Feature selection plays an important role in the field of text categorization. The traditional feature selection methods such as information gain(IG), the weight of evidence for text(WET) , 2 χ feature selection and so on are commonly applied in text categorization. However, the traditional feature selection methods are based on local features, there are many low information redundancies features was selected. In this paper a new feature selection algorithm called CWFS based on competition winners feature selection is proposed to solve the time consuming issue of classification as well as low accuracy. By removing uncorrelated or redundant features, the filter model only applies the top dozens of all features, thus the filter model can finish the classification with less time. Our concern is to reduce the dimension of the feature space. The classifiers with Naive Bayes and support vector machine have been used to run our experiment on TREC sets. The experimental results show that CWFS method can highly improve the quality of classification. Introduction In this increasingly digitally connected world, the dimensionality of data is also increasing. To handle this humongous amount of data, automated solutions so on. Data Mining is required. Data mining algorithms cause a huge computational cost which needs to be minimized. One of the primary steps for this is to ensure that only useful data reaches the data mining systems. The way to do this is via feature selection of data and subsequent filtering. Data mining or knowledge discovery is a process of examining various data from different aspects and encapsulating it into more useful and profitable information by summarizing its interrelationships. This could enhance decision making, thereby cutting costs and incrementing revenue. However, when the data in consideration is highly dimensionality, data mining algorithms incurs an exorbitant cost of computation. This is where feature selection algorithms come into picture, for they remove irrelevant features, cutting down the processing time drastically. There are mainly four types of feature selection methods namely filter, wrapper, embedded and hybrid method. Text categorization is an important part of data mining. The task of text categorization is placing predefine indexing automatically, e-mail filtering, web browsing and personal information agents, text categorizations is an active and important research area where machine learning and information retrieve intersect. One major difficulty in text categorization is the large dimension of the feature space. Feature selection is a key step in text categorization, its results could pose a direct influence upon the classifier accuracy. The traditional feature selection methods are based on local features, there are many low information redundancies features was selected. CWFS is based on global features is proposed to improve this issue. The rest of this paper is organized as follow: In section 2, related works were summarized. In section 3, we will discuss relevant feature selection methods. The new algorithm of feature selection will be discussed in Section 4. In the section 5, we will present experiment steps and results. Some conclusions and ideas for further research are described finally. Related Works Bellman[1], came with the so-called curse of dimensionality in 1957, though it seems logical that having a higher amount of information could lead to better results. Increase in dimensionality International Power, Electronics and Materials Engineering Conference (IPEMEC 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 644 increases the training time of algorithms too. Thereby removal of redundant and irrelevant features becomes vital. Blum and Langley[2], 1997 discuss the various factors that affects feature selection algorithm and divide them into four sectors namely: search strategy, search direction, evaluation criterion and stopping criterion. Guyon[3] and Elisseef[4] in 2003 refer to the recent developments in variable and feature selection which addressed the problem from the pragmatic point of view of improving the performance of predictors. They also recommended using a linear predictor and select variables in two alternate ways: (1) with a variable ranking method with a correlation coefficient or mutual information; (2) with a nested subset selection method performing forward or backward selection or with multiplicative update. Gavin Brown[5] in 2009 contributed a unifying theoretical understanding of filters and a natural way for deriving a space of possible ranking criteria based on mutual information between the class label and feature. Common Feature Selection Methods Feature selection is an important step in text categorization. Recently, a growing number of statistical classification methods and machine learning techniques have been applied in text categorization. The prevailing feature selection methods such as Information Gain(IG), Document Frequency(DF), 2 χ statistic(CHI), Expected cross entropy(ECE), weight of evidence for text(WET), Odds ratio(ODD). They are all explored in our experiment they will be introduced respectively as follow: A. Informaiton gain Information gain is commonly used as a feature goodness criterion in machine learning. It measures the amount of information obtained for category prediction by knowing the presence or absence of a feature in a document. We adopt m m i i c 1 = } { to denote the set of categories in the target spaces. The information gain of feature t is defined to be: ) ( log ) ( ) ( G 1 i m i i c p c p t ∑ = − = ) ( log ) ( ) ( 1 t c p t c p t p i m


Rice cultivar P88S/1128 was used as material to study effect of two cover modes,film mulching and rice straw mulching,on photosynthate accumulation of aerobic rice with bare cultivation as control.The results showed that cover mode had significant effect on dry matter accumulation.Dry matter accumulation under cover cultivation was significantly higher than that of control.They were 136.31 g/hill and 123.69 g/hill in film mulching and straw mulching treatments,respectively.And dry matter in panicle was increased by 26.46% and 14.49% than control respectively.Meanwhile,chlorophyll content in leaf was effectively improved and yield was significantly improved by cover.


Understanding supply chain network are important for modeling the spread of risks in enterprise nodes. This study characterizes the supply chain risk network of the spread of several nodes. To identify the rule of the movement of risk nodes, several parameters describing these properties are measured (degree, risk, the number of risk nodes, average risk, average path length and average clustering). The simulation results indicate: (1) this risk network has small-world and scale-free property; (2) the basic topological characteristics on static network displayed a regular change; (3) the characteristics of the spread of risk is measured by risk distribution which obeys a double power law and average risk which has a negative correlation with the number of risk node. In summation, this paper tries to analyze the risk spread of several nodes in supply chain network from macroscopic perspective.


Introduction: Biceps brachii is a muscle of arm which brings about supination when fore-arm is flexed and flexion of elbow joint. Proximally it is attached with two heads: long and short heads.Case report: The absence of long head of biceps brachii muscle is very rare anomaly. It may be unilateral or bilateral with or without other congenital anomalies. The exact prevalence of this anomaly is unknown. This anomaly has been reported to occur as the result of an insult to the fetus during the sixth or seventh week of gestation, at which time the long head of the biceps tendon is developing. J-GMC-N | Volume 11 | Issue 01 | January-June 2018, Page:56-57


This guide will help you with your Church History research. This page contains resources from Pentecostal history, including the Assemblies of God.


A method for fatigue life estimation of cracked aluminum plates repaired with bonded composite patches was proposed. Stress analysis was accomplished via the finite element method, and the stress intensity factor was determined bia a strain approach. The paris law was used to estimate the fatigue lives of the cracked plates with and without bonded repairs. Experiments were performed


The approach for targeting toxic tau aggregates was to develop a small molecule inhibitor of tau self‐association that is agnostic to the types of aggregates formed. Pharmacodynamic studies of the lead compound in mouse models of tauopathy were performed. Therapeutic treatment of aged P301L tau JNPL3 mice showed reduced tau aggregation and improved motor behavior. Preventive treatment studies in young JNPL3 and htau mice with the lead also showed reduced tau aggregation. These results supported preclinical development of the lead to evaluate the potential of the compound for an Investigational New Drug Application (IND) submission to enable a first‐in‐human study.


Investigations of a free‐range broiler flock during the rearing period and at the slaughterhouse by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) of the flagellin (flaA) gene (flaA typing) have shown that poultry carcasses are contaminated by Campylobacter spp. strains which were previously present in the poultry faeces. Moreover, the investigation of the previous and the following batches in the processing plant using flaA typing have shown that cross‐contamination between batches coming from different flocks occurs and is also a risk factor for the presence of Campylobacter spp. on poultry carcasses.


Rational nutrition, well-balanced diet, regularity of meals and their composition are extremely important in lifestyle and health. Due to a large number of professions and way of their performance, we begin to observe in the particular occupational groups the negative health consequences. An example is the truck driver's profession, which, by its very nature, exposes the development of obesity and the associated complications. Overweight truck drivers are 55% more likely to be involved in road accidents compared to people with normal body weight, with a higher incidence of fatigue and an accident. Drivers with excessive body weight involved in collisions have a higher mortality rate. Metabolic syndrome is characterized by abdominal obesity, hypertension and metabolic disorders, particularly with respect to lipid parameters and glucose. Specific education actions should be taken to prevent traffic accidents, improve the health and well-being of drivers and prevent the development of obesity and metabolic disorders that are complications. Preparation of health promotion program and the proper eating habits for professional drivers, their employers and families should start as soon as possible.


Chuyi Huang(黄楚怡)1,2,3†, Junpei Zhang(张俊佩)1,2†, Fan Ye(叶凡), Zecong Qin(秦泽聪), Syed Mohd Amir, Zachary Norris Buck, Ahmed Salman, Wolfgang Kreuzpaintner, Xin Qi(齐欣), Tianhao Wang(王天昊)1,2*, and Xin Tong(童欣)1,2* Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China


Approximately 30% of polypeptides synthesized by mammalian cells are degraded with a half-life of <10 min by proteasomes. These rapidly degraded polypeptides (RDPs) constitute the bulk of proteasome substrates and are the principal source of viral and self-peptide ligands for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Here we provide evidence that ∼75% of RDPs are degraded by the standard ubiquitin 26 S proteasome system and that their degradation is regulated by modulating Hsc70 activity in cells. Surprisingly, the remaining ∼25% of RDPs are degraded without ubiquitylation by 20 S proteasomes independently of 19 S regulators and in a manner that is largely unaffected by modulating Hsc70 activity. This latter pathway is utilized for generating an antigenic peptide from viral-defective ribosomal products. The dichotomy in the behavior of RDPs points to a novel quality control level for nascent proteins that is independent of the well established Hsc70-ubiquitin 26 S proteasome pathway.


