Therapeutic approaches to prevention, intervention and speech correction in the case of children with disabilities but not only, especially of children with risk of developing autistic disorders may begin at birth. ASHA indicates the 24-30 months age interval as favoring language acquisition. The present study aims to analyze cases of children with various speaking and writing deficiencies, two of them having previously been diagnosed with autism. Several specialized interventions of an interdisciplinary team (psychologist, speech therapist, pre-primary school teacher) are also proposed. At school or in the family, by thoroughly analysing the process of oral language acquisition, one notes that almost all small children present dyslalia. The absence of therapeutic intervention in the cases of speaking disorders, both for typical children, but especially for autistic children, will lead in time, to their impossibility to develop socially and affectively and to the stagnation of the lifelong-learning process. The development of the educational system requires changes and action. The quality of education refers to identifying the dimensions of the didactic process, the learning contents, and the educational agents that may best support the education of all the categories of students, especially for children with language disorders and autism, ensuring their success in an open, flexible, efficient system.


We report the application of the transient grating method to measurement of radii of inverse micelles. A theoretical model is used to calculate the time evolution of the grating as a function of the solution thermal properties and the radii of the micelles. The method is based on the large difference in the thermal expansion coefficients between water and organic solvents: energy deposited in the aqueous interior of the micelles by the optical exciting beams does not result in sizable photoacoustic effect until heat diffuses into the surrounding organic solvent. The time profile of the transient grating signal is shown to be a function of the micellar radius, and the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of the aqueous and organic subphases. For water-in-alkane reverse micelles, heat deposition is limited to the aqueous interior of the micelles through the use of ionic dyes. Experiments are reported using 1-3 GHz acoustic waves in solutions containing micelles with diameters in the range 10-30 nm. The correspondence between radii determined by the thermal diffusion method and those from dynamic light scattering measurements is discussed. 34 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.


Peculiar properties and general regularities of thermally stimulated charge relaxation in dielectrics in open-circuit and short-circuit modes have been analyzed. Theoretical and experimental relations have been compared. It has been shown that methods of thermally stimulated relaxation of the potential and thermally stimulated short-circuit currents are not fully equivalent with regard to their self-descriptiveness however in some cases they allow to get complementary data.


this paper analysed the CT features and evaluated therapeutic efficacy with two different methods of treatment in sixty neonate with hypooxic -ischemic encephalopathy(HIE). The results showed that cases treated with reinfusion of ultraviolet irradiated blood were more effective and less sequelae than those treated with the conventional drugs and/or high pressure oxygen cabin treatment in control group (P0. 01). The authors suggested that CT scan was a safe and significant procedure for the diagnosis and evaluation of therapy tfficacy in HIE


Modelling of SCR in diesel exhaust systems with injection of urea spray is complex and challenging but many models use only the conversion observed at the brick exit as a test of the model. In this study, the case modelled is simplified by injecting ammonia gas in nitrogen in place of urea, but the spatial conversion profiles along the SCR brick length at steady state are investigated. This is a more rigorous way of assessing the ability of the model to simulate observations made on a test exhaust system. The data have been collected by repeated engine tests on eight different brick lengths, all which were shorter than a standard sized SCR. The tests have been carried out for supplied NH 3 /NOx ratios of α 1.5, excess ammonia, α 1.0, balanced ammonia, and α 0.5, deficient ammonia. Levels of NO, NO 2 and NH 3 have been measured both upstream and downstream of the SCR using a gas analyser fitted with ammonia scrubbers to give reliable NOx measurements. A CFD model based on the porous medium approach has incorporated a kinetic scheme available in the open literature. Comparison of CFD simulations with observed data is presented and the results are discussed. NOx conversion is significant in the first 30 mm of the brick for α 0.5 and in the first 90 mm for α 1.0 and 1.5. The ammonia level influences NOx conversion, which is generally under-predicted by the current model for α 0.5 and over-predicted for α 1.5. Measurements show that NO 2 conversion exceeds NO conversion in the first section of the monolith, which the model fails to predict. INTRODUCTION Selective catalytic reduction, SCR, with aqueous urea has become one of the primary methods of NOx reduction for both heavy and light-duty diesel applications over the past few years. The urea is thermally hydrolysed in the vehicle's exhaust to produce ammonia, which in turn reacts with the NOx over a catalyst. SCR technology is advantageous for light-duty applications as it has a minimal impact on fuel consumption and costs, yet has high NOx reduction efficiencies [1], and [2]. NOx reduction is affected by the exhaust gas temperature. For low gas temperatures the fast SCR reaction is the dominant reaction where approximately equi-molar quantities of NO and NO2 are present in the exhaust. The amount of NH3 injected requires careful control, and can be critical under some conditions. Over-injection of NH3 into the exhaust could potentially provide a high NOx conversion, but is likely to result in NH3 slip [3]. The addition of an NH3 oxidation catalyst downstream of the SCR is an option, but this may cause NO formation, which in turn will result in the vehicle not complying with emissions standards [4]. Underinjection of NH3 will avoid NH3 slip, but will provide an inferior NOx conversion. The control of the NO2: NOx ratio in the exhaust stream and the amount of NH3 injected into the exhaust at any one time are therefore very important. This can be investigated experimentally, but this is a time consuming process and is not cost effective [5]. Simulation modelling can be considered a useful tool in reducing development time and costs. Spatial Conversion Profiles within an SCR in a Test Exhaust System with Injection of Ammonia Gas Modelled in CFD using the Porous Medium Approach 2010-01-2089 Published 10/25/2010 M. P. Sturgess, S. F. Benjamin and C. A. Roberts Coventry University Copyright © 2010 SAE International THIS DOCUMENT IS PROTECTED BY U.S. AND INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT It may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed or transmitted, in whole or in part, in any form or by any means. Downloaded from SAE International by Coventry University, Wednesday, May 23, 2012 06:53:14 AM


The paper describes M. Cobbonchus incultus a new species found about banana roots of a plantation in Caraguatatuba, State of Sao Paulo. This new species differs from its nearest species M. radiatus, M. palustris and M. teres by its large size; gonad single, prodelphic and by the absence of a caudal valvular apparatus.


Different economic measures afford different ways of seeing processes of financialisation. In the prototypical case of the US economy, the most compelling evidence of post-1970s financialisation is ...


In the Supreme Court an intense debate exists on the proceeds of the rule of the article 103 of the Penal Code in the crimes against humanity because of the prohibition
that the Humanitarian International Criminal Law establishes for the full prescription of those crimes. The resolution of the controversy has happened for determining
if the foundations of the prescription, specially of «need of sentence», are diverse or analogous to those of the so-called «half prescription».


The family therapy field is more sophisticated developmentally in its therapeutic methodologies than in the areas of training and supervision. Publications and research efforts on these latter topics have not kept pace with the progress of the clinical aspects of the field. Family therapy training and supervision literature were reviewed and found to be fragmented and disorganized. There is a need for a comprehensive source which would synthesize this literature and compare the existing viewpoints. This paper works toward this end by reviewing, contrasting, and categorizing the available publications according to a series of content areas frequently appearing in the literature. These topic areas are: (1) Goals of Training and Supervision and Skills of the Supervisor; (2) Training and Supervision Techniques; (3) Supervisor-Supervisee Relationship; (4) Personal Therapy for Trainees; (5) Politics of Family Therapy Training; and (6) Evaluation of Training. A comprehensive table is provided to quickly access references in the content area. Recommendations are offered for future efforts in this area.


Objective To study and analyze the value of total quality management model in the application of nursing management.M ethods 420 nurses in the care department from June 2010 to June 2012 had established a comprehensive quality management model.The quality of nursing care of the model before and after building the model,ratings and patient satisfaction of the two groups was taken for comparison.Results The nurses of assessment score more than 85 point in June 2010 was 89.74%,it significantly increased to 95.73% in 2011,and rising to 97.6% in 2012.The satisfied rate in the experimental group was 76.48%,The satisfied rate in the after group was 99.09%.Before and after the implementation of compared with significant difference(P 0.05).C onclusion The total quality management model make the care model more institutionalized and standardized,standardiza tion,and it increases the sense of responsibility and motivation of nurses,and it has better prevention of nursing risk factors,and patients' satisfaction has also a corresponding increase.


Most of the lunar explorations are primarily concerned with the function of the critical systems and safety with disregard to the human interfaces. Everything at space agencies is built to performance specifications, which require, basically that everything is Function. It has been shown in the previous studies that involvement of Space Architects in the early design phase has great benefits for development human habitats in space. Space Architects can define dwelling problems and reach the points of success. Collaboration between Architect, Engineer, and Scientist will have the best result in lunar habitat, especially once consideration of human factor is the key of success in the long term missions. This paper focuses on lunar habitat which is an important issue of Moon Exploration and represents space architects role in the future lunar exploration.


This paper analyzes methods for monitoring of ballast water (BW). PROMETHEE II computational comparison of laboratory and remote, fixed on ship, flow cytometry (FCM) detection system showed a result of 55% high score in favor of the remote detection system. This system of automatic detection of water content is remotely operated from a land office. Using this system, a ship with treated ballast water enters a port with the BW cleanliness confirmation granted from the land office by a designated person who had done remote detection. Automated monitoring of treated BW on board is done by using the newest sensor of flow cytometry technologies and satellite communications. Results of this study improve taking action in the interest of protection of our natural world.


Optical elements to be used for x-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) must withstand multiple high-fluence pulses. We have used an ultraviolet laser to study the damage of two candidate materials, crystalline Si and B4C-coated Si, emulating the temperature profile expected to occur in optics exposed to XFEL pulses. We found that the damage threshold for 105 pulses is ∼20% to 70% lower than the melting threshold.


