By the end of the 1970s, racial justice and feminist activists had gained significant ground in the legal arena. This chapter charts some of the major legal successes of those movements. Most notably from the feminist perspective was Michigan's 1974 Criminal Sexual Conduct bill, the first complete overhaul of a state rape law in the nation. Hailed as a major feminist victory, the new law served as a model for other states nationwide. Feminist law reform strategies faced major opposition from opponents across the political spectrum, with debates often centering on contrasting beliefs of what constituted a fair trial. One reform which satisfied both racial and gender justice goals was the abolition of the death penalty as punishment for rape. The NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund brought the question of appropriate punishment in cases of rape before the Supreme Court in Coker v. Georgia (1977). The Court ruled in favor of Coker, and deemed capital punishment a disproportionate punishment in cases of adult rape. In the end, rape law reforms ultimately proved to be quite limited. The legal system was deeply steeped in pervasive racist and sexist cultural norms, creating significant barriers to effective change in the legal arena.


INTRODUCTION Modern life is very materialistic and competitive, that is why we human beings are suffering from numerous chronic problems and tensions. Health and illness are determined by psychosocial conditions. Psychosocial explanations of these social variations include perceived inequality; stress, anxiety and less social connections. [1, 2] There are number of studies supporting the possible link between life stress and illness behaviour and chronic disorders. Over the last few years concepts regarding stress and coronary heart disease have found a positive correlation in all over the world. [3, 4] According to Global Burden of Disease study, during 1994-1998, 30% (15.3 million) deaths were due to coronary heart disease (CHD). [5] Cardiovascular disease is reported to be leading cause of death in world. Several risk A comparative study of coronary heart disease patients and noncoronary heart disease individuals in relation to stress, anxiety and type-A behaviour


One of the principal concepts leading to continuous improvement at leading companies is employee empowerment. AT&T Power Systems is in the midst of a change to self-directed empowered teams in all functions. In the production environment, the entire nature of work is being transformed by a joint union and management initiative called Workplace of the Future (WPOF). The main component of the WPOF agreement is self-directed teams called Skilled Empowered Teams or SETs. This paper describes SETs, their purpose, the implementation process and their accomplishments.


The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS) has now made continuous in situ meteorological measurements for several Martian years at Gale crater, Mars. Of importance in the search for liquid formation are REMS' measurements of ground temperature and in‐air measurements of temperature and relative humidity, which is with respect to ice. Such data can constrain the surface and subsurface stability of brines. Here we use updated calibrations to REMS data and consistent relative humidity comparisons (i.e., with respect to liquid versus with respect to ice) to investigate the potential formation of surface and subsurface liquids throughout MSL's traverse. We specifically study the potential for the deliquescence of calcium perchlorate. Our data analysis suggests that surface brine formation is not favored within the first 1648 sols as there are only two times (sols 1232 and 1311) when humidity‐temperature conditions were within error consistent with a liquid phase. On the other hand, modeling of the subsurface environment would support brine production in the shallow subsurface. Indeed, we find that the shallow subsurface for terrains with low thermal inertia ( Γ≲300 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2) may be occasionally favorable to brine formation through deliquescence. Terrains with Γ≲175 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2 and albedos of ≳ 0.25 are the most apt to subsurface brine formation. Should brines form, they would occur around Ls 100°. Their predicted properties would not meet the Special nor Uncertain Region requirements, as such they would not be potential habitable environments to life as we know it.


Washington, DC—Accruing experience with the AlphaCor (Argus Biomedical) synthetic keratoprosthesis has led to the identification of risk factors for complications along with the development of protective procedures that are enabling better outcomes, said R. Doyle Stulting, MD, PhD, at the annual meeting of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery.


Ginseng anthracnose was observed in Koyang area, Korea. A fungus was repeatedly isolated from leaves and stems of the infected ginseng plants and identified as Colletotrichum dematium according to the morpho-logical and cultural characteristics. The fungus showed pathogenicity on inoculated ginseng leaves. This is the first report of ginseng anthracnose caused by Colletotri-chum dematium in Korea.


Polyacetylene is one of the most studied nonlinear organic materials. Its nearly one- dimensional nature and the conjugate electrons along the carbon-backbone are responsible for its unusual physical, chemical, and optical properties. Polyacetylene has attracted the attention of physicists, chemists, and optical engineers. In particular, the highly nonlinear optical properties of polyacetylene can imply efficient optoelectronic applications.


A is to provide a reactor air supply system and the burner configuration. A reactor air supply system includes a first air inlet configured to receive air supplied from the first air supply. System is configured to emit the fuel for mixing with the first air, and a burner with a burner nozzle which is configured to ignite the fuel / air mixture. The second air inlet configured to receive the heated air is supplied from the second air supply is provided, and, ducts, ignited fuel / air mixture, and a second air provided to receive the heated air supplied from the supply. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION


Deployment of a Dual-frequency IDentification SONar (DIDSON) revealed the seasonal variations in spatial distribution and abundance of medusae of the common jellyfish, Aurelia aurita s.l. (detectable bell diameters: ca. 5 cm) in a shallow (max. depth: 6 m) Japanese brackish-water lake in between October 2008 and October 2009. The medusae were usually in patchy aggregations, more prominently so during warm seasons. Integration of the DIDSON-detected medusae with smaller ones estimated from the bell diameter composition in net hauls enabled us to study their seasonal population dynamics. Abundance was highest in June, due to recruitment, and declined to a relatively stable level in August and thereafter. The population carbon biomass was highest in October due to somatic growth of individual medusae. The annual mean biomass (63.8 mg C m) was much higher than that of mesozooplankton (26.0 mg C m), suggesting a substantial top-down impact. The DIDSON is an effective tool for studies of the spatial distribution and population dynamics of large jellyfish species like A. aurita. Concomitant net sampling to determine the bell diameter composition is required to offset the geometric limitations of this instrument.


The article presents with thoughts on the ontological status of good practices, their criteria and the role they play in social policy. The authors describe good practices in three dimensions: as an action aiming at solving a particular problem; as an element of knowledge produced by the organisation; as communication produced by the organisation; The authors review defi nitions of good practices and their criteria on the basis of secondary sources. They propose to select general and specifi c criteria of good practices. Specifi c criteria of good practices are discussed using the example of actions towards social cohesion, taken within the framework of local and regional public policies towards the elderly people. Conceptualizing social cohesion is done with reference to the concept of society for all ages. The authors also propose their own scheme for describing good practices that is meant to ensure their dissemination. The article is concluded with thoughts on the role of good practices in social policy on the microand macro-scale.


Several innovative master-planned communities were developed in the 1960s and 1970s. This article examines how three of these master planned communities have evolved. Irvine, California is the largest privately planned community in the United States. There are no strip commercial developments along major thoroughfares; instead, commercial development is clustered in landscaped centers. Although the city is often ranked as a top place to live based on jobs, housing, schools and lack of violent crimes, it offers little transit service. Residents and businesses in Coral Springs, Florida, another planned community of the 1960s, must still abide by comprehensive architectural review guidelines. The lack of a downtown center and the economic downturn have stifled recent development in Coral Springs. The community is planning street and transit improvements funded through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to spur mixed-use development in the city. Lake Havasu City, Arizona, was originally envisioned as a both tourist attraction and a manufacturing hub. The highlight of the city is London Bridge, which was purchased in 1967 and connects a peninsula with the mainland. Streets in the city are interconnected and follow the hilly topography. Recent development plans for the central business district will improve pedestrian facilities. The three communities demonstrate many of the qualities that are now considered part of smart growth and new urbanism concepts. However, these early planned developments lack the transit links and pedestrian facilities considered essential in reducing the problems associated with an automobile-oriented culture.


Let C and Q be nonempty, closed convex sets in Rn and Rm respectively, and A be an m × n real matrix. The split feasibility problem (SFP) is to find x ∊ C with Ax ∊ Q, if such points exist. Byrne proposed the following CQ algorithm to solve the SFP: where γ ∊ (0, 2/ρ(ATA)) with ρ(ATA) the spectral radius of the matrix ATA and PC and PQ denote the orthogonal projections onto C and Q, respectively. However, in some cases, it is difficult or even impossible to compute PC and PQ exactly. In this paper, based on the CQ algorithm, we present several algorithms to solve the SFP. Compared with the CQ algorithm, our algorithms are more practical and easier to implement. They can be regarded as improvements of the CQ algorithm.


The positive education movement has called attention to the importance of student well-being and the role of positive constructs, such as hope, in the educational process. The external locus-of-hope dimensions, or positive cognitions about the role of external actors in the pursuit of important goals, positively predict student well-being, learning approaches, and achievement. However, external locus-of-hope dimensions were found to be associated with maladaptive coping styles among Asian students. In this study, we revisit this relationship between external locus-of-hope dimensions and coping among students, by focusing on collectivist coping strategies that are assumed to be more relevant to Asian students. A total of 780 university students from three Asian cities (Hong Kong, n = 295; Macau, n = 225; Manila, n = 260) were asked to complete a questionnaire on collectivist coping styles, internal and external locus-of-hope dimensions. Separate multiple regression analyses indicated that the coping style of acceptance/reframing/striving was mainly predicted by internal locus-of-hope in the three groups, but the coping styles of family support and religious coping were consistently predicted by external locus-of-hope dimensions in all three groups of students. The two other coping styles of avoidance/detachment and personal emotional outlets were also predicted by specific external locus-of-hope dimensions, but only in particular groups. The results are discussed in terms of how external locus-of-hope dimensions might evoke both adaptive and maladaptive coping among Asian students, which may be associated with primary and secondary control dimensions of the collectivist coping styles.


