Economic performance is considered the fundamental cause of economic growth. Economic performance affects economic growth through the allocation of resources like physical and human capital. Unfortunately, there are few empirical studies showing institutions' impact on Economic growth in Tanzania. This study aimed to examine the causal relationship between institutions and economic growth by focusing on the evidence from Tanzania Economic growth. More specifically, the study established the state or characteristics of key components of governance in economic production function of Tanzania. This is a time series study using econometric estimation to give empirical contents of the relationship between governance institutions and economic growth. Estimation techniques deployed to analyze the data were Regression approach within Ordinary Least Square (OLS), generalized Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Error Correction Model (ECM) process.  The results revealed that a causal relationship of institutions has a positive and significant impact on economic growth in Tanzania. The study recommends that components of governance since are critical to economic growth should be emphasized to the public institutions for raising better performance in the country.  Therefore, the study concludes that institutional quality may lead to a sustainable increase in country's income in the long run, and at the same time, success of any policy could be influenced by the soundness of institutions.


Objective: To collect and analyze comprehensive network Meta-analysis( NMA) literature,provide a reference for our future NMA writing and submission. Methods: We searched PubMed database access to NMA literature retrieval time for the January 2002 ~March 31,2014,and established a data extraction sheet using Excel software,data extraction and analysis finishing. Results: In the retrieval of the documents of the NMA 586,between 2002 ~ 2006 published NMA number was less than 10,since 2007,issued a document number was rising rapidly,especially after 2011,this growth trend is more obvious; 586 NMA literature distributed on 224 journals,187 kinds of journals indexed by SCI,accounting for 83. 48% of the total journals,which published the number of NMA was 88. 40%; total of3197 NMA authors involved in writing,and 97. 81% of the authors only write an NMA,more than half of the NMA from the UK and the U.S.; in China,Taipei was the largest number. Conclusion: Through the analysis of the number of published literature on the NMA,periodicals distribution,involving the analysis of the situation and other aspects of disease,we could understand NMA published the status quo,and provide a reference for our future NMA writing and submission.


Due to their good motion performance, snake-like robots have been widely studied and researched for years and still have a lot of research interest. In this paper, we propose a snake-like robot based on tensegrity structure. Our snake-like robot is driven with cables on both sides, which is different from the serial structure snake-like robots driving by the motor at the axis of rotation. In order to verify the feasibility of the snake-like robot motion, we studied its inverse kinematics and performed simulation based on the serpenoid curve.


modern scientific literacy is the necessary quality preschool teachers.Current research of preschool teacher training tendency of unilateral,in order to improve the effectiveness of the training should be diversified preschool teachers' scientific literacy training as a new approach.Through the education scientific research director,set up by the teacher development,constructing for preschool teachers diversified development of mechanism,build the research of"kindergarten crossroad and implement"menu type of preschool teachers' scientific research training,education and completes the career guidance diversification of measures to improve teachers' scientific literacy.


Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects roughly 3% of the world's population, and is the leading cause for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver transplantation in Western countries (Ann Intern Med 2006;144:705–714; J Hepatol 2008;48:148 –162). Unfortunately, because chronic hepatitis C is mostly asymptomatic until the late stages of the disease, it is estimated that nearly 40%–60% of HCV-infected persons are unaware of their disease (Hepatology 2009;50:1750–1755; Addiction 2002;97:1289–1294). Late diagnosis of HCV infection has important clinical implications; not only is cirrhosis among the strongest independent predictors of treatment failure to anti-HCV therapy (J Hepatol 2008;49:634–651), but, also the risk of developing liver-related complications is reduced but not completely negated in these patients once a sustained virologic response (SVR) to pegylated interferon (PegIFN) plus ribavirin (Rbv) therapy is achieved (Hepatology 2007;45:579–587). To diagnose as many HCV-positive patients as possible, most scientific societies including the American Association for the Study of the Liver (Hepatology 2009;49:1335–1374) and the American Gastroenterological Association (Gastroenterology 2006;130:225-230) recommend screening for HCV infection among so-called high-risk groups. This is quite a heterogeneous group of persons, including patients who were exposed to blood products before 1992 and those who have injected illicit drugs in the past, are co-infected with HIV, have abnormal aminotransferase levels, were born to HCV-infected mothers, or have been on hemodialysis. In these patients, a serologic assay to detect anti-HCV antibodies is recommended, and if the test is positive, HCV infection needs to be confirmed or ruled out with a molecular assay that can i detect the viral HCV RNA in serum. In the paper by Lee et al, a new, rapid, point-of-care test for the diagnosis of anti-HCV antibodies (OraQuick HCV assay) in oral fluid or finger stick blood is described. The OraQuick HCV assay utilizes an indirect immunoassay method to detect antibodies against the NS3, NS4, and core region of the HCV genome in 5 different specimens: oral fluids, finger stick blood, whole venous blood, serum, or plasma. Reactive tests are easy to read because they generate a reddish-purple line at the test zone of the device and can be interpreted between 20 and 40 minutes after specimen collection. Performance of the OraQuick HCV test was compared with currently US Food and Drug Administration–approved enzymatic immunoassays (EIA) and strip immunoblot assay (RIBA) in 122 HCV-positive subjects as well as in 450 low-risk subjects of unknown HCV status. To asses the sensitivity and specificity of the OraQuick assay, the test was performed with oral fluid, finger stick blood, serum, plasma, and venous blood specimens. In the 122 HCV-positive subjects, defined by being EIA and RIBA or EIA and HCV RNA reactive, the OraQuick test was able to detect anti-HCV antibodies in 121 (99.2%) cases. The only false-negative test was obtained using oral fluid as a specimen for analysis; for other specimens, the test had 100% sensitivity. In the 450 subjects at low risk for HCV infection, the OraQuick test and EIA test were concordant in 449 cases (99.8%), with the 1 discordant result being a false-positive test with the OraQuick assay performed on serum and plasma. Compared with the commercially available blood tests for the detection of anti-HCV antibodies, the OraQuick test had a sensitivity of 99.2%– 100% and a specificity of 99.8%–100%. Based on these results, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the OraQuick assay to test individuals who are at risk for infection with HCV as well as people with signs or symptoms of hepatitis; on the contrary, OraQuick was not approved for HCV screening in the general population.


