategy is not so eective to


For the correct localization of the two-dimensional bar code in the image,the paper proposes a multi-scale segmentation location algorithm.In the first segmentation,the image is divided into several blocks,then,according to the black and white pixel ratio,variance of high-frequency sub-band coefficients,the blocks would be classified into bar code and non-bar code areas.By gradually increasing the scale,the block is divided into four sub-blocks,the segmentation result is recursively refined at each scale based on the multi-scale segmentation model.And so on,until the finest scale,the location of bar code area in the image is gotten.Experimental results show that the algorithm can be better to locate the bar code area.Especially in the case of complex background with large amounts of text,this method has certain advantages.


Buildings, by virtue of the energy they consume, have the biggest impact on the natural environment, and the price, availability and by-products of energy create societal and economic challenges in areas such as health and fuel poverty. Consequently, the key architectural solution to these challenges is to create buildings that are just as energy-efficient as possible. This message is especially important for parts of the world, such as countries of the Middle East, which have previously not embraced sustainable, low energy building standards. This paper describes an initiative to demonstrate the viability of such an energy standard (Passivhaus) in the Middle East. The Passivhaus standard was initially developed in Germany in 1990, with the main aims of reducing energy consumption and maintaining a comfortable indoor temperature all year round. The success of Passivhaus has stretched beyond Germany, although only around 100 Passivhaus projects have been realised outside of Europe. Qatar, a country in the Arabian Peninsula, launched its first Passivhaus Project in 2013. The estimated energy performance and comfort levels obtained through the IES dynamic simulation tool indicated that the building would successfully operate under the hot and arid climate of Qatar, and in accordance with the Passivhaus standards. To validate results obtained through modelling, the Qatar Passivhaus has undergone monitoring since its completion. This paper presents the initial findings of the Passivhaus project in Qatar, exploring the actual energy consumption and comfort levels achieved to date. Comparison between the modelled and monitored data have been made, revealing the actual performance of this Passivhaus standard dwelling in a hot and arid climate.


Space as an agent in the play of tensions between center and periphery, both physically and symbolically. How the gutter is conceived, thought of and lived in by those who wander through it, exemplified in the evolution of a neighborhood through the comments of the social agents linked to it. The way in which they are affected by how institutions, builders, urban planners, etc., conceive space. Finally, the neighborhood as an enclave in which new meaning can be given existing spaces.


More than 2.7 million service members have deployed since 2001, and many who return report mental health challenges. This report describes a cross-agency evaluation of four public awareness campaigns that aim to overcome negative perceptions and promote awareness of mental health disorders and their treatment: the Real Warriors Campaign, Make the Connection, National Recovery Month, and awareness materials related to the Veterans Crisis Line.


Association Rule Mining (ARM) with fuzzy logic theory accelerates the easy process of mining of latent frequent or recurrent patterns constructed on their own frequencies in the form of association rules from any transactional and relational datasets containing objects and items to imply the most recent trends in the given dataset. These mined recurrent patterns or fuzzy association rules employ either for physical data analysis or also influenced to compel further mining tasks like categorization (classification) and collecting (clustering) which helps domain area experts to systematize decision-making. In the conception of data mining, generally fuzzy Association Rule Mining (FARM) technique has been expansively adopted in transactional and relational datasets those datasets containing objects and items who have a fewer to medium amount of attributes/dimensions. Few techniques have also implemented for high dimensional dataset also, but whether those techniques have also works well for low dimensional datasets are yet to be proven out. Hence, in this paper we propose E-FAR-HD algorithm which is an enhanced version of FARHD algorithm that premeditated absolutely for large or high-dimensional datasets. We have intended this EFAR-HD algorithm that increases the accuracy of FAR-HD algorithm on the smaller datasets and remove the chances of misses when FAR-HD has tested on smaller datasets such as contact lens or patient dataset.


Evaluation of consumer protection regulations promulgated by the Federal Trade Commission is a formal, ongoing activity employing a wide variety of commonly accepted research designs. This paper describes the variety of evaluation designs and gives examples of the application of these designs in assessing the impact of FTC Trade Rules in the marketplace. The authors also consider the future of consumer protection evaluation in an environment of severe budget constraints.


