The usual way to reduce outgassing from a device in vacuum is to heat up a whole vacuum chamber containing the device. However, the situation, where this method can be applied, is limited due to the heat expansion of the chamber. Especially in accelerators, where the vacuum chambers are connected with nearby beam pipes, this normal bake-out method may not be applied. If a heat source and heat shields are appropriately installed inside the chamber, heat ‰ux is directed to the device. Therefore the device can be baked out without raising the temperature of the vacuum chamber. One candidate for such bake-out method to be applied is kicker magnets in J PARC RCS, which are installed in large vacuum chambers. We performed the heating tests with some types of heaters in order to examine the eŠectiveness of this method and to decide the material and conˆguration of the heater. As a result, the graphite heater was selected for in-situ bake-out of the kickers in the RCS beam line. Using the method, the each material of kicker magnet was heated up above 100°C with keeping the temperature rise of the vacuum chamber below 30°C.


Recent evidence has shown that the developmental emergence of echolocation calls in young bats follow an independent developmental pathway from other vocalizations and that adult‐like echolocation call structure significantly precedes flight ability. These data in combination with new insights into the echolocation ability of some shrews suggest that the evolution of echolocation in bats may involve inheritance of a primitive sonar system that was modified to its current state, rather than the ad hoc evolution of echolocation in the earliest bats. Because the cochlea is crucial in the sensation of echoes returning from sonar pulses, we tracked changes in cochlear morphology during development that included the basilar membrane (BM) and secondary spiral lamina (SSL) along the length of the cochlea in relation to stages of flight ability in young bats. Our data show that the morphological prerequisite for sonar sensitivity of the cochlea significantly precedes the onset of flight in young bats and, in fact, development of this prerequisite is complete before parturition. In addition, there were no discernible changes in cochlear morphology with stages of flight development, demonstrating temporal asymmetry between the development of morphology associated with echo‐pulse return sensitivity and volancy. These data further corroborate and support the hypothesis that adaptations for sonar and echolocation evolved before flight in mammals.


Cold pilgering of zirconium alloys containing high content of alloying elements may be a critical issue regarding surface defects or serious cracks. A better knowledge of damaging mechanisms during pilgering is a way for optimizing the cold forming routes of cladding tubes. Behavior of Zircaloy-4, M5™ (M5™ is a trademark of AREVA NP) and Zr-Nb-Sn-Fe alloys under damaging conditions were investigated for this purpose. Cold pilgering is a cyclic deformation process. Depending on its position inside the grooves of the rolls, material is strained alternately in compressive and tensile modes. Thus, materials were first tested under low cycle fatigue (LCF) deformation routes. LCF tests showed that the differences observed in the number of cycles to failure between alloys are mainly a function of the differences in fracture toughness. Fractography of the fatigue and toughness tests samples also showed that the final propagation of the crack is always ductile, meaning that toughness is the function of the ductile tearing damage mechanisms at the crack tip. Therefore, tensile tests of notched axisymmetric samples were used to study the ductile damage build-up mechanisms, by varying the stress triaxiality. A detailed analysis of the fractured samples was used to quantify a ductile damage accumulation parameter, function of the deformation and the stress triaxiality. Size and repartition of second phase particles, grain to grain misorientations, grain size, and texture were identified as the main metallurgical parameters having an effect in the ductile damage by nucleation, growth, and coalescence of voids. These experimental results, combined with the material mechanical history, provided by numerical modeling of the cold pilgering process, are now used to improve the forming routes of cladding tubes, both by a mechanical way (cold pilgering stress state) and a metallurgical one (microstructure of alloys used for tubes rolling).


Objective — analysis of lower back pain (LBP) prevalence and risk factors for its development in employees with different conditions at their workplace, depending on their age, length of service, occupational factors, and physical activity. Material and Methods — As a result of a simultaneous cross-sectional study, 3300 employees with different conditions at their workplace were examined. To study the relationships between LBP prevalence and risk factors, we used the results of employees' survey and physical examination, along with the data on their physical activity and working conditions. Results — The workplace posture was the most common production-related risk factor for developing LBP. The second most common risk factor was the weight of the load being lifted and carried, followed by general vibration at a workplace. The least significant factor was a bending motion. According to our data, LBP prevalence in all observation groups was increasing with both age and length of employment. Over 50% of those working in hazardous conditions at the age of 50 yo and higher had LBP. Low physical activity at a workplace led to a statistically significant increase in the chances of LBP emergence. Conclusion — In employees without exposure to harmful risk factors in the form of physical exertion and general vibration, the prevalence of LBP was significantly lower than in workers in harmful working conditions. The combined effect of static and dynamic physical activities at a workplace had a more pronounced negative impact on workers' health. Low physical activity was a significant risk factor for LBP development.


Gypsum hollow block is an important new material, which has a broad development prospect and promising. It can not meet the market demands because the technical and other reasons of the domestic enterprises, which restrict the development of the gypsum hollow block production. Therefore, the development and design of the gypsum hollow block production equipment have great significance. In this paper, the control system of the gypsum hollow block production equipment is introduced. The motors in the system are controlled by PLC and inverter, which can make the system operate smoothly. The production process such as ferruling, core-pulling, casting and molding can be controlled automatically according to the signal of the sensors, which can improve the productivity and reduce the operating costs. The system is also equipped with remote monitoring to realize the soft control. Experiments show that this control system has high reliability and stability.


The influence of calcium and magnesium on protein mobilization and non-protein nitrogen content in cotyledons of germinated lentil was studied. Elicitation of metabolism in sprouts modifies the rate of protein mobilization and causes a subsequent increase in the non-protein nitrogen fraction in lentil cotyledons. Application of MgCl2 proved to be the most beneficial, leading to the highest yield of non-protein nitrogen in cotyledons from 6-days-old lentil sprouts. Regardless of the type of elicitor, a decrease in the activity of proteolytic enzymes was observed in cotyledons from 3- and 4-day-old lentil sprouts. A significant correlation was found in sprouts elicited with MgCl 2 between the non-protein nitrogen content and activities of endo- and aminopeptidases. The information provided by this study allows us to design conditions for lentil sprouting which will result in an enhanced level of potentially bioaccessible non-protein nitrogen (free amino acids and peptides).


Road safety is become an interesting field to be investigated due to high road accident that still occurred in the world and it increased every year. Second highest accident rate in the world signed by South-east Asia with 20.7 per 100.000 population. That rate include the road accident that occurred in Indonesia. There are several parameters in road accident such as infrastructure, driver behaviour, environment, driver performance, driver fatigue, over speed, vehicle and safety device. Therefore, this study approach a model to interconnect the variables in order to achieve a pattern of road accident factors. This study believe will be improve the awareness of the related agency to increase their responsibility in improving and applying road safety. Moreover, this study output will be comprehensive discuss and critical discussion in terms of road safety plan that may applied in order to reduce the road accident.


Objective:To explore the method,safety and efficacy of laparoscopic splenectomy(LS)and pericardial devascularization.Methods:The clinical data of ten patients underwent LS and pericardial devascularization from Oct.2006 to Oct.2007 in our hospital was retrospectively analyzed.Results:All the laparoscopic operations were completed successfully.The operation time was 180-270min,averaged(200±30)min.Intra-operative blood loss was 300-1 500ml,averaged(400±60)ml.Conclusions:Laparoscopic splenectomy combined with pericardial devascularization is safe and feasible.


OBJECTIVE:To investigate the utilization of anti-rejection drugs for organ transplantation operation from 2006 to 2008 in Shanghai in order to provide reference for scientific research,manufacture,sales and application of anti-rejection drugs.METHODS:The category,consumption sum and consumption of anti-rejection drugs in 81 hospitals from 2006 to 2008 were ana-lyzed statistically and retrospectively.RESULTS:The consumption sum and consumption of anti-injection medicines were in-creased year after year.The main types of anti-rejection drugs are mycophenolate mofetil,tacrolimus and cyclosporine A,of which the majority is imported product or product from joint-enterprise companies.CONCLUSIONS:It is an important subject for medical staff to develop high-effective,convenient and low toxic immunosuppressive agents.