Radio is a very powerful mass communication medium. In radio broadcasting, one can hear the echo of Christ's words to his apostles in the missionary discourse: "You received without charge, give without charge…What you hear in whispers, proclaim from the house tops" (Mt 10,8b.27). Although the Church uses radio as a means to transmit the Good News of salvation, and we as human beings receive radio transmissions as a part of our daily life, we barely stop to think and reflect upon the underlying aspects of radio as a means of communication. In this paper, the Author endeavours to give a historical overview of what makes radio an important medium for evangelisation according to four key documents of the Church, while also studying the underlying theological positions found in these documents. These documents enable us to study radio as a broadcasting medium, highlighting the possible reactions of the Church to radio and how the Church changed its stance on radio over the years. The reason for focussing specifically on radio is for two particular reasons: from the very beginning, the Church has considered radio as a means for evangelising the masses. Notwithstanding this, what is going to be discussing in the paper can be equally applied to Television as a mass communication medium. Secondly, the Church took an active role in radio broadcasting by asking Guglielmo Marconi himself to construct the Vatican Radio in 1931. The documents of the Church also offer us a theology of radio as a mass communication medium, with unity, progress and evangelisation being the fundamental aspects. Church documents posit that not everything should be broadcasted over radio but only messages which bring about peace and unity.


increased sharing of information across settings and specialties; the breaking down of traditional silos; the adoption of genuine multidisciplinary models of care in recognition that this is what people actually need; and the willingness to innovate but also build on what already exists to avoid unnecessary duplication. Setting aside the pandemic, the importance of quality use of medicines to achieving better health outcomes remains a fundamental part of clinical care and decision making. The flagship issues identified in Australia's response to the WHO Global Patient Safety Challenge of inappropriate polypharmacy, high-risk medicines and transitions of care reflect unsolved systemic issues that must be addressed through innovation and partnership approaches. Already this year there are several initiatives underway to tackle some of these thorny QUM issues, including programs to improve the utilisation of biological and biosimilar medicines, opioid stewardship within hospital settings, and antipsychotic use within aged care; an evidence review of medication management risk assessment tools; and the work by the Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare on Quality Use of Medicines and Medicines Safety. NPS MedicineWise has also signed an agreement with the Council of Australian Therapeutic Advisory Groups (CATAG) for the coming year outlining joint priorities for QUM in the acute sector. Across all these initiatives multiple peak professional and representative bodies are involved, including SHPA and the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia, reflecting the importance of the voice of pharmacists. Despite the many competing pressures on health professionals and health systems, it is reassuring to see that the 10th National Health Priority is quietly, but purposefully, continuing to build momentum. The original goal of the NSQUM to make the best possible use of medicines to improve health outcomes, supported by partnerships and cooperation, is firmly reflected in the willingness of individuals and organisations to collectively pursue shared QUM objectives, even in times of crisis.


In roasted Robusta coffee, two potent earthy smelling compounds were identified as 2-ethenyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine and 2-ethenyl-3-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine by comparison of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry data with those of the corresponding reference substances. The odor threshold values (0.014 ng/L, air) of the new pyrazines were as low as those of 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl- and 2,3-diethyl-5-methylpyrazine. 3-Ethenyl-2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine was also detected in coffee, and its odor threshold value was 8000 times higher than that of the 2-ethenyl-3-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine. After addition of HBr, the two ethenylethylmethylpyrazine isomers were separated by capillary gas chromatography. The results indicate the presence of the two isomers in a 1:1 ratio in coffee. Keywords: Roasted coffee; aroma; 2-ethenyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine; 2-ethenyl-3-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine; 3-ethenyl-2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine; detection; synthesis; odor threshold


This article is a contribution to a debate that emerged during the commemoration year of the Trianon Peace Treaty. Recently a map has been published in Balázs Ablonczy's latest work on the topic1, illustrating the remarkable territorial inequalities in historical Hungary before WWI (in 1910, Fig. 1). The map led to debates, because it implicitely claimed that most of the lost territories were underdeveloped (with the exception of Vojvodina), though this was not a brand new idea2. This also implied that historical Hungary was a bad governor of these territories – which were dominated by national minorities –, that way confirming some of the statements of the historians of the successor states3. Furthermore, the author's statement, that the borders drawn in Trianon had already existed in 1910


This study focuses on nanoindentation creep in polycarbonate (PC) and syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) throughout the transient and steady-state regions. The viscoelastic Burgers model is used to explain transient creep data, while the power-law creep model is used to interpret steady-state creep data. The Newtonian shear viscosity of the Maxwell element and Young's modulus of the Kelvin element are greater for the creep period than for the preload period, and an opposite trend is noted in the Newtonian shear viscosity of the Kelvin element and Young's modulus of the Maxwell element. The fact that the Young's moduli of Maxwell and Kelvin elements in the creep period are different from those in the preload period implies that a stress-induced mesomorphic structure forms or that crystallization occurs in nanoindentation creep. While the strain rate increases with decreasing preload period, the stress exponent factor is almost the same for all preload periods.


Positive bias constant voltage stress combined with charge pumping (CP) measurements were applied to study trap generation phenomena in SiO 2/HfO2/TiN stacks. Using gate stacks with varying thicknesses of the interfacial SiO2 layer (IL) or high-kappa layer and analysis for frequency-dependent CP data developed to address trap depth profiling, the authors have determined that the defect generation in the stress voltage range of practical importance occurs primarily within the IL on as-grown "precursor" defects most likely caused by the overlaying HfO2 layer. The generated traps can be passivated by a forming gas or nitrogen (N2 ) anneal, whereas a postanneal stress reactivates these defects. The results obtained identify the IL as one of the major targets for reliability improvement of high-kappa stacks


Insurance is among the most important tools that have been devised to prepare readiness for dealing with threats. These valuable man-made tools with their capabilities have controlled many undesirable effects of unforeseen events. In each country, growth and development of insurance industry is considered as an indicator for evaluating the level of development. From the perspective of insurers, the risks of energy, especially the oil and gas industry, are known as high risks. Economic feasibility of the profitability of insurance related to oil and gas wells is the aim of this study that was performed through damage coefficient indicators and profit margin with scenario planning using engineering economics method. The results of this research indicate that the damage coefficient of this field of insurance is much lower than the whole insurance industry and have a suitable and very high profit margin. Therefore, due to the low damage coefficient and high profit margin and the stability of these types of insurance, their profitability is confirmed economically and investment and providing insurance coverage is adequately justifiable for these types of risk.


Creating and remembering strong passwords is essential to ensure overall system security. This paper presents two studies that evaluate acronym based passwords and system generated passwords in terms of memorability and user perception. Keywords—Password Security, Authentication, Human Factors


Radiocarbon measurement of a sample drilled from the wooden ball of the Ambassadors' globe has shown that it is modern. The full details of this measurement, which was made at the British Museum Radiocarbon Laboratory by the liquid scintillation counting technique, are given in this article.


Dihydropteridine reductase (DHPR) is one of the key enzymes for maintaining in the organism the supply of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an essential cofactor for aromatic amino acid hydroxylases. Its dysfunction causes the condition of hyperphenylalaninemia together with the lack of neurotransmitters.


Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 is an example of a Union policy subject to harmonisation measures. It concerns the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) and establishes the European Chemicals Agency. In its essence the REACH Regulation makes it illegal to place on the market a chemical substance without authorisation or beyond the bounds of a restriction on its use. The whole process is very onerous and has developed into an industry of its own. Article 126 of the REACH Regulation requires Member States to "lay down the provisions on penalties applicable for infringement of (the) Regulation" and to take "all measures necessary to ensure that they are implemented". There then follows the stock phrase: "The penalties provided for must be effective, proportionate and dissuasive". The European Commission outsourced the monitoring of the Member States implementation of Article 126 of the REACH Regulation to a body called Milieu, Environmental Law and Policy. Bearing in mind that the REACH Regulation is pure EU law the results of the Milieu survey of March 2010 are no less than staggering. The enforcement methods are summarised as follows:


The rheological properties, stability, conductivity and the oil droplet diameters of whey protein stabilized emulsions were studied at a constant oil concentration of 30% (v/v), and single two-stage and double one-stage homogenization. The Herschel-Bulkley model fitted the shear stress-shear rate data. All emulsions exhibited shear thinning behavior. Fluid consistency indices and yield stress were usually much higher for double homogenized emulsions and ranged from 0.115-2.028 and 0.181-1.774, respectively. The mean volume-surface diameters (Dvs) for these emulsions were lower (2.23-2.89 μm) compared to the single two-stage homogenized emulsions (3.86-4.74 μm). This was, however, not in accordance with emulsion stability. The smaller oil droplets diameters did not respond to the higher emulsion stability. Conductivity data indicated a finer distribution of oil droplets in the single two-stage homogenized emulsions.


Tribological behavior of plasma-treated silicon nitrides was investigated. The coefficient of friction was measured with a tri-pin-on-plate machine lubricated with a small amount of commercial engine oil. Some of the tests on plasma-treated silicon nitride specimens resulted in a coefficient of friction as low as 0.01, while other tests showed normal values around 0.12. A high bias voltage and a relatively low substrate temperature were thought to be responsible for the ultra-low friction behavior. The surface was analyzed by scanning probe microscopy in order to clarify the friction mechanisms involved.