Four drip irrigation treatments were used in a four years old apple orchard during 1997-1998 season at Khatatba, Menofia Governorate to determine the effect of water amounts on growth, yield, fruit quality and water use efficiency by apple trees. Anna apple trees budded on MM 106 rootstock planted at 3.0x 3.5 m spacing were used in this study. Irrigation treatments were: A= received equal amount to the estimated evapotranspiration for apple trees. B = received amount 25% less than treatment A.C = received amount 25% more than treatment A. D= irrigated according to the usual amount used by the farmers in the area. The main results could be summarized as follows:


The results of the study of biochemical and morphological properties of strains of bacteria of Lactobacillus bulgaricus. The possibility of using disks with carbohydrates to determine the species of Lactobacillus bulgaricus strains studied for their ability to ferment disaccharides. Morphology of isolated strains in phase-contrast microscopy showed that the culture represented Gram-positive rods, assembled in pairs or individually arranged. Choose the optimal qualitative and quantitative composition of selective growth media for culturing lactic acid bacteria. When studying the properties of saccharolytic strains Lactobacillus bulgaricus was found that bacteria fully ferment lactose and some strains can assimilate sucrose, maltose, mannose. Revealed the composition of the culture medium causes a change saccharolytic properties of these crops during cultivation.


We examine the asymptotic and small sample properties of model‐based and robust tests of the null hypothesis of no randomized treatment effect based on the partial likelihood arising from an arbitrarily misspecified Cox proportional hazards model. When the distribution of the censoring variable is either conditionally independent of the treatment group given covariates or conditionally independent of covariates given the treatment group, the numerators of the partial likelihood treatment score and Wald tests have asymptotic mean equal to 0 under the null hypothesis, regardless of whether or how the Cox model is misspecified. We show that the model‐based variance estimators used in the calculation of the model‐based tests are not, in general, consistent under model misspecification, yet using analytic considerations and simulations we show that their true sizes can be as close to the nominal value as tests calculated with robust variance estimators. As a special case, we show that the model‐based log‐rank test is asymptotically valid. When the Cox model is misspecified and the distribution of censoring depends on both treatment group and covariates, the asymptotic distributions of the resulting partial likelihood treatment score statistic and maximum partial likelihood estimator do not, in general, have a zero mean under the null hypothesis. Here neither the fully model‐based tests, including the log‐rank test, nor the robust tests will be asymptotically valid, and we show through simulations that the distortion to test size can be substantial.


During this time to find out the volume of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) in the palm oil mill, it was monitored every day on the vertical tank manually using a sounding meter. Monitoring data taken manually is less accurate and requires more time and manpower. So that this weak monitoring data can cause losses if there is oil loss in the tank. Therefore, research aims to help control vertical tanks and can detect any loss of CPO that can harm the company. This research uses data obtained by an ultrasonic sensor connected to a microcontroller and installed solenoid valve on the tank discharge faucet. Data received by the microcontroller is then sent to the server and then stored in the database to be retrieved visually on the monitoring system dashboard. The test results show that the system built can facilitate monitoring of CPO volume in vertical tanks.


This research show about the use of internet as learning media to improving teaching competence at universities in Kota Medan. It is expains how the internet can be used as learning media on teaching and learning process when the class activities begin and improve teaching competence. The benefit of this research is expected to improve lecturer's teaching competence based on the theoretical study of information technology-based learning media by internet-based website used at universities in Kota Medan. This research is descriptive qualitative where it will reveal facts and circumstances that occur at the time of lecturing activities conducted lecturer subjects in the faculty of economics at the universities in Kota Medan. The population of this research consists of three universities in Kota Medan consist of Univesitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Utara, Universitas Negeri Medan and Universitas Harapan Medan with the object of research is the lecturer from the college which the population of 80 lecturers from 100 questionnaires that have been distributed. Based on the pedagogical results of the questionnaire of the teacher respondents, it was found that 83% of the teachers gave the teaching with good pedagogic results, while the competence for teachers for internet use as a learning media found that only 63% of 80 respondents who internet used as learning media. Keywords : Learning Media, Internet, Website, E-Learning.