With the update and development of internet technology combined with cloud computing technology, cloud computing assisted instructions form in education field. According to the teaching application requirements, this paper selected cloud computing aided teaching platform that support for collaborative learning, and established collaborative learning environment of cloud computing assisted instructions based on Zoho platform for application. Then it analyzed many relevant factors of collaborative learning taking Electronic Technology Course Design as example and discussed the application and limitation of cloud computing assisted instructions based on Zoho Wiki.


By examining the interaction of two copropagating ultrafast optical pulses in a semiconductor multiple quantum well, we experimentally determine the temporal dependence of the induced polarization. Based on this technique we observe that the optically induced density goes through a maximum at sufficiently high excitation intensity. Microscopic calculations show that the observed phenomena are a manifestation of Rabi flopping in semiconductors.


A near-earth (less than 1000 km altitude) satellite autonomous navigation and orbit determination method that uses measurements of the Earth's magnetic field is presented. An orbit state vector composed of six Keplerian elements enables the estimation of the instantaneous orbital elements by a relatively simple extended Kalman filter algorithm. The satellite position and velocity are computed as functions of the estimated orbital elements. The basic algorithm uses a measurement of the magnetic-field magnitude. This algorithm is thus independent of attitude information. Simulation tests yielded an accurate Keplerian element estimation and a few kilometers of position estimation error. More complicated algorithms which estimate drag and/or utilize attitude information were tested. The basic algorithm was successfully applied to Earth Radiation Budget Satellite data, and a modified version of this algorithm was applied to Gamma Ray Observatory magnetometer readings to yield orbital elements, position, and velocity estimation. In both cases of real satellite navigation, the position was estimated within a few tens of kilometers.<<ETX>>


Background: DsbA is a master virulence determinant of bacterial pathogens and a target for antivirulence drugs. Results: AbDsbA is a class I dithiol oxidase that binds EF-Tu-derived and DsbB-derived peptides on different enzyme surfaces. Conclusion: Discovery of high affinity peptide interaction sites provides a platform for inhibitor design. Significance: AbDsbA inhibitors could have anti-biofilm activity against multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. The multidrug resistant bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii is a significant cause of nosocomial infection. Biofilm formation, that requires both disulfide bond forming and chaperone-usher pathways, is a major virulence trait in this bacterium. Our biochemical characterizations show that the periplasmic A. baumannii DsbA (AbDsbA) enzyme has an oxidizing redox potential and dithiol oxidase activity. We found an unexpected non-covalent interaction between AbDsbA and the highly conserved prokaryotic elongation factor, EF-Tu. EF-Tu is a cytoplasmic protein but has been localized extracellularly in many bacterial pathogens. The crystal structure of this complex revealed that the EF-Tu switch I region binds to the non-catalytic surface of AbDsbA. Although the physiological and pathological significance of a DsbA/EF-Tu association is unknown, peptides derived from the EF-Tu switch I region bound to AbDsbA with submicromolar affinity. We also identified a seven-residue DsbB-derived peptide that bound to AbDsbA with low micromolar affinity. Further characterization confirmed that the EF-Tu- and DsbB-derived peptides bind at two distinct sites. These data point to the possibility that the non-catalytic surface of DsbA is a potential substrate or regulatory protein interaction site. The two peptides identified in this work together with the newly characterized interaction site provide a novel starting point for inhibitor design targeting AbDsbA.


Dr Inventor is a system that is at once, a computational model of creative thinking and also a tool to ignite the creativity process among its users. Dr Inventor uncovers creative bisociations between semi-structured documents like academic papers, patent applications and psychology materials, by adopting a "big data" perspective to discover creative comparisons. The Dr Inventor system is described focusing on the transformation of this textual information into the graph-structure required by the creative cognitive model. Results are described using data from both psychological test materials and published research papers. The operation of Dr Inventor for both focused creativity and open ended creativity is also outlined.


This paper investigates the aeroelastic response of a wing-aileron system subject to incompressible flow. A three degree of freedom wing-aileron model is derived and freeplay non-linearity is introduced in the aileron control circuit stiffness. The resulting equations of motion for the system are integrated numerically to give the time history of the wing-aileron motion. It is found that the aileron demonstrates a sustained oscillation well below the linear flutter speed, The effects of the amount of free-play on the aeroelastic response of the system is examined. The amplitude of the sustained oscillation is strongly dependent on the amount of free-play in the aileron stiffness and could provide a catastrophic feedback accelerating the wear which leads to the free-play. Introduction In determining the flutter characteristics and the aeroelastic responses of aircraft structures the assumption of structural linearity has usually been made. However, aircraft structures often exhibit non-linearities such as free-play, that have significant effects on the flutter speed and aeroelastic responses. The flutter phenomena is a self-excited vibration, wherein the structural system absorbs energy from the air stream. If the structure moves at speeds higher than the flutter speed it will demonstrate divergent oscillation which may result in a catastrophic failure. It is known that systems with structural non-linearity also illustrate two different types of aeroelastic responses below the flutter boundary. The first mode is called Limit Cycle Oscillation (LCO), where the structure demonstrates sustained oscillation. The second aeroelastic response which is observed in non-linear structures is chaotic vibration. Nonlinear systems experiencing chaotic vibration and LCO are likely to fail due to fatigue and aging. It is also known that aging has significant effect on developing concentrated non-linearity in mechanical systems, one particular example is worn control surface hinges that lead to free-play non-linearity. In recent years, the modelling and analysis of aerosurfaces with structural non-linearities have been the subject of numerous investigations. The effects of non-line~ structural terms on the aeroelastic response and the flutter of aircraft structures have been performed by several investigators. The first study of non-linear aeroelastic problems of an aircraft wing was conducted by Woolston et al. [1] They investigated the effects of several types of non-linearities in the stiffness. They developed an analysis by analog computer to study the effects of structural non-linearities. McIntosh et al. [2] performed wind tunnel test of a two-degrees of freedom model with non-linear stiffness. Yang and Zhao [3] performed experimental and theoretical analysis to investigate oscillations of a two-dimensional wing model with non-linear pitching stiffness. They made a comprehensive study of LCO of the two degree of freedom model subjected to incompressible flow using the Theodorsen function. Zhao and Yang [4] also analysed two dimensional airfoils with cubic pitching stiffness in incompressible flow to investigate the chaotic behaviour of the self excited dynamic system. Price et al [5] studied a two dimensional airfoil with a free-play non-linearity in pitch subjected to incompressible flow. They evaluated the aerodynamic forces using Wagner's function and the resulting equations integrated numerically to give the time response of the airfoil motion. They detected regions of LCO for velocities below the linear flutter boundary. Price et al [6] also studied a two dimensional airfoil with cubic structural nonlinearity in pitch by numerical methods. Kim, and Lee [7] analysed a two-dimensional flexible airfoil with a free-play non-linearity in pitch in the subsonic flow range. A two dimensional model with concentrated non-linearities has been chosen to perform aeroelastic analysis by most of investigators, because of its simplicity and usefulness. However, one aircraft structure which is very susceptible to the development of structural non-linearity, such as free-play, due to aging is the control surface hinges. In this paper, a three-degree of freedom wing aileron section with free-play non-linearity in control surface restoring torque characteristics and subject to incompressible flow has been studied. The work is part of a research program studying the effects of aging on control surface flutter [8]. A Two Degree of Freedom System The system studied by several investigators is the basic two degree of freedom airfoil shown in Figure 1. Effects of several types of non-linearities, such as free-play, and cubic stiffness for an airfoil with plunge and pitch degree of freedom have been considered. Previous studies usually considered structural non-linearities in pitch. Figure 1. Two degree of freedom airfoil. The equations of motion of the system are written as mii+Saii+k,h=Qh, Sah+IJi+M(cz) = Q.. (1) where h is the plunging displacement, a is the pitching angle, Q~ and Q. are the aerodynamic loads, and M(a) represents the non-linear structural restoring moment in the pitch direction. The oscillation response of the above system has been investigated by different analytical and experimental methods. The results show the existence of LCO and chaotic vibration behaviour below the flutter speed of the linear system. [1-7] The Three Degree of Freedom System As mentioned before, the aeroelastic response of a two DOF system with free-play stiffness non-linearity has been studied by several investigators. In order to study the aeroelastic response of a wing and control surface model with structural non-linearity, a ~ee degree of freedom system as shown in Figure 2 is investigated. Structural nonlinearity, in the form of free-play is present in the system. Reference Position u Figure 2. Three degree of free~om wing and control surface. b = semichord cb = distance between midchord and aileron hinge, positive if aft of rnidchord ab = distance between midchord and elastic axis, positive if aft of midchord. The governing equations of motion are


In order to obtain high-Tc superconducting Ba-Y-Cu-O materials, we have studied a method used to supply the oxygen content using a thermodynamic nonequilibrium high-temperature (TNH) plasma. Compared with the usual glow discharge, very-high-density atomic oxygen was observed in the TNH plasma. Treatment of the TNH plasma showed the recovery of quenched samples from the tetragonal structure to an orthorhombic 90-K superconductor within 30 min at 300°C. This is superior to usual oxidation techniques of an atmospheric oxygen anneal and a glow discharge plasma from the viewpoint of short period and low temperature.


