: Confidentiality, integrity and auditability have been studied for long in cryptography, and to provide security is the foundation for all modern cryptographic research. In next generation of cloud computing client store data on centralized cloud server may some challenges. This work is focusing on honesty of data stored in cloud data servers. Cloud storage is one of the service provided by Cloud computing in which data is maintained, managed, backed up remotely andmade available to users over a network (typically the Internet). The user is concerned about the integrity of data stored in the cloud as the user's data can be attacked or modified by outside attacker. Therefore, a new concept called data auditing is introduced which check the integrity of data with the help of an entity called Third Party Auditor (TPA). The purpose of this work is to develop an auditing scheme which is secure, efficient to use and possess the capabilities such as privacy preserving, public auditing, maintaining the data integrity along with confidentiality. Thus the new auditing scheme has been developed by considering all these requirements. It consist of three entities: data owner, TPA and cloud server. The data owner performs various operations such as splitting the file to blocks, encrypting them, generating a hash value for each, concatenating it and generating a signature on it. The TPA performs the main role of data integrity check. It performs activities like generating hash value for encrypted blocks received from cloud server, concatenating them and generates signature on it. It later compares both the signatures to verify whether the data stored on cloud is tampered or not. It verifies the integrity of data on demand of the users. The cloud server is used only to save the encrypted blocks of data.The data integrity verification is done by using a TPA which is allow to check integrity of data periodically on rather than client. When data integrity is lost then client gets information from TPA. Not only checking of data purity also supports data dynamics. In this auditing task observes data insertions, deletions and modifications. This system is skillful of supporting both public auditability and data dynamics. Markel Hash Tree is used to improve block level authentication. In order to handle auditing tasks simultaneously, bilinear aggregate signature is used. This permits TPA to execute auditing simultaneously for many clients. In this dissertation the evaluation of multi user based TPA system is presented.


We have studied the chemical selectivity and sensitivity of surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors covered by (COO{sup {minus}}){sub 2}/Cu{sup 2+}-terminated interfaces by examining the response of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) films formed from the solution phase for 36, 84, and 180 h adsorption times. These organomercaptan SAMs were prepared on thin-film Au surfaces having variable, controlled grain size. The SAW response from the carboxylate coordinated Cu{sup 2+}-terminated SAM is compared to that from methyl-terminated SAM, as these films interact with a vapor-phase organophosphonate analyte and the vapors of common organic solvents. Results have implications for designing and reliably fabricating chemical sensors that respond to specific organic analytes.


Current objective measures for predicting the intelligibility of speech assume that this can be modeled as a simple addition of the contributions from individual frequency bands. The articulation index (Al) and speech transmission index (STI) are based on this assumption. There is evidence that the underlying assumption of mutually independent contributions is not valid and may lead to erroneous prediction for conditions with a limited frequency transfer, with spectral gaps or with spectrally localized masking. An experiment was performed focused on the contributions from individual frequency bands. For this purpose the speech signal was subdivided into 7 octave bands with center frequencies ranging from 125 Hz to 8 kHz. For 26 different combinations of 3 or more octave bands the CVC‐word score (consonant–vowel–consonant, nonsense words) was obtained at three signal‐to‐noise ratio. For an improved prediction of the observed intelligibility, a revised model was designed that accounts for mutual dependency ...


Direct modeling is a little known CAD technology that has been around for many years. It uses direct manipulation of the geometry to effect changes in the part model, and is based on a boundary representation database. This paper discusses the industry's perception and the value of every day usage of direct modeling, the future of this technology, and implications for engineering graphics educators. Introduction Direct modeling (DM), a.k.a. synchronous modeling or dynamic modeling, is an alternative approach to parametric, history-based solid modeling. Direct modeling is used as the core technology in a limited number of software systems such as SolidEdge and CoCreate, but none of these systems have been widely adopted by industry. Common solid modeling systems have recently added functionality within their software that mimics the user interface of direct modeling, including PTC Creo Elements/Direct, NX Synchronous Modeling, Catia Live Shape and SolidWorks Direct Editing. Software vendors claim that direct modeling solves numerous problems that are inherent with the use of history-based systems and facilitates model interoperability. What is Direct Modeling? Direct modeling is an intuitive approach to creating geometry without the burden of history-based dependencies. History-based (procedural) parameterization of models requires the user to thoughtfully consider the important model input/output parameters; independent dimensions are identified and defined by the user during model creation while dependent dimensions are calculated based on procedure (history tree rebuild). However, instead of storing the sequence of feature creation, a direct model is based on the boundary representation (b-rep) of the solid. The model is regenerated based on a set of geometric constraint equations rather than the sequential reconstruction of feature history. This is a simple but powerful method of specifying design intent, although implemented differently than in history-based models. Construction methods are similar to those used in conventional solid modeling; the user can design a 2D profile and then develop the model using commands like extrude, revolve, mill, bore, etc. Without the presence of a parameterized history tree, manipulation of the geometry is simplified, a major advantage of DM. Local geometry and topology changes can be made using both direct "push-pull" interactions or using dimension-driven methods. Users can directly manipulate model geometry without needing to know how that geometry was created by simply grabbing, pulling and dragging faces, edges and features. Direct modeling also utilizes everyday software methods such as "copy/paste" and "drag/drop". Direct modeling closely follows these Microsoft derived principles, which means the user can simply cut and paste elements from an existing design and start building an entirely new model. Advantages of Direct Modeling Direct modeling creates geometry rather than features so it is perfect for conceptual modeling where the designer doesn't want to be tied down with the interdependencies of features and the ramifications making a change might have. The direct modeling approach to 3D CAD provides an environment where users can design directly on the model's geometry. This is especially beneficial when creating one-off designs or facing unexpected and late changes in the design process. The direct modeling approach simplifies the design process, so pre-planning a modeling strategy is not necessary as compared to history-based modeling. Users working on existing models do not need to understand the modeling strategy used to create the model, and do not need to search through the feature tree to identify specific feature parameters in order to make a change to the geometry. The direct modeling approach facilitates quickness and responsiveness-to-change, making it an ideal approach where speed and flexibility are important. Due to the absence of the history tree, models created using the direct modeling approach exhibit greater interoperability. Files can be saved in standard formats such as STEP, Parasolid, or ACIS, and imported into other CAD packages without loss of information. Direct modeling is an ideal tool for manipulating imported geometry from other systems that generate a simple closed volume from these conversion formats. Variational direct modeling technology can automatically recognize design intent of a "dumb" geometry in the form of geometric and dimensional constraints between boundary elements. In applications that require interoperability between different CAD packages, some solid modeling systems can perform feature recognition, either automatically or through user interactions, thereby facilitating decomposition and simplification of neutral b-rep models in STEP, ACIS or Parasolid formats into features for analysis or manufacturing. These neutral file formats are representative of the direct modeling b-rep data structures. However, automatic feature recognition results in a sequence of features that seldom mimics the original features created by the designer, except for the simplest of parts. A moderately complex model of a chair, Figure 1 (left), contains a variety of features including extrusions, fillets, draft, sweep and loft, as well as a mirrored feature. The STEP file of this model, when imported using automatic feature recognition, yields fewer fillets, two revolves, two draft features, and a large volume of material that could not be featurized, shown as "Imported3", Figure 1 (right). No extrusions or pattern features were recognized. Only the geometry that is transformed into features can be edited in a conventional history-based solid modeling system. This would pose problems in making changes to the model for most regions within the geometry. With direct modeling, changes could be made to any surface or edge, whether on the recognized features or the unfeaturized volume. Figure 1. Conventional history-based model (left); featurized neutral STEP file (right). Direct modeling is ideal for freeform ergonomic parts and parts with complex surface geometry. Freeform manipulation of NURBS surfaces using push-pull operations is similar to modeling with clay. Ergonomic shapes can be easily combined with standard features to facilitate the creation of concept designs. Students and designers can create complex shapes using freeform modeling of NURBS surfaces, such as the beverage containers shown in Figure 2. These models, incorporating both freestyle NURBS-based features and conventional sketch-based features were created with Creo Parametric using a push/pull interface after a two hour introductory lab session. Figure 2. Freeform beverage containers designed by students Usefulness in Industry The concept of direct modeling has been around for more than 20 years yet only in the last few years have CAD vendors been marketing its capabilities. Although the major engineering CAD vendors have started to integrate direct modeling methods into their products, significant differences in implementation and functionality are currently observed. While some CAD vendors claim to incorporate direct modeling into their products, these implementations are in the form of a hybrid system, which mimics the user interface and manipulation modes of DM, but retains the history-based data structure. In these hybrid systems, the geometry manipulations appear in the model tree as "move", "copy" or "direct" features, alongside the conventional solid features, as shown in Figure 3. The user interface supports direct manipulation of the part geometry and push-pull interactions. NX Synchronous offers an option to convert a history-based model with a history-free one but cautions users that all the history will be deleted. It is not recommended for highly engineered production parts. It's unclear if the part history is truly deleted or just "hidden". These hybrid systems may facilitate user interaction with the model while making design changes, but tend to complicate the history tree, resulting in less robust models. Figure 3. Part with featureless model tree (left) and "move" feature in conventional feature-based model tree (right). A limited survey of industry users has shown that many design engineers do not utilize the direct modeling functionality and in some cases users do not even know that the direct modeling add on modules exist. Interviews (teleconferencing, emailing and in-person) yielded the following testimonials by experienced CAD professionals working in various industries. "After hearing about the Direct Editing feature in SolidWorks, I did some research and started playing around with it. It's fun to play with but seems to be a novelty and has no real use in the design / manufacturing of our product". "We use PTC Creo and SolidWorks, but no one here uses any part of the Creo Direct or [SolidWorks] Direct Editing modules". "UTC is using PTC Creo, but we don't do anything with direct modeling that I have seen". We have been using SolidWorks for many years and have never heard of the Direct Editing feature". Parametric, history-based CAD is considered to be unsuitable for use in the concept phase due to the lack of knowledge regarding suitable parameterization of the model and feature dependencies. Conceptual design development is a process where many threads of possibilities are developed in parallel. Although the use of direct modeling has been limited in industry, it is primarily being used in the concept / prototype phase for new projects where producing multiple "quick and dirty" concepts is necessary. After the concept has been adequately defined, companies are transferring the project to the history-based modeling packages to create assemblies and to document the design through to the 2D detail drawing phase. Direct modeling may also be used in manufacturing, where interoperability is necessary due to the use of different software between desig