Abstract Two new species of feather mites from the superfamily Analgoidea are described from the grey-headed woodpecker, Picus canus, in Korea: Neopteronyssus koreanus sp. nov. (Pteronyssidae) and Proterothrix picinus sp. nov. (Proctophyllodidae: Pterodectinae). Feather mites of the genera Neopteronyssus Mironov, 2002 and Proterothrix Gaud, 1968 are described for the first time in Korea. Morphological descriptions of both new species are complemented with partial sequences of their mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene as DNA barcodes.


Background: The painful shoulder is a very prevalent entity. Several treatment options are currently recommended, including acupuncture. Acupuncture is part of the arsenal of Traditional ChineseMedicine (TCM) and dates back to the 6th century BC, and consists of the application of needles in specific points of the body, in order to harmonize and allow the free flow of vital energy (Qi). Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture for the treatment of painful shoulder, as well as to compare the techniques and points used. Methods: Meta-analysis of 28 randomized, controlled clinical trials, comparing the effect of acupuncture and placebo intervention (Sham). Results: In all these studies, acupuncture proved to be superior to control group in the treatment of shoulder pain. Most articles were of good quality, with clear randomization criteria and few publication biases. Conclusion: The needling of local points and distance, described by TCM, is able to reduce shoulder pain safely and effectively. Level of Evidence I: Systematic Review of Level I Studies.


In this article are considered problems of formation of the islamic beauty conception, the peculiarities of Islamic art in various historical periods since the first centuries of Islam. For the modern fine-art theory of miniature appears as an important knowledge of the methods of describing prototype and information of the picture in formal descriptiveness. It contains the methodology of their mastering in the educational process, which is of obvious interest for the system of the modern artistic education in the first place. Secondly, it is of interest for the artists who try to understand what is happening in the modern art and to find their position on the essence of its complicated and still continuing searches.


This research aims to examine the association between derivatives instruments and firm value. This research is quantitative research with multiple linear regression models and panel data. The sample employed in this research is non-financial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The type of data used in this study is secondary data sourced from financial statements, stock price information, and annual reports from 2012 to 2017. The sample selection using a purposive sampling method with the number of samples amounted to 246 firm-year. The result of this study suggests that a derivatives instrument is not associated with firm value. Investors in Indonesia do not consider ownership of derivative instruments by companies whether those are harmful of not for the investment impact. Also, derivatives do not have an official market in Indonesia as well as investors also do not understand the purpose of derivative ownership by companies.


President Hu Jing-tao emphasized at the 17th Conference of CPC that we should Start activities of to publicize theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics and promote the popularization of Marxism of contemporary China." In order to realize this strategic target,the ideological and political theory courses in high education should intensify the affinity of itself and improve the propaganda effect of the theories of socialism with Chinese characteristics through developing teaching and research simultaneously,increasing the ingredients of life in the teaching content,popularizing teaching language,making student centered in teaching method,modernizing teaching technique and diversifying examination methods.


The invention discloses a flow control device for a lubricating system of a dual-clutch transmission. The flow control device comprises a flow valve body. A flow valve is a cavity defined by an end cover, an outer shell and a sealing part. A piston and a valve element are arranged in the cavity. The piston is connected with an elastic part. At least two flow holes are formed in the piston. By means of the flow control device, it is ensured that gears at the position of a gearbox and the position of a motor of the double-lubricating-oil-way system can be effectively lubricated and cooled during normal running of a vehicle, and it is ensured that the gear in the gearbox is lubricated and cooled in the situation that the gearbox shifts gears frequently and the limiting condition exists. The problem that the gears are damaged due to insufficient lubricating oil is avoided, and it is ensured that the gear at the position of the motor can be effectively lubricated and cooled in the situation that the gearbox frequently shifts the gears and the limiting condition exists due to the design of a bypass hole. The structure of the valve body is compact, and the problems that the position and the space at the position of the gearbox are narrow, and assembly is not easy are solved.


Phenolics were extracted from potato peel waste using water or methanol. Phenolic acids in the extracts were quantified by HPLC. The greatest amounts of phenolic acids resulted when potato homogenate was refluxed with water for 30 min, yielding a total concentration of 48 mg/100 g. Four phenolic acids (chlorogcnic, gallic, protocatechuic, and caffeic) were characterized as major components. Aqueous extracts were stored 20 days and after 7 days at 25 o C exposed to light, chlorogenic acid had degraded to caffeic acid


The reactions of bis(2-mercapto-1-methylimidazolyl)borates ([H(R)B(timMe)2]-, R = H and Ph) with [UI3(THF)4] and Tl[BPh4] in tetrahydrofuran gave, in good yield, [U{H(R)B(timMe)2}2(THF)3][BPh4] (R ...


The structure of the international production system has changed a lot over the last few decades. The principal aspects are two: a) a great growth of the services; b) an increase of the inter-industry linkages. These aspects have contributed to overcome the traditional distinction of sectors. The different economic activities can indeed be complementary rather than substitutable. This paper aims to provide new empirical evidences through the analysis of structural change within six major developed countries (Germany, Italy, France, Spain, UK and US). By using the World Input-Output Database, the paper adopts a subsystem approach to the Input-Output model during the time period 1995-2011.


Two pyrrolizidine alkaloids, supinine and lasiocarpine, have been investigated pharmacologically. In confirmation of our previous results in mice and rats, a single intravenous injection of lasiocarpine was followed by acute necrosis of the liver of golden hamsters and a rhesus monkey. Hypoprothrombinemia occurred in rats injected with lasiocarpine. Single intravenous injections of supinine, on the other hand, had no hepatotoxic action in mice and rats. This alkaloid appeared to have a very weak atropine-bike action.


This paper introduced a general class of mathematical models, Markov chain models, which are appropriate for modeling of phenomena in the physical life, medicine, engineering and social sciences. Application of Markov chains are quite common and have become a standard tool of decision making. What matters in predicting the future of the system is its present state, and not the path by which the system got to its present state. Two methods are presented that exemplify the flexibility of this approach: the regular Markov chain and absorbing Markov chain. The long-term trend in absorbing Markov chains depends on the initial state. In addition, changing the initial state can change the final result. This property distinguishes absorbing Markov chains from regular Markov chains, where the final result is independent of the initial state.  The problems are formulated by using the Wolfram Mathematical Programming System.


Roughly translated from Plato's The Republic, the English language proverb states 'Necessity is the mother of invention'. However, invention is only part of the process we currently refer to as innovation. The necessity in the quotation in our case is due to the universal challenges to healthcare provision across the globe, namely increasing demand because of a rising burden of chronic disease and limited resources, now more than ever. It is against this context and the challenges of doing 'innovation' that this special edition sits, with a series of papers, and their related commentaries, exploring both the why and how of nursing innovation. Innovation is seen as a process comprising a series of interlinked, and at times overlapping processes, which encompass adoption, implementation, sustaining, spreading and scaling. In a policy brief from the World Health Organization (Nolte et al., 2018) the key components that define innovation include novelty, added value and discontinuous change. This novelty is potentially frightening, or challenging to the status quo, and therefore we need courageous nursing leaders (see the perspective piece) and courageous nurses who are not afraid to argue against standard practice and to suggest a new way. Innovation was amongst four key topics discussed at the International Council of Nurses' Congress 2019 (International Council of Nurses, 2019). The American Nursing Association has their 'Ignite Nursing Innovation' scheme (American Nursing Association, 2020), with support and funding for nurse innovators. The UK Royal College of Nursing has specific resources to support innovation in nursing (Royal College of Nursing, 2020) both recognising nurses' pivotal role in healthcare and the contribution they can make to the process. From a policy perspective, England's National Health Service (NHS) Long Term Plan (NHS, 2019) talks about innovation in two ways: one very clearly from a clinical research perspective and accelerating new technologies; the other as innovation being delivered by frontline clinicians skilled up with quality-improvement methodologies. This capacity to use quality-improvement methodologies helps address the final component of innovation, in so much that as innovations are implemented, we also have to recognise that they must deliver improvement. The Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) Triple Aim is useful to consider at this stage (IHI, 2020), with the three domains being:


We describe the new CASP system for collecting and verifying predictions generated by servers. The system was developed to ensure reliable execution of the server assessment part of CASP, with particular emphasis on data consistency. Following the principle that predictions should not be modified by anyone but their authors and to allow a later meaningful assessment, submissions are now verified for correctness of format and contents within the strict 48 hour CASP deadlines for this type of submission. This article also provides an overview of the rules governing server participation in CASP6 and some statistics pertaining to servers in CASP6. Proteins 2005;Suppl 7:24–26. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Studies of party activism highlight that party activists are driven by various motivations and that these affect their level of activism. However, it remains unclear whether policy-motivated activists are more engaged in party activities than those motivated by other incentives and whether the motivation–activism link varies with party characteristics. This article investigates these questions by focusing on political actors linking parties and voters in the local community. I use a party activist survey data set collected during recent national election campaigns in three Asian young democracies: Taiwan, Korea, and Mongolia. The results demonstrate the prominence of policy motivation as an impetus for activists' intraparty commitment. I also found that the positive effect of policy motivation is especially robust in small parties, while it is muted in large parties and that party membership increases the probability of intraparty commitment, challenging the widely held belief that formal membership is pointless in Asian parties.