We propose a methodology, consistent with the Kyoto Protocol"s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), to quantify the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction benefits of transport efficient development (TED). TED aims to reduce transportation GHGs by changing urban development patterns. We use the Nanchang Transit-Oriented Development project in China to demonstrate the methodology and, thus, the possibilities for bringing such projects into the carbon market. The case illustrates the challenges to using the CDM to reduce transportation GHG emissions via TED. The proposed analytical approach, utilizing a "control group," faces difficulties regarding geographical control, the reliability of the statistical techniques, and challenges to calculating emissions "leakage." These methodological difficulties also impact financial viability because of high monitoring costs and high project risks. Ultimately, the CDM Executive Board rejected the proposed methodology, suggesting limited possibilities for utilizing today"s carbon market to alter developing countries" urban transportation GHG growth trajectories. Zegras, Chen, Grütter 2 INTRODUCTION Transportation currently accounts for one-quarter of the world"s energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and is expected to be the most rapidly growing source over the next 30 years. The developing world will account for the largest share of this growth, increasing by a forecast 3.5% to 5.3% per year, as compared to 1.2% to 1.4% in the OECD. Given these forecasts, the developing world will shift from accounting for 35% of world transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2000 to 52% to 63% by the year 2030 (1). To modify these emission growth trajectories, we will likely need a suite of technology, policy and pricing approaches, focusing on both passenger and freight transportation at both the urban and interurban levels. In the shortto medium-term, technological fixes alone will most likely not provide the hoped-for "silver bullet." Heywood et al (2) provide a sense of the challenges; their assessment of plausible vehicle technological improvements in the U.S. private passenger vehicle market leads them to the conclusion that technology and demand management options – i.e., behaviorally-based interventions – together will be required. In this context, we cannot ignore passenger transport: personal mobility consumes roughly twothirds of transportation energy today, a share expected to remain fairly stable over the next 50 years (3). Nor can we ignore the developing world"s metropolitan areas, where population will double by 2030, representing 95% of net global population growth (4). Changing passenger travel behavior in the developing world"s urban areas may be crucial to reducing transport GHG emissions. Perhaps no developing country better represents the challenges and opportunities for reducing urban transportation GHG emissions than China. The country is undergoing a major transition of rapid and intense urbanization, coupled with sustained economic growth and changes in consumer behavior (with respect to, e.g., residential space) and industrial and economic activity. China already has more than 100 cities with 1 million or more persons, yet just 40% of its total population currently lives in urban areas. This share will increase to 60% by 2030 (4). At the same time, motorization continues apace. Already the world"s fourth largest automobile producer and the third largest consumer, China has recorded car sales of 70% per year this decade. These forces – combined with economic reforms and fiscal decentralization – are dramatically transforming China"s urban landscape. While necessary as cities modernize and business and residential space demands increase, these transformations raise the question: how can we capitalize on the dynamism of urban China to create more energy efficient, less carbon-intensive cities in the long run? Integrated policies which target travel behavior change together with technological improvements will help (5). But, to what degree can alternative urban development patterns induce lower carbon travel behavior in urban China? And, can the current carbon market, specifically, the Kyoto Protocol"s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), play a meaningful role in generating such changes? To help answer these questions, we outline a methodology for quantifying the transportation GHG reduction benefits of an urban land development project, illustrating with a project in Nanchang, China. THE POTENTIAL ROLE OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Interest in modifying urban development patterns to influence transportation behavior, energy consumption, and emissions has a long history. We can find urban simulation models of "hypothetical cities" in the 1960s (e.g., 6); numerous more recent regional travel modeling applications to actual cities (e.g., 7); empirical analyses attempting to quantify the built environment"s influence on travel behavior (e.g., 8); and various policies and projects trying to leverage the built environment-travel behavior relationship (e.g., 9, 10). Schipper et al"s "ASIF" framework (11) reveals the essential determinants of transportation energy use: total activity (A), mode share (S), fuel intensity (I), and fuel type (F) (thus, ASIF) (see Figure 1). Land development patterns potentially influence three of the four components (activities, mode share, and fuel intensity), since urban size, form, density, land use mix, and design (including street patterns) may affect the distribution of activities and total travel distances (e.g.,12), mode choice (e.g.,13), and vehicle occupancy (e.g.,14). Zegras, Chen, Grütter 3 In the following methodology, we propose the generic concept of transport efficient development (TED), which encompasses a range of investments and policies which attempt to improve transport efficiency through land development. TED builds upon the ideas popularized under the term Transit Oriented Development (TOD) – integrating land development with public transportation by concentrating dense, mixed-use, and non-motorized transport (NMT)-friendly urban "nodes" around public transportation stations. Building on the TOD concept and the ASIF framework, Table 1 presents example TED measures and their potential emission reductions impacts. Note that some of these measures could also produce increases in transportation GHGs, depending upon net impacts on travel behavior which, in fact, are theoretically ambiguous (15). Overall, despite its intuitive appeal, TED implementation in China faces a number of institutional challenges (16) and land use challenges (17); furthermore, the TED concept itself faces considerable analytical challenges (among them, lack of adequate data) related to predicting and measuring net GHG outcomes. Analytical Challenges One theoretical and empirical challenge in understanding the built environment"s role in transport GHGs relates to the issue generally called "self-selection" (Mokhtarian and Cao (18) provide a good review of the issues). In this specific context, "self-selection" arises because, in using comparative analyses of individuals" behavior (e.g., residents in a TED versus residents in a non-TED) to determine the built environment"s influence on travel, we may incorrectly attribute the outcome (behavior) to the supposed cause (built environment). By using observed outcomes and characteristics, our attempt to infer causality from the built environment to travel behavior may be confounded by other unobserved characteristics – such as individuals" attitudes or preferences – which may be responsible for at least part of the travel outcome. For example, some residents may have moved to the TED because the TED allows them to more easily travel how they would have traveled anyway (e.g., by certain modes). Considerable research in recent years has attempted to control for, and understand the impacts of, self-selection in the built environment-travel behavior realm (see 18). Most studies do detect self-selection, although few explicitly quantify the relative influence. A recent analysis of residential choice, vehicle ownership choice, and walking levels in New York City estimates that self-selection accounts for one-third to one-half of the estimated influence of the built environment (measured as population density) on walking levels (19). Self-selection presents a challenge in comparative analyses (e.g., TED versus non-TED) as well as in simulations/forecasts of future conditions since parameters in the latter should be based on observed behaviors which might be biased from self-selection. We cannot ignore this issue when attempting to finance TED projects via the carbon market, for which emissions must be quantifiable, verifiable, and additional to business as usual (BAU) (i.e., beyond what would have occurred without the project). By ignoring self-selection we run the risk of falsely crediting TED for GHG emissions reductions, thus incorrectly granting carbon credits and, effectively, "robbing" climate value. Thus, bringing TED-type projects into the carbon market forces an analytical rigor regarding adequately measuring relevant behaviors, isolating potentially confounding influences, and properly inferring causality. The Clean Development Mechanism and Transportation Currently, the Kyoto Protocol"s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the main market-based instrument for mitigating GHG emissions in the developing world. The CDM has the explicit dual purpose of providing industrialized countries with the opportunity to achieve cost-effective emissions reductions while also contributing towards developing countries" sustainable development goals. The latter are sometimes referred to as "co-benefits," or "the benefits from policy options implemented for various reasons at the same time – including climate change mitigation" (20). The CDM"s "additionality" requirement – that the project cannot have occurred in a


We present a case study of visualization in understanding encouters between multiple agents in an adversarial environment. The information visualized consists of time series of attributes and relations such as mass, velocity and distance, which we preprocess with a Bayesian clustering algorithm. We differentiate betwwen the encounters based on their outcomes, and generate two and three-dimensional {\it maps} that can be used to determine good courses of action from different points in the agents'' environments.


Background : Application of low salt diet interventions to reduce health complaints and the risk of heart disease in hemodialysis patients.                                    Method : Search related articles through scientific publications by entering keywords in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases        Results : From the 6 articles reviewed, the low salt diet intervention gave changes to systolic and diastolic blood pressure, provided a change in the level of sodium excretion, changes in quality of life and had self efficacy against salt reduction.   Conclusion : It is important for nurses, especially hemodialysis nurses, to optimize education regarding the importance of a low-salt diet of less than 2 grams per day through food and beverages consumed, or in the process of preparing and cooking food.


ABSTRACT A study was conducted to examine factors affecting the success of Chicano students in achieving their educational and career goals. The study assessed the relationship between student-related variables (e.:g., student characteristics and educational and career goals prior to community college enrollment); dollege-related variables (e.g., student/institution interactions and Chicano collective consciousness); student objective attainment (i.e., institutionally defined outcomes such as credits and degrees earned); and student subjective attainment (i.e., individually defined outcomes including perceptions of goal attainment and .satisfaction). A 46-item survey instrument was sent to 1,786 Chicano students enrolled at three south Texas community colleges. Study findings, based on a 24% response rate, included the following: (1) students who attended a two-year institution because of fear of rejection at a four-year school tended to have less subjective attainment; (2) students with vocational/technical goals reported less satisfaction with their educational goals; (3) students who maintained their goals reported better subjective attainment; (4) student background characteristic's appeared to indirectly influence the type of credential earned; and (5) high school achievement and father's work status had the most significant effect on credential attainment. (H8)


In the construction industry, FRP (fibre-reinfoced-polymer) reinforcement is used mainly because of its high resistance to aggressive environments. The production and design of straight FRP rebars are now very well understood and described. However, when designing concrete elements, it is usually necessary to adapt the reinforcement to the structure shape and to use bent rebars. However, during the production process, unfavourable changes in the fibre distribution across the cross-section may occur at the bent section. It has a significant effect on the short and long-term properties of the rebar. The paper addresses the highly topical issue of the composition, manufacturing and testing of shaped composite rebar. Consequently, the article presents experimentally determined values of mechanical characteristics obtained from the performed tests.


THE TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY OF USING KRYPTON (KR) TO DETECT POLLUTANTS - CARBON MONOXIDE, NITROGEN OXIDES, AND HYDROCARBONS - IN AUTOMOBILE EXHAUSTS IN CONCENTRATIONS BELOW THE PROJECTED 1975 STANDARDS WAS DEMONSTRATED. IN A LABORATORY TEST SYSTEM, THESE WERE DETECTED BY A PLATINUM OXIDE KRYPTONATE SENSOR, A HYDRO-QUINONE CLATHRATE SENSOR, AND A PALLADIUM CHLORIDE KRYPTONATE SENSOR. NEW JERSEY HAS ALREADY ESTABLISHED STATE-RUN AUTOMOBILE INSPECTION STATIONS; PLANS EXIST TO EQUIP THESE LANES WITH INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE AUTOMOBILE POLLUTANT LEVELS. NEW JERSEY APPEARS TO BE SET ON THE INFRARED AND FLAME IONIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING CARBON MONOXIDE AND HYDROCARBONS, RESPECTIVELY, DESPITE THE COST AND COMPLEXITY. SUITABLE INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING NITROGEN OXIDES ARE NOT AVAILABLE, AND NEW JERSEY IS VERY MUCH INTERESTED IN THE KR TECHNIQUE FOR THIS MEASUREMENT. ONCE INSPECTION HAS BEEN INSTITUTED, COMPARATIVELY CHEAP INSTRUMENTS MUST BE AVAILABLE FOR GARAGES SO THAT SATISFACTORY REPAIRS AND ADJUSTMENTS CAN BE MADE. THE KRYPTONATE TECNIQUE WAS THOUGHT TO BE VERY PROMISING FOR THIS REQUIREMENT. /AUTHOR/


We study analytically a gravitational lens due to a deformed star, which is modelled by using a monopole and a quadrupole moment. Positions of the images are discussed for a source on the principal axis. We present explicit expressions for the lens equation for this gravitational lens as a single real 10th-order algebraic equation. Furthermore, we compute an expression for the caustics as a discriminant for the polynomial. Another simple parametric representation of the caustics is also presented in a more tractable form. A simple expression for the critical curves is obtained to clarify a topological feature of the critical curves; the curves are simply connected if and only if the distortion is sufficiently large.


This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction, General Classification of Models, Learning Goals for Simulations, Learning Processes in Exploratory Learning Environments, Learner Activity and Simulations, Notes, References


Technical Field The present invention relates to a method of holding, in particular, it relates to a control method for strengthening the clamping sleeve machining deformation. The first step in lifting the workpiece to the fixture, positioning the lower surfaces of the supporting surface and the longitudinal surface and each pad support surface of the copper sheet after the longitudinal positioning against a work piece; second step with a uniform torque wrench to torque a hook-shaped platen , hook-shaped three-point support platen and two hook-shaped platen is screwed tight three; third step by opening the hook-shaped platen release three platen, so that part is in a free state, with copper gently tapping the workpiece, compressive stress is released ; fourth step again with the hook-shaped platen a torque wrench, and two hook-shaped hook-shaped platen press platen three sequential progressively tighten. The method of the present invention using clamping machined parts, out of round hole processing control within 0.03mm, perpendicular to the plane of the hole also meet the requirements of the drawings, to improve the working efficiency. The present invention may be used for some particular for Thin deformable parts, a wide range of applications.


