Setting
Daru Island, Western Province, Papua New Guinea (PNG).

Objective
To describe the implementation of a screening programme for household contacts of tuberculosis (TB) cases residing on Daru Island.

Design
This was a retrospective descriptive study evaluating two periods of implementation: introduction and expansion of a screening programme for household contacts of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) cases (March 2016 to September 2017), and inclusion of drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB) cases with provision of preventive therapy for eligible contacts between October 2017 and March 2018.

Results
In the first period, the contact screening programme was established and strengthened by increasing coverage over time. There was a large number of contacts (median 8) in each household, and a high uptake of screening. In the second period of evaluation, respectively 412 and 223 contacts of 42 DS-TB and 25 DR-TB index cases were screened. Overall, 156 (24.6%) contacts reported TB-related symptoms and 9 (1.4%) were diagnosed with active TB. All 9 commenced TB treatment: 5 had DS-TB and 4 had DR-TB. Of 82 child contacts of DS-TB cases eligible for preventive therapy, 57 (69.5%) commenced treatment and 45 completed treatment.

Conclusion
Community-based household contact screening and management was successfully implemented under programme conditions in this high burden TB and DR-TB setting in PNG.


The markets for cloud gaming and online games are growing fast. Although the development opens up a lot of possibilities, making decisions in related fields demands a basic comprehension of the current state of networking technologies used in the gaming industry today. In this article, the functionalities, technical designs, and social impacts of network technologies on modern online gaming are introduced and discussed. To assess the current worth of online gaming technology, a SWOT analysis was conducted. Based on our extensive research into related subjects, we offered several forecasts regarding the future development of online gaming. It can be concluded that technologies in the current online gaming industry are undergoing a major transformation, mostly due to the standardisation of QUIC and the rise of cloud and VR gaming, which determine the future trend of the gaming industry in the next decade.


Abstract We report the development, examination, and replication of a spherical structure of vocational interests. A sample of 266 undergraduate students were asked to give their preferences to a sample of 229 occupational titles. The principal components analysis conducted on the item level responses supported the presence of the prestige component in addition to the general, people/things, and data/ideas components typically associated with interest data. Twenty-four subscales were created for geometrically defined combinations of the prestige, people/things, and data/ideas components and these subscales were found to lie on the surface of the sphere. This spherical representation was then examined on independent samples of college ( N = 223) and high school students ( N = 370). Strong support was yielded for the structure.


This paper analysis a kind of narrowband interference suppression algorithm for ultra-wideband systems,based on MMSE combining.Theoretical analysis reveals that the algorithm can almost eliminate the NBI.The result also can be extended to the case where the receiver has more correlators than channel taps.


Abstract A bay-region-selective annulative π-extension (APEX) reaction of perylene diimides (PDIs) has been achieved by means of in-situ generated reactive aryne intermediates. This method provides an efficient one-pot π-extension at the short axis of PDIs in a sequential manner. Mechanistically, an inverse-electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction might be operative for the transformation.


In this paper we present nLIGHT's most recent reliability assessment of both the released and newly developed high power, high brightness single emitter laser diodes for fiber laser pumps and material processing applications. We report on the latest updates of lifetests performed on released 18W-rated diode lasers which have been successfully incorporated into nLIGHT's 210W 200μm/0.18NA elementTM pump module. A total of 371 units of 18W-rated single emitters at 915 nm, were assessed at 22A and 2 A at a junction temperature, Tj~70ºC. Cumulatively, these devices have accrued ~ 6.0 million equivalent device hours at module use conditions. The initial reliability analysis based on these lifetest results support <99% module reliability for 2-year of continuous operation. Industry leading dollars-per-watt elementTM e06, e12 and e18 packages based on these diode lasers are also presented. Two elementTM e18 packages have been lifetested for <5400 hours with only one device failure so far. We also report on the initial lifetest of the newly developed high brightness REM-diodes (Reduced Mode diodes) for new elementTM configuration. Preliminary highly accelerated lifetest on ~15 W REM-diodes show very low failure rate compared to the control diode lasers under the same conditions. The more optimized <15W REM-diodes have been lifetested for almost 4000h with no failures observed so far. Superior performance has already been demonstrated on the initialelementTMe06, e12 and e18 packages with these new REM designs, supporting a 25% increase in power with a minimal degradation in NA. Module level reliability assessment is underway.


ABSTRACT Factual and reality television shows that depict childbirth are both commercially successful and controversial. Social debate focuses on the potential implications for women's experiences of birth and their health. This scoping review critically analyses published literature to assess the state of knowledge about the influence of factual and reality television on the expectations and experiences of childbearing women, and to make recommendations for future research. Recognising the complexity of researching the relationship between the media and lived health experiences, we critically engage with the theoretical and methodological underpinnings of the published literature and its substantive findings. We argue that the field is limited by a disconnect between media studies and health studies. Feminist approaches have both criticised the medicalised view of childbirth seen to dominate mainstream media, and the valorisation of "natural childbirth" as a standard which also disciplines women. Very little research has engaged with pregnant women's views and experiences. Future research should engage more rigorously with diverse women who are pregnant or have recently become mothers. Recommendations for future research also include transdisciplinary collaboration for methodological innovation, research about television production processes and research that takes social media and the changing nature of television into account.