A model predictive control (MPC) based seamless transition between standalone and grid-connected operations is proposed for the active power filter (APF) integrated single-phase quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) power system. The predictive models of AC output, qZS network, and APF branch are established. The qZSI operating modes are analyzed to form corresponding cost functions. With the predictions, references, and switching states, the minimum cost function is determined to find the optimal switching state for qZSI power devices. The APF branch compensates completely the dc-side double-line-frequency (2ω) ripple under MPC, so low qZS inductance and capacitance are achieved without loss of performance. Simulation results demonstrate the proposed solution to have an unseamed transition.


The literature on the impact of policy uncertainty on climate change has grown rapidly in recent years as policymakers and researchers have become increasingly concerned about the potential adverse effects of policy uncertainty on environmental sustainability. This study aims to investigate the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU), GDP per capita, renewable energy consumption (REC), and foreign direct investment (FDI) on environmental sustainability from the perspectives of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) and pollution halo/haven hypotheses. The research employs panel data analysis techniques, including panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) and generalized least squares (GLS), to analyze the data from a panel of 19 developed and developing countries from 2001 to 2019. The results reveal that EPU, GDP per capita, REC, and FDI significantly impact GHG emissions, contributing to climate change. The results of the study confirm a U-shaped EKC and pollution haven hypothesis in the selected economies. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for policymakers, as they highlight the need to consider the interplay between economic growth, foreign investment, and environmental policy in addressing climate change. The results also suggest that reducing policy uncertainty and promoting sustainable economic growth can mitigate the effects of climate change and ensure environmental sustainability.


The quality of urban life can be essential for the sake of living meaningful, readable, accessible, decent, and empower to the most Important needs .in thesis, the research metrology adds qualities qualitative applied practices with descriptive and inferential analysis and the type of research variables adds to the goals of these problems. The result of this research can add to the sense of justice and high level of understanding in creating a sense of justice, and the research method in this research, descriptive, analytical and based on documentary study books, field surveys, direct extracts to relevant organization and using a questionnaire tool, the study area consist of public space, park, street and Demising Eli Debary square. Accordingly , firstly , the most important issues of the fields were extracted from lynch's indictors using book references, interviews and questionnaire's , and then , with regards to the analysis and evaluation have been made and have been meaningful and readable .accordingly , by comparing the result of general space variable (Demising failed to Debary) and in order priority areas , it is possible to determine the strategies that affect the quality of public spaces, fields are prioritized.


This chapter proposes a new framework for diagnostic nosology based on Bayesian principles. This novel integrative framework builds upon and improves the current diagnostic system in psychiatry. Instead of starting from the assumption that a diagnosis describes a specifi c unitary dysfunction that causes a set of symptoms, it is assumed that the underlying disease causes the clinician to make a diagnosis. Thus, unlike the current diagnostic system, this framework treats both symptoms and diagnostic classifi cation as consequences of the underlying pathophysiology. Comorbidities are therefore easily incorporated into the framework and inform, rather than hinder, the diagnostic process. Further, the proposed framework provides a bridge—which did not previously exist—that links putative constructs related to pathophysiology (e.g., RDoC domains) and clinical diagnoses (e.g., DSM categories) related to signs and symptoms. The model is fl exible; it is expandable and collapsible, and can integrate a diverse array of data at multiple levels. Crucially, this novel framework explicitly provides an iterative approach, updating and selecting the best model, based on the highest-quality available evidence at any point. In fact, the scheme can, in principle, automatically ignore data that is not relevant or informative to the diagnostic trajectory. Finally, the proposed framework can account for and incorporate the longitudinal course of an illness. This Group photos (top left to bottom right) Shelly Flagel, Danny Pine, David Redish, Jordan Smoller, Susanne Ahmari, Karl Friston, Michael First, Katharina Schmack, Danny Pine, Katharina Schmack, group discussion, Susanne Ahmari, Anita Thapar, Christoph Mathys, Michael First, David Redish, Karl Friston, Shelly Flagel, Jordan Smoller, Anita Thapar, Christoph Mathys From "Computational Psychiatry: New Perspectives on Mental Illness," A. David Redish and Joshua A. Gordon, eds. 2016. Strüngmann Forum Reports, vol. 20, series ed. J. Lupp. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03542-2. 170 S. B. Flagel et al. chapter details the theoretical basis for this framework and provides clinical examples to illustrate its utility and application. Multiple iterations of this framework will be required based on available information. It is hoped that, with time, the framework will enhance our understanding of individual differences in brain function and behavior and ultimately improve treatment outcomes in psychiatry.


This article aims to discuss some peculiarities of Sebastiano Timpanaro's contribution in terms of didactics. Even if his intellectual activity evolved apart from academies – and despite the charming and abused image of the proofreader –, Timpanaro was able to transmit a methodological lesson widely recognized in a plurality of contexts. His handbooks reveal – once more – a well defined "scientific" imprinting: in conformity with his materialism (or "marxism-leopardism"), Timpanaro used to chase the objective truth by means of a systematic comparison between "sciences" and "humanities". Although classical philology remained his main research field, his didactic approach made no distinction between specializations, focusing on single problems regardless of their nature. Timpanaro; Didactics; Philology; Method; Materialism.


The date of pruning affected flowering time of Protea cv. Sylvia (P. eximia × P. susannae) by influencing the flush on which inflorescence initiation occurred, and the harvest could be manipulated to fall within the optimum marketing period for export to Europe. Flowers initiated on the spring flush reached anthesis in January-February, those on the first and second summer flushes in April-May and July-August, respectively, and those on the autumn flush in November-December. Thus, flowering shoots harvested within the optimum marketing period (September to February) initiated inflorescences on the autumn and spring flushes. Because shoots on the spring flush initiated inflorescences readily, many flowering shoots harvested in January and February (following initiation the previous spring) were short and therefore unmarketable. For commercial production, pruning in July is recommended to allow harvest in October-December of the following year. Since the vegetative and reproductive cycles necessary to produce inflorescences on long stems span more than a year, a biennial cropping system is recommended.


In order to improve transmission distance, transparency, capacity and speed of optical networks, much attention has been paid to investigate practical means for all-optical signal processing [1,2]. All-optical clock recovery regeneration at 40 Gbit/s and beyond appears to be a crucial element for future transparent networks. Among the different approaches investigated so far, we can mention a scheme of particular interest based on a single self-pulsating (SP) distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser [3]. In this paper, we report a polarization insensitive DBR laser with high confinement factor. Non linear operation that generates SP has been achieved at low injection current level. We also report that the separation of the gain region into two sections in such a laser allows increasing the tuning range of the SP frequency up to 1 GHz, the largest value achieved on this kind of SP lasers. The studied DBR laser has 3 sections: an active, a phase and a Bragg section [3]. Figure 1 shows the power level coupled to a single mode fibre and the SP frequency as a function of the injection current into the active section. For injection current varying from 50 mA to 200 mA, 3 mode jumps occur due to the thermal effects. It is remarkable that SP begins at 50 mA, an injection current level less than 2 times of the threshold (36 mA), demonstrating that the non linear effects are largely enhanced due to the high confinement factor (~ 0.70) in such a structure.


In this paper, the porous structure of three types of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) carbons was synthesized and investigated. The first carbon was obtained from pure β-CD, the second carbon was synthesized from β-CD using the KOH activator, and the third carbon was synthesized from pure β-CD with additional ultrasonic treatment in the non-cavitation mode at the last stage. It was found that the carbon from pure β-CD has a micromesoporous structure with a small specific surface area (~35 m2/g). Activation with KOH causes a significant increase in the specific surface area (~654 m2/g) due to an increase in the content of micropores with an average size of 1,25 nm. The ultrasonic treatment causes mechanical grinding and oxidation of the carbon surface. It has been shown that such treatment increases the mesopore content and significantly changes the mesopore size distribution. It has been established that the oxidation of the β-CD carbon surface after ultrasonic treatment causes an increase in its hydrophilicity of up to 83,1%. The increase in hydrophilicity will allow more efficient use of synthesized carbon and composites based on it in solving the problems of environmental safety in water environments.


The invention discloses an intelligent traffic system based taxi traffic information publishing and guiding system comprising an equipment integration platform system. The equipment integration platform system comprises a platform management center, an information processing and storing system, a platform information acquisition system, a microwave detection device, a floating car detection device and a vehicular terminal. The intelligent traffic system based taxi traffic information publishing and guiding system can perform multicast information publishing and multicast information guidance of taxi operation conditions according to different traffic conditions as well as real-time operation conditions and vacancy rate of urban taxies, so that vacant running of the taxies is avoided effectively, urban traffic pressure is alleviated, and energy conservation and emission reduction are achieved as well.


In this tribute to Mary E. Richmond on the 125th anniversary of her birth, the writer demonstrates the relationship between her "cruelly hampered youth" and painful pre-prolessional life ex el i ences and their manifestations on her later contributions to the fierd b; social work. Examined are her encounters with poverty, loneliness, a need for human relationships and her insatiable thirst [or good literature.


This paper addresses the exponential admissibility of a class of discrete-time switched singular systems with time-varying delay. By defining a properly constructed decay-rate-dependent Lyapunov function and using the average dwell time approach, a delay-dependent sufficient condition is derived for the system to be regular, causal and exponentially stable. The obtained results provide a solution to one of the basic problems in discrete-time switched singular time-delay systems, that is, to identify a switching signal for which the switched singular time-delay system is regular, causal and exponentially stable. Numerical example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed results.


The Hand Force Feedback System is an anthropomorphic haptic interface for the replication of the forces arising during grasping and fine manipulation operations. It is composed of four independent finger dorsal exoskeletons which wrap up four fingers of the human hand (the little finger is excluded). Each finger possesses three electrically actuated DOF placed in correspondence with the human finger flexion axes and a passive DOF allowing finger abduction movements.