Over the past few decades, enormous research effort has been devoted to understanding drinking in licensed venues such as bars, clubs and pubs. The emergence in many countries of a vibrant but also sometimes perilous night-time economy (NTE) has been explored extensively. This includes quantitative studies of the prevalence and correlates of intoxication and assault [1] and qualitative studies of people's experiences within these settings [2,3]. Much of this research concerns young people, and the cultural value and meanings attached to intoxication for this age cohort [4–6], encouraged by commercial interests in the NTE. This focus on drinking in licensed venues is, at least in part, warranted: drink for drink, consumption at licensed premises is more likely to result in short-term harms than those consumed off licensed premises [7]. However, long-term harms from alcohol are less influenced by environmental factors such as drinking location than short-term harms. In Australia, 63% of all alcohol is consumed in the drinker's own home, with a further 13% in other people's homes. This compares to 12% in pubs, bars and nightclubs [8]. Corresponding figures in Scotland are similar, 73% of alcohol is sold for consumption off-premise [9]. In countries where the majority of consumption occurs in private homes, it follows that much of the long-term harm drinking causes is attributable to drinking that does not occur in licensed venues. There is also evidence that people drink heavily at home. In Australia, 56% of all alcohol consumption in the drinker's own home was found to be above and beyond the average of two standard drinks per day (20 g ethanol) recommended in the current National Health and Medical Research Council long-term risk guidelines [10]. And in 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic prompted countries around the world to issue stay at home orders. Home has become, albeit temporarily, the only place where many people can drink. Social scientists have argued that policy responses emerge through dominant public understandings of any problem [11]. The problem of alcohol has become understood, through media representation and also through research, as one about public drinking in and around licensed premises, particularly by young people [12–14]. This dominant alcohol problem construction is matched by policy efforts to restrict excessive alcohol consumption in bars, clubs and the NTE and minimise associated harms. Licensing conditions for onpremise liquor license holders in many countries entail an expectation that drunken and disorderly people will not be served further alcohol and often that they will also be removed from a licensed premise [15]. An example that has prompted much debate in Australia, although one that has already been partially wound back, is the lock out legislation that prohibited people re-entering licensed premises in specified areas of New South Wales and Queensland, implemented alongside mandating earlier closing hours [16]. Far less policy attention has been devoted to reducing drinking at home or associated harms. For example, in Australia a practice note issued by the Victorian state government to support assessment of whether the issuing of a new liquor license would produce excessive cumulative impact was found to have limited applicability to permit applications for packaged liquor [17]. It is particularly difficult to enforce compliance with licensing conditions for alcohol delivery services. Indeed, preliminary evidence suggests that home delivery alcohol services may be flourishing under a weak regulatory scheme [18]. One probable reason for the lack of congruence in policy responses is due to differentials in political capital – efforts to moderate drinking by younger people in the NTE are more politically palatable than attempts to regulate older drinkers consuming alcohol in homes would be. Further, home drinking does not seem to threaten social order or generate the level of political concern that media depictions of extremely intoxicated young people in city streets does [6]. In contrast to the wealth of literature on drinking outside the home, we know relatively little about the social practice of drinking in the home. Much of the existing literature on drinking in private settings concerns pre-drinking or pre-loading – the consumption, largely by young people, of cheaper alcohol in private settings prior to visiting the NTE [19,20]. Yet there are many reasons for people choosing to drink at home


Agricultural non point source pollution is arising more and more attentions as one of the major causes leading to deterioration of water quality. Agricultural non point source pollution assessment is the basis of field management and water pollution control, which is significant when carrying out best management practices to farm ecosystems. An approach for assessing spatial distribution of agricultural non point source pollution in farm ecosystems, taking P as an example, is introduced. An index system is suggested and a sensibility index is introduced to identify the critical source areas in the agriculture regions. The approach needs to be modified based on different conditions to which it is applied.


Language sampling is the "heart" of the language assessment process and is required in the State of California to determine eligibility, for language remediation services; however, it is time-consu...


benefits of breast feeding for the infant and, the mother the rates of breast feeding in early postpartum period are not very encouraging and range from 29-57% at 6-months postpartum. 7-9 There are different factors associated with


Energy saving potential is quite huge in the most sectors of the national economy, particularly in housing and utilities and industry. Due to this, energy efficiency increase at the enterprises of housing and utilities and industry through the energy efficiency programs implementation, is one of the priorities in the modern economy of Russia and its regions, and requires radical measures to improve the effectiveness of its implementation. The purpose of the authors is the scientific and practical study of the main problems of energy efficiency programs implementation at the enterprises of housing and utilities services and industry in modern conditions. To achieve this purpose the authors solved the following problems: the current state of the housing and utilities sector and industry, the relevance and the need for energy saving policy at the enterprises of housing and utilities services and industry are studied; the main problems impeding to implement the energy-saving program effectively at the enterprises of housing and utilities services and industry are determined; the possible ways of solving the problems identified in the energy efficiency programs implementation at the enterprises of housing and industry are offered. The team of authors focuses in this study on the problems of the energy audit using in practice as a basic tool for the energy saving programs development at the enterprises of housing and utilities services, industry and their subsequent implementation. The subject of author's researches is the factors that determine the energy efficiency programs implementation at the enterprises of housing and utilities services and industry at the level of individual region and the whole country, and the object is the enterprises of housing and utilities services and industry. Methodologically the scientific and practical research is based on the complex approach using the methods of comparative, statistical and logical analysis.


Dilatation of the perimesencephalic cisterns, viz., the quadrigeminal, velum interpositum and ambient wing cisterns together with the callosal sulci may be occasionally observed during encephalography in the presence of an infratentorial tumour associated with occlusive hydrocephalus (eIBA & WENDE 1969, JACOBSON et colI. 1965, LILIEQUIST 1963, PRIBRAM 1963, SASSAROLI 1955, SCHECHTER et colI. 1958, TAVERAS 1960, and others). The dilatation of the cisterns appears somewhat paradoxical since in obstructive hydrocephalus compression rather than dilatation of the supratentorial cisternal spaces would be expected. Several years ago the following speculative explanation of this phenomenon was offered (ROTH 1961, 1963). Under normal conditions the cerebrospinal fluid leaves the posterior fossa through the entire circumference of the tentorial incisura (Fig. 1 a). With the ascending cerebellar herniation accompanying a posterior fossa tumour the incisura becomes progressively obstructed except at the apex which constitutes its highest point, and to which the cerebrospinal fluid


Image segmentation deals with partition of images in to separate constitutes. Here, Multiple Kernel Fuzzy C-Means (MKFCM) algorithm is proposed. MKFCM is an extension of Kernel Fuzzy C-Means (KFCM). In the framework, aside from the fact that the composite kernels are used in the kernel FCM (KFCM), a linear combination of multiple kernels is proposed and the updating rules for the linear coefficients of the composite kernel are derived. The MKFCM algorithm provides us a flexible vehicle to fuse different pixel information from different kernels which are combined in the kernel space to form a new kernel. Simulations on the segmentation of synthetic and medical images demonstrate the flexibility and advantages of MKFCM algorithm. Performance of the image is found by means of Segmentation Accuracy. Various types of noises are added to the input image and the corresponding Accuracy is found.


Availability of law is of particular importance in the modern world, which significantly increases the demand for language simplicity and understandability of legal acts: normative, law-enforcement, contractual ones. The contract for the provision of reimbursable medical service is a vivid example of a legal text for which the value of linguistic accessibility is especially significant. The study aims to assess the linguistic and other means used in the contract for the provision of reimbursable medical services, in terms of their effectiveness in achieving the goals for which the contract is concluded. As a material for analysis, we used contracts for the provision of fee-based health-care services of a number of medical institutions in the city of Volgograd. The study allowed to conclude that entering into a contract may actually pursue one or more of the following objectives: to legally secure the medical institution from possible claims on the part of a service recipient; to inform the patient about the possible risks associated with medical intervention; to inform patients about the content of current legislation; to confirm the fact that the patient is familiarized with the internal current rules of the medical institution. The scope, content, style of presentation of the contract should be determined by the priorities in achieving its goals. From this follows the conclusion that the unification of the contract for the provision of medical services is inappropriate. The study shows that the quality of the contract for the provision of medical services a largely guaranteed by an optimal balance between the two requirements: the language availability of its content for the recipient of the services and the legal sufficiency of the provisions laid down in the contract to prevent possible conflicts between the parties. Relevant to any type of contract, these requirements are of particular importance for the analyzed agreements, taking into account the specifics of the psychological and ethical aspects of the emerging legal relationship.


