Many disabled persons who have hands that are capable of functioning well are prevented from using them due to the loss of shoulder, arm, and forearm muscle power as a result of poliomyelitis or other causes. Electrically controlled slings can aid such severely disabled persons to adapt to their home and work environments. These electromechanical slings allow the person's arms to be placed in a wide variety of functional positions, from a 90-degree elbow flexion at a table level for the beginning phase of eating or working to a 90-degree shoulder flexion for such activities as reaching for food on the upper shelf of a cupboard or tools on a high ledge (fig. 1). The slings can be lowered to a level where the person can independently "crawl" or be placed into the elbow and forearm slings; then, by the use of a switch, the arms are brought to the


Intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy is a standard of care for a variety of ophthalmological conditions. While the systemic use of these agents in oncology is well known to induce a number of renal-related adverse effects such as worsening hypertension and proteinuria, the ability of local intravitreal injections to cause similar side effects has traditionally been thought to be unlikely given the lower doses used. In this case report, we describe an 88-year-old woman who developed a sudden worsening of her previously stable proteinuria with the use of bilateral intravitreal bevacizumab injections for diabetic macular edema, with improvement in her proteinuria upon reduction to unilateral therapy. This case report adds to the growing body of literature that suggests that local anti-VEGF therapy may have the potential to induce adverse systemic effects, and clinicians who care for these patients should remain vigilant to the development of potential renal-related toxicity.


Thrips are early-season pests that have the potential of causing 50-60% yield reduction in Arkansas cotton with the level of damage varying from year to year. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate seed treatment, in-furrow, and foliar insecticides for thrips management in cotton. Experiments were conducted in Lonoke Co. and Lee Co., AR, in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Thrips samples and ratings were taken at weekly intervals four times each year early in the growing season. In both years, all treatments significantly improved thrips control above that of the untreated check. In 1999, the Temik treatments outperformed the others with respect to thrips suppression, visual damage rating, and cotton yield. While thrips suppression was not significant among treatments in 2000, the Temik treatments achieved higher yields. The data presented from these growing seasons indicate Temik to be one of the best treatments for thrips control in Arkansas cotton.


Near or partial contact sliders are designed for the areal recording density of I Tbit/in. 2 or even higher in hard disk drives. The bouncing vibration of an air bearing-slider in near or partial contact with the disk is numerically analyzed using three different nonlinear slider dynamics models. In these three models, the air bearing with contact is modeled either by using the generalized Reynolds equation modified with the Fukui-Kaneko slip correction and a recent second order slip correction for the contact situation, or using nonlinear springs to represent the air bearing. The contact and adhesion between the slider and the disk are considered either through an elastic contact model and an improved intermolecular adhesion model, respectively, or using an Ono-Yamane multi-asperity contact and adhesion model (2007, "Improved Analysis of Unstable Bouncing Vibration and Stabilizing Design of Flying Head Slider in Near-Contact Region," " ASME J. Tribol., 129, pp. 65-74.). The contact friction is calculated by using Coulomb's law and the contact force. The simulation results from all of these models show that the slider's bouncing vibration occurs as a forced vibration caused by the moving microwaviness and roughness on the disk surface. The disk surface microwaviness and roughness, which move into the head disk interface as the disk rotates, excite the bouncing vibration of the partial contact slider. The contact, adhesion, and friction between the slider and the disk do not directly cause a bouncing vibration in the absence of disk microwaviness or roughness.


Several epidemiological data revealed an association between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes, indicating that each disease is a substantial risk factor for the other. Brains from AD patients displayed down regulation of insulin signaling. Moreover, GSK‐3β, a downstream key kinase in insulin signaling cascade, is also implicated in the phosphorylation of the microtubule‐associated protein tau (tau), one of the pathological hallmarks of AD. While insulin resistance is an important risk factor for AD, the exact mechanistic link remains unknown. Also unclear is whether insulin resistance is a cause or a consequence of AD. Researchers focusing on brain insulin resistance often consider AD a type 3 diabetes, however little is known about the link between systemic insulin resistance and AD. Furthermore, it is not clear whether brain insulin resistance precedes peripheral insulin resistance or if it is a consequence. The goal of this study is to determine the role of systemic insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of AD by testing the hypothesis that tau is important for peripheral insulin sensitivity, and its deletion or loss‐of‐function promotes peripheral insulin resistance.


Significance Success with immune checkpoint therapy has led to a proliferation of antibody therapeutics with distinct biophysical and pharmacological properties. Antibodies experience poor penetration in solid tumors because of their size, and blood-based measurements fail to reflect their activity at the tumor. While of fundamental importance to establish dose–exposure–response relationships, pharmacologic activity of antibodies within tumors is technically challenging to study in real time because of the lack of quantitative tools. Here, we show that target pharmacodynamics can yield insights into pharmacologic activity of antibodies in tumors and elucidate therapeutic response. Our approach of using small-molecule probes for rapid quantification of target pharmacodynamics to interrogate the pharmacologic activity of antibodies has broad implications for drug development and guiding therapy. Macromolecules such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are likely to experience poor tumor penetration because of their large size, and thus low drug exposure of target cells within a tumor could contribute to suboptimal responses. Given the challenge of inadequate quantitative tools to assess mAb activity within tumors, we hypothesized that measurement of accessible target levels in tumors could elucidate the pharmacologic activity of a mAb and could be used to compare the activity of different mAbs. Using positron emission tomography (PET), we measured the pharmacodynamics of immune checkpoint protein programmed-death ligand 1 (PD-L1) to evaluate pharmacologic effects of mAbs targeting PD-L1 and its receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). For PD-L1 quantification, we first developed a small peptide-based fluorine-18–labeled PET imaging agent, [18F]DK222, which provided high-contrast images in preclinical models. We then quantified accessible PD-L1 levels in the tumor bed during treatment with anti–PD-1 and anti–PD-L1 mAbs. Applying mixed-effects models to these data, we found subtle differences in the pharmacodynamic effects of two anti–PD-1 mAbs (nivolumab and pembrolizumab). In contrast, we observed starkly divergent target engagement with anti–PD-L1 mAbs (atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab) that were administered at equivalent doses, correlating with differential effects on tumor growth. Thus, we show that measuring PD-L1 pharmacodynamics informs mechanistic understanding of therapeutic mAbs targeting PD-L1 and PD-1. These findings demonstrate the value of quantifying target pharmacodynamics to elucidate the pharmacologic activity of mAbs, independent of mAb biophysical properties and inclusive of all physiological variables, which are highly heterogeneous within and across tumors and patients.


Land and building taxes have an important role and great benefits for people's lives. Land tax is the imposition of taxes on the surface of the earth (land) based on Law number 12 of 1985. While the building tax is the imposition of taxes on technical constructions that are permanently planted or placed on construction land, the technique can be used as a residence, or a place of business, or workable place.
This study aims to determine the effect of service quality on the achievement of land and building tax targets. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling with 40 taxpayer respondents of Central UPT Bandung City. This research data uses primary data directly through questionnaires and analyzed using Statistical Product Service Solution. The data analysis method used in this research is to use a simple linear regression analysis method. In obtaining the necessary data, the preparation of this final project uses a research technique developed into closed questions with a Likert scale.
The results of this study indicate that the effect of service quality (X1) has a positive and significant effect on the achievement of the land and building tax target (Y).


ABSTRACT Victor Erice's contemplative documentary 'Dream of Light' (1992) begins with a straightforward and unnarrated account of a realist painter, Antonio López, embarking upon a new painting of a quince tree growing outside his home in Madrid. Before long, however, the film digresses along various paths surrounding the painter, branching out from its core subject and exhaling into the lives and activities of others, extending all the way to remote urban environments without any apparent connection to the film's initial identity. What began as a vigilant documentary on the inner workings of painting from life becomes suddenly more exploratory, experimental, perhaps cinematic, upholding André Bazin's conviction that films about painting ought to emancipate themselves and expand cinema in some significant way or else risk the mere anecdotal. The decisive shift in mode from documentation to something like experimentation is a philosophically imaginative reply from the filmmaker, expressing itself as a 'reaching beyond the image' towards a more expansive and inclusive sense of reality which the painter's art, in turn, sacrifices for the sake of focusing on a single image and ultimately delving inside his dreams. The dare to digress exposes the film's own process of making and precarious path towards self-discovery.


In recent years, a number of physical chemists have suggested that muscular contraction could be understood at the molecular level in terms, essentially, of the equilibrium properties of a macroscopic elastic system of one kind or another.'-8 This line of thought might be said to have reached its logical conclusion in a very recent note by Hill9 (part I), in which it is shown that the sliding-filament model itself, viewed as an equilibrium macroscopic polymeric system, exhibits elasticity and, possesses the very desirable feature of a phase transitions 8 However, the recent paper by Gordon, Huxley, and Julian'0 and the earlier work of Ramsey and Street10 make it quite clear that an equilibrium phase transition cannot be the basic feature in muscular contraction. For it is observed experimentally and unambiguously that in the region of simple actinmyosin overlap, the isometric force that can be generated by the actin-myosin filament system decreases linearly with increasing length (the force is proportional to the extent of overlap). In contrast, an equilibrium phase transition system would show a free energy that increases linearly with length and a constant force. Further comments on a related topic will be contained in the appendix to part IV.11 A second very convincing point is that a phase transition system would show considerable and random fluctuations9 in the lengths of the sarcomeres of a single myofibril, whereas these lengths are observed experimentally to be very uniform.10 Thus, although a macroscopic sliding-filament system would show a phase transition as part of its hypothetical equilibrium behavior, this is a property of little concern in the physiological problem of muscular contraction. In active isotonic or isometric contraction, the actin-myosin filament structure seems to be, in essence, a cyclic steady-state system which cannot be analyzed by equilibrium methods. Outline of the Study.-The general type of mechanism suggested by A. F. Huxley'2 requires that the myosin cross-bridge experience an improbable fluctuation in configuration in order to be able to exert a significant force after becoming attached to actin. The main purpose of a subsequent paper with G. M. White (ref. 11, part III) will be to examine this question and suggest that the necessary fluctuations do not imply an impossibly low rate of attachment of myosin to actin. A second significant result, to be emphasized here, is that the free energy (or partition function) of various cross-bridge substates, the force exerted in some of these states, and the interstate rate constants are parameters that are not independent of one another. Self-consistency must be imposed.


