We provide a basis to select the optimal algorithm according to the specific observational conditions in ground-based astrometry, and clarify the loss of precision in the case of not achieving optimum. The principle of the centering algorithms based on model fitting is analyzed by the method of maximum likelihood. The effective point spread function (ePSF) algorithm, which can construct an accurate model to fit the star image, and the most widely used Gaussian centering algorithm are chosen to investigate the effect of different factors on centering precision. A series of synthetic star images with different backgrounds, full width at half maximums (FWHMs) and profiles are processed by these algorithms. The profiles include the actual profiles extracted from observations and the theoretical profiles, the spatial variation of the PSF across the detector is also taken into account. Each algorithm is applied to the observations obtained from Yunnan observatory to verify the simulation results. The simulations show that ePSF fitting is obviously more precise than Gaussian fitting for a Gaussian profile star with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). When the center of star profile becomes sharp, or the SNR of the star decreases, the advantage of ePSF fitting will gradually decrease. The high precision of ePSF fitting is due to its appropriate weight in the weighted least squares fitting. However, a similar method using the same weight, the weighted Gaussian fitting, turned out to be poor under some conditions. The reduction results of practical observations show good agree with the simulations. For a frame of CCD image with enough stars to construct accurate ePSFs, ePSF fitting can approach the Cramer-Rao (CR) bound. Other centering algorithms may achieve the same precision under suitable conditions, but will show poor precision when not used properly.


This paper presents a methodology for the generation of detection and classification models of light emitters in digital video frames for indoor and outdoor visible light communication applications, including the generation of a user interface for the generation of Datasets of light emitter characteristics. Showing that is possible to analyze the frames of video by applying a classification model, allowing the development of new models to decrease the processing time per frame.


Summary. This paper will present issues related to the modelling of a turbo-charging system of traction engines. The method of analytical description of wave phenomena in the outlet system of an engine has been presented, based on the basic equations of thermodynamics and gasodynamics, the solution of which enables determina- tion of the pressure and temperature curves in the manifold with taking conditions of charge fl ow through the engine valves into account. lytical description of a series of phenomena and insuffi cient experimental knowledge forcing for application of many simplifi cations in models, allows for provision of a series of information as to the curve of operational cycle of a combustion engine. Particular diffi culties take place in case of modelling of a motor vehicle engine with turbo-charging. This results from the gas connection between the engine with pulsating fl ow and the turbocharger with continuous fl ow. It is required to apply the mathematical description not only of the engine but also of the turbocharger and the turbine. In such case, the simplest way is to formulate a mathematical model through determina- tion of function dependence by approximating the characteristics of the engine and of the turbo- charger with polynomials of greater degrees, with making use of the multiple regression (Cwik, Szczecinski 1993, Danilecki 2006, Данилов, Руденко 1979, Wislocki 1986). The coeffi cients of polynomials may be determined on the basis of digitisation of the characteristics being at disposal or by making use of the approximated dependences obtained through identifi cation methods dur- ing engine testing. Functions obtained in such a way may be directly used for calculations of the cycle parameters. They provide a satisfactory image of the engine operation quality with specifi ed adjustment in steady states. In order to obtain the required accuracy of calculations in the engines with pulse turbine, the infl uence of the stream pulsation on the power and on the effi ciency of the turbine is to be taken into account. The increase of the turbine power in the pulsating stream of exhaust gases may be taken into account by means of pulsation coeffi cient determined on the basis of identifi cation tests (Wislocki 1986, Wansejdt et. al. 1977).


• BLAST – Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (an algorithm for comparing biological sequences, such as the amino-acid sequences of different proteins or the DNA sequences*) • cDNA – complementary DNA (DNA synthesized from a mature mRNA template*) • EST – expressed sequence tag (short sub-sequence of a transcribed protein-coding or non-protein coding DNA sequence*) • FASTA – " FAST-All " (sequence alignment package*[1]) • HTML – HyperText Markup Language (a markup language designed for the creation of web pages*) • mRNA – messenger RNA (RNA that encodes and carries information from DNA to sites of protein synthesis*) • RSAT – Regulatory Sequence Analysis Tools [2] • SOAP – Simple Object Access Protocol (protocol for exchanging XML-based messages over a computer network, normally using HTTP *) • SNP – Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (DNA sequence variation, occurring when a single nucleotidein the genome is altered*) • TF – Transcription Factor (protein that binds DNA at a specific promoter or enhancer region or site, where it regulates transcription*)


Are the Outcomes of Breast Conservation Surgery Inferior to Those of Mastectomy in Patients with Stage II-IIIA Triple-Negative Breast Cancer? Seungju Lee, M.D., Ph.D., Hyun Yul Kim, M.D., Ph.D., Youn Joo Jung, M.D., Hyun-June Paik, M.D., Dong-Il Kim, M.D., Chang Shin Jung, M.D., Seok-Kyung Kang, M.D., Jee Yeon Kim, M.D., Ph.D., Seokwon Lee, M.D., Ph.D., Youngtae Bae, M.D., Ph.D. Departments of Surgery, Pathology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan; Department of Surgery, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea


We have recently introduced a novel methodology for noninvasive assessment of structure and composition of human skin in vivo. The approach combines pulsed photothermal radiometry (PPTR), involving time-resolved measurements of midinfrared emission after irradiation with a millisecond light pulse, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) in visible part of the spectrum (400–600 nm). The experimental data are fitted simultaneously with respective predictions from a four-layer Monte Carlo (MC) model of light transport in human skin. The described approach allows assessment of the contents of specific chromophores (melanin, oxy-, and deoxyhemoglobin), as well as scattering properties and thicknesses of the epidermis and dermis. However, the involved multidimensional optimization with a numerical forward model (i.e., inverse MC, IMC) is computationally very expensive. In addition, each optimization task is repeated several times to control the inevitable numerical noise and facilitate escape from local minima. Thus, assessment of 14 free parameters from each radiometric transient and DRS spectrum takes several hours despite massive parallelization using CUDA technology and a high-performance graphics card. To alleviate this limitation, we have developed a computationally very efficient predictive model (PM) based on machine learning technology. The PM is an ensemble of decision trees (random forest), trained using ~10,000 "pairs" of various skin parameter combinations and the corresponding PPTR signals and DRS spectra, computed using our forward MC model. While the parameter values predicted by the PM are very similar to the IMC results there are some concerns regarding their accuracy. Therefore, we present here a hybrid model, which combines the described PM and IMC approaches.


In this article,college postgraduates' life way of the four colleges in Lanzhou were investigated and analyzed with the following methods: literature and data,questionnaire investigation and logical induction.Aiming at the existing problems,the thesis puts forward several proposals to make the life style of the college postgraduates more healthy and civilized.


The invention provides an air conditioner unit/device controller capable of controlling quality of indoor air, and a system. The controller comprises a sensor set, an analog-digital converter and a single-chip microcomputer, wherein the sensor set is composed of sensors arranged at different indoor positions, the analog-digital converter is connected with the signal output end of the sensor set, the single-chip microcomputer is connected to the signal output end of the analog-digital converter, the signal output end of the single-chip microcomputer is connected with the signal input end of a central computer, and the display signal output end of the single-chip microcomputer is connected with an LED display screen and an LCD display screen. The control system comprises a plurality of draught fan coil pipe air conditioner/air conditioner device controllers which can control the quality of indoor air, wherein the signal output ends of the draught fan coil pipe air conditioner/air conditioner device controllers are connected with the signal input end of the central computer, the signal output end of the central computer is connected with the signal input ends of a tail end air conditioner device, a fresh air system, a draught fan coil pipe air conditioner, a light illumination device and an air purifier. According to the air conditioner unit/device controller and the system, the detection range of the air conditioner system can be directly expanded to the portion surrounding people, and therefore the accuracy of control over an air conditioner is greatly improved, and the range of control over the air conditioner is greatly enlarged.


We developed a numerical, two-dimensional model to study the effect of soil surface shape (ridge, furrow, flat), produced by different cultivation techniques, on the soil moisture and temperature regimes. To simplify the study of different soil surface shapes, we used a terrain-following coordinate system. Environmental conditions, soil physical characteristics, and the slope and aspect of the surface are considered. Calculated moisture and temperature profiles are compared against observed ones, and the study shows that they are significantly influenced by both slope and aspect. The results indicate that the numerical model predicts accurately the soil moisture and temperature regimes.


This paper presents a pixel circuit with high frame rate, high linearity, and low power consumption. This pixel circuit is applied in a digital readout integrated circuit (DROIC) of 320×256 infrared focal plane array(IRFPA). The proposed single slope ADC is deployed in the proposed pixel circuit, which improves linearity and power consumption of the DROIC. The proposed pixel circuit is fabricated using 180nm 1P5M CMOS process with 30μm pixel pitch. Pixel power consumption is 406nW. Frame rate of the proposed DROIC is 1KHz. Nonlinearity of the quantization is lower than 0.8%.


Although Service-Oriented Computing (SOC) is emerging as a standard for developing distributed applications, having scalable, reliable, and robust service discovery mechanism is a critical issue of utilizing SOC. In traditional service discovery methods for large scalable service networks, centralized registries are used which can suffer from problems like performance bottleneck and vulnerability to failures. A peer-to-peer based decentralized service discovery approach appears to be the most natural way to address the above issues and achieve scalable, reliable and robust service discovery. For availing this decentralized service discovery approach, there should be efficient and effective method so that higher data availability can be achieved. Even though various approaches are already presented by different authors, each of the approach has its own limitations and hence this becomes the most promising area for the research. In this first step of the research, we are presenting the need to switch from centralized to decentralized service discovery approach followed by different approaches evaluated to implement peerto-peer-based decentralized service discovery. Keywords— Chord, DHT, DNS, Peer-to-Peer (P2P), Skip Graph, SOC, Web-Services


There &re m&ny commonly held justific&tions &g&inst the prolifer&tion &rtifici&l intelligence. One of the most common brought forth by the gener&l public is th&t m&ny in th&t m&ny feel &rtifici&l intelligence would not qu&lify &s hum&n or would l&ck hum&nity. The definition used by m&ny is not the biologic&l definition but inste&d & philosophic&l definition b&sed on & mix of hum&n or &bove hum&n intelligence &nd emp&thy. These definitions c&n be both erroneous &nd unproductive.


