The term menopause indicates for the last menstrual flow experienced by a woman, the menopause occurs at some times between the ages of 45 and 55 years for most women. But varies with race, economic status and nutrition. Regardless of these factors, a few women experience a very premature menopause before 40 years. Prior to actual menopause, when menstrual cycles are erratic, a woman may be referred to as premenopausal and following the menopause as postmenopausal. Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the effects of different exercise programs (resisted exercise and stretching program) over quality of life in postmenopausal women. Study design: Quasi-Experimental Design, comparative study. Subjects: Applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 postmenopausal women were selected as postmenopausal women and were allotted with the exercise program. (15 womenresisted exercise program and 15 womenstretching exercise program). A format menopausal specific quality of life questionnaire, a simple questionnaire was filled up before the intervention period and at the end of 4 weeks after the intervention period. Instructions were given to the postmenopausal women according to the protocol of menopausal specific quality of life questionnaire. Results: The result of this study shows statistically significant difference between resisted exercise and stretching on menopausal symptoms by menopause specific quality of life questionnaire in postmenopausal women. Conclusion: This study concluded that 4 weeks of resisted exercise and stretching both reduces the intensity of menopausal symptoms among postmenopausal women. And there by resisted exercises and stretching exercise program are both beneficial and can be included in physiotherapy intervention for postmenopausal women.


Reading: For the quantum theory of beam splitters: • C.C. Gerry and P.L. Knight, Introductory Quantum Optics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005) Sect. 6.2. For the quantum theory of linear amplifiers: • C.M. Caves, "Quantum limits on noise in linear amplifiers," Phys. Rev. D 26, 1817–1839 (1982). • L. Mandel and E. Wolf, Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995), Chap. 20. • H.A. Haus, Electromagnetic Noise and Quantum Optical Measurements (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 2000), Chap. 11.


Liquid exfoliation of three-dimensional bulk solids with an inherent layered structure is an effective and scalable method to produce stable re-aggregation colloidal inks of 2D materials that are suitable for solution processing. Shear mixing is a relatively gentle technique that allows exfoliation while preserving the native lateral size of the 3D precursors, while tip sonication often leads to extensive structural damage, producing 2D sheets where many edge defects are introduced. We present a mixed approach to obtain liquid dispersions of few-layer graphene flakes, wherein the average lateral size of the colloids can be tuned in a controlled way. This strategy relies on the application of defined tip sonication steps on graphene inks previously prepared through the use of a shear mixer, thus starting with already-exfoliated micro-sheets with a limited amount of edge defects. Our approach could represent a valuable method to prepare 2D material inks with variable size distributions, as differences in this parameter could have a significant impact on the electronic behavior of the final material and thus on its field of application.


[Purpose] We examined the center of pressure (COP) of cerebrovascular accident patients in twolegged standing while holding a hand rail, in order to know in which direction carers should give support to ensure patients' safe movement. [Subjects] The subjects were 25 hemiplegic cerebrovascular accident patients. [Method] We measured patients' COP while they held a hand rail in three places with the trunk in upright standing and inclined 15 ̊ to the paretic side (the rotation position). [Results] Compared to right side hemiparetics, the COP distribution of standing of left hemiparetics covered a wider area, and differences in COP distance were seen among the hand rail positions. Patients presenting unilateral spatial neglect (USN) showed posterior shift of center of balance in the rotation position. [Conclusion] Left side hemiparetics require assistance appropriate to the COP, while USN patients require assistance on the non-paretic side in the anterior direction when in the rotation position.


diseases Editor, In a Nigerian study of adults attending a skin clinic, Ajose elegantly reports five chronic diseases (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS], rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, pulmonary tuberculosis, and Behc et's disease) that are associated with acquired silky hair change. Patients noticed ease of combing without excessive hair loss after the onset of disease. The color, shine, and tensile strength of the silky hair were preserved. This retrogression of African hair to the silky loose curls of the neonatal infant is contrary to findings of studies comparing the behavior of hair from different countries. Black African hair demonstrates the curly appearance of hair types V–VIII based on the new geometric classification. The shape of the hair follicle beneath the scalp dictates the macroscopic appearance of the hair. Employing antibodies specific to each compartment of the hair follicle, Bernard demonstrated that curly African hair follicles are characterized by asymmetric differentiation of the bulb. Consequently, the hair fiber is spring-like with twists that knot. It is also speculated that curly hair is drier and more fragile and requires a high combing force as a result of the failure of sebum to flow down its fibers. The histological findings in the series reported by Ajose are reported as suggestive of scarring alopecia. However, the residual sebaceous glands, reduced terminal hair, lack of inflammation, as well as the clinical picture (patient 3) are suggestive of late-stage androgenetic alopecia. Histology of cross-sectional samples would be helpful. Ajose postulates that acquired silky hair change in African hair may reflect inhibition of the enzyme hair follicle transglutaminase (HFT), a calcium-dependent enzyme that cross-links cellular proteins. This transglutaminase is expressed in the hair canal, internal root sheath, and outer root sheath in the region of the isthmus and is highly active during keratinization. The enzyme catalyzes the covalent cross-linking of glutamine and lysine amino acid residues into isopeptide. If inhibition of HFT activity is the mechanism of hair straightening, this may suggest that all five chronic diseases deactivate enzyme protein cross-linking. Another mechanism may be similar to that hypothesized by Wong et al., who proposed that, in the process of chemical relaxation, hair straightening occurs as a result of super-contraction of fibers, which involves the rearrangement of the a-keratin into a less organized structure that drives the changes in fiber shape from curly to straight. The melanin content of hair is reported to be reduced in malnourished children. Hair color is conferred to the growing hair shaft by melanosomes that transfer melanin granules into the differentiated keratinocytes at the base of the follicle. Tyrosinase-catalyzed melanogenesis starts with the conversion of L-tyrosine to L-dopaquinone. Thus, poor diet, low protein intake, and lack of tyrosine affect the production of melanin. Kwashiorkor (protein-energy malnutrition) is more prevalent in infancy and early childhood in developing countries. It is associated with reduced protein synthesis in tissues and was the first disease to be associated with changes in hair color (to reddish brown) and texture (loss of curl). In our institution, silky hair change has been seen rarely in recent years but was most commonly associated with kwashiorkor, severe tuberculosis, and AIDS (particularly prior to antiretroviral treatment access). Ajose reminds us of and extends the diseases associated with the occurrence of silky hair. The cosmetic industry's interest in altering hair texture may benefit from elucidation of the mechanisms of silky hair change. The use of newer technologies, such as the circular dichroism spectrophotometer, in the analysis of hair keratin synthesis and structure may contribute towards this understanding. Acquired silky African hair may prove to be a significant clue in the proteomics of hair curl.


Model Predictive Control approach is being extensively used by researchers in the power electronics area. Since its early introduction to the field, it has been regarded as a strategy fundamentally different to the classical control approaches, which makes it difficult to compare MPC-based schemes with the existing control schemes. This paper shows, that there exists a direct relationship between classical control approaches and MPC horizon 1 approach. By using a linear load model and a number of practically important disturbance models and applying MPC horizon 1 approach, the paper develops a variety of optimal control structures, including Finite Set MPC, Proportional Integral and Proportional Resonant current controllers. The paper established connections between the resulting optimal controllers and the existing control schemes, and outlines a strategy leading to performance improvement of any linear controller with respect to any disturbance model of interest. The findings of the paper are supported by a practical example of optimization of a Proportional Resonant controller, confirmed via simulation and experiments.


Tryan McMickens recalls the "huge blow" he felt when, as one of only a few dozen African-American students at a large, predominantly white public high school in suburban Atlanta, he heard his favorite teacher advise him not to even consider applying to a historically black college. "She told me those schools would not be the best fit for me because those schools are not the best schools," he says. His experience at Tuskegee University, where he received his bachelor's degree in December 2005, proved her wrong on both counts. "While I was there I found a deep passion for research and for working in higher education," says McMickens, now a doctoral student in higher education management at the University of Pennsylvania. "To be around students [at Tuskegee] who look like you and who are ambitious and who set these tremendous goals was encouraging and empowering," he says. But the very fact that McMickens's choice put him on the defensive captures in a nutshell the challenges that black colleges face.


Objective: To investigate effects of different boiling conditions on quality of Buyang Huanwu decoction by double decocting non-pressurized machine. Method: A single factor test was adopted to investigate levels of adding water,with the contents of total solids,ferulic acid and astragaloside as comprehensive evaluation index,effects of soaking time,the amount of water,boiling times and time on technology were investigated by orthogonal test. The contents of ferulic acid and astragaloside were determined by HPLC. Result: Analysis of variance showed that effect of factors on boiling technology was in order of decoction times the amount of water decoction time soaking time, only decoction times had significant impact. Optimum non-pressurized boiling technology was as following: soaked 30 min with 8-10 times the amount of water,decoction for 2 times,60 min per time. Conclusion: Optimized technology was stable and feasible,it provided theoretical basis for ferulic acid and astragaloside as main ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine decoctions.