This paper proposes a rigorous and repeatable measurement procedure to analyze the effects of magnetic interferences on Linear Variable Differential Transformer sensors. This issue is neither addressed in the sensor datasheet, nor in the scientific literature. The potential of the method and the performance of an automated test bench, that implements the procedure, are proved by measuring the drift of the position reading due to external magnetic interferences on a commercial LVDT. Finally, the repeatability of the test bench is shown.


This paper outlines the broad concepts of phase shifted mask technology, off-axis illumination, and pupil-plane filtering for high resolution optical lithography and forecasts the impact these will have on 0.35 and 0.25 micron device fabrication. The limits of these technologies are assessed.


Background: Endoscopic resection of colloid cysts has gained popularity as a less invasive alternative to removal via open craniotomy. Previous publications have emphasized that recurrence rates are low after endoscopic removal of colloid cysts even when the resection is subtotal. Case Description: We review the case of a 36 year-old man who underwent endoscopic resection of a large colloid cyst. All of the cyst contents and the majority of the cyst wall were removed, with a small remnant of the cyst wall left behind. Postoperative imaging studies immediately after surgery and six weeks later did not definitively demonstrate residual colloid cyst. A subsequent MRI scan nearly seven months post-operatively demonstrated a definitive recurrence of the colloid cyst, which was ultimately removed via an open craniotomy. Conclusions: This unusually rapid recurrence of a colloid cyst following endoscopic resection has not been well-documented in previously published literature. This case is reported to alert neurosurgeons that close radiographic follow-up is important after endoscopic resection of colloid cysts and to add to the ongoing debate regarding the optimal means of managing these lesions.


Congress' unprecedented funding in the annual budget of two large scale on-going operations–the NATO operation in Bosnia and the coalition operation in Southwest Asia–beginning in FY1996 has not resolved the problem because changes in the plans for those operations have required the Administration to draw on funds planned for other activities. Supplemental appropriations, which require recission of previously-approved funding if they are not to increase the budget, continue to play a large part in funding these operations. ht tp :/ /w ik ile ak s. or g/ w ik i/ C R S98 -8 23 Congressional Research Service  ̃The Library of Congress CRS Report for Congress Received through the CRS Web 98-823 F Updated March 29, 1999 Military Contingency Funding for Bosnia, Southwest Asia, and Other Operations: Questions and Answers Nina M. Serafino Specialist in International Security Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, and Trade Division


Twentieth-century global financial architectural solutions are outdated and have been found wanting. They are fundamentally structural solutions and continuing to rely on them would be to run the risk of repeating our mistakes. We must look to twenty-first century solutions. Solutions created post-1945 need replacing with networked solutions, reflecting what we see in the Internet and its development. These are not fanciful notions but concepts that have already been successfully modelled, albeit in a relatively narrow sphere. What we need is a mechanism by which global financial standards can be implemented in every jurisdiction around the world. This paper proceeds from the premise that the nexus between investor confidence and financial market stability is a crucial one, and one that a regulatory approach can impact. It discusses the international regulatory environment and the role of key players in the emerging global financial architecture, in particular the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO). It also examines the potential that mutual recognition offers for the trans-Tasman market.


This study is directly influenced by the recent sudden and rapid increase in the interest and demand of Mandarin provision across schools in the UK. The shortage of teachers and a negative climate of language learning have resulted in a knee-jerk reaction in which the importation of language and language teachers is in danger of imposing unproblematised assumptions upon the notions of language, culture and pedagogy. This research looks into the ideological conceptualisation of Mandarin teaching in British schools through the eyes of teachers of Mandarin. Taking stock of TESOL methodology and my position as a Mandarin teacher, I draw on the abundant narratives of fellow teachers to investigate how their perceptions of professional self construct the world of Mandarin teaching in which an intersection of conflicting and competing discourses suggest enduring problems in teacher training for Mandarin teachers in the UK.


Prof. He Kekang put forward that "The blended learning mode integrates strengths of both traditional teaching and network teaching". Teaching modes optimization and revolution is fueled by rapid development of modern web-based teaching technologies promoted by the "internet plus" era. Micro-chat, Micro-blog, Micro-movie, Micro-shop, Micro-video and the like have portrayed a "micro epoch" when students in universities pay more and more attention to "micro" which refers to features of "short, essential and fast". Consequently, short-term effective micro-lecture with essential contents exactly fits for cognitive characteristics of modern students. Blended learning mode flexibly integrates foreign language micro-lecture and traditional teaching would remarkably improves the effect of foreign language teaching no matter students learn from movable platform or from websites using personal computer.


This article deals with the problem of relative complexity problems estimation at the thematic competitions among pupils and students. The experience shows that the grades (in points) given by organizers for correct solving of problems do not often correspond the statistics given after inspection. The main difficulties here are connected with the problem that it's impossible to give any formal ground, formulate a multipurpose criterion for such estimation. Even for academic school problems the correlation ratio between expert and statistical estimation may be less than 0.5. Nevertheless, adequate interrelationship of points and difficulties of solving mathematical problems facilitates more fair arranging of participants taking into account their knowledge and skills level, which is the main purpose of any test, academic competition, contest. The present work suggests the calculation method of the most adequate estimation. It is based on the results of the works of the conducted academic competition and therefore the results are considered to be of posteriori character. Two criteria of adequate estimation of complexity are formulated and relevant mathematic problems for each of them are given. The conducted analysis for specific academic competitions let us make conclusions concerning the correctness of problems relative estimation, the occurrence of insignificant problems among given etc. In particular, abundant number of


[Objective]The relationship between soil moderate and micro nutrients in tobacco growing areas and quality of tobacco leaves was investigated to provide basis for reasonable fertilization in tobacco plantations.[Method]The correlation between soil moderate and micro nutrients and quality of tobacco leaves was analyzed using canonical correlation analysis.[Result]Available Fe,available Cu and rapidly available S contents were correlated with total sugar,nicotine,total N and reducing sugar content of leaves.The average available Fe,available Cu and rapidly available S content were recorded as 32.89,1.69 and 31.42 mg/kg,respectively.Rapidly available S,exchangeable Ca,available zinc and water soluble B were found to be correlated with petroleum ether,browning reaction products,cembranoid decomposing products,carotenoid decomposing products and neophytadiene components of aroma.The average available Ca,available zinc and soluble B content were recorded as 13.44,1.91 and 0.24 mg/kg,respectively.[Conclusion]Soil nutrients were canonically correlated with chemical components and aroma composition of tobacco leaf.Due to general deficiency of moderate and micro nutrients in soils of Luzhou tobacco growing area,their concentration should be kept higher in fertilizers for improving quality of tobacco leaf in Luzhou tobacco growing areas.


Epidemiologists measure the effect of air pollution on mortality by calculating the number of premature deaths caused by pollution peaks. Does demographic analysis improve this measure? We classified in three terciles the districts of the census in 4 French metropoles according to their degree of pollution. The mortality of the population of these three terciles was compared. At 30 years old there is 4 years difference in life expectancy between the two extreme groups. Adjusted for the total population, the excess mortality in the districts with high mortality is 42 000 annual deaths. The relative risk of people living in the most polluted districts of 1.05. These three results are obtained with the same life tables, only differs the nature of the indicators. Which ones should be favored? The difference in life expectancy and the number of deaths are the most telling indicators for the population. But these two indicators do not control the effect of the variables associated with mortality in these districts. The relative risk associated with a high pollution measured with a Cox regression makes it possible to control the effect of these variables.


In this paper, we present an efficient way to denoise bivariate data like height fields, color pictures or vector fields, while preserving edges and other features. Mixing surface area minimization, graph flow, and nonlinear edge-preservation metrics, our method generalizes previous anisotropic diffusion approaches in image processing, and is applicable to data of arbitrary dimension. Another notable difference is the use of a more robust discrete differential operator, which captures the fundamental surface properties. We demonstrate the method on range images and height fields, as well as greyscale or color images. CR Categories: I.3.7 [Computer Graphics] Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism; I.4.3 [Image Processing and Computer Vision] Enhancement.


Traffic spillover is a kind of extreme traffic jam phenomenon,which can lead to serious disorder of traffic system.Identification algorithm should be carried out first in order to realize traffic spillover control,so the fuzzy identification algorithm was presented based on fuzzy inference theory.The fuzzy identification inference machine took the car queue rate and road average speed as the input language variables,and the traffic spillover severity index as the output variable.Mamdani was adopted as the implication method.Based on the definition of basic language domain and discrete language domain,the fuzzy query rules table was built based on traffic experts' knowledge.Finally,the simulation results indicate the correct rate of identification reaches 98%,which proves the fuzzy inference method is a good tool to recognize the state of traffic spillover.


Artificially ripened mango is harmful for health due to generation of some toxic chemicals. An electrochemical biosensor based on a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was prepared for identifying artificial ripening of mango through its biomarker Furaneol (FU). Furaneol is found disappear on exposure to acetylene during artificial ripening. Methacrylic acid (MAA) copolymerized with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was utilized in developing FU imprinted sensor. The response characteristics of the sensor were evaluated by measuring the current response to FU with sensitivity factor of 0.017 A/M with wide detection range. The sensor response found to be highly selective to FU irrespective of other interfering analytes. The limit of detection of the graphite based poly-MAA imprinted Furaneol (PMAA-FU/G) sensor is 11 nM with wide linear detection range of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.5~\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>– <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$500~\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Further the sensor was applied to natural and acetylene treated mangoes and compared with GC-MS data. The sensor is very successful with high recovery and sensitivity.