Abstract Background: Recent demonstration of circulating anti-IgG antibodies towards IgE and its receptor (FcϵRI) has led to an interest in inducing tolerance to circulating histamine-releasing factors with autologous blood injections as a treatment option in chronic spontaneous urticaria (CU). The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of autologous whole blood (AWB) and autologous serum (AS) injections in patients with CU compared to placebo. Methods: A total of 88 CU patients with (+) autologous serum skin test (ASST) (59) and (-) ASST (29) were randomized into three parallel subgroups and were treated with weekly injections of AWB, AS or placebo for 10 weeks. Clinical assessments included urticaria activity score (UAS) and dermatology life quality index. Results: In ASST (+) patients, the percentages of patients with >30% improvement in UAS and DLQI were 85% and 90% in AWB group, 65% and 65% in AS group and 79% and 90% in placebo group, respectively. In ASST (-) patients, these figures were 67% and 89% in the AWB group, 80% and 80% in the AS group and 60% and 70% in the placebo group. The intergroup difference for complete subsidence was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Even though we could not show a better efficacy than placebo, autohemotherapy resulted in a marked decrease in disease activity and improvement in quality of life scores in CU patients.


The authors describe an alternative theoretical treatment of the transport of excess charge carriers in a solar cell. This analysis avoids the limitations due to the relatively large transport distances inherent in the usual macroscopic device theory. It describes the macroscopic current in terms of microscopic parameters of the semiconductor, for example carrier scattering mean free path, recombination length and carrier mobility; the space-charge field effects are treated directly. The results of numerical calculations of the quantum efficiency of a solar cell obtained with this treatment are discussed.


Six decades ago, Germany's Ruhr region began its slow transition out of coalmining and the coal-powered iron and steel industry. Over the last twenty years a blue economy has developed in their stead pivoting on the lead market 'resource efficiency', while the Ruhr Metropolis has gained recognition for the rehabilitation of its heavily polluted environment. This managed transition has seen the rise of eco-industries – sustainable energy production, research and development in universities, environmental technology companies, industrial heritage and nature tourism, as well as consumptive industries seen as eco-adjacent, foremost sports, leisure, arts and culture. These are central to an overarching strategy for the establishment of a sustainable, climate-resilient and future-proof Ruhr region and a globally significant investment site in the heart of Europe.


Role based access control (RBAC) is a well known access control model. Three major RBAC models have been introduced: the RBAC96/97/99/02 model, the NIST RBAC model and the Role Graph Model. Since the Role Graph Model is based on graph theory, it has unique features and advantages. A decentralized administrative model, called the Administrative Role Graph Model (ARGM), was introduced in my Masters thesis. The integration of Discretionary Access Control models and the Administrative Role Graph Model is studied. The ARGM is extended to support static and dynamic delegation. Constraints are also studied. All of these make the Role Graph Model into a fine-grained access control model.
RBAC is policy neutral and can simulate Discretionary Access Control (DAC) if configured properly. Previous research examining the mapping of DAC models to RBAC has considered neither ownership nor further granting of privileges. These problems are explored in the context of a relational database environment to build the solution for mapping DAC to the ARGM. Features of operating system environments as examples of DAC systems are also studied. The purpose of this research is to determine if the ARGM has sufficient features to accomplish this mapping. The other purpose is to study whether the grant operation in relational databases should be modeled as administration or as delegation. The result shows that that the ARGM can simulate both ownership and granting, without requiring a delegation model.
Delegation has received lot of attention in the literature recently. Based on our decentralized administrative role graph model, a solution to support delegation with less modification of the ARGM was sought. A combination of user/group assignment and user-role assignment to support user to user, permission to user and role to role delegation is developed. A powerful source-dependent revocation algorithm is found and described.
Since delegation happens at run time, it is very important to study delegation at run time, which has not been done in detail before. The delegation model needs to be separated into a static model and a dynamic model. A static delegation model and its operations are defined and discussed together with a detailed partial revocation operation and algorithms. Details concerning the changes of role hierarchy, user/group structure and RBAC operations relating to delegation are also examined.
A dynamic delegation model for a run time environment based on a role-based approach is presented. This model introduces sessions, dynamic role activation and the relationship among sessions. Dynamic delegation in cooperation with sessions, called session-oriented delegation, is introduced. A powerful edge labelling method is used to present sessions and delegation in the role graph model.
In an enterprise environment, companies need to cooperate with other companies. This requires an access model to support administration and delegation that cross the boundaries of the companies. The model is extended further to support this feature. This is called the cross domain delegation model. Constraints are studied for static, dynamic and cross domain delegation. A reference monitor is designed to enforce fine-grained role-based access control and delegation.
In order to present the work precisely, Z notation is used to define the Role Graph Model and to make some corrections to previous works from colleagues. Z notation for the ARGM, the mapping of DAC to ARGM, static delegation, dynamic delegation and cross domain delegation are also provided.
In order to test the correctness of the new model, a demonstration implementation in JAVA was carried out. The experiment shows the model is correct.


The RF power amplifier (PA) is a unit in wireless transmitters that strengthens the signal to combat losses in transmission by converting dc electric power to the added RF output power. Over the past decades, with the rapid development of wireless communications, high-efficiency PA design has become one of the most popular topics in both academic research and industrial development as the PA consumes a high portion of the transmitter energy, and thus its power efficiency directly impacts the system performance. In addition, because the PA is the main source of distortion generated by the transmitter, linearity is another concern in PA design, particularly in wideband systems [1].


We have developed an efficient method for one-step covalent labeling of cell surface proteins with quantum dots based on enzyme catalyzed site-specific modification of short peptide tags.


Spectrum is a natural and limited resource that needs to be managed both internationally and nationally because of the unique propagation characteristics of radio waves. Once transmitted, a radio signal propagates until its power is depleted. Furthermore, electromagnetic energy does not recognize borders between countries. Spectrum is administered internationally by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The Radio Regulations (RR) is an international treaty that provides international guidelines on spectrum management to keep interference manageable by allocating spectrum to services internationally. Spectrum assignment for the provision of rights to use frequency is carried out nationally by the National Regulatory Authority (NRA). Three typical approaches to spectrum assignment are command-and-control, market-based, and spectrum commons.
The purpose of this thesis is to study the implementation of spectrum commons in Thailand, including the consequences of spectrum commons allocation on the RR at WRC, the transformation of international regulation into national regulation for spectrum commons in Thailand, and the implementation of spectrum commons as national regulation in Thailand.
The results of this study illustrate 1) the development of spectrum commons allocation in the RR via the decision-making process at WRC, including WRC agenda setting and the study process for WRC-12 Agenda Items 1.19 and 1.22; 2) the transformation of international regulation for spectrum commons in terms of the definition of industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) application, footnotes 5.138 and 5.150, frequency bands in the table of frequency allocation (TFA) into national regulation as the NBTC regulation, including the Thai TFA, footnotes, and frequency bands; and 3) the implementation of spectrum commons in Thailand, including the authorization of spectrum commons and the exemption of radiocommunication devices as unlicensed.
The study uses the institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework to understand the decision-making process at WRC via the WRC agenda setting and study process for WRC-12 Agenda Items 1.19 and 1.22. However, the IAD framework only provides a list of questions that should be considered, not the detailed content regarding the implementation of spectrum commons. Moreover, the study illustrates the transformation of international regulation into national regulation in terms of a world of actions: constitution-choice, collective-choice, and operational level. Furthermore, the IAD framework assists in understanding the bundles of rights to use frequency for spectrum commons.
To implement spectrum commons regulation, an understanding of the RR at international level helps in local implementation at national level. The timely transfer of international to national regulation provides opportunities to benefit from device innovation and technological advancement. Once economies of scale are achieved, the general public benefits from the reasonable price of devices. As it is not a manufacturing country of such devices, Thailand should follow spectrum commons regulation and prepare national regulation changes in order to gain the benefits of spectrum commons by relaxing regulatory restrictions as much as possible.


The aim of this study is to comparative study the effects of Radix Hedyseri and Radix Astragali alternative Yupingfeng and Fuqi Zhihan granules on leukomonocyte subgroup and Th1/Th2 cytokines type in immunosuppressive mice.First,immunosuppressive model of the mouse was induced by Cyclophosphamide through intraperitoneal injection.And the same dose of Radix Hedyseri and Radix Astragali alternative Yupingfeng and Fuqi Zhihan granules were intragastric administrated to mice for in vivo antagonistic experiments.Finally we determined the thymus gland index,spleen index,leukomonocyte subgroup and the content of IL-4 and IFN-γ of serum.Results showed that Yupingfeng and Fuqi Zhihan group of Radix Hedyseri or Radix Astragali both can antagonize immunosuppressive action caused by Cyclophosphamide;they both could significant raise thymus gland index and spleen index,and clearly increase CD19+,CD3+,CD4+ and CD8+ leukomonocyte percentage and the production of IL-4 and IFN-γ with different degree.And effect of Yupingfeng group of Radix Hedyseri more obvious.Thus we concluded that Yupingfeng and Fuqi Zhihan group of Radix Hedyseri or Radix Astragali both can antagonize disequilibrium of T,B leukomonocyte subgroup in spleen and recover to normal ratio.Furthermore,Yupingfeng group of Radix Hedyseri is more effective as compared with Radix Astragali.