Reflection type liquid crystal display device of the present invention comprises a pair face each other, and a liquid crystal layer of the substrate therebetween; forming a reflective electrode on the substrate, is formed on the other light transmitting substrate and the counter electrode red, green and blue three color filters, wherein, in use D


A restraint system to holdan infant between 0 – 24 monthsold ona commercial passenger aircraft has not been improvedsince the early development of the aviation industry. The ergonomic featureof the seat that fits the infant was not extensively studied compared to the development of the seat with restraint devices for adult passenger. The objective of this paper is to review the current regulations regarding restraint devices for infants in an aircraft. It also attempts to explore the ergonomics of current and new technology of infant seat with restraint system.


Tourism is a major industry that can lead to economic gains as well as to degraded environment and social infrastructure. Tourism has the potential to destroy the available common environmental resources through overuse and poor management practices, as limited information disclosure and poor monitoring of actions encourage the perpetuation and extension of environmental problems. Based on the adaptive resource management paradigm for addressing problems related to the use of the commons, this paper suggests a methodology for the development of a management tool that can provide island hotels with a continuous flow of timely, relevant, accurate and objective information on the environmental impact of critical corporate activities. The tool, named the destination environmental scorecard (DES), draws on activity-based management concepts and can help local hotel SMEs measure and compare their performance against certain standards and thus conduct operations in a responsible and measurable way to the benefit of both business financial performance and regional sustainability. The paper presents the DES operational characteristics and the potential benefits from its implementation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.


Within the sphere of the Web, the overload of information is more notable than in other contexts. Thus, too often, on planning a search with tools from the Web (search engines, directories, or meta-search engines), the number of web pages found proves excessive and not all of them are relevant or useful for the objectives of the user. Cross-language information retrieval (CLIR) is an active sub-domain of Information Retrieval (IR). Like IR, CLIR is centered upon the search for documents, reconciling queries and documents which are written in different languages. Cross-lingual information access covers a wide range of tasks that enable users to access information in languages other than their own, including IR, Question Answering, information extraction and summarization. CLIR enables users to find information in languages they do not know, but CLIR search results are not immediately useful because a separate translation techniques must be applied before the user can read the results. This type of systems has opened a new research field that examines the most effective methods for IR and investigates which resources are required for a correct translation. Question answering systems (QAS) are presented as an alternative to the traditional Information Retrieval (IR) systems, seeking to offer precise and understandable answers to factual questions instead of showing the user a list of documents related to a given search (Jackson and Schilder, 2005). The functioning of QAS is based on short-answer models (Blair-Goldensohn et al., 2004), and the main advantage that it offers is that the user does not have to consult complete documents to collect the information needed, as the system provides the correct answer in the form of a number, a noun, a short phrase, or a brief fragment of text. In relation to the types of QAS, the present work focuses on the analysis and assessment of multilingual and cross-language QAS. These systems need to include some type of linguistic translation resource, tool, or technique for the proper retrieval of the result, since the QAS can retrieve the answer from a collection of documents written in languages differing from the one in which the question is formulated. Given that the QAS is presented as a substantial advance in the improvement of IR (Kolomiyets and Moens, 2011), it becomes necessary to determine its effectiveness for the final user. With this aim, 7 studies were undertaken to evaluate: a) in the first two, the linguistic resources and tools used in these systems for multilingual retrieval (Research 1; Research 2); and b) the performance and quality of the answers of the main monolingual and multilingual QA of general domain and specialized domain in the Web (QuALiM, SEMOTE, START, TrueKnowledge, and HONqa) in response to different types of questions (of definition, of facts, and of lists) and subjects (e.g. art, literature, biology, medicine, names, history, economy, or sports), so that different evaluation means can Juncal Gutiérrez-Artacho University of Granada, Spain


In order to accurately analyze the emotional tendency of social media users' evaluation and better promote the work of emotional analysis and recommendation algorithm. This paper presents a new text emotion classification model, which integrates content features and user features, by representing the sentence, content features and user features of microblog as vector matrix and inputting them into the text emotion classification model which integrates content features and user features. Firstly, it analyzes the content information and user information related to the sentence emotion of the target microblog, and constructs the content characteristics and user characteristics respectively; Then, a text emotion classification model is constructed, which integrates content features and user features; Then, the method of feature level fusion and decision-making level fusion is designed for microblog emotion analysis of image and text fusion. Maxout neuron is also introduced to solve the problem of gradient dispersion in the training process and optimize the training process. The experimental results show that: Compared with other models, the accuracy of the proposed model is improved by more than 2.5%, and it is better than other models in recall rate and F value.


ABSTRACT Java is arguably today's most popular and widely used object-oriented programming language. Learning Java is a daunting task for students, and teaching it is a challenging undertaking for instructors. To assess students' object-oriented programming skills with Java, we developed the "Department-Employee" project. In this article, we review the history of object-oriented programming, provide an overview of object-oriented programming with Java, and present a summary of existing Java projects and their limitations. We also provide the project specifications as well as the course background, grading rubric, and score reports. Survey data are presented on students' backgrounds, as well as students' perceptions regarding the project. Results from the instructor score reports, correlation of the project score and the final course score, and student perceptions show that the "Department-Employee" project is effective in assessing students' object-oriented programming skills with Java.


There is old The Tokyo Marine and Fire Insurance Ltd. Yokohama liaison office Building in Naka Ward, Yokohama City. This building was built in 1935. The septic tank from at first that is equipment survives in this building. It turned out that the designer of this building was Masujiro KINOSHITA. In this paper, this septic tank is compared to historical documents and the law. It can be said the paper become valuable as the report of the example of the septic tank that person who was related to enactment of law designed.


In November 1995, in the Philippines, the Department of Health implemented the Women's Health and Safe Motherhood Project. Its target audience is poor women in remote and underserved provinces. It addresses maternal health, reproductive tract infections (RTIs), sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), cervical cancer, domestic violence, and the desire to space births. It aims to improve the quality of women's health services through training of health providers, providing women with information to help them make informed choices, providing regular supplies and drugs, privacy and infection control at service delivery points, providing follow-up care, and improved cost-effective and technically-sound referral systems. The project also aims to ensure accessible service delivery points, well-equipped and maintained facilities, client and community feedback in managing service delivery, and information provision in order to increase acceptability of health services. The major components of the project include service delivery, institutional strengthening (via information, education, and communication; training of health providers; and improvement of the logistics system), community partnership for women's health development, and policy and operations research. The service delivery component will adopt a life-cycle approach to service delivery in Region 8 (urban and rural communities). It will pilot the syndromic approach in the management and detection of RTIs and STDs in 10 provinces. The biggest tasks of the project are upgrading referral networks from provincial and district hospitals to rural health units and barangay health stations and upgrading primary hospitals.


Motivation for Instructors at work is an incentive to move the spirit of teachers in such a way that their conduct can be oriented toward genuine attempts to attain the goals that have been established. As a result, the purpose of this study is to examine whether the leadership style, salary, and physical work environment of high school Economics instructors in Subang Regency have an impact on their work motivation. The sampling technique utilized in this study was a saturated sample technique, which meant that all members of the population were sampled, with a total of 221 teachers. Based on the findings of a multiple linear regression analysis performed with the SPSS 21 software package. This study's findings indicate a positive and statistically significant relationship between leadership style, remuneration, and physical work environment and the job motivation of high school Economics teachers in Subang Regency.


Simulation technology is widely applied in product development to make forecasts on the performance of design solutions for which it is difficult or not economical to develop physical prototypes. There are some circumstances, e.g. the development of mechatronic products, under which a number of simulations need to be used together. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a collaborative simulation platform which enables design engineers in a multidisciplinary team to develop, share, reuse, and integrate computational models. Difficulties in developing such a platform include using multiple simulation tools, the runtime integration of distributed models, the sharing of proprietary information, etc. Among these difficulties, run-time integration of distributed models is the one significantly affecting the accuracy, efficiency and stability of a simulation. This paper describes how multidisciplinary collaborative simulation problem can be solved, discusses different methods for run-time interaction, and presents a novel method that is proposed and implemented in a prototype system for collaborative simulation. Further evaluation on these methods shows that the novel method has better performance in terms of both accuracy and efficiency.


Tourists' perceptions of the destination image, novelty-seeking, tourist satisfaction, and behavior intention are vital for a successful destination marketing. The literature on travel and tourism reveals an abundance of studies on destination image, tourist satisfaction, and behavior intention even though their relationships with novelty-seeking have not been thoroughly investigated in the rural destination. Consequently, the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of destination image on novelty-seeking and satisfaction, which in turn affects the behavior intention of the tourist. The conceptual model was developed on the basis of theoretical and empirical research in the field of tourism; the empirical data were collected in a rural destination. A total of 380 questionnaires were returned and the data were analyzed by using SEM AMOS. Still, the theoretical and managerial implications were drawn based on the findings of the study. Several recommendations were also compiled for future studies.