The aim of this study was to know the taxonomic composition of the Pinnularia Ehrenberg genus in Tupe Lake, a system of black water that belongs to the Tupe Sustainable Development Reserve, in the Negro River Basin, Amazonas State. The samples were collected using a plankton net bimonthly, from August 2002 to June 2004. A total of 20 species, three typical varieties and fi ve varieties other than the typical were identifi ed, measured, commented and illustrated. Pinnularia amazonica Metzeltin & Krammer is report for the fi rst time in the Negro River Basin, P. divergens var. malayensis Hustedt and P. pseudogibba Krammer are new records for the Brazilian Amazon.


Ray-based seismic modeling methods can be applied at various stages of the exploration and production process. The standard ray method has several advantages, e.g., computational efficiency and the possibility of simulating propagation of elementary waves. As a high-frequency approximation, the method also has a number of limitations, particularly with respect to a lack of amplitude reliability in the presence of rapid changes of the model functions representing elastic parameters and interfaces. Given the objective of improving the applicability of the standard ray method, we present a strategy that does not require specific extension to finite frequencies. Instead, we define each ray-based process as an element of a system that, as a composite process, is able to obtain better results than the ray-based process applied alone. Other elements of the composite process can be finitedifference modeling or numerical solutions for surface and volume integrals, which are basic constituents of Kirchhoff modeling and imaging. We also include among the process elements recently developed techniques for simulating the migration amplitude on a target reflector and in a local volume, e.g., a reservoir zone. The model is decomposed according to its complexity into volume elements, surface elements, or a combination. The composite process consists of a specified interaction between process elements and model elements, which fits well with the philosophy of modern software design. Model elements that will be exposed to ray-tracing algorithms may need appropriate preparation, e.g., smoothing and resampling. We demonstrate specifically, in a tutorial example, that simulating the seismic response from a reflector by ray-based composite processes can yield better results than applying standard ray tracing alone.


Slow changes in climate such as sea level rise and increased coastal flooding carry the danger that we get used to them without knowing where the trends might be leading. Focus is often on the extreme events, while thresholds that might be reached due to the slow changes receive less attention. In Venice, for example, the population and tourists get used to the frequent flooding and it becomes part of the daily life (Fig. 1). In Hampton Roads, VA, the large rate of local sea level (LSL) rise causes an increase in frequent flooding, denoted as "nuisance flooding" (Fig. 2), and despite the growing economic impacts, the population learns to live with this "nuisance" without openly acknowledging the threshold when the "nuisance" will turn into an economic disaster. Increasingly large areas are barely above the present tidal range, and an accelerated sea level rise has the potential to increase hours of flooding per year and number of flooding events exponentially, with potentially damaging economic consequences.


ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: iii LIST OF FIGURES: iv LIST OF TABLES: v LIST OF EQUATIONS: vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 OVERVIEW 1 1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION 5 1.3 OBJECTIVES 5 1.4 VARIABLES 5 1.4.1 Independent Variables 5 1.4.2 Dependent Variables 5 1.5 EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHESIS 6 1.6 NULL HYPOTHESIS 6 1.7 SIGNIFICANCE 6 1.8 LIMITATIONS 6 1.9 DELIMITATIONS 7 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 8 2.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY 8 2.2 BIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN YOUTH AND ADULTS 9 2.2.1 Biomechanical/ Anatomical Differences 10 2.2.2 Physiological Differences 11 2.2.3 Influences of Developmental Stage 12 2.3 MECHANISM OF INJURY 13 2.3.1 Falls 13 2.3.2 Location of Impact 13 2.4 PREDICTORS OF CONCUSSION 14 2.4.1 Linear Acceleration 14 2.4.2 Rotational Acceleration 15


This work presents a quantitative analysis methodology of blasted rock volume. Field topographic information was collected regarding the blasting of mining benches in a limestone mine, and these data plus the blast holes layout were used to generate a digital model of the benches with the Micromine software. Besides allowing the visualization of the 3D wireframe models with the spatial arrangement of the blast holes, it was possible obtain the volumes of the solids that is the actual rock volume generated by the blasting, and compare it with the estimated volumes, based on the estimated dimensions of the benches only. Despite the minor discrepancies observed in terms of volume, the results showed significant improvement on the visualization aspects and were useful to detect problems related with the blasting plan as burden distance above or below the optimal and deviations of blast holes.


In order to detect slight underwater sound signals by vector hydrophone of submerged buoy, the data acquisition system was established featured by low noise, low power consumption and high gain. The signal processing circuit, storage circuit and the PC software were designed and implemented. The index tests and anechoic tank tests were conducted on transmission bands, gain, channel consistency and power consumption of the system. The results indicate that the system has flat amplitude-frequency characteristics in the transmission band of 10 ~1 000 Hz, compared with fast attenuation outside the transmission band; the system gain is 60 dB; the four channels have good performance of amplitude and phase equalization; the power consumption is 1.2 W, and the system can be sustainable for more than 10 days; and the output signal in the anechoic tank has obvious directivity.


Higgs Inflation via the unmodified metastable Standard Model Higgs Potential is possible if the effective Planck mass in the Jordan frame increases after inflation ends. Here we consider the predictions of this model independently of the dynamics responsible for the Planck mass transition. The classical predictions are the same as for conventional Higgs Inflation. The quantum corrections are dependent upon the conformal frame in which the effective potential is calculated. We generalise beyond the usual Prescription I and II renormalisation frame choices to include intermediate frames characterised by a parameter $\alpha$. We find that the model predicts a well-defined correlation between the values of the scalar spectral index $n_{s}$ and tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$. For values of $n_{s}$ varying between the 2-$\sigma$ Planck observational limits, we find that $r$ varies between 0.002 and 0.005 as $n_{s}$ increases, compared to the classical prediction of 0.003. Therefore significantly larger or smaller values of $r$ are possible, which are correlated with larger or smaller values of $n_{s}$. This can be tested via the detection of primordial gravitational waves by the next generation of CMB polarisation experiments.


Low-resolution (LR) face recognition (LRFR) tackles tiny face images detected from real-world surveillance camera footage, which are unconstrained and generally poor in quality. Owing to the absence of a million-scale labeled LR face dataset, identity-invariant data augmentation (DA) transformations such as flipping, rotation, rescaling, etc., are applied to inflate the effective training examples with respect to the source identities for representation learning. Unfortunately, the identity-invariant property incurs additional intra-class disparity that impairs generalization performance. In this paper, we put forward a new means of DA strategy, termed identity-extended DA, that satisfies both affinity and diversity requirements essential to DA. We instantiate an implicit identity-extended augmentation network, or simply IDEA-Net, to realize the proposed identity-extended DA for LRFR. More specifically, training an IDEA-Net instance augments the small-scale LR (query) face dataset with identity-extended (auxiliary) face examples implicitly in the representation space. We also introduce a calibrator to regulate the disordered representation space by refining the intra-class compactness and the inter-class separation. This diminishes the distribution shift between the original and the augmented examples (affinity) and increases the learning complexity (diversity). We substantiate that IDEA-Net renders a high affinity and diversity representation space. On the other hand, our experimental results on three real-world LR face datasets demonstrate that IDEA-Nets outperform the baselines and other counterparts trained without leveraging the identity-extended examples for LRFR.


Objective To investigate the relationship between estrogen receptor–α(ESR1) gene XbaⅠpolymorphisms and breast hyperplasia.Methods PCR-RFLP was used to investigate the ESR1 gene XbaⅠpolymorphisms between breast hyperplasia patients(study group,n=89) and healthy controls(control group,n=35).Results The difference between the study group and control group in the genotypic and allele frequency of the ESR1 gene XbaI was statistically significant(P0.05).According to analyze of the odds ratio(OR) for X allele was 0.551 times to x allele.Conclusion The polymorphisms of XbaⅠof ESR1 gene has relationship with breast hyperplasia and the mutant gene increased breast hyperplasia morbidity risk.


There has been much talk about the use of robotics within
professional functions such as finance, HR, procurement,
etc especially when change is driven by the shared services
model. This article explores the often overlapping concepts of
work automation and robotic technology before considering the
possibilities for transforming the way professional work might
be carried out in future.