The possible geological history of the quaternary events in the coastal plain of the Southern Sao Paulo State, in the area known as Iguape-Cananeia lagoonal region, is here presented. Field observations and sedimentological analysis made by the A., geophysical data and examination of the samples from two stratigraphical wells drilled by I.G.G. and the informations from shallow research holes made by Geobras S/A, Engineering and Foundations, made possible the accomplishment of this work. Grain size characteristics of the sediments from the present environments were also compared with the grain size characteristics of the sediments from the ancient environments, allowing the recognition of the depositional mechanisms of the ancient sediments. The regressive deposits, "blanket sands" or "sheet sands" type (KRUMBEIN and SLOSS, 1963, p. 550), already recognized as old beach sands by previous authors, never was clearly characterized. Here they are described, in detail, due to their great importance in the coastal plain regional geology, not only because of their great persistence, but also, as a consequence, because they were the most important source of detrital materials to the present sub-environments. To this lithological unity is proposed the denomination Cananeia Formation. The recognition of the transgressive and regressive sequences was possible only through the studies of the I.G.G. stratigraphical wells.


Based on the 150 mm × 150 mm × 300 mm of low content of steel fiber concrete test blocks,the static elastic modulus were analyzed.The conclusion can be drawn that the low content of steel fiber concrete static elastic modulus is influenced by volume content of steel fiber,the kinds of fiber and matrix strength.Experimental results show that: the steel fiber volume content almost has nothing to do with the low content of steel fiber concrete elastic modulus,the strength and length diameter ratio of steel fiber has some effect to a certain extent.Enhancing the concrete strength of the substrate can be greatly increase the static modulus of elasticity of the low content of steel fiber concrete.


Since immemorial herbal plants were widely used as medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Much focus has been attributed for the importance of medicinal plants by WHO. Present study aims at investigating the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous and methanol extract of Convolvulus arevensis which is indigenous to Eastern Ghats of Andhra Pradesh. Materials and methods: Leaves of C.arvensis was subjected to aqueous and methanol extraction by soxhlet and assessed for in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity by albumin denaturation inhibition and membrane stabilization method. Results: Percentage yield for aqueous extract of C.arvensis (ACAE)was found to be (89%) and for methanol extract(MCAE) it was found to be (92%).Significant dose dependent in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity (50-150µg) was observed(p<0.05) for both ACAE and MCAE. Percentage of albumin denaturation for MCAE 150µg was found to be 77.65% (IC50 =38.40µg; R2 = 0.9610) and for that of ACAE it was found to be 69.073%. (IC50 =42.28µg; R2 =0.9880) for albumin denaturation. Percentage of protection for MCAE 150µg was found to be 71.77% (IC50 =38.40µg; R2 = 0.9610) and for that of ACAE it was found to be 71.93%. (IC50 =32.52µg; R2 = 0.9975).


V2V as one of the world's frontier research in the field of road traffic safety, it is an effective measure to solve the traffic road safety problems. In this paper, we propose a safety collision distance algorithm and a drive lane localization algorithm, so we can get a safety distance model. This collision avoidance warming system can realize wireless communication between vehicles. In harsh driving conditions and complex traffic environment, the system can inform the driver to drive carefully, effectively avoid the happening of the vehicle accidents. When the vehicle have a risk of collision, HMI can sound an alarm in time and stimulate vehicle brake automatically, effectively avoid the happening of the vehicle accidents.


ABSTRACT This article analyzes the Loyalty to a beach resort and its relationship with the variables: Service quality, Perceived value, Satisfaction and Overall image. From relationship marketing from the perspective of current demand, the results of the study is that faithfulness to American tourists as Ixtapa-Zihuatanejo beach destination can be considered as a low level and that the variables: Quality of service, perceived value, and satisfaction overall picture shows a positive relationship with attitudinal loyalty.


Proton and carbon NMR chemical shift assignments for (+)‐(S)‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroimidazo‐9‐chloro‐5‐methyl‐6‐(3‐methylbut‐2‐enyl)imidazo[4,5,1‐jk][1,4] benzodiazepin‐2(1H)‐thione (TIBO) were made based on 1D and 2D NMR measurements at 9.4 T.


Raman spectroscopy is used to investigate the structural changes in isochronally annealed a‐Ge/SiOx superlattices. The Ge crystallization temperature is found to be higher in superlattices with thinner Ge layers, which can be interpreted in terms of the retardation of nucleation and growth of Ge microcrystallites near the Ge/SiOx interface. Before and after the Ge layers crystallize there is Si diffusion into the Ge layers. The Si appears to be uniformly distributed throughout the Ge layers.


This study considers a randomized asynchronous form of the discrete time-invariant state-space models, in which only a random subset of the state variables is updated in each iteration. When the system has a single input in the form of a complex exponential, it is shown that the output signal still behaves like an exponential in a statistical sense. The study presents the necessary and sufficient condition that ensures the stability of a randomized asynchronous system, which does not necessarily require the stability of the state transition matrix.


The paper presents the results of a German – Czech – Hungarian – Slovenian wood research consortium, dealing with wood modification techniques by using renewable modification agents for the outdoor use of local, originally non-durable modified wood species like beech, poplar and pine sapwood. Higher value assortments of naturally durable and dimensional stable wood species, like oak and black locust from European forests, or others from tropical/sub-tropical forests are limited and partly criticized due to their non-sustainable production and harvesting conditions. Other reasons are the usage of non-local wood sources or the biocide treatment of non-durable species which have a higher impact on the environment because of long distance transport and the use of environmental critical chemicals. Due to simultaneously limited raw material volumes from fossil origin and their negative impact on climate and environment, the production and application of sustainable and renewable materials, like wood or further biomass assortments, become more and more important. Not only the sustainable production and use of the CO2-fixing material WOOD itself, but also the production and utilization of renewable liquid agents for the impregnation stage in the wood modification process-chain as well as the finishing or gluing process-steps are additionally helpful to improve the sustainability of the industrial production. The results show, that extracts from plant or tree residues with natural biocide or cross-linking behaviour as well as heat-treatment process residues of biomass materials, like collected liquids from thermal modification processes or hydro-thermal carbonised as well as pyrolysed or liquefied biomass or wood residues can result in a distinct improvement on the wood properties. These enhanced wood qualities enable the outdoor use of originally non-durable or non-dimensionally stable wood assortments.


enquiries into boredom, money worries, unfulfilled romance, and a general disappointment at not achieving that promised 'good time' are some of the most illuminating in the book. So many of these things were translated into visual form through the medium of comic postcards that this would be a wonderful field for further research. The broader historical context of the period is not discussed, but the idea of fin de siècle transition seen in the combined democratisation and emotionalisation of holidaymaking fits with the loosening of Victorian moral codes more generally and chimes with another key seaside change of the 1890s and 1900s, which saw segregated male and female bathing give way to more permissive 'mixed bathing'. The chronology of seaside amusement provision is sometimes questionable, and the strategic influence of resort competition is barely considered. Yet these are minor complaints about an excellent book, which offers scholars an important new prism through which to reassess the social and cultural histories of holidaymaking and tourism. In her framing of the 'emotional economy' Yaara Benger Alaluf reveals a consumption matrix that allows the holidaymaker as a consumer to play a performative part in the product itself and shape it into the future. Her innovative and insightful questioning of the evidence also helps bring us closer to the lived experience of Victorian and Edwardian tourists honing in, as she does, both on the emotional power and sound of the seaside crowd and on the need to look closer at the feelings of individuals within it. The sense of holiday entitlement displayed by people needing a change post-lockdown started here.


New web-based technologies for 3D graphics such as Java3D provide tools for creating autonomous virtual reality agents for educational, entertainment, and simulation software. Such agents need to be responsive and reactive to their environment in order to maintain a steady appearance of behaviors. An extension of a subsumption control architecture, from robotic agent control literature, can provide the basis for these requirements. This paper discusses issues in the design of a virtual reality robot implemented in Java3D using a modified subsumption control architecture and the problems that may be encountered with 3D platforms that provide virtual reality development environments. The virtual robot we describe is able to successfully perform a set of behaviors within its environment. Virtual sensors and actuators are implemented within Java3D, allowing the virtual robot to sense and interact with its environment. Overall performance of the system is taken into consideration.


. This paper introduces notions of resource policy for mobile code to be run on smart devices, to integrate with the proof-carrying code architecture of the Mobile Resource Guarantees (MRG) project. Two forms of policy are used: guaranteed policies which come with proofs and target policies which describe limits of the device. A guaranteed policy is expressed as a function of a methods input sizes, which determines a bound on consumption of some resource. A target policy is defined by a constant bound and input constraints for a method. A recipient of mobile code chooses whether to run methods by comparing between a guaranteed policy and the target policy. Since delivered code may use methods implemented on the target machine, guaranteed policies may also be provided by the platform; they appear symbolically as assumptions in delivered proofs. Guaranteed policies entail proof obligations that must be established from the proof certificate. Before proof, a policy checker ensures that the guaranteed policy refines the target policy; our policy format ensures that this step is tractable and does not require proof. Delivering policies thus mediates between arbitrary target requirements and the desirability to package code and certificate only once.