User behavior on web applications holds valuable information that can be used by web engineers to enhance user experience. So far, most frameworks in tracking user behaviors rely on data solely collected on the server side. Server-side data usually holds limited information, such as IP address, requested URL, and time and date of the request. client behavior on a page itself, such as mouse clicks, mouse hovering, and text editing, are not recorded on the server side. In this paper, we present a framework that collects and stores clients' behavior on web applications. The framework is implemented in JavaScript, PHP, and MySQL. The data collected using the proposed framework can be then used in enhancing future user experience with the web application, and in web personalization.


For certain families of finite quantum graphs, we study the question of how eigenfunctions are distributed over the graph. To characterize properties of the distribution, generalized entropies of the Rényi and Tsallis types are considered. The presented approach is similar to entropic uncertainty relations of the Maassen–Uffink type. Using the Riesz theorem, we derive lower bounds on symmetrized generalized entropies of eigenfunctions. A quality of such estimates will depend on boundary conditions used at vertices of the given graph. Rényi and Tsallis entropies of eigenfunctions of star graphs are separately examined. Relations between generalized entropies and variances of eigenfunctions are considered as well. When such relations remain valid on average, they may be used in studies of quantum ergodicity.


Youth parliamentarism as a political phenomenon in the development of civil society, the construction of a state of law is considered in the article. Theoretical characteristics of youth parliamentarism, disclosed principles of youth parliamentary structures are given. The level models of youth parliamentarism in the context of federal, state and local governments are identified, as well as internal forms of these models. The conceptual apparatus of youth parliamentarism in Russia is highlighted. It is concluded that youth of the parliamentary stage of exoticism has moved into a phase of becoming a special tool or platform for activities of todays youth that must change the current generation


The Church Missionary Society (CMS) which is the missionary society that brought Anglican mission into Igboland believed that Christian mission must be done in the context of a Diocese. The purpose of this paper is to attempt a historical exploration of the history of creation of Anglican Dioceses in Igboland and to critically examine the evangelistic and developmental importance of the system in the Igbo society from inception till the year 2009 when the last set of Anglican Dioceses were created in Igboland sequel to an official embargo placed on creation of Dioceses by the Primate of Church of Nigeria (Anglican Communion) the same year. This study essentially adopted descriptive phenomenology for data collection and analysis.  In the process, it was discovered that the first Anglican Diocese in Igboland was created in 1864 and that between 1864 and 2009 about 50 Dioceses were created in Igboland. The analysis also showed that the Anglican Diocesan system did not only constitute a religious factor in the Igbo society but also a factor of human and social development. Key w ords: Anglican church, Dioceses, Evangelicalism, Development, Importance


This talk provides a short overview of the phenomenology of transverse momentum dependent distribution and fragmentation functions, focussing on the most recent phenomenological developments in the study of their Q2 evolution and energy dependence.


The greatest challenge in engineering of human mandible implants lies in its customization for each patient individually, by adapting them to the patient's anatomical, morphological and physiological characteristics. This customization maximizes the efficiency of the patient's health recovery process. The application of anatomically shaped and personalized bone endoprosthesis, fixation plate and scaffold models bring great improvement to the clinical practice in maxillofacial surgery. It ensures that implant meets the biomechanical and dentofacial aesthetic requirements and, ultimately, reduces complications during recovery. In order to create such implants, novel procedure based on personalized models of mandible and its parts, and also plates and scaffold implants is presented in this paper. Design procedures for the creation of the personalized models are based on the application of Method of Anatomical Features, which has been already applied for the creation of geometrical models of human bones. This procedure improves pre-surgical planning, enables better execution of surgical intervention, and as a consequence improves patient recovery processes.


In sunflower, PET1‐cytoplasmic male sterility is correlated with the presence of a novel mitochondrial gene (orf522) located 3′ to the atpA gene. The dicistronic atpA‐orf522 transcripts are preferentially destabilized in male florets of 'restored to fertility' plants as compared with sterile plants. In this report, we show that atpA‐orf522 transcripts may be polyadenylated in vivo at their 3′ termini and that a tissue‐specific increase in the level of polyadenylated atpA‐orf522 transcripts correlates with the tissue‐specific instability of atpA‐orf522 mRNAs in male florets of the restored hybrid plants. In addition, we have identified two distinct ribonuclease activities in sunflower mitochondria, one of which preferentially degrades polyadenylated as compared with non‐polyadenylated RNA substrates corresponding to the 3′ UTR of atpA‐orf522 transcripts. These in vivo and in vitro results show that polyadenylation is involved in the degradation pathway of the mitochondrial atpA‐orf522 transcripts and that polyadenylation can be developmentally regulated by a nuclear gene(s) upon restoration of fertility.


Intelligence is an essential feature of future development and production systems, and intelligent production is a major component of future business. To meet market demands in present and future global industrial world, manufacturing enterprises of any kind and any size must be flexible and agile enough to respond quickly to product demand changes also according technological developments especially in the field of precision engineering at micro/nanoand pico scale production. With support of AI and modern IT it is possible to realise modern cost-effective customer-driven design and manufacturing taking into account the importance and basic role of modern Integrated Management Systems - IMS and intelligent advanced metrology.This new concept can be developed on the basis of intelligent production technologies and integrated systems as well as extensive use of the IT, AI, simulation, quality autonomation, robotics, advanced metrology and advanced engineering data exchange techniques. Moreover by utilizing advanced information analytics, networked intelligent machines and instruments will be able to perform more efficiently, collaboratively and sustainably, that makes possible an agile and optimal industrial production in any kind of industry and especially in up-to-date SMEs towards Industry 4.0.


The function of this article was to present maps and tables listing experiments and research locations across the state of North Dakota. Also, to inform the reader on the type(s) of research that was being performed at each location. This information would show that this research was a cooperative effort.


A laboratory study using a bench scale model of two unit operations involved processes of coagulation (using Moringa oleifera seeds as a natural coagulant) and flocculation-sedimentation have been adopted to treat the leachate from Air Hitam Sanitary Landfill at Puchong in Malaysia. The results of this study has shown, that M. oleifera has a potential for the removal of heavy metals from the leachate, and may be used as a pre-treatment stage for biological treatment to eliminate a portion of the toxic heavy metals, which limit the activity of micro-organisms in the leachate.


The purpose of this study is to examine employees' perception about HRD climate in relation to job satisfaction in the public sector (civil service organizations) of Ethiopia based on the selected Bureaus in two regional states viz., Amhara and Benishangul-Gumuz. The data was collected from 615 employees (both executives and non-executives) using self-administered questionnaire. The final response rate was 87.5% (539); based on this the analysis is carried out. The findings revealed that the extent HRD climate and the HRD climate elements are all below average, i.e., they are indicating the existence of very poor HRD climate in the selected bureaus or in the public sector of Ethiopia. The tested hypotheses suggested that the correlation between HRD climate and job satisfaction is statistically significant, and there is significant impact of HRD climate on job satisfaction. The HRD climate variables correlate strongly, positively and significantly with job satisfaction at the 0.01 significance level. Besides, HRD


While halide perovskite allows a great versatility, the application on single absorber solar cells restrings significantly the number of available materials. In this context, CsPbI3 and FAPbI3 (FA,...


Fourty-eight patients were treated operatively for idiopathic scoliosis by means of CotrelDubousset
technique heaving pre-operative angle values of 50°_70°. Exercise test was performed using cycle ergometer both in pre-and postoperative period. Cardiorespiratory parameters were constantly measured throughout the test to estimate ventilation threshold. Following parameters were included: heart rate, oxygen intake, lung ventilation per minute, rate and volume of ventilation, as well as power and work performed. Test was terminated when ventilation threshold was achieved. This is considered noninvasive method to calculate threshold of anaerobic metabolism. Maximal oxygen intake was indicated by means of Astrand-Ryhming nomogram. Body weight and height were also measured. Operative treatment of scoliosis using Cotrel-Dubousset method enhances physical efficiency moderately most probably due to improvement of respiratory mechanics, increase in ventilation per minute during exercise test through deepening of breaths rather than increase in ventilation rate.


Improved prediction of early post‐discharge death or rehospitalization after admission for acute heart failure is a major unmet need. We evaluated the value of biomarkers to predict either low or high risk for early post‐discharge events.


Interspecific associations of rangeland grasshoppers studied in Gallatin Valley, Mont., during 1988–1990 when regional densities were low, showed a great deal of spatial variation. Although ≥40 rangeland grasshopper species were collected valley-wide throughout this study, mean species richness at the habitat type level ranged from ≍10–17; results suggest that species replacement occurred over the gradient of habitat types sampled. Based on the results of this and previous research, it appears that rangeland grasshopper communities consist of facultative assemblages of species. At the valley level, it was possible to distinguish between species groups in terms of their general distribution characteristics (i.e., broadly, intermediately, or narrowly distributed). Although there appeared to be a maintenance in the proportion of the species in each of the three distribution groups among the six habitat types studied, proportions differed from those found at the valley level. Similar to other studies in plant and insect ecology, a positive relationship between species abundance and the number of sites collected was found at both the habitat type and valley levels. Because of the differences found in species composition at the habitat type level, the generalization of detailed experimental studies, beyond the habitat type level, must be done with caution. Lastly, it is clear that to understand rangeland grasshopper communities in general, large-scale observational studies designed to depict pattern must be conducted together with small-scale studies designed to elucidate process.


Twenty five accessions of ginger (Zingiber officinale) germplasm were studied for variations in total free amino acids, proteins, total phenols and isozymes. Considerable variations were observed for total free amino acids, proteins and total phenols. The variability for the isozyme loci in the population was geuerally low. Dendrograms were prepared based on the average similarity of the accessions with respect to the isozyme profiles and accessions collected from the same geographical area had a tendency to cluster together.