We read with keen interest the study by Han et al. [1]. The authors have comprehensively reported the role of a novel inflammatory marker, the systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Their retrospective analysis demonstrated that the SIRI effectively predicted major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and improved the performance of the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score. Due to integrating both the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the monocyte–lymphocyte ratio (MLR) into one index, the SIRI should theoretically outperform both its components. The diagnostic and prognostic utility of the NLR and MLR has been confirmed previously in several disease conditions including cardiovascular diseases [2,3]. In a similar attempt at expanding the NLR, the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), a composite of the NLR and the platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) has been studied in many disease conditions. The SII has been shown to have a role in the prognosis of various malignancies, coronary artery disease, and ACS, among others [4,5]. Not unlike the SIRI, the SII is suggested to outperform the NLR and PLR due to the presence of the platelet count in the equation. The inclusion of the platelet count by the authors [1] in their analysis may have been a worthwhile addition to the study to determine if prognostic performance in predicting MACE improves even further with this change. Both SIRI and SII have a common NLR component, and studies robustly comparing the effectivity of either SIRI or SII with that of NLR alone are lacking. The authors correctly state that the SIRI might be a more sensitive and useful biomarker than either NLR or MLR alone. Whether this is true is an important research question, and while the authors report the c-statistics individually for neutrophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte counts alone, those of the NLR and MLR are not reported. A formal comparison of the performance of NLR, MLR, and SIRI has not been conducted and would have provided valuable insight. Downstream adoption and acceptance of novel parameters by clinicians are of paramount importance in the final implementation of any risk stratification tool. More recently, the NLR has gained prominence as an excellent predictive marker in COVID-19 and is well-recognized and already widely used in clinical practice by physicians worldwide. Future studies are required to conclusively establish the superiority of novel biomarkers like the SIRI over existing parameters such as the NLR to allow for an evidence-based and widespread adoption of new markers into clinical practice and for the exploration of related therapeutic aspects.


Mrs. Sutherland, aged 37, was admitted under my care in the Glasgow Royal Infirmary on the 5th May, 1823. Two years previously to this time, after a long continued attack of toothach in one of the grinders of the left superior maxilla, a projection of the left side of the palate took place, accompanied by the formation of a tumour on the face, near the situation of the left lachrymal sac. The two swellings gradually increased in size; and during the progress of that in the palate, all the grinders posterior to the first on the left side of the upper jaw became loose, and were extracted. The sockets were afterwards filled with a spongy substance, which bled readily when touched. The swelling of the palate, extending nearly over its whole surface, felt soft and elastic. The external tumour occupied the greater part of the superior maxilla, was hard, and the cheek around was distended by cedematous swelling, which, with the bulk of the tumour, had elevated the inferior palpebra. The left lower punctum seemed contracted, and the nasal duct closed; the nostril was dry, and the tears flowed over the cheek. When the swelling of the maxilla commenced, suppuration twice took place in the Situation of the lachrymal sac, but no external opening remained. She had little pain either in the cheek or palate. The general health was good, and the functions natural. The surgeon who had attended her stated, that five months previously, after the extraction of one of the grinders on the


1. Abstract We show that accurate statistical simulation of technical loops requires more information than previously modelled. We show that simulation of code blocks with a granularity on the order of the basic block improves accuracy for technical loops and does not decrease accuracy for other workloads. Higher-level basic block maps are proposed to model program phases and achieve higher accuracy. The basic block maps, implemented as graph structures, represent an actual workload and achieve good correlation with a cycle-accurate simulator. We show how to synthesize c-code benchmarks from basic block maps. To do this, memory accesses are modelled as streams in the synthetic benchmark. Correlation results for synthetic technical loops are given. Ideas for synthesizing more accurate statistical benchmarks are discussed. The system provides a flexible framework for future investigations of statistical simulation and benchmark synthesis.


The vegetation analysis of  Avicennia  sp.  in Sungai Rawa coastal had been conducted from January to February 2014.  This research aimed to determine the species composition, structure, and condition of mangrove  vegetation, as  well as  sediment characteristic.  Sampling were conducted at three different station based on purposive sampling method using multilevel plot (Nested Quadrat).  The  results showed that mangroves  species  found in  the  coastal village of Sungai Rawa  were  Avicennia alba  and  Avicennia lanata. The level of seedling, saplings and trees showed that  A.alba  was dominant at three station. Analysis of sediment showed that the substrate within  three  station were sand and mud. The analysis showed that mud substrate was dominant in all of the reseach site. The corelation betwen the vegetation and substrate showed a positive corelation with mud substrate and negative corelation with sand substrate.


Phenamacril is a cyanoacrylate fungicide that provides excellent control of Fusarium head blight (FHB) or wheat scab, which is caused predominantly by Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium asiaticum. Previous studies revealed that codon mutations of the myosin-5 gene of Fusarium spp. conferred resistance to phenamacril in vitro lab experiments. In this study, PCR-RFLP (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism) was developed to detect three common mutations (A135T, GCC to ACC at codon 135; S217L, TCA to TTA at codon 217, and E420K, GAA to AAA at codon 420) in F. graminearum induced by fungicide domestication in vitro. PCR products of 841 bp (for mutation of A135T), 802 bp (for mutation of S217L) or 1649 bp (for mutation of E420K) in myosin-5 gene were amplified respectively by appropriate primer pairs. Restriction enzyme KpnⅠ, TasⅠ or DraⅠ was used to distinguish phenamacril-sensitive and -resistant strains with mutation genotypes of A135T, S217L and E420K, respectively. KpnⅠ digested the 841 bp PCR products of phenamacri-resistant strains with codon mutation A135T into two fragments of 256 bp and 585 bp. In contrast, KpnⅠ did not digest the PCR products of sensitive strains. TasⅠ digested the 802 bp PCR products of phenamacril-strains with codon mutation S217L into three fragments of 461 bp, 287bp and 54 bp. In contrast, TasⅠ digestion of the 802 bp PCR products of phenamacril-sensitive strains resulted in only two fragments of 515bp and 287bp. DraⅠ digested the 1649 bp PCR products of phenamacril-resistant strains with codon mutation E420K into two fragments of 932 bp and 717 bp, while the PCR products of phenamacril-sensitive strains was not digested. The three genotypes of resistance mutations were determined by analyzing electrophoresis patterns of the digestion fragments of PCR products. The PCR-RFLP method was evaluated on 48 phenamacril-resistant strains induced by fungicide domestication in vitro and compared with the conventional method (mycelial growth on fungicide-amended agar). The accuracy of the PCR-RFLP method for detecting the three resistant mutation genotypes of F. graminearum to phenamacril was 95.12% compared with conventional method. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the PCR-RFLP method could also be used to detect the codon mutations of A135T and E420K in F. asiaticum.


![Graphic][1]

Peripherin particles often contain multiple mRNAs (number indicated by colors at left).Findings on page

[747][2] suggest that multiple subunits of coiled-coil proteins may meet even before each subunit is fully translated. The article from Chang et al. reveals that the


The influence of root and shoot pruning on the growth of transplanted 3-year-old Ilex crenata 'Convexa' × I. crenata 'Stokes' was determined under various backfill regimes. Root pruning reduced shoot dry weight increment 24% but only reduced root dry weight increment 6%. Root pruning caused water deficits to develop which can quantitatively account for the reduced shoot growth. Shoot pruning reduced root dry weight increment without influencing shoot dry weight increment. Adjustments of the means for altered tissue water content caused by shoot pruning resulted in decreased root and shoot dry weight increment. Root and shoot pruning influenced plant growth directly — by influencing growth mediating processes, and indirectly — by influencing plant water relations. Root growth was influenced primarily by growth mediating processes while shoot growth responded to both growth mediating processes and plant water relations.


We show that a three rank Lanczos type tensor field is an appropriate choice to describe relativistic electromagnetic and gravitational effects. More precisely, we identify the irreducible field-decompositions of this tensor as gravitational and electromagnetic fields. A set of divergence equations are proposed as field equations.


The new generation is digital natives and they enjoy using the latest technology such as online resources, mobile phones, and applications. Linking technology and English learning can be an alternative to motivate the new generation to learn English. The participants in this study included 76 freshmen in a university in Taiwan. The major data in this study included flashcards, learning records and self-reflection on making vocabulary flashcards. This study examined 76 freshmen's perceptions and practices of making vocabulary flashcards on Quizlet. Three major findings were determined. First, participants' word selection was based on not knowing the meanings of the words, rather than by their content or majors. Second, Space Race was regarded as the most helpful activity in terms of vocabulary learning. Third, "finding the appropriate definitions for words" was the biggest challenge when making Quizelt flashcards. In order to make more effective vocabulary and content words learning through online websites such as Quizlet, three suggestions are made: integration of different elements of word knowledge with online word activity designs; direct instruction on specific terms; and learners' awareness of word selection.