A new strategy for structural control systems using viscous dampers is proposed. When we use some energy absorption devices, such as viscous dampers, in a building structure, the devices are uniformly distributed over the building so that the input energy should not concentrate in a specific story. However, this design strategy is not always the optimum one. A unique strategy that does not utilize the uniform distribution of dampers is presented here. Many advantages exist in the system that does not have uniformly distributed dampers. First, in the stories which do not require dampers, more freedom for using the floor space is possible. In addition, this fact results in lowering the cost as well by allocating the dampers to limited stories. By simplifying the flow of energy absorption, the structural reliability is significantly improved. The simplified energy flow in the structure will enhance the feasibility of the structural health monitoring system. In this paper, it is also shown that by softening appropriately the stiffness of the story to which dampers are installed, it is possible to raise the energy absorption efficiency without causing concentration of the drift. We define the modal concentration ratio using complex modal vectors to obtain optimal story stiffness and the capacity of viscous dampers for achieving the desired damping ratio. The performances of the systems were carefully evaluated by conducting nonlinear dynamic response analyses subject to several large earthquakes. The analysis models for the structures were the lumped mass models considering shear deformation. The dampers attached to the structure were modeled as Maxwell models to incorporate the stiffness of the supporting members.


A new species of the hermit crab genus Paguristes, P. haigae n. sp., is described and illustrated from material collected in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Paguristes haigae n. sp. closely resembles P. tortugae Schmitt, 1933, from the western Atlantic and P. aztatlanensis Glassell, 1937 and P. oculiviolaceous Glassell, 1937, both previously known from the eastern tropical Pacific. Paguristes aztatlanensis features a proportionally much longer shield than P. haigae n. sp., an acute rostrum, longer than in P. haigae n. sp, and its ocular peduncle is proportionally shorter than in the new species; pereopods 2 and 3 are proportionally longer in P. aztatlanensis than in P. haigae n. sp. and third maxilliped of P. haigae n. sp. is armed while it is unarmed in P. aztatlanensis. P. oculiviolaceous posseses a relatively much longer antennule than P. haigae and the armature of the carpus of chelipeds varies in these two species. Paguristes haigae n. sp also shows somewhat resemblance to P. bakeri Holmes, 1900 and P. holmesi Glassell, 1937, but these two species have the anterior lobules of the telson unarmed while it is armed with 2–4 spines in P. haigae n. sp.


This paper aiming at the PDF417 which has complicated background puts forward a logical segmentation algorithm to pick up the target district and uses colorful percolation method to filter the background first. Then use two- time grads algorithm to pick up the positive and negative peak- value and also obtain the specific value to dividing up the pictures. Using this method, we can re- duce the outside interference. For the gradient 2D bar codes, we use Hough transform to gain image obliquity and then employ 2D rotation matrix to revolve the pictures. In order to reduce the burr and the blank point of target district, a quite good algorithm is put forward to make sure that the pictures will not be fuzzy after rotation transform.


Availability of seeds infected by fungi or other transmissible pathogens by this way is extremely important in seed pathology for several purposes. The present research was conducted to evaluate the use of the water restriction technique in the inoculation of cotton seeds in order to obtain seeds infected by Colletotrichum gossypii, Colletotrichum gossypii var. cephalosporioides, Botryodiplodia theobromae and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum. The premise was based on the fact that seed infection is better ensured and controlled by keeping the seeds in contact with the developing fungal colonies on agar media containing mannitol at osmotic potentials that would arrest seed germination for a longer period of time. In this study mannitol was tested at the potentials of 0, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8 e -1 MPa. Seeds on the fungal colonies were placed in a growth room at 25oC, with a photoperiod of 12 hours, where they remained for different periods of time, according to the water potential used. After each incubation period seeds were taken out of the media and dried out on paper towels in a lab environment and submitted to the germination, emergence and health tests. Incubation of seeds at water potential ranging from -0.8 to -1 MPa, provided conditions to impede seeds from germinating for a period of up to 4 and 5 days, respectively, and then presenting a greater level of infection and higher percentages of diseased seedlings.


Transmitted on a standard device connector alternative content. The method of an embodiment comprises: using a first device to a standard connector to a second connector device, the connector comprising a plurality of pins; and a second detecting device is working in standard mode or optional mode. If the second device is operating in the alternative mode, a mode switch for the optional one or more standard connector pins and a plurality of selectable modes for signal transmission standard pin connector or received via.


Objective To study pharmacokinetics of the main active ingredients(-)Epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG)and(-)Epicatechin-3-gallate(ECG)of tea polyphenols(TP)injection in rats.Methods EGCG and ECG in rat plasma were analyzed by reversed-phase HPLC,by which EGCG and ECG were eluted from a Kromasil C18 column with a linear gradient mobile phase consisting of CH3CN-0.1% citric acid at a gradient flow rate of 1.0-1.5 mL·min-1 and monitored at a wavelength of 280 nm.Fifteen rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 5 animals receiving iv administration of TP injection,formulated with catechins-containing extract from green tea,at doses of 150,100 and 50 mg·kg-1,respectively.Blood samples were collected pre-dosing and 2,5,10,20,40,60,90,120,180,240,300 min postdosing.Aliquots of obtained plasma(200 μL)were cleaned up by liquid-liquid extraction with double volumes of EtoAc and were reconstituted with 100 μL of 10% CH3CN aqueous solution before injecting to chromatograph.Results The time course of EGCG and ECG concentrations in rat plasma decayed in a biexponential fashion.Their iv pharmacokinetics could be described by the two-compartment model and first-order kinetics with t1/2β 112.39-145.20 min and 46.63-61.48 min,Vd 6.28-7.96 L·kg-1 and 0.90-1.22 L·kg-1,CL 0.034-0.044 L·kg-1·min-1 and 0.010-0.015 L·kg-1·min-1 for EGCG and ECG,respectively.Conclusions The EGCG and ECG in plasma of rats administered i.v.TP injection pharmacokinetically behaved with linear kinetics over dose range studied.The two catechin derivatives undergo rapid elimination from rat body.As compared with ECG,EGCG eliminates at a relatively slow rate,and is distributed very widely with a Vd greatly exceeding the volume of total body water,suggesting that EGCG is likely to enter the tissue cells or strongly bind to some tissues to exert its potent antioxidant effects.The aforementioned characteristics of EGCG may be due to its high lipophilicity.


Subject. The article addresses the concept and basic approaches to assessing the investment appeal of the company.
Objectives. The purpose is to review and systematize main approaches that are used to assess investment attractiveness, based on the analysis of foreign sources from international databases of publications, taking into account the current requirements of company's commitment to sustainable development and social responsibility.
Methods. The study employs general scientific methods of cognition, as well as the systems and comparative analysis.
Results. We consider differences in the definition of company's investment appeal in Russia and abroad, enabling to better understand the theoretical studies of foreign colleagues.
Conclusions. In foreign literature, the company's investment attractiveness is assessed, using its financial performance measures, valuations, the impact of intangible assets on investment attractiveness, taking into account its compliance with the modern technological mode and commitment to principles of sustainable development and social responsibility. The adherence to these principles increases the investment appeal of any company and gives it an undeniable competitive edge.


Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) are observed using Nd:YAG laser in liquid water at both forward and backward directions under different pressures. The spectra at atmospheric pressure and high pressure exhibit different characteristic features. For high pressure, the main SRS peak (about 3400 cm-1) of liquid water shifts to low frequency. Interestingly, a new peak is observed in both directions. The position of the new peak is lower than that at atmospheric pressure, which belongs to strong hydrogen bonds. Especially, a low peak is obtained around 3140 cm-1 in backward direction at 400 MPa, indicating the formation of ice-like structure. In addition, the normalized SRS intensity of high pressure is higher than that of atmospheric pressure. These results indicate that high pressure can significantly enhance SRS of water molecules. The enhancement mechanism is attributed to the long duration and slightly slow velocity of shock wave induced by high pressure.


Er3+-related electroluminescence (EL) at ∼1.54 μm from single-crystal silicon light-emitting diodes fabricated by erbium and oxygen co-implantation and subsequent annealing has been observed in the avalanche breakdown regime in the 80–300 K temperature range. The EL intensity decreased by a factor of 2 with a temperature increase from 80 to 300 K. The room-temperature yield under the reverse bias was over one order of magnitude higher than that under the forward bias.


This paper presents research on participatory design of interactive systems for emergency response. We present the work by going through the design method with a focus on the new elements that we developed for the participatory design toolkit, in particular we emphasize the use of challenges and visions as ways to bridge between fieldwork and literature studies on the one hand and the emerging computer based prototypes on the other. Our case concerns design of innovative interactive systems for support in emergency response, including patient identification and monitoring as well as construction and maintenance of a situational overview.


Background: Two different screw configurations for the fixation of juvenile Tillaux fractures have been reported. One technique, direct fixation involves placement of one or two screws directly through the fragment, into the medial epiphysis or across the physis and into the metaphysis. The second technique involves placement of one or two screws through the medial epiphysis and into the fragment. The purpose of the study was to retrospectively study both techniques with regard to their effectiveness in maintaining an open anatomic reduction. Methods: A review of all juvenile Tillaux fractures that had been operatively treated at our institution over a 5 year period was performed. A total of thirty-eight fractures were identified with twenty-three fractures (61%) treated utilizing a direct fixation technique and fifteen fractures (39%) treated utilizing an indirect fixation technique. All fractures were followed to union with a mean follow-up of twenty-one weeks. Results: Thirty-four of the thirty-eight fractures were anatomically reduced on intraoperative radiographs with elimination of joint step-off on all radiographs and a residual one-millimeter fracture gap noted in four fractures. No fracture displaced between the time of internal fixation and healing. The mean healed fracture gap was 0mm and the mean healed joint step-off was 0mm. Four of the fifteen fractures stabilized with indirect fixation required hardware removal. One of the twenty-three fractures stabilized using direct fixation required hardware removal. Conclusion: Either direct or indirect fixation of juvenile Tillaux fractures is effective in maintaining an anatomic open reduction of the joint surface.