The present paper seeks to explore how using songs videos in a classroom of a Pre- Intermediate English course in a TEFL program of a Colombian university can enhance the development of the listening skills in this group of learners. In order to show to what extent the students' listening skill could be developed when music videos are applied to the classroom instruction, four music videos and four activities designed by the researcher based on the video material were conducted in a group of five Spanish speaking learners (two men and
three women) to come up with the answers to the research questions that led to this qualitative study; in order to do this, the five participants of this study were exposed to four video sessions of approximately 30 minutes each, in order to show their listening development with the use of music videos in their English learning environment. Using observations, audio and video recordings, implementation of activities based on the music videos, and questionnaires, it was determined that the level of comprehension of the listening material varies from one student to the other even if they belong to the same learning group, due to the fact that each learner uses different learning strategies such as skimming, scanning, and prediction in order to understand the song lyrics. Besides, taking into consideration the results of the interviews made to the participants of this
study, various elements of analysis were identified: The relationship between the video images and the song lyrics contributes to a better understanding of the listening material, since the students are able to make connections between what they watch and what they listen to. Furthermore, it was also found that
the teacher's mediation in the presentation of new vocabulary, the selection of the videos, and the material designed is a key factor in order for the video to be an effective learning tool. It was also evidenced that aspects such as the singer's pronunciation, the accent, the vocabulary and/or the body expressions, and the
language proficiency level are very important factors while implementing the music videos in the classroom environment; otherwise, the videos lose effectiveness. The analysis of the interviews as well as the questionnaires developed by the participants in each video session showed that the acoustics of the place in which the video activities took place may lead to a lack of effectiveness of the of the music videos even if they are previously well selected. Thus, the present study is attempted to provide relevant information for EFL teachers about how to design
tasks based on music videos for the development of EFL learners' listening skills. Finally, this study includes some research and instructional implications relevant for further study.


Despite technical advance, human error is the main reason for maritime accidents. To ensure a safety of maritime transporting environment, technical and methodological improvement to react to various types of maritime accidents should be developed instead of ambiguously anticipating maritime accidents due to human errors. Survey, questionnaires, and interview have been routinely applied to understand objective human lookout pattern differences in various navigational situations. Although the descriptive methodology helps systematically categorizing different patterns of human behavior to avoid accidents, the subjective methods limit to objectively recognize physical behavior patterns during navigation. The purpose of the study is to develop an objective lookout pattern detection system using wearable sensors in the simulated navigation environment. In the simulated maritime navigation environment, each participant performed a given navigational situation by wearing the wearable sensors on the wrist, trunk, and head. Activity classification algorithm that was developed in the previous navigation activity classification research was applied. The physical lookout behavior patterns before and after situation-aware showed distinctive patterns, and the results are expected to reduce human errors of navigators.


aircraft, so that Britain was without a single decent airliner in 1945. If there is a weakness in Edgerton's case it is the assumption that a single 'irrational' technology such as bombing, or indeed aviation in general, is indicative of a militant technological culture. It is possible, after all, to turn the argument on its head and see the triumph of strategic bombing as evidence of a lack of scientific sense. As the story continues into the 1950s and the catalogue of aircraft cancellations from the Brabazon to the TSR2 grows, the question of defining a technological culture (militant or otherwise) becomes more critical. Edgerton rightly notes that the huge post-war expenditure on aircraft research and development is of greater importance than the cancellation list; but does expenditure on technology mean a technological nation? His remark that aircraft were seen as 'an encapsulation of the technological prowess of the nation and an index of commitment to modernity' suggests on the contrary that they were symbols of a scientifically bankrupt culture. The strength of this book is its obvious originality. A history of England viewed through aviators' goggles, it is both a rewarding study of aircraft and airmen, and provocative reading for anyone interested in the question of Britain's industrial decline. Peter J. Lyth London School of Economics


Water is one of five main natural calamities,eliminating water calamity is key important for safety mining.The principle of fully hydraulic drilling machine ZYG-150 was introduced,and the problems of the machine in drilling different hard rocks were explained,and the operating methods of improving drilling efficiency and quality were recommended.


How can one think through the fact that at least 1 out of every 4 individuals living today in Beirut is considered a "refugee"? We can start by describing the devastating impacts that this massive influx of destitute populations has had in a city notorious for its crumbling infrastructure, its lack of affordable housing, and its aversion to planning. We can note the waste accumulating on sidewalks, the more frequent water shortages and electricity outages, and numerous other failures of a dysfunctional and overwhelmed system of public services. We can deplore the sight of children and mothers roaming the streets of busy shopping districts, desperately begging for food and money. We can mourn the plight of families rummaging daily through the garbage, children sleeping on sidewalks, and multiple other symptoms of human despair. We can denounce rising urban violence: petty crimes reflecting the social schisms engendered by glaring inequalities and hate crimes increasingly targeting refugees who are demonized with charges such as stealing jobs, conducting improper lifestyles, or allying with terrorist organizations.


Many researchers assume that the CIE uniform color spaces, CIELUV and CIELAB, can model color contrasts for CRT displays. These color spaces were developed for surface colors, not self-luminous colors as generated on CRTs. CIELUV and CIELAB combine, by vector summation, a luminance component (L*) and chromaticity components weighted by L*. The chromaticity components for CIELUV and CIELAB have limited areas of incompatibility when modeling data from self-luminous objects like MacAdam's ellipses. The luminance component L*, a function of Y1/3, is based on the Munsell value function and has not been compared with data from self-luminous objects. We tested the accuracy of L* and Y1/3 in modeling the Weber fraction data. Over a typical CRT luminance range, Y1/3 is adequate while L* is not. Over an extended luminance range, neither Y1/3 or L* model the data. L* predicts the same number of just noticeable differences for any luminance range. A further problem is that previous psychophysical studies (e.g., MacAdam1) used vector summation of independent chromatic and luminance contrast components to model color contrasts, an approach not possible with CIELUV and CIELAB since L* appears in the chromaticity component.


TURNSTILE has announced details of their new LP TIME & SPACE, which will be released February 23rd on Roadrunner Records (album art / track listing ...