This paper investigates the achievable rate region of the multiple-input single-output (MISO) interference channel aided by intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRSs). We exploit the additional design degree of freedom provided by the coordinated IRSs to enhance the desired signal and suppress interference so as to enlarge the achievable rate region of the interference channel. To this end, we jointly optimize the active transmit beamforming at the transmitters and passive reflective beamforming at the IRSs, subject to the constant modulus constraints of reflective beamforming vectors. To address the non-convex optimization problem, we propose an iterative algorithm to optimize the transmit beamforming via second-order cone program (SOCP) and the reflective beamforming via the semi-definite relaxation (SDR). Numerical results demonstrate that the performance of the IRS-aided interference channel with the proposed algorithm can significantly outperform the conventional interference channel without IRS.


An 89 year old woman was admitted with a six week history of severe watery brown diarrhoea. She had not travelled recently or changed her diet, but she had lost half a stone (3 kg) in weight. She had a history of diverticulosis, recurrent urinary tract infections, and hypertension but no family history of cancer. She was a non-smoker who lived alone and was independently mobile with a frame, requiring no package of care.

On examination she was afebrile, her pulse was 95 beats/min, and her blood pressure was 150/88 mm Hg. Her abdomen was soft and non-tender. Per rectal examination and a plain abdominal film were unremarkable. Bloods on admission showed raised inflammatory markers, and within days of admission her electrolytes became deranged, with hypernatraemia (sodium 158 mmol/L) and hypokalaemia (potassium 2.5 mmol/L). Blood gas results showed a metabolic alkalosis (pH 7.52, pCO2 37 mm Hg, bicarbonate 31 mmol/L) and hyperchloraemia (chloride 116 mmol/L). Cloudy urine, which was positive for Escherichia coli , was collected after insertion of a urinary catheter. Stool culture and Clostridium difficile toxin were negative. Flexible sigmoidoscopy showed sigmoid diverticulosis, and a random biopsy showed a mild increase in chronic inflammatory cells.

Figures 1⇓ and 2⇓ show axial and sagittal computed tomograms of the abdomen

Fig 1 Axial computed tomogram of the abdomen

Fig 2 Sagittal computed tomogram of the abdomen


Applications for adaptive (sometimes also called smart) Cyber-Physical Systems are blossoming thanks to the large volumes of data, sensed in a continuous fashion, in large distributed systems. The benefits of these applications come nonetheless with a price: the need for jointly addressing challenges in efficient data communication and analysis (among others). The goal of the DRIVEN framework, presented here, is to address these challenges for a data gathering and distance-based clustering tool in the context of vehicular networks. Because of the limited communication bandwidth (compared to the volume of sensed data) of vehicular networks and the monetary costs of data transmission, the intuition behind DRIVEN is to avoid gathering the data to be clustered in a raw format from each vehicle, but rather to allow for a streaming-based error-bounded approximation, through Piecewise Linear Approximation, to compress the volumes of data to be gathered. At the same time, rather than relying on a batch-based clustering algorithm that requires all the data to be first gathered (and then clustered), DRIVEN relies on and extends a streaming-based clustering algorithm that leverages the inherent ordering of the spatial and temporal data being collected, to perform the clustering in an online fashion, while data is being retrieved. As we show, based on our prototype implementation using Apache Flink and our evaluation with real-world data such as GPS and LiDAR, the accuracy loss for the clustering performed on the reconstructed data can be small, even when the raw data is compressed to 10-35% of its original size, and the transferring of data itself can be completed in up to one-tenth of the duration observed when gathering raw data.


In article number https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201902726, Xinmao Yin, Andrew T. S. Wee, and co‐workers observe 1D mid‐IR range anisotropic plasmons in quasi‐metallic WSe2 and MoS2 monolayers. In‐depth analysis reveals that the long‐range inter‐chain coupling is responsible for the 1D‐charge dynamics and the plasmon energy is dictated by the effects of spin–orbit coupling. Detailed investigation into these collective modes in 2D‐chained systems opens new opportunities for novel device applications and holds significant implications to the underlying mechanism that governs superconductivity in 2D‐transition‐metal dichalcogenide systems.


Map-based, graphical and statistical evaluations of the AUSGeoid93 and AUSGeoid98 geoid models of Australia are made using a nation-wide set of 1013 GPS-AHD control points. It is shown that AUSGeoid98 is the superior model for the transformation of GPS-derived ellipsoidal heights to the Australian Height Datum (AHD), especially in mountainous and coastal regions. These results illustrate the benefits of using additional topographic height and satellite altimeterderived gravity data in computing AUSGeoid98, since these data were not used in the computation of AUSGeoid93.


Spanish Abstract: En este articulo se examina la condicion normativa de la teoria de la decision racional (TDR) en cuanto guia, marco analitico — para la evaluacion normativa — y teoria — para la explicacion/prediccion — de la accion; ademas, se explica cual es su justificacion conceptual y preceptiva a traves del concepto de racionalidad instrumental. Se controvierte la afirmacion con la cual la Prospect Theory, de Kahneman & Tversky, pone en riesgo la condicion normativa de la TDR, y se discuten algunas afirmaciones frecuentes y equivocadas acerca de su alcance teorico y su aplicacion.English Abstract: This article examines the normative presumption in Rational Choice Theory (RCT) as a tool to understand the actions of protagonists, as an analytical framework for the normative assessment of actions taken and as a theory capable of explaining and/or predicting them. It employs instrumental rationality techniques to provide an account of the conceptual and prescriptive justification of the presumption. The article argues against the claim of Prospect Theory (Kahneman and Tversky) according to which the normative presumption undermines the normative power of RCT. The article also discusses some common and mistaken claims about the proper theoretical scope and application of RCT.


Intrinsic factors are known to play an integral part in skeletal morphogenesis (Willis, 1936; Fell, 1956). In particular, it has recently been demonstrated that the humerus (Felts, 1959) and femur (Chalmers & Ray, 1962) of the mouse develop, grow, and in many ways preserve their distinctive form when transplanted to non-functional sites. However, it is also widely recognized that internal and external environmental factors are important in determining skeletal growth and form (Sissons, 1956). The aim of this paper is to examine some of these extrinsic factors in terms of the effects of various types of host on the growth of subcutaneous transplants of the mouse humerus. The factors studied were environmental temperature, age and genotype including sex. It has been shown that the growth of the tail and foot of the mouse is influenced by environmental temperature, with higher temperatures producing longer extremities (Sumner, 1909; Harrison, Morton & Weiner, 1959).


The constraint of resources to the economic growth is focused by the theoretical cycles in the present. The present research of circular economy theory is negatively influenced by traditional economics. As the core of circular economy, reduction of resource is to reduce potential meaningless consumption before and during production, to avoid excess product resulted from excess competitions under mass production- and to achieve the balance of production and sale in microeconomic fields and the balance of aggregate supplement and aggregate demand in macroeconomic fields. In order to achieve the goal, it is necessary to reengineer the economic process, that is, making exchange ahead of production through replacement of material resources with information resources, in other words, virtual exchange in advance.


Objective To report the curative effects of sural neurouascular flaps to repair the skin and soft tissue defects in dorsum of foot and explore it's indication.Methods Distally-based sural neurocutaneous vascular flaps were used in 21 patients to repair the skin and soft tissue defects in dorsum of foot.Among them,5 flaps' distal margin arrived or surpassed metatarsophalangeal joints,the area of flap was about 6 cm×4 cm to 15 cm×13 cm.Results Among the 21 cases,16 flaps that had not been arrived metatarsophalangeal joints survived totally,but marginal necrosis taken place in 3 flaps among these 5 cases arrived or surpassed metatarsophalangeal joints,the 2 cases that had been anastomesed small saphenous vein with dorsum pedis vein survived totally.Conclusion Distally-based sural neurocutaneous vascular flap is ideal to repair soft tissue defects in dorsum of foot,the farthermost end it repaired can arrive metatarsophalangeal joints.


A flyer about dealing with anger dropped out of my magazine the other day and it really got my goat. It annoyed me so much I had to put my teacup down with an unusually loud clatter.


A broad emission feature, varying in less than five months, was observed in the spectrum of the QSO 1612+261 and may be identified as He I λ3889. Such a line may be produced in optically thin clouds in which He I λ5876 is not enhanced by collisional excitation. Another possible identification as [Ne III] λ3867 would suggest the existence of clouds of density 107^ cm-3^. The observations indicate that the broad-line region of this QSO may be on the order of a light-month.


PT. Telekomunikasi Selular is a company engaged in the mobile telecommunications business industry in Indonesia. The company uses outsourcing employees for several positions, one of which is the administrative position to support of the company activities. The purpose of this research is to 1) analyze the influence of job insecurity on the motivation of employee outsourcing business support at PT. Telekomunikasi Selular Branch Medan; 2) analyze the influence of job insecurity on the performance of employee outsourcing business support at PT. Telekomunikasi Selular Branch Medan; 3) analyze the influence of motivation on the performance of employee outsourcing business support at PT. Telekomunikasi Selular Branch Medan; 4) analyze the influence of job insecurity on the performance of employee outsourcing business support through motivation as intervening variable at PT. Telekomunikasi Selular Branch Medan. Population in this research is employee outsourcing PT. Telkomsel Medan Branch which has 132 people with a sample of 99 people. The engineering samples used in this research is Simple Random Sampling  technique. Data analysis method used is path analysis. The results showed that 1) Job insecurity has a negative and significant impact on the motivation of employee outsourcing bussiness support at PT. Telkomsel Branch Medan. 2) Job insecurity has a negative and significant impact the performance of employee outsourcing bussiness support at PT. Telkomsel Branch Medan. 3) Motivation has a positive and significant impact on the performance of employee outsourcing bussiness support at PT. Telkomsel Branch Medan. 4) Job insecurity has a negative and significant impact on the performance of employee outsourcing bussiness support through work motivation at PT. Telkomsel Branch Medan.