Introduction Uncontrolled cell proliferation is a common feature of human cancer. Most of the drugs used currently in therapeutics strategies are classi ied as anti-proliferative drugs via apoptosis pathway. Mitotic catastrophe is a distinct non-apoptotic mechanism often triggered in cancer cells and tissues in response to anti-cancer drugs. As of date, little research exists to show Herbal extracts or plant-derived medicines are an important source of effective anti-cancer agents, particularly for treating mitotic catastrophe. This article explores how mitotic catastrophe is triggered by Kalanchoe tubiflora and opens avenues for further research by presenting comparable results obtained so far. Conclusion For the past ive years, we have been investigating the anti-cancer effects of Kalanchoe tubiflora, particularly to understand its action mechanism, and have analysed its ef icacy through various in vitro and in vivo tests. Our preliminary studies show that Kalanchoe tubiflora is a potential anti-cancer agent and merits further investigation. The extract of Kalanchoe tubiflora inhibits cell proliferation and reduces cell viability through two mechanisms. First, it disrupts centrosome integrity and induces multipolarity; second, it perturbs chromosome alignment at metaphase. Both mechanisms specifically target mitotic cells, which leads to cell death. Introduction Research on medicinal plants has shown that they are an important source of effective anti-cancer agents. More than half of the drugs used in clinical trials for anti-cancer activity are derived from natural sources1. Kalanchoe is a genus of the Family Crassulaceae. Various species of Kalanchoe are used medicinally in Southeast Asia, speci ically Indo-China and Philippines. Plants of this genus are mentioned in folklore and are used as traditional medicines for treating fever, abscesses, bruises, contused wounds, coughs, skin diseases, infections, hypertension, rheumatism and in lammation2–3 and, in particular, tribes in the state of Kerala, India, use these plants for treating cancer symptoms. A variety of bufadienolide compounds have been isolated from various Kalanchoe species, which showed strong antitumour-promoting activity4–6. In one of the above cases, Kalanchoe hybrida was used. It is the hybrid of Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Kalanchoe tubiflora (KT) and is naturalized throughout the island of Taiwan. On the basis of the aforementioned studies, KT, one of the origin sources of the hybrid, was selected as a target given its biological activities. KT is used as a wound-healing agent in traditional South Brazilian medicine7. Few cardenolide and bufadienolide glycoside compounds were isolated from KT in Kuo group. Four of the isolated compounds have the capacity to arrest HL-60 cells in G2/M phase8. In our study, we used KT as an example to discuss agents that target mitotic cells.


The complexity of the root canal system of maxillary molars presents a constant challenge, as the dentist must have a thorough knowledge of root canal morphology to provide successful endodontic treatment literature review pertaining to the morphology of maxillary first molars is discussed here we present with the unusual maxillary first molar with three mesiobuccal canals and two palatal canals.


DURING the last fifteen years estimations of the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids and androgens have been made in a variety of clinical disturbances with the hope that they might give some indication of the functional status of the testis and the suprarenal cortex (1, 2, 3, 4). The question of the relative significance of biologic assay for androgens and chemical analysis for 17–ketosteroids, when applied to suitably prepared urine extracts, has been raised repeatedly. It is the primary purpose of this paper to compare, in several distinct clinical syndromes, the results obtained by the two methods with the same urine extracts. We were particularly interested to learn whether the decreased urinary 17–ketosteroid excretion in gynecomastia previously observed by Salter, Klatskin and Humm (5) would be reflected in lower excretion of androgens also. EXPERIMENTAL PLAN Three groups were selected among male patients who might be expected to exhibit evidence of androgenic disturbance. In addition, a group of ...


Abstract:We describe the implementation of a pilot project to demonstrate the safety and feasibility of providing PrePex circumcision from a mobile clinic. We analyzed available project diary entries and staff meeting minutes to identify challenges encountered. The main challenges identified were (1) daily time constraints because of setting up procedures, (2) transportation logistics for clients when the mobile clinic had moved to a different location, (3) integration and coordination of staff responsibilities, and (4) recruitment for PrePex services in the mobile clinic. The provision of PrePex device circumcision through a mobile clinic was feasible but careful planning and review of operational procedures were needed to resolve the implementation challenges.


This research attempts to explain reasons behind employment longevity on the basis of gender among the I.T staff. Previous empirical researches have confirmed the correlation between organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and organisational support programme. However, most researches were single dimension primarily due to their focus on establishing the relationship between above mentioned variables in different organisational settings whereas, this research mainly explore on the grounds of gender's impact of organisational support programme on the affective, normative, and continuance commitment of I.T staff. Furthermore, the causes and consequences of organisational support programme on I.T personnel is elaborated though "Hypothetico-Inductive-Deductive Model". This cross sectional study is commenced at Incisivesoft (I.T firm), following post-positivism research philosophy. Mixed research method has been used to explore both qualitative as well quantitative aspects related to research problem, using "Online Survey questionnaire" and "In-depth Interviews" as main research instruments used to collect responses from the sample size of 103 participants. The results reveal that organisational support programme has more impact on the female professionals in the I.T firms as compare to male staff. In the comparative analysis of three dimensions of organizational commitment, normative commitment and continuance commitment is high in female employees whereas male employees have high affective commitment. Moreover, research found that cultural influence is key factor for female's strong obligation towards firm. On the other hand, majority of male employees have "situational commitment" which reflects that their performance is highly driven by the situation at hand. Furthermore, this paper found that female employees are more loyal towards organisation whereas male are high performers but have low level of loyalty towards the organisation due to intense competition in the I.T sector of Pakistan.


Chapters: Phpwiki, Freebase, Semantic Mediawiki, Tikiwiki, Bowiki, Smw+, Ontowiki, Wagn. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 43. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: A semantic wiki is a wiki that has an underlying model of the knowledge described in its pages. Regular, or syntactic, wikis have structured text and untyped hyperlinks. Semantic wikis, on the other hand, provide the ability to capture or identify information about the data within pages, and the relationships between pages, in ways that can be queried or exported like a database. Semantic wikis were first proposed in the early 2000s, and began to be implemented seriously around 2005. As of 2010, the best-known semantic wiki software may be Semantic MediaWiki, while the best-known standalone semantic wiki may be Freebase. The knowledge model found in a semantic wiki is typically available in a formal language, so that machines can process it into an entity-relationship or relational database. The formal notation may be included in the pages themselves by users, as in Semantic MediaWiki; or it may be derived from the pages or the page names or the means of linking. For instance, using a specific alternative page name might indicate a specific type of link was intended. This is especially common in wikis devoted to code projects. It should be easy to examine and fix, e.g. to identify problems in parsing and conventions introduced by newer users. In either case, providing information through a formal notation allows machines to calculate new facts (e.g. relations between pages) from the facts represented in the knowledge model. The technologies developed by the Semantic Web community provide one basis for formal reasoning about the knowledge model that is developed by importing this data. However, there are also a wide array of ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=3118940


Human mitral valve have two commissures namely anteroloateral and posteromedial. These commissures have been useful to cardiothoracic surgeons at the time of mitral valve surgeries. Therefore, a study was conducted in the department of anatomy to analyze the height of both the commissures in fifty normal human adult formalin fixed mitral valve. The main objective of this study was to statistically analyze the heights of the commissures and to know the difference in various international studies performed. Average height of anterolateral commissure is 0.65 ± 0.14 cm in males and 0.60 ± 0.14 cm in case of females. The average height of the posteromedial commissures measures 0.72 ± 0.18 cm in male and 0.70 ± 0.18 cm in the female hearts. The measurements of height of anterolateral commissures in Indian formalin fixed hearts are less in comparison to their measurements in western subjects.


Waves exert one of the most important forces on offshore and coastal structures as well as floating vessels. However, due to the random nature of waves, estimation of their hydrodynamic forces on marine structures is very complicated. Morison's semi-empirical model, is one of the models capable of estimating wave forces on slender cylindrical elements of marine structures. In this research using large scale experimental results in wave flume, the effect of random waves on rough vertical cylinders will be considered. Water particle kinematics was estimated Morison Stokes Fenton Archive of SID


According to the environmental and economic advantages of the Electric Vehicles (EVs), it is predicted that the penetration of EVs will be increased in the near future. EVs are fast growing loads in the power systems. Several types of EVs are invented and commercialized, such as Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). A PHEV needs a battery charging plug. The high penetration of the PHEVs in the Grid has great impact on the network planning stages, as well as the network operation schemes. Increasing the number of PHEVs, without an appropriate management, could decrease the power quality in distribution networks. In this paper we present a reactive power management strategy, considering a high penetration of PHEVs, to tackle with the negative impact of PHEVs, namely reducing the power losses, improving the voltage profile and removing line congestion in distribution network. To do so, at the first step, we obtain a generic model for a PHEV to simulate the PHEV's connection into a distribution network. Then we present a reactive power management scheme to demonstrate how PHEVs could be used to control reactive power and how it could minimize the power losses and improve the voltage profile, as well as removing congestion in the distribution networks. 33-bus distribution network is considered to perform the case study. The results are highly implicate the performance of the proposed method.


This paper will present initial results from excavations at Maritime Academy, Frindsbury which produced several handaxes, two of which can be classed as 'giant handaxes'. Artefacts were recovered from fluvial deposits in the Medway Valley and are thought to date from the Marine Isotope Stage 9 interglacial. This paper will focus on the largest of these handaxes and will present metrical data for the artefact and initial comparison with similar artefacts from the British Palaeolithic.