We analyze the interrelations between prospective and practicing teachers' learning of the mathematics of change and the development of their emerging understanding of effective mathematics teaching. The participants in our study, who were all interested in teaching secondary mathematics, were mathematics majors who had significant formal knowledge of the fundamental concepts of calculus prior to taking our courses, but who often experienced and expressed procedural orientations toward the teaching of mathematics. To address this difficulty, we developed novel computer-based activities to challenge the participants' mathematical understandings and required them to use technology during short teaching episodes they conducted with younger students. To analyze our participants' understandings, we developed a framework that juxtaposes the roles of the participants as students and teachers, and their understanding of mathematics and of pedagogical strategies. Our analysis of the participants' views from these different perspectives enabled us to see simultaneously the intertwined development of subject matter insights and specific views of teaching. Students enrolled in mathematics education courses are simultaneously learners and teachers in transition. As learners, they are constructing new ways of thinking about seemingly familiar mathematics and about new ways that others might learn. As teachers in transition, they are anticipating how their experiences in learning mathematics will relate to their future experiences as teachers in their own classrooms. There are several difficulties facing mathematics educators teaching such courses for preservice teachers. One obstacle relates to prospective teachers' welldocumented resiliency toward changing their views of effective pedagogy (cf., Cooney, Wilson, Albright & Chauvot, 1998; Hiebert, 1986; Lampert & Ball, 1998; Pajares & Bengston, 1995; Siebert, Lobato & Brown, 1998; Thompson, 1992). A second difficulty is that, as learners, prospective teachers are often content with what may be superficial understandings of deep mathematical concepts. Once they have formalized a procedure, it is difficult to re-visit the underlying concept for deeper understanding (Hiebert & Carpenter, 1992; Lee & Wheeler, 1989; Skemp, 1978; Wilson & Goldenberg, 1998). As teacher educators, we would like pre-service teachers to realize that fragile mathematical understandings are inadeJournal of Mathematics Teacher Education 4: 115–137, 2001. © 2001Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 116 JANET BOWERS AND HELEN M. DOERR quate when teaching mathematics in ways that support more meaningful understanding. Our approach to challenging and perhaps changing prospective teachers' understandings of mathematics and effective pedagogy was to design novel computer-based activities that would elicit dissonance between what was expected and what occurred on the computer screen, and then to discuss how this dissonance could promote reflection and learning. The goal of our study was to investigate two questions: 1) How do prospective teachers, acting in the role of students , think about the mathematics of change when using an exploratory microworld in the context of their course work? 2) How do prospective teachers, acting in the role of teachers, think about the mathematics of change when using an exploratory microworld during tutoring sessions with young children? THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK The theoretical framework that guides our work is based on a constructivist perspective in which learning is viewed as a process of experiencing dissonance and working to resolve perturbations by building viable explanations (von Glasersfeld, 1987, 1995). As Steffe and Thompson (2000) recently noted, Piaget contended that there are four factors that contribute to one's cognitive development. These include social interaction, maturation, physical experience, and self-regulation. "Individuals establish equilibrium among personal schemes of action and anticipation as they interact in mutual adaptation – as constrained by local limitations imposed by their abilities to accommodate those very schemes" (Steffe & Thompson, 2000, p. 193). The critical element of this general model is that students are seen as cognizing individuals who are continually interacting with each other and with their environment (which includes the computer and the accompanying activities) and adapting their own views through processes of interactive accommodation. We take very seriously Steffe and Thompson's recommendation that "Researchers should not apply general models like von Glasersfeld's or Vygotsky's directly to the practice of mathematics education" (p. 204). In fact, we view the model as a general way of looking at how the participants in our study accommodated their current ways of knowing mathematics with the unanticipated outcomes they experienced during some of their activities. To create the need for our participants to adapt their mathematical understandings and their views of effective pedagogy, we designed activities that were grounded in the CHALLENGING PROSPECTIVE TEACHERS' VIEWS 117 well-established body of research regarding students' conceptions of the mathematics of change. The nexus of this research consists of studies describing students' understandings of motion and graphing (Bowers & Nickerson, in press; Cooney & Wilson, 1993; Kaput & Roschelle, 1997; Nemirovsky & Monk, 2000), of rate (Harel, Behr, Lesh & Post, 1994; Lobato & Thanheiser, 1999; Thompson & Thompson, 1996; Thompson, 1994, 1996), and of calculus (Davis & Vinner, 1986; Kaput, 1994; Lauten, Graham & Ferrini-Mundy, 1994; Schoenfeld, Dubinsky & Gleason, 1997; Tall, 1992; Thompson, 1994; Williams, 1991). One consistent finding in the research regarding the mathematics of change is the difficulty students have reading and interpreting graphs of motion. For example, several researchers have identified the tendency for students to interpret the graph of position versus time as a picture of the actual path of the motion (cf., Leinhardt, Zaslavsky & Stein, 1990). This tendency towards iconic translationof the graph as a picture of the physical event suggests that graphs of motion and the change in motion are difficult for students to construct and interpret. Likewise, students encounter difficulties in interpreting the global features of a graph, such as change over time (Monk, 1992). Thus, we anticipated that gr ph as pathand point-wise versus over-time graphical interpretations might serve as potential sources of perturbation in the computer-based activities. Other studies have revealed that students have particular difficulty understanding graphs of rates, since they do not have strong intuitions about rate prior to instruction (cf., Harel, Behr, Lesh & Post, 1994). In the case of the mathematics of change, one possible reason that rate of change (speed or velocity) is not as intuitive as position is that speed is an intensive quantity whereas position is an extensive (measurable) quantity (Schwartz, 1988). In exploring the distinction between intensive and extensive quantities, Lobato and Thanheiser (1999) found that students' everyday experiences with an intensive quantity like speed did not help them form meaningful ratios for measuring the speed of novel motions such as a mouse running along the floor. In fact, in some cases students' prior experiences may have promoted their tendencies to conflate the various quantities that could be measured in the situation. These findings guided our efforts to design tasks that would involve participants in activities that demanded strong proportional reasoning about rates and their relation to accumulated position in order to interpret the relationships between the quantities in the computer-generated graphs. Given that the mathematics of change is a central foundation for calculus, we also drew on research on students' difficulties in developing conceptual understandings of limits and functions. Although all partici118 JANET BOWERS AND HELEN M. DOERR pants had taken at least three undergraduate courses in calculus, we did not assume that their understanding and experiences extended beyond superficial interpretations of differentiation and integration (Selden, Mason, & Selden, 1989; Tall, 1992; Thompson, 1994). Thompson (1994) explained that the danger of such fragile knowledge is that students who develop procedural understanding often think of algebraic expressions as commands to do something, i.e., calculate, rather than as quantities that are mathematical objects in and of themselves. For example, students may view the expression 7 x − x2 as a string of operations rather than as an entity in itself, namely a function of x. One implication of this view is that students come to view the integral of an algebraic expression as simply a formalized algorithm; they do not view the expression as a position function that represents the accrual of distance resulting from traveling at a given velocity over time. We hypothesized that if such procedural understanding was a prominent aspect of our own students' understanding, then asking them to create position graphs over time based on velocity graphs (rather than on their algebraic representations) would be a potential source for perturbation. Our hypothesis was that, for them, position graphs were the result of algebraic manipulations, not graphical interpretations. Likewise, being able to interpret families of functions and the effects of parameters, such as adding the constant C when computing an integral, would be potentially challenging in that such interpretation depends on an understanding of the integral as a family of position functions all determined by the same velocity function. In summary, the constructivist learning theory that guided our work was based on efforts to initiate perturbations in our participants' views of the mathematics of change and elici


The growth process of eucalyptus plants in the form of log volume is influenced by abiotic, and biotic factors, which then have a relationship with climate, genotype, soil conditions, both physical, and chemical, silvicultural practices, and forest management. Therefore, to improve forest resilience, and productivity, identification of eucalyptus plants is needed. The most promising tool available to help government, and companies is to use eucalyptus-based models. This model is useful for getting the right planning, assessing the variables that affect climate, and determining long-term direction, and for seeing changes in the forest sector. Individual growth models with trees, and st, anding levels are needed to estimate future forest structures. The purpose of this study is to provide information about the models, and simulations used in the process of replanting eucalyptus plants that have benefits in various sectors of life.


The aim of the research was to assess the appropriateness of applying a subjective evaluation method of load intensity during aerobics and aerobics in the water of a different focus of study. Research consisted of college student file (n = 30), whose average age was 19.66 ± 1.09 years. The intensity of the movement load we evaluated by heart rate and range of Borg scale. When processing the raw data we have in addition to basic statistical characteristics for the independent files with same parameters evaluated by comparing the relationship between the two methods used as well by using the Pearson correlation coefficient, or to evaluate the relative tightness test of conformity of the regression coefficients. The results of the work, we evaluated the relationship between the applied load during the hours of aerobics, aerobics in the water intermittent methods to the p < 0,01 level of significance in both of these measurements. Test of conformity of the regression coefficients during aerobics class in a different environment was statistically insignificant, the relationship between the two methods of evaluation of the load when the load was not significantly tighter during the from intermittent load in water aerobics as during aerobics. On the basis of the results obtained, we recommend a subjective evaluation of the load during physical activities in a different environment to apply at an intensive aerobic load.


A realistic assessment of the technical and economic risks associated with the use of nuclear energy for power generation is considered possible only if they are viewed as part of the total risks of the electricity generating industry. Among the various areas of risk, from the estimation of future power sale and ways and means of power generation through the planning and construction of power stations to the final operating results, the risks associate with the actual costs of power generation occupy an essen tial place. The risks connected with power sale and with distribution costs are almost equally important. For generating costs the greatest risk is associated with the primary energy costs and especially with the evolution of the cost relations between primary energy sources of differe kinds and origins: water power because of its price advantage, non-substitutable fuels (brown coal, coal for min ing power stations etc.), and substitutable fuels (indigenou and imported hard coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear energy). Their present relation to one another and probable or possible developments are considered. In addition to the question of the cost relations between the primary energy sources there is also the question of the security of theirmore » supply. Here again these are risks, though security can be guaranteed by mixing primary energy sources of different kinds and provenance in a way which was not thought possible ten years ago. It was concluded that nuclear energy will attain economic significance in the German Federal Republic and become competitive, particularly with hard coal and oil, within the next ten years thereby offering a greater security of supply than fossil fuels. (auth)« less


Belonging to the field of environmental engineering, the invention relates to a preparation method of a supportless forward osmosis membrane. The method disclosed in the invention utilizes the high hydrophilicity and film-forming property of polyvinyl alcohol, brings the polyvinyl alcohol into crosslinking with graphene oxide with bactericidal property and flexibility, and adds m-phenylenediamine and trimesoyl chloride to reduce the salt reverse flux of the prepared forward osmosis membrane. The forward osmosis membrane prepared by the method provided in the invention has thickness less than 38 micrometers, and has the characteristics of no support, high hydrophilicity and pollution resistance, well solves the problems of internal concentration polarization and membrane fouling, thus opening up a new way for forward osmosis membrane preparation and being able to promote wider application of a forward osmosis membrane separation technology.


We studied whether subjective impression of vein size is a valid means of assessment during sonographic evaluation for deep vein thrombosis.


High-frequency converters with high power density have shown promise in recent years. Air-core planar inductors built with printed circuit boards can eliminate problems associated with the use of magnetic materials, such as iron loss and magnetic saturation. However, conventional air-core planar inductors have large stray capacitance and suffer from eddy current loss. Stray capacitance affects the self-resonant frequency, and eddy currents affect the resistance and inductance of the inductor. This paper proposes a stranded wire structure to reduce stray capacitance and eddy currents and realize a smaller stray capacitance than that in the conventional structure. In addition, eddy currents can be reduced by splitting windings of the proposed stranded wire structure. Seven types of air-core planar inductors were built, and their impedance, resistance, and inductance were measured to evaluate the effects of different structures on stray capacitance and eddy currents. Furthermore, the temperature distribution of planar inductors was measured with a power amplifier. The experimental results demonstrate the utility of the proposed stranded wire structure.


Productivity and product quality are very low due to cultivation methods and post-harvest processes and gambier processing that are not optimal and the lack of technological support for gambier processing. The very low level of productivity causes the amount of production produced to also be low. The decrease in the value of gambier productivity indicates that there has been inefficiency of farmers in allocating existing production factors. This research is associative with a quantitative approach. The population in this study were 18,547 gambier farmers and the sampling technique was random sampling. So in this study using a sample of 100 respondents. This study uses Multiple Linear Regression Analysis with the help of SPSS version 25. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of the use of production factors in the form of land area, labor, gambier prices on gambier production. The results showed that the variables of land area and labor could increase the amount of gambier production positively and significantly. Gambier price variable has a positive and insignificant effect on the amount of gambier production.


Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (iCPS) enables coordination between various subsystems and devices based on real-time feedback data from sensors. iCPS must react rapidly to new requirements and adjust itself to fulfill new functionalities in no time. On the software side, control programs of iCPS need to be reconfigured dynamically. An efficient way for massive reconfiguration is automatic code generation. In this paper, a knowledge-driven code generation method is experimented for software-defined iCPS. Based on sensor values, actuators are controlled by the reasoning process with support of ontological knowledge base. The results demonstrate that iCPS could be driven by rules completely without programming control software.


James Hansen, Storms of My Grandchildren: The Truth About the Coming Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2009), 320 pages, $25.00, hardcover. James Hansen, one of the world's most distinguished climate scientists, has written an important book about the threat posed by climate change. The title, Storms of My Grandchildren , refers to the prediction of more powerful and more damaging storms in a warmer, future earth. Subtitled The Truth About the Coming Climate Catastrophe and Our Last Chance to Save Humanity, the book is written for a lay public and is certain to be controversial This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


We prove a trace-type formula for the Laplacian on an asymptotically Euclidean space and use this to obtain Weyl asymptotics of the scattering phase. Other results include an explicit calculation of the leading order singularity of the scattering matrix and results on the behavior of the resolvent and scattering matrix near 0.


Heterogeneity exerts an important control on solute transport pathways in any subsurface environment, including aquitards where diffusion is the dominant transport mechanism. Direct‐push (D‐P) electrical conductivity (EC) logging has recently enabled high‐resolution hydrostratigraphic characterization of predominantly coarse‐grained sediments in low‐salinity aquifers. In this paper, we apply D‐P EC logging to characterize the spatial variability of physical and chemical properties in a clay‐rich aquitard that has known vertical contrasts in pore water salinity. The D‐P EC logging was conducted to a maximum depth of 17.5 m below ground (BG). Results obtained from 22 D‐P EC logs across a 140‐ × 80‐m field site were compared with pore water chemistry data from squeezed core samples (n= 21) and piezometers (n= 6) to reveal complex spatial variations in pore water salinity ranging from <5000 to ∼90,000 μS/cm. The EC distributions appear to be controlled by nonuniform salt fluxes from the unsaturated zone to the water table and subsequent downward diffusion. Detailed D‐P EC logging also revealed the presence of a single discontinuous sand lens located between 9.4 and 15.9 m BG that may have important controls on solute transport pathways. The only limitation with using this method in very fine‐grained sediments is that depths of tool penetration may be considerably less than those currently achievable in sand and silt deposits.


Reflex contraction of the adductor muscles and inhibition of abductor muscle activity with laryngeal stimul a t' ion have been reported."G One observation of reflex activation of the abductor muscle has been reported in the dog.' If the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle (PCA) is regarded purely as an abductor muscle, inhibition of its activity would appear essential for protective closure. In our studies of the reflex response of individual laryngeal muscles to electrical stimulation of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), we have observed two types of response in the PCA muscle: 1) rcflex inhibition of inspiratory activity, and 2) reflex activation. We concluded that there are two kinds of nerve fibers innervating the PCA, one which is active during inspiration and is inhibited reflexly, and another which is usually silent during respiration but reflexly activated.'


The nineteenth-century transition from talk of passions and affections of the soul to talk of "emotions" in English-language psychological thought is taken as a case-study in the secularisation of psychology. This transition is used as an occasion to re-evaluate the methodologies of John Milbank and Richard Webster, who interpret certain secular scientific accounts as forms of theology or anti-theology "in disguise". It is suggested, in the light of the study of the emergence of the secular concept of 'emotions', that the category of "atheology" be used to supplement their methodology. "Atheological" texts are not merely theology or anti-theology in disguise but are a novel form of discourse, which is alienated from the assumptions and metaphors of traditional theologies (and which replaces them with physiological evolutionary narratives) but which is not necessarily atheistic or anti-theological.


Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD)1. Valve and vascular calcifications (VC) are among the most frequent complications of CKD, being one of the components of mineral and bone disorder in CKD (CKD-MBD)2. The prevalence of VC increases with CKD progression, and may be present in more than 30% of patients under conservative treatment3,4 and in more than 80% of those on dialysis5,6. Valve calcification is also common and it is observed in about 20% to 25% of CKD patients undergoing conservative treatment7 and between 32% to 76% of patients on dialysis8,9. There are several risk factors for VC development and progression in CKD, including traditional risk factors such as advanced age, presence of diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, and obesity, and risk factors associated with the kidney disease itself. VC could be present in both the intima and media layers of arteries10. The calcification located in the intima of the vessel is typically secondary to systemic inflammation and established atherosclerosis11. CKD patients, especially those on dialysis, have a chronic inflammatory state that is an important contributor to endothelial cell damage and accelerated progression of atherosclerotic plaque10,12. On the other hand, VC located in the media layer of the vessel is associated with CKD-MBD, being an active process of vessel "ossification" linked to an imbalance between inhibitor and promoter factors of calcification10,13,14 (Table 1). In the presence of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and uremic toxins overload, the vascular smooth muscle cells undergo a phenotypic transformation and acquire characteristics of osteoblastic cells, producing bone matrix inside the vascular wall10,15. A study demonstrates that elevated PTH levels may also play a role in the pathophysiology of VC16. Valve calcification in CKD patients, in turn, is also related to CKD-MBD, inflammation, oxidative stress, and pressure and volume overload17. Diagnosis of vascular calcification related to mineral and bone metabolism disorders in chronic kidney disease Diagnóstico da calcificação vascular relacionada aos distúrbios do metabolismo mineral e ósseo da doença renal crônica


The Religious Order: a study of virtuoso religion and its legitimation in the nineteenthcentury Church of England. By Michael Hill. Pp. viii + 344. London: Heineinann, 1973. £4.50. This book is a sociological study of religious orders or communities with special reference to the Anglican ones that were founded in the nineteenth century. They are seen here as embodying Max Weber's concept of the religious virtuoso. 'Virtuoso religion, says Dr. Hill, 'may be analytically distinguished from two other types, mass religion and the religion of charismatic figures' (2). While virtuosi stand for a rigorous restatement of an existing religious tradition, charismatics proclaim a message that is new and involves a break with tradition, and so naturally they tend to produce schismatic sects. Although virtuosi may equally appear to be innovators, in reality they are seeking to revive a forgotten tradition. Hence their characteristic way of justifying their enterprise is to refer back to a past period in the history of a religion with a view to reinstating it. 'Revolution by tradition' is the formula to bear in mind.


This paper describes drastic enhancement of Ke2 by mass loading in layered SAW device structures such as the ScAlN film/Si substrate. It is shown that this phenomenon is obvious even when an amorphous SiO2 film is deposited on the top surface for temperature compensation. This enhancement is caused by SAW energy confinement to the top surface of the ScAlN layer where the IDT is placed. This Ke2 enhancement is also found when other electrode and/or substrate materials are employed.


Despite a growing number of studies involving husband-wife decision making (Davis, 1970; Ferber, 1973; Ferber and Lee, 1974; Davis and Rigaux, 1974 and Munsinger, Weber and Hansen, 1974 to mention just a few), a recent review of the literature on decision making within the household (Davis, 1975) concludes that "the view of consumers as individual decision makers is still very much alive." This lopsided focus on the individual, which is clearly evident in most applied consumer research studies can be the result of a belief that the individual is the appropriate unit of analysis. This may be the case if one assumes that the individual makes his purchase and consumption decisions independent of the influence of others or alternatively that his decisions reflect his perceptions of the preference of others and their relative importance to his decision. This latter approach is implicit in most of the consumer behavior studies which tend to focus on the housewife as the representative "purchasing agent" of the household. Alternatively, one may recognize that the unit of analysis should be the household or any combination of members within it, but given the conceptual and methodological problems involved in moving from the individual to the multi-person unit of analysis (not to mention the extra costs involved in collecting such data), the researcher is willing to settle for the analysis of consumer behavior at the individual level. Since the purchase and consumption behavior of individuals is rarely done independently of the influence of others, it is desirable to change the unit of analysis in consumer research from the individual to the "buying center" (those members of the family and other individuals involved in the purchase decision).1 Having identified the members of the buying unit, ideally, one would like to examine the dynamics of the purchase and consumption decision processes among the relevant members of the buying center. Given, however, the complexity and cost of such an undertaking2, a somewhat less ambitious approach would be to examine explicitly the influence of relevant others on the purchase decision of a decision maker within the buying center. The importance of the influence of relevant others on an individual purchase behavior has long been recognized in the consumer behavior and marketing literature. Coulson (1966), for example, stated: "other members of the family exert considerable influence on the housewife in making brand decisions." Similarly, the organizational buying behavior literature has recognized the fact that most organizational purchase decisions are influenced by various members of the buying center-, and that purchasing agents attempt to take into consideration the preference of the other members of the buying center (Wind, 1967 and Webster and Wind, 1972). Examination of the influence of relevant others on a decision maker's buying decisions cannot explain the dynamics of the interaction among the members of the buying center, but if measured in a rigorous way may provide answers to questions such as:


The water and salt transport properties of untreated and heat-treated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membranes were investigated. Water and salt permeabilities decreased abruptly as a result of heat treatment. The effect of heat treatment on the water and salt transport in PVA is expressed mainly by changes in the activation energies of the corresponding permeability coefficients. Due to the fact that the decrease in the salt permeability with heat treatment was considerably greater than the decrease in the water permeability, a pronounced improvement in the salt rejection of PVA membranes was found as a result of heat treatment.