Information and communication technologies (ICT) facilitate the process of identification, collection, storing, processing and disseminating of information. The library and information science professionals are utilizing ICT to keep pace with the problem of information explosion. The benefit of instant access to digital information is the most distinguishing attribute of the information age. In this paper, the authors tried to highlight the libraries/information centers in the 21st century, the different components of providing digital information services, and Information and Communication Technology's role in modernizing libraries. The print media is still a major source of information in libraries. However, the situation is changing, and the library professionals should be ready for everything to cope with the new ICT used in libraries/information centers. In this paper, the authors intended to emphasize the expected change in libraries/information centers in respect of user services and how to cope up with.


Background: Despite all the focus on systolic blood pressure (SBP), few studies exist on high diastolic blood pressure (DBP) treatment between the different genders. In this study, we investigated the effects of prazosin as an additional treatment for refractory DBP. Methods: Totally, 75 nonblack adults were enrolled in this study with primary hypertension and DBP >100 mm Hg as isolated diastolic hypertension or systolic-diastolic hypertension. All the patients were treated with 1 or more drugs from the 5 major antihypertensive group drugs (ACE-I, ARB, diuretic, Ca-channel blockers, and beta-blockers). If hypertension did not respond to these drugs, prazosin was added at a mean dose of 1–2 mg (1.6 mg) daily. Result: Many of the patients needed additional low doses of prazosin for the control of DBP. The response of the females was significantly better than that of the males to the 5 major antihypertensive drugs (P=0.001) . This study showed that the 5 major drug groups, albeit conferring good SBP control (25.8% reduction in SBP), in the majority of the patients only caused a 10% decrease in DBP. However, prazosin led to a 21.8% decrease in DBP and a 9.5% decrease in SBP. Consequently, prazosin could be an effective drug in controlling resistant DBP with minimal side effects. Conclusions: Low-dose prazosin as an additional drug to other major antihypertensive drugs with minor and transient complications can be reliably effective in reducing resistant DBP. (Iranian Heart Journal 2019; 20(2): 32-39)


A methoxy-substituted tripodal hydroxylamine ligand, H3TriNOxOMe, was synthesized and coordinated to rare earth cations for separation purposes. Metrics of the resulting complexes were investigated and compared with their parent TriNOx3- counterparts for determination of the molecular basis for the described rare earth separation system. Addition of an electron donating group to the aryl backbone resulted in a more electron rich ligand that increased the equilbrium constant for complex dimerization five-fold. The new separation system yielded efficient Nd/Dy separations in toluene rather than benzene.


Clinical relapse and metastases are the major causes of death in melanoma. Currently, adoptive T cell therapy using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes rich in cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs) is one of the promising approaches that helps overcome this major challenge in melanoma; however, CTL cell transfer alone does not improve clinical response, suggesting a supportive role of helper CD4+ T cells. There is increasing evidence on the potential contribution of tumor-infiltrated CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and intratumoral lymphoid structure formation in tumor eradication; however to date, the role of Tfh cells in anti-tumor immunity has not been clearly elucidated. Remarkably, using a murine melanoma model, we found that the percentage of intratumoral Tfh cells negatively correlates with melanoma growth. In addition, we observed enhanced tumor growth in Bcl6 T-cell conditional knockout mice, which lack Tfh cells as compared to wild-type mice, suggesting that Tfh cells might play a protective role in tumor growth and could serve as a marker for tumor regression. Importantly, in support of mouse studies, in melanoma patients the number of Tfh cells correlate with the rate of patient survival. Importantly, adoptive transfer of antigen specific Tfh cells into tumor bearing mice results in increased number of intratumoral CTLs, as well as in an efficient tumor eradication, indicating the essential role of Tfh cells in promoting CTL expansion and anti-tumor reactivity. Our results thus, for the first time, indicate the therapeutic potential of Tfh cells in promoting CTL-mediated anti-tumor immunity against melanoma and provide the basis for potential usage of these cells to improve current immunotherapy approaches.