The authors have measured the spectrum and diffuse reflection of various samples of Tyvek, a material to be used to line the inner walls of the Pierre Auger Observatory water crenkov tanks. These measurements were carried out with a Lambda 18 UV/VIS spectrometer over a wavelength range from 200 nm to 700 nm. The angular dependence of this scattering was a gaussian. They have also carried the measurements with the PASCO OS-8020 to find the reflectivity of Tyvek samples versus Incident and Reflected angles. The reflected angles range from -90{sup o} to -90{sup o}. Finally, information from these measurements was used to simulate Cosmic rays events in a Water Cerenkov detector.


This study examined the before-and-after effects of transitional summer programs at the University of Maryland-Eastern Shore, on pre-college students' perceptions, expectations, emotions, and knowledge about college. The study focused on academic, personal and social experiences, and how these changed throughout the course of the summer program. The participants (n=197) of this study were traditional, first-time, full-time pre-college students. The participants attended one of two six-week summer programs, the Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation Program (LSAMP) or the Preparation and Adjustment for College Entrance Program (PACE). This study used a pre- and post- test, two-group comparison design with a quantitative component for collecting the data. This study found statistically significant differences among pre-college students, who participated in either a scholar's pre-college summer residential program (LSAMP) or in an at-risk pre-college summer residential program (PACE). The study also documented the impact of an intervention that focused on the academic achievement, study skills and the participation's perception of the academic, personal, and social aspects of attending college and their willingness to participate in an academic support intervention for pre-college students making that crucial transition to a postsecondary setting.


Illness doesn't belong to us (but we'll keep on taking the tablets anyway) Doctors may be reluctant to admit to their own ill health and to seek help from colleagues (September 1997 JRSM, pp491-5) but they commonly prescribe for themselves. Last summer a reunion of former university friends, as well as providing a fossil record of medical student attitudes and humour a quarter of a century ago, offered an opportunity to study the personal pharmaceutical preferences of a cross-section of middle-aged doctors over a continuous 1 1-day period. Our party set off from St Bee's Head in Cumbria to follow Alfred Wainwright's Coast to Coast Walk to Robin Hood's Bay in North Yorkshire, a distance of some 190 miles. The core group of nine walkers* included four general practitioners, a general surgeon, an anaesthetist, a general physician and a rheumatologist, the other member being non-medical. The group was joined at different stages by a psychiatrist and an orthopaedic surgeon whose skills were required in roughly equal measures. In addition to pre-existing conditions, the main ailments experienced on the trip were blisters, arthralgias, insect bites, cold sores, foot infections, haemorrhoids and iatrogenic headaches and gut upsets. These were treated with a total of nineteen different oral medications, nine topical applications and one rectal agent. Two of the party were taking regular nutritional supplements including vitamins B12, D, C and E, evening primrose oil, fish oils and calcium wvhilst another was on regular minocycline and one other was on the Pill. Pain was the principal reason for self medication. Paracetamol and co-proxamol were the favourite analgesics, being used by six walkers. The drug taken in greatest quantity, ethanol, was responsible for much of the consumption of analgesics. Amongst the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) diclofenac (five users) wras more popular than ibuprofen (three) or meloxicam (one), although the Arthrotec preparation incorporating misoprostol initially chosen by one walker was abandoned because of socially unacceptable side-effects on the lower bowel. Lansoprazole was marginally preferred to ranitidine for alcoholic dyspepsia. The wettest June for 137 years minimized the need for terfenidine, Opticrom and Beconase but despite lack of sunshine acvclovir was required by two of the party. Other topical agents used included NSAID gels (ibuprofen, ketoprofen, felbinac), hydrocortisone 1% cream and Tri-Adcortyl. The greatest number of medications used by a single individual was ten, which were introduced via a variety of orifices or smeared on the offending surface. The same walker on his return home underwent a magnetic resonance scan which was normal. Whilst doctors may deny serious illness in themselves, this evidence indicates not only an acknowledgement of self-induced ill-health but even a willingness to submit to it.


An analysis of chloroplast DNA restriction site variation in Gliricidia sepium reveals two geographically distinct chloroplast lineages, one in the Yucatan Peninsula and the other along the Pacific Coast in Mexico and Central America. Geographical, morphological, biochemical, and habitat distinctions suggest that these two chloroplast lineages reflect organismal lineages. Within the Pacific coastal chloroplast lineage, there exist sublineages that most likely reflect tokogenetic systems of relationship rather than organismal phylogeny, a hypothesis supported by the co-occurrence of more than one of these chloroplast sublineages in a single population. The genetic distance between any two of these chloroplast lineages ranges from 0.0001 to 0.0024 nucleotide substitutions per site and reveals relatively high levels of intraspecific divergence. We suggest that assessing intraspecific chloroplast DNA variation is important generally in higher level phylogenetic analysis because it enables one to obtain truer estimates of homoplasy, detect potentially cryptic species, and distinguish among molecular markers that reflect phylogenetic vs. tokogenetic relationships. This is in addition to determining the extent of potential complicating factors such as introgression and lineage sorting from polymorphic ancestry.


Ceing built 1949,China has committed to becoming a democratic country.To this end,after the founding of New China,especially since the reform and opening up,China has conducted a series of reforms under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,expecting to establish a democratic political system in China,which meets meets its own development needs.This paper focuses on the analysis of China's decentralization in political reform process after the form and opening up,and what should the central government do to realize the effective control of power.


Following the reported study that showed the dyeability of diamino-anthraquinoid blue dyes substituted with relatively shorter alkyl groups, the longer aliphatic substituents than pentyl group were examined in terms of the color strength and fastness properties toward UHMWPE fibers. The color strength was increased up to pentyl group and then gradually decreased. However, the fastness properties were improved continuously to octyl group which was the longest alkyl substituent in this study. The most effective maximum color strength was obtained at 130 for 2 hours with 3% owf of dyes. The overall ℃


Attempted synthesis of the cyclooctanoid skeleton of taxane molecules, by an intramolecular Lewis acid catalyzed Hosomi–Sakurai cyclization of the allylsilane with the aldehyde moiety in 17, unexpectedly led to the formation of bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane derivatives 18 and 19a. Since the formation of spiro compounds by allylsilane terminated domino reaction has no precedent in literature, we extended the reaction conditions to unactivated olefins. Spontaneous aromatization accompanied by bicyclic ring formation was observed in these cases. Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane derivative 11 was also formed in high yield by an intramolecular SmI2 mediated ketyl–olefin coupling of aldehyde in the hydroxysulfone 10.


In this paper, two Discrete Displacement Cylinders (DDCs) are used to drive the boom of a knuckle boom crane. DDCs operate by connecting one of several available pressure levels to each chamber in order to produce different forces. A trade-off exists with such systems, between the accuracy of tracking and energy dissipation due to switching. A popular way to approach this problem is a Force Shifting Algorithm (FSA). However, in this paper, the trade-off is managed by use of a Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm. The tracking accuracy and energy efficiency of the MPC and FSA strategies for DDCs are compared to a PID strategy for standard cylinders. The comparison is obtained by use of a computer simulation of a knuckle boom crane performing a realistic load cycle. The load cycle consists of the crane extending to pick up a load and then retracting to place it at an appropriate location. The main results show that MPC can deliver smoother and more accurate motion than FSA, while using less energy. Compared with standard cylinders and PID control, MPC uses less energy, but due to the switching of chamber pressures, the motion is smoother with the standard strategy. Both FSA and MPC can have degraded performance when a large change in load is introduced.