The research of dynamic variation on the using of water resources is based on the evaluation of status of using of water resources,and is reflected by the temporal and spatial variation of the indexes of the using of water resources.Because of the different evaluated entity,object and index system,the modes of evaluation are different.Due to multi-evaluation indexed,it is categorized to the issue on higher dimensional data handling.Thus,self adapting fuzzy nerve net model is proposed based on subtraction clustering.The conversion from higher dimensional data to reduced dimensional data is achieved by the subtraction clustering.


We propose an efficient foreground-background separation (FBS) method for (possibly noisy) video data. Most existing FBS methods model the background as a low-rank component. However, this approach is computationally expensive because it requires matrix/tensor decomposition of high-dimensional videos. In this paper, we first introduce a new background model, named static scene constraint (SSC), to FBS. SSC plays a role in accurately capturing the static background by keeping the temporal gradient of the background component to zero. In addition, SSC is formulated as a convex constraint using differences in the temporal direction, which eliminates the need for matrix/tensor decomposition in optimization and significantly reduces the computational cost compared to existing low-rank-based background models. Second, we formulate the FBS problem as a convex optimization problem involving SSC and develop an efficient solver based on a preconditioned primal-dual splitting algorithm, which can automatically determine the appropriate stepsizes based on problem structure. Finally, we demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our method compared with state-of-the-art FBS methods through experiments using infrared and electron microscope videos.


Although acute intermittent porphyria presents with dramatic neurological findings, the diagnosis is difficult. An 18‐year‐old woman had a clinical picture of porphyric encephalopathy. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging demonstrated multiple large contrast‐enhancing subcortical white matter lesions, which regressed with glucose and hematin infusions. Diffusion‐weighted MR imaging was normal, and MR spectroscopy excluded acute demyelination or tissue necrosis. MR findings of acute intermittent porphyria can differ from those in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome by virtue of intense contrast enhancement. Because diffusion‐weighted MR imaging and spectroscopy were normal, the lesions are likely caused by reversible vasogenic edema and transient breakdown of the blood–brain barrier. Ann Neurol 2005;57:581–584


Descriptions were made in our previous papers, I and II, that the causative materials of four independent outbreaks of allergy-like food poisoning contained unusual amount of histamine and a vagusstimulant of unknown structure. The latter poison was successfully separated by oneand two-dimensional paper partition chromatography having been confirmed by Magnus' method using intestines of guinea pigs. The poison has been tentatively designated as •gsaurine•h by the authors, which was referred to •gsaury•h, Cololabis saira. •gSaurine•h is a basic substance and is insoluble in most of the organic solvents, and the hard-solubility in absolute alcohol is one of the differences from histamine. The wide distribution of •gsaurine•h in foodstuffs and the far much more amount of it in the incriminated foodstuffs when expressed in equivalent histamine may permit to regard it as the main agent of developing allergy-like symptoms in human beings« This paper deals with the physiological and pharmacological actions of this. •g saurine•h which would import a more profound significance to it as a causative agent in developing allergy-like symptoms.


In this paper, a new index-objective similarity scale for objectives is proposed, and a method based on this index for multi-objective decision-making is also presented.


Extracting classification rules from data is an important task of data mining and is gaining considerable attention in recent years. This paper comprises classification of different types of rule extraction algorithm and their comparative study by considering their advantages separately. These Ant Colony based algorithms called as Ant_Miner have been successfully implemented in various fields such as remote sensing problems ,combinatorial problems, scheduling problems and the quadratic assignment problem .No single algorithm is efficient enough to tackle related problems arising from different fields. Hence, in this paper we present several Ant_Miner algorithms which can be used according to one's need.


Lecturers in mathematical modelling courses are always on the lookout for new examples to illustrate the modelling process. A physical phenomenon, documented as early as the nineteenth century, was recalled: when a wineglass 'sings', waves are visible on the surface of the wine. These surface waves are used as an exercise in mathematical modelling. Based on assumptions about the wine in the glass and observations illustrated with photographs, a mathematical problem is set up. This problem includes a non-homogeneous Neumann boundary condition on the lateral side of the glass. The solution to the mathematical problem is animated using Mathematica™. The predictions of the model are tested by comparing them with the known facts. The predictions of the model agree with the actual observations.


A review is made of the importance and significance of the technical communication in engineering R & D contract proposals. This paper shows what the Services are seeking in contracts with engineering firms and outlines the basic elements that the proposal should contain. Procedures for evaluating finished proposals are discussed, and a number of specific reasons are given for rejecting proposals. General recommendations are given for effectively shaping the material in an engineering proposal.


The effect of apparent 'slowing' of time due to motion and gravity can be explained in terms much simpler than those of Special Relativity (SR) and General relativity (GR). Instead of involving the speed of light, gravity, or counter-intuitive premises, postulates or principles, this effect can be derived by using simple deductions based on information science. The formulas developed here reduce to SR and GR in limiting cases.


A quasi-passive dynamic walking robot is built to study natural and energy-efficient biped walking. The robot is actuated by MACCEPA actuators. A reinforcement learning based control method is proposed to enhance the robustness and stability of the robot's walking. The proposed method first learns the desired gait for the robot's walking on a flat floor. Then a fuzzy advantage learning method is used to control it to walk on uneven floor. The effectiveness of the method is verified by simulation results.


Lavoisier's theory of acid is commonly accepted as the first systematic theory of acid.In Traite elementaire de chimie,four degrees of oxygenation in which acids are in the second,third and fourth degree was compartmentalized by Lavoisier.The emerging process and background of the concept "the Fourth Degree of Oxygenation" was somehow ignored in previous studies.This paper introduces Lavoisier's theory of acid and focuses on the comprehensive analysis of the emerging process and background of the concept "the Fourth Degree of Oxygenation".Although Lavoisier's theory of acid was a great progress,it had a lot of mistakes.It 's because the theoretical presuppositions and abduction rules of oxygen theory and phlogiston theory are similar.


Abstract The Kuki-Chin group of the Tibeto-Burman language family consists of upwards of 50 languages spoken mainly in western Myanmar, predominantly in Chin State and in neighboring areas of India and Bangladesh (Simons & Fennig (eds.). 2019. Ethnologue: Languages of the world, 21st edn. Dallas Texas: SIL International. Online version. http://www.ethnologue.com/). In the many daughter languages of Proto–Kuki-Chin, syllable structure simplification has yielded a synchronic situation in which individual languages are spread along a cline ranging from more conservative languages, some with complex onsets and vowel length distinctions, to more innovative languages, some with no coda consonants at all. The distribution and phonetic realization of these features vary across the Kuki-Chin group, raising a number of relevant questions about the underlying phonological representations of the Kuki-Chin syllable. This paper surveys representative structures from a variety of Kuki-Chin languages in order to highlight issues in syllable structure across these little-studied languages. In doing so, we aim to both unify observations on Kuki-Chin phonology related to the syllable, and to propose research that will further elucidate its structures.


In this paper, we propose three novel approaches to performing vector multiplication on arbitrarily sparse matrices. We developed the proposed methods specifically for implementation on the Graphics Processing Unit with an emphasis on increasing speed for very large sparse matrices. The novel method, Boxed-TJDS, BoxedCRS and Hybrid Boxed-TJDS, were designed using the preexisting sparse matrix storage formats CRS and TJDS. We perform an empirical analysis of the the novel approaches against an SSE implementation of the mathematical operation using matrices of varying sparsity and size. Our results show that the three novel methods represent a range of possibilities for sparse matrix vector multiplication. While the Hybrid and BoxedTJDS methods perform moderately slower than and comparable to the SSE implementation, respectively, the Boxed-CRS approaches performs considerably faster than SSE as the matrix size increases in non-zero values. ∗{colbert,gaelen,firstname.lastname@example.com


By the guidance of Protodyakonov theory and New Austrian Tunneling Method,the practice proves that applying the method featured by"Short Evacuation,Weak Burst,Supporting by Wood,Build by Steel Concrete"can attain better results and save investment effectively as well,for the reference of the similar projects.


Antioxidant compounds work by preventing or detecting oxidative chain reactions caused by free radicals, stabilizing generated radicals and thus reducing the risk of oxidative damage in the body. They are sometimes called as free radical scavengers. Plants are naturally rich in antioxidants which contains bioactive compounds with high antioxidant activity. The work was carried out to verify whether different types of method shows the same sensitivity and/or capacity to determine the antioxidant activity of two different extract of San-sevieria cylindrica Bojer ex Hook. Their extracts were analyzed using 4 four different methods (i) DPPH (ii) Hydrogen peroxide (iii) Superoxide (iv) Nitric Oxide scavenging activities. These four methods could quantify the antioxidant capacity. Antioxidant evaluation methods must be fast, reproducible, require small amounts of the chemical compounds being analyzed, and not be affected by the physical characteristics of the compounds. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in both the extracts 13.6% (Ethanolic extract) and 13.9% (Chloroform extract) in 20 (cid:22) g/ml concentration of DPPH activity and the lowest antioxidant activity was also observed in ethanolic extract of Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity 68.7% in 100 (cid:22) g/ml concentration. Finally the application of DPPH free radicals are higher than the results of other three methods of free radical activity.