In the past quarter-century, an array of efforts to respond to histor ic white-onblack violence in the United States has surfaced. These responses h ave taken various forms, including calls for slavery reparations, projects to memori alize lynching victims, re-prosecutions of civil-rights era "cold case" murders, stateissued apologies for slavery and inaction on lynching, efforts to change school curricula to incorpora te more information on white terrorism after the fall of slavery, and more . This paper theorizes the concept of memory movements to pull together these efforts that prior research has considered separately, or in some cases, has barely considered. It outlines this set of efforts and documents the varied goals and strategies pursued by me mory-activists around past U.S. racial violence. As resurgent attention to past racia l violence in the U.S. is one set of cases in the more general memory movement phenomenon, I t hen use the set of cases to develop several hypotheses about the origins, development, int rrelationships, and impacts of memory movements, grounding these hypothe sis in xtant scholarship and suggesting their utility for further work at the i nt rsection of collective memory and social movement studies.


For infrared detection target signal uncertainty problem,a robust matched filter algorithm was presented.Based on Parceval theorem,the uncertain spectral model of infrared target signal was established by qualitative analyzing the target signal spectrum distortion source,and signal spectrum distortion associated factors were analyzed.The saddle-point solution for Signal-to-Noise of robust matched filtering was constructed using the minimax method,and the most negative signal spectrum was obtained with Genetic Algorithm of minimax bilevel optimization.Then transfer function of the robust matched filter was designed based on the classical matched filter.The simulation results show that Signal-to-Noise of robust matched filtering under low background noise can significantly eliminate the Signal-to-Noise over-sensitivity to the abnormal change of infrared input signal spectrum,and spectral Signal-to-Noise compensatio in signal spectral is the highest to nenergy distortion,followed by correlation peak distortion,spectral related distortion to at least.


Reliable quantification of methods for surface and depth profiling analysis depends on the avallability of reference materials for calibrations. Since precision of depth profiling analysis procedures reaches the 1-2% level, the elemental contents in reference materials should be characterized with according accuracy. As an example, we prepared depth profiling reference materials by cobalt ion implantation at an ion energy of 300 keV into n-typoe silicon; the implanted Co dose was monitored by ion current measurement (ICM)


The difficult economic situation in our country provoked a decrease in sales of new cars. Russian people prefer to buy the car with a run and to repair it. The average term of exploit of the car in Russia makes 13 years. The term of exploit of the car is higher, the more it is necessary to repair it, what`s promotes development of car service. The most responsible, metal-consuming and expensive part of the car is the body. Wilding in the of protective gas is the main mode of repair metal details of a car body, nevertheless the technologies of repair by glue materials are even more often used. There is no uniform theory of adhesion today that complicates forecasting the result of interaction of an adhesive and substratum. The glue structure is not capable to isolate the surface of metal from electrolyte, what can lean to formation products of corrosion between a substratum and adhesive which destroy glue connection. Therefore preparation of a metal surface car body before putting glue form-building material or a covering is one of the most important operations at repair of a car body. The special modes of preparation metal surface, such as putting soil on metal and modification of a metal surface by rust converters, primers converters and by organoelement`s compounds are the greatest interest. The application provides the best results of adhesion glue`s materials eventually. As modifiers the surface of metal widely used organosilicon`s and organotitan`s connections and also apply surfactants. Thus, application, modifiers of a steel surface promotes increase in the adhesion durability of a glue connection and corrosion resistance of the repaired metal detail of car body.


A residual gas ionization profile monitor has been recently installed in the CERN proton synchrotron. We present the design for a novel and simplified field cage structure that suppresses the secondary electrons that are induced by the ionized ions. We discuss the field cage design and the beam size and emittance systematic error considering the non-uniformity of the fields, the space-charge effect of the beam, and the lattice parameter errors.


The rise in population amidst climate change has exerted undue pressure on food production and security. Rice production has also been adversely affected by rising temperature and varying rainfall resulting in reduced productivity. In order to cope with the negative impact of climate change events on rice production, farmers need strengthen and improve their adaptive capacity. Therefore, a study was conducted to empirically estimate the factors affecting the adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural ( CSA) practices in rice production. Multistage sampling procedure was employed to select the representative rice farmers for the study. With the aid of oral interview and questionnaires, information were elicited from 90 farmers. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tools and univariate probit model. Results revealed that majority ( 62.5 percent) of rice farmers were women, 75 percent were married, 67.5 percent were within economically active age and 85 percent had post primary education. Findings further showed that education level of farmers, family size, farm income and access to information on climate change were positively and directly related to rice farmers willingness to adopt climate smart agricultural practices at 1 percent and 5 percent levels of significance respectively. Result also showed that about 55.85 percent of rice farmers in the study location received information on climate change from village meetings, friends, relatives and other farmers. Agricultural policies that aimed at increasing incomes of rice farmers and creating awareness on climate change will be rational decision.


ABSTRACT We investigate the consequences of adopting a new accrual-based relief mechanism on private firms' borrowing capacity. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Italian government implemented a temporary change in accounting rules that allowed firms to suspend up to the entire amount of their depreciation and amortisation charges. Using a sample of Italian firms from 2018 to 2021 and a difference-in-differences model, we show that the depreciation and amortisation suspension policy (DASP) adopters, compared to non-adopters, access larger loans and negotiate a lower cost of debt than in the pre-DASP period. Our results are robust to additional tests for potential endogeneity and confounding factors such as earnings management and the adoption of other accounting-based relief mechanisms. We provide evidence that accrual-based relief mechanisms have real economic effects and are effective measures to support firms in managing a systemic shock.


Abstract : Investigation of the biological effects of abrupt acceleration (impact) was stimulated by the advent of technical advances in aerospace flight such as high performance aircraft, ejection seats and, later, manned rockets. Anticipated exposure to abrupt dynamic forces by aviation and space flight crew members necessitated the establishment of useful tolerance criteria as a means of predicting survival in the impact environment. Efforts directed toward this goal used two complementary approaches. i.e., the development of criteria based on the mechanical characteristics and response of the body to impact, and the biological response to impact evaluated in terms of clinical and physiological observations. A wealth of data pertaining to the injurious effects of abrupt acceleration is available from automotive and aircraft accidents. However, these data are of limited value in assessing limits of tolerance as concerns the operational situation. Analysis of accidental impact injury data is of greater benefit in arriving at an all-or-none criterion, i.e., survival vs non-survival. In the operational environment of impact, one is vitally interested in that grey zone between no effect and gross Injury or death. For example, the pilot who survives an aircraft crash, but who is injured or unconscious so that he cannot protect himself from secondary environmental conditions such as fire, would not consider survival a suitable tolerance limit for the impact.


The paper analyzes what development perspectives for productive forces of the North-East regions would make the deliveries of material resources and goods to these regions higher. The completion of the Amur-Yakutsk Mainline, as well as the projects on construction of a railway towards Magadan and development of a year-round highway network would completely transform a product distribution network connecting with the North-East regions. We present our assessment of feasibility of redistribution of the intra-regional cargo traffic, a pattern of the transport-logistic centers network and zones of their impact. We prove that import-export of material resources and goods can become more efficient should the cargo traffic if redistributed from the river transport to the Baikal-Amur Mainline, railway transport of Yakutia and Trans-Siberian Railway. The growing cargo traffic from the North-East regions will require the reconstruction of these strategic mainlines.


The invention belongs to the field of cogged ingot continuous casting production and especially relates to a gradient curvature raised roller of a tension leveler for cogged ingot continuous casting and a use method. The gradient curvature raised roller of the tension leveler provided by the invention is composed of a roller shaft and a roller body, wherein the roller body is composed of an edge area, a gradient curvature area and a flat roller area; the gradient curvature area is composed of an arcing area and an arc-varying area; the arc curvature between an arcing point and an arc-varying point of the arcing area is gradually increased; the arc curvature between the arc-varying point and an arc-ending point of the arc-varying area is gradually reduced; the flat roller area is raised relative to the edge area. At least four tension levelers with the gradient curvature raised rollers are used for pressing a cogged ingot continuous casting slab; during the pressing process, the average temperature of the surface of the continuous casting slab is controlled at above or equal to 800 DEG C and the temperature difference of surface center and corner is at below or equal to 150 DEG C; lastly, the continuous casting slab with improved central segregation and loosening is acquired. The smooth transition between the flat roller area and the raised roller area is realized by the gradient curvature raised roller provided by the invention and the crack defect caused by the stress concentration of the transition area is effectively avoided.


M. N. Matelan recently developed an abstract model for the control system design process (Matelan, 1976). Several features of this CSD model make it an attractive structure for an automated design system. These features include a method of stating the design problem independant of any realization technology and an approach which divides the design problem into a series of contingencies to be tested, related tasks to be performed as necessary, and a monitor strategy which controls the time sequencing of these contingency/task pairs. The concept of hardware binding is also introduced, which facilitates the simultaneous development of hardware and software.


In bulk port supply chains, products move from several source points (storage sheds) to various destination points (other storage sheds or vessels and trucks' loading stations). The concern in such ports is increasing the value of delivering customer-specific products on time by choosing the best transportation routes among a complex real-world belt-conveyor routes network. This routing problem plays a crucial role in reducing charges related to waiting and tardiness in loading and stocking operations. In this paper, we propose a mixed integer linear program that considers jointly: routing constraints and interactions with stocking and loading operations. We propose a second model with pre-processing and reduction techniques to enhance computational performance. The two models are tested on 126 generated instances with up to 1590 routes (the real matrix of routes of a real industrial application). The results reveal a striking difference between the first and the second models in terms of $(i)$ the number of instances that could be handled (6 versus 111 out of 126); $(ii)$ the number of instances solved to optimality (5% versus 71%). The models are promising and respond to the needs regarding integration between the routing, which is the main operation in the fertilizer and phosphate port supply chain, and other operations, such as stocking and loading. The integration of the proposed models toward a real-time planning/control integrated system is discussed.