The interview with Edgardo Civallero aims to present to the international professional community some of the issues currently being discussed in the Latin American library environment, bringing attention to the debate and raising issues that may lead to further reflection and comparison. In particular, Civallero sets out the reasons why the current library model widely shared by the international professional community is ill-suited to the Latin American context, as an 'imported' model from outside that fails to safeguard and enhance indigenous Latin American cultures.


The invention relates to a backrest (2) for a vehicle seat (1) having an integrated protection device and a method for preventing accidental injuries of a seat user in the event of a collision. The backrest comprises a lower backrest part (4) and an upper backrest part (5) on which a in the backrest (2) transverse to the vehicle longitudinal axis (XX) from a normal operational position out by a torque (M) into a safety position is pivotable. To improve the efficiency of such a backrest, it is proposed that the protective means comprises means (6) generated independently of an occupancy of the vehicle seat (2), the torque (M), and means (7) for detecting a rear impact, the thus in operative connection (W; U, B) are connected with the torque-generating device (6), that the means (6) activated in the event of rear-end collision and the pivoting movement is initiated.


Knowledge about AIDS and self-reported sexual behavior was examined among 381 adults in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, from December 1987 to February 1988. Most subjects knew that AIDS is fatal and incurable. However, over 40% of subjects believed that washing after sexual intercourse greatly reduced the risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Over 1/2 the sample did not know that a condom is an effective precaution against HIV infection. More than 1/2 the sample believed that HIV can be contracted from cups and toilet seats and about 40% believed that mosquitoes can transmit HIV. Educated subjects were more knowledgeable about AIDS than the less educated subjects. Males (M=7.13) reported significantly more lifetime sexual partners than females (M=2.02). Roughly 1/4 of males reported coital contact with a prostitute. The implications of these results for health education are the need to re-emphasize that condoms offer effective protection against HIV infection and reassure people that HIV cannot be transmitted by cups, toilets or mosquitoes. The dangers of unprotected sexual intercourse with prostitutes should also be vigorously publicized.


Silicone Rubber Surge Arrester housings that were removed from site were tested under conditions of high humidity and artificial pollution. Surface partial discharge behaviour that occurred was detected and recorded by utilizing the CDA3 Computer based partial discharge analysis system. Statistical properties, in particular skewness and kurtosis, provide some indicator of surface damage on the insulator.


Background: Next generation sequencing (NGS) of bone marrow or peripheral blood is increasingly being used in the upfront evaluation of patients with a new diagnosis of myeloid neoplasm (MN). This testing identifies salient mutations that are relevant in the biology of MN. Information obtained from NGS can inform patients and their family members about potential predisposition to current and future cancer diagnosis. Informing patients of the utility of NGS testing with regard to detection of GL risk as well as its current use in detection of somatic mutations is important. Additional relevant family history data can be combined in the clinical context of patient's personal oncologic history with the presence of a variant allele frequency (VAF) >30%-50% to enhance the prediction of GL predisposition. However, there is not a current consensus/guideline for further evaluation for possible GL predisposition for MN patients in the era of NGS results.
 Methods: At our institution, we identified 401 patients with the diagnosis of MN who were sequenced by NGS from 2012-2017. We performed a retrospective review of this panel of patients to identify specific characteristics that may warrant further GL testing. Among these, we focused our study on MN patients that harbored a TP53 mutation (N=66), although future work will include patients with other mutations including but not limited to genes such as RUNX1, GATA2, and ETV6 which are also known to be associated with GL predisposition to MN. We collected demographic information, specific diagnosis, personal history of cancer and corresponding treatment, family history of cancer in first and second degree relatives as well as cytogenetic abnormalities. The location, variant allele frequency (VAF), mutation type, and significance for each TP53 mutation was annotated. Additional mutations in any of the 36 other disease-relevant genes such as ASXL1, BCOR, JAK2 were also fully annotated.
 Results: In our cohort of 66 patients, 27 were females and 39 were males. AML/ALL was the most common diagnosis (32/66; 48.5%) followed by 31.8% (21/66) with MDS, 13.6% (9/66) with MPN, and 6% (4/66) with MPN/MDS. Clinically, of the 19 (30%) patients with prior history of cancer, 13 had treatment with chemotherapy and/or radiation. Forty-four (67%) patients had family history of cancer, with 41 including a first degree relative and 9 including a second degree relative. Breast cancer was the most common diagnosis among those with family history of cancer (12/44).
 We further examined the characteristics of the TP53 mutations in our cohort. We identified that 48/66 (72.7%) cases had a single TP53 mutation of which 43 had a VAF >30% and 41 had a variant of known significance. Among the 18/66 (27.3%) cases with two TP53 mutations, 7 had a VAF >30% and all 18 had a variant of known significance. Only 1 case had a third TP53 mutation, which was a variant of known significance and had a VAF >30%. Additionally, at least one other co-mutation in a relevant gene was seen in 44% patients (29/66). Of these, the most common were DNMT3A (n=9), JAK2 (n=5), TET2 (n=5), with 3 each of BCORL1, IDH2 and NOTCH1. In terms of cytogenetics, samples were available for 60 patients of which only 4 (6.7%) had normal cytogenetics. Of those with abnormal cytogenetics, 49/56 (87.5%) had complex cytogenetics, 38/56 (67.9%) had deletion of chromosome 5q (del (5q)) and 21/56 (37.5%) had deletion of chromosome 17p (del (17p13.1)), all conferring adverse risk according to the 2017 European LeukemiaNet recommendations.
 Conclusion: Despite the widespread use and availability of NGS, patients may not have clarity on the possible implications of these test results. Our cohort demonstrates that there is a significant number of MN cases that warrant further annotation to determine GL versus somatic contributions. Further identification and follow up of the GL patients will offer clarity on how these genetic risks predict future outcomes. This cohort represents work that is a stepping stone for design and justification of a future prospective study that will propose and validate criteria for GL evaluation in patients with hematological neoplasms.

 Nazha: MEI: Consultancy. Gerds:Apexx Oncology: Consultancy; Incyte: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy; CTI Biopharma: Consultancy. Sekeres:Opsona: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Opsona: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Maciejewski:Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Consultancy; Apellis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Apellis Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Ra Pharmaceuticals, Inc: Consultancy; Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau. Carraway:Novartis: Speakers Bureau; Balaxa: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau; Amgen: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; Jazz: Speakers Bureau; FibroGen: Consultancy; Agios: Consultancy, Speakers Bureau.


It is a method for generating a multi-channel audio signal (600, 700) of a stereo audio signal (100, 200) specified, comprising the steps of: determining a first panning coefficients (310) and a second panning coefficients (320) of the stereo audio signal; Determining a direct signal (515) and a first surround signal (510) and a second surround signal (520) from the first audio signal and the second audio signal and the first panning coefficients and the second panning coefficients; Determining a plurality of Repanning coefficients (410, 415, 420) from the panning coefficients, each Repanning coefficient of the plurality of Repanning coefficients a sound channel (580, 585, 590) is associated with a plurality of audio channels of the multichannel audio signal; Calculation of the direct signal, each with each of the plurality of coefficients Repanning Repanning coefficients; and transferring each audio channel in each case, a reproduction signal (600, 700) of the multi-channel audio signal, each reproduction signal is provided for each of a reproduction device.


A system model approach is introduced to investigate the passive cable properties of the smooth muscle. The model is superior to the conventional signal model, which relies on the subjective measure of the space constant and time constant from a response of some stimulated smooth muscle cells. In the present approach, an RC network is used to model the passive cable properties of the smooth muscle cells, and the network parameters (the membrane and junction resistances and capacitances) are estimated iteratively from the experimentally measured input impedance, using an optimization strategy. Errors of parameter estimation this approach are negligible, proving that the system model approach is accurate and robust. Drug actions such as the effects of heptanol (which is thought to uncouple the gap junctions) on smooth muscle are currently being studied.<<ETX>>


Poverty for South African women is compounded by the political history with women having lack of access to education, facilities and housing which impacts on access to work. This problem remains despite the intentions of the democratic government to empower women. In developed countries, discrimination is prevalent in entry, training (principally apprenticeships) and promotion. Similar issues challenge SA women being employed. Given that the construction industry is a strong employer of labour, the industry could have a commensurate inclusion of women to relieve poverty. This study, conducted in South Africa 2004 – 2006, ascertains attitudes and perceived barriers held by male and female employees and managers in the South African industry. Responses were drawn from a sample size of 40 female current and potential employees. Qualitative and quantitative approaches determined how women may enter and be sustained in construction. Qualitative research used exploratory open-ended interviews; subsequent semi-structured interviews stemming from questionnaires; and one focus group discussion. Quantifiable information from the interviews was added to the data base of questionnaire responses. This combination of quantitative and qualitative data allowed for triangulation. Comparisons between first and third world situations show that South African women have fewer negative issues and are positive about being accommodated in the industry. Vocational and modular training rather than apprenticeships, safety on site, minimum numbers on site and protection from HIV/AIDS are critical factors. Given appropriate conditions, all respondents were favourable towards women working as artisans.