There used to be a seasonal movement by the rural poor belonging to agriculturally backward areas to relatively developed areas for seasonal employment during the peak seasons of [planting] and harvesting in West Bengal [India].... The present case study was taken up to (a) comprehend the nature of such seasonal migration; (b) whether such movements are beneficial for [the migrants]; (c) whether such visits in new and relatively developed areas have helped them to find new ways for improvement of the condition of life at home; and (d) whether these periodic absences from home cause any hindrance for the schemes earmarked for them in their own villages. (EXCERPT)


A review of the literature reveals few reported cases of severe retropharyngeal haemorrhage and in the British literature there has been only one report'. The retropharyngeal space is the upper part of that potential anatomical space lying immediately in front of the prevertebral fascia and extending from the base of the skull to the diaphragm. In the neck the oesophagus lies anteriorly while laterally the space passes behind the carotid sheath into the posterior triangle. At the level of the mandible the retropharyngeal space is in continuity with the lateral pharyngeal space and thus in relation to the anatomical spaces around the jaws. Therefore fluid, blood or pus, arising within any ofthese spaces can pass relatively freely from one to another and under gravity extend through the anterior into the posterior mediastinurn.


ABSTRACT A two—dimensional numerical aodel used alternating direction scheme to deal with carrier transportequation is developed for the injection of IRCCD. This model provides a good means of analyzing theechanisiu and optimizing the design for the injection of IRCCD. Using this aodel, the transientbehavior of the signal input has been shown clearly, and the effect of the design parameters on the signal. injection process has been sinulated accurately.1. INTRODUCTION As the rapid devetopient of the infrared focal plane array technology in increasing the numberof detectors, reducing the size of structure and speeding tip signal readout{l] [ 2] , transient numerical simulation should become an important leans of analyzing the physical insight and optimizing the design for devices. An IRCCD focal plane array with hybrid structure has a basicadvantage in that the detector array can be fabricated in an intrinsic material with exellentinfrared properties while silicon CCD, as the signal processor, can be fabricated with the best


The high-quality InN epifilms and InN microdisks have been grown with InGaN buf - fer layers at low temperatures by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and photoluminescence. The characteristics of the InN epifilms and InN microdisks were studied, and the role of InGaN buffer was evaluated. 1¯) hexagonal thin wurtzite microdisks on the γ-LAO substrate by PA-MBE.


COHEN, L. I. (Washington State U., Pullman.) Studies on the ontogeny of the dwarf mistletoes, Arceuthobium. II. Homology of the endophytic system. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(5): 409-417. Illus. 1963.-Development of the seedling in Arceuthobium, as well as the mode of penetration and infection, is described. The promeristem of the root apex of the seedling, as in the embryo, is composed of 4 zones: (1) a uniseriate layer of apical surface initials; (2) a subapical zone of central initials; (3) a peripheral zone; and (4) a zone of procambial initials. After germination, the seedling grows on the host surface unitil the root apex is confronted by a spur shoot or by a fragment of raised bark. The root apex becomes attached to the ho3t by means of a massive holdfast. It is the procambial initials which actually invade the host tissue. After penetrating the host, the individual procambium initials proliferate in the cortex, each giving rise to a cortical strand. It was concluded that the endophytic system of Arceuthobium cannot be interpreted in terms of classical concepts of plant homology; it is, in fact, an organ sui generis. THE ORIGIN and organization of the main tissue systems in the embryo of Arceuthobium were described in the first paper of this series (Cohen, 1963). A comparison between the dwarf mistletoe embryo and those of nonparasitic angiosperms indicates that their ontogenies are essentially similar. Although the anatomy of the seedling in Arceuthobium has been described (Kuijt, 1960), details of its development are fragmentary and imperfectly known. Knowledge of precisely how penetration occurs is completely lackingf (Peirce, 1905; Kuijt, 1960). An interesting controversy has revolved around the correct morphological interpretation of the extensive haustorium within the host, the endophytic system. The latter has been called "roots" (Peirce, 1905; Heil, 1923), "rhizomes" (Von Schrenk, 1900) and "thallus" (Heinricher, 1923). Peirce (1905) considered the endophytic system to be an outgrowth of a true but modified radicle; Heinricher (1915, 1923) and Von Tubeuf (1923), on the other hand, declared it to be the product of the hypocotyl. Eichler (1868) and Goebel (1905) held that the endophytic system in Arceuthobium is an organ sui generis. Other workers, although ' Received for publication July 2, 1962. This paper is a portion of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Biology at the University of Oregon, Eugene. Sincere appreciation is extended to Dr. Sanford S. Tepfer (U. of Oregon) for his helpful suggestions during the course of this study and to Dr. Noe Higinbotham (Washington State University) for reading the manuscript. The help of Dr. M. Safeeulla with the photomicrographs and the use of certain photographic equipment and materials of the Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, are gratefully acknowledged. 2 Present address: Science Department, State University of New York, Cortland, New York. leaning towards the sui generis idea, have avoided making a definite commitment as to the nature of the haustorium (Thoday and Johnson, 1930; Kuijt, 1960). The present paper deals with seedling development, mode of penetration and establishment of the endophytic system within the host. On the basis of this study, the homology of the endophytic system is discussed and it is concluded that the endophytic system is a new organ. The materials and methods employed in this study are essentially the same as those cited in the first paper in this series. THE SEEDLING-The radicular promeristem of the embryo with its compactly a-ranged cells consists of 4 zones: (1) a unicellular layer of surface initials; (2) a subapical zone of central initials; (3) a peripheral zone; and (4) a zone of procambial initials (Cohen, 1963). Each zone can be identified by a characteristic pattern of cell divisions; all cells derived from the radicle are interpreted to constitute the root of the seedling. A typical seedling is illustrated in Fig. 1. The elastic cap of endosperm tissue ruptured by the growing root apex still persists as a thin sheath-like collar around the seedling. During the early stages of germination, the compact cellular arrangement of the embrvonic radicle undergoes a gradual change to a type of organization in which the cells assume a loose spatial arrangement (Fig. 2). Intercellular spaces within the root apex of the seedling become quite large and the individual cells tend to become spherical. The superficial layer and sometimes the subjacent layer of promeristem cells remain unaltered in appearance. The loosely organized cells of the root promeristem of the seedling are essentially similar to those of the compactly organized cells of the embryo especially with [The Journal for April (50: 301-407) was issued April 29, 1963] AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY, Vol. 50: No. 5, 1963


Among 90 cases of partial Monosomy of the short arm of chromosome 9 that have been described in the literature, only 4 cases have been reported in Japan. We describe a new case associated with cleft palate. The patient was a 1-month-old girl. She came to our hospital for treatment of cleft palate in 1994. Because of her peculiar facial appearance, including slanted eyes, flat nasal bridge, and prominent forehead, we conducted a chromosome analysis, which revealed a partial monosomy of the short arm of chromosome 9 (9p-syndrome). At the age of 2.5 years, her physical development was favorable, and we performed palatoplasty with the patient under general anesthesia. She is being observed at the department of pediatrics and our department since the operation.


Controlling the usage of business-critical data is essential for every company. While the upcoming age of Industry 4.0 propagates a seamless data exchange between all participating devices, facilities and companies along the production chain, the required data control mechanisms are lacking behind. We claim that for an effective protection, both access and usage control enforcement is a must-have for organizing Industry 4.0 collaboration networks. Formalized and machine-readable policies are one fundamental building block to achieve the needed trust level for real data-driven collaborations. We explain the current challenges of specifying access and usage control policies and outline respective approaches relying on Semantic Web of Things practices. We analyze the requirements and implications of existing technologies and discuss their shortcomings. Based on our experiences from the specification of the International Data Spaces Usage Control Language, the necessary next steps towards automatically monitored and enforced policies are outlined and research needs formulated.


ALI is characterized by high levels of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1). Administration of ET‐1 is associated with a rapid increase in edema formation. We hypothesized that ET‐1 may impair the ability of the lung to reabsorb fluid from the alveoli by inhibiting the Na,K‐ATPase.


The purpose of this study is to suggest alternatives to the development of agriculture and forestry industry in the era of the 4th industrial...


Distillation columns in which the components being separated have widely different boiling points feature large temperature differences between the condenser and reboiler. If cooling water is used in the condenser, the base temperature of this type of column is often quite high, requiring the use of expensive high-pressure steam. Energy costs can sometimes be reduced by using two reboilers. One at the base of the column uses high-pressure steam. A second at an intermediate tray in the stripping section can use lower-pressure steam because the column temperature is lower at that location. This paper compares the steady-state design and the dynamic control of a conventional single-reboiler distillation column with a column having both intermediate and base reboilers. Design involves determining the optimum heat removal in the intermediate reboiler, which affects both the column diameter and the rates of consumption of the two types of steam, having different costs. Control involves handling the large temper...


The contribution is aimed on hydraulic diameter of Compact Design Tubes with the small diameter. First part of contribution is focused on calculation of the hydraulic pipe diameter by contemporary way for technical use. Second part of contribution is aimed on Compact Design Tubes with the small diameter and compared with typical smooth pipes. Results of this study confirm general fact, that the inner/outer hydraulic diameter of Compact Design Tubes is different from the hydraulic diameter of typical smooth pipe.


This study deals with the encapsulation of copper oxide nanoparticles with a terpolymer resin by ultrasonic irradiation technique. The plantmediated biological synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles involves the addition of 1mmol solution of copper chloride to 30 mL of Acacia catechu (Karungali) plant extract at 600C, which acts as a biological reducing agent. The resultant brown nano powder is characterized by using various analytical techniques, such as Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy. In this method, encapsulation involves dissolution of nano copper oxide into one of the monomers trioxane followed by conventional condensation by refluxing 4-hydroxyacetophenone and melamine in the presence of 2M HCl as a catalyst in temperature range of 123-1300C. After the completion of the reaction, terpolymer incorporated with nano copper oxide is purified by dissolution in 8% NaOH, re-precipitated by dropwise addition of 1:1 2M HCl and then characterized by different spectral methods like FT-IR, TGA DTA, Proton NMR and Carbon -13 NMR to elucidate the structure of the CuO/HAMT nanocomposite. In addition, both terpolymer and the nano bound terpolymer are investigated for the anti-oxidant activity using 2,2diphenyl,1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH). From the result, it is found that the incorporated terpolymer is more effective scavenger of DPPH than the polymer.