Effects of lynestrenol on the liver were studied in male rats treated with 5 mg lynestrenol for 6 days. No changes were observed under light microscopy. Under electron microscopy the Golgi complexes in particular the vacuoles were greatly increased and internally the dark granula absorbed from the sinusoids were visible in increased numbers. Bile canaliculi and other cytoplasmic components were unchanged. The changes observed in the Golgi apparatus may be symptomatic of a functional disturbance which could account for the intrahepatic cholestasis reported as a side effect of the oral contraceptives.(AUTHORS MODIFIED)


Abstract Workplace politeness concerns the structural, interactional and individual level. Using the example of mobbing, it is illustrated how small acts of impoliteness can lead to the destruction a person psychologically and physically. Particularly, so-called downward mobbing is an increasing problem worldwide; most of the cases are orchestrated by superiors, the people subordinates depend on the most. Data clearly illustrate the social toxin created by up to 45 seemingly small actions in five areas of work life. These actions result in health hazards and ultimately loss of jobs. By example of workplace harassment, it is illustrated how systematic acts of impoliteness are used to manipulate a person's emotion and identity, to ensure anxiety-born solidarity in others while abusing power, with high costs for the target, the organisation, and society. The discussion gives way to considerations about intercultural cooperation at the workplace, showing similarities between subtle devaluations in intercultural communication called microaggression and what has been discussed as mobbing. Overall, impoliteness is deconstructed as a sign of degrading social bonds, security and health, thereby raising awareness of the importance of intercultural interaction without microaggression. The practical value of linguistic impoliteness research and its connection to work psychology becomes apparent.


The control system preventing centrifugal compressor equipped in large-scale gas turbine from surge was discussed in the paper. The control logic preventing the compressor from surge was analyzed and improved after the performance curve of compressor in gas turbine booster station was analyzed. The compressor in booster station operates well and the surge has not appeared after improved.


Rational FEM is used in Timoshenko beam problems.A kind of rational Timoshenko beam element is proposed,to avoid shear locking.In deriving the governing equations,some basic analytic solutions of Timoshenko beam problems are used to approximate the inner field of the element.This method is different from Lagrange interpolation used in the conventional FEM.The rational Timoshenko beam element can avoid shear locking without a reduced integration.Numerical results show that the element's precision is very high. It is shown that the rational FEM has a very wide application.


Simple Summary In this review, we describe sex-specific differences in the regulatory systems for dopamine production in the brains of social insects, focusing on the honey bee. Dopamine has a crucial role in the promotion of reproduction in both sexes of the honey bee and is a key substance for understanding the mechanisms underlying the reproductive division of labor in females. Studies associated with dopamine regulation have been performed mainly in females, with less of a focus on its regulation in males. In social insects, males are specialized for reproduction and do not exhibit division of labor; however, they have evolved to adapt their social system and have acquired/discarded physiological and behavioral characteristics. Therefore, studies exploring the dopaminergic system in males can contribute to our understanding of social adaptation in males. We integrate findings related to dopamine in both honey bee sexes and provide insights into the physiology involved in dopaminergic systems in social insects. Abstract Dopamine has multiple functions in the modulation of social behavior and promotion of reproduction in eusocial Hymenoptera. In the honey bee, there are sex-specific differences in the regulation of dopamine production in the brain. These different dopaminergic systems might contribute to the maintenance of sex-specific behaviors and physiology. However, it is still not fully understood how the dopaminergic system in the brain is regulated by endocrinal factors and social stimuli in the colony. In this review, we focus on the regulation of dopamine production in queens, workers, and males in the honey bee. Dopamine production can be controlled by queen substance, juvenile hormone, and exogenous tyrosine from food. Queens can control dopamine production in workers via queen substance, whereas workers can manipulate the supply of tyrosine, a precursor of dopamine, to queens and males. The regulation of dopamine production through social interaction might affect the reproductive states of colony members and maintain sex-specific behaviors in unpredictable environments.


Video Anomaly Localization techniques are interesting and emerging tasks in computer vision that is used to locate the position of an anomalous object with bounding boxes. Convolutional neural network-based object localization methods have been developed which detect and classify objects with high precision and accuracy. Many algorithms have been developed for object detection and localization with excellent outcomes. These algorithms are fast RCNN, faster RCNN, and YOLO. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis of faster RCNN and YOLO V3 algorithms for anomaly localization is performed based on the parameters FPS, mAP, Precision, Recall and F1 Score.


A fluorescent lamp ballast with a switching circuit tor 40w lamp wat-tage and 100V Iine voltage is described. The ballast is composed Of a series choke and a perauel switching circuit which operates in every half cycle of a. c. voltage. Suicon controlled rectiflers, that cut off the current in a iow level by the reverse gate cnrrent, are used in the switching circuit. The ballast consumes 15% Iess energy and is 50% Iighter than con-ventional baNast.


In the proofreading ancient books and all kinds of ancient written materials, it is an effective means to infer by means of grammar besides the means of words and exegesis. When there are differences between the ancient books of circulation edition and the unearthed ones, it's feasible to find out the errors in the texts by comparing the sentence patterns. It's also workable to start with the grammatical meaning of the function words and compare the proofread and correct ancient handed-down books of circulation edition, so that future generations can get a correct understanding. In addition, when interpreting unearthed written materials, proofreaders can also question them from the grammatical point of view and find the correct solution. Keywords—grammar; proofreading ancient books; exegesis


For decades, patients have been counseled that the procedure-related fetal loss rate after second-trimester amniocentesis is about 1 in 200 (i.e., 0.5%


The present invention relates to a disposable delivery assembly for a drug delivery device to dispense a liquid medicament, the delivery assembly comprising: a disposable injector (60) comprising an injection needle(65), a flexible tube (64) and an injector fluid coupling (68), wherein the injection needle (65) is in fluid communication with the fluid coupling (68) via the flexible tube (64), a disposable cartridge (70) comprising a reservoir (80) at least partially filled with the liquid medicament and comprising a cartridge fluid coupling (90) in fluid communication with the reservoir (80), wherein the injector (60) and the cartridge (70) are mechanically interconnected in an undeployed configuration (4), in which the injector fluid coupling (68) and the cartridge fluid coupling (90) are disconnected, and - wherein the cartridge (70) is displaceable relative to the injector (60) into a deployed configuration (6), in which the injector fluid coupling (68) and the cartridge fluid coupling (90) are in fluid communication.


Abstract : The investigation was conducted to develop structural requirements (minimum cover tables) for buried pipe beneath flexible- and rigid-pavement, landing-mat-surfaced, and unsurfaced airfields subject to operations of the C-5A and other aircraft in the theater of operations. Present design practices were reviewed, and computer programs based on the present design practices were written and used to predict pipe behavior under various loadings. Stress-at-depth data from full-scale load cart tests, field surveys, and tests of pipe subjected to the C-5A and other loadings were analyzed, and the field behavior was compared with predicted behavior. Minimum pipe-cover requirements were developed for rigid and flexible pipe buried beneath airfields to be subjected to operations of the C-5A and other aircraft. (Modified author abstract)


Serial section data is acquired by (1) sectioning, (2) surface preparation, and (3) imaging. Often, the imaging apparatus or the sample must be moved periodically, creating registration errors in the asacquired images. For fiber composites, cross-correlation[1] is problematic because many local maxima are produced, often requiring human interaction to manually perform problematic sections. Fiducial marks are often used to mitigate this problem, but require extra work during acquisition. In this work, we develop an unsupervised technique that combines the tracking and registration processes into a single algorithm that eliminates the need for cross-correlation or fiducial marks. The algorithm is iterative, alternating between tracking and registering, optimizing both steps simultaneously, and giving fully tracked fiber architectures.


&NA; Outpatient treatment of cancer patients, often medically and psychologically sound, results in great savings for insurers but increased out‐of‐pocket expenses to patients. If insurers were to reimburse for nonmedical out‐of‐pocket costs as well as medical, this disincentive to deinstitutionalization would be removed.


Mathematical models become an important and popular tools to understand the dynamics of the disease and give an insight to reduce the impact of malaria burden within the community. Thus, this paper aims to apply a mathematical model to study global stability of malaria transmission dynamics model with logistic growth. Analysis of the model applies scaling and sensitivity analysis and sensitivity analysis of the model applied to understand the important parameters in transmission and prevalence of malaria disease. We derive the equilibrium points of the model and investigated their stabilities. The results of our analysis have shown that if , then the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable, and the disease dies out; if , then the unique endemic equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable and the disease persists within the population. Furthermore, numerical simulations in the application of the model showed the abrupt and periodic variations.


The "inclusive growth" stresses while maintaining economic growth,attention should be paid in addition to other areas other than economic development,in order to ensure the coordination of economic growth,the sustainable."Inclusive growth" advocated by the rapid economic growth at the same time,to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor,the income gap between urban and rural,regional disparity,trade gap,to take into account equality of opportunity for people to participate in the economic and social activities.The "inclusive growth",Marx to expand the meaning of the title of reproduction theory,is an important manifestation of the basic principles of Marxism adrancement with the time,it is the same strain of "building a harmonious socialist society" thinking.