In the process of particle filter, it can produce the problem of particle degeneration, and the amount of computation is very big. In order to solve these two problems, this paper presents a method for video redirection parameters optimization based on hierarchical genetic optimization strategy. This paper adopts hierarchical mutation operator and local crossover operator. The result shows that the hierarchical genetic optimization algorithm which is used in video tracking has a very good effect.


The ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol is proposed for achieving dynamic, self-organizing and on-demand multihop routing among mobile nodes in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In AODV, wireless links may be lost occasionally due to the nodes on the routing path that are unreachable. For solving the problem, the AODV protocol provides a local repair mechanism that tries to find an alternative route to destination by broadcasting the RREQ message from the upstream node of the broken. Although the local repair mechanism works with a specified TTL to limit the repair range of RREQ, large number of the broadcast RREQ messages result in extensive control messages and obvious power consumption for transmitting these broadcast messages. Therefore, in this paper we propose an unicast-type multihop local repair protocol to recovery the lost links efficiently while increasing network reliability, increasing utilization, minimizing the number of control messages and shortening the repair delay. Meanwhile, the optimal number of hops of neighbor table is also analyzed. Numerical results indicate that the proposed multihop local repair approach outperforms other repair approaches in fixed successful rate, control message overhead and network utilization


Single-cluster Au uniformly dispersed on a substrate as a model to control directed Li deposition and suppress Li dendrite growth.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the therapeutic effects of benthiactzine against respiratory failure induced by cholinesterase inhibitor dimethyl dichloro-vinyl phosphate (DDVP) in rats.

METHODS
Forty-five male Wistar rats were divided into five groups randomly: control group, model group, and benthiactzine 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg treatment groups (each n=9). Rats were treated with DDVP by intraperitoneal injection to reproduce respiratory failure model. The symptoms, respiratory rate (RR), blood gas analysis, electrolyte and plasma superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and the pathological changes were observed before poisoning, during respiratory failure, and in different periods after the treatment.

RESULTS
In rats with respiratory failure induced by DDVP, cyanosis and convulsion occurred in all groups. The success rates in three benthiactzine groups were 66.7% (6/9), 77.8% (7/9) and 88.9% (8/9). The rats of benthiactzine treatment groups recovered in 1-5 minutes after treatment and returned to normal state in 30 minutes. RR also returned to normal in 30 minutes. When respiratory failure occurred, arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and plasma SOD were decreased, plasma MDA was increased, and mixed acidosis was found. Thirty minutes after the treatment of benthiactzine, all above parameters in three groups returned to normal (all P<0.01). In respiratory failure rats, pathological examination of lung tissue revealed dilatation of pulmonary vessels with aggregation of erythrocytes, widening of alveolar space with presence of red blood cells in alveoli with heavy infiltration of inflammatory cells, and pulmonary edema and hemorrhage. The lungs of rats treated with benthiactzine showed less intense pathological changes.

CONCLUSION
The new medicine against poisoning benthiactzine can be a favourable drug against respiratory failure induced by organophosphorus pesticides.


Background: Renal dysfunction (RD) is an important long-term complication after liver transplantation (LT) which is associated with patient survival. This study investigated pre- and post-transplant risk factors for RD in patient with preserved renal function at 1 month after LT using the Korean Organ Transplantation Registry (KOTRY) data. Methods: We performed retrospective cohort study using data of recipients who underwent LT between April 2014 and Decem-ber 2018 and were registered in KOTRY. We defined RD as 40% decline of eGFR from the value at 1 month and at least below 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . We performed multivariable Cox regression analyses for pre-transplant and within-one-month risk factors for RD. For post-transplant risk factors, we performed matched analyses according to 8 factors: biopsy-proven acute rejection, infection, bile duct complication, recurrence of HCC, new-onset diabetes mellitus (DM) after transplantation, type of immunosup-pressants, steroid withdraw, and type of anti-HBV prophylaxis. Results: Among 2,274 eligible patients, 251 (11.3%) developed RD during 36.6±14.4 of mean follow-up period. From multivariable Cox regression analyses, age, female sex, lower body mass index, pre-transplant DM, alcoholic liver disease, above Milan hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC), low Karnofsky performance status score at 1 month, bile duct complication within 1 month and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate at LT were identified as independent risk factors for RD after LT. Among post-transplant factors after 1 month, patients with recurrence of HCC (P=0.013), infection (P=0.003), and tacrolimus-mono treatment (vs. tacrolim-us-based dual treatment, P=0.022) showed higher RD than control patients without those factors. Conclusions: This study comprehensively indicates pre- and post-transplant risk factors for RD after LT among patients with preserved renal function at 1 month. Clinicians should consider these risk factors for managing patients during long-term follow-up.


Spatial cognition as the proper cognitive background of human memory had already been propounded in antique mnemonics (ars memorandi). This train of thought was expanded to cosmology by Giordano Bruno (1548–1600) and, in turn, further developed to infinite space and (Copernican) cosmology. However, a range of local frames for cognitive operations has to be considered which rehearses an evolutionary hierarchy of framings. The evolution of language can be considered as the central instance in the evolution of consciousness. First, three levels of spatial cognition (body centred, interactive/social and long ranging/cosmic) are defined and their contribution to the evolution of human language and higher levels of consciousness are described. The second level of spatial cognition, where tools are manufactured, goods exchanged and art appreciated links the embodiment of meaning to mythical/cosmic thinking (first and third level). Recurrent patterns of locomotion, path finding and action involving objects and other humans stand at the heart of these cognitive capacities. They result in archetypal schemata underlying the syntax/semantics of human languages. The largest frame of human intellectual orientation concerns the motion of the sun, the moon and the ensemble of the stars at night. This was the starting point for astronomical knowledge and thus for the reflection on cosmology. Finally, the paradox of creativity versus cultural conservatism is discussed as an outlook. Cosmology and consciousness Beyond the view of an isomorphism between the macro-world (the universe) and the micro-world (man and the human mind), which dominated in medieval and early modern time, there is still a strong intuition that both spheres are linked by common laws. One must however distinguish between the fact that both are the product of human cognizing, reflection and discourse, dependent in their evolution on the cultural contexts in which they arise and gain acceptance, and a possible causal connection between cosmological and cognitive laws. If the first seems to be obvious, the second is highly questionable. I will approach the problem from a historical perspective (history of ideas) and from a theoretical, mainly cognitive and mathematical perspective. First, let us consider the historical perspective.


An effective pre surgical Preparation is important step in preventing surgical wound contamination and post operative infection. Preparing a 100% sterile surgical environment is one of the biggest challenges of surgery. Since skin is the most common source of pathogen they make the skin preparation at the time of procedure critical. The most common skin preparation agents are iodophors and chlorhexidine. The aqueous based iodophors are, such as povidone iodine is one of the few products that can be safely used on mucous membrane. Iodophor and chlorhexidine are quick sustained and durable with broader spectrum anti microbial activity. These agents are ideal for longer open surgeries. There is a need for comparison of antimicrobial activity of iodophor and chlorhexidine. In surgical preparation of the skin. In this study we used iodophor and chlorhexidine to check their anti microbial activity in surgical preparation of skin. A square of area 10 sq cm was drawn on the surface of the skin on arm and divided into upper half and lower half.2 sterilised cotton swabs were taken and they were moistened with saline water. First swab was taken before applying the disinfectant and the second swab was taken 2 mins after applying the disinfectant. Original Research Article Jeyashree and Muralidharan; JPRI, 32(19): 67-74, 2020; Article no.JPRI.59826 68 Both swabs were spread in the TSA agar. Total bacterial count was counted in the before and after swab. Iodine was used as disinfectant in 5 people and chlorhexidine was used as disinfectant in 5 people. Iodophor had a better activity against the micro organisms than that of the chlorhexidine.


Antimicrobial resistance is an increasingly serious threat to global public health. The Antimicrobial Testing Leadership and Surveillance (ATLAS) program has provided reliable, global, regional and local in vitro susceptibility data, including mechanisms of resistance, since 2004. In this analysis, data from the ATLAS program are used to measure the in vitro activity of several key gram-negative/gram-positive agents against major global pathogens.

 A total of 251,837 gram-negative and 132,363 gram-positive non-duplicate, clinical isolates were collected from multiple infection sources from 743 unique sites in 74 countries during 2012-2018 in the ATLAS program. Identification was confirmed to the species level using MALDI-TOF spectrometry. Only one clinically relevant causative isolate per patient was accepted into the study. MICs were determined by broth microdilution following CLSI guidelines and interpreted using 2020 CLSI breakpoints. Phenotypic ESBL screening and confirmatory testing were performed using the CLSI M100 method.