In my book, Homosexuality: A Philosophical Analysis, having expressed a general distaste for non-job-related preference policies in hiring, for instance through the use of quotas, I argued that there are special reasons why such proposals are inappropriate in the case of homosexuality. Joseph Sartorelli criticizes my position as showing 'a considerably less than complete sensitivity to the plight of gay people in the context of present day Western societies' ([3] p. 84). This may be so; but I would argue that none of the three objections raised by Sartorelli are compelling. Indeed they point to conclusions I endorse. My first argument centred on the matter of definition. I argued that any definition of 'homosexual' would be so problematic that one could not hope to mount a coherent argument in favour of affirmative action for homosexuals. In this, the situation is other than that between men and women where the differences are clear cut. Sartorelli replies that we have trouble defining 'Blacks' and 'Hispanics', yet this does not stop the passing and enforcing of laws mandating such action for them. 'Unless there is some reason why the existence of unclear cases should prevent us from applying the system in the clear cases, we should not rule out having such a system at all' ([3], p. 85). I cannot see that this is an adequate counter to my position. Apart from anything else, one surely needs something a little stronger than Sartorelli offers if we are to have a functioning system. Unless the clear cases outnumber I would think, much outnumber the unclear cases, one is going to have an unworkable situation. If one could tell only in one case in a hundred if someone were unambiguously black or not, one could hardly have quotas for blacks. And if you tell me that such ambiguity is truly the case now for blacks (even though it is not), then I reply that this is one more argument against reverse discrimination in the case of blacks rather than one more argument for such discrimination in the case of homosexuals. My main point one which I make at great length in my book is unchanged. You run into horrendous conceptual problems when you try to define 'homosexual' in such a way as could be used in discrimination laws. Is one to consider only behaviour or feelings (orientation) or both or neither? Should the man just released from prison, with ten years of steady homosexual activity to his record, be considered a homosexual, even if his erotic interests are exclusively in females? Should the celibate nun with a


We present a study of the parametric dependence of the external index response of abrupt tapers of matched-cladding single-core-mode fiber. The wavelength dependence allows index response tuning and provides a building block for refractometer and related applications.


Masculine songs can be used to find out the status of a woman. Although women's claims are more prevalent, feminist claims are more central to men. The Sangam period society may have been a male-centric society. The man's statements occur by knowing the woman's psychology. In the name of Madalayrudhal women are affected indirectly in psychological way. The way of the process of flirting indirectly affects the mind of the woman. The woman's mind gets changed when looking at this, so that the man can lead his life well. The event in which man's life seeks to renounce its possessions is self-inflicted. After the fulfilment of man's intentionIt is set up to explore how events and scenarios are set up that depends on the leader's intent. . The event in which life seeks to renounce its possessions is self-contradiction. It is set up to explore how events and scenarios are shaped by the leader's intentions.


Activity of methanogenic organisms which were discovered more than 200 kinds was accelerated by trace elements including Fe,Co,Ni,Mo,Se,vitamin B2 and B12,while the activity was inhibited by inorganic matters including heavy metal,Na+,K+,pH and redox potential,organic matters,ammonium nitrogen and NOX.Biochemical model of methanogenic organism which uses H2/CO2,methanol and acetic acid as substrate was established.Methanogenic organisms contain hydrogenation enzyme,coenzyme F420,coenzyme M,MFR and H4MTP enzyme.


To the Editor:— I appreciate Dr. Garland's comments. In regard to the apparent conflict between the experience and conclusions of Atkins and associates and our own experience, this is, in our opinion, dose-related rather than having anything to do with the hyperbaric oxygen procedure. The line graph demonstrating the radiobiologic truth of the oxygen effect on radiobiology adapted from Grey in the publication is worth a bit of study. It demonstrates that oxygen can only repair the loss of radiation sensitivity resulting from relative anoxia. Oxygen partial pressure increased above the normal level has no effect on radiation response. Assuming a "normal" level to be present in the host tissues, namely 40 mm Hg Po 2 , no increased radiation response is to be expected regardless of the elevation of Po 2 . In the experience of the earlier authors, and also of Churchill-Davidson and Van den Brenk, because of the use


We investigate how a humanoid robot with a randomly initialized binocular vision system can learn to improve judgments about egocentric distances using action and interaction that might be available to a human infant. First, we show how distance estimation can be improved autonomously. We find that actions that maintain invariant distance are a powerful tool for exposing estimation errors. These errors can be used to train a distance estimator. Furthermore, the simple action used (i.e. neck rotation) does not require high level cognitive processing or fine motor skill. Secondly, we investigate how interaction with humans can further improve visual distance estimates. We find that human interaction can also improve distance estimates for far targets compared to autonomous learning without human interaction. Together these experiments suggest that both action and interaction are important tools for improving perception.


College students' self-management is not only an important means for colleges and universities to run democratically.Focusing on the four aspects of improvement of college students' self-constraint,adaption to the development of socialist market economy as well as the reform of higher education and attainment of life-long education,this thesis expounds the significance of college students' self-management and elaborates the effective means to achieve college students' self-management,namely,change of educational concept,students' participation in campus culture construction as well as school management,exertion of the function of student party members and cadres,launching of practical activities and interaction between students.


Motivation The Montello–Conegliano Thrust (Fig. 1) is the most remarkable active tectonic structure of the Southern Alpine fault belt in the Veneto-Friuli plain, as a result of the conspicuous morphological evidence of the Montello anticline, which is associated to uplifted and deformed river terraces and diversion of the course of the Piave River. However, in spite of the spectacular geomorphic and geologic evidence of activity of the Montello-Conegliano Thrust, there is only little evidence on how much contractional strain is released through earthquakes and how much goes aseismic. The Italian seismic catalogues have very poor-quality and incomplete data for the events associated with the Montello thrust, leaving room for different interpretations, as for example the possibility that these earthquakes were generated by nearby structures. In this latter case, the whole Montello–Conegliano Thrust would represent a major "silent" structure, with a "recurrence interval" longer than 700 years, because none of the historical earthquakes reported in the Italian Catalogues of seismicity for the past seven centuries can be convincingly referred to the Montello Source, or, alternatively, a fully aseismic fault. Fig. 1 Map of the Southern Alpine region showing active faults from DISS3.0 and historical seismicity, together with existing CGPS networks.


Using the Very Large Array, we have investigated a nonthermal radio filament (NTF) recently found very near the Galactic black hole and its radio counterpart, Sgr A*. While this NTF—the Sgr A West Filament (SgrAWF)—shares many characteristics with the population of NTFs occupying the central few hundred parsecs of the Galaxy, the SgrAWF has the distinction of having an orientation and sky location that suggest an intimate physical connection to Sgr A*. We present 3.3 and 5.5 cm images constructed using an innovative methodology that yields a very high dynamic range, providing an unprecedentedly clear picture of the SgrAWF. While the physical association of the SgrAWF with Sgr A* is not unambiguous, the images decidedly evoke this interesting possibility. Assuming that the SgrAWF bears a physical relationship to Sgr A*, we examine the potential implications. One is that Sgr A* is a source of relativistic particles constrained to diffuse along ordered local field lines. The relativistic particles could also be fed into the local field by a collimated outflow from Sgr A*, perhaps driven by the Poynting flux accompanying the black hole spin in the presence of a magnetic field threading the event horizon. Second, we consider the possibility that the SgrAWF is the manifestation of a low-mass-density cosmic string that has become anchored to the black hole. The simplest form of these hypotheses would predict that the filament be bi-directional, whereas the SgrAWF is only seen on one side of Sgr A*, perhaps because of the dynamics of the local medium.


An efficient and practical protocol for the transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes is developed employing flower-shaped micromesoporous iron oxide (MMIO) with formic acid as the reducing agent and tris[(2-diphenyl-ethyl)phosphine] as ligand in the absence of additional base. The recyclable catalytic system enables the reduction of nitro group in broad range of substrates and evinces high tolerance with sensitive functional groups to deliver useful amines.


Few recent conundrums have weighed as heavily as have decisions on the use of torture in pursuit of foreign policy goals, a dilemma particularly salient in the context of the Global War on Terror and the revelations about Abu Ghraib. In this paper, we investigate whether and to what extent a person's endorsement of torture as a form of punishment (for terrorists) is linked to two more general ideational dispositions: (1) placing high value on individual deference and submissiveness to the existing social order, and, (2) a readiness to stratify people more generally into those of greater and lesser intrinsic value. Since the psychological dispositions that predict support for torture might depend on the reasons one articulates for the stance one adopts, we examine how this backing may differ when torture is cast in retributive, instrumental, and moral terms. Using a unique nationally, representative dataset, we find support for our hypotheses.