The heating and growth of a spark channel producing minimum‐energy ignition of a propane‐air mixture is investigated. The form of the light signal emitted during the initial stage of ignition is derived. The role of spark energy in contributing to stable burning is discussed.


Three large studies have demonstrated improved survival in BRCA-associated ovarian cancers compared to sporadic ovarian cancers.1–3 These trials have combined BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers because of the relative rarity of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, which only account for approximately 10% and 5% of unselected cases of serous ovarian cancer, respectively.4 However, although both mutations are associated with hereditary breast and ovarian cancers, it has been suggested that these cancer predisposition syndromes represent related but clinically distinct entities.5 The lifetime risk of ovarian cancer is higher in BRCA1 than BRCA2 mutation carriers, estimated at 36–60% and 16–27%, respectively.6,7 BRCA1 mutation carriers tend to develop ovarian cancer on average about eight years earlier than BRCA2 mutation carriers.1,4 Microarrays of BRCA1 and BRCA2-associated ovarian cancers also show significant differences in gene expression.8 Moreover, the protection conferred by risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy against breast and gynecologic cancers may differ between carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.9

In light of these observations, two recent reports have examined survival separately in BRCA1 and BRCA2-associated ovarian cancers in small cohorts.10,11 Both studies found significantly improved survival in BRCA2-associated ovarian cancers and smaller statistically non-significant improvement in survival in BRCA1-associated ovarian cancers.

In this issue of JAMA, Bolton et al12 report their analysis of patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 ovarian cancer who were included in a large international dataset. Incident cases of ovarian cancer were pooled from 26 international prospective clinical genetics protocols, the majority of which were affiliated with either the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2 (CIMBA) or the Ovarian Cancer Association Consortium (OCAC). Baseline clinical characteristics such as year of diagnosis, age, stage, grade, and histology were controlled for, when available, with respect to overall survival.

In their analysis of 3879 patients with ovarian cancer (2666 non-carriers, 909 BRCA1 mutation carriers, and 304 BRCA2 mutation carriers), the authors report fully adjusted hazard ratios for overall mortality at five years of 0.73 and 0.49 for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, respectively, compared to non-carriers. The differences in overall survival observed in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers was statistically (and clinically) significant compared to both the sporadic cohort and each other. In a secondary analysis, the authors also found that the survival advantage conferred by BRCA1 mutations may be partially mitigated as the mutation site moved from the 5' to 3' end, suggesting that the site of BRCA1 mutation may have individual prognostic significance.

This article has several important strengths. It is, by far, the largest study of BRCA-associated ovarian cancer outcomes reported to date. With 1,213 carriers it is several times larger then the two previous largest series by Chetrit et al2 (213 BRCA1/2 mutation carriers) and by Paroah et al13 (151 BRCA1/2 mutation carriers). The study by Bolton et al also examined an ethnically diverse group of patients from multiple continents and is therefore more generally applicable than prior reports that drew from more homogenous populations. For these reasons, this study is the most definitive report thus far describing outcomes of BRCA1 and BRCA2-associated ovarian cancers.

This study has several important limitations, as acknowledged by the investigators. Most importantly, 30% of patients have missing data – including stage (19%), grade (22%), and histology (5%). The lack of information on chemotherapy type and route (64%) and debulking status (71%) is particularly noteworthy because these are also established predictors of survival.14 This amount of missing data is not unexpected given that cases were collected primarily from clinical genetics databases and not prospective treatment protocols with this degree of missing data, it is possible that unmeasured confounders may account for some of the observed differences. However, the size of the overall cohort, the statistical adjustment techniques used, and the magnitude of differences observed make it unlikely that the reported survival advantages- are artifactual. This study decisively establishes that BRCA1 and BRCA2-associated ovarian cancers each have a distinctly separate and better prognosis compared to sporadic ovarian cancers.

These data have important implications for the future of ovarian cancer research and treatment. Phase III studies that do not stratify by BRCA mutation status or account for this factor in a preplanned statistical analysis risk possible confounding because about 15% of unselected patients with serous ovarian cancer will carry germline BRCA1/2 mutations.15 Moreover, other studies have found differences in chemotherapy responsiveness10 and progression-free survival16 between sporadic, BRCA1 and BRCA2-associated ovarian cancers. Germline BRCA testing needs be consistently incorporated into both the routine management and future Phase III trials of ovarian cancer.17

Perhaps equally important, the results reported by Bolton et al provide impetus for rethinking the current approach to the development of targeted agents in molecularly defined subsets of ovarian cancer. To date, large-scale genomic analyses of serous ovarian cancers have not identified high-frequency somatic oncogenic driver mutations amenable to targeted intervention.3 The principal exception may be the so-called "BRCAness" phenotype that can be targeted by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors.18 Members of the PARP inhibitor family block base excision repair, a low fidelity DNA repair pathway that appears necessary to maintain genomic stability in tumors with deficient homologous recombination mechanisms that depend on intact BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Early clinical trials of PARP inhibitors have shown promise in BRCA-associated19–21 and even sporadic ovarian cancers.22 An important consideration is whether the unknown mechanisms underpinning the differences in survival of BRCA1 and BRCA2-associated ovarian cancers observed in the study by Bolton et al may also result in differential sensitivity to agents that target the resultant homologous recombination defects. To date, trials of PARP inhibitors have not been large enough to detect differences in efficacy among the BRCA gene mutations. Upcoming trials of PARP inhibitors in ovarian cancer that specifically enrich for BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers may be at particular risk for confounding if differences in these two biologically distinct groups are not considered.

In the future, even germline BRCA status may not be sufficient to fully sub-classify ovarian cancers and select the best treatment. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network (TCGA) suggest that beyond germline mutations, high-grade serous cancers have functional alterations in the homologous recombination pathway by somatic BRCA1/2 mutation, epigenetic silencing, or other putative homologous recombination defects.3 Thus, while only a small proportion (10–15%) of patients carry germline BRCA1/2 changes, nearly half of all serous ovarian cancers have function defects in homologous DNA repair.3 The prognostic importance of these non-germline homologous recombination defects remains unclear: in The Cancer Genome Atlas series, patients with epigenetically silenced BRCA1 had significantly worse outcomes than patients with germline or somatically-acquired BRCA1/2 mutations. Further complicating matters, secondary mutations may restore BRCA1/2 function in germline mutant tumors and lead to treatment resistance later in the clinical course.23

The biology of sporadic and BRCA-associated ovarian cancers also may be influenced by other cancer susceptibility alleles. Recent data from the CIMBA investigators found that several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP's) were associated with ER and PR status, and therefore underlying tumor biology, in BRCA1 and BRCA2-associated breast cancers.24 These early results suggest that germline BRCA1/2 status most likely will also be found to interact with other genetic regions in ovarian cancer patients. As understanding of these mechanisms, increases, it is virtually certain that both modifying alleles and epigenetic regulation will be found to alter the influence of BRCA germline mutations in complex ways.

The findings of Bolton et al are the latest evidence that ovarian cancer is a much more genetically and biologically heterogeneous disease than previously appreciated. Further studies in similarly large datasets are needed to better understand the effects of somatic and epigenetic alterations in BRCA gene function as well as complex interactions with other inherited alleles. The accelerating availability of detailed somatic and germline genetic information will challenge all physicians who stand at the bedside of patients with cancer and struggle to deliver compassionate, individualized care.


Commentary on : Schroder F, Hugosson J, Roobol M, et al. ERSPC Investigators. Screening and prostate cancer mortality: results of the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) at 13 years of follow-up. Lancet 2014;384:2027–35[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4].

A 2013 Cochrane systematic review identified five randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effectiveness of screening for prostate cancer.1 The methodology of only two RCTs was assessed to be of a low risk of bias—the European Randomised Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) and the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian cancer screening trial.1 A meta-analysis of all five trials determined no significant difference in prostate cancer mortality in men randomised to screening versus those not invited (risk ratio, RR=1.00, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.17). With 11 years of follow-up, the ERSPC study was the only study of the five to report a significant reduction in …

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The study of Classical Hebrew has largely proceeded from
 the assumptions of 19th century neogrammarians as well as formalist approaches.
 Their linguistic assumptions are based on the study of contemporary spoken
 languages that and particularly ill-suited to deal with all the facets of an
 ancient written language like Classical Hebrew. Language, and particularly
 written language, is part of a cultural system. As such, the approaches in
 sociolinguistics and anthropological linguistics need to integrated into the
 study of Classical Hebrew.


ABSTRACT Seventy-two patients suffering from hysteria were seen in the psychiatric outpatient clinics at King Fahd Hospital of the University. A semistructured psychiatric interview and the standar...


In measuring g' by a macroscopic experiment the ratio of total magnetization to observable angular momentum is found To isolate spin and orbital effects for outer valence electrons, corrections for nuclear magnetization and for core diamagnetism are required. Formulae are given, based on an assumed knowledge of the electron density distribution for core and valence electrons, and on the nuclear magnetic moment The correction for the surface dipole charge distribution is not negligible for metals.


Due to the progressive shift of responsibility from the driver to the vehicle itself in automated vehicle technologies, driver-centered innovations represent a key point for its advance. The so-called Driver Monitoring Systems (DMS) are therefore increasingly gaining importance in this context. One of the main aims of DMS is to estimate the driver's arousal levels in order to infer their cognitive state and capabilities. Even though the scientific literature is riddled with useful psychophysiological indices to estimate arousal levels [1], nowadays, arousal estimation is based on broad, mostly blink/gaze-related, indices. The reason is that actual implementation of reliable sensors in a feasible system able to collect, analyze, and interpret measurements in real-life conditions is still an open challenge. One of the alternatives to signal different cognitive states is facial skin temperature [2][3]. Infrared sensors that monitor heat loss have been shown useful to track facial skin temperature that indicate arousal modulations while driving [2][3]. Such intensive, laborious work to extract and analyze temperature changes in some facial landmarks is not reasonable in real-life applications [2]. Here, we present the preliminary results obtained with a new software able to track, in real-time, drivers' facial-skin temperature changes.