 The in vitro activities of selected antimicrobial agents are provided in the table below. Based on percent susceptibility, ceftazidime-avibactam, amikacin, tigecycline, meropenem, and ceftolozane-tazobactam were the most active agents against most gram-negative isolates. The CRE rate among Enterobacterales isolates was 3.2%, with tigecycline and ceftazidime-avibactam the most active among this resistant subgroup. Ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, and amikacin were the most active agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ceftaroline, linezolid, tigecycline and vancomycin all showed good activity against gram-positive isolates.
 Table

 Ceftazidime-avibactam, ceftolozane-tazobactam, tigecycline, meropenem, and amikacin all showed good activity against a global collection of Enterobacterales. Ceftaroline, tigecycline, linezolid and vancomycin all exhibited excellent activity against gram-positive isolates. Continued monitoring of susceptibility patterns among common pathogens will provide useful information for determining treatment strategies.

 Daniel F. Sahm, PhD, IHMA (Employee)Pfizer, Inc. (Consultant)Shionogi & Co., Ltd. (Independent Contractor) Michael Dowzicky, MS, M.T. A.S.C.P., Pfizer, Inc. (Employee)


The invention discloses a displaying method and device of direct broadcasting client end channel information. After a user accesses a channel, the channel information is displayed at a channel display interface of a user end without relying on an administrator, the display position can be adjusted before and after the video direct broadcasting, specifically, the central area of the channel display interface can be displayed at the user end before the video direct broadcasting is begun, an action of guiding the user is achieved, the central area can be displayed at other areas after the video direct broadcasting is begun without influencing the viewing of the user for the direct broadcasting. Meanwhile, the method and device also enrich the display modes of the channel information without the limitation of characters, and various multimedia modes such as animation and audio can be adopted, so the channel information is lively introduced for the user, and the dwell time of the user at the channel is prolonged.


The chaotic direct sequence spread spectrum (CD3S) is one of the distinguished techniques providing physical layer secrecy and low probability of intercept (LPI) in wireless communication. Due to the noise-like and aperiodic characteristics of chaotic signals, the synchronization of CD3S signals is a challenging issue. A synchronization approach for aperiodic CD3S signals based on bidirectional correlation search (BDCS) is proposed. Through a joint acquisition of forward frequency domain matched filtering (FDMF) and backward FDMF, the synchronization module aligns received CD3S signals with local chaotic sequences without aid of the pilot signal. The probability distribution of correlator output is derived with additive white Gaussian noise and narrowband jamming. The probability of detection, probability of false alarm, and bit error rate are analyzed mathematically. An approximate solution of the local optimal acquisition threshold coefficient is obtained. These theoretical analyses are verified by numerical simulations, the results of which demonstrate that the proposed synchronization approach enables the CD3S system to resist interception and adapt to the environment with low signal-to-noise and signal-to-jammer ratios.


Hierarchical social structures are often observed in human societies or in groups of social animals who usually live in groups. We investigate the effect of game structures on the evolution of the social structure, especially the hierarchical structure, in a group of interacting individuals. We present an evolutionary model of a population where individuals play a repeated 2×2 game where two players each has two options to choose, D (active/aggressive action: Daring, Dive) and C (passive action: Concede, Careful). The simulation results show that the evolutionary process for the game of leader brings about a linear dominance hierarchy among strategy (automaton) classes.


. The X-ray fluorescence analysis of chemical elements, supported by X-ray diffractometric mineralogy, shows a change in the composition of main and trace elements in the Palaeozoic altered tephra layers, metabentonites, compared to the un-altered potential source volcanics. As the correlation analysis gives several associations of elements, including that of immobile elements, a source volcanic composition based on Nb/Y and Zr/TiO, ratios can be found for 36 Estonian metabentonite samples. Most of these metabentonites are of rhyodacite/dacite and trachyandesite origin, the smaller part derives from rhyolitic and trachytic source magma.


This research was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) School of Primary Care Research (SPCR). The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR, or the Department of Health and Social Care. The authors of this manuscript certify that they comply with the ethical guidelines for authorship and publishing in the Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. Susan Jebb is funded by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. This research used data from the approved UK Biobank application 14990.


An overview of recent findings about children and families in foster care describes the population, reviews positive and negative results of foster care, and raises such clinical and policy issues as the beneficial outcomes of long-term foster care, the economic crisis for foster parents, and the vulnerability of minority children and families. Implications for research are discussed.


This study intended to empirically validate the applicability of the Phillips Curve in Namibia since independence, using semi-annual time series data, and taking into account the periods of the annus horribilis of the global financial crises and the Coronavirus Disease pandemic. It further sought to examine the nature of the relationship between inflation and unemployment to determine whether it is short-run or long-run and establish the causal relationship between the variables using various econometric analyses. The unit root tests indicate that the variables were stationary in their level forms, implying the absence of the long-run relationship. Hence, the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) model was performed to measure the short-run relationship between the variables. Results from the OLS analysis reveal a bidirectional nexus between inflation and unemployment, validating the presence of the Phillips Curve in the Namibian economy. These results correspond to the findings that incorporated the periods of economic shocks; thus, adjudging the critics of the Philips Curve regarding the consideration of economic shockwaves to be nonsensical in the Namibian economy. Finally, Granger causality test was conducted to establish the causal relationship between the variables, and results found inflation and unemployment to be unrelated. Based on these findings, the study recommends policymakers to adopt a policy mix, skewed to reducing unemployment predominately among the youth since the issues cannot be addressed simultaneously. Lastly, the study suggests future investigations to assess panel analyses on the phenomenon concerning developing countries, particularly those in the same region. It also recommends a significant focus on the determinants of inflation and unemployment since the variables were found to be independent of each other. This will give accurate directives to policymakers in an attempt to address the matter in terms of policy formulation and assimilation when they understand where the issue is deriving from.


The work is devoted to the introduction of building information modeling (BIM) technologies in the field of hydraulic engineering. Prospects of transition to digital technologies of design, management of process of construction and operation are given. A number of factors complicating the transition to work within BIM have been identified. The importance of personnel training for building information modeling is noted. The problems of joint work of several generations of specialists in one team, various experience and professional skills that are used in the design and operation of building structures are considered. With timely improvement of software, development of the regulatory framework and appropriate personnel's training, the transition to the BIM technologies will provide the necessary development of the hydrotechnical industry. The development of the system of graduate's competencies taking into account the training of BIM technologies is offered. The options for implementing the building information modeling concept into the educational process of builders-hydraulic engineers are discussed.


This paper took exception from previous studies by looking beyond private sector credit extended by deposit money banks and includes other typologies of repayable facilities extended by non-bank financial institutions to the private sector. The study assessed how these broad financing channels have impacted on the disaggregated economy namely; the manufacturing sector and the agricultural sector. The findings showed that private sector credit had negative impact on the manufacturing sector. When private sector credit increase by 1 percent, the manufacturing sector output decrease by 4.7 percent over the period covered by the study. Similarly, agricultural output was found to be negatively related to private sector credit. A unit change in credit to the private sector lead to 9.5 percent in agricultural output. Our moderating variables – real interest rate and inflation rate both has relative negative effect the manufacturing and the agricultural sectors. This study has implication on the real sectors of the Nigerian economy.


Recently the application of contingent claims analysis and dynamic programming to project evaluation has attracted a lot of attention. These techniques are required, for example, if the value of a ...


In this paper, we study the dynamic stability of the 3D axisymmetric NavierStokes Equations with swirl. To this purpose, we propose a new one-dimensional (1D) model which approximates the Navier-Stokes equations along the symmetry axis. An important property of this 1D model is that one can construct from its solutions a family of exact solutions of the 3D Navier-Stokes equations. The nonlinear structure of the 1D model has some very interesting properties. On one hand, it can lead to tremendous dynamic growth of the solution within a short time. On the other hand, it has a surprising dynamic depletion mechanism that prevents the solution from blowing up in finite time. By exploiting this special nonlinear structure, we prove the global regularity of the 3D Navier-Stokes equations for a family of initial data, whose solutions can lead to large dynamic growth, but yet have global smooth solutions.