In this paper we introduce and study the concepts of $\operatorname{\text{HC}}$-closed set and $\operatorname{\text{HC}}$-limit ($\operatorname{\text{HC}}$-cluster) points of $L$-nets and $L$-ideals using the notion of almost $N$-compact remoted neighbourhoods in $L$-topological spaces. Then we introduce and study the concept of $\operatorname{\text{HL}}$-continuous mappings. Several characterizations based on $\operatorname{\text{HC}}$-closed sets and the $\operatorname{\text{HC}}$-convergence theory of $L$-nets and $L$-ideals are presented for $\operatorname{\text{HL}}$-continuous mappings.


4 In corporate boardrooms around the world, climate change has quickly risen to become a major 5 issue, matching public concern. Recently, corporate management has encountered stakeholder 6 pressure to disclose more information about their carbon profile and their plans to improve it. 7 They have also been challenged to find the appropriate strategy for carbon disclosures, 8 requiring an understanding of the costs and benefits of both carbon improvement initiatives 9 and the reporting of them. 10 Using a unique data set that contains firms listed on the FTSE 350 index on the London Stock 11 Exchange market from 2009 to 2015, we apply the event study method to examine market 12 reaction to carbon disclosures. The results show that investors respond significantly negatively 13 to carbon disclosure announcements via Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) of FTSE 350 firms. 14 Moreover, for firms working in carbon-intensive industries, investors react to carbon disclosure 15 announcements in a more significantly negative way compared with the main sample. We also 16 find that the study's main findings are driven by the smaller FTSE 350 firms. Furthermore, a 17 subsample of observations for the financial crisis period of 2007-2008 was analyzed to explore 18 the examined relationship during the crisis. In contrast, a significant positive market reaction 19 to carbon disclosure was found for the 2007-2008 crisis period. Our study's findings offer fresh 20 insight and updated policy implications for investors, management and sustainability 21 institutions. We recommend management accompanies their carbon disclosures with more 22 explicit statements of reasons for carbon initiatives and the benefits arising from them.


The quiet advance of trade and investment agreements between rich and poor countries threatens to deny developing countries a favourable foothold in the global economy. Driven by the USA and the European Union, these agreements impose far-reaching rules that place severe restrictions on the very policies developing countries need in order to fight poverty.


Purpose: The current health care climate encourages an early discharge directly home. Efforts to increase efficiency and decrease length of stay require accurate pre-planning of patient discharge following total joint arthroplasty (TJA). The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an easily administered form to preoperatively predict patient discharge disposition following TJA. Method: A form was generated by a multidisciplinary group of clinicians which identified a set of preoperative factors relevant to patient discharge including age, gender, body mass index, comorbidities, preoperative ambulatory status, projected postoperative weight bearing, home environment and location, and caregiver assistance. Data were collected from a retrospective review of 516 medical charts for patients that had undergone primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) (n=103), revision TKA (n=104), bilateral TKA (n=102), primary total hip arthroplasty (THA) (n=106), and revision THA (n=101). A stepwise multinomial logistic regression model was used to identify predictors of discharge to a skilled nursing facility (SNF), rehabilitation facility, or home, using SPSS version 11.5 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Results: Patients were more likely to be discharged to either a SNF or rehabilitation facility if they underwent bilateral TKA (p Conclusion: We identified factors associated with discharge to a SNF, rehabilitation facility, or home following elective joint replacement surgery. With further validation, this model may be a useful tool for preoperatively predicting a patient's discharge disposition, which is valuable to the hospital, clinicians, patients, and families in efficiently preparing for postoperative care.


Seed disinfection,concentration of auxin in three processes(germination medium,differentiation of multiple shoot and rooting) during soybean cotyledonary node regeneration was studied by using cultivar Heinong 35.It was confirmed that the most suitable soybean seed sterilization was chlorine sterilization;and in the germination medium 6-BA concentration was 2mg /L;in the multiple shoots differentiation medium 6-BA concentration was 1.70mg /L,GA3 concentration was 0.5mg /L;in the rooting medium 0.37mg /L NAA was more suitable for root growth.On this basis,about 37 main cultivars of soybean in north China were screened for regeneration by cotyledonary node and five genotypes(Hefeng25,Heinong35,Hefeng35,Suinong10,Suinong14) were found to be suitable for the regeneration system.This research provided theoretical and practical tools for gene transfer in soybean molecular breeding.


Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of serum matrix metalloproteinase-3(MMP-3) and matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) at various stages in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.Methods The contents of serum MMP-3 and MMP-9 of 49 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage and 30 healthy people(control group) were measured respectively by ELISA during 24h,48h and 7 days.Results The levels of serum MMP-3 and MMP-9 during 24h,48h and 7 days of the intracerebral hemorrhage were higher than those in the control group(P0.05).Between any two groups of the three degrees with hematoma volume of intracerebral hemorrhage,the changes of the serum MMP-3 and MMP-9 had statistic difference(P 0.05).There was also statistic difference between any two groups of the three degrees with different clinical neurological function deficiency of intracerebral hemorrhage(P0.05).Conclusion The serum MMP-3 and MMP-9 may contribute to the pathologic course in the early stage of intracerebral hemorrhage.The levels of serum MMP-3 and MMP9 are correlated with the clinical course of the disease and prognosis.


The acute toxicity tests of methamidophos emulsion ( 50% ) and 90 disinfectant to European eel ( Anguilla anguilla L. ) larvae from France were carried out by using static test method. The results indicated that when the concentration of methamidophos reached 32~56 mg/L, the mortality of European eel larvae occurred within very short time, which was from the 30th to 48th hour. And the values of 48 h median lethal concentration ( LC 50 ) and safe concentration ( SC ) of methamidophos for European eel larvae were 35.9 mg/L and 3.6 mg/L respectively. The estimated maximum acceptable toxicant concentration ( MATC ) of methamidophos in culture headwaters and ponds was not more than 1.8 mg/L. And when the concentration of 90 disinfectant reached 10~35 mg/L, the mortality of European eel larvae occurred from the 2 nd to 48th hour, mainly from 4th to 12th hour. The values of 48 h LC 50 and SC were 20.9 mg/L and 2.1 mg/L respectively. 90 disinfectant was not suitable to be used as a disinfectant to fish larvae. To be used externally to prevent bacteria, its concentration should not be more than 2 mg/L; as a pond clearing drug, its concentration should be more than 35 mg/L.


Cavitation damage to the turbine runner blades, to the draft tube liner, and to the runner hub requires extensive welding repair. The traditional repair method is to gouge out the damaged material then fill the void with some grade of stainless steel. This gouging and filling with a very high temperature in very localized area causes residual stress fields in the parent material. The combination of the stress field and the high cavitation impact could reduce the machinery material's ability to resist further cavitation attack. This paper investigates the thermal and cavitation effects of cavitation damage repair.


In this paper we describe our approach for supporting the use of the problem-based learning (PBL) method in virtual learning environments. We identify two key difficulties. Firstly, neither learners nor tutors, who are used to more traditional methods of teaching, know exactly what to expect from PBL or how to behave appropriately within their new roles. Secondly, these problems are compounded by having to interact within a socially unfamiliar computer-based learning environment. We frame these difficulties in terms of schema theory which suggests that people behave and know what to expect from situations according to mentally represented scripts describing the typical course of events. We apply computational descriptions of these scripts, i.e. PBL-protocols, which guide and control social interaction in virtual PBL groups according to (a) the phase of the learning process and (b) the specific roles of tutor, learner and expert; three roles which are typically distinguished in the problem-based learning method. The PBL-protocols restrict the type of contributions allowed for each role type for each phase of the PBL learning process. We describe the implementation of the PBL- protocols in the CROCODILE virtual learning environment, and discuss results and implications of an early pilot study.