Using short-term cultures of rabbit thymocytes, the effect of nonradioactive (cold) deoxycytidine on 3H-thymidine incorporation by these cells in vitro was studied, together with the effect of cold thymidine on the uptake of 3-deoxycytidine, chiefly by autoradiographic techniques. Without addition of cold deoxycytidine to the culture medium, a fairly high proportion of the thymocytes was heavily labeled with 3H-thymidine. However, the extent of this reaction was strikingly decreased (to 1/5-1/20 of the control levels) by the addition of cold deoxycytidine at oncentrations ranging from 10 to 80μg/ ml. On the other hand, no remarkable reduction in rate of 3H-deoxycytidine incorporation by the thymocytes was caused by the addition of cold thymidine to the


In Zimbabwe conservancies could be the engines for sustainable economic growth through the establishment of viable eco-tourism infrastructure. Conservancies offer an innovative approach to rural development. They present possibilities for the establishment of co-managed collaborative ecotourism in business ventures involving rural communities. Conservancies have demonstrated that benefits can flow to rural communities on the basis of co-managed wildlife resources. Through conservancies community empowerment and regional development in the context of Zimbabwe's CAMPFIRE districts is possible. This paper supports the view that the main strategy for conservancies should be conservation through utilization. Conservancies are capable of embarking on self-sustaining eco-tourism operations that seek to promote the conservation and sustainable use of rangelands. The paper's main argument is that conservancies as tenurial units can turn wildlife and other attractions to products that can be utilized to effect sustainable wildlife driven rural development for as long as the basic principles of eco-tourism development are followed.


The conception of a cable boom system for a scientific spin stabilized satellite led to a flat cable stowed on a drum with a flexlead without conversion to avoid slip rings and to facilitate automatic restowage from any state of deployment. Some dynamic features of the extended cable boom and especially the comparison between round and flat cables were investigated in a phenomenological study using a test rig capable of inducing lateral, torsional and thermal cycling disturbances separately or in any combination.


This report summarizes the proceedings of a meeting which was convened to build a network of contact people to discuss current models of library-based literacy programs, and to focus on resolutions to be taken back to the states for the upcoming White House Conference in 1991. The almost 100 participants in the forum included state library staff members, adult education providers, state librarians, members of the U.S. Department of Education, and professionals from both the public and the academic library communities. This report begins by discussing the planning of the forum, the growing federal priority for literacy, and legislation recently passed by the U.S. Congress. Forum activities are then summarized, including issues identified through a survey of state library personnel prior to the conference which served as the basis for workshops; the opportunity to learn more about federal legislation provided by Congressman Donald Payne and Senator Paul Simon; a keynote address by Gary Strong, State Librarian of California; sessions with Title VI Program officers Barbara Humes and Carol Cameron; controversy raised by statements made by Joan Seamon, recently appointed Director of the U.S. Department of Education's Division of Adult Literacy, whIcr, relegated the library to the role of a support agency rather than an educational agency in itself; and a lively, interantive discussion of some of the important concerns raised during the forum which was facilitated by Debra Wilcox Johnson from the University of Wisconsin. Four recommendations deemed to be the most important by forum participants are then presented, and a summing up of continuing concerns for the library community concludes the report. (BBM) *************************************************************AAAAAAAA*A Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************ft*********** DEPANTIOENT Of EDUCATION Office of Eduottonai Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) C2 This document has been reproduced as received from the Person or organiaahoo originating it C Minor chlrig411 nave been 11100 10 irtitle0y reprOduCtiOn quality Panto of view or opinions MUM in this document 00 r01 nocesifinly represent official OEM positron or Policy Shaping National Library Literacy Policy: A Report from the Alexandria Forum Shelley Quezada Consultant Library Services to the Unserved Massachusetts Board of Library Commissioners Report from the National Forum for State Libraries, "Strengthening the Literacy Network" (1st, Alexandria, Virginia, May 20-22, 1990). (Referred to as the Alexandria Forum.)


CLINICAL HISTORY A 29-year-old G1P0 with dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy referred at 25 weeks 5 days for polyhydramnios and an enlarging left cheek mass in Twin A. By report, a left cheek mass measuring 2.5 1.6 2.5 cm with a dominant feeding vessel was identified at 17 weeks, with normal intracranial anatomy. By 22 weeks, the mass had grown to 8.9 5.6 6.4 cm. The patient presented to our institution with symptoms of preterm labor at 26 weeks. At that time, the mass measured 19 12 12 cm with extension into the intracranial space. Secondary findings included severe polyhydramnios, enlarged structurally normal fetal heart (without hydrops) and maternal short cervix with funneling. The patient chose to have selective termination of twin A and amniotic fluid reduction in hopes of delaying preterm labor. However, 1 week after the procedure, the patient's labor progressed, and she gave birth. The patient refused fetal autopsy. However, autopsy magnetic resonance (MR) and core biopsy were allowed (Figs. 1 and 2).


K e y w o r d s : Beyond S tandard Model, H adron-H adron scattering (experiments) A r X iy e P r in t : 1708.09638 O p e n A c c e s s , Copyright CERN, for the benefit of the ATLAS Collaboration. Article funded by SC O A P3. https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP03(2018)009 JH E P 03(18)009


Treatment of nitrophenylacrylonitriles (I), bearing a nitrile or an ester group, with tin dichloride results in formation of complexes (II).


Objective To explore the efficacy of different surgical methods and the impact on long-term prognosis,viathe retrospective analysis of surgical patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and common bile duct tumor thrombus.Methods From Jan.2008 to Dec.2012,our center treated 9 HCC patients with common bile duct tumor thrombus underwent surgery.5 cases underwent radical half liver resection,3 cases underwent partial hepatectomy,1 case underwent intraoperative radiofrequency,all patients underwent common bile duct exploration thrombectomy.Postoperative follow-up conducted by digital subtraction angiography (DSA).All patients were followed up for more than 12 months.Results The postoperative jaundice indexes of all the surgical patients were significantly decreased.The diseases free survival time and total survival time of patients underwent radical surgery were slightly better than that of palliative surgical cases.The incidence of postoperative biliary obstruction of patients underwent radical surgery were lower than that of palliative surgical cases.Conclusions HCC patients with common bile duct tumor thrombus through the appropriate surgical methods can achieve the purpose of removal of the tumor and relieve biliary obstruction.The curative effect of radical half liver resection is better than that of partial hepatectomy.

Key words:
Hepatocellular carcinoma;  Common bile duct tumor thrombus;  Jaundice obstructive;  Hepatectomy;  Comparative effectiveness research;  Retrospective studies


Background Neck muscle weakness and head drop are well recognised in patients with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but an objective characterisation of the consequent head movement impairment is lacking. The aim of this study was to quantitatively characterise head movements in ALS compared to aged matched controls. Methods We evaluated two groups, one of thirteen patients with ALS and one of thirteen age-matched controls, during the execution of a series of controlled head movements, performed while wearing two inertial sensors attached on the forehead and sternum, respectively. We quantified the differences between the two groups from the sensor data using indices of velocity, smoothness and movement coupling (intended as a measure of undesired out of plane movements). Findings Results confirmed a general limitation in the ability of the ALS patients to perform and control head movements. High inter-patient variability was observed due to a wide range of observed functional impairment levels. The ability to extend the head backward and flex it laterally were the most compromised, with significantly lower angular velocity (P < 0.05, Cohen's d > 0.8), reduced smoothness and greater presence of coupled movements with respect to the controls. A significant reduction of angular velocity (P < 0.05, Cohen's d > 0.8) in extension, axial rotation and lateral flexion was observed when patients were asked to perform the movements as fast as possible. Interpretation This pilot study is the first study providing a functional objective quantification of head movements in ALS. Further work involving different body areas and correlation with existing methods of evaluating neuromuscular function, such as dynamometry and EMG, is needed to explore the use of this approach as a marker of disease progression in ALS.


Changes in ammonia (NH3+NH4+) and free amino acid levels in the erythrocytes and plasmaof carp Cyprinus carpio were examined after intraperitoneal injection of ammonium chloride dissolved in Ringer's solution at a rate of 400μmol per 100g body weight. Ammonia levels bothin the erythrocytes and plasma reached the maximum levels at 3 min after the treatment and droppe to the initial levels by 120 min. The pealdevels in the erythrocytes and plasma were 5.7 times and 13.2 times higher than the respective initial values. Percentages of ammonia contentin the erythrocytes were always more than 37% of the whole blood, which indicates that not only plasma but also erythrocytes play a certain role in the inter-organ transport of ammonia. Although most of the free amino acids including glutamic acid and glutamine did not show any consistent changes, the total amounts of branched-chain amino acids both in the erythrocytes and plasma changed slightly but significantly in a reverse manner to the ammonia levels.


PURPOSE
To present a statistically-validated risk classification system for intraoperative complications in cataract surgery.

SETTING
2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.

DESIGN
Prospective observational study.

METHODS
This study included 1572 consecutive patients who underwent phacoemulsification surgery by experienced, high-volume surgeons for cases with intraoperative complications. The presence of several risk factors was statistically assessed with the help of multiple correspondence analysis in order to determine the more reliable rank categorization for severity and to calculate a total risk score RESULTS:: The proposed system had 3 risk groups and a no-risk group and had high statistical reliability. A comparison of this system against a previously-asserted empirical system showed higher internal reliability.

CONCLUSIONS
Previous efforts to construct a risk classification system for intraoperative complications in cataract surgery have been empirically defined and tested against practice-as-usual. The system in this study quantified risk more accurately and provided an experienced clinician with a reliable means of assessing the preoperational likelihood of intraoperative complications.