Objective To analyze the antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumanii proucing beta-lactamases.Methods Double disk synergy test and standard disk diffusion susceptibility test were used to examine extended-spectrum beta-lactamases(ESBLs).Modified three-dimensional test was used to examine AmpC β-lactamases.The antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumanii to 14 antibacterial agents was detected by Kirby-Bauer method.Results In 89 strains isolated from clinical specimens,double disk synergy test showed that the rate of strains producing ESBLs was 10.1%,standard disk diffusion susceptibility test showed the rate was 11.2%,the coincidence rate of the two methods was 90.2 %.Modified three-dimensional test showed that the rate of strains proudcing AmpC enzymes was 84.3%.There were 5 strains producing both ESBLs and AmpC enzymes.Those strains were highly resistant to β-lactamase antibiotics,while the resistance rates were 60%~100%.The resistance rates against gentamicin,amikacin,ciprofloxacin,sulfanilamides and chloramphenicol were also very high(70%~83.3%).The resistance rate to imipenem was only 10%~25%.Conclusions Proudcing AmpC enzyme is the main mechanism of resistance to β-lactamase antibiotics in acinetobacter baumanii.The resistance of ESBLs and AmpC producing strains is serious,and multi-drug resistances are common.Imipenem is the most effective antibiotic to Acinetobacter baumanii.


In this paper, we present a new approach for scene understanding by an autonomous robot, using imaging sensors only. Our goal is to build in real-time a 3D representation of the scene which is suitable for further 3D interaction. We assume the scene is composed of a mix of known and unknown objects. We present a strategy to automatically build online a consistent 3D representation from a set computer vision algorithms results. We especially focus on 2 important aspects: the constraints and choices of each parts of the system, as well as the global layout of these parts, and the final step where all information are merged together to build a unique 3D representation. Results on real scene and system performance are finally showed to validate the proposed approach


According to the type features of the flowmeter,this paper emphatically introduces the working principles,merits and demerits of nine kinds of flowmeters,puts forward two principles of the reliability and the economy for selecting the flowmeter,and expounds the research and development of the flow instruments with the new working principles.


Apartment boom associated with urbanisation is not an odd phenomenon in Kerala . House construction activities in Kerala show an increasing trend since mid-seventies. Environmental impact of such disproportionate increase is an area which can be enquired into. Groundwater crisis is one among such environmental issues which emerge out of the bewildering number of flats and high rise buildings in Kerala. Groundwater is being used by such constructions through wells/bore wells and continues its dependency over the same groundwater aquifer, resulting into its deterioration. In this background, this paper attempts to highlight the groundwater crisis in Kozhikode City Corporation based on a case-study. The paper also looks into the legal nuances of groundwater appropriation in Kerala;the legislation and controlling mechanism.


Obturator dislocation of the hip is caused by high-velocity accidents as evidenced by its frequent association with other traumatic injuries and, seldom found. Its main complication remains femoral head avascular necrosis. We report on four cases of obturator dislocation of the hip. The mean age of patients was 30 years, and all their injuries followed a road traffic accident. Associated lesions were a contralateral femur fracture in two cases and an osteochondral fracture in one case. Reduction of dislocations was achieved orthopedically under general anaesthesia and the average waiting time before reduction was 20 hours. One patient had an intra-articular incarcerated fragment visible on X-ray, and another patient showed signs of early coxarthrosis 15 months later. The average follow-up time was 24 months.


During the preparation of a monographic account of the Juncaceae for the Flora of the World series, a consortium of specialists revealed a number of names requiring conservation or rejection in order to maintain nomenclatural stability through traditional usage of the names. This first set of three names being proposed for conservation emerged, like the following six being proposed for rejection, in a consistent effort to interpret all names in the family, and to apply the nomenclatural rules to them.


Aim:  We reported previously that hypoadiponectinemia enhances hepatic oxidative stress and accelerates progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice. However, the precise mechanism and preventive effects of adiponectin on NASH remain unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of adiponectin on steatohepatitis using adiponectin‐knockout (KO) mice and adenovirus‐mediated adiponectin expression system.