GSR have been designed to have high and stable yields either under optimum or less chemical and water input conditions which is much required to meet the challenge of maintaining food security in Indonesia. This research aimed to test heritability and genetic variability of agronomic traits of GSR lines selected in Indonesia. Eighteen promising GSR lines identified from the second and third batch of IRRI bred GSR lines were tested along with Ciherang and Inpari 13 as check. The trial was conducted under irrigated conditions during WS2013 at ICRR Experimental Station in Sukamandi by transplanting at 21 days old seedlings with 20 x 20 cm spacing in a 6 m2 plot size laid out in a randomized complete block design of 3 replications. Heritability analysis showed that all traits had high heritability unless seed set and yield. All Traits had wide genetic variability unless yield. The tested lines had comparable yield with both checks. Among the lines, HHZ5-DT1-DT1 had been released for rainfed lowland named Inpari 46 GSR TDH.


The utility model discloses a spectrum calibration system based on interference spectrum phase information, which comprises a scanning light source, two broadband optical fiber couplers, a broadband optical fiber circulator, a calibration arm, a sample arm, a reference arm, a balanced detector, a data acquisition card and a computer. An unwrapping phase of an interference spectrum signal of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is obtained in the computer based on the digital Hilbert transformation by means of the interference spectrum signal generated by the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The phase is in linear relationship with the wave number of the scanning light source, and the equal interval interpolation is carried out by means of the unequal interval phase distribution to the optical coherence tomography signal to obtain optical coherence tomography signal sampling points in equal wave number interval distribution for an image reconstruction algorithm based on the Fast Fourier Transformation. The interpolation is carried out at all the sampling points acquired by the system, the signal-to-noise ratio of the reconstruction signal is improved, the actual axial resolution approximate to the ideal resolution is obtained, the algorithm is simple, and the real-time and high-sensitive calibration data processing and image reconstruction are realized.


Robert G. Brown's Statistical Forecasting for Inventory Control sketched out a dynamic inventory-control system with random demand and random lead time. For some reason, the system has had neither wide use nor further scrutiny. To rectify the situation, this paper puts both a more mathematical and a more meaningful basis under the system, and then discusses its actual operation and some possible extensions.


Abstract Wittgensteinian ethics, it may be thought, is committed to detailed examination of realistically described cases, and hence to eschewing the abstract hypothetical cases, many of them quite bizarre, found in much contemporary moral theorizing. I argue that bizarre cases may be helpful in thinking about ethics, and that there is nothing in Wittgenstein's approach to philosophy that would go against this. I examine the case of the ring of Gyges from the Republic; and I consider also some contemporary arguments about thought-experiments in philosophy.


The Reduced Basis Method (RBM) generates low‐order models of parametrized PDEs to allow for efficient evaluation of the input‐output behaviour in many‐query and real‐time contexts. The RBM approach is decomposed into a time‐consuming offline‐phase, which generates a surrogate model and an online phase, which performs fast parameter evaluations. Rigorous and sharp a posteriori error estimators play a crucial role in the greedy process to generate the surrogate model and give bounds to the output quantities in the online phase.


We study the Hochschild (co)homology of curved A∞ algebras that arise in the study of Landau–Ginzburg (LG) models in physics. We show that the ordinary Hochschild homology and cohomology of these algebras vanish. To correct this we introduce modified versions of these theories, Borel–Moore Hochschild homology and compactly supported Hochschild cohomology. For LG models the new invariants yield the answer predicted by physics, shifts of the Jacobian ring. We also study the relationship between graded LG models and the geometry of hypersurfaces. We prove that Orlov's derived equivalence descends from an equivalence at the differential graded level, so in particular the CY/LG correspondence is a dg equivalence. This leads us to study the equivariant Hochschild homology of orbifold LG models. The results we get can be seen as noncommutative analogues of the Lefschetz hyperplane and Griffiths transversality theorems. Contents 1. Introduction 305 2. A-infinity categories and the twist construction 312 3. Hochschild-type invariants of curved A-infinity algebras 319 4. Hochschild invariants of LG models 323 5. Orlov's results in the dg setting 328 6. Hochschild homology of LG orbifolds 333 Appendix A. Dg categories and dg quotients 336 References 340


The departure from perfect spherical symmetry in the case of fullerenes, C60 being the sole exception, induces instabilities due to the stresses generated by the pentagonal protrusions in the sigma-bonded surfaces. By assuming sigma and pi separability and treating pi electrons as a degenerate Fermi gas in the two shells around the central sigma structure, the resulting degeneracy pressures can further enhance the sigma-surface initiated instabilities for non-icosahedral structures especially for those smaller than C60 as well as the icosahedral fullerenes that are larger than C60, with large protrusions. Under certain circumstances the net degeneracy pressure across the sigma surface might have structure-stabilizing effect. The role of the pi electron degeneracy in a broad range of fullerenes from C20 to C1500 and its effects on fullerene stability is investigated.


We introduce a framework for filter layout optimization of a spectrally coded plenoptic camera. Based on optimized filter design the system performance is improved in terms of classification application.


The depth data mining of the students preference is beneficial to teach students in accordance with their aptitude. In this paper, a mining model of students preferences information based on improved AprioriTid algorithm for massive teaching data is proposed. Firstly, based on AprioriTid algorithm, the number of scanning database and transactions are reduced, and the transactions are divided into several disjoint parts, and local frequent itemsets and their support numbers are obtained. Secondly, the local frequent itemsets are updated to the candidates frequent itemsets to achieve the improvement of time efficiency. Thirdly, two measure standards, that is, the relevance and validity standards are added, so that the measure is no longer a single standard. Finally, higher accuracy of the association rules can be achieved. Simulation results show that the improved algorithm is superior to the correctness of the association rules and has good effect in the simulations of the students preferences information.


Objective:To compare the effects of different nursing mode in decreasing infection of hemodialysis catheter.Methods:84 patients treated with hemodialysis in our hospital from January 2008 to December 2010 were selected as research object,and they were randomly divided into control group(routine nursing mode group)42 cases and observation group(evidence-based nursing group)42 cases,then the infection rate of different parts,time of catheter,patients′ satisfaction rate,master situation of related knowledge,health maintenance habits and quality of life before and after the nursing of two groups were analyzed and compared.Results:The infection rate of different parts of observation group was lower than that of control group,the time of catheter was longer than that of control group,patients′ satisfaction rate was higher than that of control group,master situation of related knowledge and health maintenance habits were better than those of control group,quality of life was higher than that of control group,there were all significant differences.Conclusion:The effect of evidence-based nursing mode in decreasing infection of hemodialysis catheter is obvious,and it can significantly improve the related habits and quality of patients.


We present preliminary measurements of B meson decays to omegapi+, omegaK+, and omegaK0. The data were recorded with the BABAR detector and correspond to 88.9x10^6 BBbar pairs produced in e+e- annihilation at the Upsilon(4S) resonance. We find statistically significant signals for all three channels: B(B->omegapi+)=(5.4+/-1.0+/-0.5)x10^-6, B(B->omegaK+)=(5.0+/-1.0+/-0.4)x10^-6, and B(B->omegaK0)=(5.3^+1.4_-1.2+/-0.5)x10^-6. We also measure time-integrated charge asymmetries A_ch(omegapi+)=0.04+/-0.17+/-0.01 and A_ch(omegaK+)=-0.05+/-0.16+/-0.01.


Expected to further broaden and deepen the short-term electricity market in India, rollout of Security Constrained Economic Despatch (SCED) and the upcoming introduction of Real Time Market (RTM) are steps in that direction. The SCED optimises power procurement across ISGS plants, once state entities have finalised their respective schedule. The benefits of SCED are measurable and highlight the benefit of adopting broad-based market framework.

EAL is pleased to note that one of its key recommendations, adoption of the multi-period optimisation framework, is being adopted by POSOCO under the revised SCED procedure. In this issue of Power Chronicle, we identify some additional issues that deserve attention. Under the benefit sharing mechanism, adjustment towards reduction in part load operation on account of an increment in schedule needs to be incorporated to ensure that the DISCOMs do not end up paying for the part load plant operation that did not finally happen.

Absence of a liquid and broad based market product, which can help buyers as well as sellers to take market decisions closer to the time block, is being addressed through the RTM. Availability of a more reliable demand forecast, and latest known availability of the generation resources as well as the transmission network closer to the time block bridges the information gap in making 'real time' market decisions.

While theoretical underpinning of the RTM concept are established, the market outcome depends on the rules for market design and its operation. RTM being voluntary in nature, should be able to entice the URS capacity across the country. Mandating bidding of URS at their VC (plus the 7 paise margin) would ensure participation of generators which fully recover their fixed charges. This would enhance competition and liquidity in the RTM. Capacity building of DISCOMs and the SLDCs, enhancement of in-house skills and regulatory nudge to optimise cost of power procurement can enhance participation of the distribution utilities


This study aims to research the problems of a pre-saving system such as housing subscription time deposit, housing installment saving deposit and housing subscription saving deposit, and to suggest the improvements in those areas.^(1)) Until now the pre-saving system has played an important role in supplying the funds to housing banking institutions. A pre-saving system was possible because the situation of a housing demand greater than the actual housing supply. Recently the pre-saving system has been changed by factors such as a house for installment sale flexibly determined by the constructors and an increase in the housing supply rate. Such a change in the housing market has caused the problems of stable fund raising for the housing banking institution and these problems must improve in the long term. Compared to Korea, the Bauspar system of Germany is quite stable in terms of fund raising and the housing fund borrower can get loans more easily under lower interests from the bank despite the fluctuation of interest in the housing market. Here is the introduction of the Bauspar system of Germany also the suggestions for improvements in the pre-saving system in Korea.


