S. S. Mochalov 1 and R. A. Gazzaeva 2 Methods for the production of nitrogen- and oxygen-containing heterocycles on the basis of the intra- and intermolecular reactions of functionally substituted arylcyclopropanes are discussed. Keywords: 2-alkoxy-2-methyl(2-propionylphenylamino)indolinones, arylcyclopropanes, 1,4-benzo- diazepinones, benzo(c)isoxazoles, 4H-3,1-benzoxazines, butyrolactones, 3,4-dihydroisocoumarins, 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-ones, dihydroindoles, isoxazoles, isoxazolines, indazoles, indoles, 2-nitrosoacylbenzenes, phthalides, quinolines, intramolecular rearrangements. Considerable attention has recently been paid to new methods for the synthesis of nitrogen- and oxygen- containing heterocycles, which are as a rule pharmacophoric fragments or natural biologically active organic compounds. In principle the development of new trends in this region of chemistry can result both from the creation of new schemes for the formation of heterocycles and from the synthesis of unique and readily obtainable starting compounds capable of certain paths of transformation into the desired nitrogen- and oxygen- containing heterocycles. In support of the foregoing it was demonstrated, for example, that relatively accessible functionally substituted arylcyclopropanes can be used successfully in the synthesis of widely differing nitrogen- and oxygen-containing heterocycles. Here, the indicated arylcyclopropanes are capable of being transformed into the corresponding heterocyclic compounds either directly or by successive transformations of the products from their initial reactions. The present review is devoted to analysis of the literature on this subject.


The aim of this study was to investigate whether the use of smoked ingredients could enhance either salty or umami taste, whether any enhancement was due to taste-active or taste-enhancing compounds, and whether smoky aroma induced taste enhancement. A trained sensory panel (n=12) performed three-Alternative Forced Choice (3-AFC) discrimination tests with nose clips on to assess taste-active and taste-enhancing compounds in smoked water. The first set of 3-AFC discrimination tests investigated whether there were any tastes, particularly salty or umami, in water with addition of 1% of a commercial smoked water. The second set of 3-AFC tests investigated whether the smoked water contained umami-enhancing compounds when mixed with various concentrations of MSG and /or ribonucleotides in water. Set 3 was similar but was carried out in a model chicken soup containing MSG with or without ribonucleotides. Our data show that the addition of smoked water can increase the umami taste in aqueous solutions, but this is masked in more complex matrices. This means we can investigate odour-induced taste enhancement of smoked water, in the knowledge that there will be minimal contribution to the umami and salty taste from the smoked water.


Purpose: The long‐term effectiveness of topiramate (TPM) was evaluated in children with West syndrome previously refractory to antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy.


Glycosaminoglycans have been characterized from a nor mal human breast cell line (HBL-100) and two different cell lines from human breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7).The glycosaminoglycans were labeled by exposure of cell cultures to [3H]glucosamine and [35S]suhfateand then isolated from both spent media and cells by pronase digestion and cetylpynidinium chloride fractionation . They were further characterized by (a) hexosamine composition, (b) controlled-pore glass exclusion chromatography, (C) reactivity with specific enzymes (hyahuronidase,chondroiti nase, hepamitinase,and hepaninase), (d) nitrous acid deg radation, and (e) DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. The results indicate that the HBL-100 line synthesizes mainly hyaluronic acid, most of which is secreted into the medium. Chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate are the predomi nant glycosaminoghycans synthesized by the cancer lines; both are found mainly in the spent medium, but the hyalu ronic acid synthesized by the MDA-MB-231line remains cell associated. The cell-associated hepamansulfate had a mo lecular weight in excess of 13,000 and may contain linkages susceptible to testicular hyaluronidase. The MCF-7 cells produce sign ificantly lower amounts of glycosaminogly cans than do the other two lines.


We investigate entanglement of the Hawking radiation in a dispersive model with subluminal dispersion. In this model, feature of the Hawking radiation is represented by three mode Bogoliubov transformation connecting the in-vacuum state and the out-state. We obtain the exact form of the tripartite in-vacuum state which encodes structure of multipartite entanglement. Bogoliubov coefficients are computed by numerical calculation of the wave equation with subluminal dispersion and it is found that genuine tripartite entanglement persists in whole frequency range up to the cutoff arisen from the subluminal dispersion. In the low frequency region, amount of genuine tripartite entanglement is small compared to bipartite entanglement between the Hawking particle and its partner mode, and the deviation from the thermal spectrum is negligible. On the other hand, in the high frequency region near the cutoff, entanglement is equally shared by two pairs of three modes and the partner picture of the Hawking radiation does not hold.


The socio-cultural essence of infodemic, as a factor of social instability in the global processes of our time, has been determined. It has been proved that the spread of mass culture and mass consciousness served as the basis for the emergence of infodemic. The influence of stereotypes of public consciousness on the process of spreading misinformation has been revealed. It has been substantiated that infodemic can be an integral part of information and hybrid wars. Negative consequences of public life informatization and computerization, in the context of the critical thinking development, the emergence of "clip consciousness" and gadget addiction have been analysed.


In this study, xiquexique (Pilosocereus gounellei) native endemic cactus from the Brazilian semiarid was used for the first time as a natural carbon source ("green precursor") for the synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon dots (CDs). These CDs were successfully used to develop a fast, low-cost, eco-friendly fluorescence method for the determination of tannins in teas. This method was automatized employing a flow-batch system coupled to an inexpensive ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED) used as an excitation source and a cheap handheld spectrometer used as a detector. CDs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The proposed method presented a linear range from 2.0-30.0 mg L−1, relative standard deviation (RSD) < 3.0%, limit of detection (LOD) = 0.102 mg L–1, and recovery rates from 90.5-109.1%. A paired t-test at a 95% confidence level indicated no statistically significant difference between the proposed and reference methods, revealing that it is a useful alternative for the determination of tannins.


We propose a conditional log Gaussian Cox process (LGCP) model to investigate the effect of a realization y of a point process Y on the intensity of a point process X. In the motivating forestry example, the point pattern y represents large trees and the point pattern x, a realization of X, seedlings. In the model, every point in Y has a parametric influence kernel or signal, which together form an influence field. Conditionally on the parameters, the influence field acts as a spatial covariate in the (log) intensity of the LGCP model, and the (log) intensity itself is a non-linear function of the parameters. Unlike in the typical unconditional LGCP situation, points of Y outside the observation window may affect the intensity of X inside the window. Therefore, we propose a simple edge correction method to account for this edge effect. The parameters of the model are estimated in a Bayesian framework using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) where a Laplace approximation is used for the Gaussian field of the LGCP model. Since forest data are often measured in small sample plots, we present the estimation procedure based on replicates. The proposed model is fitted to uneven-aged forest stands in Finland to study the effect of large trees on the success of regeneration.


BACKGROUND: In this study, we analyzed the effect of the alveolar recruitment strategy (ARS) and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration on Phase III slope (SIII) of volumetric capnography (VC) in morbidly obese patients. METHODS: Eleven anesthetized morbidly obese patients were studied. Lungs were ventilated with tidal volumes of 10 mL · kg−1, respiratory rates of 12–14 bpm, inspiration:expiration ratio of 1:2, and Fio2 of 0.4. ARS was performed by increasing PEEP in steps of five from 0 end-expiratory pressure to 15 cm H2O. During lung recruitment, plateau pressure was limited to 50 cm H2O, whereas tidal volume was increased to the ventilator's maximum value of 1400 mL, and PEEP was increased to 20 cm H2O for 2 min. Thereafter, PEEP was reduced in steps of 5 cm H2O, from 15 to 0. VC, arterial blood gases, and lung mechanics data were determined for each PEEP step. RESULTS: SIII decreased from 0.014 ± 0.006 to 0.005 ± 0.005 mm Hg/mL when 0 end-expiratory pressure was compared against 15 cm H2O of PEEP after ARS (15ARS, P < 0.05). This decrement in SIII was accompanied by increases in Pao2 (27%, P < 0.002) and compliance (32%, P < 0.001), whereas Paco2 decreased by 8% (P < 0.038) when comparing values before and after ARS. A good prediction of the lung recruitment effect by SIII was derived from the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (area under the curve of 0.81, sensitivity of 0.75, and specificity of 0.74; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The SIII in VC was useful to detect the optimal level of PEEP after lung recruitment in anesthetized morbidly obese patients.


The study examined farmers' knowledge and perception regarding the importance of cover crops in the northern agricultural zone of Delta State, Nigeria. Eighty crop farmers that were randomly selected served as respondents of the study. Data were collected through the use of structured interview schedule. Descriptive statistics such as frequency count, mean scores, and percentage were used to summarize data. Farmers' knowledge of cover crops was determined through a knowledge test, while Likert scaling was used in determining perception on the importance of cover crops and constraints to the utilization of cover crops. Results reveal that majority of the farmers operate on a small-scale with farm size ranging between 1 and 3 hectares. About 75 percent of the farmers had formal education. Majority of the farmers plant cover crops primarily for consumption and income generation not as a soil conservation measure. Popular cover crops planted include melon, beans and sweet potato. Farmers had a low knowledge on cover crops, however, majority of the farmers "agreed" with 13 of the 15 importance of cover crops investigated by the study. This suggests that they understand the rationale for the use of cover crops. Important constraints to the use of cover crops identified by the study include: attracts and harbor pests (M = 2.66), difficult to manage (M = 2.75), increase cost of production (M = 2.93), adds excessive residue to the soil (M = 2.66), and competes with food crops for space, light and nutrients (M =3.44). Based on the findings of this study, it concludes that crop farmers in northern agricultural zone presently do not exploit the full benefits of cover crops because of their limited use of cover crops. The study recommends that the farmers should increase their level of cover crops utilization by planting different cover crops species.