Background: Smoking cessation is a difficult effort since the smoker has to fight against tobacco addiction. Tobacco addiction is a behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomenon that causes the affected individual psychologically and physiologically dependent. This study aimed to analyze the determinants of successful smoking cessation using health belief model (HBM), PRECEDEPROCEED model, and theory of planned behavior (TPB). Subjects and Methods: This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. It was conducted in Surakarta, in December 2017, with a sample of 165 study subjects consisting of 68 ex-smokers who were successful and 97 smokers who were unsuccessful in smoking cessation. The sample was selected by snowball sampling. The dependent variable was smoking cessation. The independent variables were intention to quit smoking, attitude toward smoking cessation, outcome expectation, addiction, stress, perceived behavioral control (PBC), subjective norm, social support, family income, purchasing power, smoking duration, and access to a cigarette. The data were collected using questionnaire and analyzed using path analysis. Results: Successful smoking cessation was positively affected by strong intention (b= 2.39, SE= 0.51, p <0.001). Successful smoking cessation was negatively affected by duration of smoking (≥10 years) (b= -3.46; SE= 0.57; p <0.001) and easy access to cigarettes (b= -1.28; SE= 0.52; p= 0.008). Intention to quit smoking was increased by positive attitude (b = 0.79, SE= 0.39, p= 0.046), positive subjective norm (b= 1.38; SE= 0.40; p= 0.001), and strong PBC (b= 1.89, SE= 0.40; p<0.001). The intention to quit smoking was decreased by high purchasing power (b= -1.23; SE= 0.39; p= 0.002). PBC was decreased by duration of smoking (≥10 years) (b= -2.32; SE= 0.47; p<0.001) and addiction (b= -2.96; SE= 0.49; p<0.001). PBC was increased by positive outcome expectation (b= 1.04; SE= 0.49; p= 0.035). Positive attitude was increased by positive expectation outcome (b= 1.09; SE= 0.34; p= 0.001). Both positive subjective norm (b= 0.77; SE = 0.33; p= 0.020) and positive outcome expectation (b= 0.77; SE= 0.33; p= 0.020) were increased by social support. Smoking duration was increased by stress (b= 0.09; SE= 0.04; p= 0.018). Cigarette purchasing power was increased by high income (b=2.78; SE= 1.43; p= 0.053). Conclusion: Intention to quit smoking increases the likelihood of successful of smoking cessation. Smoking duration, stress, and access to a cigarette decrease the likelihood of successful smoking cessation. Successful smoking cessation is indirectly affected by attitude, addiction, PBC, subjective norm, social support, outcome expectation, family income, and purchasing power. Keyword: smoking cessation, HBM, PRECEDE-PROCEED, TPB Correspondence: Joko Tri Atmojo. School of Health Sciences Mamba'ul 'Ulum, Surakarta, Jl. Ring Road Utara, Tawangsari, Mojosongo, Jebres, Surakarta, Central Java. Email: email@example.com. Mobile: 081393319000. BACKGROUND Smoking is the second most important risk factor for cardiovascular disease around the world (Murray and Lopez, 2013). It causes premature death around 5.4 million annually. It is estimated that in the year Journal of Health Promotion and Behavior (2017), 2(4): 332-342 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpb.2017.02.04.05 e-ISSN: 2549-1172 (online) 333 2030, there will be 7.4 to 9.7 million smoking attributable deaths (WHO, 2008). The cigarette smoke exposure effect negatively to the lifelong health. The previous study revealed that smoking can increase the risk of stillbirth, congenital defects in fetus, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), respiratory illness in children, adolescents, and adults. This will be even worse when the smokers are over 30 years old. It will raise the risk of death due to cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke). While, when the smokers are younger, it will enhance the risk of cancer, especially lung cancer, and in a long-term is at risk of death from a respiratory illness (Cook et al. 2016). Based on WHO data, Indonesia is the world's third-largest smoking country after China and India. The increased of cigarette consumption impacts on a higher number of smoking-caused illness and death (Indonesian Health Ministry, 2016). The smokers' prevalence in Indonesia by 2015 was 76.2% (WHO, 2016). Smoking cessation is not an easy endeavor as tobacco addiction is behavioral, cognitive and physiological phenomena. Very few of the addicts successfully quit on the first attempt, but it is not impossible (WHO, 2017). Smoking cessation is a complex behavior. This is affected by internal and external factors. The previous study using Health Belief Model (HBM) theory tended to focus only on the external factors and did not cover all smoking cessation behavior components. Therefore, it is necessary to employ other theories suspected relate to this behavior, like PRECEDE-PROCEED Theory, Health Determinant Theory, and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Those explanations underline that the success of smoking cessation will improve the individual as well as social health quality. Hence, the researcher conducted a research dealing with determinants of successful smoking cessation in Surakarta employing Health Belief Model (HBM) theory, PRECEDE-PROCEED Theory, Health Determinant Theory, and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). SUBJECTS AND METHOD 1. Study Design This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design conducted in Surakarta, Central Java, in December 2017. 2. Population and Sample The study population was men, smokers, and ex-smokers, in the range of 40 to 60 years old in Surakarta. A sample of 165 study subjects consisting of 68 ex-smokers who were successful and 97 smokers who were unsuccessful in smoking cessation, was selected for this study by snowball sampling. 3. Study Variables The dependent variable was smoking cessation. The independent variables were social support, outcome expectation, perceived behavioral control (PBC), subjective norm, family income, purchasing power, smoking duration, intention to quit smoking, addiction, access to a cigarette, and stress. 4. Operational Definition of Variable Successful smoking cessation was defined as the state of the study subjects who have stopped smoking measured by the condition of the smoking cessation study subject. Social support was defined as the support from people around research subjects (family, colleagues, and society) considered to influence the success of smoking cessation. Outcome expectation was defined as the expectation that illustrates the ability of the subjects to anticipate and consider the benefits gained after smoking cessation. Atmojo et al./ Determinants of Successful Smoking Cessation in Surakarta 334 e-ISSN: 2549-1172 (online) Perceived Behavioral Control was defined as the belief of the subjects about the ease and difficulties in successful smoking cessation. Subjective norm was defined as the confidence of the subjects towards others' expectation influencing the decision of the subject in smoking cessation. Family income was defined as the subjects' average monthly income compared to regional minimal wages in Surakarta in 2017. Purchasing power was defined as the subjects' ability to buy a cigarette. Smoking duration was defined as the length of time spent by the subjects to smoke, from the first time smoking up to the time of data collection. The intention was defined as the subjects' tendency to quit smoking or not. Addiction was defined as the physical and psychological addiction level of the subjects towards cigarette measured using questionnaire. Access to cigarette was defined as the subjects' ease of buying cigarette assessed through the interview. Stress was defined as the subjects' response level to the conditions considered disruptive. 5. Study Instruments Data collection was carried out using reliability tested questionnaire. The reliability test was conducted using Alpha Cronbach test to 20 study subjects. The result is shown in Table 1. Table 1. The Research Questionnaire's Reliability Test Results No. Variable Item total correlation Cronbach's Alpha 1. Social Support ≥0.22 0.71 2. Intention ≥0.39 0.72 3. Perceived Behavioral Control ≥0.24 0.72 4. Subjective norm ≥0.48 0.86 5. Attitude ≥0.36 0.76 6. Access to cigarette ≥0.24 0.77 7. Purchasing power ≥0.35 0.85 8. Outcome expectation ≥0.31 0.77 9. Attitude toward smoking cessation ≥0.49 0.77 10. Stress ≥0.29 0.76 6. Data Analysis The results of characteristic analysis of the research subjects and univariate analysis in form of categorical or dichotomy data were described in frequency (n) and percentage (%). Bivariate analysis was conducted using Chi-Square test. Multivariate analysis using path analysis was done by SPSS Stata program. The stages were as follows: a. Model Specification. b. Model Identification. c. Model Fit. d. Estimation. e. Model Re-specification. 7. Research Ethics The research ethics clereance for this study was obtained from the Research Committee at Dr. Moewardi Hospital. Research ethics included informed consent, anonimity, and


Abstract: The extract of the bark of a tree locally known as "Bitza" (Albizia coriaria) is traditionally used for fishing by the indigenous population of the western part of the Abay (Blue Nile) River Valley of Ethiopia. The same bark was found to have molluscicdal effect. Laboratory tests showed that 100% of Biomphalaria snails die at 50ppm and above when exposed to the water, ethanol or methanol extract of the bark for six hours. Chemical analysis of the extract showed the active ingredients to be tannins which are known to have less active molluscicidal properties than saponins. Although Albizia coriaria is not recommended for a largescale use as a molluscicide because of its low potency compared to Endod (Phytolacca dodecandra), the discovery demonstrates how local traditional wisdom may form a starting point in the scientific search for other plant molluscicides. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 1997;11(1):89-92]


What are the policy agendas of the US Supreme Court and Congress, and to what extent do these agendas and other political influences determine the amount of significant policy change produced by federal courts? Using 268 policy histories covering 14 issue areas of US domestic policymaking from 1945-2004, this analysis for the first time operationalizes, models, tests, and compares three major theories of judicial behavior. We find that the policy agenda of the Court is a much more important cause of the amount of significant judicial policy change than the ideological and partisan political factors that these theories expect to be influential. We further find that the congressional agenda influences the amount of judicial policymaking in particular issue areas and that a previously unrecognized political regime called The Long Great Society influenced the amount of judicial policymaking from 1961-1976.


The diet of the wild boar Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 in a Mediterranean area, where agricultural crops were not available and supplementary food was not provided, is described. Diet was compared to the availability of the main food resources and their influence on body weight and reproduction was investigated from 1991 to 1994.


This research was aimed to evaluate the effect of various packaging materialon quality changes of seaweed jam strored in refrigerated temperature. Seaweed jamwas prepared from blended seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) added with sugar, citricacid, and ginger. The jam was packed in glass and plastic bottle and stored atrefrigerated temperature for 30 days. The jam were evaluated for sensory quality,proximate composition and total bacterial count at 0, 10, 20 and 30 days of storage.The results showed that the sensory quality of both seaweed decreased duringstorage; and the seaweed jam stored in glass bottle deereased faster than that stored inplastic bottle. There was no effect of packaging material on moisture, sugar, crudefiber, and total bacterial count. Moisture, sugar, and bacterial count of seaweed jamstored in glass bottle was 32,71%, 58,11%, 1,59% and 11,2 X 104 respectively andstored in plastics bottle was 33,69%, 56,99%, 1,74% and 16,4 X 104 respectively. Keywords : seaweed, Eucheuma cottonii, packaging, storage, refrigerated


To report one case of child kerion due to Trichophyton rubrum.A 5-year-old child had a history of abscess and scab with pruritus and pain on the hind head for 15 days.Trichophyton rubrum was identified by microscopy and culture.The child was cured by combined antifungal therapy.


According to the research status of anchored pile,three types of anchored piles with different embedded depth are designed,based on epoxide resin as pile body and fixed rock mass,and photoelastic experiments are conducted to study the mechanical characteristics of anchored piles against landslide which are embedded in the rock mass.Through the observation of pile body and the isochromatic fringe variation of fixed rock mass,testing the change of anchor tension,the paper qualitatively gets the distribution rule of the internal forces,stress concentration problems of the pile,the displacement of the pile and the relation between anchor tension and the embedded depth,which is quite different from normal piles.