Trade relations of the Safavid state with foreign countries
Trade is one of the most important economic activities, where the consumer gets to life through a point of communication between the producer and the consumer. Trade is divided into internal and external trade, where the internal trader's responsibility is to deliver and provide products and services within the geographical boundaries of the state. Foreign trade is the process of exchanging national economic products outside the country's geographical borders, as well as the transfer of ownership of products and resources to one another through the import and export process.
Therefore, trade is the important areas of life, which have become important factors that affected the economy (Iran) in a record period in the Safavid era, which led to the expansion and development of trade relations with neighboring countries abroad, and in order to recognize the importance of this aspect, this research Shows the importance of trade and its impact on political treaties of that era.
This research is divided into an introduction with three main sections, the first deals with domestic and foreign trade, while the second section highlights the attention on trade routes, either the third and last section was for the purpose of studying the commercial relations of Safavid with other Nations, which include the (Ottoman, The Portuguese, British, Dutch, French, and Russians).


Cardiovascular disease is progressively becoming a major cause of morbidity and mortality in women generally after menopause. In contrast to this general conception, the coronary morbidity and mortality in premenopausal Turkish women approaches that of Turkish men. In this study, our aim was to detect the prevalence of risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD) among 200 women aged 30 or over who live in the Kostence area and to inform individuals presenting with CHD risk factors. Twenty- seven women (13,5%) were current smokers. The body mass index of 168 participants (84%) was greater than 24.9 kg/m 2 and 32.5% of women were found to have total cholesterol levels of 200 mg/dl or above. The systolic and/or diastolic blood pressures were high in 86% of the hypertensive women and half of these women were not receiving any medication. Similarly, nearly half the diabetic women had unregulated blood glucose levels and 23.5% of them were not receiving any medication. Therefore, we would like to mention that in addition to the primary prevention and early detection of CHD, the compliance of patients with their treatment should be the focus of clinicians in order to minimize CHD morbidity and mortality.


The An active plan to conserve the seasonal customs is utilization. Seasonal customs provided vitalities to exhausting day from ancient times throughout all over the world. All of globally festivals such as Rio Carnival of Brazil, October Festival of Germany, Song kran Festival of Thailand and Naadam Festival of Mongolia originated from seasonal customs. Additionally, Gangneung Danoje festival and Ganggangsullae of korea including Binche Carnical of Belgium, Nogaku of Japan, Apsaras of Cambodia were designated world intangible heritages of UNESCO and enhanced the value of themselves. They have been applied to performances, musicals, movies, games as materials of diverse cultural contents, which have provided farmers to new sources of income and urban residents to the opportunity of traditional culture experience as theme of rural sightseeing. Therefore, the develoment of cultural contents using seasonal customs attachs value to traditional culture, which could become proper means to modernize easily and familiarly.


In order to quicken the construction of digital city, it proposes a design of City Grid-Coordinate Digital Map (CGCDM) based on Geographic Information System (GIS) and domain ontology. With the development of science technology, Geographic Infor-mation System (GIS) has gained many applications in fire succor for its strong inquire, analysis, management, transfer functions. Do-main ontology applies the UML and object-oriented technology to represent some important concepts, which can overcome some shortcomings with knowledge engineering specific methods and languages. Also, it applied the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to im-plement the shortest path decision. On the service stage of geographical information card and interactive platform of sound, note, net-work and broadcast, CGCDM help government manage conveniently, digitally house numbers in city, and it also decreases govern-ment's economic burdens.


The results of studies of phase transitions of KNO3, embedded in carbon nanotubes, are presented. It is shown that for KNO3 particles in nanotubes, a narrowing of the tempera-ture range of the existence of the ferroelectric phase is observed, similarly to what hap-pens in ferroelectric semiconductors. The results obtained indicate that the external screening from the side of the conducting matrix acts similarly to the screening of spon-taneous polarization in conducting ferroelectrics.


The use of mobile and fixed speed detection devices has long been a contentious issue. Traffic Intelligence and Planning Section of South Australia Police has conducted a review of the value of South Australia's mobile and fixed speed camera programs. As part of the review, the following factors were taken into consideration: the potential under-reporting of speed as a contributor to fatal crashes; the number of serious injury and fatal crashes excessive speed has caused or contributed to over the last 14 years; the rate of motorist compliance with speed limits over the last six years; demographics of fatal speeders; speed detection hours worked and differences in legislation across the States and Territories. The review compared the rate of speed detection across the speed detection devices used by South Australia Police. A comparison of crash and casualty data pre and post-fixed speed camera installation was conducted across six sites. There are multiple confounding factors which interact to influence driver behaviour. Nonetheless, one of the key findings of this review is speed detection deployments increase driver speed compliance and reduce the incidence of speed-related fatalities and serious injuries.


This study aimed to micropropagate linum hypocotyls (7day old seedlings) using tissue culture technique. Hypocotyls were cultured on agar solidified media. The media were supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of auxins and cytokinins. The study was extended to investigate possible means to increase plant tolerance to heat stress using salicylic acid.In addition, some physiological and biochemical responses were studied with comparing it with plants that have been directly grown from the grains and treated with salicylic acid. Moreover, the variations of protein pattern was studied and separated using gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl polyacrylamide. The study showed the presence of a marked change in the construction of some of the many peptides in studied plant indicate that hardening treatments may modulate the expression of gene or genes that encoding some adaptive or defensive proteins and thus raise the plant's resistance against heat stress. [S.A. Shehata, H.M. Mandururah & A.A. Alayafi. In Vitro Selection of linum callus Tolerant to High Temperatures and Plant Regeneration Using Tissue Culture Technique. Life Sci J 2014;11(9s):1-8]. (ISSN:1097-8135). http://www.lifesciencesite.com. 1


The study was conducted among the students of 1-3 courses of faculties of "General medicine" and "Public Health" by using the questionnaire Maslach Burnout Inventory. 300 students was studied. It has been proven that the professional deformation of doctor starts from the university. It was also noted that the deformation is more intense among the students of the "General Medicine" faculty. Emotional exhaustion of students noted for 1-2 courses, at the 3 rd course of study the rate level of exhaustion falls. It indicates that students'' adaptates to the conditions of the university.


ABSTRACT Rural development in the Chinese state's strategy has been a changing political-economic problematic. The state has practiced a strategic essentialism with regard to 'peasantry.' It has actively taken 'peasantry' as a temporary unifying master-category while at the same time working with the differences within the category for the long-term goal of transformation. The post-Mao contradiction, emphasizing the protection of the 'peasantry' while encouraging differentiation, offers contemporary struggles both opportunity and frustration. This essay examines how the rural has been conceptualized in reform-era policies and discusses two cases of scholar activism, the rural reconstruction movement and the food sovereignty network in China.


The present study aimed to quantify the polyphenols and evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanolic and aqueous extracts from eight medicinal plants used by the poultry farmers to manage avian diseases in Burkina Faso. Total phenolics and total flavonoids were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 reagents, respectively. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using three methods: 1,1-dipheenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2'-2-azino-bis (3-eethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The results obtained showed that aqueous extracts contain more total phenolics than methanolic extracts in contrary to the total flavonoids where methanolic extracts presented the best contents. The evaluation of the antioxidant activity by the three methods showed that the extracts exhibited an interesting activity. The methanolic and the aqueous extracts of Parkia biglobosa, Sclerocarya birrea, and Detarium microcarpum, are distinguished by a good capacity to scavenge free DPPH radicals than those of the standards (trolox and quercetin). The methanolic extracts of all plant samples have shown their superiority in terms of their ability to scavenge the ABTS radical cations compared to aqueous extracts. Compared to other plant extracts and quercetin the methanolic and aqueous extracts of D. microcarpum bark presented the best reducing power with the values of 5360.23 and 4584.55 µmol EAA / g extract, respectively. These different results could justify the traditional uses of these plants in the treatment of avian pathologies.

 Key words: Medicinal plants, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidant, poultry diseases.


In this work, an experimental approach to the electronic phenomena during the ageing of a metal-dielectric-metal model is performed, under the application of high impulse voltages of the form 250/2500 /spl mu/s. The outbreak of partial discharges in the above system may come as the result of impact ionization effect, and plays a very important role in the dielectric ageing procedure. The experimental results show an exponential increase of the free electron energy with the applied electric field, as a direct implication of the electron avalanche mechanism. The above energy involved with the partial discharges depends on the environmental temperature (partial discharges enhanced by temperature).


The innovative economy and business environment are important factors in socio-economic development of regions. In this paper, the analysis of the spatial differentiation of the socio-economic development level in Poland in the years 2000–2010 in the aspect of the innovative economy and the business environment has been carried out based on 13 characteristics related to the spatial units at the regional level (NUTS 2) and 3 characteristics relating to the local level (NUTS4). The resulting spatial distributions of economic growth and stagnation areas for 11 observations in the period from the year 2000 to 2010 made i t possible to identify the essential features of the development of these areas, and to identify factors influencing these distributions. The specific objectives of this analysis are as follows: 1. Identification of the spatial distribution of the development level in terms of: innovative economy and the business environment in Poland, leading to distinctions of the areas of growth and stagnation. 2. Analysis of the trajectory of the development of growth and stagnation areas in this aspect, including an attempt to answer to the degree to which the economic crisis has an impact on this part of economy. 3. Identification of factors affecting the distribution and variability of growth and stagnation areas in terms of: innovative economy and the business environment. This article presents the results of the research project "Socio-economic development and the development of the areas of growth and economic stagnation", funded by the National Science Centre (N N306 791940), conducted at the Department of Regional Studies University. Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan.