The travel industry is a new industry,which has a bright future for development and a large scale in today's world.Guang'an is a "red tourist" attraction for the former residence of Deng Xiaoping and the famous geological park-the Huaying Mountains.Therefore,a study of the approach to the development of travel industry of Guang'an is of special importance.Proceeding from the practical problems of travel development of Guang'an city,this paper analyzes the position of the travel industry of Guang'an and its current situations and,using the SWOT model,presents a comprehensive study of the travel industry of Guang'an about its strength,weakness,opportunity and threat.Based on the results,the paper offers some policy options for the development of the travel industry of Guang'an.


a microclimate is a canopy-scale atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding area. the term may refer to areas as small as a few square meters or as large as several square kilometers. Microclimates exist in the atmospheric boundary layer and the upper soil. local climates are related to landscape elements (hill slopes, valley bottoms and ridge tops). they occur near water bodies, which may affect local temperatures and precipitation, in heavily urban areas, as a result of rapidly changing topography, or in the shadow of a mountain. although general, larger-scale climate patterns are clearly important, local micrometeorological factors may have impacts on many elements, including local weather, ecological systems, soil climate, and agriculture. the topic of small-scale climate is therefore one that is of interest not only to climatologists but also to geographers, biologists, crop scientists, environmental scientists, hydrologists, and urban planners. this book provides an up-to-date, comprehensive treatment of the variables and processes of microclimate and local climate, including radiation balance and energy balance. it describes and explains the climate within the lower atmosphere and upper soil, the region critical to life on earth. topics that are covered include not only the physical processes that affect microclimate, but also biological processes that affect vegetation and animals, including people. a geographic tour of the microclimates of the major ecosystems around the world is included. all major biomes and surface types are examined, including urban areas, and the effects of climate change on microclimate are described. this book is invaluable for advanced students and researchers in climatology in departments of environmental science, geography, meteorology, agricultural science and forestry.


A simulation model capable of analyzing the deployment strategies of combat, combat support, and service support units is developed. Currently the model is programmed for a field artillery battalion uploading ammunition from an ammunition supply point. The model can be adapted to represent a brigade element or other units as directed. The program is user formulated, with 100 variables defined prior to execution of the simulation. The algorithm simulates the model with ten replications, each replication initiated with a random number seed. The data are stored after each replication, the results being averaged after the tenth simulation. A stochastic interface representing traffic and weather conditions is also modeled. Optimization is accomplished through sensitivity analysis by selecting change options for the input variables and running the simulation with the database.<<ETX>>


Bacteria engage in competitive interactions with neighbours that can either be of the same or different species. Multiple mechanisms are deployed to ensure the desired outcome and one tactic commonly implemented is the production of specialised metabolites. The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis uses specialised metabolites as part of its intraspecies competition determinants to differentiate between kin and non-kin isolates. It is, however, unknown if the collection of specialised metabolites defines competitive fitness when the two isolates start as a close, interwoven community that grows into a densely packed colony biofilm. Moreover, the identity of the most effective specialised metabolites has not been revealed. Here, we determine the competition outcomes that manifest when 21 environmental isolates of B. subtilis are individually co-incubated with the model isolate NCIB 3610 in a colony biofilm. We correlated these data with the suite of specialised metabolite biosynthesis clusters encoded by each isolate. We found that the epeXEPAB gene cluster correlated with a strong competitive phenotype. This cluster is responsible for producing the epipeptide EpeX. We demonstrated that EpeX is a competition determinant of B. subtilis in an otherwise isogenic context. When we competed the NCIB 3610 EpeX deficient strain against our suite of environmental isolates we found that the impact of EpeX in competition is isolate-specific, as only one of the 21 isolates showed increased survival when EpeX was lacking. Taken together, we have shown that EpeX is a competition determinant used by B. subtilis that impacts intra-species interactions in an isolate-specific manner.


The purpose of this research paper is to overcome the impact the COVID-19 in Indonesia, the Government of the Republic of Indonesia has set Perpu No 1 of 2020 concerning State Financial Policies and Financial System Stability for Handling COVID-19 Pandemic This paper uses a descriptive analysis method with a normative juridical approach, namely by explaining the politics of law in the stipulation of Perpu No 1 of 2020 into Law, then analyzing its effect on the character of legal products contained in the Act The data sources used in this paper are the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, Perpu Number 1 of 2020 which has been ratified into Law Number 2 of 2020, Legislation in the field of state finance, literature books, and several articles from print and electronic media This paper concludes that the legal politics of establishing Perpu No 1 of 2020 into Act was born from a democratic political system and configuration, but the character of its legal products was conservative The aim of the paper is to focus on the discussions related to the new regulations that have been made by the Indonesian government and analyse the impact resulting from the enactment of these regulations © Copyright: The Author(s) This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons org/licenses/by-nc/4 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited


In medium and high voltage applications, hybrid active power filter (HAPF) play an important role among harmonic elimination methods. How to connect active compensator into high-voltage grid is a hot research topic. In this paper, a hybrid active power filter based on coupling inductor is proposed, where the passive filters are applied to filter out most harmonics, and the active filter is used to compensate the residual characteristic harmonics causing by tuning deviation of the passive filters and other harmonics. Due to the coupling inductor, the self-inductance is generally small, which limits possible high voltage at both sides of the coupling inductor. In order to obtain enough voltage for the capacitor at the dc side of the active converter to generate required compensating currents, a normalized signal of the coupling voltage is used as the unit active reference signal, so that all frequency components of the coupling voltage source can provide energy for the dc capacitor. For harmonic compensating a control strategy with a unified proportion controller and some auxiliary characteristic harmonic resonance controllers is presented. A comparative study of filtering effects by different filtering methods is carried out through simulation, and then does the control characteristics of the active converter, which shows super performance.


We present MAV3D (Make-A-Video3D), a method for generating three-dimensional dynamic scenes from text descriptions. Our approach uses a 4D dynamic Neural Radiance Field (NeRF), which is optimized for scene appearance, density, and motion consistency by querying a Text-to-Video (T2V) diffusion-based model. The dynamic video output generated from the provided text can be viewed from any camera location and angle, and can be composited into any 3D environment. MAV3D does not require any 3D or 4D data and the T2V model is trained only on Text-Image pairs and unlabeled videos. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach using comprehensive quantitative and qualitative experiments and show an improvement over previously established internal baselines. To the best of our knowledge, our method is the first to generate 3D dynamic scenes given a text description.


Hervey Bay, a large coastal embayment situated off the central eastern coast 6 of Australia, is a shallow tidal area (average depth = 15 m), close to the continental 7 shelf. It shows features of an inverse estuary, due to the high evaporation rate (approx. 8 2 m/year), low precipitation (less than 1 m/year) and on average almost no freshwater 9 input from rivers that drain into the bay. 10 The hydroand thermodynamical structure of Hervey Bay and their variability are 11 presented here for the first time, using a combination of four-dimensional modelling 12 and observations from field studies. The numerical studies are performed with the 13 COupled Hydrodynamical Ecological model for REgioNal Shelf seas (COHERENS). 14 Due to the high tidal range (> 3.5 m) the bay is considered as a vertically well-mixed 15 system and therefore only horizontal fronts a likely. Recent field measurements, but 16 also the numerical simulations indicate characteristic features of an inverse/hypersaline 17 estuary with low salinities (35.5 psu) in the open ocean and peak values (> 39.0 psu) 18 in the head water of the bay. The model further predicts a nearly persistent mean 19 salinity gradient of 0.5 psu across the bay (with higher salinities close to the shore). 20 Ulf Gräwe, Jörg-Olaf Wolff ICBM, Physical Oceanography (Theory), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Joachim Ribbe Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia 2 The investigation further shows that air temperature, wind direction and tidal regime 21 are mainly responsible for the stability of the inverse circulation and the strength of 22 the salinity gradient across the bay. 23 Due to an ongoing drying trend, the occurrence of severe droughts at the central east 24 coast of Australia and therefore a reduction in freshwater supply, the salinity flux out 25 of the bay has increased and also the inverse circulation has strengthened. 26


Conclusions The above experiments, more rigorous than those previously reported∗ because treatment was purposely withheld until infection was established and then conducted with equal doses of the 2 drugs, show 2-(sulfanilamido)-pyridine slightly superior to sulfanilamide in combatting Type II pneumococcal infections of less than 100 fatal doses in mice and rats.∗ These conclusions are based on survival values only.


PROBLEM OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN HEL PENINSULA (NORTH POLAND)

Summary
There are two aquifers on the Hel Peninsula area. First one occurs in the Holocene strata and the second is known as Pleistocene-Cretaceous water-bearing structure. As far as Holocene aquifer is supplied by meteoric waters — the surplus between precipitation and evapotranspitration reaches about 130 mm annually — the deeper aquifer contains young relic waters. According to isotopic composition, these waters are typical for glacial waters and they infiltrated to the Cretaceous strata before the Littorina transgression. It proves that these resources are not renewable. Groundwater resources of the first aquifer are very sensitive to the exploitation. The calculated safe yield of the water intake is not higher as 7 m3/h. This term could be introduced to the water management instead of exploitation resources used at present for water intake. The total volume of fresh waters in the Holocene aquifer is named groundwater resources of the aquifer and was calculated as about 0.11 km3. The categories of recognition of the groundwater resources are named А, В and C. It might be used terms: warranted, estimated and hypothetic (or assumed) that reflects better precision of their recognition and calculation.