The electrochemical characteristics of single crystalline SnO2, ZnO and Si nanowires and their driven mechanism are reported as nanostructural anode materials. As intercalation and deintercalation of Li, Si nanowires are converted to amorphous phases of shorter wire shapes caused by the lattice expansion of the single crystalline Si, resulting in the fading of discharge capacity, although the reversible capacity (2500 mAh/g) in the first cycle is very high. However, oxide nanowries (SnO2 and ZnO) are transformed from a single crystalline structure into a polycrystalline form consisting of nano-sized metallic particles and Li2O crystals within the wires, which maintain their discharge capacity. The results of this study imply that the large surface area and high electrochemical activity of nanowires and nano-sized polycrystalline particles can provide a method to develop a new class of one-dimensional anode nanostructures in lithium-ion rechargeable batteries.


The paper describes the main features of the late-modernism architecture,analyzes the architectural design thoughts of two architects,Philip Johnson and Richard Meier,studies the building materials,the plane internal space and the whole design technique of Jiadenggeluofu community church and Millenium church,to make the people further understand the religious architecture features.


Cytotoxic chemotherapy is the foundation for treating the wide variety of childhood malignancies, however, these therapies are known to have a variety of deleterious side effects. One common chemotherapy used in children, doxorubicin is well known to cause cardiotoxicity and cardiomyopathy. Recent studies revealed that doxorubicin impairs skeletal and smooth muscle function, and contributes to fatigue and abnormal intestinal motility in patients. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that systemic doxorubicin administration also affects detrusor smooth muscle function in the urinary bladder, especially when administered at a young age. The effects on the detrusor smooth muscle and bladder function were assessed in BALB/cJ mice that received 6 weekly intravenous injections of doxorubicin (3mg/kg/wk) or saline for the control group. Systemic doxorubicin administration resulted in detrusor smooth muscle hypertrophy, increased voiding frequency and a significant attenuation of detrusor smooth muscle contractility followed by a slower relaxation compared to the control group. Gene expression analyses reveled that unlike doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, the bladders from doxorubicin-administered animals showed no changes in oxidative stress markers, instead, downregulation of large conductance/big potassium (BK) channel and altered expression of myosin light chain kinase coincided with reduced myosin light chain phosphorylation. These results indicate that in vivo doxorubicin exposure caused detrusor smooth muscle dysfunction by dysregulation of molecules involved in the detrusor contractile-relaxation mechanisms. Collectively, our findings suggest that childhood cancer survivors treated with doxorubicin may be at increased risk of bladder dysfunction, and benefit from follow-up surveillance of bladder function.


In this paper certain basic considerations of dependence of noise on vibrations of surfaces are presented. Relationships between velocities of vibration and acoustic pressure for plane, spherical, and cylindrical waveforms have been discussed. The statistical technique of cross correlation and its physical interpretations are presented, with a discussion of its background and theoretical development for two time‐varying signals. The problem of cross‐correlating vibration and noise for a given system in a semi‐reverberant environment, while taking into account the effects of multiple sources of similar character, surface area contributions, and reflections from the boundaries is discussed next. Expression for percentage contribution from the vibration of an individual component to the total noise pressure has been deduced. The applicability of this method has been shown through a summary report of an investigation of structural‐vibration generated noise of a high‐powered diesel engine of the GM 645 E serie...


Abstract : X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS) have been used to study the adsorption of polyimide precursor molecules on Ni(110). PMDA (1,2,4,5-benzenetetracarboxylic anhydride) and m-PDA (1,3-phenylenediamine) were vapour deposited in vacuo at substrate temperatures of between 150 and 300K. Both m-PDA and PMDA adsorb at 300 K without major fragmentation. For m-PDA, absorption to the surface occurs via its nitrogen atoms. HREELS results suggest that significant deprotonation of the amine groups occurs and that the plane of the aromatic ring is inclined away from the surface normal. For PMDA, the primary chemical interaction with the Ni is through at least one of the anhydride oxygens, and the plane of the aromatic ring is aligned close to the surface normal. Therefore, adhesion to the surface is through one anhydride unit only. Keywords: Pyromellitic dianhydride; Phenylenediamine; Ni (110); Adsorption; Polyimides; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; Adhesion; High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy; Nickel. (kt)


A preliminary report is given of dramatic changes observed in the cathodoluminescence (CL) properties of silicon melted under vacuum by electron beam excitation. The band edge luminescence is found to be modified and enhanced in the recrystallized material. These changes in the spectral character of the material correlate with changes in the minority carrier lifetime. In addition, deep level luminescence bands are also observed at 0.39, 0.52, and 0.58 eV. The behavior of CL transients as a function of beam excitation indicates that saturation of the bulk recombination path occurs, and this is believed to be related to the improved surface quality of the recrystallized material. Both n‐ and p‐type silicon are found to exhibit these new properties. All the work has been performed on a purposely built scanning electron microscope optimized for CL work.


With the emerging Internet-of-Things services, massive machine-to-machine (M2M) communication will be deployed on top of human-to-human (H2H) communication in the near future. Due to the coexistence of M2M and H2H communications, the performance of M2M (i.e., secondary) networks depends largely on the H2H (i.e., primary) network. In this paper, we propose ambient backscatter communication for the M2M networks which exploits the energy (signal) sources of the H2H network, referring to its traffic applications and popularity. In order to maximize the harvesting and transmission opportunities offered by varying traffic sources of the H2H network, we adopt a Bayesian nonparametric (BNP) learning algorithm to classify traffic applications (patterns) for secondary transmitters (STs). We then analyze the performance of STs using the stochastic geometric approach, based on a criterion for optimal traffic selection. Because of the mathematical intractability of the optimal criterion, we have attained a suboptimal traffic selection criterion which provides more tractable analysis. Results are presented to validate the performance of the proposed BNP classification algorithm and the criterion, as well as the impact of traffic sources and popularity.


In vivo delivery of nucleic acid‐based therapeutics utilizing messenger RNA (mRNA) has significant implications for gene therapy, counteragent delivery, and vaccine applications. The mRNA therapeutics harness the body's own cells to produce and deliver therapeutic protein molecules. However, large RNA molecules are prone to RNase degradation and exhibit marked difficulty in in vivo delivery compared with smaller RNA molecules. We have successfully engineered reconstituted high‐density lipoproteins (termed nanolipoprotein particles, NLPs) to deliver self‐amplifying mRNA (aka. Replicon) constructs in vivo. NLPs are nanometer‐scale, discoidal particles. They are safe, non‐immunogenic, and amenable to multiple routes of delivery. Also, the size and surface chemistry of NLPs allow for facile optimization of the delivery of compounds with wide range of physicochemical properties. To tailor NLPs for in vivo delivery of large nucleic acids molecules, a panel of NLPs formulated with a wide range of cationic lipids and assembly constituents were screened. Cationic lipids confer NLPs positive charge which successfully complexed with RNA Replicons encoding luciferase, provided protection from RNase degradation, and enhanced mRNA in vivo expression efficiency. These results represent the experimental foundation of utilizing the NLP technology to advance for RNA delivery. Future efforts focus on elucidating the correlation of NLP composition, NLP‐Replicon structure, and in vivo efficacy that will eventually allow for the rational design of a highly potent in vivo delivery platform that can be used as a universal mRNA delivery technology.


Supply-side reform has become the compass of China's reform and development. The transportation structure in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has the structure attribute of road transportation in the aspect of freight transport, so the supply-side reform of freight transport is one of the focuses and directions of the supply-side reform of transportation. Taking Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as the regional representative, this paper first analyzes the current situation of cargo transportation structure in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, which shows that road transportation plays a dominant role in freight transport. Then, based on the perspective of structural dimension, combining the theory of industry economics SCP paradigm, this paper discusses the key point of supply-side reform of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei freight and conclude that medium and long-distance freight transport should be transferred by road to railway and water transport in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. And it is necessary to establish a comprehensive multi-modal transport system, which mainly based on railway transport, to optimize the transportation structure and improve the performance of the transportation.


BIA recommends that brick manufacturers prepare and distribute MSDS and label their products as a result of a recent court decision


Cavitation of water in the annular cells of fern sporangia was monitored simultaneously by acoustic detection and visual analysis using a light microscope


Promises are an example of what linguist JL Austin described as performative acts, in that their very utterance allows the act of promising to take place. Austin formed his theory of performative speech acts as a way in which to make fully predictable the effects of certain speech acts, promises amongst them. Using Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, this article demonstrates the impossibility of predicting the effects of promises, explaining that Austin and Frankenstein both lack a consideration of the bearing different bodies have on the effects of promises. Taking a feminist deconstructive approach, this article examines the technics of speech and the gaze, the accumulation of knowledge, the status and reproductive abilities of women, and how these relate to monsters and monstrosity in both the novel and Austin's seminal work, How to Do Things With Words.


A multicenter retrospective case-control study. Study subjects were HIV positive pregnant women enrolled in a prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV(PMTCT) programme in southwest Nigeria. The objective was to see if the introduction of 'Test- and -Treat strategy' would lead to placing higher number of HIV-POSITIVE pregnant women on antiretroviral drugs. There was a significant difference (OR=1.4;CI=1.35-1.55,P=0.0) in the proportions of HIV-POSITIVE pregnant women initiated on ARV between the control arm(60%) and the case group(81%)with the implementation of the strategy. In other words, an HIV POSITIVE woman in a PMTCT setting has a 40% greater chance of being placed on ARV with test-and-treat strategy than without the strategy.The test- and -treat strategy is a treatment approach in which HIV positive clients are initiated on prophylactic antiretroviral drugs immediately after HIV diagnosis without waiting for the CD4 count test result. Hence, implementing Test and Treat Strategy in a PMTCT programme increases the antiretroviral drug uptake by HIV-POSITIVE women which in turn could lead to a reduced rate of vertical transmission of HIV, as a result of the suppressed maternal viral load.