A person over the age of 60 years is reckoned as an elderly person or a senior citizen of a country. It is reported that the majority of elderly persons are females. Due to this reason, females were selected as predominant samples of this study. It could be concluded that the short term memory power of elders living among the affection, warmth and love of children in homes takes a different nature than that of the elders living in Elders homes in anticipation of kindness, sympathy and benevolence of their children. Accordingly, the above situation could be identified as the background of this study. "Short term memory power of elderly females living in Elders homes and Domestic residences" could be identified as the study problem of this research. The objective of this study is to identity the nature of memory power of elderly females living in Elders homes and to ascertain the differences of memory power of elderly females living in Domestic residences and Elders homes. The hypothesis of this study is that there is a specific difference between the short term memory power of elderly females living in Elders homes and of those living in domestic residences. The Questionnaire system was adopted as the data collection procedure of this study. Finally, the conclusion arrived as the result of this was that "The short term memory power of elderly females living in Domestic residences is much higher than that of the elderly females living in Elders homes".


The Monument to the Battle of the Nations (Völkerschlachtdenkmal) in Leipzig is in large parts made out of concrete. The inner dome roof is decorated with 342 cavalier sculptures of tamped concrete. The reliefs show severe damages as a result of the presence of moisture and salts. Binder elution and the corrosion of the armour owing to concrete carbonation are further damages. X-ray diffraction characterisation of efflorescences shows mainly sodium sulphate with high damaging potential. Surface deposits were analysed as calcite (CaCO3). The composition of historical concrete samples, determined by chemical analysis show a binder-to-aggregate relation of 1:4 wt-%. Microscopy investigations of polished thin sections show a high pore volume. For the conservation of the precious historical tamped concrete cavalier sculptures, the soluble salts were reduced by a threefold application of a bentonite-cellulose poultice. The desalination actions were examined by chemical concrete analyses showing a clearly detectable effective desalination of near surface concrete parts.


This article studies a smart grid dynamic wide area network where a friendly jammer is proposed to enhance the secrecy of the network. In the network, the smart meter (SM) in each household communicates with the full‐duplex meter data control unit (FD‐MDCU) via a decode‐and‐forward data aggregation unit in the presence of an eavesdropper. To improve the security of the network, the FD‐MDCU transmits jammer signal which interfere with the eavesdropper. It is assumed that all the household are not sending data at the same time, thus Markov chain is employed to model the number of active SM. Thus, to evaluate the performance of the proposed network, the closed‐form expressions of connection outage probability (COP), security outage probability, and secrecy throughput metrics are obtained. Moreover, more insight about the network performance is provide by obtaining the COP asymptotic expression at high signal‐to‐noise ratio. Also, the accuracy of the derived expressions is justified by Monte‐Carlo simulations. Our findings demonstrate the impact of network and channel parameters on the network security performance.


Summary. Congenital developmental defects of the central nervous system (CDD CNS) constitute one of the most acute medical-social problems of modern medicine, they determine and occupy a leading position in the structure of perinatal and infantile mortality rate and disability. Considerable moral-psychological and economical loss should be mentioned here as in the majority of cases these children are disabled since their childhood and require certain costs to perform therapeutic-rehabilitation measures. One of the ways to reduce the frequency of CDD CNS is detection of factors promoting their occurrence, pre-conceptual prevention and timely prenatal diagnostics. The article presents a clinical case of holoprosencephaly (HPE) in a term newborn girl with multiple congenital developmental defects (MCDD). The child was born to the first desired pregnancy undergoing against diffuse non-toxic goiter, gestational hypertension, and fetal hydrops. The mother was 24, with secondary education, worked as a dressmaker before and during early terms of pregnancy; the father was 28, with specialized secondary education, worked as a builder. Their marriage was registered. There were no bad habits found in the family couple. Heredity on the mother's and father's sides was not compromised. The woman was registered on the subject of her pregnancy in time. Prenatal ultrasound examination of the fetus on the 20th week of gestation detected non-immune edema of the fetus, development delay syndrome of the fetus, MCDD CNS (holoprosencephaly, schizencephaly) and heart (ventricular septal defect). The couple refused to interrupt pregnancy. The women delivered at the obstetrical in-patient department of the III level at the term of gestation of 38 weeks. The labour was physiological. The baby's body weight at birth was 1700 g, body length – 41 cm, head circumference – 26 cm, chest circumference – 26 cm. Assessment according to Apgar score at the end of the first and during the following minutes of life was 5 points. Assessment of physical development of the baby by means of percentile tables determined that the girl had "a small size to the gestational age" with the values of body weight and body length less than 10 percentiles. External examination of the child detected visible MCDD of the facial skeleton and numerous stigmas of dysembryogenesis including microcephaly, proboscis, and cryptophthalmus. General baby's condition at birth and during the whole period of treatment was assessed as severe at the expense of antenatal lesion of the fetus and manifestations of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Ultrasound examination determined the signs of MCDD from the side of the CNS (HPE, schizencephaly, external and internal hydrocephaly) and heart (ventricular septal defect (VSD)). Clinical diagnosis. The major one: MCDD (CDD CNS: HPE, external and internal hydrocephaly, schizencephaly; CDD of the sensory organs: proboscis, cryptophthalmus; CDD of the heart: VSD). Complications: multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Comorbid: small size at birth. In spite of an adequate treatment the infant's condition deteriorated, and on the 4th day the girl died. Postmortem diagnosis: the main one: MCDD (CDD CNS and sensory organs; HPE, external and internal hydrocephaly, schizencephaly; CDD of the heart: VSD, common arterial trunk; CDD of the endocrine system: hypoplasia of the adrenal glands). Complications: pronounced cerebral edema and pia mater. Atrophy of the cerebral cortex and focal leukomalacia of the brain. Bilateral diffuse atelectasis, alveolar and alveolar passages slump, dyslectic lungs. Focal lung emphysema. General venous plethora and dystrophic changes of the internal parenchymal organs. Swelling of the trunk and limbs. Comorbid: small size at birth. Therefore, HPE with severe form of CDD CNS occurring both in an isolated form and as a component of gene syndromes and chromosome diseases with MCDD, is characterized by a high mortality rate of children in early terms of the postnatal period. Optimization and timely prenatal diagnostics of this pathology is essential for its prevention and constitutes one of the main tasks of modern perinatal medicine. One of the topical and unsolved issues of management of children with HPE associated with MCDD is performing prenatal consulting of parents and solution of ethical questions concerning complete resuscitation aid in the maternity room and palliative aid during postnatal period.


Urgent therapeutic endoscopy is recommended for foreign bodies lodged in the upper gastrointestinal tract such as sharp and pointed objects, magnets, batteries, and large or long objects [1]. However, endoscopic foreign body extraction is sometimes difficult and time-consuming due to copious food residue. Gel immersion endoscopy is useful in securing the visual field from residue and bleeding [2, 3]. Here, we report the implementation of gel immersion endoscopy with enhanced visualization of a foreign body in the stomach, despite being filled with residue. A 20-year-old woman suffering from an exacerbation of post-traumatic stress disorder and developmental delay was admitted to our hospital having intentionally ingested an AA battery after dinner. The battery was observed by abdominal radiography to have been retained in the stomach; urgent endoscopy was contemplated for battery extraction. However, large amounts of food residue hindered visualization because of the timing of foreign body ingestion, following a meal (▶Fig. 1 a, ▶Fig. 2 a, b). To enhance visibility, we attempted turning the patient's body and using endoscopic suctioning; however, themaneuvers were ineffective. Therefore, after confirming the position of the battery under fluoroscopy, a gel substance (OS-1 Jelly; Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Tokushima, Japan) was injected through the forceps channel of the endoscope with an attachment (D-201-11804; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) equipped at the tip (▶Fig. 1b). The gel displaced the residue and dramatically enhanced visualization, facilitating detection of the battery (▶Fig. 2 c, ▶Fig. 3 a). In the gel-filled field, ensnaring the battery was facilitated (SD-210L15, Olympus) (▶Fig. 2d, ▶Fig. 3b, ▶Video 1). A flexible overtube (MD48519; Sumitomo Bakelite, Tokyo, Japan) was also used to protect the esophageal/ pharyngeal mucosa from injury by the battery and prevent aspiration. The extracted battery was 5 cm in length and was found intact (▶Fig. 4). Endoscopic extraction with gel immersion endoscopy was implemented easily and is potentially useful for ingestion cases complicated by large amounts of food residue. Endoscopy_UCTN_Code_TTT_1AQ_2AH


In this paper we present experimental and theoretical study of intersubband transitions at telecommunication wavelengths in GaN/AlN quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire substrates. Crossed Rutherford back-scattering and photoluminescence experiments show that strong in-plane carrier localization occurs due to thickness fluctuations at GaN/AlN interfaces. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and photo-induced absorption spectroscopy performed on doped and undoped samples reveal a systematic blue-shift of the e1–e2 transition due to many body interactions. A good agreement is achieved between experiment and self-consistent Schrodinger–Poisson calculations. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)