In order to elucidate the functionally relevant coupling of zinc and mersalyl with the contractile element in muscle, a comparative study of their relaxing (or contraction-inhibiting) effects on glycerol-extracted rabbit psoas fibres as concerns reversibility, pH-dependence and synergism has been performed, as well as determinations of the uptake of zinc and mersalyl by the fibres after immersion in subtotal, functionally equivalent concentrations of the metals. Zinc and mersalyl have about the same affinity for the functional sites. There is additive synergism between the zinc and mersalyl effects, as tested at different pH-levels, indicating that zinc and mersalyl act by blocking the same functional groups, probably SH-groups, in the contractile element. However, while the zinc-induced effect is strongly dependent on the pH between 6.0 and 8.0, no pH-dependence at all is found for the mersalyl effect in this pH-range. Evidently zinc and mersalyl combine with the functional groups in a different way, mersalyl conceivably by simple coupling, zinc, however, only after entering into a chelate formation, in which unprotonated groups with a pK-value of about 6.7, probably imidazole groups, have to be included.


An investigation has been made, using explosive charges as the source of the bangs, of the effect of bangs on the subjective reaction of a community. Unfortunately, owing to focusing effects due to the refraction and reflection that occur in wind conditions, the bangs were not of a constant or controllable intensity, and it was not possible to investigate all the effects that one had hoped to. The experiment must therefore be regarded as exploratory. Nevertheless a number of probably significant results were found, of which the most important is the existence of a hard core of some ten percent having a strong adverse reaction to bangs in a community in which nearly three-quarters considered that the bangs did not bother, disturb or annoy them at all. It was also found that there was an increase in adverse reaction with increase in age.


INTRODUCTION A very large number of investigations concerning suicide have been published. The subject has roused interest throughout history often because of its dramatic character, its complicated backgrounds, the palpable effects suicidal acts have on the individual and his environment, as well as the self-destructive behaviour which can provoke a persons latent feelings for suicide. Suicidal acts amongst adults have been, to all intents and purposes, the only ones discussed in print until the last two decades. During recent years the course of events following an attempted suicide have been studied. These investigations have almost entirely concerned adults. Seiden (1967) has in his review of the literature about youthful suicide pointed to the lack of uniform definition and that data usually comes from very small and unrepresentative samples. Farberow (1969) has, in his 'Bibliography on suicide prevention', listed no fewer than 2,202 titles from the years 1897-1957 and 1,267 from the years 1958-1967, that is to say a total of 3,469 works on suicide. This collation of available literature is limited principally to investigations of children and adolescents. Some fundamentally useful work on suicide in this connection among adults has even been included. In this chapter work concerning suicide amongst children and adolescents of a more general character are principally accounted for. Certain special problems will be dealt with later.


GIS has be used in metallogenic prediction. Data that is reqired to process include information of remote sensing, geophysical and geochemical exploration. GIS-supported ore prediction consists of steps,such as data collection and preparation, setting up data base, ore-controlling factor analysis and ore exploration modeling, spatial retrive, singnature extraction and amalgamation, result revision and geological interpretation, output of predication results etc. GIS is a new tool for ore prediction.


today. With only a minimal inflationary risk, we can do vastly more to speed up the process of recovery. I don't want the jump in our thinking to a full employment world to inhibit us from doing what we ought to be doing today when we are so far from that full employment world and have lots of leeway, lots of headroom, elbowroom, legroom and hiproom for expansion. We can do at least three things in 1976 to stimulate employment. One is to maintain an accommodative monetary stance all year. In other words, to hold interest rates down and even, if required (as I think it will be) to go beyond the 5 to 7.5 percent money growth range. Second, there's still lots to be done on the job program front. Everything from better public employment programs to coupling unemployment compensation with some kind of training. Since we're still so deep in the economic hole, let's also consider some quick and carefully targeted public works programs like rebuilding railway roadbeds. If we can't, in other words, put people back to work soon by stimulating demand through monetary and fiscal policy, let's at least take them off the unemployment and welfare roles and institute very sharply focused job programs, to stop some of this tremendous waste of human resources. Finally, if that isn't enough, I would turn, rather reluctantly, to further tax cuts. We ought in any event to extend the temporary tax cuts quickly so people know that their tax bills aren't going to jump on July first. But if we had to go beyond that, there are lots of adjustments of the income tax for the lower income


Lessons from natural medicines application of LC/MS and LC/NMR in the search for new bioactive compounds from plants of the Americas the quest for new biologically active natural products pharmacochemistry of new compounds from South American plant bioassay methods useful for activity-guided isolation of natural product cancer chemopreventive agents biodiversity conservation and drug development in Suriname antimicrobial activities of phytochemicals from British Columbian medicinal plants bioactive compounds from Panamanian plants bioactive natural products of medicinal and agrochemical interest from selected Mexican medicinal plants the Brazilian folk medicine programme to validate medicinal plants - a topic in new antihypersensitive drug research recent developments in the chemistry and pharmacology of boldo and boldine metabolic engineering - a strategy to improve plant secondary metabolite production.


Differential perturbed angular-correlation measurements were made on the 2084-keV state of ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{140}$ in aqueous solution at room temperature, and in lanthanum metal both at room temperature and at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The derived $g$ factor of +1.014\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.038 is compared with Rho's theory and with other experimental values. The advantages of working with metals and at low temperatures are discussed. An upper limit of approximately 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K is set on the quantity $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$, where $\frac{\ensuremath{\Delta}E}{k}$ is the energy spacing between ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}$ and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{3}$ for ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ in La metal. An approximate value of 4.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4 atomic units is derived for $〈{r}^{\ensuremath{-}8}〉$ of the cerium $4f$ electron, using the above upper limit for $\ensuremath{\Delta}E$.


Aims and background: Back pain is one of the most common health problems. Dysfunctions and inability due to pain, make serious troubles for patient, the family and the society. If the treatments have not been effective, the damages would increase. The main goal of this study was to investigate effects of psychological factors on feedback to pain and its treatment in patients with chronic back pain. Materials and methods: In this descriptive study, 120 patients participated with chronic back pain who underwent the surgery. According to the criteria of the study, the participants has been referred from private specialized clinic in Dezful,. The Illness Attitude (IA) Scale, Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-DV), and Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) applied for assessing the variables. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 software by multiple regression analysis. Findings: Multiple regression coefficients showed that fear of death 11%, and Kinesiophobia 15% predict the response to pain and its treatment. Also, extroversion predicts 11%, openness 3%, and agreement ability 3% of response to treatment. Conclusions: Findings of the research showed that the feedback to treatment (such as frequency to refer different practitioners) and pain would increas when the patient with chronic pain tends to accept, and the treatments are less effective when the patient experiences avoidable behaviors.


This programme is aimed to transfer the knowledge and technology of electrocoagulation to treat industrial wastewater. Every kind of industry will release wastewater either in small or large amount depending on size of industry. Concentration of organic and inorganic contaminants is commonly high in industrial wastewater and various type of treatment is being used based on the concentration and types of contaminants. The focus of this knowledge transfer programme is to treat petroleum based industry wastewater using electrocoagulation. Petroleum based industry is chosen because this industry is one of important industry in Malaysia especially in East Coast region. For this programme, electrocoagulation reactor system will be enhanced in order to transfer the technology to MY Synergy Factors (M) Sdn. Bhd. Then, knowledge transfer training will be organized for the industry personnel to introduce them appropriate optimum operating parameters and Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) in handling the new electrocoagulation reactor for wastewater treatment. This knowledge transfer program will bring benefit in term of economic gain to the industry. Other than that, the collaboration between industry and university will become closer.


This paper outlines a method for detection and identification of actuator faults in a pneumatic process control valve using a neural network. First, the valve signature and dynamic error band tests, used by specialists to determine valve performance parameters, are carried out for a number of faulty operating conditions. A commercially available software package is used to carry out the diagnostic tests, thus eliminating the need for additional instrumentation of the valve. Next, the experimentally determined valve performance parameters are used to train a multilayer feedforward network to successfully detect and identify incorrect supply pressure, actuator vent blockage, and diaphragm leakage faults.


In recent, automobile engineers have paid much attention on the waste heat recovery technologies, one of possible means to improve thermal efficiency of automotive engine. Two superheaters for the heat recovery in V-type gasoline engine is not cost effective. Therefore, finding the optimum position for one superheater is always tricky decision. The superheater"d better be installed as near exhaust manifold as possible for higher effectiveness; however, only half of exhaust mass flow could be utilized for heat recovery. With the fact in mind, the optimum position of one superheater was investigated with simulation models developed using a commercial software (i.e. AMESim). It was found that installing the superheater near the exhaust manifold regardless of utilizing only half of exhaust mass flow, could recover 3.8 kW more energy from the engine exhaust. Based on this result, the optimum layout of an automotive waste heat recovery system was developed and proposed in this paper.


Some treatments of counterfactual conditionals validate transitive arguments. Counterfactuals are properly, indeed typically used to make nontrivial claims when their antecedents are false; but the corresponding material conditionals are then trivially true. This chapter proposes a different way of drawing the line between intuitively compelling and uncompelling transitive arguments. The proposal rests on the standard possible-worlds treatment of counterfactuals as developed by Stalnaker and Lewis. The chapter briefly sets out this treatment. It argues that it is our tendency to make assumptions of independence, held in check by prior beliefs and assumptions made for the sake of the argument, that makes some transitive arguments compelling. In contexts where the relevant assumptions are contextually acceptable we make these assumptions and infer the conclusions of transitive arguments. In other contexts, where these assumptions conflict with prior beliefs and assumptions, we do neither. Keywords: counterfactual conditionals; material conditionals; nontrivial claims; possible-worlds treatment; transitive arguments


The principles behind just‐in‐time have long been recognized in the Western world. However, implementation in the West has not achieved full potential. This indicates uncertainty and a lack of knowledge in the West. Based on a comparison of 52 Japanese companies, indicates that the Western world has been using the wrong set of tools and that a reversed profile of competence is apparent. Shows that Western industries have neglected the process factors – the human factors.