Runoff signatures (RS), a special set of runoff indexes reflecting the hydrological process, have an important influence on many fields of both human and natural systems by flooding, drought, and available water resources. However, the global RS changes and their causes remain largely unknown. Here, we make a comprehensive investigation of RS changes and their response to total water storage anomalies (TWSA) from GRACE satellites, atmospheric circulation, and reservoir construction by using daily runoff data from 21,955 hydrological stations during 1975–2017. The global assessment shows that (1) in recent years, the global extreme flow signatures tend to decrease, while the low and average flow signatures are likely to increase in more regions; (2) the spatial patterns of trends are similar for different RS, suggesting that the runoff distribution tends to entirely upward in some regions, while downward in other regions; (3) the trends in RS are largely consistent with that in TWSA over most regions in North America and eastern South America during 1979–2017, indicating that the GRACE-based TWSA have great potential in hydrological monitoring and attribution; (4) atmospheric circulation change could partly explain the global spatiotemporal variation patterns of RS; (5) dams have important influences on reducing the high flow signature in the catchments including dams built during 1975–2017. This study provides a full picture of RS changes and their possible causes, which has important implications for water resources management and flood and drought disaster assessment.


This paper describes the experience gained in the case study of adapting the Bridge, a GUI design method to the design of non-GUI interactive consumer products.
An industrial design consultancy was looking for an efficient way of discussing the initial design ideas for a product and its user interface (UI) with the client and the client's software design consultant. The Bridge, which is a fast participatory method for bridging the gap between user requirements and the design of object-oriented graphical user interfaces (GUI) was applied in the task of designing a smart product - an interactive consumer electronic product. The goal was to design a software and hardware user interface concept in a well-structured and fruitful manner with limited time and expenses. A further goal was to assist the industrial designers in participating in their client's strategic design decision making and in the design of the overall user experience, instead of conducting a plain project-level product design.
The solution was an application of the Bridge method, which was user-centered, but not participatory. The approach was new to the participating companies. The results were promising, both in getting concrete design ideas in a very short time to support decision making, and in facilitating new kind of communication between the participants very early in the process.


The network memory is memory system's development direction. This article elaborated that the network saves safety system's importance, has analyzed the current network memory security difficulty and receives the security threat, and carries on the analysis comparison to each kind of network memory security algorithm, proposed the network memory system realizes safely the main essential algorithm, acts according to the current software and hardware's development and the application development demand finally, has forecast the network memory security research direction.


Few studies investigate how environmental factors in childhood may influence adult respiratory health. The European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) is a longitudinal multi‐centre study of Western world adults, including retrospective assessment of early life factors.


Aim: The aim of this thesis was to study prevalence of perceived nervousness and mental stress in a female population and to investigate associations between perceived nervousness and mental stress and psychosomatic symptoms as well as mortality and morbidity. The secondary aim was to investigate the contemporaneous development of cardiovascular risk factors in women. Method: The Prospective Population Study of Women in Gothenburg, Sweden was initiated in 1968-69 including 1462 women aged 60, 54, 50, 46 and 38. New examinations were conducted 1974-75, 1980-81, 1992-93, 2000-01 and 2004-05. Measures included self reported nervousness, mental stress as well as psychosomatic symptoms at baseline, risk factors as smoking, s-lipids, BMI, blood pressure and socioeconomic status. Results: Women who reported perceived nervousness in the 1968-69 examination had a higher frequency of psychosomatic symptoms e.g. abdominal symptoms, asthma and headache than women without nervousness. Women who reported at least two of the symptoms nervousness/moodiness had an increased risk of dying of cardiovascular disease (CVD) also after multi-variable control (hazard ratio, HR=1.28, confidence interval, CI 1.03-1.58). Women who reported mental stress in 1968-69 were more likely to have abdominal symptoms (odds ratio, OR=1.54, CI 1.20-1.99), headache (OR=1.71, CI 1.33-2.20), frequent infections (OR=1.73, CI 1.17-2.56) and musculoskeletal symptoms (OR=1.43, CI 1.13-1.81) than women without mental stress. Women with mental stress had an increased risk of death (OR=1.40, CI 1.06-1.85) as well as breast cancer (OR=2.19, CI 1.11-4.30) within the following 32 years.


By 1914, there were huge economic gaps between the Southern Cone plus Cuba and the rest of Latin America. When did the gaps appear? Can they be explained by the varying ability of these countries to exploit the first great globalization boom after about 1870? Or did the gaps appear much earlier, and were they established by different experience with colonialism, war and civil war, or perhaps by geographic isolation? And what about the gaps between Latin America and the Mediterranean Basin, let alone with industrial leaders like Britain? Which countries in Latin America started catching up after mid-century, which fell further behind, and which held their own? What role did globalization and demographic forces, including immigration, play in the process? Conventional quantitative evidence, like current GDP estimates, is much too incomplete to confront these central questions, especially as they apply to the previous century. In an effort to suggest a new research agenda for the region, this essay uses a new data base on real wages and relative factor prices for seven major Latin American regions -- Argentina, Brazil (Southeast and Northeast), Colombia, Cuba, Mexico and Uruguay -- as well as for the three Mediterranean regions which were a source of so many of Latin America's immigrants -- Portugal, Spain and Italy. These ten regions, plus comparative information from Britain and the United States, form the data base for the paper.


The unpredictable fast growing dimension of the World Wide Web and its non-static nature causes considerable obstacles for Web crawlers including the presence of some incorrect and irrelevant answers among search results set and the scaling issues. Hence, solutions that are more promising are in demand to provide more accurate search outcomes. Because implementing existed Web page importance metrics either link based or context based within a parallel crawler can not be an absolute solution for the coverage of authorized fresh Web content and the accuracy concerns, so employing these metrics is not the final approach within search engines' architecture. This paper proposes an analysis on clickstream data in order to discover the popularity of Web pages in crawl frontier through proposing the metric itself and presenting the experimental results on ranking the UTM Web pages based on the proposed discussed metric.


This article does not embody a gravitational radiation theory aneoug masses. Rather, it is a proposition, whose root is a reenfiting of the Universal Gravitational Cosntant in Plancrs units, which establishes the lowernost scale of its range. Therefore, no quaxtum gravity concepts will come into play; the physics is newtonian throuyhout. Nevertheless, the key provided by the constats rewfiting, aplied to the simplest scenario, that of two at fist: masses, allows to recogrise that gravity interlocking tollows a P-type oscillation at very high frequencies, whether the medium is vacuum - the highest - or not.


The motion of the operator's fingers has been tracked by a real-time tracking vision system to provide a user interface to a machine tool. The desired cutter position is determined from the finger position and the machine tool path is controlled to follow. The system provides an environment where a machining center can be controlled remotely without any special apparatus, such as a master manipulator. Thus, the user interface described in this paper is one of the crucial technologies for "technology transfer with real feeling". Experimental results show the effectiveness and the performance of the developed system.


To test the possibility of using a discrete choice experiment model, on a national level in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes, in order to obtain a better understanding of drivers of and barriers to diabetes self‐care.


This paper investigates new achievements in global chassis control, involving Active Front steering (AFS) and Direct Yaw Control (DYC), to improve the overall vehicle performance, i.e. the vehicle manoeuvrability, lateral stability and rollover avoidance. Two multilayer control architectures, each formed by three hierarchical layers, are developed, validated and compared. The lower layer represents the actuators implemented into the vehicle which generate their control inputs based on the orders sent from the middle layer. The middle layer is the control layer which is responsible to generate the control inputs that minimise the errors between the desired and actual vehicle yaw rate, side-slip angle and roll angle, regardless of the driving situation. The control layer is the main difference of the proposed architectures, where a centralised and a decentralised controllers are developed. In the centralised architecture, the novelty is that one single Multi-Input-Multi-Output MIMO optimal controller generates the optimal additive steering angle provided by the AFS and the optimal differential braking provided by the DYC to minimise -at once- all the vehicle state errors . The optimal control technique based on offline Linear Matrix Inequality optimal solutions, in the framework of Linear-Parameter-Varying systems, is applied to synthesise the controller. In the decentralised architecture, a heuristic solution is proposed by decoupling the control problem where the Super-Twisting Sliding Mode (STSM) technique is applied to derive the AFS control input which minimises only the errors on the yaw rate, and the roll angle. Similarly, the DYC control input is privileged to minimise only the error on the side-slip angle. The higher layer of both architectures is the decision making layer which instantly monitors two criteria laying on lateral stability and rollover risks. Then, it generates two weighted parameters which adapt the controller(s) performance(s) according to the driving conditions in order to improve the vehicle's manoeuvrability, lateral stability and rollover avoidance. Both control architectures are tested and validated on the professional simulator 'SCANeR Studio'. Simulation shows that both architectures are relevant to the global chassis control. The centralised one is optimal, complex and overall closed-loop stability is guaranteed, while the decentralised one does not guarantee the overall closed-loop stability, but it is intuitive, simple and robust.


The study has been performed on the heterosis behavior related to the following indications: length and width of the 7-8 leaf and length and width of 13-14 leaf. For this purpose, the research was focused on the populations of R1, R2 and F1 of ten cross-fertilizations where local and introduced varieties of Burley tobacco participate. The results show that the hetorosis effect could be best seen in the width of the 7-8 leaf and therefore it has an economical importance with regards to this index namely. The heterosis referring to the width of the leaves is more pronounced than their length. Also, with regards to the size of the leaves, the heterosis is better seen in the lower than in the upper pick zone (harvesting stalk position).