Diversity is of particular advantage for wireless personal area networks (WPANs) operating in unlicensed bands, as it may help to overcome not only channel fades but also cochannel interf erence. We consider WPANs based on time-division multiple access sc hemes leaving room for cooperative amplitude-and-forward procedures. A formula for the diversity order is presented assuming optimal combining of the signal observations in the presence of interference. This enables idle WPAN devices to evaluate diversity orders in a distributed fashion, and decide instantaneously whether to assist a particular p eer-to-peer transmission. Numerical results show that outages can be co nsiderably reduced by the proposed cooperative methods. Keywords— Cooperative diversity, cochannel interference, amplitude-and-forward, diversity order, wireless personal area network.


The relevance of this topic is due to the burning issues and challenges of today, namely, a detailed review of the organization and functioning of out-of-school educational institutions during quarantine. Given the fact that currently the entire system of education is undergoing a period of fast adaptation to work in the newly created information educational environment, the system of out-of-school education does not stand aside and quickly progresses its developments in this direction. The article presents the results of the analysis of organization of institutions of out-of-school education during the transition to the provision of educational services using remote technologies in Ukraine under severe quarantine restrictions. The stages passed by all participants of the educational process are clarified and considered in detail, including the mechanisms used by pedagogical workers in establishing communication with pupils, parental community and administration. A number of normative documents was identified as critical for the sphere under consideration, for they regulated the work of out-of-school educational institutions during the period of mass transition to the distance form of providing educational services. The mechanism of realization of the newly introduced legislative documents by out-of-school educational institutions is reviewed. The main digital resources used by out-of-school teachers for the organization of distance learning are highlighted. The issue of organizing the work of the administration for the transition to a remote form of educational services provision is described in detail. The mechanism that provides generalization of information about students' feedback is analyzed. The work of the psychological service regarding the possible consequences and negative impact of digitalization of learning on the major categories of participants (teachers, students, parents, state officers) is considered and analyzed.


2) a systematic method for Monte Carlo simulation of quantum systems. There have been reported many studies using this method to investigate various quantum systems. 3 ) The essence of the method is to approximate the partition function with the use of the generalized Trotter formula exp(-S$C)~[ITexp (-SJljn)]n, (1) j


knows God will be love of his fellow-men: there is no real knowledge without love, and no true love of God which does not involve a fully human concern for other men. The practical implications of this seem to lie outside the awareness of the participants in this survey. In default of any emphasis on love there is heavy stress on obligation: religion is seen largely in terms of the duties which the individual's relationship with God impose upon him. This produces a feeling of constraint and boredom remote from St Paul's vision of the Christian life as a liberating process of discovery. This legalistic individualism precludes any recognition that for the Christian the whole of reality can and should constitute an exciting challenge to self-forgetting achievement in line with the world's purpose. Given the premises implied by these replies there is no possibility of seeing religion as being a matter of our total experience up to now, rather than as something which is operative only in a 'spiritual' or 'moral' compartment of life. Monica Lawlor suspects a Manichean tendency here, and certainly the typical attitude involves a divorce between faith and experience, between religion and life. If it is felt that all this is desperately negative, it should be said that Monica Lawlor is a loyal Roman Catholic deeply concerned about the problems highlighted by these findings. But it is of the nature of a sociological enquiry of this kind that it cannot seek to prescribe a cure it can only portray the disease as fully and accurately as possible. The very directness and candour of many of the replies tend to get under the reader's guard, making it very difficult for him not to feel thoroughly involved in the problem. The more blase of us may find rather bizarre the attitude of the child who didn't go to Communion because she was afraid of not finding again her own place in church afterwards: but is there not something of her in each of us? PETER HARVEY


The future developments of the Ariane rockets make it necessary to improve the modeling of hydraulic behavior of cryogenic engines. For this, experimental studies of pressure and mass flow rate fluctuations at the inlet and the outlet of hydraulic components are needed to estimate their dynamic transfer functions. The present study concerns the POGO phenomenon observed in the rockets engines. This phenomenon is related to the interactions between the engine's thrust fluctuations, the flow rate and pressure oscillations of the power supply and the modal vibration of the rocket structure. To control the system stability, two hydraulic components are important: the LOX turbo pump and the corrective system POGO (also named POGO accumulator, which should absorb the hydraulic dynamic fluctuations).
The article presents the corrective system POGO, as well as the identification methodology of the characteristic transfer functions applied. Experimental study has been performed in the CREMHyG's hydro-acoustic test rig, with POGO accumulator geometries developed by SNECMA. Several configurations at different operating points have been tested. Experimental results have been compared to models and theoretical approaches available. An analogy with classical hydraulic accumulator has been also proposed. This work is the first step of a study aiming to more complex hydraulic systems analyses, associating the turbo pump and the POGO accumulator.


Based on the study of proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC)and heat driven cooling technologies,an extravehicular spacesuit life-support system resulting from cooling-heat-power integration was presented.A typical case was calculated using the thermodynamic analysis theories and cooling-heat-power integration methods on the basis of mathematics of metal hydrogen storage,PEMFC,heat driven cooling system and radiation cooling device.The influence of the core components on the performance of the integration system was deeply analyzed.Compared with the typical spacesuit life-supported system based on cool,heat,power systems separated from each other,this system only consumes 84.6g of hydrogen without loss of working materials,and the energy efficiency is as high as 85.29%.This combined system has a greater advantage in the loss of working materials and energy efficiency.


An earlier diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is required because there is still a 5–7 year delay between first symptoms and diagnosis, and new effective treatments are available for active disease. Primary care physicians need easy to apply parameters to help them identify patients with suspected AS for onward referral. The best measures found were inflammatory back pain and HLA-B27 positivity.


In this paper, 3D linear "Dry" and "Wet" Mode Superposition Approaches (DMSA and WMSA) for the frequency domain hydroelastic analysis of Floating Structures (FSs) are compared and assessed. The Present WMSA (PWMSA) enables the consideration of "wet" natural frequencies and "wet" mode shapes through the appropriate solution of a nonlinear (due to frequency dependency of the added mass) "wet" eigenvalue problem. The Present DMSA (PDMSA) is derived from PWMSA by excluding the effect of the surrounding fluid on the mode shapes'/natural frequencies' calculation. The two approaches are initially compared from a physical and a mathematical point of view and their main differences are highlighted. Although in PWMSA the "wet" mode shapes are expressed as a linear combination of the "dry" ones, this expression enables the implementation of a hydroelastic analysis with the advantage of approximating more accurately the real physical problem. This expression introduces also important differences between the two approaches in the required numerical computations. As a result, the calculated with the two approaches hydroelastic response is different; this fact is also defended mathematically. Finally, the two approaches are applied to two different FSs, namely a rectangular thin large floating plate and a rectangular very large FS with adequate draft, for comparing and assessing their accuracy. The accuracy is assessed in terms of the calculated hydroelastic response using as basis of comparison relevant experimental results. It is concluded that differences in the results of the hydroelastic response calculated with PDMSA and PWMSA do exist irrespectively of the type of the examined FS. Moreover, the comparison with the experimental results is better for the case of PWMSA.


[Objective] To investigate the expression and clinical implication of human Fascin1 gene in endometrial carcinoma.[Methods] The level of human Fascin1 gene in endometrial carcinoma tissues(study group,n=30) and normal endometrial tissues(control group,n=10) was investigated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.Correlation between their expression and histological type,clinical stage,patho-grade,level of estrogen and progesterone receptors was studied.[Results] There were significant difference of human Fascin1 gene between two groups(P 0.05).The expression of Fascin1 gene in stage Ⅱ endometrial carcinoma tissues was higher than that in stage Ⅰ(P0.05).The expression of Fascin 1 gene in stage Ⅲ and stage Ⅳ was higher than in stage Ⅱ(P0.05).[Conclusions] The expression of human Fascin 1 gene increases with the development of clinical stage.Human Fascin1 gene may be related to metastasis of endometrial carcinoma.


Through the analysis of cultural definition in foreign language teaching, this essay attempts to discuss different cultural teaching modes and their pros and cons, and how to apply different ways according to different language levels and phrases of the learners, and propose how to deal with the relationship between native culture and target culture.


Spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi Type-I, III and Kantowski-Sachs space time in scale covariant theory of gravitation formulated by Canuto et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett.39:429, 1977) are considered. With the help of special law of variation for Hubble's parameter proposed by Bermann (Nuovo Cimento 74B:182, 1983), a dark energy cosmological model is obtained in this theory. Some physical and kinematical properties of the model are also discussed.