In advanced mathematics, the "derivae method for monotonicity judgment of functions" can easily solve the judgment of monotonicity of functions. However, to prove the correctness of this method, it is necessary to resort to the general definition of monotonicity of functions (general) as well as the langrange mean value theorem. The author explores and innovates the other definition of monotonicity of functions (specific). Then, based on the fact that this judgment works without the consideration of langrange mean value theorem, the author directly proves the method regarding the characteristic of functions. The work is not only direct and effective, but also original.


Encouraging results are reported with high‐dose chemotherapy and total body irradiation followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of advanced neuroblastoma. However, relapse remains a significant problem.


NGOs are constantly sounding the alarm against the irreversible effects of trade on the environment. On the contrary, economists argue that the development of international trade provides states with the necessary means to develop clean production techniques to safeguard the environment. 'Trade versus Environment' - this expression embodies the debate surrounding the WTO. NGOs have battled persistently to acquire a role in the WTO trade disputes relating to the environment. While the WTO dispute settlement mechanism was originally resilient to the intervention of non-parties to a dispute, it showed over the years a renewed interest in amicus curiae briefs submitted by NGOs. In this sense, the WTO dispute settlement mechanism followed, in the name of legitimacy, the general trend in public international law acknowledging the changing role of NGOs from 'law-takers' to 'law-makers'. This article intends to investigate the progressive movement of openness of the WTO dispute settlement jurisprudence towards NGOs. In doing so, it explores the debate on the democratisation of the WTO adjudicative mechanism as well as the ensuing crisis of legitimacy looming over the WTO and NGOs alike. While this article presents the technical agent of democratisation construed in Article 13 of the DSU, it also engages in the analysis of the jurisprudence from the days of US-Shrimp until EC-Asbestos. This article finally highlights the different reform proposals discussed by the Doha negotiators in terms of the admissibility of the submissions by environmentalist NGOs into the dispute settlement procedure.


The posterior pair of accessory optic tracts was first described by von Gudden (1870, 1881) and named the tractus peduncularis transversus. Subsequent reports have referred to i t as the fasciculus accessorius opticus posterior, Bochenek ('08) ; the tractus opticus accessorius posterior, Tsai ('25); the basal optic root, Gillilan ('41); and the posterior accessory optic tract, Le Gros Clark ('32, '42), Bodian ( '37) , and Giolli ('60). In this paper the tract will be referred to as the transpeduncular tract (see Hamasaki and Marg, '60). The terminal nucleus of the tract has been called the nucleus of the tractus peduncularis transversus, Bechterew ( 1894) and Xosaka and Hiraiwa ('1s); nucleus ectomamillaris, Gurdjian ('27) ; nucleus tractus optici basalis, Gillilan ('41 ); and the nucleus of the posterior accessory optic tract. In the present work the termination of the tract is called the nucleus of the transpeduncular tract. The transpeduncular tract has been described in rodents as a discrete nerve bundle originating from the retina. In higher mammals (e.g., carnivores and primates) most of the evidence based on Marchi stained tissue sections has suggested that the transpeduncular tract does not exist. Gillilan ('41 ) however, has demonstrated the transpeduncular tract in the cat and monkey using the silver-pyridine stain and Hayhow ('59) reported the tract with the Nauta-Gygax technique following enucleation of an eye i n the cat. The anterior pair of the accessory optic tracts has been called the anterior ancessory optic tracts. It has been adequately demonstrated in rodents although its course has been variously described, a feature which Le Gros Clark ('42) feels is related to the capricious nature of the commonly employed Marchi staining technique.