The objective of the current study was to evaluate the impact of "I want to, I can… prevent violence", a program designed to transmit knowledge about violence and to develop psychosocial skills in adolescents. 178 teachers in Ciudad Juarez/MX, Merida/MX and Mexico City/MX, and 1052 Students in Merida and Mexico City in their last year of primary and secondary school were evaluated before and after the implementation of the program. 718 Students participated in the control group. After the program, the participants significantly increased their knowledge about violence, rights of children and adolescents, and gender equity, and significantly improved their performance in assertiveness, decision making and expression of emotions, in comparison with the control group.


The possible role of cytoplasmic sex ratio (SR) distortion in insect population control has been assessed experimentally. In Drosophila melanogaster the agent responsible for SR distortion is a male-killing spiroplasma and SR strains are characterized by females producing daughters but few, if any, sons. Populations were constructed of wildtype and SR females (of various male-kill effectivenesses) plus males, in different proportions. The frequency of females in the populations was monitored regularly. Under some circumstances the frequency of females increased but not to fixation or population collapse. In most instances the frequency of females declined (to as low as 25% in some cases), then went through cycles of increase and decrease, with gradually reduced amplitude over time. This pattern of fluctuations was repeatable over cages.Independently, it was shown that SR females persisted in the cages for the length of the experiments. The unexpected extremely low frequencies of females found in cages established with an excess of females, raised the possibility of distorting a population by SR releases, and then when the female frequency is at its lowest point to add sterile male or similar load inducers to suppress the population. The possible role of density dependence is discussed.


The characteristics of fast reactors having molten fuels consisting of uranium and plutonium trichlorides dissolved in alkali chlorides and alkaline-earth chlorides were studied. The study included...


Stroke affects approximately 2% of the population, and with advances in modern technology, more patients are surviving the event and requiring rehabilitation, placing further demand on already stretched medical systems. Because of this, an emergent area of research has arisen, investigating the use of robotics as a means to aid in the rehabilitation of patients affected by stroke. Projects such as the MIT Manus have provided evidence of the efficacy of robotic rehabilitation for stroke patients, but further research is required to provide ongoing improvements to this approach. Further to this, mirror therapy, a treatment initially found to be useful in the treatment of phantom pain syndrome in amputees, has also shown promise in the rehabilitation of stroke, though further research into the mechanisms behind mirror therapy need further investigation. A novel prototype robotic rehabilitation system was developed to investigate the integration of these two emergent approaches to stroke rehabilitation as a more comprehensive approach to stroke rehabilitation. This system was developed around a small industrial robot, utilising motion capture and force feedback for control of the robot with a virtual mirror therapy system to provide visual stimulation for the patient. The operation of the prototype was verified, however further development is required to produce a system suitable for patient trials.


The possibility of improving the Gravity Field and Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) mission satellite orbit using gravity gradient observations was investigated. The orbit improvement is performed by a dedicated software package, called the Orbital Computation System (OCS), which is based on the classical least squares method. The corrections to the initial satellite state vector components are estimated in an iterative process, using dynamic models describing gravitational perturbations. An important component implemented in the OCS package is the 8th order Cowell numerical integration procedure, which directly generates the satellite orbit. Taking into account the real and simulated GOCE gravity gradients, different variants of the solution of the orbit improvement process were obtained. The improved orbits were compared to the GOCE reference orbits (Precise Science Orbits for the GOCE satellite provided by the European Space Agency) using the root mean squares (RMS) of the differences between the satellite positions in these orbits. The comparison between the improved orbits and the reference orbits was performed with respect to the inertial reference frame (IRF) at J2000.0 epoch. The RMS values for the solutions based on the real gravity gradient measurements are at a level of hundreds of kilometers and more. This means that orbit improvement using the real gravity gradients is ineffective. However, all solutions using simulated gravity gradients have RMS values below the threshold determined by the RMS values for the computed orbits (without the improvement). The most promising results were achieved when short orbital arcs with lengths up to tens of minutes were improved. For these short arcs, the RMS values reach the level of centimeters, which is close to the accuracy of the Precise Science Orbit for the GOCE satellite. Additional research has provided requirements for efficient orbit improvement in terms of the accuracy and spectral content of the measured gravity gradients.


The rock distribution of M t. Namsan-Area consist of two rock types , one is pre-c없nbrian gneiss and the other is cretaceous biotite-granite. The texture of the biotite-granite is coarse and medium. The weathering zone of the M t. Namsan-Area is about 1m depth and very simp1e. The distinguished phenomena are fau1ts and joints. The drainage system of the M t. Namsan-Area is not good deve10pment. The joints are well deve10ped in M t. Namsan-Area and confirmed three or four sets. And there are 10ts of 1andforms such as tors , tafonis , mass movement and weathering phenomena.


The author presented several chapters or parts of chapters in journal articles and scholarly papers and thus benefitted from the analysis of colleagues. He relied on company records, correspondence, newspapers, city directories, and two dozen oral interviews. As often happens with historical focus on one city, Blackford often gets too close to his material with descriptions of local street patterns and the number of Buckeye customers. He tells us that Columbus was not hit hard by the 1893 panic and depression but offers no real explanation. Comments about success in the 1920s and an ability to weather the 1930s seem all too brief. These concerns aside, this is excellent scholarship and should serve as a model for future studies demonstrating the significance of smaller industries to American economic and urban growth.


Dc conductivity measurements for Z-cut natural quartz plates, at different temperatures and values of the applied electric field were made. The evolution of I−V characteristics shapes is studied for electrodiffusion times up to 100 h (in interstitial alkali ions transport region). The non-ohmic behavior is discussed and is considered to be due to the space charge produced by the uncompensated Al 3+ ions substitutional for Si 4+ .


Objective:To observe the effect of acute epigastric pain treated with acupressure points combined traditional Chinese medicine herbal salt.Methods:80 patients with acute gastralgia received acupressure points combined traditional Chinese medicine salt package based on conventional treatment and care observed the treatment effect.Results:The after treatment epigastralgia cured 68 cases,improved in 11 cases,the pain-free remission in 1 case,the total efficiency was 98.75%.Conclusion:Acupressure points combined with traditional Chinese medicine medicated salt packet can significantly relieve acute gastralgia,simple operation,safety,economy,without undesirable complications,it is worth for clinical use.


Congenital bony fusion of the jaws (syngnathia) without any other anatomic oral anomalies is a very rare condition. Numerous cases with combination of cleft palate, aglossia, and soft or bony adhesion between the maxilla and mandible have been reported. Syngnathia could also occur with popliteal pterygium syndrome and van der Woude syndrome. This report presents a case of syngnathia with bilateral maxillo-mandibular inter-alveolar adhesion, unusually with no other intra-oral anomalies.


The erosion and wear mechanism for drilling equipment is studied in this paper, which is for the problem of unstable performance of drilling system and short lifetime caused by the erosion of drilling equipment by drilling fluid. The flow field, surface pressure of the erosion prone parts and drilling fluid flow rate are calculated by the finite element method. The results demonstrate the parts eroded seriously by drilling fluid appear in where the curvature of the curve of the wall changes suddenly and where the rate of change in the stress field is greater, which provide a theoretical basis on design, optimize, repair of drilling equipment.


Indentation size effect (ISE) is a critical feature for investigating the local properties of materials using the indentation test method. Although there are numerous works on the indentation response, there is a lack of data in the literature on the association between nanoindentation and uniaxial compression. Herein this study, uniaxial compression tests combined with Digital Image Correlation Technique are conducted on Ti6Al4V alloy with a focus on investigating the elastic–plastic properties and obtaining the accurately constitutive relation. Then, an ISE model of Ti6Al4V is established based on this constitutive relation and strain gradient theory. Indentation hardness, predicted by this proposed model, agrees well with the measurement by nanoindentation experimental techniques. This model can be used to bridge the gap between the uniaxial stress–strain and the depth‐dependent hardness, and clarifies the effect of the strain hardening on indentation hardness. The significance of this model is that it provides a direct and reasonable theory foundation to investigate ISE by uniaxial compression, and promotes the potential application of nanoindentation.


Abstract In a problem of structural acoustics with non-liner formulation of structural dynamics, a linearized compatibility condition at the fluid–structure interface is used along with the linear wave equation for the acoustic medium [1–7]. This approach is referred to as a light acoustic loading limit. Another approach is to formulate a compatibility condition at the moving boundary and solve a non-linear wave equation in a volume. As it is shown in references [3–5], a solution for this problem predicts shock wave formation at a certain distance from a vibrating surface. In the present paper, one more model of interaction between an acoustic medium and a non-linear structure is suggested for heavy fluid loading conditions. In this model, propagation of acoustic waves is described by a linear wave equation, but the continuity condition is formulated at the moving boundary and the contact acoustic pressure acting at the vibrating non-linear structure is calculated by the Bernoulli integral with a quadratic velocity term retained. Two model problems of coupled structural acoustics are considered—oscillations of a fluid-loaded piston and oscillations of an infinitely long periodically supported elastic plate. A method of multiple scales is used for analysis of the local non-linear dynamics of the model systems, whilst matched asymptotic expansions are used to model the fluid's motion. Several specific effects of structural vibrations generated by the non-linearity of fluid-structure interaction, rather than by structural non-linearity are demonstrated.