Wonokertos Village, when processing the level of welfare of the population, a resident is referred to as a poor family based on several aspects such as aspects of buildings, floors, walls, electricity, clean water, cooking fuel, food, clothing, food, health, income and education. The officer in charge of collecting poverty data in Wonokerto village found it difficult to distribute various kinds of assistance. In the current conditions, the determination of assistance in the village of Wonokerto is based on the poverty status of the data sector entered from the hamlet, and data obtained from the results of data collection of the poor. In the current condition, the determination of assistance in Wonokerto Village is based on poverty status from the total score of data obtained from the data collection of the poor population. run by various elements of the Government, both central and regional. The study of the effectiveness of providing assistance to the poor needs to be done so that it can determine the administrative process of government assistance programs for village communities and to find out whether it is in accordance with the applicable provisions or not. Based on this, this research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of government assistance to the community in Wonokerto Village. Under these conditions, a cluster system is needed to help in grouping poor families so that assistance can be channeled appropriately. This study used K-Means in clusters of the poor. The calculation parameter that will be tested in the clustering process of the poor is the number of clusters. Weighting / rank value parameters, the system created can determine the welfare level between capable and underprivileged.

Keywords: Acceptance of Assistance, Clustering Data Mining, K-means, Poverty


The invention discloses a unidirectional synchronization method of internet website data. According to unidirectional synchronization method provided in the invention, data recordings of internet website data are classified according to sizes, update frequencies, real-time requirements of user access; and various data synchronization strategies are given to each classified data. The given strategies comprise a short-period caching strategy, a real-time updating strategy, an increment updating strategy, and a background increment updating strategy. According to the invention, the latest updating time of each data recording is used as a basis for determining whether the synchronization is needed to be carried out or not, so that great adaptability is allowed. Moreover, the background increment updating strategy is especially suitable for continuous synchronization of mass data; and data flow minimization and maximization of data synchronization efficiency can be given consideration well according to the background increment updating strategy.


Considerable research focuses on the ways in which Shakespeare's The Rape of Lucrece
(1594) depicts the destructive nature of emulative male homosocial bonds and challenges
the early modern English attitude that male-male friendship is virtuous and idyllic. As
effectively as Shakespeare's poem makes this critique, Thomas Heywood's The Rape of
Lucrece (1607) and Thomas Middleton's The Ghost of Lucrece (1627) provide stronger
parodies of ideal same-sex friendship and open up new possibilities for exploring how
these competitive relationships harm women and how women themselves construct samesex
relations. This thesis builds upon existing scholarship on homosociality in
Shakespeare's poem and draw attention to the significant contribution that Heywood's
and Middleton's lesser-known texts make to studies of early modern homosocial bonds.
This project reveals how, in the three Lucretia narratives, both men and women are
involved in rivalrous same-sex friendships, however; because of the female characters'
common need to protect themselves from patriarchal threats, the bonds between women
are notably stronger than the bonds between men.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of senile dementia with complex pathological features. The amyloid cascade and oligomer toxicity hypotheses play a dominant role in explaining the pathological mechanism of AD. A large number of patients develop AD, but no effective treatment is available, and most drugs have not had good results in phase III clinical trials. In this study, research progress on the aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) is summarized, and the possible mechanism of small molecule compounds accelerating the formation of Aβ fibers is described. This process contrasts with traditional therapy but has achieved quite good efficacy in animal models, suggesting that promoting Aβ aggregation may be a new strategy for treating AD and indicating a new direction for drug development.


Technology progress consists of both entity technology progress such as technological invention and soft technology progress such as system innovation and management innovation. In this paper technology progress of every province in China is decomposed of scientific and technological progress index which represents entity technology progress and pure technology efficiency index and scale efficiency index which represent soft technology progress by means of total-factor productivity index (Malmqusit index) including environment factor. Then authors use energy productivity index expressing energy efficiency and study the effect of all components of technology progress to energy efficiency in four economic regions in the way of panel data econometric analysis. The result shows scientific and technological progress contribute most to the improvement of energy efficiency, the contribution of pure technology efficiency is similar to scale efficiency,and the improvement degree of energy efficiency from three components of technology progress in northeast region and central region is lager than in east region and west region.


Abstract
This paper presents findings from an ethnographic study of Christian hip hop music performed and practiced in Central Texas. I examine the emerging Christian rap scene through the experiences of members of the local social group known as The 51210 Movement. The 51210 Movement includes various Christian rappers, singers, songwriters, musicians, producers, and sound technicians. Their activities center on the multiple uses of Christian rap within their local communities. The central Texas Christian rap scene is situated within the musically rich city of Austin, the "Live Music Capitol of the World," and San Antonio, a culturally and religiously diverse city. I focus on how members of The 51210 Movement use Christian rap as a proselytizing and pedagogical tool, how Christian rappers work together to create a self-perpetuating Christian rap scene, and how members of The 51210 Movement negotiate the interplay between the sacred and secular forms of rap to maintain religious authenticity.


Diagonal parking is one of three parking layout strategies. Diagonal parking bays are normally the same size as other parking bays. Diagonal parking offers improved access and egress to parking bays and more efficient circulation of the traffic flow around a car park. Diagonal parking is thought to be safer than other forms of parking and it can increase the capacity of a car park. Diagonal parking can only be used in surface car parks and car parks with large clear spans with no columns or other structures. The overall cost of constructing and running a diagonal parking car park is higher than the cost of constructing and running a traditional car park. It is possible to convert a traditional car park to diagonal parking.


A case of neurinoma of the pharynx in a 58-year-old woman was reported. The patient complai. ned of dysphagia, sensation of the lump in the throat and speech disorder at the time of admission. Radical operation under general anesthesia was first indicated in this case, using an endotracheal tube with the patient in the prone position, and the removal was effected by oral route. The tumor measured 4.5x 4.5x 3.5cm in dimensions and weighed 27 gr. Histopathological exami. nation revealed neurinoma of the pharynx. Postoperative course had been smooth and 10 months after removal of the tumor no recurrence was seen. The authors have scrutinized the literature in regard to the primary development of neurinoma, pathology, symptoms, diagnosis of this case. Statistical observations were made on 11 cases reported in Japan.


Seasonal trends in infestation level of Bactrocera cucurbitae were analyzed to determine the factors that influence the infestation by melon fruit fly in the field and adoption of suitable insecticidal management on bottle gourd. The experiment was conducted during pre-kharif and kharif seasons in 2012 and 2013. Percentage of infestation was recorded on the basis of infested and total fruits. The highest fruit infestation i. e. 56.56 and 49% was recorded during 25th (17th June) and 24th (9th June) standard weeks during respective years. The correlation coefficient between per cent infestation by melon fly with weather parameters exhibited a significant positive correlation with maximum temperature and negative correlation with RH-I and RH-II. In case of management chlorphenapyr, acephate, spinosad and deltamethrin were most effective bio-rational insecticide for managing melon fly and provided higher yield.


This study aims to investigate mathematics teachers' knowledge of higher-order thinking skills as an evaluation for improvement, enhancement, and development. This research is quantitative research with a survey method involving 132 mathematics teachers in East Nusa Tenggara. They have completed the Professional Teacher Education at the University of Nusa Cendana in 2019. The instruments used are a curriculum knowledge questionnaire, pedagogy, and assessment consisting of 98 statements (36 curriculum knowledge, 28 pedagogical knowledge, and 24 assessment knowledge). The data analysis stage is categorizing the level of mathematics teacher knowledge using Likert's Summated Rating, then analysis of correlation, regression, and Manova. Mathematics teacher's knowledge in higher-order thinking skills is at a high level of 34.1% (45 teachers) and a medium level with a value of 65.9% (87 teachers). The correlation value between the teacher's background and knowledge of higher-order thinking skills is in the low category with a very small coefficient of determination. Teaching level and gender show a significant influence on knowledge of higher-order thinking skills. Gender, age, and level of teaching have a significant effect partially on teacher knowledge; it also affects knowledge of higher-order thinking skills. However, the teaching level aspect did not significantly influence pedagogical knowledge.


As the importance of patient safety increases for hospital management, improvements in patient safety are needed to reduce the high incidence of medical errors. Research on patient safety and medical errors shows that errors and the resulting adverse events are mainly the result of health-care providers, equipment and the quality management system. Most studies focused their research on the risk of the individual patient in health care. However, when facing patient safety problems, a hospital manager must consider the risk to the organization while making decisions about improvements. The risks will be relative to the cost-effectiveness of a health-care organization. Here we used a TOPSIS (technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) approach to manage the risk of a health-care organization in linguistic terms in the environment of interval-valued fuzzy numbers (IVFNs). Rather than calculating the distance between the alternatives and the positive/negative ideal solution in a TOPSIS approach, we use the similarity measure between IVFNs of the alternatives' risk and the risk of the positive/negative ideal solution to help hospital managers analyze risks in an uncertain and complex situation and more easily determine the best alternative.

 Key words: Risk management, decision making, patient safety, interval-valued fuzzy numbers, TOPSIS, similarity measure.


Following a year of exercises, negotiations and agonising decisions, only six steam-turbine containership owners have signed contracts for diesel re-engining. Now that the lines involved, and others, are prepared to talk a little more freely, it emerges that the rush to convert is subsiding, leaving in its wake a lively awareness of less drastic technical alternatives and a refreshingly competitive approach to cost-conscious containership operations. This article examines the pros and cons of diesel re-engining.