The aim of this work is to provide a stereo reconstruction method able to estimate the topography of catalysts from SEM images. Standard stereo methods fail to evaluate adequate 3D reconstructions because of the homogeneous surface of these samples. Though particularly pronounced on our catalysts, the lack of texture is a common issue in stereo reconstruction, and no ideal solution has yet been found.Our main approach to this issue is to combine existing stereo methods with the hierarchical segmentation of the sample's images. Indeed, Mathematical Morphology provides efficient tools that divide an image into regions and subregions. We have used these tools to refine and complete the 3D reconstructions.The method we have developed estimates 3D reconstructions that are less noisy and more precise than state of the art methods. The approach also provides additional information: the final segmentation as well as the normal map are interesting data that can be used to refine the understanding of the catalysts.Though this thesis' purpose is very specific, the proposed approach is general.It has been notably used in the Middlebury database which contains images of in-door scenes, and obtained results were comparable and sometimes better than state of the art methods.It could also be extended to other uses. As long as spatial data is combined with an image, our TDSR method can be used to refine it. RGBD images and semantic segmentation are a few potential applications.


Could nanotechnology prevent onethird of all deaths caused by infections? Many of these deaths are due to the lack of efficient prophylaxis and treatment options owing to the unavailability of vaccines and antibiotics or due to the development of drug resistances. Thus, it is of upmost importance to develop strategies for preventing and treating infectious diseases. In this mini-review in Microbial Biotechnology, the authors argue that there is no doubt that nano technology holds great promise for vaccination and especially transcutaneous immunization. Key issues that will have to be solved in the future are how nano delivery devices can transport a sufficient dose of the vaccine across the SC and how this can be achieved without opening the skin barrier for the invasion of pathogens or harmful material. Currently, ultra-flexible liposomes are the best investigated carriers in this aspect. /feh


СТАРЕЕЊЕ НА ВОЗРАСНИТЕ СО ИНТЕЛЕКТУАЛНА ПОПРЕЧЕНОСТ: ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ НА ПРОЈАВЕНИТЕ СЕРВИСНИ ГРИЖИ Метју П. ЏЕНИКИ Оддел за инвалидност  и човечки развој  Универзитет на Илиноис, Чикаго  Чикаго, Илиноис САД AGING ADULTS WITH  INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES:  PERSPECTIVES ON EMERGING SERVICE CONCERNS Matthew P. JANICKI Department of Disability  and Human Development University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois USA Примено: 15. 01. 2010 Прифатено: 30. 01. 2010 UDK: 159.922.63-05 Received: 15. 01. 2010 Accepted: 30. 01. 2010 Original article Резиме Abstract Со подобрување на општата здравствена состојба многу возрасни лица со интелектуална попреченост доживуваат постари години, како и останатите возрасни. Светската здравствена организација ги препозна потребите на оваа постара популација и ги идентификуваше предизвиците кои ги постави за владините министри и невладините организации задолжени за планирање, адвокатура, финансирање и сервисите носители на специјална животна грижа и рехабилитациони програми. Овие предизвици вклучуваат низа на прашања, кои нормално се однесуваат на постарите возрасни, како што се пензионирање и финансиска сигурност, промени во животниот стил поврзани со пензионирањето и адаптацијата на животната организираност и домот, модификации на дневните активности и општествената инклузија, промена на сензорните и физичките способности и поголемите потреби за поддршка за старите семејства и другите негуватели. Како што постарите возрасни со интелектуална попреченост можат да бидат афецирани со подоцните или старосните состојби и да започнат да искусуваат  секундарни  ограничувања, овие предизвици можат да бидат повпечатливи кога се идентификувани од невладини организации во државите со развој на пазарна економија. Во таа насока, должноста за промовирање на здраво стареење ќе се постигне со националните ентитети, кои се одговорни за препознавање на луѓето со инвалидност од раѓањето и детството, и спроведување на доживотна поддршка за адолесцентите, возрасните и семејствата.    Идеално, ако ваквите мерки се преземат рано ќе водат до активности кои можат да се спроведат за да се промовира подобро здравје како што луѓето со ментална ретардација ќе стареат и да се осигураат дека подоцнежниот дел од нивниот живот ќе го искусат како "квалитетни животни години". With improved general health status many adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) are living to old age, much like other adults. The World Health Organization has recognized the needs of this older population and identified the challenges they pose for governmental ministries and non-governmental organizations charged with planning, advocacy, financing, and delivery of specialty lifecare services and rehabilitation programs. These challenges include a range of issues normally confronting older adults, such as pensioning and financial security, changes in lifestyles associated with retirement and adaptations to living arrangements and housing, modifications in daily activities and community inclusion, changing physical and sensory abilities, and greater demands for support for aging families and other carers. As older adults with ID may also be affected by latelife or age-related conditions and begin to experience secondary impairments, these challenges may be more pronounced    when    encountered    by    NGOs located in countries with developing market economies. In these instances, the onus on promoting healthy aging will fall upon national entities which are responsible for targeting people with disabilities from infancy and childhood, and providing lifelong supports for adolescents, adults, and families.   Ideally, if such efforts are undertaken early, they will lead to actions that can be undertaken to promote better health as people with ID age and ensure that the latter part of their lives are experienced as 'quality of life years.' Клучни зборови : интелектуална попрече ност, рехабилитација, стареење, деменција, планирање, Македонија Key words: intellectual disabilities, rehabilitation, aging, dementia, planning, Macedonia Адреса за кореспонденција: Coresponding Address: Метју П. ЏЕНИКИ Matthew P. JANICKI РРТЦ на Стареење со развојни нарушувања- Доживотно здравје и функционирање  Оддел за инвалидност и човеков развој  Универзитет на Илиноис во Чикаго  1640 Западен Рузвелтов Пат  Чикаго, ИЛ 60608-6904САД  email:  firstname.lastname@example.com RRTC on Aging with Developmental Disabilities - Lifespan Health and Function Department of Disability and Human Development University of Illinois at Chicago 1640 West Roosevelt Road Chicago, IL 60608-6904 USA  e-mail:  email@example.com


Abstract The performance characteristics of the first ion-selective electrode specifically designed for the quantitation of an organic cation are described. The liquid membrane electrode exhibits rapid and near Nernstian response to acetylcholine ion activity from 10−1 to 10−5 M. High selectivity over Na+, K+ and NH4 + is observed.


It has been known that the organic base complexes formed with the anionic acid base indicators are highly soluble in non-polar solvents but relatively...


Two field experiments were carried out at a private farm (Kafr Alam, Meniat el-Nasr), Dakahlia Governorate, during winter seasons of 2008/09 and 2009/10, to study the effect of different sources of nitrogen fertilization, i.e., ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium sulphate (AS) and urea (U) as soluble form of nitrogen with or without nitrification inhibitors dicyandiamide (DCD) as well as ureaform (UF), sulpher coated urea (SCU), isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) , polyolefin-coated urea (PCU) and compost as slow-release N-sources on productivity and quality of potato cv. Diamant. The obtained results revealed that N-sources differed significantly in all studied characters. Application of PCU had more plant height, fresh and dry weights per plant, total tuber yield and marketable yield, followed by IBDU in both seasons. Moreover, PCU and IBDU had significant higher dry matter, specific gravity, NPK-uptake, and starch content in comparison with other treatments. Meanwhile, application in urea as a soluble form gave the highest reducing sugars compared with other treatments. On the other hand, nitrate and nitrite content of potato tubers in treatment amended with AN at 180 kg fed -1 was higher than with other treatments in the two seasons. This study suggests that slow release N fertilizers, e.g., polyolefin-coated urea and isobutylidene diurea at 135 kg N fed -1 are the most effective treatments for high productivity, quality and net profit of potato fields with keeping the health and safety of human and environment.


Exploration, military, and humanitarian efforts call for robots capable of navigating extreme terrain. Lacking the combination of computational efficiency and understanding of robot/terrain dynamics, existing algorithms are unable to answer this call. Future robots that reliably and rapidly move over extreme terrain will generate new scientific discoveries, expand the bounds of field operations and secure a safer world. Existing navigation algorithms do not provide this capability; most lack the ability to reason about the robot/terrain interaction with sufficient fidelity. Algorithms capable of reasoning with sufficient fidelity operate too slowly and require more information about the environment than is generally available. Probabilistic planning approaches address some of the computational problems associated with high degree of freedom manipulators, but are not yet applicable to the domain of mobile robots operating with incomplete knowledge. This work explores randomized planning in conjunction with physical modeling to provide real time, sufficient fidelity plans for traversing extreme terrain. Randomized planning is introduced to address both the real time and high dimensionality aspects of the problem. Physical modeling (accounting for robot/terrain dynamics) allows planning algorithms to reason about the terrain encountered. The proposed work approaches the problem of outdoor navigation in three ways; the first thrust is the advancement of randomized planning algorithms to address domains with incomplete knowledge and domains where plans must be generated quickly (real time). The second thrust is the development of a physical simulator capable of modeling the important dynamic characteristics of a rover traveling over rough terrain. The final thrust includes the implementation and testing of algorithms on a physical robot to demonstrate applicability and effectiveness.