We consider the Schur multipliers of finite dimensional nilpotent Lie algebras. If the algebra has dimension greater than one, then the Schur multiplier is non-zero. We give a direct proof of an upper bound for the dimension of the Schur multiplier as a function of class and the minimum number of generators of the algebra. We then compare this bound with another known bound.


The new visual communication media imagery such as video games, digital television, and computerized pictures have captured the attention of viewers of all ages causing a revolution in imagery and stressing contemporary man's ability to comprehend and accurately recall visual information to its fullest extent. Some of the consequences of this boom in computerized video imagery are obvious while many more remain hidden.


The utility model relates to an oxy-hydrogen generator used for an internal combustion engine, which is applied to transport vehicles or an electrical power generating system powered by a diesel engine, a gasoline engine, a CNG internal combustion engine or an LPG internal combustion engine. The oxy-hydrogen generator comprises an electrolytic power supply and an electrolytic tank; the electrolytic tank consists of two groups of first electrolytic tanks and second electrolytic tanks which are respectively sealed, connected in serial and mutually communicated; the tank bodies of the first electrolytic tanks and the second electrolytic tanks consist of a tank body outer layer and a tank body inner layer of a double-layer concentric cylinder; the tank body inner layers of the first electrolytic tanks and the second electrolytic tanks are respectively connected with an anode and a cathode of the electrolytic power supply by a conductive pole; and the electrolytic power supply is a switch power supply and is respectively connected with anode wiring terminals and cathode wiring terminals of the electrolytic tanks by two cables. The oxy-hydrogen generator adopts the principle of water electrolysis, is supplied with power by the excess power of an engine matched with a motor, fills the oxy-hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis into the internal combustion engine through a gas outlet connector of the electrolytic tank, and can improve the combustion efficiency of the internal combustion engine, reduce fuel consumption, increase power, reduce exhaust emission, reduce carbon deposit of the internal combustion engine and improve the service life of the internal combustion engine.


Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) experiments could provide us the expression level of thousands of genes in a biological sample. However, the number of available samples is relatively small. Such undersampled problem needs to be carefully analyzed from a ma- chine learning perspective. In this paper, we combine several state-of-the- art techniques for classication, feature selection, and error estimation, and evaluate the performance of the combined techniques on the SAGE dataset. Our results show that a novel algorithm, support vector ma- chine with the stump kernel, performs well on the SAGE dataset both for building an accurate classier, and for selecting relevant features.


We consider a model-based ultrasound imaging scenario using a single transducer with a coding mask, and assume that the pulse-echo model is erroneously estimated, resulting in decreased imaging performance. Although the pulse-echo Green's function to each pixel has to be measured to obtain a good model, typically only forward-field measurements are obtained for better SNR, from which the pulse-echo Green's functions are estimated. However, if the transducer's receive transfer function is different from the transmit transfer function, the forward-field measurements do not incorporate the receive transfer function, resulting in an incorrect pulse-echo model. We propose two calibration techniques that start with this erroneous model, and update it using pulse-echo measurements. In the first technique we assume the calibration phantom is known a priori, whereas in the second technique we use multiple random calibration phantoms of which only the second-order statistics are assumed to be known beforehand. Both methods are able to significantly improve the pulse-echo model, strongly improving imaging performance. Our simulation results show that the first technique works best, since there is no uncertainty about the calibration image, whereas the blind calibration technique requires no exact knowledge of the calibration phantom, making it robust to positioning or manufacturing errors.


HE last Canadian census prior to the outbreak of war, taken in 1911, showed a male population between 18 and 45 years of age, of 1,&dquo;~~0,070, divided as follows: Between 18 and 30, .980,150; between 31 and 40, 543,163; between 41 and 45, 196,757. The enlistments from Canada in the Canadian Expeditionary Force and in the Allied Armies, numbered 610,031, of whom 432,642 proceeded overseas. At enlistment probably 100,000 were, through the cessation of railway extension, out of regular employment, and 10,000 were minors under the age of 18 years, who had followed previously no regular occupation. The withdrawal from active industry of the balance of half a million men created during the war a very serious problem and resulted in the reorganization of almost every industry, the employment of female help and the consequent closing of opportunities for male employment. The gravity of the situation was increased and the problem made more difficult by the length of time many of the men were


In this paper, we analyze a sparse framework for hybrid radiolocalization of multiple emitters in the presence of a simple multipath channel. The scenario under consideration includes multiple non-collaborative targets and multiple sensors with flexible TDoA/DoA capabilities. Scatterers surrounding the target nodes and the sensor nodes are assumed. The localization is performed as a joint block-sparse recovery problem. Partial combinations of hetereogeneous measurements provided by the sensors are performed in the fusion center. This approach has proven to provide a similar performance when compared to the fully joint recovery approach, decreasing the computational complexity of the algorithm. In this paper, our aim is to analyze the impact of simple multipath and some of the channel physical parameters, as the radio of the clusters and the number of scatterers, in the performance of the algorithms.


1. Field experiments on the use of cut ware setts with the potato varieties Arran Banner, King Edward and Majestic have shown that with proper handling no loss in plant establishment need result. When the cut setts are planted at the same distances as whole setts, there is liable to be a reduction in the yield per acre because of the lower yield per plant, but the actual rate of increase may be increased considerably by cutting because of the larger number of plants obtainable. 2. No benefit has been found from the practice of dusting the cut surfaces of tubers of Majestic with slag, lime or ashes, while adverse effects resulted from the use of a fungicide and alum. 3. The exposure of cut setts to drying conditions lowers their resistance to attacks by micro-organisms, and encourages the breakdown of the tuber flesh by bacteria of the carotovorum group. 4. In general, the use of certain fungicides, either directly on the cut surface, or as a means of moistening sack coverings, is not to be recommended because of the adverse effects of the fungicide on the natural resistance of the live tissue of the tuber flesh.


The installation tilt causes the actual measured circular contour to be an elliptical contour [1], and the installation eccentricity causes the sampled points uneven [2], which can both affect the measurement accuracy of the roundness error [3, 4]. The tilt and eccentricity error must be separate from the measured data when measuring the cylindrical workpiece roundness error with a cylindricity measuring instrument to obtain the true contour information of the cylindrical workpiece itself. In this paper, the mathematical models of the workpiece installation tilt and eccentricity are established based on the least square roundness error evaluation algorithm. The influence of the workpiece installation tilt and eccentricity on the roundness error measurement are simulated by MATLAB, and an actual measurement is analysed. The results show that after leveling and centering the workpiece, the influence of the tilt and eccentricity error of the workpiece installation on roundness error measurement can be neglected when the Taylor565H type cylindricity measuring instrument is used for micron order roundness error measurement.


some of which had invaded the cord, and also with a large psammoma on the occipital cortex. This case appeared to be closely allied to one described by Verocay in 1910. There seemed to be no doubt that all these ttimouirs of the acoustic nerve were of one type, anid should be classed aloing with neuirofibromata occutrring in other situiations, which they rcsemble histologically, and along with which they occulr sometimes. A general agreement on this poiInt Nouild avoid the misleadinig utse of names such as 'myxofibroma' and 'fibro-glioma' for tuimouirs of the acouistic nerve, which, in the writer's opinlioin, are derived from the cells of the nuicleated sheath of Schwann. AUTHOR'S ABSTRACT. VEGETATIVE NEUROLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY. [16] The pilomotor reflex (Le reflexe pilomoteur).-ANDRE' THOMIAS. La Midecine, 1920, i, 283. PILOMOTOR reflexes are easily elicited, buit they vary widely in different individuials, and even in the same healthy person uinder different conditions. Researches on wouinded men confirm the resuilts of Langley's experiments. The centres for the head and neck are in the first three dorsal segments; for the upper limb in the 4th to 7th dorsal segments; for the lower limbs in the 9th dorsal to 2nd lulmbar. Alterations in lesions of the cord anid nerves are described. The reflexes are modified in all lesions of the sympathetic. and vary with the natuire of the lesion. In spite of their extreme variability, the ease with which they can be examined makes them very uisefuil in cases where in-vestigation of the state of different parts of the sympathetic nervous system is called for. W. J. ADIE. [17] On angioneurotic (acute circumscribed) cedema [Ueber das angio-neuirotische (acut iumschreibene) (Edem].-G. BOLTEN. M1onats. f. Psychiat. u. Neurol., 1919, xlv, 201. THE n-ame Qutineke's disease, used in Germany, is incorrect and unjust, for the condition is not a disease but a syndrome, and the first exact description was given by Graves. Ten new cases are described by Boltein. The main symptom has fairly constant characteristics, but the accompanying pheniomenia are very varied. Urticaria, intermittent hydrops of the joints, acrocyanosis, crythromelalgia, acroparesthesiar, idiosynierasies to druigs and food, even gouit and migraine, must be considered as related to, or analogouis with, angionieuirotic oedema. The uinderlying cauise in all the above-mentioned conditions is the same sympathetic hypotonia. Treatment, accordinig to the auithor, thouigh protracted, is simple and rationial; increase the tone of the sympathetic by thyroid or other glanduilar extracts, and the restults will be very satisfactory. W. J. ADIE. [18] Lipodystrophia progressiva (La lipodystrophie progressive).L. BoISSONAS. Revue neurol., 1919, xxvi, 721. THIS condition is characterized by a progressive disappearance of the suibcutaneouis fat in the face and uipper part of the body, followed at a later 82


SHARP, indigestible foreign bodies are not infrequently swallowed, and yet consequent perforation of the gastrointestinal tract is rare.1 Macmanus2 analyzed 95 cases of perforation by sharp objects...