This research developed an apple snack with potential probiotic effect (> 107 CFU/g) by combining vacuum impregnation with Lactobacillus salivarius spp. salivarius (CECT 4063) and freeze-drying. Throughout storage (30 days), both the lactobacillus viability and the total flavonoids content decreased. Trehalose adition (10% by weight) to the impregnation liquid and/or its homogenization at 100 MPa accelerated the loss of cell viability but delayed flavonoids degradation and promoted an increase in the amount of phenols and total antioxidants. Keywords: L. salivarius spp. salivarius; homogenization; trehalose; freeze-drying; antioxidants.


It is reported that magnetic stimulation is efficacious in treating urinary incontinence. Magnetic stimulation has two main advantages over electrical stimulation: it can be applied without removal of clothes, and it involves little pain. However, the distribution of current in the living body is not clearly known. We therefore attempted to create a computer simulation model of the female abdomen and to simulate the distribution of induced current on the basis of tissue conductivity. This report compares electrical with magnetic stimulation.


The proliferation of electric vehicles (EVs), owing to their advantages over internal combustion engine vehicles, has introduced many challenges, due to the lack of charging infrastructure that can handle such a large surge of EVs. Therefore, alternative feasible charging solutions, such as EV-to-Grid (V2G) and EV-to-EV (V2V) charging have gained prominence thanks to the bidirectional charger. However, there are several challenges hindering the adoption of V2V energy sharing solutions. The existing frameworks that detail the main aspects in energy management protocols emphasize solely on the EV integration with the grid, with the assumption of the grid availability and capability of supporting V2V energy sharing. In this article, a novel holistic energy management framework for an efficient V2V energy sharing is proposed. The proposed framework offers a complete overview of the different stages in the V2V charging problem and introduces possible solutions for each stage and its integration with other stages to form a comprehensive V2V solution, that is not only cost-effective but also maximizes user satisfaction and social welfare, while simultaneously fulfills the highest number of energy demands.


COSMOPARTICLE PHYSICS is the specific crossdisciplinary field of science, studying foundations of particle physics and cosmology in the combination of indirect cosmological, astrophysical and physical signatures of their fundamental relationship. The possibilities to elaborate unique theoretical grounds for cosmology and particle physics and to study quantitative relationships between cosmological and laboratory effects follow from the basic principles of cosmoparticle physics and open new interesting fields of scientific research in its future development.


Report describes development of directional-solidification furnace in which axial magnetic field is imposed by surrounding ring permanent magnets and/or electromagnets and pole pieces. Furnace provides controlled axial temperature gradients in multiple zones, through which ampoule containing sample of material to be solidified is translated at controlled speed by low-vibration, lead-screw, stepping-motor-driven mechanism. Intended for use in low-gravity (spaceflight) experiments on melt growth of high-purity semiconductor crystals.


This is the 2nd special issue section focused on sport and exercise psychology research and practice in countries referred to as "emerging" in sport and exercise psychology. Promotion of sport psychology research and practice in emerging countries is an important aim in this journal and of the International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP). This special issue is one among several actions adopted by the ISSP to promote sport psychology in emerging countries. Six articles are reported here from China, Ghana, Argentina and Brazil. Some of them focus on sport psychology practice while others cover different areas of sport and exercise psychology research. These contributions extend beyond building capacity in these regions to an equal mandate: revealing diverse sport psychology practices from the global sport psychology community.


Bone unconnected is the static or relative stopping of fracture union.Scilicet the repair of fracture interspace is less than re-injury strength.The most important reasons that result in bone unconnected is instability or the bone coloboma and stress dodging.In various kinds of wound,the treating of bone unconnected is still a tough problem for orthopedists.This composition systematically explains the mechanism and endotherapy or external treatment in the traditional Chinese medicine for bone unconnected.


People with this condition typically grow slowly during infancy and early childhood. After this period of slow growth, affected individuals grow at a normal rate but remain shorter than their peers. Microcephaly is apparent from birth in the majority of affected individuals. The head does not grow at the same rate as the rest of the body, so it appears that the head is getting smaller as the body grows (progressive microcephaly). Individuals with Nijmegen breakage syndrome have distinctive facial features that include a sloping forehead, a prominent nose, large ears, a small jaw, and outside corners of the eyes that point upward (upslanting palpebral fissures). These facial features typically become apparent by age 3.


Traffic congestion accounts for billions of wasted dollars and hours. It creates tension and anger in commuters, threatens the environment and generates countless challenges for employers.Responses are being mandated by federal, state and local agencies. But even where it is not mandated, the private sector often takes a leadership role to correct the problem. Businesses are taking into account the transportation needs of their employees. This article discusses what some major companies are doing to accommodate their employees. Some of the options recommended include: preferential parking; carpool matching; vanpools; and flexible work hours.


Atom-molecule collisions in helium--helium--alkali-metal triatomic systems at cold energies are studied using the adiabatic hyperspherical representation. We consider the elastic collision processes $^{4}\mathrm{He}X+^{4}\mathrm{He}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{4}\mathrm{He}X+^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{4}\mathrm{He}_{2}+X\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{4}\mathrm{He}_{2}+X$, as well as the reactive collision processes $^{4}\mathrm{He}X+^{4}\mathrm{He}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\rightleftharpoons}^{4}\mathrm{He}_{2}+X$, where $X$ is one of the bosonic alkali-metal atoms: $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$, $^{23}\mathrm{Na}$, $^{39}\mathrm{K}$, $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$, or $^{133}\mathrm{Cs}$. The elastic and reactive collision cross sections are calculated at nonzero collision energies by including not only zero atom-molecule relative angular momentum, $L=0$, processes but also $Lg0$ processes. The total cross section for $^{4}\mathrm{He}X+^{4}\mathrm{He}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{4}\mathrm{He}X+^{4}\mathrm{He}$ is found to increase with the scattering length between $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and $X$, while the other collision processes are not found to have any systematic dependence on the alkali-metal species $X$.


Sir The cases described by Gunn et al. (Br . J . Surg. 1981; 68: 858-60) do illustrate the need for quantitative assessment after percutaneous angioplasty. In fact, quantitative results based on calf systolic pressure index are available in larger series. Of 47 technically successful dilatations by O'Mara et al. ( l) , 85 per cent had significant improvement in haemodynamic measurements, 4 of the remaining 7 cases being iliac dilatations associated with superficial femoral occlusion, in which the thigh pressure index alone significantly rose. In my first 80 cases (2), 94 per cent of technically successful peripheral dilatations assessed by pressure index measurements showed significant improvement in the calf values. I have now performed 114 dilatations in peripheral, coronary and renal arteries; the general correlation between technical success and objective evidence of haemodynamic improvement has been confirmed. The most important criterion of technical success in percutaneous angioplasty is abolition of the intra-arterial pressure gradient. This applies to all areas except femoral/popliteal dilatation, where pressure measurement is unreliable. Angiographic appearance is of little value, as is the appearance of the balloon during inflation. The four 'successful' iliac dilatations reported by the authors which were not associated with measurable haemodynamic improvement may therefore not have been successful procedures by valid criteria. Nevertheless, the point is well made that some articles giving results based only on qualitative evaluation may be over-optimistic. It is clear that objective haemodynamic assessment is necessary to demonstrate the value of percutaneous angioplasty convincingly.


The line boundary of high voltage direct current (HVDC) system is composed of dc filters and smoothing reactor, which has attenuation to high frequency signals and can be used to propose novel line protections. Analysis on the high frequency attenuation characteristic of line boundary is presented in this paper. Based on the practical parameters and arrangements of dc filters and smoothing reactor, this paper studies the high frequency attenuation characteristic with different types of dc filter, different arrangements of smoothing reactor, and different components parameters. Results show that HVDC line boundary has large attenuation to high frequency signals and prove the high frequency signals can be used to form novel HVDC line protections.


Geological setting of late Oxfordian to Hauterivian sediments of northern regions of West Siberia is considered. Basic depositional models for different stages of the cyclothem formation in the West Siberian basin are shown.


This paper compares the present state of bureaucratic corruption in the five original member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia. In order to understand the varying levels of bureaucratic corruption that exist across these countries, the author rejects explanatory variables often used in cross-national studies (such as level of wealth, democratic experience and colonial history). Instead, the paper uses a principal-agent framework to understand the incentives faced by individual bureaucrats in each country. A distinction is made between ex ante measures (such as recruitment policies and wage incentive) and ex post measures (such as monitoring and punishment).


Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are extensively used on hot gas-path components in gas turbines to improve engine performance and extend component life. TBC thermal properties, specifically the thermal conductivity and heat capacity (the product of density and specific heat), are important parameters in these applications. These TBC properties are usually measured by destructive methods with specially prepared TBC samples. Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods have been developed in recently years that can measure TBC properties on natural TBC samples. However, many have limitations when examining TBCs on engine components. One exception is the pulsed thermal imaging – multilayer analysis (PTI-MLA) method, which can be applied to essentially any TBC samples with one or more coating layers and can determine TBC property distributions over the entire TBC surface. This paper describes its basic theories and implementations and discusses its potential applications to all areas of TBC studies.