The ombudsman system spreads throughout the world extensively as a measure of administrative supervision to solve the crisis between the systems of separation of powers and representative and to better protect the public right and benefit,one century after being established in Sweden.The ombudsman gains great public trust for its characteristic of independent position,concise procedure,fair image,unique power,etc.These years,the ombudsman system plays an importance role in fields of human right protection,anti-corruption,good relationship between citizen and government,interest protection of collective and dispersion,etc,which is of much reference meaning for building the NPC ombudsman system in China.


Method of curing powder coatings by coating substrates with the powder lacquers and irradiating by radiation in the near infrared range (NIR radiation), which is characterized in that the curing times and / or the attainable through irradiation during particular hardening times surface temperatures of the powder coating coated substrates by adjusting the content of the powder coatings of barium sulfate and / or aluminum oxide at 1 to 50 wt .-% and / or adjusting the content of the powder coating of carbon black to 0.1 to 5 wt .-% regulates, wherein the percentages by weight in each case on the entire powder coating composition relate.


Barrett's esophagus is a metaplastic change of the epithelium of the esophagus, caused by injury and inflammation related to gastroesophageal reflux disease. Metaplasia is defined as the transformation from one cell type to another cell type. In the case of Barrett's esophagus, the normal squamous epithelium is replaced by a columnar epithelium-containing goblet cells, deemed intestinal metaplasia (IM). Owing to a significantly elevated risk for the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma associated with the presence of IM, patients with this diagnosis undergo surveillance endoscopy with multiple biopsies of the diseased tissue every 2–3 years, in order to detect adenocarcinoma at the earliest possible tumor stage. Development of dysplastic cellular changes within the Barrett's epithelium often precedes the development of cancer. In cases of IM containing dysplasia, surveillance endoscopy is performed more frequently (every 3–12 months). For many patients with high-grade dysplasia, the esophagus may be removed surgically in order to preempt the development of cancer. Removal of the Barrett's epithelium, prior to the development of cancer, is possible. Until recently, therapy of Barrett's esophagus was limited to those patients with the most severe form of dysplasia (high grade), and those therapies consisted of endoscopic mucosal resection, photodynamic therapy and surgical esophagectomy. However, each intervention, has been associated with specific risks to the patient. More recently, clinical data have become available regarding circumferential and focal ablation for completely removing the Barrett's epithelium. Such ablation is performed with the HALO ablation system, which is an endoscopic catheter system that applies ablative energy to the Barrett's epithelium in a controlled manner. Outcomes from clinical trials demonstrate that ablation with this device is safe and effective. In this review, we will briefly explore the key issues related to Barrett's esophagus, including pathophysiology, histological grading, current management, natural history, morbidity associated with progression of the disease and methods historically used for removing the Barrett's epithelium. We will then summarize the key issues related to newer treatment options for Barrett's ablation, with a focused review of circumferential and focal ablation, for treating Barrett's esophagus, including the technical components of the devices, the endoscopic technique for ablation, preclinical study, results human clinical trial results, and the role this intervention may have for the management of patients having a diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus. Barrett's esophagus Definition


While the importance of mutualisms across the tree of life is recognized, it is not understood why some organisms evolve high levels of dependence on mutualistic partnerships, while other species r...


Problem of cough treatment at the background of acute respiratory infections in children was discussed in an article. We presented possibility of plant origin drugs usage in case of acute cough symptom presence. We examined efficacy of syrup Ivy in case of acute respiratory diseases in 40 children from 3 up to 10 years of age that passed treatment in infection-diagnostic department of Vinnytsya regional children's hospital. We analyzed results of the syrup Ivy usage in patients with acute cough in case of acute respiratory infections with evaluation of the clinical dynamic. Duration and quality changes of the cough, its influence on quality of life, night dreaming were detected. Efficacy of syrup Ivy was checked by comparing of main and control groups. In 92% patients of the main group on the 10 day of the disease cough disappeared completely, in control group – results achieved in 62%. It confirms positive influence of the drug on general condition of the child and clinical manifestation of the disease, sputum production, characteristics of the cough its frequency, etc. Usage of Ivy syrup confirmed clinical efficacy as mucolytic, broncholytic and anti-inflammatory drug for children with symptoms of acute cough in a complex treatment of respiratory system.


A retospective study is presented for the Veracruz fiheries fro 1981 to 1988, with the finality of annalize their tendencies. It has been considering obtainment of official data from the statistics contents of the Ministery of Fisheries, just as scientific documnets and inquires realized in a northern fishing town. The discussion is presented as the flow order: acuatic resources, implements for fisheries, population, capture volume, portuary and transformation structure and comercialization. It has also been notice there is not impulse over industrialization of the fishing products. The fishing activity is highly rentable only for the private fishermen. We conclude that Veracruz state counts with enough resources to consider it in a mediumlevel of productivity zone, accusing lack of planing in explotation and transformation of resources.


121 a course syllabus). In response to the exploitative nature of crowd-sourced digital competitions, antispec websites and blogs have sprung up, Kennedy concluding that the main criticism is not the obvious monetary issues but the failure to acknowledge the value of design. In working with a designer in the context of a home renovation, I wholeheartedly agree with the view of the participants that design should begin only after extensive discussion with the clients. Both Kennedy's and Suhr's chapters would have benefitted from the use of more data samples to support their claims. As for the remaining chapters, the contexts discussed are interesting, but they read like first drafts of manuscripts that require revisions to the central argument, methodology, and/or data analysis/ presentation. In sum, this is a rather slim volume that does not carve out a sharp focus or cohere particularly well. The readership can be the judge as to whether there is enough content of interest to merit further investigation. Or is there an app or algorithm for that?


suggestions. The educator, although disappointed in the book's generally simplistic approach, believes the work has value in the classroom if used judiciously with current research. The feminist found the book traditional in its approach to the role of women and underdeveloped in its discussion of issues that have an impact on nontraditional women. The practitioner found Taking Care to complement other, now outdated, texts in the field while providing pragmatic strategies not previously included in the literature. The caregiver found Hooyman and Lustbader's work challenging and, most of all, provocative.


High rates of adolescent pregnancy are cause for concern in the US. Accordingly, researchers have explored factors associated with its existence and persistence with a view to identifying those helpful in designing prevention interventions. Psychosocial and economic factors, family structure, and repeat pregnancies have been considered. Despite the volume of data collected over the years, no accurate method exists to predict which sexually active adolescents will become pregnant. This paper reviews existing literature in the field and calls for a multidisciplinary effort to identify the antecedents and predictors of adolescent pregnancy with the ultimate goal of predicting those who will be at risk for unprotected sexual intercourse and adolescent pregnancy. Interventions could then target at-risk youths before they become sexually active. Research strategies including more prospective and longitudinal studies and larger numbers of subjects from all racial, socioeconomic, and ethnic groups are suggested.


The land borders were the first who defined country to establish the dimensions of our territory. In determining the boundaries are used both natural boundaries such as rivers or natural features and imaginary boundaries are divided into parallel and geographic meridians. Colombia through its formation as a nation and state, has lost much of its territory from the moment that divided the Gran Colombia , since their separation in any comprised of countries ( Ecuador , Peru and Venezuela ) I remain satisfied with their borders and has not had coverage enough throughout its territory , so it has neglected its border areas.
In turn Colombian representatives have ceded part of our territory while being international organizations who ultimately determine who owns it or not space conflict. This problem led to certain conflicts that have been controlled by treaties and conventions which these countries have had to undergo.


A new weighted bivariate blending rational spline with parameters is constructed based on function values of a function only. The interpolation is C1 in the whole interpolating region under the condition which free parameters is not limited. This study deals with the bounded property of the interpolation. In order to meet the needs of practical design, an interpolation technique is employed to control the shape of surfaces. This rational interpolation with parameters is used in the medical image enhancement. The value of the interpolating function at any point in the interpolating region can be modified under the condition that the interpolating data are not changed by selecting the suitable parameters. Using the surface control, the local enhancement of the image is implemented. The experimentations show that this algorithm is efficient.


This paper introduces the control theory of double fed wind power units' input-output linearization.On the basis of the analysis of dynamic mathematical model(including converter),it works out a new control strategy for low voltage ride through by applying nonlinear control of input-output linearization.Simulation verification of the new strategy is carried out by using modified WSCC-9 nodal system.Results show that the new strategy surpasses the traditional vector control system,strengthens the low voltage ride through of wind power units,enhances voltage level of grid-connected point of wind power generators and favors the recovery of stable operation after whole system fault.


The WHO has created the "Five Keys for Safer Food" program to help Member States promote safe food management behaviors and educate all food operators, including consumers, with easy-to-use and adaptation tools. The "Five Keys for Safer Food" program explains the basic principles that every individual around the world needs to know about the avoidance of foodborne illnesses.
In our country information about this program and the importance of food safety can be found through the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Ministry of Health. But is this information enough to properly inform and publicize the public? Do consumers know about good hygiene practices during handling food at home? Is there a need for training?
This work is a descriptive study and aims to capture the knowledge of workers and retirees of Ancient Olympia on food hygiene and safety.
The paper presents some basic elements and definitions for food, safety and hygiene, the legal framework is mentioned and the program "Five Keys for Safer Food" is analyzed. Relevant studies are then reported both in Greece and abroad, followed by the survey we conducted through a special questionnaire for the collection of data from a sample of 278 individuals.
The conclusions of the study show that the population under study is deficient in its knowledge of food safety and the results are in line with those of the corresponding research found in the literature.