GluN2A and GluN2B are the major subunits of functional NMDA receptors (NMDAR). Previous studies have suggested that GluN2A and GluN2B may differentially mediate NMDAR function at synaptic and extrasynaptic locations, and play opposing roles in excitotoxicity such as neurodegeneration triggered by ischemic stroke and brain injury. By using pharmacological and molecular approaches to suppress or enhance the function of GluN2A and GluN2B in cultured cortical neurons, we examined NMDAR-mediated bidirectional regulation of pro-survival signaling (i.e. the CREB-Bdnf cascade) and cell death. Inhibition of GluN2A or GluN2B attenuated the up-regulation of pro-survival signaling triggered by the activation of either synaptic or extrasynaptic NMDAR. Inhibition of GluN2A or GluN2B also attenuated the down-regulation of pro-survival signaling triggered by the coactivation of synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors. The effects of GluN2B on CREBBdnf signaling were larger than those of GluN2A. Consistently, comparing to suppression of GluN2A, suppression of GluN2B resulted in more reduction of NMDAand OGD (oxygen glucose deprivation)-induced excitotoxicity, as well as NMDAR-mediated elevation of intracellular calcium. Moreover, excitotoxicity and down-regulation of CREB were exaggerated in neurons overexpressing GluN2A or GluN2B. Together, we found that GluN2A and GluN2B are involved in the function of both synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDAR, demonstrating that they play similar rather than opposing roles in NMDARmediated bi-directional regulation of prosurvival signaling and neuronal death. Glutamate mediates the majority of excitatory neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Among the identified ionotropic glutamate receptors, the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are particularly highly permeable to Ca 2+ (1). Excessive activation of NMDAR under pathological conditions results in excitotoxicity, http://www.jbc.org/cgi/doi/10.1074/jbc.M113.482000 The latest version is at JBC Papers in Press. Published on July 9, 2013 as Manuscript M113.482000 Copyright 2013 by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc. by gest on July 8, 2020 hp://w w w .jb.org/ D ow nladed from GluN2A and 2B in neuronal signaling and death 2 such as neurodegeneration following ischemic stroke (2). However, because appropriate NMDAR activation is pivotal for neuronal development and survival (3-5), global inhibition of NMDAR fails to effectively attenuate excitotoxicity caused by cerebral ischemia (6). Thus, recent therapeutic development has focused on blocking subtypes (7,8) or sub-populations of NMDAR (9) to achieve neuroprotective effects. The tetrameric NMDAR is comprised of two essential GluN1 subunits and two GluN2 subunits or the relatively rare GluN3 subunits (1). The essential function of the GluN1 subunit is implicated by the lack of intact synaptic plasticity or neurotoxicity in GluN1 mutant neurons (10). GluN1 knockout mice are also perinatal lethal, suggesting its function in development and survival. In adult forebrain, GluN2A and GluN2B subunits are the predominant GluN2 subunits (11). There is reasonable evidence showing that GluN2A and GluN2B are present at both synaptic and extrasynaptic locations (12,13). However, it is not clear whether they are both involved in the survivalor death-related intracellular signaling triggered by the activation of synaptic or extrasynaptic NMDAR (synor ex-NMDAR). Because of the different characteristics of GluN2A and GluN2B subunits such as channel kinetics and their distinct interaction with different signaling molecules (1,14), it is tempting to speculate that these two NMDAR subtypes have distinct functions. Indeed, it has been proposed that activation of GluN2A and GluN2B stimulates different signaling cascade (15,16) and regulates survival and excitotoxicity, respectively (7,8). Our recent study has shown how NMDAR bidirectionally regulates cell survival and death. Specifically, we demonstrated that the pro-survival CREB (cAMP responsive element binding protein) signaling is up-regulated by the activation of either synor ex-NMDAR. Co-activation of synand ex-NMDAR triggers cell death and dampens CREB signaling (17). Here, we demonstrate that both GluN2A and GluN2B are involved in synas well as ex-NMDAR function. Suppression of either GluN2A or GluN2B dampened NMDAR-mediated cell death. However, compared to GluN2A, GluN2B had larger impact on both NMDAR-mediated intracellular signaling and cell death. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Primary culture of cortical neurons-The experimental procedures were in accordance with the animal welfare guidelines, and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Michigan State University. Cortices were obtained from postnatal day 0 Sprague Dawley rats, dissociated, and used for the primary culture as described in our previous study (17). Neuronal stimulation-To activate NMDARs, neurons were stimulated with NMDA (at 15, 30, 50, and 100 M as indicated for each individual experiment) or bicuculline (50 M, Sigma) along with NMDAR co-agonist glycine (at 2 μM). In all experiments except the ones in Fig. 4C, a 30 min pre-treatment with nifedipine (5 M, Sigma) and CNQX (20 M, Sigma) were applied to block Ltype voltage-gated calcium channels (L-VGCC) and non-NMDA type glutamate receptors, respectively. A 30-min pre-treatment with NVPAAM077 (a generous gift from Dr. Yves P. Auberson, Novartis institutes of biomedical research, Switzerland) and ifenprodil (3 M, Sigma) was used to inhibit GluN2A and GluN2B, respectively. Western blot analysis and semi-quantitative RT-PCR-The activation of CREB was determined by the level of CREB phosphorylation (p-CREB) at Ser133 with Western blot analysis as described (17). The NMDAR-mediated transcription of Bdnf was determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR (18). Induction and assessment of neuronal deathNeurons were treated with NMDA (30, 50, and 100 M as indicated for each individual experiment) and 2 μM glycine with or without (for experiment in Fig. 4C2) CNQX (20 M) and nifedipine (5 M) for 20 or 30 min (as indicated) followed by a wash with conditioned medium. The neurons were retained in mixed medium containing 50% conditioned medium and 50% fresh medium for 20 hrs, and then stained with DAPI (1 g/ml). We also included 1 M MK801 during the 20-hour post-treatment incubation, so that the activation of NMDAR due to excessive glutamate release from the dying neurons could be suppressed. The appearance of condensed nuclear (or condensed chromatin) staining (revealed by DAPI) were used an indicator for cell death as described in previous studies (19,20). by gest on July 8, 2020 hp://w w w .jb.org/ D ow nladed from GluN2A and 2B in neuronal signaling and death 3 To mimic ischemic stroke in vitro, we subjected neurons to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) (21). As described in our previous study (17), neurons were incubated in glucose-free solution, and exposed to 95% N2 and 5% CO2 in a hypoxia chamber (Billups-Rothenberg, Inc) for 65 min. OGD was then terminated, and cell death was determined by DAPI staining 20 hrs later. Additionally, the formation of dendritic varicosity and cell body swelling were examined as early cellular signs for cell death (22). Neurons were first transfected with cDNA expressing GFP. Before NMDA treatment, 150 GFP-labeled neurons were randomly chosen from six areas and examined. Following NMDA treatment for 30 min, neurons with at least one dendritic varicosity was counted as damaged cells. Under our experimental conditions, most neurons that underwent dendritic morphological changes showed more than 5 varicosities. As an alternative and additional measurement of cell death, the percentage of neurons showing cell body swelling was also analyzed. The cell body images of the same GFP-positive neuron before and after NMDA treatment were compared to determined NMDA-induced cell body swelling. Calcium imagingThe NMDAR-mediated changes in intracellular calcium (Cai) level were determined in live neurons by calcium imaging (17). The ratio of fluorescent emission (fura-2 emission at 520 nm) excited by 340 nm and 380 nm was used to determine the relative Cai level. Overexpression and shRNA-mediated knockdown of GluN2A and GluN2BWe used two independent shRNA constructs to effectively knockdown GluN2A and GluN2B, as described in our previous study (23). For the knockdown experiments, GFP plasmid (0.5 g) along with one of the target shRNA constructs or scrambled shRNA construct were co-transfected into DIV (days in vitro) 16 neurons using the Lipofectamine method (Invitrogen). The transfected neurons were stimulated by NMDA on DIV 21, and the level of NMDA-mediated phosphorylation of CREB and neuronal death were examined by immunofluorescent staining. To overexpress GluN2A or GluN2B subunits, neurons at DIV 7 were transfected with 1 g cDNA construct expressing GFP-GluN2A or GFPGluN2B (24) (gifts from Dr. Katherine Roche at National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke). The effects of GluN2 overexpression on NMDA-mediated CREB phosphorylation and neuronal death were examined 2 days after transfection. Fluorescent immunostainingFollowing NMDA treatment, neurons were fixed with 4% PFA and 4% sucrose in PBS for 10 min at room temperature, and then rinsed 3 times with PBS. After a 1-hr incubation with 10 % normal goat serum (Invitrogen) in PBS-T (PBS containing 0.1% Triton-X 100), the fixed neurons were incubated with primary antibody against p-CREB at Ser 133 (1:1000) overnight. The secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated goat antirabbit IgG, 1:1000, Invitrogen) was incubated at room temperature for 1 hr. To obtain GFP signal, Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated anti-GFP (1:1000, Invitrogen) was subsequently incubated for 1 hr at room temperature. A Nikon fluorescence microscope was used for imaging. Quantification was performed by analyzing the fluorescence intensity of p-CREB using Im


Online forum gains its weight in our daily life and it can serve as a tool for constructive learning. Survey on 39 students after been given an online forum discussion as assignment discovered that 95% of them never being exposed to this type of formal assignment before that. However, about 67% of them knew that they can acquire scientific knowledge through online forum discussion. Around 54% of the respondents agreed that online forum discussion had motivated them in their learning process, while 72% of them found that the discussion had inspired their creativity. About 59% of them found that the discussion had elevated the interaction between their course mates. The respondents named the most attractive point of online forum discussion was less interference from the instructor, while the least attractive, the relatedness to the syllabus. From 32 respondents, who were frequent internet users, 78% of them could accept the usage of online forum discussion as formal
assignment in future, while among the non-frequent was 50%. About 41% of the frequent internet users could accept the usage of online forum discussion in replacement of formal
face-to-face lecture, while there were only 14% for non-frequent users. As been found motivating, inspiring the creativity, and increase the interaction by majority students, online forum discussion is a good tool for constructive learning, especially for the frequent internet
users.


Co‐solute effects of partially‐miscible‐with‐water trichloroethene (TCE) on the solubility of seven chlorobenzenes have been studied. The aqueous concentrations of these chlorobenzenes in water were determined with and without the presence of TCE. It has been found that reliable solubility measurements demand relatively long mixing times and settling times to minimize the effect of colloids. Experimental results indicate that the aqueous concentrations of chlorobenzenes which are liquid at 25°C decrease with increasing concentrations of TCE as long as an organic phase is present; and TCE does not decrease aqueous concentrations of chlorobenzenes which are solid at 25°C unless TCE present as an organic phase dissolves the solid chlorobenzene. These results suggest that solubility of mixtures of hydrophobic organic compounds is a function of the system used.


In this study, the template polymer (TPDA) of dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DMD) and acrylamide (AM) was synthesized with UV-initiated template polymerization. The reactivity ratio, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were employed to characterize the TPDA properties. The results revealed that the addition of template sodium polyacrylate improved the reactivity ratio of DMD and increased the number and length of DMD segments in polymer molecules. The results of flocculation tests demonstrated that the DMD block structure improved the flocculation performance of TPDA, especially charge neutralization. In the optimal conditions of a TPDA dose of 9.0 mg·L–1 and a wastewater pH of 5.0–7.0, the residual concentration of suspended solids in a supernatant of coal mine wastewater reached the lowest value of approximately 20.04 mg·L–1. The TPDA flocs were large, compact, rapid to settle, and difficult to restabilize.