Background: In a systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) murine model, the translocation of a gut pathobiont induced an autoimmune response and death, which were prevented by antibiotics and a vaccine [1]. These findings suggest that the gut microbiota modulates SLE phenotype. Previously, we found increased circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in SLE patients, which could be associated with decreased gut barrier integrity and translocation from the gut to the bloodstream [2]. We hypothesize that dysbiosis, impaired intestinal barrier integrity, and endo-toxemia are crucial to the chronic activation of the immune system seen in SLE. Objectives: To study diet, physical activity, body composition, gut microbiota, and gut permeability in SLE patients in comparison with healthy controls (HC). Methods: Evaluation of HC and SLE patients (children and adults) who fulfill the 2019 EULAR/ACR SLE classification criteria. Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, diabetes, malignancy, or other immune-mediated diseases were excluded. The SLEDAI-2K score was used to evaluate disease activity. Diet and physical activity were assessed by three-day diet recall, PREDIMED, KIDMED, and the International Physical Activity questionnaires. Body composition was analysed by whole-body air-dis-placement plethysmography. Gut microbiota was studied by Next Generation Sequencing, with amplicon sequencing-based 16S rRNA analysis. The lactulose/ mannitol test, which directly assesses intestinal permeability, was quantified by mass spectrometry (LC-MS/


Today, factors as internet and social media lead to changes in the way of life of individuals. Due to these factors, consumption has begun to be interpreted in different forms. Hedonic consumption that comes from consumption by gaining the emotional satisfaction from shopping has gained importance rather than physical necessity. Social media is another factor that influences the emotional satisfaction of individuals and their consumption behavior. The purpose of this study is to determine whether social media is influencing on hedonic consumption behaviors. In the scope of the survey questionnaire was applied to the subjects aged 18 years and older in MuAŸla with convenience sampling method. Two scales were used to determine hedonic consumption and social media behavior. According to the results, there is a positive relationship between the time spent in social media and hedonic consumption behavior and social media also have an influence on hedonic consumption behavior.


The carcass characteristics of intact male Washera sheep which received wheat straw treated with different proportion of effective microbes (EM) were evaluated in this study. Twenty four vaccinated experimental sheep with initial body weight of 19.78 ± 1.97 kg (mean ± SD) were assigned into six blocks of four animals and randomly distributed to four treatments: ad libitum EM free wheat straw with concentrate feed (T1), ad libitum wheat straw treated by 1% EM with concentrate feed (T2), 3% EM with concentrate feed (T3), and 5% EM with concentrate feed (T4) of total dry matter. The experiment consisted of 90 days of feeding trial followed by carcass parameters evaluation. The slaughter body weight, empty body weight, hot carcass weight, and rib eye muscle area were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in sheep in T1 than sheep in T4. Sheep in T4 has significantly higher (p < 0.05) dressing percentage on both empty body weight and slaughter body weight basis than sheep in T1. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in head, tongue, heart, and liver among treatments, but sheep in T4 had significantly higher (p < 0.05) kidney and kidney fat than sheep that received T1.


concept for the urban planners of the 1800s and 1900s to justify their large-scale city plans, a few twentieth-century writers appropriate it as a key tool in the contestation of the overly rational design of city-space. For these writers, the city is neither a simple coherent system nor an abstract totality, but an evolving totality constituted through difference and the same inner contradictions recounted in Marx's 1867 critique Capital. The famous anti-urbanist Jane Jacobs delivers a succinct commentary from this perspective in her watershed work The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), where she defines the city as a living entity ruled not by geometrical or algebraic principle but rather by irreducible complexity: Cities happen to be problems in complexity, like the life sciences. They present situations in which a half-dozen or even several dozen quantities are all varying simultaneously and in subtly interconnected ways. Cities, again like the life sciences, do not exhibit one problem in organized complexity, which if understood explains all. They can be analyzed into many such problems or segments which, as in the case of the life sciences, are also related with one another. The variables are many, but they are not helter-skelter; they are "interrelated into an organic whole." (433, original emphasis) The city poses not merely one problem that can be subjected to a univocal or planar logic, as the planning practices of Haussmann and Cerda suggest, but instead a number of problems that cohabit with each other. These problems must be understood relationally, each according to the terms of the next—which presents an obstacle to simplistic methodological postures. Narratives can sometimes attain this understanding. In Spain, the ambitious works of both Martin-Santos (Tiempo de silencio, 1961) and Gopegui (La escala de los mapas, 1993) problematize a simplistic approach to the urban by employing a complex narrative style that portrays the city of Madrid not as a unified whole but as a living organism structured by internal difference. Tiempo de silencio is undoubtedly one of the most important literary renderings of an alternative twentieth-century Narrating the Organic City 377


A stepped-impedance configuration for coaxial resonators is exploited to realise filters in the L-, S-, C-band exhibiting a wide spurious-free range. The proposed configuration is realised by optimizing the aspect ratio of a single rod resonator, by enlarging its top head, maximizing the ratio between the frequency of the first higher order mode and the frequency of the fundamental mode. This approach allows for designing a very compact-sized filter which shows high Q-factor performances and a wide spurious-free band, up to nearly 5 times the centre frequency. A 6th-order filter was designed and manufactured and a comparison between the full-wave simulation and the measurement of the filter is reported.


The occurrence of Hmslcw's Sparrow \.Arrrrrrcdr~irrrrrs h c ~ s l c ~ i i ) n Oklahonia was first confirmed by photographic documentation in 1974 when Dotty M. Gcwd d i s c o r e r ~ several singing males and one probable female in Washington County, Oklahoma, during April and May (Goad 1974). Donald W. Vrrsrr (1990) wported Henslow's Sparrows in Osage, Rogers, Tulsa and Washington counties during the period 1986-1989. Oklahonia's first confinned nesting rcwwd for this species was included in his account, with four nestling thsend on 30 June 1987 in Washington County. Additional Oklahoma records are sunimarimd in Tahle 1. During the spring and summer c)f 1992, personnel from the Sutton Avian Research Center in Bartlesville, Oklahoma, fr)und large numbers of Henslow's Sparrows cm the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve owned by The Nature Conservancy in northern Osage County, ahout 20 kni north of Pawliuska. The birds were first detecttxl on 14 April when Brian Murny and others observed them on and n t w several .K)-acre study plots. Earliest singing was noted on 16 April and the first of four nests was discovert4 by Jennifer A. Burley on 2Ei May. This nest was built on the ground amid tallgrpses and contained five nestlings. When next observd on 29 May, it was empty.


An efficient and easily handled method for β-dicarbonyl sulfones with sodium sulfinates as the sulfonyl source was developed. This transformation was involved in the iodine-catalysed sp3 C–H sulfonylation of β-dicarbonyl compounds.


[Purpos in order to solve design problems of the hole-punching system for the pot-seedling hole-punching machine, a system featuring reliable operation, simple structure and stable performance has been designed in accordance with working requirements. [Metho MATLAB is used for accurate calculation of the cam profile, with the calculated results imported to SolidWorks to produce cam profile curves. Such curves are then modified according to working requirements, thereby to build a 3D model for the cam mechanism. Finally, a 3D model for the complete hole-punching system is built with SolidWorks. [Result The hole-punching system designed herein is applied to the pot-seedling hole-punching machine and after performance test has proven to be able to meet working requirements and work reliably. [Conclusion The design of this system can provide theoretical basis and reference for related research.


The method of reproduction in Euglena oxyuris Schmarda has not been observed, while the characteristic manner and the time element involved in the formation of the constituent parts of the cell is also of some interest. Therefore, the following notes made in connection with some uncompleted studies on the life cycle of Euglena are presented. Of the forty or more species constituting the genus, E. oxyuris Schmarda is by far the largest, often attaining a length of approximately 500/U-. In the study mentioned, several of the smaller species of Euglena had been observed by the writer, to encyst and after repeated divisions pass through an apparent sexual stage, in consequence of which it was desirable to cheek the results with a larger form, permanent preparations of which could be more easily made. Therefore, several specimens of E. oxyuris were transferred from a culture to a lens paper aquarium, the margins of which were closed by paraffin oil to prevent evaporation and placed under observation, Feb. 4, 1906. No reproductive processes similar to those in the smaller species mentioned were observed, but several in the process of division were noted and studied with the 1-12 immersion objective. The characteristic organs of the species (Fig. 1, A) are the oval nucleus (n), the large anterior (p) and posterior (p) paramylon granules, the stigma (s), reservoir (r), pharynx (p) and chloroleucites (c). The figures are all based on camera lucida drawings. On Feb. 6, at 10:03 A. M., a single individual (Fig. 1, B) was observed much broader anteriorly than the normal form and in which the nucleus had approached the stigma while the anterior paramylon granule occupied very nearly the normal position of the nucleus. It was not until 1:45 P. M. (Fig. 1, C) that the division of the stigma was observed, the nucleus in the meantime having become obliquely elongated, and the anterior paramylon granule having moved down to a position beside the posterior granule. At 3:35 P. M. (Fig. 1, D) division had so far progressed that the anterior fourth of the individual—individuals?— were separated, the two nuclei being almost distinct. At 4:15 P. M. (Fig. 1, E) longitudinal division was nearly complete and the two nuclei were moving slowly posteriorly to their normal position. At the same time a peculiar phenomenon was taking place in connection with the two paramylon granules. The protoplasm containing the granule of the individual on the left would rapidly flow posteriorly, so that the granule was actually in the posterior end of the individual on the right as indicated by the solid arrow.