The reasons why people migrate are often multiple and changing, and the categories of 'economic migrant' and 'asylum-seeker' are too rigid to reflect reality. There are many shared motivations for regular and irregular migration. Having the capability and economic means to migrate is particularly important; in conflict situations people may be very keen to migrate, but may not have sufficient resources to do so. Lack of economic opportunities in the country of origin and the hope of greater opportunities in another country are important drivers of irregular migration, though expectations vary according to the nature and reliability of the sources of information individual migrants have. Irregular migration is usually a collective effort in which families and social and religious networks play a crucial role. Irregular migrants are commonly supported financially by friends or family; as migration from a society becomes common, a 'culture of migration' may emerge in communities of origin which drives further migration. Many people who migrate irregularly use the services of smugglers or agents, who influence which destination is offered, promoted, or available, and the route taken. Smugglers' networks have become increasingly professionalised, in particular as a result of the ability of Syrian migrants to pay for more sophisticated services. While tightening border security may change migration patterns and routes, migration policies are unlikely to influence the volume of people migrating. A person's need to leave their home is likely to be far more important to them than different countries' welfare and asylum support systems. Trade and investment in a source country is likely to increase, not reduce, migration. It is not individuals from the poorest households who migrate to Europe, but rather those who have access to sufficient resources to pay for their journey.


A mutual coupling reduction antenna design for WLAN MIMO application is proposed. The proposed antenna array consists of two rectangular patch antennas, six parallel metal strips, a single substrate layer, and common ground plane. About −42 dB mutual coupling is achieved at the 5.8 GHz resonant frequency. Both simulation and measurement results confirm improvements in mutual coupling at about 30 dB when compared with those without metal strips. The radiation patterns are almost unaffected by adding these metal strips in the proposed antenna.


OBJECTIVE: To understand the role of abnomal expressions of p53 and mdm2 protein in oncogenesis and development of gastric carcinoma and analyse the relationship between p53 and mdm2 expressions in the specimen of gastric carcinoma. METHODS: p53 gene mutation in exon 5-8 was tested by PCR-SSCP assay. mdm2 and p53 protein expressions in 58 cases of gastric carcinoma and corresponding adjacent tissues of gastric carcinoma were tested by the immunohistochemistry. RESULTS:p53 immunoreactivity was present in 50 of 58 gastric carcinomas and absent in the 58 corresponding adjacent normal tissues. There were significant differences between the two groups,P=0.000 0. mdm2 immunoreactivity was present in 17 of 58 gastric carcinomas and absent in 58 corresponding adjacent normal tissues. There were significant differences between the two groups,P=0.000 1. p53 accumulation and mdm2 overexpression in gastric carcinoma tissues did not correlate with the pathologic factors such as tumer size, lymph node metastases and age, et al. There was significant correlation between mdm2 expression and p53 overexpression,χ2=11.183 9,P=0.000 8,r=0.439 1. p53 gene mutation was found in only 2 cases of 58 gastric carcinomas and both were exon 5. No p53 gene mutation was detected in 58 corresponding adjacent tissues.CONCLUSIONS: The abnomal expressions of mdm2 and p53 protein might be related with the oncogenesis of gastric carcinoma. p53 protein abnormal accumulation might not result from p53 gene mutation. mdm2 protein may play an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma that significant related with p53 protein. Chin J Cancer Prev Treat,2005,12(13):974-978


There are several microwave applications where tunable ferroelectric devices could play a key role in improving system performance, or they could provide the key technology that enables a system to be deployed. This article focuses on the Ka-band phased array antennas, but tunable filters, oscillators, and switches could also utilize these materials.


The aim of the present study is to determine the e-catalog design using Adobe Photoshop CS3 as a promotion development on instagram to increase the purchasing intention at T hree B rother B litar. The pr esent study was an Action Research method consisting of planning, action, observation, an reflection. The method to collect the data required observations, interviews, documentation and questionnaires. The sample of 1 2 respondents. The design development effectiveness was measured by EPIC methods. The results of this study indicates that the e-catalog is worthy to be used as a media campaign at Three Brother. It is expected that this e-catalog design can be used and help Three Brother in promoting its services.


Service (NHS)] organisations are accountable for continuously improving the quality of their services and safeguarding high standards of care by creating an environment in which excellence in clinical care will flourish" (emphasis not in original) (Department of Health (DOH), 1998). The intention is to re-assert the importance of quality of care within the management culture of the NHS. The Government's vision is of a structured


This article compares the usage of "at" phrase in its "continuous" meaning with that of verb to do in its continuous tense. It concludes that there are a number of similarities between them.


This paper deals with real-time scheduling of homogeneous multicore platforms powered by a battery to be periodically recharged. A system is composed of reconfigurable real-time dependent and periodic tasks to be assigned to different cores interconnected by a network-on-chip (NoC). The system is subject to reconfigurations, which are automatic operations allowing the addition and/or removal of tasks as well as their exchanged messages on the NoC. Consequently, any reconfiguration can violate real-time and energy constraints on cores as well as the NoC when the energy is unavailable until the next recharge. A novel periodic task model based on elastic coefficients and a new scheduling strategy are proposed to compute useful temporal parameters allowing for tasks and messages to meet the related constraints while controlling the communication cost on the NoC. This strategy is compared with an integer linear programming-based optimal solution, and a tool named OptimalMappingTasks is developed to run different simulations that prove the originality of this paper's contribution.


A series of acetylenic arylselenides in yields of 60%~73% were synthesized by the reaction of terminal alkynes and arylselenenyl bromide in dry THF-HMPA using CsOH/KOH as a catalyst.The structures were confirmed by 1H NMR,13C NMR and MS.


The capability of initial microbial adhesion to dental restorative composites surface is influenced by the surface wettability of the materials. The common method to evaluate surface wettability of materials is contact angle measurement. The existing conventional method to measure contact angle is by means of a contact angle (CA)-Goniometer device, which is less practically applicable in clinical circumstances. Therefore, a more practical and applicable method is needed to measure contact angle in clinical circumstances. This research was performed to compare between contact angles measured by means of a CA-Goniometer device and a new practical method of drop profile image analysis. In addition, since there were two different formulas that can be used to calculate contact angle value from a drop profile image, then we also need to evaluate which formula is more reliable to be used. Tests were carried out using three composite discs (Clearfill-Kuraray Medical, Inc.) sample and deionised water for different measurement procedures. One drop of 3µl liquid was dropped onto the surface of the composite discs, and the drop profile image was captured by means of a customized home-made device connected to a digital camera. Two different formulas were used to calculate the contact angle value from the drop profile image, namely the "linier gradient equation" and the "tangential line". The contact angle values obtained from the two different formulas were compared with the value obtained from the conventional method descriptively. Tests were carried out using three composite discs (Clearfill-Kuraray Medical, Inc.) sample and deionised water for different measurement procedures. One drop of 3µl liquid was dropped onto the surface of the composite discs, and the drop profile image was captured by means of a customized home-made device connected to a digital camera. Two different formulas were used to calculate the contact angle value from the drop profile image, namely the "linier gradient equation" and the "tangential line". The contact angle values obtained from the two different formulas were compared with the value obtained from the conventional method descriptively. The differences in percentage between the contact angle value calculated by the "linier gradient equation" and "tangential line" formulas, and those calculated by means of the CA-Goniometer are 20,56% and 3,51%, respectively. It is obviously demonstrated that the value obtained by the "tangential line" formula has a smaller difference compared to those obtained by the "linier equation gradient" formula. Among the two different formulas, it is confirmed that the contact angle value calculated with the "tangential line" formula has closer similarity with the value obtained from the CA-Goniometer. This result confirms that the new practical method of drop profile image analysis is promising for measuring contact angle values in clinical circumstances. Related to the drop profile image analysis, the "tangential line" formula is more accurate compared to the "linier gradient equation" formula.


Diffusion coefficients and times of half-dyeing have been determined for three commercial anthra-quinonoid disperse dyes on nylon yarn. The results support the view that rate of dyeing is mainly governed by rate of diffusion of dye in the fibre.


OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether any genomic change occurs in DNA level in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) by measuring sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequency. METHODS SCE frequency was detected on metaphase chromosomes obtained from peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures in 15 patients diagnosed as having AS. SCE values were also obtained from 15 healthy subjects as a control group. SCE frequencies were detected from metaphases obtained from standard blood cultures by using bromodeoxyuridine and staining by Giemsa. RESULTS SCE frequencies of AS were statistically higher than those of the control group (p<0.005). CONCLUSION These results suggest that genetic factors may play a more important part than realised in the aetiology of AS.


Brand community has become an important concept in marketing and it is attracting much attention from the academic and the business fields.The purpose of this study is to examine the relations among five value dimensions,sense of community,loyalty and brand related behavior intentions.The results show that information value,social value and amusement value of virtual brand community have a significant influence both on sense of community and loyalty.Financial value has a significant influence on loyalty but not as much on sense of community.Image value is not important for sense of community and loyalty in virtual community.It also shows that the members have loyalty to community,and incline to protect their brand and oppose competitive brand when they conceive sense of community enough.