With the population on the rise, urban areas congestion continues to become a major transportation problem. As number of cars increases, the demand for parking spaces rises, thus causing insufficient availability of parking spaces. This paper presents a new cloud based parking management system implemented on the Internet-of-Things technology network architecture that increases user convenience and parking management.Drivers are able to view parking availability online, and proceed to reserve a parking space. The parking system is designed based on zone control architecture using NodeMCU, thus allowing easy management and implementation. An eight hexadecimal character is generated for both entry and exit access codes, and sent to the driver's email and mobile phone via SMS. Parking information are relayed and stored in the server using RESTful API implemented using Laravel PHP technology. Parking spot information like entry and exit times can be requested through the API.


Despite some recent gains in life expectancy, blacks in the United States continue to bear a disproportionate burden of disease, injury, death and disability relative to other racial and ethnic groups. Such health disparities can lead to earlier death, lower quality of life, higher health care costs, lost economic opportunities and myriad other inequities, according to a newly updated APHA book that not only documents the continuing gap but also calls on relevant sectors of U.S. society to actively acknowledge the disparities and embrace fresh strategies to remove them.


Senior golfers often experience low back pain during and/or following a round of golf (McCarroll 1996, McHardy et al. 2006). A reduction of such pain would likely result in enhanced performance and increased pleasure. Thus, any strategy to reduce pain during a golf game is of interest. Recently an unstable shoe design has been presented. The shoe has a rounded sole, which requires the user to constantly adjust the body position to maintain balance. This requires a constant change in muscle activity, which has been claimed to be associated with less co-contraction, smaller joint forces and, consequently, less pain in the joints (Nigg et al. 2006). Balance and stability are assumed to be important for a good golf swing. Thus, training the golf swing in an unstable shoe may positively affect golf performance. Thus, the purposes of this study were to assess the effect of an unstable shoe on (a) low back pain in golfers with undiagnosed low back pain and (b) golf performance.


This paper addresses the problem of quantifying the differences between entity extraction systems, where in general only a small proportion a document should be selected. Comparing overall accuracy is not very useful in these cases, as small differences in accuracy may correspond to huge differences in selections over the target minority class. Conventionally, one may use per-token complementarity to describe these differences, but it is not very useful when the set is heavily skewed. In such situations, which are common in information retrieval and entity recognition, metrics like precision and recall are typically used to describe performance. However, precision and recall fail to describe the differences between sets of objects selected by different decision strategies, instead just describing the proportional amount of correct and incorrect objects selected. This paper presents a method for measuring complementarity for precision, recall and F-score, quantifying the difference between entity extraction approaches.


This paper is concerned with the implementation of optimal control for the fractional stochastic differential systems. Firstly, the fractional stochastic differential systems have been discretized into an approximate integer order system by the Euler-Maruyama method. Secondly, an adaptive dynamic programming algorithm for the discretized system is derived from Bellman's optimality principle, which has been implemented via neural networks with actor-critic structure. Finally, a numerical example is presented to show the feasibility and effectiveness of our scheme.


According to the classification of chronic pain published by the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) (1) and a recent editorial in Br Med J (2), central pain is a pain state seen in primary lesions of the central nervous system (e.g. thalamic syndrome, post-stroke pain). The disease entities (phantom/stump pain and post-herpetic neuralgia) included in the trial of Panerai et al. should therefore not be designated as central pain. In line with this classification, it is assumed that the pain after amputation, as well as in post-herpetic neuralgia and other peripheral neuropathies, may come from spontaneous nerve impulses generated in diseased peripheral nociceptive nerves (3-6). The authors state that the efficacy of tricyclic antidepressant in central pain have never been examined. This might be true for central pain as defined by the IASP classification, but several controlled studies have been published on antidepressants in post-herpetic neuralgia (7-8), diabetic neuropathy (10-12) and in mononeuropathies of traumatic, surgical or infectious origin (13). Clomipramine inhibits serotoninreuptake and posses several postsynaptic blocking effects (14). However, its major metabolite desmethylclomipramine, often being present with higher blood levels than the parent compound, is a combined noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Therefore, the benefits of clomipramine cannot unequivocally be attributed to the serotonergic effect. The importance of serotonergic andnoradrenergicmechanisms ofantidepressants in post-herpetic and diabetic neuropathy (9, 15, 16) is not finally settled, and it may turn out that both mechanisms are needed for an optimal effect. In my opinion VAS data should not be analysed by parametric statistics. Although such data at first glance appears to be interval data, it cannot be taken for granted that the "steps" on these scales are equal throughout their range. The suggestions that the action by antidepressants in these pain conditions is not mediated by the antidepressive effect has also been suggested in earlier publications, both due to the fast onset of action, and the finding of lower effective plasma drug levels in neuropathy than in depression (10, 15, 17). Furthermore, some previous studies that included rating of depressive symptoms, are in line with this suggestion (12, 15). 1990: 82: 34-38). Monitoring of plasma drug levels in controlled trials can serve several purposes. The investigators can confirm that the coding has been done correctly and can check patient compliance. Finally, interesting hypotheses concerning drug level-effect relations can often be generated (10, 12, 15). Besides these points, I think this is a further contribution to the evidence of the efficacy of antidepressants in different pain conditions, and an important hint about the possible role of different receptor interactions, which may in the future lead to the introduction of effective and well-tolerated drugs for these pain conditions.


The fixation and leaching characteristics of chromated copper arsenate (CCA Type C) and chromium- copper-fluoride-zinc (CCFZ) in domestic softwood (Japanese red pine, Korean pine, and Japanese larch) sapwood were investigated using the expressate method to follow chromium fixation and the American Wood-Preservers' Association (AWPA) leaching procedure to determine leaching properties after fixation. The rates of fixation were affected by preservative types; CCA was fixed much faster than CCFZ for all species evaluated. There were definite differences in the fixation rates of different species, with Korean pine requiring shorter to fix than the other species evaluated. Chromium fixation was greatly enhanced by elevated temperatures, and fixation time can be estimated according to fixation temperatures applied. The percentage of arsenic and zinc leached from domestic softwoods was relatively high compared to chromium and copper, indicating that there is still a relatively high unfixed arsenic and zinc components after complete chromium fixation in CCA-and CCFZ-treated samples, respectively.


Mixed-species flocks of bird represent an ecological phenomena resulting from a diversity of complex interactions and evolutionary pressures. Paleotropical, Neotropical and temperate forests include many examples of passerine bird who interact by forming mixed-species flocks and by eavesdropping on the alarm calls produced by heterospecifics. In the mixed-flock systems of Amazonia, species of antshrike (Thamnomanes sp.) have been shown to provide other flock members valuable information regarding threats from predation through their frequent alarm calls. Several species of flock attendees respond to the alarms of antshrikes with predator-avoidance behaviors, but no study has yet shown a reciprocal relationship between flock members and flock-leading antshrikes. Apparently distinct from mixed-flock systems of other forests, there has been little evidence to support that flock-leading species of antshrike benefit from the alarm signals of other flock members. Using alarm signals recorded during in situ exposures of mixed-flock species to trained raptors, we conducted a playback experiment to 16 different mixed flocks to see to what degree antshrikes may be eavesdropping on the alarms of Myrmotherula antwrens. 8 Dusky-throated Antshrike Thamnomanes ardesiacus and 8 Cinereous Antshrike T. schistogynus were presented with i) conspecific alarms ii) White-flanked Antwren Myrmotherula axillaris alarms iii) Grey Antwren M. menetriesii alarms and iv) a control. The results of our experiment support that the alarms of the two species of antwren illicit a significant response from both species of antshrike. Our model also shows the responses of antshrikes to antwren alarms are indistinguishable from their response to conspecific alarms, yet different from a control (Marginal R2=.36, Conditional R2=.37). This suggests that highly social flock-leading species such as Thamnomanes antshrikes may benefit from the information provided by flock mates regarding predators. Further, these patterns are consistent with eavesdropping interactions observed within mixed-flocks in ecologically similar but geographically distant forests.


The following legal draft, with few alterations, eventually became the basis for one of the first laws established by the Communities under Aeternity – the others being the regulation of parallelisms, the deep-water striation and the series of cyclonopedic bylaws. While technically not the first law to be passed by the Communities, it is now considered the most important. It is generally acknowledged that Ad Vitam Aeternam has come to characterise the whole subsequent production of laws of constitutional import, as well as localised regulations and policies.


Using the method of Nehari manifolds, we prove the existence of at least two distinct weak solutions to elliptic equation of four order with singularities and with critical Sobolev growth.


The paper under discussion presents a series of quasi‐static tests used to examine the behavior of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) walls subjected to high axial force and lateral cyclic loading. A total of six wall specimens were designed, including five SRC walls and one reinforced concrete (RC) wall. In the 'Summary' section of the discussed paper, the authors state that: 'The use of SRC walls has gained popularity in the construction of high‐rise buildings because of their superior performance over conventional RC walls'. The authors also proposed that, the SRC wall specimens showed increased flexural strength and deformation capacity relative to their RC wall counterpart. The discussion is prompted to rectify some statements and conclusions of the paper under discussion. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The present invention provides a method for measuring an object, the object measuring method, comprising the steps of: detecting a target object smart device slides along the trajectory of the object to be measured; the trajectory parameters of the smart computing device according to the trajectory; the smart device and the measured parameter of the parameter of the object is obtained according to the trajectory. The method of measuring an object of the present invention, a new interactive manner, shapes of various lengths measured object by way of a natural finger touch, and are not limited to the physical dimensions and shape of the object, the measurement process more natural, convenient and efficient measurement, measurement results more accurate. The present invention also provides an intelligent device.