The grammar in textbook and program examples are explained in a lecture course on JavaScript programming. It was then followed by explanation with materials describing program examples to practice the grammar and exercise problems. We conducted exercises to prepare programs in exercise problems with reference to the program examples. Instructions were given to complete the program during the lecture course as soon as possible, and the students were asked to submit the program and report files using the functions of e-learning. During the final weeks (Week 14), students were asked to prepare a program of voluntary subject he or she came up with, execute it and evaluate one another. With reference to the results, they were asked to correct them by Week 15 and to evaluate one another again. The useful activities for improving awareness were investigated after the lecture course. This paper reports regarding useful activities for improving awareness. In addition, the result is explained in comparison with the helpful activities in the PHP programming taught in the same way.


Four foliar applications were given and in the treatment with lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC @ 25 g a.i./ha, the % leaf damage was low ranged from (0.50 to 7.40%) followed by spinosad 45 SC @ 33.75 g a.i./ha (0.65 to 8.9%) and superior than the other treatments. All the treatments were superior compared to the untreated check which recorded highest % leaf damage (6.8 to 15.0%) in field trial I. In another field trial II, the treatment with lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC @ 25 g a.i./ha, the % leaf damage ranged from (1.4 to 5.8%) followed by spinosad 45 SC @ 33.75 g a.i./ha (2.2 to 6.4%) and superior than the other treatments. All the treatments were superior compared to the untreated check which recorded highest % leaf damage (5.4 to 13.4%).


With the rapidly rising of network traffic and IP widely used, IP communication models was promoted and go perfectly.This paper contrast three IP communication models between unicast, broadcast and multicast. And refer to each characteristic and applying range.


During the internship,the instruction and management is mainly carried out by teachers on the spot,but it causes big problems in the communication between the students and passing on the messages due to the different internship places for a whole class.Through the practice,the author suggests making full use of the network which is not constrained by time or space to manage the students practicing in different places.This attempt has achieved satisfactory results.


The No Outsiders research consortium draws upon the Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) notion of a community of practice with a shared focus on 'researching approaches to sexualities equality in primary schools'. While the word 'community', for some, may carry connotations of harmony and even homogeneity, the project proposal anticipated that much of the project development would emerge from dissensus, rather than consensus. In this paper two participants, the senior researcher and a teacher‐researcher, will analyse themes that have emerged through web‐based and email discussions among participants over the course of a year focusing on negotiating these kinds of hierarchical relationships among teacher‐researchers and university researchers. Rather than providing guidelines for establishing and maintaining a democratic community of practice, we examine the complexities inherent in the process. We argue that the negotiation process itself is a crucial aspect of collaboration, and recommend resisting the temptation to expect these negotiations to minimize dissent and reach compromise.


An independent-samples t-test was conducted to compare motivation scores for USA Paralympic Athletes and NCAA Division II Athletes on Six Key Types of Motivation as defined by the SelfDetermination Theory of Motivation. The data was collected using the 7-point likert scale of the Sport Motivation Scale-II (SMS-II).In this particular study, there was a significant difference on the scores for the USA Paralympic Athletes (M=6.03, SD=1.24) and the NCAA Athletes (M=5.3, SD=1.39) on the Intrinsic Motivation Scores from the Sport Motivation ScaleII; t (132)=2.47, p = 0.015. Also significant were the differences in scores on the External Motivation, and Amotivation Scales. Because these types of motivation are not productive or conducive to continued participation and improvement, the scores on these measures is better when lower. The results of the External Motivation Scale for the USA Paralympic Athletes (M=1.75, SD=1.01) and the NCAA Division I Athletes (M=3.20, SD=1.46) on the External Motivation Scores from the Sport Motivation ScaleII were; t (131)=-5.72, p = 0.0000001. The results for the Amotivation scale for the USA Paralympic Athletes (M=1.39, SD=0.90) and the NCAA Division I Athletes (M=2.3, SD=1.39) on the External Motivation Scores from the Sport Motivation ScaleII were; t (134)=-3.98, p = 0.0001. These results of the study suggest that Paralympic Athletes, can develop higher motivational levels than typical University NCAA Athletes, and that, given the ideal motivational climate, the paralympic athletes will be relatively autonomous in their pursuit of their athletic goals. Specifically, our results suggest that USA Paralympians are highly motivated to perform and participate in competitive athletics at a motivational level that is significant in terms of both positive motivation (Intrinsic Motivation) and a minimization of negative motivation (External Motivation and Amotivation) when contrasted with the motivational levels of typical NCAA Athletes. Although a comprehensive literature review shows that amotivation can be detrimental to disabled athletes' long term participation in competitive sport, this study demonstrates that high levels of motivation are present among USA Paralympians, and are, thus, quite possible for other athletes in disability


This is the first workshop to be held on this emerging topic, which integrates recent advances in computational linguistics and cognitive neuroscience with the latest methods from machine learning. This new field promises to aid in the further development of cognitively plausible theories of language, to provide a third empirical basis as a benchmark for computational linguistics (besides corpora, and data elicited from informants), and to enrich the models of language used in neuroscience with the precision and breadth that computational linguistic methods provide. More ambitious blue-sky applications being pursued include language-based brain-computer interfaces, parsing of sentential structure from recordings of neural activity during language processing, and the derivation of language resources from neuroimaging data. We hope that this event will provide an interdisciplinary forum for the free exchange of ideas between the participants, whose expertise ranges across computational linguistics, cognitive psychology, brain decoding, psycholinguistics and other areas of cognitive science. In preparation for the workshop we released two neural recording data-sets and corresponding language models (the CMU fMRI set and the Trento EEG set, both on a lexical semantic processing task) to allow researchers from different specialties to contribute. The papers that will be presented at the workshop cover a range of neuroimaging techniques (EEG, fMRI, MEG), models of language phenomena (distributional models of lexical semantics, formal ontologies, word class distinctions, connectionist approaches), and of machine learning and data mining methods (Bayesian learning, source separation models, regression techniques, non-linear classifiers). In addition to the submitted papers we will have two additional talks. We are very happy to welcome Tom Mitchell to open the event. Over recent years Prof. Mitchell has chosen neuroimaging data, and language, as the two phenomena that he will focus on in his machine learning research. In addition we will give a mini-tutorial: a crash course for computational linguists in the neuroscience of language, and on basic principles of neuroimaging techniques. Hemispheric processing of Chinese polysemy in the disyllabic verb/ noun compounds: an event-related potential study Hemispheric processing of Chinese polysemy in the disyllabic verb/ noun compounds: an event-related potential study Abstract (Mitchell et al., 2008) showed that it was possible to use a text corpus to learn the value of hypothesized semantic features characterizing the meaning of a concrete noun. The authors also demonstrated that those features could be used to decompose the spatial pattern of fMRI-measured brain activation in response to a stimulus containing …


In this work we have showed how the effective potential is obtained from the generating functional for the Green's functions of the theory and what is its interpretation. The convexity of the effective potential has been also proved.


PGE2 tablets were administered for induction of labour to 47 clinically normal patients at term who, one hour after amniotomy, had less than 100 Montevideo Units of uterine activity. The dosage of PGE2 was individually adjusted and never exceeded 2.0 mg. two‐hourly. One multiparous patient was given oxytocin for acceleration of labour. The other 46 patients required no other oxytocic drugs.


ObjectiveTo observe the changes of learning and memory abilities and effects of expression of glutamate neutrons(Glu),NMDA receptor subunit NR_1 and NR_(2B) in hippocampus glutamate neutrons of rats with cerebral ischemic reperfusion(IR),and to study the relationship between cerebral ischemia damage and glutamate excitability toxicity.MethodsThe improved PULLINSIN-4VO was applied to produce the models of vascular dementia,and MORRIS Maze test for the ability of space learning and memory,the staining of hippocampus tissue structure was taken by HE staining method.Immunohistochemical SABC staining and image analysis were used to present the expression of Glu,NR_1 and NR_(2B) in hippocampus.ResultsThe necrosis of hippocampus neutrons of rats occurred obviously after ischemia for 15 min and IR 48h,and the expression of Glu,NR_1 and NR_(2B) in hippocampus neutrons significantly increased in the hippocampus,and learning and memory abilities were obviously lowered(F=22.063-1 368.839,q=3.453-5.342,P0.01).ConclusionThe expressions of Glu,NR_1 and NR_(2B) were enhanced after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion.The decline of learning and memory abilities is related to the increase of expression of Glu,NR_1 and NR_(2B) in hippocampus.


The quality of interviews depends largely on the atmosphere being harmonious or not.This paper discussed how to create a harmonious atmosphere during interviews from a reporter's preparation,location and time of interview,timing,the reporter's appearance and behaviors,the emotional aspects of communication between the reporter and the interviewees.


We conducted a survey in March 2010 of all physicians at Kyoto University Hospital on working environments, levels of satisfaction, and level of exhaustion. A comparison of surgeons with other physicians showed tendencies among surgeons toward longer working hours and lower income. The findings indicated that surgeons experienced satisfaction from teamwork with fellow physicians, opportunities to manage interesting cases, and patient gratitude. Surgeons tended to have low fatigue level and were satisfied with their working environments, despite their low wages and long working hours. Although surgical treatment is currently built upon the feelings of accomplishment and satisfaction of individual surgeons, there is always a limit to his/her psychological strength. Indeed, the number of young surgeons is not increasing. In the future, efforts must be taken to prevent the departure of currently practicing surgeons. Consideration must also be given to reducing nonsurgical duties by increasing the numbers of medical staff, and making work conditions more appealing to young surgeons by guaranteeing income and prohibiting long working hours, particularly consecutive working hours.