Abstract The formation of kaolinite from Al hydroxy interlayered Garfield nontronite has been carried out at 225°C in hydrothermal conditions. The kaolinitization process, which proceeds through mixed-layer kaolinite/smectite intermediates, was followed by XRD, IR and ESR spectroscopy, chemical analysis and charge properties. The smectite content of the clay products decreases regularly with the duration of the hydrothermal treatment. The CEC and the structural Fe content of the deferrated products show a similar trend. IR features specific to nontronite disappear and are barely detectable as the smectite content of the mixed-layer clay falls below 30%. In contrast, the ESR spectrum of nontronite is characterized by a broad g2 signal that remains even after prolonged hydrothermal treatment. The calibration of the g2 ESR signal, due to Fe-smectite, shows that the synthetic kaolinites have low Fe contents (∼ 1% Fe2O3) indicating that the kaolinitization process involves destruction of the 2:1 layers and the subsequent neoformation of kaolinite and Fe oxides. As illustrated by the study of deferrated soil clay samples, representing a weathering sequence Fe-smectite → kaolinite + Fe oxides, ESR spectroscopy proved to be a powerful Fe probe for detecting Fe-rich smectite in kaolinite/Fe-smectite mixed-layer clays.


Two important challenges facing Moore's Law and continued CMOS scaling are growing standby power dissipation and the increasing variability in device characteristics. Cooperative circuit/technology co-design and architectures developed in conjunction with new materials and device structures will provide a comprehensive solution to these challenges


Due to the geometrical complexities of bolted, layered airframe structures, the application of Model Assisted Probability of Detection, or MAPOD, is an important tool for helping to assess the ultrasonic inspectability of those components. Of particular importance is the need to inspect for cracks on or near boltholes in those structures. This presentation describes the development and testing of analytical computer models of and their application to bolthole crack inspection. The modeling approach includes approximate, paraxial, bulk-wave models as well as more rigorous, analytical models that include both bulk and surface/plate modes. The simpler models have the flexibility and computational efficiency to handle complex geometries and structures. The more exact, rigorous models apply to simpler, canonical geometries for use in benchmarking and assessing the accuracy of the paraxial models. Previous model results for single layers will be reviewed and application of the models to multiple layers will be ...


We describe a modification of the tape-transfer technique that simplifies routine and serial sectioning without leaving a residue on slides. Scotch Brand #610 tape was easily and completely removed without damaging the section.


We report the first astrophysical application of the technique of wide-field Interplanetary Scintillation (IPS) with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). This powerful technique allows us to identify and measure sub-arcsecond compact components in low-frequency radio sources across large areas of sky without the need for long-baseline interferometry or ionospheric calibration. We present the results of a five-minute observation of a 30x30 sq. deg MWA field at 162 MHz with 0.5 second time resolution. Of the 2550 continuum sources detected in this field, 302 (12 per cent) show rapid fluctuations caused by IPS. We find that at least 32% of bright low-frequency radio sources contain a sub-arcsec compact component that contributes over 40% of the total flux density. Perhaps surprisingly, peaked-spectrum radio sources are the dominant population among the strongly-scintillating, low-frequency sources in our sample. While gamma-ray AGN are generally compact, flat-spectrum radio sources at higher frequencies, the 162 MHz properties of many of the Fermi blazars in our field are consistent with a compact component embedded within more extended low-frequency emission. The detection of a known pulsar in our field shows that the wide-field IPS technique is at the threshold of sensitivity needed to detect new pulsars using image plane analysis, and scaling the current MWA sensitivity to that expected for SKA-low implies that large IPS-based pulsar searches will be feasible with SKA. Calibration strategies for the SKA require a better knowledge of the space density of compact sources at low radio frequencies, which IPS observations can now provide.


Objective To analyze CT manifestations of ovarian thecoma, and to improve the diagnostic level for this disease. Methods CT findings of ovarian thecomas in 12 cases proved by surgery and pathology were analyzed retrospectively. Results Of the 13 tumors, 9 were nearly round or elliptic and 4 were multilobular or irregular in shape. The size of the tumors ranged from 3.5 cm to 20.0 cm, and the mean maximum diameter was 9.8 cm. 12 tumors had clear border but one was tortile. 8 cases were of homogeneous density and 5 heterogeneous. 11 tumors enhanced slightly and 2 had no enhancement after contrast medium injection. There were slim blood vessels in tumors in 3 cases after enhancement. 7 cases had ascites. Conclusion CT can demonstrate the macropathologic form of ovarian thecoma well. The ovarian thecoma possesses characteristic features of benign tumors. Slight enhancement after contrast medium is its characteristic.


L'attaccamento al partner e a Dio come risorsa psicologica nel processo di adattamento alla malattia cancro - The diagnosis of cancer troubles people and their identity; it is a threat for their survival. To cope with cancer, people have to collect all their psychological and relational resources. The behavioral system of attachment is activated when people are in danger and it makes them looking for significant others who can be a "secure base" for them. This study investigates the role of specific adult attachment relationships, such as the bond with God and with the partner, on coping with cancer, hypothesizing that patients with a secure attachment with God or with the partner cope better and perceive less stress, respect to patients with an insecure attachment. The results show that the intensity of religious beliefs and security of attachment with God and with the partner are associated to some specific coping strategies to cancer. In particular, insecurity of attachment to God and a specific aspect of insecurity of attachment to the partner (fear of loss) are connected to a higher level of anxiety and a lower level of fighting spirit in coping with cancer. Only attachment to God is associated to a lower level of perceived stress.


It has been known for some time that the watt balance, which is based on the virtual work principle, is insensitive to some misalignments which would, at first sight, be expected to produce significant errors. In this paper we show that, in particular circumstances, this insensitivity applies to a whole range of misalignments. This effect can be exploited to design a watt balance, with a constrained coil motion, which offers advantages over conventional designs. We present three such new designs: one is based on a conventional balance and the other two are based on strip hinges, which are known to have excellent properties when measuring small force differences and with the production of precise linear movements having little motion in the other five degrees of freedom. A constrained design of this kind would have advantages for reproducing the forthcoming SI definition of mass in the range from milligrams to kilograms, whenever and wherever desired, and might well do so with improved accuracy.


. In this work we study the following class of problems in R N , N > where 0 < s < 1, ( − Δ) s is the fractional Laplacian, ε is a positive parameter, the potential V : R N → R and the nonlinearity f : R → R satisfy suitable assumptions; in particular it is assumed that V achieves its positive minimum on some set M. By using variational methods we prove existence and multiplicity of positive solutions when ε → 0 + . In particular the multiplicity result is obtained by means of the Ljusternick-Schnirelmann and Morse theory, by exploiting the "topological complex-ity" of the set M .


The objective of this study was to describe the morphology of Clibanarius antillensis Stimpson, 1859 megalopae collected in the vicinity of Isla Sacrificios, Mexico, and compare it to previous descriptions originated from Brazilian and Panamanian specimens raised in laboratory conditions. We found four meristic differences between the Brazilian and the Panamanian and Mexican populations with the Brazilian population: the outer flagellum of antennule in the Panamanian and Mexican populations has more aesthetascs on the second, third, and fourth segments of the outer flagellum (0, 6, 5, 3, 0) than the Brazilian population (0, 4, 4, 2, 0); the maxilla has more setae on the scaphognathite in the Brazilian specimens (70) than in the Mexican and Panamanian specimens (49-62); the crista dentata of the third maxilliped is formed by only three denticles in the Brazilian specimens, while 4 or 6 denticles form the same structure in the Panamanian and Mexican populations; there are fewer number of setae on the endopod of the uropod in the Brazilian population. The differences may be explained by intraspecific variation.


Objectives  Motivation is one of the most important factors for learning and achievement. The perceived value of the task, perceptions of self‐efficacy and beliefs about control of learning are the main determinants of motivation. They are highly influenced by the individual's personal history and especially by significant past experiences. We assessed the impact of training periods in the emergency department on the motivation of health care students to learn in the field of emergency medicine.


Since turbulence at realistic Reynolds numbers, such as those occurring in the atmosphere or in the ocean, involve a high number of modes that cannot be resolved computationally in the foreseeable future, there is a strong motivation for finding techniques which drastically decrease the number of such required modes, particularly under inhomogeneous conditions. The significance of this work is to show that wall‐bounded shear turbulence, in its strongly inhomogeneous direction (normal to the wall), can be decomposed into one (or a few) space–time mother mode(s), with each mother generating a whole family of modes by stretching symmetry. In other words, the generated modes are similar, dilated copies of their mother. In addition, we show that the nature of all previous modes strongly depends on the symmetry itself. These findings constitute the first scaling theory of inhomogeneous turbulence.