It is a pleasure to present the second annual damping issue, Part I and II. The vision when this journal was founded was to bridge the gap between research and design, and also to speed up the review process so that technology can be implemented as fast as possible. Many great papers have been received and published from around the world. Each year, in at least one issue of the journal, readers can look forward to a collection of excellent papers that are receiving special recognition for their ingenuity in the use of dampers. This year, because of the number of excellent papers, there will be two issues with the accepted papers on damping in buildings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


We present here a novel interrogation method for Er+ -doped fiber grating sensor with pε resolution, ultralow probe power, large tunable strain sensitivity and capability of multiplexed, static and dynamic sensing.


............................................................................................................ III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... IV ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... V INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 THE CONTRACTUAL ACTION OF PUBLIC ............................... 3 1. General ......................................................................................................... 3 2. Types of Public Contracts .............................................................................. 3 3. Types of public contracts based on their subject ............................................ 5 3.1 Public Works Contracts ..................................................................... 6 3.2 Public supply contracts ...................................................................... 8 3.3 Public service contracts ..................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2 THE NOTION OF PUBLIC SERVICE ...........................................11 1. Public Service: The concept ..........................................................................11 2. Organisation systems of public services ........................................................14 3. The Concession of Public Service (under the essential/functional criterion) in the Constitution of Greece .....................................................................................16 CHAPTER 3 CONCESSION CONTRACTS .........................................................19 SECTION 1 Concession Contracts in general ........................................................19 1. The concept of the concession contract .........................................................19 2. Public works concession contracts and Public service concession contracts .20 3. The concession contracts under the EU Law .................................................21 SECTION 2 Types of contracts for the rights of exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbons internationally ...................................................................................24 1. General ........................................................................................................24 2. The concession contracts/agreements ...........................................................24 3. The Production Sharing Contracts................................................................24 4. The Service Contracts ...................................................................................25 5. The Model Agreement ...................................................................................25


As microbiome and metagenomic studies span nearly all aspects of science, the need to characterize the limitations and strengths of the full laboratory process is critical. This includes DNA and RNA extraction efficiencies, type of sequencing, and bioinformatics, to name a few. Presently, a commercial accurately enumerated whole cell microbial standard does not exist, except for the MGRG WCM Standard that is near completion. The minimum design characteristics included 1) accuracy cellular enumeration of each species, 2) intact cellular integrity and morphology that came be confirmed by microscopy and staining, 3) preserved, 4) fully sequenced genomes, 5) various Gram reaction and GC content, and 6) able to maintain cell wall digestion with lytic enzymes. In this study, we have performed initial experiments to characterize this standard using various kits and sequencing approaches. We will present both RNA and DNA extractions and sequence results as well as open up the discussion to the audience.


Bylaw Ratification: Leah Hole-Curry, HTA Program Director, presented the draft Bylaws circulated to committee members previously and reported that no committee comments were received. The Bylaws are approved by the HCA Administrator and are presented for ratification by the Chair as required by WAC. The Chair called for discussion or objection, and received none; and noted that Bylaws could be amended later if necessary.


The Przeworsk culture emerged in the eastern part of the Nida Basin in its early staged dated from the Late Pre-Roman Period. While in the eastern part of the area in question it is represented by strayed finds only, the territory between middle and lower course of the Nida River and upper and middle course of the Wchodnia River testifies intensive settlement. Analysis of the settlement map indicate that the expansion of the Przeworsk culture in the eastern Nida Basin was a twofold process during the Late Pre-Roman Period (Fig. 1). Firstly, we observe a developing settlement along the Nida River - in its middle (Korytnica) and lower sections. The people penetrating these territories occupied the areas close to the river banks, mainly slopes of the river valley from present Kobylniki to Tokarnia near the Czarna Nida and Biala Nida rivers. The cemetery site at Korytnica locates in this are. It is an important element of the Przeworsk culture in the Nida region. Secondly, the was a clear expansion towards the east and northeast. There, between the lower course of the Nida River and the approximate divider between the middle and lower course of the Wschodnia River, a number of settlement sites have been registered. In most parts they are situated on slopes rising above streams and rivers, the biggest of them being Wschodnia and Strumien. The Przeworsk culture settlement in the Late Pre-Roman Period spread on vast territory along banks of both Nida Rivers, from Czarna Nida and Biala Nida rivers in the in the northwest to the area of Busko Zdroj in the southwest. A clear concentration of sites can be observed between Strumien and Czarna Rivers, while settlement spread between the latter and the Wschodnia River was less intensive (Fig. 4). During the Early Roman Period we observe a dynamic development of the Przeworsk culture on the territory between the Nida River and the watershed of Wschodnia and Czarna Rivers. Contrary to these, archaeological evidences from the nort


BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR 1901. SUBSCRIPTIONS to the Association for I90I became due on January ist, I90I. Members of Branches are requested to pay the same to their respective Secretaries. Members of the Association not belonging to Branclies are requested to forward their remittances to the General Secretary, 429, Strand, London. Post-office orders should be made payable at the General Post Office, London.


Introduction: For allogeneic stem cell donation it is current practice to mobilize with G-CSF bid for 5 days. Here, the feasibility of mobilizing with a single injection of pegfiligrastim was examined in a phase II study with an emphasis on donor safety and product composition.
 Results: 28 sibling donors (14 female, 14 male) of median age 50 (range 22 - 69) years were included in the study. The median donor weight was 80 (range 45 - 119) kg and that of recipients was 75 (range 47 - 127) kg. Large volume apheresis (4 x total blood volume) was possible in 26 donors 4 days after the administration of pegfilgrastim 12 mg s.c. The aphereses were performed when CD34+cells exceeded 10/µl peripheral blood, median CD34+concentration prior to apheresis being 66.25 (range 22.8 - 136.6) cells/µl. White blood cell (WBC) concentration peaked on day 4 of stimulation with a median 52.55 (range 22.8 - 85) GPT/l. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels increased to a median 2.55 (range 1.36 - 6.02) and 3.23 (range 0.47 - 15.13) x upper limit of normal (ULN) respectively. There were no changes in creatinine, electrolytes or transaminases. Two donors required filgrastim in addition to the pegylated G-CSF, with the aphereses being performed on day 5 after pegfilgrastim. Six donors required more than one apheresis.
 In 25/28 donors, a median of 6.5 (range 4.6 - 14.5) x106CD34+/kg recipient body weight were collected. In three donors the yield was below 4x106CD34+/kg recipient body weight, i.e. 3, 3.4 and 3.6 respectively. The yield of CD34+/CD133+cells was median 4.45 (range 2.74 - 12.5) x106/kg recipient body weight.
 In 27/28 cell concentrates, the number of CFU-GM amounted to median 126 (range 65 - 323) /105mononuclear cells. The yield of CD3+cells was median 3.25 (range 1.4 - 6.2) x108/kg recipient body weight. The CD3+/CD8+and CD3+/CD4+ratios were 0.92 (range 0.33 - 2.58) and 2.14 (range 0.85 - 4.16) x108/kg, respectively. The yield of natural killer (NK) cells was median 0.4 (range 0.2 - 1) x108/kg recipient body weight.
 On the first collection day, 27/28 donors reported through a standardized questionnaire that the stimulation was well tolerated, although 26 experienced bone pain, which was strong in 11 cases. Other side effects such as cephalea, tiredness or inability to work were reported only in single cases.
 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants were performed without complications. WBC recovery occurred on median day 14 (range 8 - 34) after HSCT. Acute GvHD > Gr. 3 was noted in one patient only. No rejection was observed.
 Conclusion: Pegfilgrastim is a feasible alternative to conventional bid filgrastim for stem cell mobilization. A single application was able to mobilize sufficient CD34+/CD133+cells into the peripheral blood for successful collections. The most frequent adverse effects were elevation of CRP and/or LDH and bone pain.

 Niederwieser: Miltenyi: Speakers Bureau; Novartis: Research Funding.


It is now recognised that thinking skills, such as problem-solving, analysis, synthesis, creativity and evaluation, can be nurtured and developed, and education professionals can play a significant role in shaping the way that children learn and think. As a result, schools are being encouraged to make greater use of thinking skills in lessons and the general emphasis on cognition has developed considerably. This book offers a comprehensive introduction to thinking skills in education and provides detailed guidance on how teachers can support cognitive development in their classrooms.


The blackening process of silver plating on brass substrate was studied.The influence of blackening temperature,time and content of blackening agent on appearance of the blackened deposit was discussed.The optimal blackening process was obtained as follows:ammonium polysulfide 15 mL/L,temperature 80 °C,and time 120 s.The black deposit has no blistering and presents brighter color and luster after brushing with copper brush after oven drying.Heat resistance test indicated that the black deposit has good heat resistance,and fulfilling the requirements of components and parts needing blackening.


This study was performed to determine the predatory insects associated with Rosaceae species. Field surveys were carried out in March-June 2013 in Edirne province (Trakya University Arboretum) of European Turkey. Predatory insects were observed and collected in different stages of their life cycles, and larval-pupal samples were reared in laboratory conditions. As a result of this study, predatory insect species which are inhabitants of the Rosaceae species to provide their preys were recorded and 11 predatory insects belonging to 6 families (Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae, Formicidae, Geocoridae, Pentatomidae, Syrphidae) were determined on 5 Rosaceae species. The observations and short information about the recorded species were also presented.