Title of Document: TRANSIENT TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS OF COMBUSTOR WALLS ENCLOSING A 2-D MODEL COAXIAL INJECTOR Hak Seung Lee, Master of Science, 2013 Directed By: Associate Professor, Kenneth H. Yu, Department of Aerospace Engineering Direct measurements of combustor inner wall temperatures are difficult due to harsh flow conditions. A novel approach was used to obtain the combustor wall temperature as a function of time and location in a H2-O2 model injector, enclosing acoustically forced flames. The emphasis was to obtain thermal boundary conditions for various injector operation. The new approach combined a series of experimental measurements on the outer wall with a transient heat transfer analysis applicable for low Biot number and low Fourier number conditions. Infrared thermometry technique was applied to obtain outer wall temperature distribution at three different wall thicknesses, and these measurements were combined with the transient analysis to calibrate the amount of heat transfer and the corresponding inner wall temperature. The results showed that the combustor inner wall temperature distribution evolved much differently for acoustically forced flames, suggesting a different thermal boundary condition should be used in


The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes in the role of the school principal in Puerto Rico after the Department of Education had given more autonomy to the schools, implementing some of the principles of a site-based management. A sample of 905 of the 1,389 active school principals in the public schools in Puerto Rico answered a questionnaire. They offered their opinion in relation to issues such as school climate, administrative autonomy, instructional autonomy, their academic background as school principals, service training and the most important problems affecting their performance. The results of this study offer up dated information useful to cover the needs of the schools principals in Puerto Rico while they face the challenge of a new model of school administration.


Single gifts of any value can be made by cheque (payable to Keble College Development) or by credit card and should be returned to the Development Office attached to a UK Donation form (pdf) or Overseas Donation form (pdf). For UK donors, signing the Gift Aid Declaration enables the College to reclaim the tax paid on your gift. UK higher rate tax payers can reclaim the difference between basic and high rate tax paid on any donation.


DOI: 10.21276/sjodr.2017.2.11.4 Abstract: To assess the distribution and severity of tooth wear among adult population of Andhra Pradesh. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted by trained and calibrated examiner. A stratified random sample of 1611 individuals with the age of 35-44 years were examined for tooth wear using Smith and Knight tooth wear index (1984). Descriptive statistics were applied to the data. Prevalence of tooth wear amounted to 70.62%. The highest frequency of score 1 was found for mandibular right 1 st molar (41.6%) and score 2 for maxillary left central incisor (20.8%), score 3 for mandibular left 1 st molar (6.3%) and score 4 for mandibular left 2 nd premolar (7.3%). Occlusal surfaces were most commonly affected with tooth wear when compared to buccal, lingual and cervical surfaces. It also shows that occlusal surfaces of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth were more commonly affected than the posterior teeth. No tooth wears on the lingual surfaces of posterior teeth of both the arches. Tooth wear remains a common finding in study population. Furthermore, the question of whether tooth wear is a public health problem remains open for debate.


This research project was developed in the laboratory of meat at the Academic Unit of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of the Technical University of Cotopaxi, Salache campus. The study was conducted in order to set a precedent in the safety of products made experimentally in the laboratory, because of the importance of quality and food safety that being submitted processed products; it was necessary the identification and the analysis of biological risks in the production process of sausages and meat products in the laboratory by a risk matrix that was the basis for the design, development and implementation of a Manual of Good Manufacture Practices. Once the project was finished, the researcher set the parameters which regulate GMP regulation to obtain a certification under the 3253 agreement of the Rules of Good Practice for Processed Foods.


Written in plain English and incorporating helpful graphics, this guide provides all the info readers need to get working on Photoshop CS4. Beginning with a detailed tutorial on essential concepts and terms, the book then introduces users to the Photoshop screen environment and its basic vocabulary. Step-by-step instructions and fact-filled sidebars walk readers through every aspect of CS4, including the all-new interface design and new productivity enhancement features, such as black and white adjustment, smart filters, and the quick selection tool.


Despite longstanding evidence for increased activation of coagulation in hemolytic anemias, its pathophysiology and its role in the vaso-occlusive crises of sickle disease remain unclear. Here Dr. Ataga reviews the latest evidence on this topic, emphasizing the likely multifactorial origin of the activation and the increasing evidence for the importance of cellular elements or their derived microparticles. See related articles on pages 1513 and 1520


The general situation of intelligent apparatus and device's development and the important position of Fieldbus and communication apparatus in the future development of automation system has been discussed in this paper. At the same time, the main principle and present conditions of intelligent release for breaker, intelligent device for motor's protection ,control ,communication , and intelligent lowvoltage switchcabinet are also introduced.


Abstract Using cyclotron resonance data on light and heavy holes the valence band parameters for irradiated germanium have been obtained.


This case study analyzes the global problem of plastic packaging waste through the lens of U.S. supermarket chain Publix. Although Publix has an active corporate social responsibility program and well-documented sustainability practices, its efforts to date on reducing plastic waste have been limited, particularly in comparison to European grocery chains. The case considers steps that Publix might take to reduce plastic waste and meet its obligations to external stakeholders. These steps include everything from eliminating the use of plastic bags to implementing a return and reuse system for plastic bottles and containers.


Local recurrence after radial surgical excision of a large bowel neoplasm is nothing short of a catastrophe, because it heralds the onset of a progressive, painful, debilitating condition which untreated, has an average survival time of 11 months. ' As many patients do not have disseminated disease, death is often slow and attended by considerable morbidity.2 Most local recurrences occur after resection of a carcinoma in the rectum or sigmoid colon.3 Perineal pain, tenesmus, diarrhoea, incontinence and eventually obstruction supervene. Once an anastomotic recurrence is diagnosed, treatment is palliative in most patients and options are limited. Surgery offers the only realistic chance of cure, but is rarely feasible. Radiotherapy relieves symptoms in half the patients without altering mean survival. ' Palliation of obstruction by constructing a stoma, or of urinary obstruction by long term catheterisation4 causes further distress in an already limited life of poor quality. The cause of this distressing complication of either restorative resection, or rectal amputation is the subject of considerable debate. The wide variation in the reported incidence of anastomotic recurrence 'may reflect differing surgical techniques, and in particular inadequate local excision of the tumour or its adjacent lymphatics, and inappropriate choice of low restorative resection. Supporters of the theory of exfoliated cell implantation would argue that omission to wash out the bowel ends intraoperatively with a cytocidal agent is associated with a high incidence of local luminal recurrence. 67 Some of these dogmatic surgical views have been seriously questioned in the last decade and there is increasing evidence that there may be a more widespread biological abnormality in a vicinity of the tumour, predisposing some patients to a high risk of local recurrence.


There is currently great interest in the technological properties of conductive polymer composites because their cost-performance balance. They have a wide range of industrial applications - in anti-static materials, self regulating heaters, current overload and overheating protection devices, and materials for electromagnetic radiation shielding. Measurements of the electrical properties of polymer composites are one of the most convenient and sensitive methods for studying polymer structure. A polymer composite differs substantially from a free polymer in a wide range of properties. The presence of filler affects both the electrical, as well as mechanical properties. One of the most important characteristics of conductive polymer composites is that their electrical conductivity increases non-linearly with the increase of the concentration of filler particles. When the concentration of filler particles reaches a certain critical value, a drastic transition from an electrical insulator to a conductor is exhibited. This conductivity behavior resulting in a sudden insulator-conductor transition is ascribed to a percolation process, and the critical filler concentration at which the conductivity jump occurs is called 'percolation threshold'. In the past few years, a lot of studies have been carried out to analyze the percolation phenomenon and mechanisms of the conductive behavior in conductive polymer composites. It has been established that the electrical conductivity of conductive polymer composites uncommonly depends on the temperature. Some of such composites show a sharp increase and/or decrease in electrical conductivity at specific temperatures. The conductive temperature coefficient (CTC) of conductive polymer composites has been widely investigated. In these work we investigated how concentration of the carbon black (CB) affects the dielectrical properties of the low density polyethylene and carbon black (LDPE+CB) composites. The ac electrical conductivity, σac, for such composites was measured. The temperature and frequency dependence of the dissipation factor were analyzed. It was found that the ac conductivity and dissipation factor were highly affected by the concentration of the filler.


Haptic interface is a human-machine interface that can provide feedback based on recreating the sense of touch by applying force, vibrations or motion to the users. Recently, a variety of haptic devices, such as PHANTOM, have been proposed. However, outside the academic sphere, few people feel familiar with either these devices or haptic technology. One possible reason is very likely to be that in order to realize haptic feedback with high quality, most haptic interface devices have to be built in heavy, large and complex forms, which reduces the ease and potential for people to get access to them. At the other hand, with the rapid evolution of technology, mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablet PCs, are becoming more and more popular nowadays, boasting much higher possession rate, as well as performance than several years before. Therefore, in order to introduce haptic technology to more people, this paper pays attention to mobile application of haptic technology, and proposes SPIADAR-S, a string-based, compact haptic device with 1 degree of freedom, which can be mounted on common mobile devices through the 3.5 mm audio jack. The string-based structure is inspired by the string-based force display SPIDAR.


Glioblastomas are highly aggressive and hypoxic tumours. This environment activates the hypoxic pathway, driving glioma progression and treatment resistance. The hypoxic pathway is regulated by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) hydroxylases, which require oxygen as a substrate. Under normoxic conditions, the HIF hydroxylases are active, causing degradation and inhibition of HIF transcription factors. Under hypoxia, the activity of the hydroxylases reduces and HIF accumulates, activating the hypoxic response. HIF hydroxylases also require ascorbate as a cofactor for optimal function. The brain has one of the highest ascorbate levels in the human body, yet data on ascorbate levels in gliomas is scarce. Cellular ascorbate uptake occurs through solute carrier family 23 member 2 (SLC23A2). My aim is to understand the relationship between ascorbate, SLC23A2 and the hypoxic pathway in brain cancer using both in vitro cell culture and clinical samples.