Hydrophobic force as one of the fundamental forces contributes in folding of the primary sequence of amino acids into a functional three dimensional protein structure. Hydrophobic interactions of side-chains provide maximum stability to correctly folded proteins. Earlier, the authors identified the aromatic and aliphatic residues contributing maximum and minimum hydrophobicity in all the six enzyme classes. The present investigation examines the relative contributions towards hydrophobicity of the different hydrophobic amino acids in both aromatic and aliphatic categories. Notably in a sequence, inverse relationship between residues of similar hydrophobic strength both in aromatic and aliphatic categories seems to exist. This analysis is likely to provide insight for finer analysis of the enzyme molecule.


The amount of data on the Web and the number of users accessing those data drastically grows every year. Web-based services have to be able to receive and process those requirements within the shortest possible time. Additionally, they have to manage sudden and unpredictable peaks of user requirements for accessing the data. To tackle these problems, NoSQL databases have been designed to provide scalability and good performance. However, it is important to know in advance the number of resources (i.e. computers, network capacity) to efficiently deploy a database application. In this work, we propose a simulator for a NoSQL database named MongoDB. Our simulator aims to detect saturation levels of the resources to ensure an efficient execution of MongoDB upon different users demands and upon failures of resources.


Most studies of land taxation in Asia have found that its importance has declined over the 20th century, as a proportion of total government revenues and often in absolute terms. In fact, this decline started well before 1940 in most colonial territories in Asia, as well as in Japan. The paper explores the reasons for this decline in the context of several former colonies in Asia, including British India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Korea. The paper also examines why attempts to revive land taxation, especially in rural areas as a source of revenue for sub-national governments, have often been disappointing, and draws some lessons for future policies.


A highly regioselective alkylation of arenes and heteroarenes with α-diazomalonates is achieved under the assistance of pyrazolyl and pyrimidinyl directing groups.


The subject of this research is the methods of managing moral risks from the perspective of development of medical informatization, which allows maintain efficiency of medical insurance and lowering medical expenses. The authors meticulously examine the problem of growing medical expenses in China, concept of moral risk in medical insurance, as well as causes for emergence of moral risk in medical insurance. Analysis is conducted on the history of development of medical informatization and functionality of information system of medical insurance in China. The question as raised on application of general information system of gathering vast amounts of intersecting data in medical insurance. The article employs method of scientific cognition of theoretical and empirical levels. The theoretical base for this research is comprised of works of Chinese and foreign scholars on the issues of moral risks in medical insurance. The scientific novelty consists in development of a moral risk management model in medical insurance on the background of informatization of medical service. A conclusion is made that moral risks in medical insurance are tightly connected with the asymmetry of information in subjects of insuring. Medical informatization became a very important means for moral risk management in medical insurance and has great prospects for increasing efficiency of the work of medical facilities.


Although there has been great progress in the characterization of αβ T cell differentiation, selection, and function, γδ T cells have remained poorly understood. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of γδ T cell-specific surface markers other than the TCR chains themselves. In this study we describe two novel surface receptors, SCART1 and SCART2. SCARTs are related to CD5, CD6, and CD163 scavenger receptors but, unlike them, are found primarily on developing and mature γδ T cells. Characterization of SCART2 positive immature and peripheral γδ T cells suggests that they undergo lineage specification in the thymus and belong to a new IL-17-producing subset with distinct homing capabilities.


Objective: Alterations in sodium and water intake-excretion balance are currently admitted as a relevant factor in arterial hypertension development. Hyaluronic acid metabolism in renal medullary has been proved to play a relevant role in the regulation of water resorption by the collecting duct, and hyaluronidase excretion in urine has been found to be inversely related to hydration status. Thus, the aim of our study was to assess urinary hyaluronidase activity in response to water loading in hypertensive and normotensive subjects with and without familial predisposition to hypertension. Design and method: Eighty-six adult Caucasian men underwent a water loading test consisting of oral administration of 15-20 ml of water/kg body weight over 40-45 min. Urinary hyaluronidase activity was assessed by turbidimetric assay at baseline and every 60 min for 4 hours. The study cohort included 21 hypertensive patients (HT) and 65 normotensive offsprings of normotensive (NT neg, n = 29) and hypertensive subjects (NT pos, n = 36). Results: Urinary hyaluronidase activity decreased in response to water loading in all groups, attaining the lowest levels at 60 and 120 min. However, while at baseline and after 240 min hyaluronidase activity was similar for all subjects, between 60 and 180 min NT pos subjects maintained significantly highest levels than both NT neg and HT patients (p<0.0001 and p<0.001 at 120 min, respectively). Conclusions: Consistent with previous findings, our results show that hyaluronidase activity in urine is inversely correlated with hydration status as we observed in all studied groups in response to water loading. However, while baseline levels did not differ between groups, the decrease in hyaluronidase activity was significantly lower in the subgroup of subjects having a family history of hypertension. Since hyaluronidase activity in the renal medullary has been postulated to be associated with ADH metabolism, individuals genetically predisposed to hypertension might exhibit increased renal sensitivity to ADH action resulting in alterations in the management of water loading by the vasopressinergic system that could precede and contribute to hypertension development.


Abstract Wastewater deriving from cellulose and paper manufacturing is one of the most important industrial effluents due to its large-volume production and high pollution load. Effluent deriving from the pulp bleaching stage (Kraft E1 effluent) remains one of the major issues faced by paper mills among all wastewaters generated in each stage of paper-making processes. Kraft E1 effluent was submitted to a sequential chemical (ozonization) – biological (immobilized laccase) treatment. Laccase was obtained from Trametes versicolour in liquid medium of culture using 2,5 -xylidine as inducer. Crude laccase extract was immobilized through covalent binding in Montmorillonite KSF and Eupergit®C supports based on different protocols. Eupergit®C has shown the best protein immobilization (51%), retention activity (100%), and operational stability (ten oxidative cycles) results. Enzymatic treatments using free and immobilized laccase onto Eupergit®C were applied to Kraft E1 effluent. After 18-h treatment, total phenol removal reached 20% and 40% in free and immobilized laccase, respectively. Ozone combined to enzymatic processes using reactor assembled with immobilized laccase (31 U g−1, total mass = 10.0 g) had effect on decolonization efficiency and on total phenols' removal from Kraft effluent. Ozone treatment was capable of removing 52% of total phenols and 76% of colour from the investigated effluent. Sequential enzymatic treatment has increased total phenols' removal to 64% within 30-minute treatment and reached 70% removal within 60 minutes. The herein observed additional phenol removal based on enzymatic treatment is an important outcome if one takes into consideration the fraction of total phenols that could not be removed by the ozone process.


We demonstrate an all-fiber polarization rotator optically activated based on polymer-azobenzene complexes via guest-host system. The azo compound (Disperse Red 1) was incorporated in two polymeric matrices (PMMA and PDMS), which were used as coatings for tapered optical fibers and fused tapered couplers. These devices were then incorporated in a fiber ring laser cavity and the optically induced birefringence was monitored via changes in the polarization state of the fiber laser output and emission spectra. We present experimental results showing that this polymer coated devices could provide a simple means for developing optically controlled polarization switches.


Here, we introduce a novel approach to estimating noise covariance matrices for scalp projection maps of ICA-decomposed EEG sources, and show that they are useful for estimating cortical EEG source distributions. To determine spatial uncertainty characteristics of individual independent component (IC) maps returned by the AMICA decomposition [1], we used the RELICA (Bootstrap-ICA) toolbox [2] to generate 50 decompositions of bootstrap resampled versions of the same EEG data set. This allows identification of clusters of near-identical bootstrap ICs of independent component (IC) maps, each matching the scalp map of a localizable brain effective source in the full data set (reference) AMICA decomposition. This, in turn, makes it possible to estimate the spatial variability of the associated whole-data IC scalp map. For cortical source localization we used the Sparse Compact Smooth (SCS) algorithm of Cao applied to an electrical forward problem head model optimized with a SCALE estimate of individual skull conductivity. When component scalp map noise covariance matrix used in SCS was initialized to the RELICA-derived covariance map (rather than ignored), we observed an improvement in residual variance left unexplained by SCS source localization to a compact cortical patch (or pair of patches). In addition, the peak of the estimated source patch moved, by an average of 14.6 mm (range: 2–20 mm) and in some cases was localized to a different sulcus or gyrus.


Five sets of sediment traps were installed for thirty days (Oct.- Nov. 1999) in Banjir Kanal Timur Semarang coastal waters to examine the potency of sedimentation rate. Two sediment traps were lost in the second week of measurement. Based on the average data of three sets of sediment traps, the potency of sedimentation rate in Banjir Kanal Timur Semarang coastal waters was 6.10 cm/month. The result did not reflect the fact of the field condition. Based on the correction made on the input of suspended discharge into Banjir Kanal Timur Semarang coastal waters and the average area of sediment distribution, the potency of sediment rate in Banjir Kanal Timur Semarang coastal water during transition of dry season to rainy season was 0.35 cm/month.


In this paper I offer a concise analysis of contemporary scholarship on esotericism in the countries of former Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. After a brief historical contextualization, I examine the development and principal features of this scholarship over the last three decades. My main argument is that, due to various historical reasons, there is a stark discrepancy between the abundant presence of esoteric ideas and practices in these countries and the extent of specialized scholarship dealing with them. I also suggest that there is an uneven development of esotericism studies across the region, but that these studies are gradually finding their place in South Slavic academia.


Two cases of myositis ossificans progressiva were treated by corticosteroids. In one case the course of the disease was not affected. In the other case, after 5 years' progression of the disease without treatment, progression ceased, either because of or in spite of corticosteroid treatment, and there has been a remission of 16 years, up to the time of writing.