The aim of the article is to describe the social aspects of managing
homeowner association (HOA) by the proffesional property manager. It is
based on the results of two studies on social aspects of HOA activity, conducted
by the Author. The article presents social competences of the property
manager, like good communication skills, ability to chair a meeting and ability
to resolve a conflict as important satisfaction factors in terms of his service.
The Author claims that they should be a part of the vocational training
as well as technical issues, construction law, management and finance.
The social value of the property manager's work lies in teaching
HOA's members how to participate in governance process. HOAs give the
owners actual possibility to govern, to take part in the decision making process
and have influence on what is happening in their neighbourhood. However,
some of them have problems with establishing a common approach,
neighbourly disputes and low level of member's involvement. It is the property
manager who can help HOAs to overcome this difficulties.


With the advance of ICT, pedagogical tools based on ICT have emerged to promote convergence education. Recently, although many digital manipulative blocks have emerged, the digital manipulative blocks have several limitations in regard to building creative non-standard forms. Thus, the objec- tive of this research is to build a framework for ICT-based building blocks us- ing 3D printing as a new pedagogical tool for solving problems with existing digital manipulative blocks. The framework is constructed through the explora- tion of theoretical studies about creativity. This research seeks to contribute to provide a framework for guiding designers or researchers when they design their blocks as a pedagogical tool.


The review and analysis of the renowned and popular film 'The Passion of the Christ' directed by Mel Gibson is discussed. The film embroiled in a lot of controversy went on to become one of the most successful films of all times, especially in the United States.


In the paper, we have done substantial analyses and research to be aware of the engine testing requirements and traditional testing means. Basing on this and making use of modern technical in the field of microprocessor, sensor, electronics and software, The testing system of gasoline engine was designed based on embedded system. All kind of signal such as secondary ignition waveform, advanced ignition angle, dwell angle, engine gasoline consumption, engine power, engine rotational speed, cylinder pressure can be collected, disposed and displayed. It can also accomplish the serial communication with a PC and the testing data storage. This design included hardware structure and software system. Tests and experiments show that the system has a good precision. The tester has been applied in some practice.


In large-scale wireless sensor networks, where clustering as an effective method is often used to manage the energy consumption, energy efficiency attracts so much attention that few people pay attention to the transmission reliability. This paper focuses on data transmission reliability of clustered wireless sensor networks, and proposes a two-stage selection cooperation based on feedback to insure all of data transfer, from sensor node to cluster head and from cluster head to sink node. Furthermore, in cluster head selection, we take channel value and residual energy into consideration so that the nodes with more remaining energy and better channel quality have greater probability to be elected cluster head. Simulation results show that proposed cooperative protocol can improve transmission reliability and cluster head selection with channel value can balance energy consumption which leads network to a longer lifetime.


To date, there is no vaccine or specific treatment to cure ciguatera. Currently, treatment of CFP remains symptomatic. With the advances in toxicology and ethnobotany future specific treatments should be discovered. Several compounds that could be able to specifically counteract ciguatoxins actions, have been identified (brevenal, monoclonal antibodies, rosmarinic acid ...). However, even if these leads may result in the development of effective and specific treatments, numerous complementary studies would be required before their commercialization. At present, "preventive actions" are the best-known treatment against CFP, i.e. combined actions of information/education, protection of coral reefs, integrated management and traceability reinforcement of lagoon fish sectors, algal blooms (HABs) monitoring, public health monitoring, etc.


Several studies have suggested that comments describing source code can help mitigate the burden of program understanding. However, software systems usually lack adequate comments and even when present, the comments may be obsolete or unhelpful. Researchers have addressed this issue by automatically generating comments from source code, a task referred to as Code Summarization. In this technical presentation, we take a deeper look at some of the significant, recent works in the area of code summarization and how each of them attempts to take a new perspective of this task including methods leveraging RNNs, Transformers, Graph neural networks and Reinforcement learning.


ABSTRACT This article studies why authoritarian states participate in international interventions. Troop contributions of such states indicate the support of authoritarian leaders for a liberal-cosmopolitan order that entails the protection of human rights internationally, while they deny such rights to their own citizens. I focus on the decisions of Chad's long-term president Idriss Déby Itno to take an active stance in various international interventions. The analysis builds on the theory of omnibalancing, which holds that authoritarian leaders balance external and internal threats to ensure their survival. I demonstrate how Déby used troop deployment as part of his omnibalancing strategy. It allowed him to stay in power until his death in 2021 and made Chad's democratization unlikely. For Déby's omnibalancing not only quelled the domestic opposition and silenced international critique against the authoritarian rule, but also contributed to the securitization of the state.


AIM:To observe the distribution of apoptosis cells in gingival tissues of aged patients with periodontitis. METHODS:The localization and numbers of positive apoptosis cells in gingival tissues of 15 aged patients with periodontitis measured by immunohistochemical method and were compared with those of 10 adult patients with periodontitis ,10 juvenile patients with preiodontitis and 11 healthy aged peoples. RESULTS:The total number of cases of positive apoptosis cells in aged patients were more than those of healthy aged peoples and adult patients ( P 0.05 ). The total number of cases of positive apoptosis cells in adult patients and juvenile patients was also more than that of healthy aged peoples ( P 0.05 ). The number of positive apoptosis cells in aged patients was significantly more than that of healthy aged peoples , adult patients and juvenile patients ( P 0.05 ). CONCLUSION:Inflammation of bacterial infection and aging could enhance apoptosis of gingival tissues in aged patients with periodontitis. Co-operation of both factors causes more over intensive reaction of apoptosis in gingival tissues of aged patients with periodontitis.


Body temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate are required as the basis for determining the health status of cows. This study aims to measure the respiratory rate, pulse rate and body temperature of healthy beef cattle. A total of 25 mixed-breed beef cattle aged more than 1.5 years were used in this study. All cows were physically examined, their breath, and pulse frequency per minute were calculated, and their body temperature was measured by measuring rectal and vaginal temperature. The results showed that all the cows examined were in good health, characterized by a good appetite, and had normal activities. Cows had a respiratory rate of 20 ‒ 44 times/minute with an average of 32.6 ± 6.8 times/minute, and a pulse frequency of 76 ‒ 96 times/minute with an average of 84.2 ± 5.4 times/minute. Measurement of body temperature of cows per vagina was 37.9 ‒ 39.4 °C with a mean of 38.53 ± 0.42 °C, while per rectal showed 37.7 ‒ 39.2 °C with a mean of 38.49 ± 0.38 °C. The results of temperature measurements using the two methods did not show a significant difference. It was concluded that the respiratory rate of 20 ‒ 44 times/minute, pulse frequency of 76 ‒ 96 times/minute, and body temperature of 37.7 ‒ 39.4°C were the physiological parameters of the healthy mixed-breed cow.


A 38-year-old woman was referred for evaluation for abnormal thyroid function tests in February 2007. She had known history of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) withprevious failed attempts at in vitro fertilization.During routine followup, shewas noted to have abnormal thyroid function tests with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 0.05 mIU/L (normal range 0.3–4.2 mIU/L) and low free T4 of 4.0 pmol/L (normal range 12–22 pmol/L). She had no history of pituitary disease. Apart from occasional subjective cold intolerance, she denied any other symptoms suggestive of hypothyroidism. She had history of impaired glucose tolerance and PCOS for which she was receiving metformin, but was otherwise in good health. The patient was obese with a body mass index of 28.3, but did not appearmyxoedematous. She had no thyroid eye signs and no palpable goitre. On further questioning, the patient admitted to having ingested some weight-reducing medications, which she had been purchasing in the local pharmacy and which she has been taking regularly for 6 months. Repeat evaluation showed TSH as 0.15 mIU/L, low free T4 of 3.7 pmol/L, with a normal free T3 of 4.7 pmol/L (normal range 2.8–7.1 pmol/L). Serum antithyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin antibodies were negative. A short synacthen test was normal. She was suspected to have abnormal thyroid function due to self-administration of tiratricol. Chemical analysis of the slimmingmedication showed significant levels of iodine in the tablet (994 p.p.m.). Subsequent broad-spectrum drug screening by high-performance liquid chromatography confirmed the presence of tiratricol. The patient was advised to avoid further ingestion of the slimming preparation. Repeat thyroid function tests 6 weeks later showed complete normalization of her thyroid function tests (TSH 3.7 mIU/L, free T3 4.8 pmol/L, FT4 16.3 pmol/L). When last seen in clinic, 3 months after stopping the slimming preparation, her thyroid function tests were entirely normal. Factitious thyrotoxicosis due to ingestion of excess thyroid hormone has been well-described. Recently, non-prescription weight-control herbal medications have also been reported to cause thyrotoxicosis. Tiratricol (3,5,39-triiodothyroacetic acid) is an active derivative of triiodothyronine with preferential hepatic and skeletal effects, which had previously been used for the treatment of TSH resistance syndrome. It has been reported tobeused by bodybuilders to enhance muscle definition. Experimental studies have shown that when taken by mouth, tiratricol is capable of producing biological effects that are similar to thyroxine, although with approximately 5% the potency of thyroxine. Thus, taking 1000 mcg of tiratricol is roughly equivalent to taking 50 mcg of thyroxine, and dosages exceeding this may lead to symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. A daily oral dose of 1.4 mg 3,5,39triiodothyroacetic acid has been reported to lead to significant reduction in mean free T4, as well as impaired increase in TSH and prolactin after thyrutropin releasing hormone (TRH) administration, giving rise to a biochemical picture that may be misdiagnosed as secondary hypothyroidism. The interpretation of thyroid function tests in this setting is further complicated by the fact that there is significant cross-reactivity between tiratricol and most T3 assays. This cross-reactivity is determined by the specificity of the capturing antibody used and in the assay used in our hospital; for example, the manufacturer has reported significant cross-reactivity of 58.2% by tiratricol. There are only few reports in the published work of documented tiratricol abuse. In theUSA, the Food and Drug Administration has previously issued a warning against the use of health supplements containing tiratricol. However, with the advent of the internet, health supplements containing tiratricol remains readily available on the Internet and in health-food stores under different brand names in many countries. In a recent search on the official Hong Kong Department of Health website, which lists all locally registered pharmaceuticals, tiratricol was listed as the third most popular product. It is possible that a significant number of individuals in fact regularly consume over-the-counter fat-loss supplements containing tiratricol. Given the potential serious health consequences associated with the use of tiratricol, physicians need to maintain a high index of suspicion and check for history of ingestion of health supplements when seeing patients with abnormal thyroid function tests. A preliminary screen of iodine content in the supplement will help identify the presence of tiratricol or other thyroid-hormone derivatives.