Thermal emissivity is one of the most important indices used to evaluate thermal emission capability of an object and is essential for characterization of thermal emitters, especially in the field of infrared thermal emission engineering for various applications, including personal thermal management, radiative cooling and heat preservation, infrared stealth, and infrared encryption. However, due to the natural background thermal emissions from the ambient environment and experimental setup, conventional methods generally ignore the background emissions while keeping the temperature of the radiating sample significantly higher than the ambient temperature. Here, we introduce a simple method that enables accurate measurement of emissivity of a given sample without necessitating high temperature through elimination of background emission noise by the difference of the measured emission signals of the sample at two different temperatures.


1. A method for exhaust from the engine, the method comprising: setting a fuel injection quantity based on the state of partial oxidation of the catalyst, the partial oxidation condition based on the plurality of reactant gas exhaust velocities along the longitudinal axis of the catalyst system and the axially averaged mass balance equations and energy balance for the fluid phase and a thin coating of the catalyst, and also based on a separate feedback from the downstream sensor air amount ratio to the amount topliva.2. A method according to Claim. 1 further comprising a fuel injection setting via the first controller based on the feedback from the upstream sensor air amount ratio to the amount topliva.3. A method according to claim. 2, wherein the upstream sensor is located upstream of the catalytic converter and the downstream sensor is located downstream of the catalytic neytralizatora.4. A method according to claim. 3, the state of partial oxidation adjusts the fuel injection by the second controller, then as a separate feedback simultaneously adjusts the fuel injection control by the third separate from the first and second regulyatorov.5. A method according to claim. 4, the predetermined value of oxygen of exhaust gases issued by the third controller and setpoint state of partial oxidation outputted to the second controller, are stored, each in a memory in the controller and indexed by at least one common parameter, operating


Ankle and foot problems not only affect the general population, it also affects the dancers and athletes community. Bharathanatyam is one of the ancient classical dances in India which is a part of natya shastra a bible of classical dances. A total of 50 female bharathanatyam dancers were participated in this study. Arches of the foot were analyzed using plantar scan images (PSI) and the ankle and foot deviation are analyzed using foot posture index (FPI) scale. The parameters Clarkes angle (CA), Staheli index (SI), Chippaux index (CI), and Arch index (AI) from PSI was measured using Autocad 2010 software. The study had shown a high significance that 70% of the bharathanatyam dancers had flattened arch foot, 20% high arched foot, and ankle foot deviations. Due to repetitive loading of the ankle and foot complex during dance practicing and performance from younger age, increases stress over the foot arches and lead to flattening of arch (Pes planus) and that causes the ankle and foot rolling medially "pronated foot"and laterally "supinated foot". Along with this body mass index (BMI) and physical activity plays a major role in the ankle and foot problems. Sedentary dancers had shown a high level of flatness of the foot arch along with pronated foot. The ankle and foot problems can be reduced by regular diagnosis and assessment, proper warm up and stretching techniques and foot wear modifications should be made to prevent deformities.


In an embodiment, a liquid ejecting apparatus comprising: a feed slot formed in the print, and a plurality of printhead-integrated ink level sensor (PILS) liquid head dies. The liquid ejecting apparatus may include a first and a second PILS PILS, the PILS for sensing a first liquid level of ink feed slots of the first chamber in fluid communication, the first for the liquid ejection PILS ink level of the second chamber when the device is in the first ink level detecting the idle state of the ink level in the first chamber, the second PILS for sensing liquid feed tank in fluid communication, said first PILS two liquid ejection apparatus used in the second ink level detecting an empty state of the ink level in the second chamber, the second ink level status is different from the first ink level state.


This research optimized isoflavone aglycones production from soy germ. The processes included isoflavone glucosides extraction from soy germ to use as a precursor for isoflavone aglycones production. β-glucosidase was produced from B. coagulans PR03 and used to convert glucosides form to aglycones. For the β-glucosidase production using Plackett and Burman Design (n=8) and 22 factorial experiment with central composite design, the suitable medium containing peptone (2.00%), beef extract (14.84%), glucose (2.00%) and magnesium sulphate (0.10%) with pH 7.96 was used and incubated at 30 oC. The resulting β-glucosidase activity was 4.01 mU/ml. However, the isoflavone glucosides was extracted by use of soy germ in 80% ethanol at a ratio of 1:5 with high power ultrasonication technique at 80 oC for 160 min using a completely randomized design. The extracted isoflavone glucosides contained daidzin, genistin and glycitin of 307.47, 214.84 and 73.63 mg/100 g. (dry basis), respectively. Finally, isoflavone aglycones production CMU J. Nat. Sci. (2019) Vol. 18(4) 480 was optimized using 22 factorial experiment with central composite design, the total isoflavone glucosides (595.95 mg/100 g. dry basis) was convert to isoflavone aglycones (112.90 μg/ml) by β-glucosidase at 37.5 oC for 120 hours.


From the characteristics of goals in the 5th Woman Soccer World Cup,it showed that the goals were not equal in the period of the competition.The shooting positions of the most goals were in the penalty areas of the first zone and second zone.The offensive routes of the scoring chance were mainly in the wing route,especially between the middle and wing route.The wing player goals were more than the forward players.


The article provides the information on the technique for estimating the strength of adhesion of a solution layer on the shear. The means for the strength of adhesion measuring, their metrological characteristics are proposed. The appearance and operation principle of the GT 2.2.3 device is described. A technique for assessing the strength of adhesion of tile adhesives to the shear using a GT 2.2.3 device is described. The information is given on the results of testing of an adhesive layer on the basis of a cement substrate. It is shown that the tensile stresses appearing in the adhesive layer are less than the tensile strength at shearing, and the shear strength exceeds the values of the maximum tangential stresses.


The paper presents a modeling algorithm for generating terrain in virtual environment. Perlin noise is introduced as the generator of terrain height, which results in a 3D terrain height field of a given 2D terrain area. The terrain is continuous to some degree in virtue of the smoothness characteristic of the noise. By controlling the frequency and amplitude of Perlin noise and superposing more noise value, we can get diversified terrain with the complex work of manual geometry modeling avoided. 3D texture technology is used to map different textures on part of terrain with different heights to simulate diverse environment. A script language is designed to describe the terrain. The script can act as driving data to construct terrain quickly and conveniently in virtual environment application. It turns out that the terrain generated is realistic and that our algorithm satisfies the requirements of real time virtual environment system based on the general PC platform.


As a most characteristic industrial organization,mining area industrial symbiosis system greatly drives the development of regional economy.It has become an important policy instrument for developing mining area industry in various countries.The self-enhancement mechanism can make mining area symbiosis system realize scale increase to bring about synergy effects and competitive advantage. But at the same time,it causes the increase of the enterprise inertia and the decrease of adaptability within enterprises.When outside environment changes,under the self-enhancement mechanism,the enterprises within the mining area industrial symbiosis system tend to be inefficient.Because the higher the homogeneity of the enterprises within the system,the more obvious the lock-in effect and the pathdependence.


Abstract In this paper, I argue that the debate in the environmental humanities about the reconceptualization of the human being as one (humanity as a geologic agent) vs. many (human individuals) in light of the Anthropocene, resembles the very structure of Kierkegaard's notion of the public as a compound object (one entity) composed of individuals (several entities). Further, I argue that the public provides not only a model for understanding the ontological makeup of the Anthropos but also serves as an early version of it. Hence, the public plays a role in the very emergence of the Anthropocene itself.


The increasing congestion in the capital city of Jakarta demands new solutions and innovations in the delivery of goods or documents. From this problem, the company Westbike Messenger Service emerged as a service provider for goods delivery using bicycles. Making the birth of a new profession, namely bike messenger, is a unique profession because usually courier services for delivery of goods use motorized vehicles. The researcher aims to determine the motives and meaning of the bicycle courier profession for members of the Westbike Messenger Service in Jakarta. This research method uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach, because the researcher tries to find out the phenomena from the direct experience of the informants, as well as the motives and meanings of the informants living their profession. The data obtained by the researcher were obtained through in-depth interviews, observation, and document study. The results of the study show first, the motive for choosing the bike messenger profession due to economic factors, the hobby of cycling, just experimenting, and suggested by friends. Second, the motive for (in-order-to motive), namely for career advancement, own income, producing hobbies, and wanting to be like a foreign courier. Third, the meaning of the bike messenger profession as his love for bicycles and a productive hobby.


Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is expressed in the vicinity of sprouting vessels and its receptor (VEGF-R2/Flk-1/kdr) on the angioblasts and new vessels, and both are required for vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. VEGFR2, also called as KDR or Flk-1, is identified as an early marker for endothelial cell progenitors, whose expression is restricted to endothelial cells in vivo. VEGFR2 consists of extracellular (7-Ig-like sub-domains), transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. In order to understand the structure–functional relationship and signal transduction process of VEGFR2, we have examined their amino acid sequences from a wide range of species including mammals, birds, Zebrafish and also computed the phylogenetic tree, secondary and domain structures. Phylogeny constructed using Maximum Parsimony tree software MEGA-5 version suggested an interesting sequence similarity between Zebrafish and Gallus, closeness between human, rat, horse and pig. Strong homology in amino acids sequences was observed between the species, such as human, Macaca mulatta, gorilla, etc, and small variations in Zebrafish and zebrafinch. The Arg and Asp residues which are involved in forming salt bridges are evolutionarily conserved from Zebrafish to human in D7 domain of VEGFR2, indicating their functional importance in VEGFR activity. Amino acids, tyrosine in the extracellular loops and cysteines involved in disulphide bridges of VEGFR2, are highly conserved suggesting their importance during ligand binding, the details of which will be discussed.