The plant world is an excellent source of active principles, which confers its important activity. In Algeria, a large number of aromatic and medicinal plants grow spontaneously, common sage (Salvia officinalis) is a popular culinary and medicinal herb. These natural products and their active principles are sources for new drug discovery and treatment of diseases. To this end, the interest of this work is the valorization of a medicinal plant (Salvia officinalis) growing spontaneously in the region of Mascara by the study of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the methanolic extracts and also essential oils of sage. The essential oil was isolated from aerial part of S. officinalis by hydrodistillation. The results obtained showed that the species studied (S. officinalis) was very rich in volatile substances with a yield of the order of1.19%. The antioxidant activity showed a good efficiency of the methanolicextract with respect to the essential oil with IC50s of 0.778 mg / ml and27.929 mg / ml respectively. In general, the essential oil of S. officinalis hasan interesting antibacterial power against all studied germs. These resultsare promising and provide scientific validation of the massive use of this species.


To open the lesson of An Outline of Contemporary China History in universities and colleges is a decision of great significance,for it is not a simple repetition of middle school history knowledge,but a theoretical lifting.The opening of the lesson will also be complementary to ideological and political education,with a help to enable students to receive patriotic education,understand national condition,improve political theory quality and grasp correct methodology.


Calli of Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.)Verdc.) Co.1 and Bgm.1 were established from expiants of epicotyl, hypocotyl, cotyledon, and young leaf on MS medium supplemented with auxins and cytokinins (2, 4-D, IAA, NAA, BAP, KN, and CM). When they were cultured subsequently on various combinations and different concentrations, BAP and 2,4-D were found to yield green compact callus in all expiants. Yellow friable calli were obtained on MS medium supplemented with auxins (2,4-D or NAA or IAA). Browning of callus was observed at a higher concentration of (2.5 mg1−1) auxins after 25 days.


D. Shu and J. Maser Diamond Light Source Proceedings / Volume 1 / Issue MEDSI6 / October 2011 / e41 DOI: 10.1017/S2044820110000729, Published online: 15 December 2010 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S2044820110000729 How to cite this article: D. Shu and J. Maser (2011). Test of precision weaklink stage systems with large travel range and subnanometrescale resolution. Diamond Light Source Proceedings, 1, e41 doi:10.1017/ S2044820110000729 Request Permissions : Click here


Abstract: Background: recurrent multiple traumatic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) fistulas in the same patient are rare lesions. Although many skull base defects occur after trauma or surgery, otolaryngologists must be aware of the potential for multiple traumatic (CSF) fistulas Objectives/Hypothesis: We present our experience with this unusual condition and illustrating the endoscopic endonasal approach used with the technique of repair, the grafting material and surgical outcome. Methods: this is a retrospective study carried outin tertiary hospitals. Two males and a female patients with recurrent multiple traumatic bilateral cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea after road traffic accident (RTA) with previous unsuccessful surgery to repair the leak were investigated and operated on. Their medical history, rhinologic with enodonasal endoscipc examination, radiographic images, technique of repair, insertion of lumbar drain and postoperative follow up data were analyzed. Results: combined underlay and overlay techniques through endoscopic endonasal approach with the use of nasal turbinate tissue and temporary insertion of lumbar drain were effective for sealing the leaks for all patients. The follow up period were: 4 years in 2 patients and 3 years for the 3rd one. Conclusions: simultaneous surgical repair for recurrent multiple traumatic CSF fistulas can be safely and successfully done using combined underlay and overlay techniques through endoscopic endonasal approach in one sitting. In cases with traumatic CSF rhinorrhea (especially after RTA) it is mandatory to investigate for presence of multiple fistulas sites.


: This paper enumerates the development and modifications of VIKOR (Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje) Model in different fields. We primarily focus on the growth and advancements of VIKOR model throughout the past four decades starting from 1973.VIKOR model has been frequently applied in multi criteria decision making problems. Further, we discuss the various recent progressions of VIKOR especially with reference to fuzzy set theory.


In one embodiment, a switching power supply controller decouples the power supply controller from receiving a sense signal during one portion of the operation of the power supply controller and couples the switching power supply controller to receive the sense signal during another portion of the operation.


There is a great significance for releasing SMEs credit constraint to develop the credit guarantee.According to the data during between 2008 and 2010,development of the credit guarantee for SMEs in Fujian Province was reviewed in terms of guarantee system construction,institution strength,relation between banks and institutions,and risk control.Meanwhile in view of the practical conditions in Fujian Province,the problems are analyzed and the countermeasures are proposed for promotion.


This paper is an introduction to the special issue and is in five parts. The first part provides a brief overview of post‐1990 migration from Albania as a route out of poverty and a quest for freedom and self‐realization for Albanians. The Kosovan migration has a different history: labour migration in the 1960s and early 1970s, refugee flight in the 1990s. Then the authors outline a theoretical framework for migration's contribution to development. Third, this framework is applied to the cases of Albania and Kosova, drawing on findings from the papers in this issue and other literature. The fourth section of the paper revisits the migration–development nexus from a policy perspective, examining in turn remittances, return migration and host‐ and home‐country government responsibilities. Finally, we speculate on the global economic crisis that started in mid‐2008 and its impact on the region and its migrants.