Political discourse is considered to be one of the most essential subjects of scientific research as understanding of political processes and a clear notion of political leaders enable politicians to forecast the development of states and societies, to be fully guided in modern historical events. In political discourse persuasiveness claims to be one of the key criteria of public oratory and is characterized by a clearly expressed structure and defining characteristics from persuasive strategy to persuasive markers. The research attempts to examine the character of the notion persuasiveness and its place in the theory of linguistic manipulation in terms of political public communication. In this regard the given article differentiates the notions "persuasiveness", "manipulation", "argumentation". This study analyses combinations of persuasive strategies and tactics and ways of their linguistic implementation in election speeches of the President of Russia Putin V. The authors suggest the hypothesis that various linguistic means, strategies and tactics contribute to effectively implement the category of persuasiveness in Presidential election discourse. This paper aims to consider the term "persuasiveness", to elicit the most characteristic persuasive strategies and tactics which the politician uses to influence the audience and to describe the ways of their linguistic implementation. The objectives of the study are: – to examine features of the notion "persuasiveness"; – to analyze and organize the implementation of specific strategies and tactics of persuasiveness on specific examples of political speeches; – to find peculiarities and trends of their implementation in election campaigns; – to determine linguistic means for implementation persuasive strategies and tactics. The second part of the study is dedicated to the most characteristic linguistic means used by V. Putin in his election campaign speeches. The results of the study can be applied in a range of linguistic disciplines.


The present invention relates to a group including the spherical particles having a diameter of 1 ~ 80㎛, consisting of primary particles of the lithium titanium oxide coated with carbon, carbon-containing lithium-titanium oxide. The present invention also provides a method for producing such a carbon-containing lithium titanium oxide, as well as an active material such a carbon-relates to a lithium ion secondary battery comprising an electrode and the above-mentioned electrode containing a lithium-containing titanium oxide.


In this paper we introduce a slightly stronger form of countable dense homogeneity that for Polish spaces can be characterized topologically in a natural way. Along the way, we generalize theorems obtained by Bennett and Ungar on countable dense homogeneity.


Madhu Khanna from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the Energy Biosciences Institute on "Competitiveness of Second Generation Biofuel Feedstocks: Role of Technology and Policy" on March 25, 2010 at the 5th Annual DOE JGI User Meeting


The attempt to reveal the content of the competence based approach in higher education in training specialists in the field of Jurisprudence, to analyze the existing problems and prospects of applying interactive techniques was undertaken in this article. The importance of the student-centered approach in developing skills and abilities was shown. Retraining and promotion of the research and educational staff are considered as way of overcoming problems in adoption of new educational standards of the third generation


Research has shown that the overall climate in a school can encourage or deter learning. One significant factor promoting a positive climate is the use of motivational language by school leaders. This article presents empirical evidence of teachers' perceptions of motivational language used by school principals and the effects of this language on perceptions of school climate. The aim is to make principals aware of the importance of language choices. The approach used involved survey responses and correlational analysis. Teachers' perceptions of the motivational language of school principals, as well as the climate in schools, were independently examined, and the impact of the language on perceptions of school climate was tested. The study reveals that climate, in a range of public schools in Kuwait, is rated by teachers as moderately good; similarly, motivational language forms used by school principals were rated as only modestly effective. Comparative analysis showed that a school leader's motivating language in all forms affects public school climates in Kuwait. It is proposed that with further testing it is likely that this will be revealed as a more general finding. The study recommends further training and experience with motivational language for school principals in Kuwait.


SYNOPSIS. At low temperature (3°C), in the absence of substrate and cofactor, trout liver fructose diphosphatase (FDPase) is inactivated by exposures to relatively low pressures. FDP and Mg2+ protect against this inactivation; hence, maximum catalysis at pH 7.5 is pressure insensitive, while at more alkaline pH, it is markedly accelerated by pressure. The volume change of activation, Δ V *, at saturating FDP and Mg2+ concentrations is about −40 cm3/mole. The apparent Km for FDP and the Ka for Mg2+ are markedly increased by pressure. At low FDP or Mg2+ levels these kinetic properties outweigh Δ V * in determining the reaction rate; hence, under these conditions, piessure retards catalysis. Similarly, the K4 for AMP is notably pressure sensitive. Comparable effects of pressure on the kinetic constants for liver FDPase from benthic Corypliaenoides are much less pronounced, suggesting that in these off-shore species enzyme-substrate, enzyme-cofactor, and enzyme-modulator interactions have been tailored through evolution for pressure independent catalytic function.