 Ascorbate uptake was measured in human glioblastoma cell lines (T98G, U251MG, U87MG; ATCC) using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-ECD). CRISPR-Cas was designed to knock-out SLC23A2. Clinical glioblastoma samples (n=37) and follow-up data were provided by the Cancer Society Tissue Bank and University of Otago Dunedin. Ethics and informed consent were obtained (H19/163, MEC/08/02/016). Ascorbate levels, measured by HPLC-ECD, and HIF-1α and downstream targets were measured using Western blotting or ELISA. A HIF score was calculated from HIF-1α and downstream target protein levels to estimate hypoxic pathway activity.

 In this study we have shown that T98G and U251 cells accumulate up to 15 nmol ascorbate/106 cells when exposed to 500 µM ascorbate for up to 24 hours, compared to U87MG cells with up to 3 nmol ascorbate/106 cells. Cancer Cell Line Encyclopaedia data shows that T98G and U251MG cells express higher levels of SLC23A2 compared to U87MG cells, aligning with our results. Clinical glioblastoma tissue contained a median of 7.6 µg ascorbate/100 mg tissue. Patients survival was significantly longer with above, vs below, median tumour ascorbate levels (Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon p = 0.027). The HIF score was negatively correlated with tumour ascorbate levels (Pearson r -0.327, p = 0.048). Patients with higher HIF-score had significantly shorter survival time compared to those with a lower HIF score (Gehan-Breslow-Wilcoxon p = 0.005).

 Ascorbate uptake in glioblastoma cells varies between cell lines and appears reliant on the level of SLC23A2. Higher ascorbate content in clinical glioblastoma samples was associated with reduced hypoxic pathway activity and longer patient survival. Ongoing work, using SLC23A2 CRISPR-Cas knock-out cells, is investigating the effect of disrupting ascorbate uptake on hypoxic pathway signalling in glioblastoma cells.


Overall the survey showed a very strong faith in alliances with a strategic perspective. There was an equal
strong belief in soft variables around alliance success, such as leadership, trust and cultural issues. But as
it turns out what really matters are arduous factors such as operations, middle management and
formalized routines, processes and responsibilities. All evidence also points to the fact that alliances are
here to stay and companies will do well to learn to master them in order to maximize profits and
survivability.


Purpose
Little is known about the gender profile of callers to crisis hotlines, despite distinct gender differences in suicide risk and behavior. The authors assessed current knowledge of the role of caller gender in the use of crisis hotlines for suicide, specifically whether there are differences in frequency, reason for call and caller outcomes by gender.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors conducted a scoping literature review of peer-reviewed studies published since 2000 in Medline, PubMed and PsychInfo, examining a total of 18 articles based on 16 studies.

Findings
Overall, women represent a higher percentage of calls to crisis hotlines worldwide, despite men having higher rates of suicide. Primary reasons for calling hotlines were the same for men and women, regardless of geography or culture. When gender differences in reason for call were reported, they were consistent with literature documenting gender differences in the prevalence of risk factors for suicide, including higher rates of substance use among men and higher instances of domestic violence/abuse among women.

Research limitations/implications
There was variability in the studies the authors examined. This review was limited to research on crisis telephone hotlines and did not include text or chat services. Due to data reporting, the findings are constrained to reporting on a male/female gender binary.

Originality/value
Findings on gender differences in crisis line use suggest a need for continued research in this area to determine how to best meet the needs of callers of all genders.


Abstract : In estimating and comparing the rates of change of a continuous variable between two groups, the unweighted averages of individual simple least squares estimates from each group are often used. Under a linear random effects model, when all individuals have completed observations at identical time points these statistics are maximum likelihood estimates for the expected rates of change. However, with censored of missing data, these estimates are no longer efficient when compared to generalized least squares estimates. When, in addition, the right censoring process is dependent upon the individual rates of change (i.e., informative right censoring), the generalized least squares estimates will be biased. Likelihood ratio test for informativeness of the censoring process and maximum likelihood estimates for the expected rates of change and the parameters of the right censoring process are developed under a linear random effect models with a probit model for the right censoring process. In realistic situations, we illustrate that the bias in estimating group rate of change and the reduction of power in comparing group difference could be substantial when strong dependency of the right censoring process on individual rates of change is ignored. (Author)


Continuous movement to perfection requires constant control and improvement of management decisions in the enterprise. Achieving the outlined goals and objectives is possible on the basis of IT technology for logistics needs. IT companies (360data, Alpega, C3 Solutions, CyberLogitec, Data2Logistics, etc.) focus on solving both individual and complex tasks (Load planning, optimization, purchases, speed and rates, reverse logistics, routing and planning, system transport management, etc.) logistics companies. This allows us to implement and operate IT solutions in the areas of supply chain, logistics, vertical specialization, base cost, third-party logistics and additional solutions. Today, the issues of improving the efficiency of logistics processes require active action on the part of company management, so their competitiveness primarily depends on the timeliness of responding to global trends and challenges in the field of IT technologies. According to research, IT developers focus most on solving the problems of transport service providers - they account for more than 90% of all surveyed. It should also be noted that more than 80% of IT solutions in vertical specialization are concentrated in the field of agriculture in production, transportation and wholesale trade. Despite these achievements, less than 40% of companies use technology to control the productive efficienc y of supply chains. Due to the increasing difficulty of shippers sending goods to customers, many companies turn to the so-called 3PLs (third-party logistics). Studies have shown that more than 80% of all shippers use 3PLs, which helps them improve the quality of customer service. Among the companies that implement and use the achievements of IT technologies in their logistics activities, we can highlight Maersk, Schneider, Lufthansa Cargo, SAS Cargo Group A / S, AsstrA and others. These IT solutions have enabled such companies to more effectively control and coordinate the delivery of goods, integrate the interfaces of the shipper and the customer into a single network, optimize the work of their own departments, reduce logistics costs and so on. This is also confirmed by the fact that more than 60% of all senior executives involved in the operation of transport in enterprises have experienced significant positive changes in the global transformations.


The Stages-of-Progress methodology helps identify context-specific reasons associated with households' movements into or out of poverty. Developed in 2002, it was used over the next seven years for examining the experiences of 35,567 households in 398 diverse communities of India, Kenya, Uganda, Peru, and North Carolina. This essay looks at the reasons that motivated the development of a different methodology for exploring poverty flows, explores the steps involved, and briefly presents key results. Large numbers of households have fallen into poverty in every context examined, but large numbers have also become persistently poor. Different reasons are associated, respectively, with escaping poverty and falling into poverty. Different policies are, therefore, required to deal with each of the two poverty flows. © 2010 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.


Introduction The official position of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) is, and always will be, that "the fight against tuberculosis as a public health problem is the direct responsibility of government health authorities." It is against this background that the IUATLD has undertaken its activities and will contribute to the global fight against tuberculosis in the future.


The pressure required for treatment of food ranges from 300 to 600 MPa, depending on the food being processed and the desired results, higher pressure giving better and more economical results. However, there are currently no predictable, reliable, and repeatable safety devices available for very high pressures like 600 MPa. Rupture disks have a short life at these pressures, and pressure relief valves for very high pressure are not repeatable. Thus the possibility of using a system design is an attractive alternative that will make the overpressure protection more reliable and controllable. In current applications, high-pressure vessels normally operate from a few MPa to 200 MPa, for example when extracting substances, compacting powder materials, or healing defects in materials. The pressure medium is typically a pure gas or a liquid. Here existing devises serve their purpose. The request for mild treatment of food to enhance safety and quality has created a niche for very high pressure. With this new technique the food is treated at low temperature and high pressure for a short time. The treatment inactivates micro organisms but maintains the nutritional and organoleptic values of the food, achieving a food with high quality and increased safety throughout its commercial shelf life.Copyright © 2003 by ASME


This paper examines the incentives of regions to levy source-based.capital taxes, when the tax revenue is not needed to finance the regional public sector. It is assumed that capital is completely mobile among regions, but that labor is completely immobile. Since each region can produce the same two tradable goods, using the same technology, then differences in tax rates on capital will lead to some specialization. If residents of one region own more of the nation's capital (per person), then these tax differences may be an equilibrium phenomenon. Regions with below-average capital endowment per person will levy capital taxes to lower the cost of the capital they import, even though these taxes lead to capital flight, and specialization in the labor-intensive good.


The use of multi-touch interfaces for collaborative software design has received significant attention. Multi-touch surfaces can accommodate more than one user synchronously which is particularly useful for collaborative design tasks with open-ended nature. In this paper, we explore the potential of using multi-touch technology for Unified Modeling Language (UML) software design by comparing it with PC-based collaborative software design. Results show that the use of multi-touch table enhanced collaboration amongst the team members and increased shared contribution.


A four-valued logic full adder accepts two four-valued inputs and a binary carry input and produces a two-quaternary-digit, base-four, output word that is the sum of the values of the inputs. In this paper we present two new current-mode logic realizations of the four-valued logic full adder. Also reviewed is a recent I2L realization of this function. In some applications, the use of these four-valued logic full adders requires fewer than 50% of the devices necessary to implement the same function with binary full adders.