Through this article I wanted to make a theoretical analysis of a particular case, it is specifically the crisis of illegal harvesting of resources by the so-called "illegal sensor" of money in Colombia, the crisis that exploded in November 2008. In this regard I have two goals with my essay a general and specific, on one hand I have to analyze a case study from the theory to have conclusions in this matter from different conceptions of the authors in recent months; Moreover, more generally, the goal is to prove that the inquiries are not theoretical gaseous stuck in the stratosphere, but on the contrary, they are useful and can have effects in practice and legal reality


Organisational culture has been a long-standing debate in management research. However, in the field of construction project management, it is relatively under-explored. This is mainly due to the different organisational context of Temporary Multi-Organisations (TMOs). This research re-explores the notion of organisational culture in construction projects. Based on Darwin's theory of evolution this research goes back to the very beginning; illustrating the exact meaning and dynamics of organisational culture in a construction TMO's ecosystem. This research view an organisation and its forming of culture(s) as part of an evolutionary process. Thus, a critical realist' view of causation is used as the foundation of the research design and methodology. Case study materials are provided from three Alliancing TMOs belonging to two major infrastructure clients in the UK. A designer culture model and the institutional theory are drawn upon to complement the basis of analysis for evolution. A qualitative research method is employed through semi-structured interviews and pre- and post-interview meetings. Other supporting documentations are also consulted. Three propositions and a postulate are generated and examined against the empirical data. Findings suggest that (i) the TMOs' culture evolves through a set of recursive stages across the project lifecycle, (ii) the culture of the TMO undergoes several lifecycles during one lifespan of the project, and (iii) there are some evidence that culture at TMO level is learned, rationalised and routinised at corporate level. The postulate shows that it is plausible to predict the trajectory of how a TMO's culture will evolve across the project lifecycle given a set of organisational features. In practice, findings suggest that hard artifacts alone are not able to sustain established culture throughout the project lifecycle. Awareness is needed to press the "refresh" button at times to maintain the desired culture and manage the evolution path.


Visualization is an important technology for analyzing large amounts of data. However, the process of creating meaningful visualizations is quite difficult. The success of this process depends heavily on a good mapping of objects present in the application domain to objects used in the graphical representation. Both kinds of objects possess several attributes. Whereas data objects have attributes of certain types (e.g. integers, strings) graphical objects are characterized by their appearance (shape, color, size, etc.). In our approach, the user may map arbitrarily data attributes to graphical attributes, leading to a great flexibility. In our opinion, this is the only possibility to achieve a really generic approach. To evaluate our ideas, we developed a tool called ProViS. This tool indicates the possible attributes of data objects as well as graphical objects. Depending on his goals, the user can then 'connect' (freely) attributes of data objects to attributes of their graphical counterparts. The structure behind the application objects can be worked out very easily with the help of various layout algorithms. In addition, we integrated several mechanisms (e.g. ghosting, hiding, grouping, fisheye views) to reduce complexity and to further enhance the three-dimensional visualization. In this paper, first of all we take a look at the basic principle of visualization: mapping data. Then we present, ProViS, a visualization tool implementing our idea of mapping.


Two reactions are induced form pure solid methyl viologen dichloride, MV2+(Cl–)2, upon heating under vacuum: warming over 50 °C yields Cl–MV+˙Cl˙via an intracomplex electron-transfer process; warming to 180 °C yields 4,4′-bipyridine and CH3Cl, probably via a second intracomplex charge-transfer process. Both these reactions are also shown to occur upon visible excitation of dehydrated MV2+(Cl–)2. In this case, the MV2+→MV+˙ reduction does not arise from direct photochemistry but rather results from thermal activation. Similar treatment of the bromide and iodide salts, MV2+(Br–)2 and MV2+(I–)2, lead only to the dealkylation products. These reactions have been investigated and followed using i.r., Raman, u.v.-visible, and e.s.r. spectroscopy and their mechanisms are discussed.


Purpose. The aim of the article is to carry out factor analysis of the parameters that determine the competitiveness of Ukrainian corn in the world markets, to substantiate their impact and to formulate a set of recommendations on the use of identified trends and patterns.
Methodology of research. Methodological approaches of competition theories and international trade are combined in the process of modelling the competitiveness parameters of Ukraine in the world corn market. A factor analysis technique is used to identify the parameters of Ukrainian corn's competitiveness in the world markets. A list of the most important factors is formed, the direction and strength of their influence on the level of competitiveness of domestic corn is determined by means of correlation-regression analysis
Findings. The method of factor analysis to identify the parameters of competitiveness of Ukrainian corn in the world markets is substantiated. On the basis of correlation-regression analysis based on the combination of methodological principles of competition theories and international trade, the list of the most important factors is formed, the direction and strength of their influence on the level of competitiveness of domestic corn is determined. Unlike existing models and concepts, this approach takes into account the complex influence of competitive forces, market size, and trading conditions, which allows a high degree of probability to achieve competitiveness of Ukrainian grain in the world markets.
It is found that market factors, including market capacity and population of the importing country, have positive influence on the competitiveness of Ukrainian corn in the world markets, and competitive forces (influence of direct competitors) and spatial factors, including remoteness of the main markets have negative influence.
Proposals on the reaction of market participants to the objective conditions of foreign trade - market parameters, activity of competitors, conditions of trade have been developed. The expediency of intensifying export efforts in the markets of large capacity with positive population growth, which import corn from distant countries, building complex business relations with these countries, and their interest in importing Ukrainian corn, forming a comprehensive logistic advantage, is substantiated.
Originality. The method of factor analysis of ensuring the competitiveness of Ukrainian corn has been improved, which results in an objective list of favourable and restraining factors, as well as substantiates the main reactions of market participants to their impact.
Practical value. The obtained model results and factor dependencies form a strong methodological basis for modelling and forecasting the competitiveness of Ukrainian grain in the world markets, as well as for developing scenarios of domestic market actors' response to the events and forces that accompany grain exports.
Key words: factor analysis, competitiveness, world corn market, correlation-regression modelling, export, grain, foreign trade.


The decoy effect, a model of consumer behavior, hypothesizes that the introduction of a carefully constructed "decoy" into a choice set will result in a segment of consumers shifting their choice to a higher priced targeted item. The decoy is a high-price, low-value product compared to other items in the choice set. This study tested the decoy effect, using choices of tour packages to Las Vegas, Nevada, and Disney World, Florida. The introduc tion of decoy packages resulted in some consumers shifting their preferences to higher priced packages. Implications for travel marketers are suggested.


: Imams have an important role in community leadership and development and they accordingly need appropriate education and training to enable them to effectively perform their role. This is not only required to prepare them in providing leadership in religious matters but also in terms of positively impacting the overall direction of community in accordance with broader national interests. This literature review paper reviews the various perspectives related to Islamic studies tertiary education options for Australian Imams in local universities. The study notes that 'Islamic studies' as a discipline has evolved over the decades in Australia and internationally and there are a number of different approaches towards Islamic studies education. While reviewing the course structures and scopes of courses, it is identified that most of the current courses are not suitable to meet the needs of training the Imams. Accordingly, students go to other avenues for meeting their educational needs. In order to ensure better integration with local culture, values, and national priorities, existing university programs need to be explored and other options, including supplementary courses for foreign qualified Imams, may need to be explored. The paper concludes with suggestions regarding future research which can evolve the current body of knowledge on 'Islamic studies' education and local training options for Imams.


The quality today is one of the issues of greatest concern to the public social services organizations, because it is a variable to which the public and public opinion attach particular importance. This study aims at knowing the quality perceived by users of social class services in rural areas belonging to Diputación de Valladolid. In order to do that, it is used a questionnaire based on the one used in the study of the City of Palencia 2014. The questionnaire, contains a number of features that will allow us to measure the perceived quality, which we can draw from the different assessments made by those users. The target population of the study are the inhabitants of the province of Valladolid, taking as example the Centers for Social Action (CEAS) Cercanías 2, Iscar and Portillo. Finally, we propose a series conclusions related to quality social services of first level in the Province of Valladolid, as well as the possibility of study proposals related to this area.


Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were successfully isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) using sulphuric acid hydrolysis preceded by alkaline deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment and bleaching. In this study, an alkaline DES consisting of potassium carbonate and glycerol (molar ratio of 1:7) was used as the pretreatment solvent to promote the dissolution of lignin and hemicellulose. The processing parameters of acid hydrolysis were optimized using Box-Behnken Design. The results showed that the yield of CNC was 37.1%, under the optimal conditions of 60.0 wt% acid concentration at 46.1 °C for 58.5 min. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), chemical composition analysis, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results indicated that unwanted impurities, such as hemicellulose and lignin, were efficiently eliminated from the raw EFB fibers by DES pretreatment and bleaching. The average diameter of CNC was less than 10 nm. The raw EFB fiber, treated cellulose, and CNC showed crystallinities of 38.7%, 51.2%, and 65.3%, respectively. The CNC had lower thermal stability, which was ascribed to the sulphate group present on the CNC surface.


The purpose of the research is formation of passenger transport policy by public transport from the standpoint of determining the level of safety in COVID-19 and passenger comfort with the development of basics for measuring the perception of the most important factors of public transport convenience, minimum discomfort and maximum safety. Methodology. The study was conducted in two stages - inhouse and experimental - the collection and processing of data obtained from the survey of passenger flows. Continuous field research by the tabular method which in comparison with the existing ones is the most time-consuming, but the only one that can provide maximum accuracy of passenger information for further processing of the obtained statistical data of the studied system of public transport. The information obtained by organoleptic means was entered for further processing in the special accounting map, then calculations were performed for traffic areas between the stopping points of each studied route. Findings. The results of field research using the model of discomfort allow us to correctly predict the choice of mode of transport and the behaviour of passengers when using public transport in medium-sized cities. It is proved that the artificial underloading of the vehicle to avoid tight contact of passengers does not affect the level of infection with the virus of COVID-19 and, therefore, this restriction is not appropriate. Conclusions. Formation of the strategy of passengers' transportation in the conditions of COVID-19 is possible only with the use of the characteristic indicators of the transportation of people established by the multi-criteria analysis of a transport network - the level of discomfort, vehicle filling factor, the average time of transportation, the average distance of transportation. It is obligatory to use such means of protection as masks and gloves, provide the enhanced ventilation of the salon, and organize passengers' boarding through the back door with 100 % contactless fare payment.