the Elastic Graph Dynamic Link Model (EGDLM). Results are challenging , with an overall correct recognition rate of more than 95%. The promising results can be explained in two ways. First, the Dvorak technique provides a high precision and scientific scheme for TC pattern classification and identification through pattern matching technique [5], [6]. However, due to the high variation of cloud patterns in satellite pictures, subjective human vision matching is being used so far by trained meteorological analysts. By using EGDLM, the human matching problem can be automated by a computer matching process using the " elastic graph matching " scheme. Second, another vital obstacle for the automation of the satellite interpretation task is the problem of scene analysis. In the paper, the active contour model (ACM) provides a feasible and efficient solution by " contour " extraction to " isolate " the cloud systems into groups which will efficiently reduce the tedious time-consuming matching process. Another vital finding is to make use of both visible and EIR images to improve the recognition rate. By using the EIR satellite images in the recognition process, the vorticity contour features of the TC cloud bands for different temperatures can be made easily distinguishable and the recognition rate is improved. Nevertheless, visible images still play a vital role, as the main function of scene analysis in satellite interpretation is to " extract " the weather system for further analysis, which also resembles the human vision-processing scheme. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors wish to thank NOAA for the provision of satellite pictures (both visible and EIR) for TC cases from 1990 to 1998. REFERENCES [1] E. Bienenstock and C. von der Malsburg, " A neural network for invariant pattern recognition, " Europhys. An automatic satellite interpretation of tropical cyclone patterns using elastic graph dynamic link model, " Int. Invariant handwritten Chinese character recognition by dynamic link architecture, " in Proc. ICONIP/JNNS, vol. 1, Kitakyushu, Japan, pp. 275–278. [16] C. von der Malsburg, " The correlation theory of brain theory, " MPI Bio-phys. Abstract—Genetic algorithms offer a powerful search method for a variety of learning tasks, and there are different approaches in which they have been applied to learning processes. Structural learning algorithm on vague environment (SLAVE) is a genetic learning algorithm that uses the iterative approach to learn fuzzy rules. SLAVE can select the relevant features of the domain, but when working with large databases the …


Using panel data on housing construction, this article examines the crowding-out effects of affordable and unaffordable housing in China from 1999 to 2010. Applying a dynamic panel model allows us to examine the dynamic interactions between affordable and unaffordable housing constructions when controlling for region-specific fixed and time-specific effects. We analyse whether affordable (unaffordable) housing construction has changed in response to the past and contemporaneous construction of unaffordable (affordable) housing. Our empirical results reveal an asymmetric crowding-out pattern between affordable and unaffordable housing. We also observe that when urbanization rate is lower than 57.39%, unaffordable housing construction crowds out affordable housing construction. Moreover, the crowding-out effect of unaffordable housing on affordable housing decreases with rising urbanization rates.


1. ABSTRACT. New technologies in performance recording have played a critical role in helping develop Irish dairy and beef cattle breeding programs. Fundamental to this has been the establishment of the central cattle breeding database, which allows ICBF quickly expand into new technological opportunities, e.g., EDIY milk recording, Handheld technology and Image data from abattoirs. In addition, a strong emphasis is placed on business partnerships, where the overall goal is to "add value" to information collected on Irish cattle, by linking together systems from across the industry, e.g., marts and abattoirs. The end result of these improvements has been a substantial increase in the quantity and quality of data available for cattle breeding, resulting in increased profitability for Irish farmers and the dairy and beef industries.


Abstract. This paper examined the effect of real exchange rate volatility on the growth of export and import in Ghana. A monthly data was used. All the variables were cointegrated and vector error-correction model was used. It was found that, in the long-run, depreciation of real exchange rate, increase in volatility and increase in output growth were significant factors that increased the growth of export. Also, decrease in real exchange rate volatility and increase in industrial output growth were significant factors that can reduced the growth of import. However, in the short run, depreciation of real exchange rate and reduction in real exchange rate volatility were significant factors that can increase the growth of export. Also, depreciation of real exchange rate and reduction in real exchange rate volatility were significant factors that can decrease the growth of import. Finally, considering the directional causality, the current values of growth of export is determined by the past values of real exchange rate volatility Therefore, it was recommended that government policies that stabilized real exchange rate and reduce its volatility are to be encouraged to facilitate the growth of export and discourage the growth of import in Ghana. Keywords. Real exchange rate volatility, Import, Export, VECM, Cointegration. JEL. E40, E50, E60.


The nature and functions of law the role of law in Commonwealth Caribbean Society the classification of legal systems into legal traditions identifying legal traditions the reception of law and its significance to Caribbean jurisprudence the advent of the written constitution the common law and equity custom as a source of law international law and the law of caricom legislation delegated legislation and the ultra vires principle statutory interpretation courts structure and jurisdiction judicial committee of the privy council as a final court of appeal - problems and prospects role and relevance of the jury system.


Even though it is certain that the occurred changes in the science and technology in the last decades have had an important influence in all engineering careers, the changes that yet express the curriculum for most of the universities in the world devoted to the engineers training, they have not changed in the same way, this in some opinions is due to the contents of the Natural Sciences, Mathematics and the own Sciences of the Engineering, maintain the essential contained very similar, but, it is necessary to analyze as has changed the work of the engineers in the last years and, as can be predicted, must change according to the perspectives that announces the paradigm of the first decade of the century XXI. At this time are outlined to the engineers, exigency levels superior in their management faster solutions, with greater reliability and, as is said in the new conceptions of quality, that not alone achieve to satisfy the expectations of the user, but also make it to feel glad of the accomplished investment. These elements between other aspects that are analyzed make necessary to mount engineering careers on computational systems and not as were thought some years ago, including in the curriculum one or two courses of introduction related to the computer techniques.


At the beginning of this year, the highly regarded medical journal, The Lancet, retracted a muchdebated 1998 study by Dr. Andrew Wakefield that had linked the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine to autism. The UK General Medical council's Fitness to Practice Panel concluded that Wakefield had provided false information in the report and acted with "callous disregard" for the children in the study. In addition, 10 of the 13 co-authors have disavowed the study's conclusions. "We fully retract this paper from the published record," The Lancet editors said in a statement. But the damage has been done. Since The Lancet's formal retraction of the scientifically flawed study, there has been endless discussion about the enormous long-term fallout from the study. Millions of parents prevented their children from getting vaccinated as a result of their unfounded fears. National Public Radio's On The Media asked Dr. Richard Horton, editor of The Lancet, how bad science made its way into a good science publication. He replied: "This was a system failure. We failed. I think the media failed. I think government failed. I think the scientific community failed, and we all have to very critically examine what part we played in this. I think the media certainly did sustain the story over a decade. It became a political story with 'Did Tony Blair have his son vaccinated with MMR or not?' Suddenly a huge media furor around that. ... I think we all have to look very carefully at ourselves and say, "We really messed up here." Dr. Horton said the episode has changed The Lancet's policies as well as the potential for open scientific debate. "We used to think that we could publish speculative research which advanced interesting new ideas which may be wrong, but which were important to provoke debate and discussion. We don't think that now. We don't seem able to have a rational conversation in the public space about difficult controversial issues without people drawing a conclusion which could be very averse". Dr. Horton hopes that The Lancet's retraction will help to reassure parents that there really is nothing to be concerned about with the vaccine. "There's a history over many hundreds of years of anti-vaccine movements. We are going to see many, many more vaccines available to the general public, and we all have to be very vigilant about making sure that we build trust and confidence in these vaccines which are going to transform the landscape of health over the next generation."


The Orion cupric ion electrode exhibited the theoretical (Nernstian) response of 29–30 mV per concentration decade in deionized water solutions, but in certain moderately alkaline and moderately saline natural waters of the Canadian prairies (pH 7.8–8.6, specific conductance 950–6550 μS/cm) the response to added cupric ion of over 100 μg Cu/L was twice as great. The electrode was, nevertheless, usable in natural waters provided that calibration was made with water from the same source. Key words: water analysis (chemical), cupric ion electrode, copper, hard water


Summary. Three new species of Crypteroma, C. borneensis, C elegans and C glabriflora are described. C borneensis is represented by material from Borneo previously thought to be C cumingii, a species now found to be absent from Borneo and typified by a Philippine collection. Keys to the genera of Crypteroniaceae and Crypteronia species occurring in Borneo are provided.


The microfinance movement reached developed countries in the late 1980s and it is still a niche market. This chapter starts with a brief history of microfinance in the North. Next, it develops a supply-side perspective and pays special attention to the features of developed countries that shape this young industry. The features of interest concern the welfare system, the financial markets, and the regulatory environment, all of which have a significant impact on the capacity of institutions to reach scale and increase the range of microfinance products they supply. Last, this chapter opens avenues for further research in promising fields, such as the link between microfinance and social finance, and the place of subsidization in the global picture of microfinance in the North.


OBJECTIVE
To measure the extent to which pharmacist-patient conversations are private.

DESIGN
Cross sectional.

SETTING
New York State, April to June 2007.

PARTICIPANTS
No individual participants were enrolled; the study consisted of observations of the pharmacy environment and pharmacy patient-staff interactions.

INTERVENTION
Measurement of privacy-related distances in the pharmacy.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Distance between patients at the pharmacy counter and staff behind the counter, distance between patient waiting area and pharmacy counter, and distance that a pharmacy counter conversation was audible.

RESULTS
Observational data were recorded from 597 pharmacy staff-patient interactions in 282 pharmacies across New York State. Of the 597 interactions, 167 occurred while a second patient was within 6 ft. Of the 282 pharmacies, pharmacy staff-patient conversations were audible to observers more than 6 ft away in 229 pharmacies; 142 could be heard more than 15 ft away.

CONCLUSION
Most staff-patient conversations in the pharmacy setting are not private and, as a result, have a high potential for incidental protected health information disclosures.