Generating live broadcasts of sporting events requires a coordinated crew of camera operators, directors, and technical personnel to control and switch between multiple cameras to tell the evolving story of a game. In this paper, we present an unimodal interface concept that allows one person to cover live sporting action by controlling multiple cameras and and determining which view to broadcast. The interface exploits the structure of sports broadcasts which typically switch between a zoomed out game-camera view (which records the strategic team-level play), and a zoomed in iso-camera view (which captures the animated adversarial relations between opposing players). The operator simultaneously controls multiple pan-tilt-zoom cameras by pointing at a location on the touch screen, and selects which camera to broadcast using one or two points of contact. The image from the selected camera is superimposed on top of a wide-angle view captured from a context-camera which provides the operator with periphery information (which is useful for ensuring good framing while controlling the camera). We show that by unifying directorial and camera operation functions, we can achieve comparable broadcast quality to a multi-person crew, while reducing cost, logistical, and communication complexities.


It seems bizarre and inappropriate that so many books dealing with African-American lives in both Southern and Northern cities pay scant attention to the music that provided their only clear political as well as cultural voice. This seems even more anomalous now that historians of slavery appreciate that the music is a vital conduit for black responses to oppression and discrimination. In the five books under review, cultural consciousness is frequently relegated to a marginal position in the attempt to define the parameters of racism in cities as diverse as Philadelphia, New York, Chicago, Detroit and Charlotte.


Objective: This randomized, multicenter trial was designed to evaluate the efficacy of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cell immunotherapy combination with chemotherapy in patients with advanced squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Patients and Methods: In this phase II trial, 90 patients with untreated, stage IIIB/IV squamous NSCLC were randomized to autologous CIK cell immunotherapy plus gemcitabine and cisplatin (CIK-CT group, n = 45), or gemcitabine and cisplatin (CT group, n = 45). The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) evaluated by Kaplan–Meier analyses and treatment hazard ratios (HRs) with the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results: After a median follow-up of 29.3 months, the median PFS was 8.7 months (95% CI, 7.1 to 10.3) in the CIK-CT group and 4.0 months (95% CI, 3.1 to 5.0) in the CT group (HR, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.43; P < .001). The median OS was 21.0 months (95% CI, 17.8 to 24.2) in the CIK-CT group and 10.3 months (95% CI, 7.9 to 12.1) in the CT group (HR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.40; P < .001). The objective response rate was 62.2% (95% CI, 47.9% to 76.5%) in the CIK-CT group and 31.1% (95% CI, 17.4% to 44.8%) in the CT group ( P < .001). The adverse events of grade 3 or higher were 28.9% (13/45) and 42.2% (19/45) in the CIK-CT group and CT group, respectively.

Conclusions: These data suggested that CIK cell immunotherapy could improve the efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with previously untreated, advanced squamous NSCLC. A large sample, multi-center randomized, phase III trial is being carried out in our hospital to further validate these findings.

Trial Registration: This trial is registered as an international standard randomized trial with ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01631357.

Funding Statement: Supported by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China grant Awards No. 2015BAI12B12 (to Xiubao Ren) and 2018YFC1313400 (to Jianchuan Xia), by the National Natural Science Foundation of China grants Awards No. 81572913 and 81872487 (to Liang Liu).

Declaration of Interests: The authors reported no potential conflicts of interest.

Ethics Approval Statement This study was approved by the State Food and Drug Administration of China (2006L01023), by the National Key Technologies R&D Program of China (2015BAI12B12), and by the Ethical Committee of Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects.


Abstract The ability of high- and low-carbon ashes to reduce NO levels in a synthetic flue gas stream has been examined in the temperature range from 350 to 1100 C. High-carbon ash removed all of the NO (up to 340 ppm) from the gas stream, while low-carbon ash had no effect on the NO level of the gases. The carbonaceous material in the ash, possibly in conjunction with CO formation processes, appears to play a major role in the depletion reactions. The gas phase CO, however, does not appear to have a significant role in these reduction processes.


The uses of types and type inference in visual languages are explored. First, we discuss how the goals of a type system must differ from visual languages from those of a type system for textual languages. We then present a type system developed under these goals for the visual language Forms/3. Within the context of this system, issues of particular importance in visual languages are examined, including maintaining the user's conceptual model, the avoidance of language restrictions solely to support a type system, and how the visual process of programming can provide additional information to the type system.<<ETX>>


Vacuum sealing technology for superconducting rf applications must possess certain characteristics: reliability, cleanability, low-particulation, and ultra-high-vacuumcompatible seal quality. These requirements most often lead to the use of CF-type flanges with copper gaskets, aluminum-magnesium diamond seals, or formed indium wire. The use of superconducting rf technology in high-current accelerators and the associated high-power waveguides leads to an additional requirement: minimization of trapped field losses in the seal and beam impedance by minimizing the width and depth of the pocket created by the seal. CF-type flanges and diamond seals must be made circular and have a minimum stand-off distance from the inner diameter of the sealing flanges, making them especially unsuited for rectangular waveguides. Indium wire can be made in any shape, but the appropriate line loading must be established, and the spreading of the indium during sealing is challenging to control. Disassembly of the indium joint is also quite messy and risks contamination of any nearby niobium surfaces. A commercial sealing technology known as VATSEAL may neatly address all of the above requirements. Elsewhere, its feasibility was studied using finite element modeling. In this paper, we installed the VATSEAL to our mock-up flanges, measured vacuum leak rate in a pumped helium bath, and confirmed the seal is high vacuum tight even at 1.65 K.


Most literature on variations of vehicle routing problem assumes that a vehicle is continuously available within the planning horizon. However, in practice, due to the working time regulation, this assumption may not be valid in some applications. In this paper, we study a multiperiod vehicle routing problem with profit (mVRPP), where the goal is to determine a set of routes within the planning horizon that maximizes the collected reward from nodes visited. The vehicles can only travel during working hours within each period in the planning horizon. An effective memetic algorithm with giant-tour representation is proposed to solve the mVRPP. To efficiently evaluate a chromosome, we develop a greedy split procedure to optimally partition a given giant-tour into individual routes. We conduct extensive experiments on a set of modified benchmark instances. The result demonstrates that our approach generates promising solutions which are close to the upper bounds.


In this study, a rigid-plastic finite element method is applied to simulating a ring rolling process of the inner race cage of a constant velocity joint for the passengers' cars. The ring rolling process is mathematically modeled by several assumptions. The defect formation at the side ends is predicted in detail. The predictions are compared with the experiments and a good agreement is observed in terms of deformed shape.


The paper "The impact of the tourism in protected areas in Vrancea Mountains" attempts to provide a comprehensive view of the impact of tourism in these areas contrary to the rules, establishing acceptable limits for practicing sustainable forms of tourism such as ecological balance of these protected areas are not changed. The Vrancea Mountains, outside the reputation of the area with the second area of large carnivores in the country has a precious natural tourism potential expressed by the number and diversity of protected natural areas in accordance with the tourist offer of accommodation offers potential tourists unique experiences and tranquility needed for a relaxing holiday. The information and the education of tourists are a key element in the conservation and protection of protected species and to warn tourists in the form of tourism. The practice of tourism in protected areas in Vrancea Mountains is a huge opportunity to promote and exploit the natural potential of the area and increase the prestige of the area to the national level, the benefits primarily economic purposes.


In this paper, we propose a sequence of method which extrats ROIs(Region of Interests) rapidly from the parcel image of large size. In the proposed method, original image is spilt into the small masks, and the meaningful masks, the ROIs, are extracted by two criterions sequentially The first criterion is difference of pixel value between Inner points, and the second is deviation of it. After processing, some informational ROIs-the areas of bar code, characters, label and the outline of object-are acquired. Using diagonal axis of each ROI and the feature of various 2D bar code, the area of 2D bar code can be extracted from the ROIs. From an experiment using above methods, various ROIs are extracted less than 200msec from large-size parcel image, and 2D bar code region is selected by the accuracy of 100%.


PURPOSE: A system for underwater docking of an autonomous underwater vehicle using a magnetic induction line and a method thereof are provided to precisely and effectively guide an autonomous underwater vehicle and to reduce an induction time. CONSTITUTION: A system for underwater docking of an autonomous underwater vehicle using a magnetic induction line comprises a docking device(100) and a magnetic induction line(200). The docking device generates sound signals for inducing an autonomous underwater vehicle driven as a long distance mode and light for inducing an autonomous underwater vehicle driven as a short distance. The magnetic induction line is connected to the docking device to generate magnetic field signals which induces an autonomous underwater vehicle for a middle distance through multiple magnetic generators arranged in certain distances. In a long distance mode, the sound signals are generated to induce the autonomous underwater vehicle. In a middle distance mode, the sound signal and the magnetic field signals are generated to induce the autonomous underwater vehicle. In a short distance mode, the light is generated to guide the autonomous underwater vehicle.


In this paper,we conduct an assessment of the water quality in the reaches of the Qingjiag and Longdong rivers.Using the method of individual evaluation criteria index as well as with the method of the simple pollution index,we analyzed the water quality of the target rivers.According to the analysis of the changing water quality,we made some suggestions on how to protect the surface water,improve the water quality and optimize water source management.


Thermal, electrochemical and transition metal mediated reactions of phosphaacetylene monomers were conducted in attempts to form novel polyphosphaacetylenes as a new class of potentially electrically conducting polymers. Molecular modeling was used to simulate the molecular conformations of optimized, isolated oligomers to identify the proper monomeric repeat units for highly conjugated molecules. Electrodeposition of suitable monomers led to low molecular weight oligomers. Thermal polymerization of phosphaacetylene monomers bearing aromatic substituents ed to the formation of polyhedral cage oligomers. Under metathesis polymerization conditions the phosphaacetylene monomers form unique complexes via an unprecedented sequence of intermediates which suggest that metathesis to linear oligomers is achievable. Conductivity measurements on electrodeposited oligomers indicate modest electrical conductivity.