The water depth of the coastal areas is subject to change due to erosion and sediment accumulation processes
and the effects of the sea level rise. Knowing the accurate water depth is not only essential for scientific research and the shipping industry but also for water authorities and decision makers. Remote sensing derived
bathymetry can fill the data gaps with better coverage than conventional methods. Especially physical based
methods allow for the estimation of water depth, in addition to water constituents and the bottom cover.
This master thesis focuses on the determination of the bathymetry and bottom cover of coastal areas
in the German Baltic Sea by inverting airborne hyperspectral imagery (HySpex VNIR-1600) and simulated
EnMAP data with a semi-analytical inversion program based on a radiative-transfer model. Furthermore,
the expected accuracy of the water depth retrieval and the bottom classification was quantified based on
simultaneously acquired in situ sonar measurements and a customized spectral database of the bottom cover
types in the study area.
The validation of the retrieved water depths was conducted for three sites which vary in their bottom
cover types and exhibit different water depth distributions. The first (1) and second (2) site yield water depth
estimates for the HySpex imagery with (1): up to +/- 15 % mean systematic error for water depths up to 6
m when calculating the mean water depth difference with a 50 cm binning interval and with (2): up to +/-
25 % systematic error for water depths up to 10 m. The corresponding Mean Absolute Percentage Error
M APE were derived with (1): 14 % and (2): 19 % for water depths smaller than the averaged Secchi depth
of 5.7 m. The inversion of HySpex image covering the third (3) site failed probably due to the dark bottom
cover. The corresponding errors of the water depths were (3): up to + 240 % for the mean error and 192 %
M APE for water depths up to 7 m, and Secchi depth respectively.
The bathymetry results for the EnMAP simulated scene were evaluated for the same sites: site (1) yields
systematic errors up to +/- 18 % for binning intervals of 1 m up to 6 m water depth. Site (2) exhibits a mean
systematic water depth error from - 45 % to 0 % up to 10 m water depth. The mean systematic error for the
third site (3) is in order of + 120% for water depths up to 7 m. The corresponding M APE for water depths
up to the averaged Secchi depth are (1): 13 %, (2): 15% and (3): 100 %.
The bottom classification using HySpex and simulated EnMAP imagery could not be validated since independent measurements were not available. The comparison with true-colour images derived from HySpex
yielded plausible results for sand in all study sites up to the Secchi depth. Other bottom covers including
sea grass and mussels were used during the inversion but could not be verified since these could not be
distinguished in the true-colour images.
To conclude, the bathymetry estimates and bottom classification determined in the scope of this master
thesis showed convenient results for water depth over shallow and bright areas but not over dark areas. The
results for the EnMAP simulated scene displayed similar accuracies as for the HySpex imagery.


To solve the low efficiency and low accuracy problems of the traditional temperature control system,a fuzzy adaptive PID algorithm is proposed in this paper,which is applicable to multi-channel temperature control system of placement machine.This algorithm not only has the advantage of simple structure and high accuracy of static control of traditional PID algorithm,but also improves control effect of non-line and large time-delay system.


The two World Wars, the Cold War and the rise of non-international armed conflicts have pushed the international judicial bodies as well as the national courts to interpret and develop the extradition laws. With the rise of supra-national and international organizations, the traditional state to state extradition process has evolved to become state to international entity process, requiring more political will for the tribunals to exercise jurisdiction over reluctant indicted individuals.


Objective To explore the classification of fever cases,distribution of ages and clinic characteristics when SARS is epidemic. Methods To review and summarize the clinic material of infection fever cases. Result The respiratory tract diseases occupy 74.3%,and digestive systerm diseases 15.2%,virus rash 4.2% and others 6.3%. Conclusion During SARS prevalence, the respiratory tract disease is at the top of list, acute enteritis reduces, virus rash in adult increases.


The relationship between 5 bamboo accessions was investigated with 30 single-copy orthologous genes( COSII)markers. All of 30 pairs of primers exhibited specific PCR products in at least 3 out 5 accessions. A total of 101 bands were obtained using COSⅡmarkers,of which,88 bands( 87. 12%) were polymorphic. Several pairs of primers showed multi-copy PCR products in all the 5 bamboo species,but no polymorphisms between the products. Based on polymorphic pattern revealed by the 30 primer pairs,genetic distances were calculated with NTsys 2. 10e software. The5 samples belonging to Phyllostachys genus were classified into three groups when the coefficient of heredity is 0. 658.Ph. nigra and Ph. glabrata were clustered into two individual groups. While Ph. reticulate,Ph. aurea and Ph.reticulata f. lacrima-deae,with a closer relationship,formed a third group. This classification results based on COSII molecular markers were coincided with the results based on morphological classification. Therefore,this set of COSII molecular markers could be well applied in genetic analysis and other related researches in bamboo.


A framework of WWW-based CBR system was proposed for supporting conceptual design of complex virtual prototyping.The construct of soft prototype system was presented.Using the tool,conceptual design activity was realized in timely cooperation of different levels,stages and locations and real time exchange of information in process of conceptual design of complex products.And also it accomplished to shorten the period of developing products and improving quality of product design.The tool can be used in other complex problem solving.


Social media influencers are winning over the internet with their outstanding work and presence. Their opinions have a powerful impact on people, especially on the young generation. We can mark them as a modern phenomenon that has seen a huge increase in cooperation with marketing agencies over recent years. More and more people are following such influencers so that they do not miss out on their content. Brands flock to such influencers for mentions, reviews, and recommendations. Even though influencer marketing is a relatively new strategy, it continues to be a viable solution for marketers who are willing to think outside the box while building relationships with their target market. The aim of the study is to offer a comprehensive reflection on influencer marketing opportunities and determine the impact of influencers on consumer behavior of Generation Y and Z. We wanted to find out whether influencers, who promote products, can attract potential customers and encourage them to purchase, as well as find differences between the given consumers' generations. The analysis is performed using statistics. Thus, this inquiry is also a study of causality. Causal research, alternatively referred to as explanatory study, is used to determine the extent and type of cause-and-effect relationships


Objective To determine the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine used with or without epinephrine for brachial plexus block Methods Eighteen ASA Ⅰ Ⅱ adult patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery on upper limb received a single injection of 30ml of 0 5% ropivacaine for brachial plexus block The patients were divided randomly into two groups One group (n=9) received 0 5% ropivacaine 30 ml (150mg) without epinephrine while the other group (n=9) received 0 5 % ropivacaine 30ml with epinephrine 1:200000 Blood samples were taken from internal jugular vein, which was cannulated at 10,20,30,45,60,90 min,3,4,6,9, and 12h after drug administration for determination of plasma ropivacaine concentration by high performance liquid chromatography The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a 3P97 computer program Results There were no significant differences in peak plasma concentration of ropivacaine (Cmax) and time to peak (tmax) and the mean area under the concentration time curve (AUC) between both groups Conclusions The addition of epinephrine does not alter the pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine when used for brachial plexus block


This paper discusses a virtual lab, which includes the simulation modeling of a virtual objects and the construction of their statistical models in the LabVIEW environment. The proposed lab simulates the functioning of the virtual object, formally represented as the stochastic postulated model, using non-degenerate multivariate normal distribution method. Based on the generated statistical data, obtained as a result of simulation modeling of the investigated virtual object, its regression model is constructed. The offered virtual lab is intended for students - bachelors on "Information technologies" specialty.


After a brief account of the functional and the genetic aspects of the super-ego as formulated by Freud and his followers, the super-ego as a stable structure is being discussed. An attempt is made to show the relations between the development of psychic structures, particularly the super-ego, and the drive-development. This is demonstrated mainly with regard to the development of the libido. However, the concept of aggression as contributing factor to the building-up of the super-ego is being considered, with special interest in the processes of sublimation and neutralisation.


The design of multi‐storey steel framed office and other commercial buildings for fire resistance has traditionally been undertaken on the premise that the building will suffer partial or total collapse unless the beams and columns are insulated from temperature rise under fully developed fire conditions. Since 1990, a growing body of evidence has shown that there is a substantial inelastic reserve of strength available from a typical composite steel beam/concrete floor slab system with uninsulated beams. An intensive research effort is underway in a number of countries to determine the extent of this reserve of strength and the mechanisms involved in its delivery. The research discussed in this paper involves experimental testing and advanced finite element (FE) modelling. It is leading on to design procedure development to take account of the inelastic reserve of strength available from this type of building system.