The present article is result of the Scientific Initiation Project performed at the Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste (IRATI-PR), which had as objective the study on the Provinha Brasil and its effectuation in the municipal schools of Irati-Parana. For the realization of the investigation we utilize qualitative and quantitative data, this study was structured in two moments: first of all, we presented the general panorama of the implantation of the Provinha Brasil and of the material utilized for the application of this kind of evaluation and further the Provinha Brasil is analyzed in the context of the city of Irati by means of quantitative data; graphics provided by the Secretaria Municipal de Educacao (SME) and qualitative data via interview granted by one of the SME's coordinators.


Objective To compare the effects of salmeterol and fluticasone propionate dry powder (SM/FP) and a separate inhaled fluticasone propionate (FP) on moderate persistent asthma.Methods 42 cases of moderate persistent asthma were divided into two groups:Treatment group (23 cases),inhalation of SM/FP 50/250 μg,one time every morning and evening;the control group (21 cases),FP 125 μg inhaled one times every morning and evening.The two groups were treated for 12 weeks.We observed the biggest morning peak expiratory flow values (PEFam),the largest evening peak expiratory flow values (PEFpm),asthma symptoms between day and night,inhaled salbutamol aerosol number and FEV1 changes.Results There was no significant difference Before treatment asthma symptoms between day and night,inhaled salbutamol aerosol number,PEFam,PEFpm and FEV1,2 weeks after SFC treatment,we observed the above-mentioned indicators were markedly improved,there was a significant difference between the treatment group and control group(P0.05),in the subsequent section 4,8,12 weeks observation period,the indicators continued to improve (P0.05).Patients in the two groups were well tolerated,with low incidence of adverse reactions,mild symptoms,there was no significant difference between the two groups (P0.05).Conclusion Persistent asthma symptoms and lung function,Combination of inhaled glucocorticoids and long-acting β2 agonist is between than a single inhalation of β2 agonists in improving the symptoms and lung function of patients with moderate persistent asthma.


BUM Desa in Banten Province has not been maximized in improving the economy of the Village community as shown by the many inactive BUM Desa. BUM Desa has not been able to create business diversification that comes from financial performance in this study, namely Return on Investment (ROI). A total of 80 BUM Desa were studied as a result of purposive sampling from a population of 688 BUM Desa in Banten Province. The criteria for selecting samples were (1) registered BUM Desa (2) BUM Desa is active, and (3) active Village BUM that has capital ≥ Rp. 30,000,000. This study uses explanatory and descriptive methods using data analysis tools Partial Least Square Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM). The results showed that financial performance had a positive effect on the Village-Owned Enterprise Diversification stage with t-value = 4.527, p-value = 0.000 <0.05, meaning that Ha was not enough data to accept Ho and data supporting Ho was rejected. Based on the description of the results and the study shows that good financial performance means being able to generate profits from sales and total assets, as well as capital. Meanwhile, diversification can be created if the turnover of working capital occurs quickly. The faster the working capital rotates, the better the BUM Desas financial performance will be. Therefore, BUM Desa has high financial performance can diversify investment.


The influence of through the gate implantation (TGI) on MOS structures with an oxide thickness of 4.0 nm is investigated comparing implantation related trap assisted tunneling currents to leakage currents induced by electrical stress. Although the steady-state J-V characteristics show a similar behavior of the differently generated defects, trap filling experiments and electrical stress tests suggest different physical properties of either kind of defect. Also a decrease in trap generation rate with increasing TGI dose is detected, probably due to a TGI induced reduction of precursor sites for stress induced traps. As overall defect density is formed by the superposition of implantation induced and stress induced defects, this is not contradictory to a reduction of reliability with increasing TGI dose found earlier.


Objective To analyze fluoride concentration in drinking water and endemic fluorosis in Xuchang,Henan,and provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of endemic fluorosis.Methods The fluoride concentration of drinking water was tested for all villages in Xuchang,Henan.The method of random sampling was applied to select 30% of villages that with high fluoride concentration in drinking water.The children of selected villages were checked with endemic fluorosis.Results There were 12.05%(645/ 5 323) villages with higher fluoride concentration in drinking water than that of reference level in Xuchang,Henan.The rate of dental fluorosis was 35.84% for children aged 8 to 12 in villages with high fluoride concentration in drinking water.The average index of dental fluorosis was 0.69.31.40% of villages with high fluoride concentration in drinking water changed the sources of water supply after the surveillance.Conclusion New source of drinking water should be provided for villages with high fluoride in drinking water.


A sampled voltage reference aims to achieve both low-power and low-noise by storing the output of a voltage reference on a capacitor for a long time. This allows the reference to be switched off during the hold period, which leads to lower average power. At the same time, all the voltage reference's noise is pushed down into a bandwidth determined by the refresh frequency, while the buffer can be made low-noise by auto-zeroing. The design of a continuous-time auto-zeroed buffer with low-noise and low-offset is presented. Various techniques have been used to reduce the transients created by auto-zeroing. In simulation the transients are below 1 µV peak-to-peak, but the effectiveness of the techniques could not be evaluated in measurements. The design of a low leakage sample and hold circuit is also presented. This uses bootstrap techniques to maintain zero potential across critical parasitic diodes. It is shown to be effective, resulting in a drift of about 5 µV per second. A mechanism is found which explains how the buffer's residual offset is transferred to the hold capacitor. A special slow-chopping technique is presented and implemented to try to reverse the leakage due to this residual offset. The final implemented design suffers from a large coupling between the high frequency reference clock and the output. It is shown that this causes a much higher residual offset than expected, which in turn increases the leakage of the hold capacitor. With a measured residual offset in the order of several 100 µVs and an auto-zeroing frequency of 2 kHz, the leakage in 1 s is 34 mV. Via simulation it is shown that with a lower residual offset, the leakage can be greatly reduced. Methods of improving the current design have been investigated. A new clocking scheme is proposed and simulated. Improvements to the buffer are also proposed, which should lower its 1/f noise corner. This would allow for a lower auto-zeroing frequency, which in turn will further reduce the leakage.


This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of 3D shock wave reflections over a corner of two wedges intersecting perpendicularly in a shock tube. Experiments were conducted in a 100 mm X 180 mm diaphragmless shock tube equipped with double-exposure diffuse holographic interferometry in which the time interval between the first and second exposures was set to be 1 microsecond(s) . This arrangement clearly visualized complex configurations of 3D shock wave reflections. A numerical study was also carried out for interpreting these holographic interferometric observations by using the Weighted Average Flux method to solve the 3D unsteady compressible Euler equations. It was found that along the line of the intersection of these two wedges, two Mach stems intersected each other resulting in the formation of a Mach stem which was leaned forward.


In 1965, at the Pesaro Film Meeting, Pier Paolo Pasolini presented his first major work on film semiotics, the essay "The 'Cinema of Poetry.'" With this essay, Pasolini entered a larger debate, at Pesaro and beyond, about the semiotics of the cinema, a debate including such figures as Christian Metz, Roland Barthes, and Umberto Eco. Many of the semioticians who participated in this debate rejected Pasolini's semiological arguments as unscientific. Recent Pasolini scholars have attempted to explain this dismissal. Some critics, such as Giuliana Bruno and Maurizio Viano, have suggested that Pasolini's semiotic ideas were ahead of their time, looking forward to post-structuralist themes. Other critics, such as Christopher Wagstaff and Sam Rohdie, have suggested that the essay owes an unacknowledged debt to an older aesthetic theory namely, the expression theory of Benedetto Croce. Certainly, this complicated and often contradictory essay is rich enough to support both readings. In this article, I will explore the Crocean connection in more detail, examining how Pasolini bases his definition of the "cinema of poetry" on ideas from Croce's aesthetic theory. However, this does not mean that Pasolini's theory can be reduced to a set of Crocean themes. Instead, this discussion of Croce should help us to situate Pasolini in a particular time and place. An amateur semiologist engaging with French and Italian professionals, an artist working in the media of poetry and film, and a self-consciously heretical thinker interested in everything from Marxism to myths, Pasolini was always combining ideas and "contaminating" theories. In "The 'Cinema of Poetry,'" Pasolini attempts to combine a more traditional Crocean theory with the newer ideas of semiotics. As we shall see, the combination often results in contradiction; in some cases, however, the ideas turn out to be complementary.


We prove that the well-known Heisenberg uncertainty relations and Landau-Peierls uncertainty relations implicitly contain new "hidden" angular variables. On the basis of the relations obtained, we propose a formula for estimating the group velocity of a virtual particle in indirect measurements.


The paper describes the principles of building IT infrastructure of information systems. It specifies the advantages of using service-oriented architecture (SOA) for information and software systems construction. The platform designed to implement an information system IT infrastructure on the basis of SOA and the full-duplex exchange protocol WebSocket is described. Methods of developing communication modules of client and server components for services using the Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) platform are given.


Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether (BCIE) was labeled with /sup 14/C and administered to rats and monkeys and experiments were carried out in metabolic chambers. Urine, blood, and fecal samples were analyzed for BCIE by extraction with trimethylpentane (TMP). Seven days after administration, animals were killed and all organs were excised for analysis of radioactivity. Graphs are presented to show time course of BCIE and its metabolites in blood and cumulative urinary and fecal excretion of BCIE and its metabolites. Tables are presented to show tissue distributions in various organs of rats and monkeys. (HLW)


Simon's argumentation is highly sophisticated, and constructively engages the theories of Bachtin, Kristeva, Lotman, and Iser. However, the reader must be prepared for an intensive encounter with structuralist meta-language and an aimost complete absence of quotes from the primary works. The real challenge of this study, in my view, lies in its insistence on a rigorously structuralist argument. Simon posits that a structuralist approach can not only describe, but also Interpret the significance of generic structures and their combination in individual works. Because it infringes on a realm that has been dominated by philological and socio-historical modes of criticism, this study which addresses the meaning of literary structure in a manner that is both innovative and logical in method is sure to stimulate and provoke future scholarly discussions of these works.