Objective To investigate the relationship between the peak bone mineral density and estrogen receptor allelic variants in Chinese Han young women. Methods From March 2000 to July 2001, one hundred and fifty-nine young healthy women (25-37 year-old) were voluntarily enrolled in the study. ① BMD was measured using DXEA (Hologic QDR-4500) at lumbar and hip.② The polymorphisms of ER gene were detected by PCR-RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms). ③ The relationship between BMD and the polymorphisms of ER gene, as well as some other characteristics, were analyzed. Results ① Lumbar BMD was positively related to height, weight and body mass index (BMI), whereas, the femoral neck BMD only to weight, and the BMD of other sites of hip to BMI. ② In Ward's triangle,BMD of the subjects with PP genotype was significantly lower than those with Pp and pp genotypes. ③ There was no significant difference among three XbaI polymorphism groups. ④ BMD of the subjects with PPxx genotype was higher than those of other genotypes, and the lowest BMD was in the subjects with PPXx genotype.The subjects with PPxx genotype presented significantly higher BMD than those with PPXx and PpXX genotypes at femoral Neck, and also higher than those with PPXx , PpXX , PpXx , ppXx and ppxx genotypes at Inter site. But at ward's triangle, BMD of the subjects with Ppxx and ppXx was significantly higher than those with PPXx and PPXX . Conclusions ① Body weight and BMI play important roles in PBMD of Chinese Han women. ② Our data suggest that genetic variation at the ER gene may affect the attainment and maintenance of peak bone mass in young women.


Concrete is a common material that widely used in construction industry. Excessive usage of this material causes exhaustibility to its components, especially fine aggregate or sand. In this regard, the use of manufactured sand is considered as a part of the solutions to fix this problem as it is readily available. In this research, the manufactured sand is used at 40%, 50% and 60% to replace natural river sand. SEM analysis reveals the rough surface texture of manufactured sand. The manufactured sand has angular shape and sieve analysis reveled that it has a considerable amount of fine particle. Slump test shows that concrete using manufactured sand pass the standard. On the other hand, compressive test shows that concrete cubes using manufactured sand do not achieved the target strength. Water absorptive test on the cubes revealed that M-Sand I has higher absorptivity property compared to river sand . SEM analysis revealed the existance of microcrack as well as porosity in in concrete cubes incorporating of manufactured sand. It can be concluded that it can be concluded that the higher the percentage of manufactured sand in the concrete mix the lower is the comprensive strength.


Nowadays, an increasing number of applications run on mobile smartphones, making people's life much more convenient than ever before. In particular, the number of mobile phones running Android operating systems equipped with ARM processors is growing steadily, accounting for more than 50% of the global mobile phone market share. Therefore, the performance of these mobile phones still needs to be improved. Hardware (microarchitecture) events of the mobile processors contain the fundamental causes of their performance bottlenecks. However, it is challenging to clearly understand the details of the impact of the micro-architecture on the processor due to: 1) the difficulty of obtaining values of micro-architecture events, and 2) the large number (more than 200) of micro-architecture events. This paper proposes QIHE, a hybrid methodology which encompasses not only a way of collecting micro-architecture events, but also quantifying the importance of them with respect to performance. This method first collect 126 micro-architecture events for each of 70 applications on two mobile phones. Subsequently, it need quantify the importance of the events with respect to performance by using a machine learning algorithm — SGBRT (Stochastic Gradient Boosted Regression Tree). Finally, the 13 most important microarchitecture events are identified for all the applications running on the two mobile phones. These events can be used to optimize the processor microarchitecture as well as the performance of the applications.


Cytochrome oxidase bands in area V2 of the primate visual cortex constitute separate relays for parallel channels relaying information from area Vi to other extrastriate cortical areas. We investigated whether information is transferred at the same speed in the different channels by measuring the latencies of neurons in different cytochrome oxidase bands identified by the presence or absence of retrogradely labeled cells from injections in area V4. Results show that neurons in the thick and pale bands respond 20 msec earlier than those in the thin bands. We also found that color-selective neurons respond later than neurons with no selectivity for color and that direction-selective neurons have shorter latencies than neurons with no selectivity for the direction of stimulus movement. Area V2 of the primate visual cortex can be subdivided into separate functional compartments. When the cortex of V2 is cut parallel to the surface and the sections are stained for the enzyme cytochrome oxidase, a succession of dark (cytochrome oxidase-rich) and pale bands can be observed (1-7). Although the distinction is often difficult to make, as evidenced by the published figures (6, 8-10), one can sometimes identify two types of cytochrome oxidase-rich bands, the thin and the thick bands. The cytochrome oxidase bands in area V2 relay information circulating through parallel pathways between area Vi and other extrastriate areas. Thus, cells in the thin cytochrome oxidase bands are innervated by the cytochrome oxidase blobs in area Vl (2) and project to area V4 (4, 5, 8, 11). Neurons of the pale bands in area V2 receive afferents from the interblob regions in area Vi (2) and send projections to area V4 (4-6, 11). Finally, the thick cytochrome oxidase bands in area V2 are mostly driven by layer 4B neurons of area Vi (12, 13) and send projections to the middle temporal area (MT) (4-6). This anatomical segregation of cortical pathways reflects at least partially the presence of separate channels in thalamocortical inputs. It is known that neurons of layer 4B in area Vi are activated by the magnocellular-layer neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) via layer 4Ca (14, 15). Because layer 4B constitutes the major drive to the thick cytochrome oxidase bands in area V2, it appears that these neurons are under the influence of the magnocellular pathway (M pathway). Because of its afferents from the thick cytochrome oxidase bands in area V2 and layer 4B in area VI, area MT is also considered to belong to the M pathway. This relationship has been confirmed by the finding that mostMT neurons decrease firing considerably when the magnocellular layers of the LGN are reversibly inactivated (16). The thin and pale cytochrome oxidase bands receive their afferents from the blob and interblob regions of area Vi that were initially thought to be under the influence of the parvocellular pathway (P pathway). However, it has recently been shown that the P and M pathways converge in the cytochrome oxidase blobs of Vi and that the interblobs receive their inputs from neurons of layer 4C activated by the M and P pathways (17-20). In keeping with this convergence of the M and P pathways, Maunsell and his collaborators (21) found that neurons in area V4 are under the influence ofM and P layers of the LGN. Thus, one can distinguish two pathways running through the visual cortical areas: an M pathway from area Vi to area MT through the thick cytochrome oxidase bands and a mixed P/M pathway circulating from area Vi to area V4 through the thin and pale cytochrome oxidase bands in V2. A third thalamocortical pathway involving neurons of the intercalated, koniocellular or S layers of the LGN has also been shown to terminate in the cytochrome oxidase blobs (22-24). It has also been claimed that the cytochrome oxidase bands contain different functional types of neurons. Thus, colorselective neurons are most often found in thin and pale bands and are rare in thick bands (4, 7, 25). Unoriented cells are principally found in thin bands (7, 25, 26), and binocular cells are concentrated in the thick bands (4, 7, 25). It is less certain whether length-selective neurons are found mostly in the pale bands (7, 25, 26) or whether direction-selective cells are more frequent in thick bands (4, 25, 26). One interesting question concerning parallel pathways in monkey visual cortex is that of the timing of information transfer through extrastriate cortical areas. In other words, is the information processed more rapidly in one stream than in the other? It is known that the visual responses of P neurons of the LGN lag some 20 msec behind those of the M neurons (27, 28). More recently, it has been demonstrated that latencies to visual stimulation also differ by -'20 msec for neurons of the P and M pathways at their input layers in area Vi (29). We wanted to determine whether this temporal difference was retained during the transfer of visual information in area V2 or whether it was lost because of the convergence of the M and P pathways at later stages of integration in areas Vi and V2. We therefore recorded neurons in different cytochrome oxidase bands in area V2 and measured latencies to stimulation by a small spot of light flashed in the receptive field. It is often difficult to identify without ambiguity the thin and thick cytochrome oxidase bands on sections stained for cytochrome oxidase (4, 6-9). To overcome this difficulty we injected area V4 with retrograde tracers and used the distribution of labeled cells as landmarks because V4-projecting cells belong mostly to thin and pale cytochrome oxidase bands and rarely to the thick bands (4, 5, 8, 11). MATERIALS AND METHODS Recordings were made in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca cynomolgus) anesthetized and paralyzed according to described methods (30). Anesthesia was maintained with 70% nitrous Abbreviations: LGN, lateral geniculate nucleus; M pathway, magnocellular pathway; P pathway, parvocellular pathway. tTo whom reprint requests should be addressed. 988 The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. D ow nl oa de d by g ue st o n Ju ly 6 , 2 02 1 Proc. NatL Acad Sci USA 92 (1995) 989 oxide/30% oxygen supplemented with small regular injections of fentanyl (5 ,ug/kg-hr). Tungsten-in-glass microelectrodes (31) were used for the recording. Penetrations were angled to be normal to the surface of area V2 in the lunate sulcus. During the microelectrode penetrations, we first traversed area Vl and entered area V2 through the infragranular layers. Afterwe hit the first V2 neurons, we advanced the recording electrode by 700 ,um before recording to restrict the sample to supragranular layers. This procedure was checked by verifying that lesions placed during the recording track were located in supragranular layers. Because of the limited extent of the recording in area V2, the angle normal to the surface, and the large widths of the cytochrome oxidase bands (see Fig. 2), it is reasonable to expect that all units sampled in a given penetration belong to the same cytochrome oxidase band; this hypothesis was verified in one penetration with two lesions. Recording was made every 80 or 100 ,um. At each site, single units and multiunit activities were separated with a window discriminator, and latencies were measured for ON and OFF