ABSTRACT The new compound [Li(NO3)(phen)]n (phen: 1,10-phenanthroline) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The Li+ ion is five coordinated occupied distorted TBP (trigonal bipyramidal) geometry. The Li+ ions are bridged by nitrate anions into 1D polymeric chain. The nitrate anions are coordinated to Li+ ions through chelating and bridging bidentate mode of binding. There are cooperative noncovalent interactions like strong or weak H-bonding, weak π···π and C‒H···π interactions are involved to form 2D network. Thermal properties of this complex have been completely described by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). Both molecular and crystal structures of this compound were compared and discussed the intermolecular interactions by using Hirshfeld surface analysis and 2D-fingerprint plots. The optimized molecular geometry by DFT calculations agrees closely with obtained from the crystallographic study. Hirshfeld surface analysis of compound (I) indicates that H···H, π···π and C‒H···π contacts can account for 30.9, 15.0 and 7.4% respectively of the total Hirshfeld surface area.


This paper explores the dynamics between nominal bilateral exchange rate and nominal foreign direct investment in Pakistan and Sri Lanka by using bivariate cointegration and Granger causality mechanism. Annual data from 1973 through 1993 are employed in this. study. The ADF (Augmented Dickey-Fuller) unit root test reveals nonstationarity in each variable in levels (both without and with trends) at 5 percent level of significance in both countries. Subsequently, the ADF test does not depict cointegrating relationship between the aforementioned variables in both countries. As a result, simple Granger causality test is performed. The test results reveal that the nominal exchange rate movements cause movements in nominal foreign direct investment in Pakistan. In contrast, no Granger causality is detected between these two variables in Sri Lanka. INTRODUCTION The body of literature in international trade and finance that seeks to explain the determination of exchange rates by using the purchasing power parity (PPP) theory, interest rate parity (lRP) theory, and portfolio balance theory is vast and expansive. To our knowledge, inadequate attention has been paid to the dynamics of foreign direct investment and exchange rates in less developed countries (LDCs). A growing interest has been observed since mid-1980s in the topic studying the link between foreign direct investment (FDI) and exchange rates in U.S. from the home country perspectives of U.S. multinational corporations. Cushman (1985) and Froot and Stein (1991) explore the factors that might contnbute to correlation between the external value of the dollar and the level of foreign investment in the U.S. They have found that modeling a link between FOI and exchange rates would require some beliefs in the long-run and short-run deviation from PPP on the cross-border investment process. Caves (1989), Froot and Stein (1991), Harris and Ravenscraft (1991) and Swenson (1993) have concluded that a depreciating dollar is associated with both higher flows of FOI into the U.S. and higher foreign takeover premia Dewenter (1995) re~es this issue but has not been able to unveil any statistically significant relationship between the levels of nominal exchange rate and nominal foreign direct investment This issue from the perspectives of host countries (LDCs) remains notably under-researched. So, it is important that such an academic exercise be pursued in the


This article identifies problems of translation of J.R.R. Tolkien`s works to the Russian language. Due to complexity of their reception in the Russian literature and culture, these problems continue at the present time. The purpose of this article is to consider the translational interpretations as a form of reception of J.R.R. Tolkien`s works in Russia and perform analysis of relevant stages of the receptive process. The leading approach to the study of this problem is the methodology of receptive aesthetics; this takes into account the development trends of the method. This research shows that it is the translation, in many respects, that sets trends for further understanding of writings by J.R.R. Tolkien in Russia and includes them in a Russian cultural and literary context, as well as set their level of systematic perception. Contents of this article may be used for readings in general and special courses for Western literature at universities, and may be useful to a wide range of readers interested in the work of J.R.R. Tolkien.


FIELD: aircraft engineering. SUBSTANCE: set of inventions relates to protection of spaceships against high-speed micro meteoroid and man-made particles. Claimed process comprises the detection of assumed manned spaceship sealing shell puncture by said particles. Then, device for the detection of assumed manned spaceship sealing shell puncture and for its sealing. Said device comprises the case with sliding cover with two acoustic transducers secured thereat and magnet arranged there between. Said case houses a sealing element composed by polyurethane foam coated with silicon sealant ply. Aforesaid device for the detection of assumed manned spaceship sealing shell puncture and for its sealing is displaced along sealed compartment wall to register the signals of said transducers. Signals are notable decrease at the device stay directly above puncture point. The case cover is pushed off to make said sealing element be forced out by rarefaction caused by water efflux trough punched hole and overlap said hole. Signals of the transducers died away, said device is detached from sealed compartment wall. EFFECT: reduced error in puncture point location determination, accelerated sealing by simple mobile means. 3 cl, 2 dwg


This study focuses on changes in flow dynamics and morphology of the river bed in altering floodplain system functioning. Even though direct training works on the Garonne River channel on the upstream reach are moderate, human effects on the river channel have irreversible effects. A few aspects of the complex relationship between the contemporary hydrological and geomorphological river channel changes and the adjacent floodplain system are examined to provide further understanding of the whole fluvial hydrosystem, its habitats and its ecological functioning.

The decrease in bedload material resulting from dam construction and industrial gravel extraction after 1960 caused accelerated channel incision in the Garonne River. Despite an increase in channel capacity, bank-full discharge related to a recurrence interval of 1.58 years, as well as low flow discharges, have a tendency to diminish since the beginning of the century. The increase in the channel cross-section reduces overbank flows, especially those generated by high frequency floods. Thus, the regularly flooded areas diminished, causing a decrease in the interaction time between the floodwave and the floodplain. Furthermore, channelization processes have altered floodplain construction processes. Riparian wood die-back during the last 10–15 years is one of the consequences of these hydrological and geomorphological changes of the fluvial ecosystem. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Background. The authors report the long‐term treatment results for advanced stage base of tongue (BOT) and tonsillar fossa (TF) carcinomas treated with surgery and postoperative radiation therapy (RT) at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center.


Mercury concentrations in the mining-industrial landscapes of south-eastern Altai were studied. The comparative analysis of mercury in the environment objects was made. It was found that the ore recrement is the main source of pollution; hence the major nature protection activities should be aimed at the reduction of pollutants emission into the environment.


The use of smaller buses offers passengers a better service frequency for a given service capacity, but costs more to operate per sear provided. Within this trade-off there is an optimal bus size which maximizes social benefit. A mathematical model is described which cha be solved analytically to provide an explicit relationship between optimal bus size and factors such as operating cost, level of demand, and demand elasticities. The model includes: passenger demand varying with the generalized costs of travel according to a constant elasticity; the effect of changes in bus occupancy on average waiting time and on operating speed; the financial constraint that farebox revenue must equal operating costs less subsidy; an allowance for external benefits associated with generated demand, and for the effect of the flow of buses on traffic congestion; and an operating cost increasing linearly with bus size. The optimal size varies with the square root of demand, and with the unit cost to the power of 0.1 to 0.2. It also increases slowly with the proportion of cost covered by subsidy. For typical urban operating condition in the United Kingdom the optimal size for a monopoly service lies between 66 and 65 seats assuming the observed relationship between cost and size; it is possible that changes in working practices could make smaller buses relatively cheaper to operate, so reducing the optimal size, but it seems unlikely to fall below 40 seats.


The application of a general-purpose device-simulator to the analysis of silicon microstrip radiation detector is described. Physical models include charge-collection dynamics, as well as radiation-induced deep-level recombination centers. Realistic description of multiple-strip devices can be accounted for. To allow for validation of the analysis tool, actual detectors have been measured, before and-after being irradiated with neutrons. Simulation predictions agree well with experiments. Limitations of the adopted model are discussed, with reference to simulation-based comparison with higher-order models.