The invention discloses a camera array system based on serial infinite camera cascade connection. The camera array system comprises a conversion box, a computer and a camera(s) with an LVDS (Low Voltage Differential Signaling) interface(s), wherein one camera with one LVDS interface is directly connected with one end of the conversion box, or two or more than two cameras with the LVDS interfaces are connected end to end in sequence via the Ethernet, the last camera with one LVDS interface is connected with one end of the conversion box, and the other end of the conversion box is connected with the computer via the Ethernet; and the cameras with the LVDS interfaces generate images and corresponding LVDS image data; and the conversion box converts the LVDS image data into Ethernet image data, and transmits the Ethernet image data. The camera array system based on the serial infinite cascade connection provided by the utility model saves cost and bandwidth.


TMD Diagnosis and Treatment: Moving Away from Reliance on Clinician Experience Towards More Evidence Based Decisions. Biomed J Sci Res The healthy and intact masticatory system consists of biomechanical and neurobiological pathways that regulate a complex biological mechanism(s). These pathways are controlled both consciously by the central nervous system (CNS) and unconsciously by the brain stem. Among the functions of the masticatory system there are not only food processing and intake (chewing and swallowing) but also phonation and—partially— facial expression (mimicry). These functions are based on neural control of the masticatory muscles for force development and movement production. Humans ingest food and communicate verbally and nonverbally with the environment by dynamically adjusting tissues and parts of the masticatory system, airflow, and forces of the jaw adductors. A dysfunction of the masticatory system not only affects fundamental biological aspects of life but also psychological well-being and social communication (biopsychosocial model) [1]. Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a "catchall" term that describes different structural and functional disorders of the stomatognathic system.


This paper proposes a high-level, application-independent framework for the construction of distributed systems within a resource sharing computer network. The framework generalizes design techniques in use within the ARPA Computer Network. It eliminates the need for application-specific communication protocols and support software, thus easing the task of the applications programmer and so encouraging the sharing of resources. The framework consists of a network-wide protocol for invoking arbitrary named functions in a remote process, and machine-dependent system software that interfaces one applications program to another via the protocol. The protocol provides mechanisms for supplying arguments to remote functions and for retrieving their results; it also defines a small number of standard data types from which all arguments and results must be modeled. The paper further proposes that remote functions be thought of as remotely callable subroutines or procedures. This model would enable the framework to more gracefully extend the local programming environment to embrace modules on other machines.


Acetals Cedrenus cyclicals general formula A, IN WHICH THE LINES ARE DESCRIBED IN THE FORM OF SERPENTINES CONFIGURATION TO AND BE WELL AS RYR 1 MEAN THE NEXT ENTITIES RADICALS: R = R 1 = HR = H, R 1 = ME / R = Me, R 1 = HR = H, R 1 = ET / R = Et, R 1 = HR = H, R 1 = PR / R = PR, R 1 = HR = H, R 1 = Bu / R = BU, R 1 = HR = H, R 1 = ISO - BU / R = ISO - BU, R 1 = HR = H, R 1 = pentyl / R = pentyl, R 1 = HR = H, R 1 = ISO - pentyl / R = ISO - pentyl, R 1 = HR = H, R 1 = hexyl / R = hexyl, R 1 = HR = R 1 = ME (AL, BE) R = Me, R 1 = ET / R = ET , R 1 = Me R = R SU P 1 = ET (AL, BE) R = Me, R1 = PR / R = PR, R1 = Me R = Et, R1 = Pr / R = Pr, R = Et R = R 1 = cyclobutyl R = R1 = cyclopentyl R = R1 = cyclohexyl. These compositions are new. They possess both form PURE AS THE MIXTURES stereoisomeric, SOME TYPE Amber odor properties, while providing an intense and luminous effect, reinforcing the different notes PERFUME AND ITS EFFECT AROMATICO. THEREFORE they may be employed advantageously as perfumes or as components of mixtures of perfumes or perfume oils for perfuming materials for use cosmetic or technical. PRODUCING COMPOSITIONS formula is conveniently carried out by reacting the epoxide Cedrenus, OBTAINED FROM Cedrenus, DEPENDING ON THE CONDITIONS OF REACTION TO CHOOSE, TO OBTAIN A MIXTURE OF CEDRENDIOLES epimers or a mixture of CEDRENDIOLES diastereoisomers AND THESE React aliphatic CARBONYL compositions under conditions catalytic acidic aprotic solvents SUBSTANCES OR UNDER WATER MEDIA linkers.


The techniques peculiar to dynamic programming have found a variety of successful applications in the theory and practice of modern control. Successes in the theory and practice of signal and image processing are less numerous and prominent, but they do exist. In this paper, we sound a call for renewed attention to the potential of dynamic programming for solving knotty, nonlinear filtering problems in signal and image processing, and outline successes we have recently enjoyed in nonlinear frequency tracking and random boundary estimation in noisy black and white images. Two classical results, the fast Fourier transform and Levinson's recursion for determining autoregressive parameters, are treated in the context of dynamic programming simply to reinforce the point that many of the algorithms we take for granted, and which were derived without recourse to dynamic programming, can be nicely interpreted as dynamic programming algorithms.


During the long-term follow-up of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the incidence of subsequent second primary malignancies increases with each passing year. The incidence of more than one second primary malignancy in these patients is very rare. We are presenting a case report where one of our patients developed metachronous malignancy with papillary cell carcinoma in kidney, transitional cell carcinoma in the urinary bladder, and squamous cell carcinoma in the skin.


Communication plays a vital role in human life. But in the case of sharing confidential information, there are many issues of concern, such as the lack of confidentiality, authenticity and integrity. Steganography is one of the methods used for conventional covert communication, but it sends the information via an insecure channel. Even though the hackers entering into the channel cannot decrypt the original data, information such as recipient details and communication time are exposed and the communication can be disrupted or hijacked. To address this problem, "Stag-chain," a blockchain-based design that combines an effective steganographic technique with the Advance Encryption Standard (AES) algorithm and the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) Protocol (decentralized cloud storage), is introduced. Furthermore, the image file will be available on the cloud for retrieval only for a limited period after which it will be replaced by a normal image. Since the data is sent as a transaction in Ethereum, it is almost impossible to manipulate or retrieve that data, hence ensuring data integrity and data security. The aim of the said scheme is to develop an app that will ensure data confidentiality, establish a secure channel to transmit data, enhance data security and protect the data from unauthorized access or manipulation.


This paper investigates the role of spatial parameters in relation to the economic dynamic embedded in the urban fabric. The key element explored in this study is the role of the urban configuration and accessibility on the success of different business sectors in Switzerland.The underlying hypothesis is that economic markets are constant forces of change influencing the development of cities and functions on all scales. Markets are institutions that reduce people's choices based on a myriad of factors to a single number, the price. Accessibility is a resource for each business that yields multiple values of benefits and transactions in terms of economic properties. This project explores the interaction of multiple measures of accessibility, calculated by Space Syntax analysis, with the success of different markets represented by employment by business sector. 828548 business locations and 44 spatial measures were used to derive associations between them. The results show that the measure of 'Choice' correlates highly for smaller radii and 'Integration' for larger radii with the total number of jobs. The result also shows each sector has a specific set of accessibility measures that allows them to thrive.


UK policymakers are seeking to use the levers of a more active industrial policy to develop economic opportunities, including through new and expanded trading opportunities. At the same time, the UK Government has committed to a net zero greenhouse gas emissions target by 2050. While increases in exports are expected to raise economic activity, it is unclear what impact this will have on UK energy use and emissions. With a main plank of the UK strategy the development of _Sector Deals", it is unknown whether this is also true for specific industrial sectors. We examine this empirically in a multisectoral Computable General Equilibrium model of the UK that captures the interdependence between economic activity, energy use and emissions. Our results suggest that while economic outcomes move in the desired direction there are mixed impacts on energy use, UK territorial industrial emissions, and the energy- and emissions-intensity of the UK economy. Notably, we identify instances where growing exports in specific sectors help to meet the objectives of both the Clean Growth Strategy and Industrial Strategy.


This chapter considers arms embargoes. It first examines the idealized case for arms embargoes, which holds that they reduce the aggressors' access to weapons and frustrate their goals, whilst distributing the costs fairly and avoiding doing harm. It then assesses the vehement, nonideal critique of arms embargoes in some of the academic literature. This highlights various problems such as that they are violated by sender states, that weapons are still obtained on the black market and through porous borders, and that they are used to avoid undertaking more effective action. The chapter challenges this nonideal critique and argues that the idealized account is in fact largely correct: arms embargoes do often work once we adopt the correct measure of effectiveness (what it calls 'morally valuable effectiveness'). In doing so, this chapter provides a defence of the importance and meaning of effectiveness—the central factor on the Pragmatic Approach.


Objective To investigate the effects and possible mechanism of bongkrekic acid(BA) on inhibition of the cell caducity.Methods HepG2 cell was incubated with different concentrations of BA.The morphology change of HepG2 cell was observed under the inverted microscope.The cell proliferation and viability were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2y1)-2,5 dipheyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) reduction assay.Rh123/PI dual fluorescent staining was carried out to evaluate cells mitochondrial function and apoptosis by Flow CytoMeter analysis.PI fluorescent staining was used to detect the cell cycle,and the Flow CytoMeter was used to examine the change of cell cycle.Results The livability of HepG2 cell incubated with BA(concentrations: 0.1-27.3 μmol/L) was 107.8%-130.0%,and the control group was 100%(P0.05);the reproducibility and the percentage of Rh123+PI-,Rh123-PI+,Rh123-PI-and Rh123+PI+ compared to normal control group,and there was statistically difference between the two groups(P0.01).Conclusion BA could inhibit cells apoptosis and make S+G2/M-phase manifold.