Conventional sources of protein cannot meet the present or projected needs for human consumption. Single cell proteins from fermentation of petroleum and cellulosic wastes are likely sources of additional protein. The volume of cellulosic wastes is sufficient to supply all additional protein needs on a continuing basis for cellulose is a renewable resource. Both mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms utilize cellulose at reasonable rates. Biodegradation of lignin and lignin–cellulose complexes constitutes a major obstacle to commercial utilization of cellulosic wastes. Thermophilic actinomyces appear to be the most effective organisms for single cell protein production from cellulosic wastes.


Now a day, we consider that development of a country is often determined by the development of its domestic production, especially small and medium enterprises. Therefore, this study aims to examine how countries are implementing policies to develop small and medium enterprises and how they are developing and implementing government support programs. The study looked at government support tools for SMEs in Mongolia, Japan, the United States, China, and Kazakhstan.


The impact of European commercial intrusion in China towards the end of the 18th century with the increased demand for tea had a significant bearing on the growth of the slave trade in Southeast Asia. The Iranun and Balangingi seafarers of the Sulu region raided from New Guinea in the east, as far west as the Bay of Bengal. Organized slave markets in the Sulu Archipelago and Borneo provided not only for the collection of valuable forest products, but also victims for ritual sacrifice.


25 Research in reward-based decision-making showed that humans and animals dynamically 26 modulate learning rate according to their belief about environmental change (volatility) and 27 surprise about observation. Recent evidence also suggests that neuromodulator noradrenaline 28 (NA) signals volatility and surprise. Despite the rich anatomical evidence suggesting the 29 potential influence of NA on the motor system, it is still elusive how NA and 30 volatility/surprise affect human motor learning. To address this issue, we ran a series of 31 experiments in which we simultaneously tracked the pupil diameter, a non-invasive proxy for 32 the central NA/arousal activity, during a short-term force-field reach adaptation paradigm. A 33 sudden increase in error due to the force-field resulted in increased pupil dilation during 34 movement followed by an elevated baseline diameter in the following trials. These online and 35 offline pupil responses showed a consistent pattern with surprise and volatility simulated by a 36 recent computational model which dynamically adjusts learning rate according to volatility 37 estimated from experienced error (surprise). However, unlike the model's prediction, when 38 participants experienced frequent reversals in force-field, the size of pupil responses rapidly 39 diminished regardless of large errors induced by reversals. We further confirmed that the 40 causal manipulation of participants' arousal by task-irrelevant auditory stimuli modulated the 41 single-trial motor learning rate. Collectively, these results provide a compelling evidence that 42 NA/arousal system acts as a common modulator of learning rate in both cognitive and motor 43 domains. Rapid reduction in pupil responses at reversals suggests that error sensitivity for 44 computing current environmental uncertainty and surprise is also highly dynamic. 45


A simple approach for low energy electron scattering by a composite target is presented in which the compound system is described by the ensemble densities and the scattering phase deduced from the quantum defects (QDT). Full calculation of the scattering wave functions is not needed. The ensemble density functional describes the interacting many-fermion bound system, in terms of the first-order densities which represent the ground and several excited state configurations, provided an accurate correlation energy is available. In particular, each configuration is composed of the common set of base core orbitals and single valence orbitals. The valence orbital energies can then be used to deduce the QDT, which are then extrapolated above the scattering threshold energy to obtain the phase shift. Alternatively, the slowly varying single particle potential that generates the orbitals can directly be adopted in the extrapolation; this can lead to a genuine ensemble density approach for scattering states. The inelastic scattering is also studied, which requires the density with one hole orbital in the core set. The importance of the dynamic correlations, including the long-range polarization, is stressed.


The design of a Ka-band power amplifier is presented. The three-stage amplifier exhibits an output power of 0.5 watt with small signal gain above 16 dB across the 32 GHz to 34 GHz band. The amplifier is characterized using linear and nonlinear methods. The stability, especially odd mode stability, is carefully considered. Both schematic and EM simulation results are shown.


Effect of the Electropolymerization of Dyes during their Performance in Solar Cells J. Manriquez, Seok-Ho Hwang, Tae Joo Cho, Charles N. Moorefield, George R. Newkome and Luis A. Godinez* a Department of Electrochemistry, Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo Tecnologico en Electroquimica, Sanfandila, Pedro Escobedo, Queretaro, 76700, Mexico; E-mail : firstname.lastname@example.com b Department of Polymer Science and c Maurice Morton Institute of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA A study of the photovoltaic properties and performance for dyesensitized solar cells, using three hexagonal macrocycles based on terpyridine-ruthenium (II) is reported. Photoand electrochemical results suggest that the global conversion efficiencies for these devices were strongly dependent of the electropolymerization of dyes during the cells performance.


In the fields of drug discovery and development, machine learning techniques have been used for the development of novel drug candidates. The methods for designing drug targets and novel drug discovery now routinely combine machine learning algorithms such as regression and classification models to enhance the efficiency, efficacy, and quality of developed outputs. Applying machine learning model for drug discovery on different diseases that exists already, the author team fetched the datasets from the ChEMBL database that contain the bio-activity data, after preprocessing the data according to the bioactivity threshold in order to obtain a curated bio-activity data. Therefore, structural analogs of the drugs that bind to the target are selected as drug candidates. However, even though compounds are not structural analogs, they may achieve the desired response. A new drug discovery method based on drug response, which can complement the structure-based methods, is needed. Present manuscript is an effort for same.


The utility model discloses a Hall sensing device and a three-phase current balance detection circuit. The Hall sensing device comprises a magnetic ring with one end opened, a Hall element, a first operational amplifier and a compensating coil, wherein the Hall element is located at the opening of the magnetic ring for sensing a magnetic induction line; the signal output end of the Hall element is respectively connected with the in-phase input end and the reversed-phase input end of the first operational amplifier via detection resistors; the output end of the first operational amplifier outputs signals outwardly via the compensating coil; and the compensating coil is wound on the magnetic ring for receiving output signals of the first operational amplifier and then generating the magnetic induction line for compensating the magnetic field generated by a power transmission line. According to the Hall sensing device and the three-phase current balance detection circuit, three-phase current detection is ensured while the balance of the three-phase current is detected, loss of PCB materials and circuit elements is reduced, and the placement space of the Hall sensing device is reduced.


Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of trimethylsilyl-propargyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) was performed to obtain alkyne containing polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (PDI < 1.3). Homopolymers of TMSPMA as well as random and block copolymers with methyl methacrylate were synthesized and subsequently deprotected. The obtained acetylene-functionalized polymers were further functionalized using the copper(I) catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction to obtain well-defined glycopolymers, grafted copolymers and anthracene-containing polymers (PDI = 1.08–1.28) that were characterized with GPC, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and 1H-NMR-spectroscopy.


[1] It is important to investigate the small-scale dynamics of thermospheric neutrals and ionospheric plasmas at high latitudes since there are local and temporal variations in energy input and transfer processes associated with auroral activities. To clarify these ionosphere-thermosphere interactions in the auroral E region, we examined neutral winds and plasma motions obtained by coordinated Fabry-Perot imager and VHF radar observations at Syowa Station, Antarctica. From case studies on 11 and 12 September 1996, we found a good correlation between temporal variation (period < 1 hr) of E region neutral winds measured by the Fabry-Perot imager and the Doppler velocities of plasmas obtained from the VHF radar echoes. On the other hand, the absolute mean values of the neutral winds were around zero whereas the plasma Doppler velocities were 350–400 m/s, showing a significant discrepancy. Considering that the neutral-ion and ion-neutral momentum transfer collision frequencies in the E region are ∼10−6 Hz and ∼102 Hz, respectively, these good correlations are probably due to ion motions driven by neutral drag force, suggesting a strong coupling between neutrals and ions in the E region. The observed correlation and discrepancy between the radar Doppler velocity and the neutral wind velocity are consistent with the linear theory of E region irregularities that shows the radar Doppler velocity is the sum of two components; one is the E × B drift speed, and another is proportional to the neutral wind velocity.


OCT is a non‐invasive imaging modality capable of providing information on sample structure with micrometer scale resolution. Doppler OCT (DOCT), a functional extension of OCT, provides knowledge about the motion of the sample and its substructures. It found its main application in biomedical imaging in the assessment of ocular blood flow. Doppler OCT allows for both measurement of blood flow velocities in larger retinal vessels and visualization of the vascular network. Recent developments such as dual beam DOCT make it possible to measure absolute blood flow velocity. Measurements are independent of the a priori unknown Doppler angle and further enable calculation of total blood flow when taking vessel diameter estimation via OCT or fundus camera based approaches into account. In addition, Doppler OCT allows for visualization of blood flow profiles and their alterations in retinal vessels and venous junctions and to further gain insight into hemodynamics as well as to study flow characteristics of the non‐Newtonian fluid blood. Results will be presented that show the potential of DOCT to provide crucial information for diagnosis, monitoring and treatment planning of ocular diseases related to alterations in ocular perfusion.