This work describes studies aimed at the synthesis of simple analogs of antibiotic tetracycline(TC) and flavonoid. The synthesis of proposed analogs of tetracycline and flavonide has been accomplished from readily available compounds 9 and 15. The 1,3-cyclohexanedione derivative 9 was transformed to the benzoate derivative 12 followed by base-mediated intramolecular benzoylation to give the bicyclic TC-analog 13. The bicyclic TC-analog 25 and the flavonoid-analogs 26 and 27 have been prepared from the quinol derivative 15.


The Department of Archaeology of the School of Cultural Research at the University of Turku has collaborated with the City of Raisio since 1986, in which connection the archaeological remains of the Ihala section of Raisio were surveyed and inventoried. In 1987-1991, the excavations of the rich Viking Age (800-1025) cremation cemetery of Siiri in Ihala were conducted as a joint project. In 1994- 1997 fieldwork was carried out at the Late Iron Age and early medieval dwelling site of Mulli in Ihala. This project was also utilized in a museological context (Harjula & Ermala 1997; Pihlman & Ermala 1997; Naranen & Heikkinen 2000; Naranen 2000), and was associated with a joint project with the University of Art and Design of Helsinki, which was financed by the Academy of Finland. In the latter project new digital technology was applied in the popularization of the results of archaeological research (Diaz 1998a and 1998b; Diaz-Kommonen 2002). The project also involved, and still does, active cooperation with natural sciences. The Ihala area was ideally representative for research providing a location and setting rich in finds which had been surveyed in detail. In addition, of the burial grounds in the area the Siiri cremation cemetery had been completely excavated. The partly destroyed cremation cemetery of Kansakoulumaki in Ihala had been excavated at the turn of the 1950s and 1960s (Hirviluoto 1973). The dwelling site chosen for fieldwork in 1994 was in many ways complementary to the previous cemetery excavations. Ms. Sirkku Pihlman PhD was responsible for directing and organising the research. These studies have served to make archaeology a natural aspect of museum work, local-heritage activities and educational pursuits in Raisio (Pihlman 2000). The fieldwork continued until 1997. As a result, a total area of approximately 620 [m.sup.2] was excavated. Late Iron Age and early medieval finds were recovered from an area of ca. 300 [m.sup.2]. The excavation results were surprising. The revealed building remains of the 11th-13th centuries were exceptionally well preserved for Finnish conditions (Vuorinen 1997). The remains appear to have been protected against the effects of deep ploughing by the stone foundation of a farmhouse that was presumably in use in the 18th century. The excavations retrieved a representative and diverse collection of finds. The excavations at Mulli and previous fieldwork in Raisio provided a basis for the Raisio project, which became part of the project From Village to Town: Changing Lifeways in Southwestern Finland from the 10th to the 16th Century, jointly organised by the Department of Archaeology at the University of Turku and the Turku Provincial Museum, and funded by the Academy of Finland. This research project investigates the ways in which the prerequisites and main factors of community life may have changed or survived as the town of Turku emerged in the late 13th century as a new structure in the area of a recently Christianized community (Pihlman et al. 2001). During the period under study, the Raisio region became integrated as part of the uniform ideological and economic culture of medieval Finland, the Baltic region and Western Europe as a whole. The terminus of this course of development is aptly expressed by the stone church of Raisio, built ca. 1500-1520 (Hiekkanen 2003, 62). All in all, the Raisio project undertakes to explicate how the local peasant community lived and reacted to both external and internal pressure for change and adaptation, and how this pressure was manifested in the community's reactions to material culture, everyday technology, means of livelihood and the landscape (for further details on the project, see http://www.mlab.uiah.fi/Mulli/e_index.html; on antiquities in Raisio, see Brusila 1992; Spoof 2001; Naranen & Heikkinen 2000). The project has already yielded a number of publications (Alen 2001; Diaz 1998a & 1998b; Jakara 1997b & 1998; Lavento & Suhonen 2003; Suhonen 1998 & 2000b; Suhonen & Vuorinen 1997; Vuorinen 1997 & 2003b), graduate theses in archaeology (Jakara 1997a; Alen 1998; Antell 1998; Tupala 1999; Suhonen 2000a; Spoof 2001; Lehtonen 2003) and quaternary geology (Laakso 1998; Siiro 1998), a licentiate's thesis in archaeology (Vuorinen 2003a) and a doctorate at the University of Art and Design of Helsinki (Diaz-Kommonen 2002) with related web pages (http://www. …


Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) are an integral part of protecting company communications from unauthorized viewing, replication or manipulation. In order for employees to remotely conduct business ...


Introduction Political Representation, Power, & Empowerment: The 'Politics of Presence' The Framework: The Institutions of Local Government Political Presence: Who is Present?: Socio-Economic Background Power: Prerequisite for Exercising Power: Knowledge Empowerment: Empowerment of the Representatives Restrictions Resulting from the Framework: Restrictions Resulting from the Structure of the PRI Summary & Conclusion Glossary Bibliography Index.


To investigate the effect of replacing alfalfa hay by Solanum elaeagnifolium forage in the diet of growing kids, 40 mixed-breed kids with an initial weight of 10.6 ± 0.9 kg were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments in a completely random design. The five treatments consisted of replacing zero (T0), 25 (T25), 50 (T50), 75 (T75) and 100 % (T100) of alfalfa hay (30% of the diet). The concentrate offered was based on corn grain and soybean meal. After an adaptation period of 7 days, followed by 84 days of the experiment, the intake of the complete ration, the average daily weight gains, some serum metabolites and minerals, and volatile fatty acids concentrations were recorded. Live weight gain decreased significantly (P < 0.01) with increasing levels of Solanum elaeagnifolium in the diet. The maximum live weight gain (116 ± 22 g d) was observed in controls, while kids receiving Solanum elaeagnifolium gained weight in the range of 40-112 g d. Most of the variation in weight gain was explained by ascending levels of Solanum elaeagnifolium in the diet (R = 0. 92), which linearly decreases feed intake (P < 0.01) and an increase in dry matter intake (DMI) to


Studies on the life conditions and religiousness of German and Polish youth indicate the progressive changes that occur in the area of the religious life among the modern generation of young Germans and Poles. Generally they can be divided in two groups: 1) referring to both Polish and German youth; 2) treating each of the youth groups individually. The multi aspects and diversity of the religious transformation of young Germans and Poles requires a proper response from the Catholic Church of both countries. This response should take into account suggestions of such evangelical methods that respond to the mentality and spiritual needs of the young generation. First of all it is necessary to change the approach of speech, not only taking care about merits but also new forms and contexts.


Goods trade and service trade are two organic parts of foreign trade. With the status of service trade in international trade going up continuously, the international trade structure is undergoing a profound change. Based on the analysis of the development of Zhejiang foreign trade from 1995 to 2004, the paper holds that Zhejiang is faced with many problems in its foreign economy and trade. The development of Zhejiang service trade is slow and still in a weak position, and matches neither with that of goods trade nor with the whole economic development. It is of great strategic significance for Zhejiang to gradually improve the international competitiveness of service trade by making the structural transformation from goods trade to service trade in order to participate in the international division of labor effectively and improve its international economic status.


Climatologically the surface Mascarene high over the subtropical South Indian Ocean (SIO) shifts westward toward austral winter, and its strength as a planetary-wave component maximizes in late austral winter, unlike its counterpart over other subtropical oceans. The present study investigates the maintenance mechanisms for the wintertime Mascarene high with a linear atmospheric dynamical model (LBM) and an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). TheLBM experiments reveal the importance of cross-equatorial tropical influences. Deep convection associated with the Asian summer monsoon acts not only to shift the Mascarene high westward as its direct influence but also to enhance mid-tropospheric subsidence and equatorward surface winds over the central and western portions of the subtropical SIO. The associated near-surface cold advection and subsidence promote (suppress) the formation of low-level (deep convective) clouds. The resultant enhanced radiative cooling and reduced deep condensation heating both reinforce the equatorward portion of the surface high. The LBM experiments also reveal that seasonally enhanced storm-track activity over the SIO is important for maintaining the poleward portion of the Mascarene high through eddy heat and vorticity fluxes. The AGCM experiments demonstrate that the Agulhas Current system and the associated sea-surface temperature (SST) front reinforce the high by energizing the storm-track activity. The present study thus proposes that both the Asian summer monsoon and the enhanced storm-track activity maintained by the Agulhas SST front externally modulate the positively coupled system between the wintertime Mascarene high and low-level clouds to realize its unique seasonality.


Simulating empirical distributions of costs and health benefits are widely used for making decisions on health interventions. Decisions using acceptability curves (CEAC) are commonly adopted to represents the probability of incremental cost-effectiveness model regarding the Northeast quadrant of joint density of incremental cost and benefits distributions, considering variability within samples. Using an expected net benefits model, we show how to integrate in one curve the distributed points of costs and benefits that fall in Northeast, Southeast, Northwest and Southwest quadrants, considering variability between and within samples. We applied the methods to a clinical trial that evaluates the effects of resonance magnetic image and computerized tomography image in the diagnostic of stroke. Thus, modeling and simulation of expected net benefits allow for drawing an acceptability curve, integrating the four quadrants of joint density of incremental cost and benefits without altering decisions that might be undertaken using the classical acceptability curve approach.