Ground water is the primary wellspring for irrigation in major rural locales. Water is the necessary need of the earth and the conservation of water is remaining as a most challenging issue. Water system supports to enhance the rural profitability around the world, empowering farmers to cushion crops against the dangers presented by precipitation inconstancy and dry season. The accessibility of freshwater for inundated farming is progressively obliged by rising requests for gathering water from different segments, moves in water accessibility because of environmental change, and developing mindfulness about the natural effects of water system. In this paper, the ground water used for irrigation purpose, domestic usage and industrial usage is considered. The best usage of the available ground water for irrigation is calculated and shown in the results using ZeroR and M5 Rules M4.0.


The paper includes the results of a faunistic study on the Miridae (Heteroptera) of the Spanish part of the Duero basin, based on 12,448 specimens. 130 species have been found, belonging to 61 genera and to 5 out of the 8 existing families. Localities and dates are given for all the material, as well as the bibliographical references for these species in Castilla y Leon.


The Atlantic Ocean is one of the major systems responsible for the absorption of atmospheric CO₂. However, the tropical region is characterized as a source of CO₂. In this work, we used data collected from an oceanographic cruise involving the region of the Amazon River plume (Camadas Finas III - CF3, October 2012), and a float system (PIRATA 8oN-38oW, 2008-2011), for analyzed the space-time variability of the CO₂ flux (FCO₂) on the western edge of the tropical Atlantic. For the spatial variability, the fCO₂sw was calculated from the total alkalinity (1450 <TA< 2394 µmol.kg⁻¹) and dissolved inorganic carbon (1303 <DIC< 2062 µmol.kg⁻¹) sampled along the track of the CF3 cruise and showed a mean value of 407.8 µatm which resulted in a FCO₂ ranged between -8.6 to +8.4 mmol.m⁻².d⁻¹. Spatially, the region was characterized as a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere (75% of the sampled); however the initial region of influence of the Amazon River plume, where low salinity values were verified, fuctions as a sink of atmosphere CO₂. For the temporal variability, the analysis of wind, rain, SST and SSS data of the PIRATA buoy 8oN38oW showed two seasonal periods. A first period (January to July) presented an average fCO₂sw of 378.9 μatm, with low salinity variations on all the years analyzed. In those months the variability of fCO₂ could be expressed as a function of the variations of SST (fCO₂sw = 24.4 * SST - 281.1 with r² = 0.8). In the second period, from August to December, the mean fCO₂ recorded was 421.9 μatm with interannual variability. In these other months the which were associated to two distinct mechanisms: (a) positive oscillations of fCO₂sw associated with rapid increases in SST, resulted from the variation of the solar radiation associated to abrupt reductions of wind shear and latent heat loss by evaporation (positive WES: Wind-Evaporation-SST feedback mechanism); (b) negative oscillations of fCO₂sw associated with high precipitation and / or horizontal ocean advection, which reduced SSS. Temporally, the region of the PIRATA buoy 8oN-38oW showed as a source of CO₂ to the atmosphere during all the year with possibility act as a sink of atmosphere CO₂ only in the first period (e.g. 2009). The FCO₂ bias was 10% less using daily data and 30% less with monthly data compared the hourly data. The annual CO₂ balance for the year 2008 resulted in a difference greater than 50% using hourly data as monthly data. So, for real estimate of the CO₂ balance at the west edge of the Tropical North Atlantic it is necessary to use high frequency data.


The present study proposes a wideband two-dimensional Luneburg lens using graded phononic crystals (GPCs). We present a method to broaden the range of operation frequency of the Luneburg lens based on GPCs. The GPCs is composed of circular cylindrical rods with triangular lattice air background. In long wavelength limit assumption, periodic structure behaves like a homogeneous medium since dispersion relations is almost linear. The effective refractive index can be tuned by adjusting the filling ratio. The plan wave expansion method is utilized to calculate the band structures of the locally GPCs and the effective refractive index of the locally GPCs with different filling ratio. Finite element simulations was employed to confirm the acoustic properties of designed device. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that the operation frequency range of GPCs of circular cylindrical rods arranged as triangular array is much wider than those of square array. A wideband acoustic Luneburg lens can be achieved by using graded phononic crystals of triangular array.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


The present work aims at a better and deeper insight into the forces that govern the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and photo injection processes in dyes for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The geometry, electronic structure, electron density distribution, and absorption spectra, for a selected donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) dye for DSSC were computed and analyzed at a high level of DFT theory. The coplanar geometry of the studied dye (D1) indicates a strong conjugation which facilitates ICT. NBO analyses reveal that this ICT amounts to 0.8e, which is localized on the acceptor and anchoring groups resulting in a marked total delocalization interaction energy. The origin of this stabilization is two-fold; first the π-charge transfer (CT) interaction from donor to acceptor orbitals and the hyperconjugative interactions involving Rydberg states. The effect of fluorine substituents, in the π-spacer, on the quantum efficiency of DSSCs was investigated. Gibb's free energy values, redox potentials, excited state life time, non-linear optical properties (NLO) and driving forces for D1 and its fluorinated derivatives were computed.


Article History Received: June 26, 2013 Accepted: Decembar 26, 2013 ePublished: January 5, 2014 Correspondence Address: NO. 21, Unit 2, Rastakhiz Blvd, West seventh street, Goohardasht, Karaj, Iran. Phone: +982634450614 Fax: +982634450614 firstname.lastname@example.com *Educational Science Department, Literature & Human Science Faculty, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran 1Educational Science Department, Literature & Human Science Faculty, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran [1] Down to the fundamentals of telehealth and home ... [2] Innovation in practice: mobile phone technology ... [3] Introduction to the Special Section on M-Health: Beyond Seamless Mobility and Global ... [4] The power of mobile money [5] Text messaging as a Tool for behavior change in disease ... [6] Effect of nurseinitiated telephone followup on selfefficacy among patients with ... [7] Education and phone follow-up in postmenoposal woman ... [8] Effect of nutrition education on blood glucose levels and macronutrient intake ... [9] Preventing Complication Of Diabetes [10] Press information diabetes epidemic ... [11] Changing the face of standard nursing practice through tele health ... [12] Mobile Phone Text Messageing Telephone Follow Up In Iranian ... [13] A short message service by cellular phone in type2 diabetic ... [14] Effect of a counseling program on knowledge, attitude and ... [15] The Effect of nutrition education on knowledge ... [16] The effect of walking educational program on knowledge, attitude, ... [17] The Effect of telephone follow-up by nurses on blood glucose and lipid control in ... [18] Effectiveness of an educational intervention on metabolic control in diabetic patients referred to ... [19] Evaluation of effectiveness of community based ... [20] Metabolic control of adults with type 2 diabetes ... [21] A structured educational program improves metabolic control in patients ... [22] effectiveness of outpatient diabetes education on ... [23] How well do patients' assessment of their diabetes ... [24] lifestyle intervention in people with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus ... Aims This study was aimed at evaluating the impacts of using SMS on improving metabolic control of patients with type II diabetes mellitus (DM) in Iran. Methods This study is a randomized controlled trial. A total of 81 type II diabetes patients were randomly assigned into two groups of experimental (n=43) and control (n=38). Educational SMS was sent to the mobile phones of experimental group only. The data were collected through a demographic, physiologic and metabolic characteristics list. The data were collected at the baseline of the study and after 3 months of intervention and were analyzed by SPSS 17 software, using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The experimental group, compared with the control group, improved significantly in HbA1C (p=0.024), LDL (p=0.019) and cholesterol (p=0.002). Conclusion Intervention using SMS via mobile phone is effective in the management of type II diabetes mellitus (DM). A B S T R A C T A R T I C L E I N F O


Three metal-organic frameworks have been synthesized by using N-containing ligands and meso-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin, which all exhibit distinct selective adsorption capacities toward various organic dyes, illustrating the most important influence of the structural tuning.


Over the last two decades, Associative Classifiers have shown competitive performance in the task of predicting class labels. Along with the performance in accuracy, associative classifiers produce human-readable predictive rules which is very helpful to understand the decision process of the classifiers. Associative classifiers from early days suffer from the limitation requiring proper threshold value setting which is dataset-specific. Recently some studies eliminated that limitation by producing statistically significant rules. Though recent models showed very competitive performance with state-of-the-art classifiers, their performance is still impacted if the feature vector of the training data is very large. An ensemble model can solve this issue by training each base learner with a subset of the feature vector. In this study, we propose an ensemble model Classification by Frequent Association Rules (CFAR) using associative classifiers as base learners. In our approach, instead of using a classical ensemble and a voting method, we rank the generated rules based on predominance among base learners and select a subset of the rules for predicting class labels. We use 10 datasets from the UCI repository to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. Our ensemble approach CFAR eliminates the limitation of high memory requirement and runtime of recent associative classifiers if training datasets have large feature vectors. Among the datasets we used, along with increasing accuracy in most cases, CFAR removes the noisy rules which enhances the interpretability of the model.