In this issue of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Dr. Goussetis and colleagues report on the combined use of umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) and bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in the treatment of b -thalassemia major [1]. Hemoglobinopathies are an attractive target population for related cord blood collection because BMT from an HLA-matched sibling offers 80± 90% chance of success if performed early in life. However, recent experience from a small number of patients reported to Eurocord has shown that there is a high rate of graft rejection following UCBT in thalassemia, with secure engraftment achieved in only 4 out of 7 patients [2]. High cell dose is considered of major importance to sustain engraftment in this patient population, and one could speculate that the reduced number of cells transplantable with cord blood might be crucial here. Accordingly, investigators have suggested that UCBT should be reserved only for younger patients with thalassemia, to increase the cell dose [3]. In line with this Goussetis and colleagues [1] chose to combine umbilical cord blood (UCB) and bone marrow (BM) cells to increase the transplanted cell dose, particularly because 2 of their 3 patients weighed over 50 kg. However, this approach appears to have been adopted because the umbilical cord blood collection contained less nucleated cells than the recommended threshold of 3.7 £ 107/kg recipient weight [4]. On the current evidence, particularly in older recipients, it would seem more logical to proceed to matched sibling BMT with additional UCB cells if available. Goussetis et al. [1] rightly suggest that the addition of UCB cells would reduce the volume of bone marrow harvest needed from the young sibling donor, although young donor marrow is extremely cellular and it is comparatively easy, even


In this paper, a lot of CMOS devices with different device dimensions, spacings, and clearances have been drawn and fabricated to find the optimized layout rules for electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection in 0.13 um Silicide CMOS Technology. The dependences of layout parameters on ESD protection ability of GGNMOS are investigated by using the TLP (transmission line pulsing) measurement technique. A DC model for modeling ESD NMOS snapback characteristics is also presented in this paper.


Pharmacotherapy remains the most common method for management of asthma. Numerous agents, including inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs), β agonists (short and long acting), leukotriene modulators, cromones, and, more recently , monoclonal antibodies, are used. Of these classes of therapy, ICSs remain the mainstay of treatment for persistent asthma according to various guidelines. This review focuses on the continuing role of ICSs as potent anti-inflammatory agents in the management of asthma. In addition, this article considers new and emerging therapies, including those that target immunoglobulin E/mast cells, cytokine antagonists, novel antiinflammatory targets, and vaccines. (Adv Stud Med. 2008;8(3):70-78)


Previous estimates of the impact of foreign official demand for U.S. Treasuries (USTs) on U.S. Treasury yields control for domestic conditions only. Yet global cyclical factors jointly shape U.S. yields and foreign demand for USTs. This paper recovers global factors from the cross-section of advanced economy sovereign bond yields, and shows that the impact of foreign official UST demand on U.S. 10-year yields is understated -- often by 50% -- when global factors are omitted. This understatement arises from the cyclical nature of UST accumulation by foreign officials, who buy (sell) USTs when safe asset yields are rising (falling) globally. Structural VAR evidence suggests that U.S. yields are particularly sensitive to official demand linked to China.


Abstract Uniqueness of a generalized entropy solution (g.e.s.) to the Cauchy problem for N -dimensional scalar conservation laws u t +div x φ ( u )= g , u (0, ·)= f with continuous flux function φ is still an open problem. For data ( f ,  g ) vanishing at infinity, we show that there exist a maximal and a minimal g.e.s. to the Cauchy problem and to the associated stationary problem u +div x φ ( u )= f . In the case of L 1 data, using the nonlinear semigroup theory, we prove that there is uniqueness for all data of a g.e.s. to the Cauchy problem if and only if there is uniqueness for all data of a g.e.s. to the related stationary problem. Applying this result and an induction argument on the dimension N , we extend uniqueness results of Benilan, Kruzhkov (1996, Nonlinear Differential Equations Appl. 3 , 395–419) for flux having some monotonicity properties.


This patient most likely has a VP shunt infection based on clinical presentation, abnormal CSF and improvement following antibiotic therapy. Although the CSF culture was negative at 72 hours, one organism to be considered in VP shunt infections is Propionibacterium acnes, a Gram-positive, anaerobic rod characterized by low virulence and slow growth. Diagnosis of P. acnes VP shunt infections can be clinically challenging because symptoms may be subtle and CSF cell counts and chemistries may be only marginally abnormal. Additionally, the Gram stain is often unreliable and the CSF culture can remain negative for several days. If suspected, one should ask the microbiology laboratory to hold the CSF culture for 10 days. Penicillin G is the antibiotic of choice with vancomycin as alternative. The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recently released guidelines for the management of healthcare-associated ventriculitis and meningitis:


Seventy two Southeast Asian refugee children, age 2-60 months, were examined using 24-hour dietary recalls, hemoglobin or hematocrit measurements, and height and weight measur~nents. The mean nutrient intake was considered adequate as compared to the NRC RDA. Several children had consumed a number of servings of highly fortified breakfast cereal thus cons~ing the highest levels of nutrients. Those with the lowest nutrient intakes were older infants who consumed formula exclusively. The iron status was considered adequate with the mean hemoglobin at 12g and hematocrit at 37.2%. On NCHS references over two-thirds of the children were considered stunted in height. However, by Thailand references less than one-fourth would be considered stunted. Iron status and growth status were considered to be adequate given the ethnic background and early experience. The mothers' beliefs about foods leading to excessive intake of highly fortified foods as well as prolonged infant formula feeding need further investigation.


Predicting discrete events in time and has as predicting of History-dependent processes to mathematically model previous approaches numerous challenges, particularly when attempting to forecast one or multiple future events. In this work, we propose a new neural architecture for multi-event forecasting of spatio-temporal point processes, utilizing transformers, augmented with normalizing flows and probabilistic layers. Our network makes batched predictions of complex history-dependent spatio-temporal distributions of future discrete events, achieving state-of-the-art performance on a variety of benchmark datasets including the South California Earthquakes, Citibike, Covid-19, and Hawkes synthetic pinwheel datasets. More generally, we illustrate how our network can be applied to any dataset of discrete events with associated markers, even when no underlying physics is known.


Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is an additive manufacturing technology designed to rapidly process and manufacture complex geometrical components based on computer model design. Based on a 3D data model, materials are accumulated layer by layer through computer control, and the 3D model is finally turned into a stereoscopic object. Compared with traditional manufacturing methods, 3D printing technology has the advantages of saving man-hours, easy operation, no need for molds, and strong controllability of component geometry. With the development of this technology, according to the core materials and equipment and other elements of the printing molding technology, several types of 3D printing technologies such as fused deposition modeling, selective laser sintering, stereolithography, and solvent cast-3D printing have gradually formed. This review focuses on the principles and characteristics of several of the most representative 3D printing molding processes. And based on carbon nanomaterial (carbon fibers, graphene, and carbon nanotubes) reinforced polymer composite materials, the research progress of different 3D printing molding processes in recent years is reviewed. At the same time, the commercial application of 3D printing molding process in this field is analyzed and prospected.


The present invention relates to an access control apparatus for a photovoltaic module and, more particularly, to an access control apparatus for a photovoltaic module which forms a number of groups of photovoltaic modules disposed on a photovoltaic panel, always maintains an available state by connecting groups with available photovoltaic modules if parts of the photovoltaic modules are defective, and automatically connecting the photovoltaic modules by using power generated from the photovoltaic modules themselves, thereby simplifying the structure of the access control apparatus, lowering manufacturing costs, and increasing reliability. To this end, the apparatus includes a packet unit to provide a plurality of packet modules by dividing a string, in which a plurality of photovoltaic modules are serially connected; an inverter to receive output power of the string through an input terminal to convert the received power into alternate current (AC) power; and a packet switching unit having a switch driven by output power of each packet module for each packet module, in which the switch of a defective packet module forms a current path to allow a neighboring packet module to access the input terminal of the inverter.


Silicone nanospheres containing a variety of functional groups (pyridines, phosphines, thiols, amines, etc.) have been prepared by emulsion copolymerization of methyltrimethoxysilane, MeSi(OMe)3, and the functionalized monomer of interest, RSi(OMe)3. This procedure provides a reproducible synthesis of spherical particles in the 12−28 nm size regime as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The presence of the functional groups is supported by a combination of spectroscopic methods including DRUV−vis, DRIFTS, and NMR spectroscopy. Comonomer dispersity within the nanospheres was probed using elemental mapping techniques, and these support a homogeneous distribution of functional groups within the particles. Palladium(0) immobilization on phosphine-substituted nanospheres also results in a random distribution of the transition metal throughout the particles. Nanospheres containing multiple acid/base functionalities were also prepared, and these demonstrate functional group cooperativity based ...


Post COVID-19 condition, as defined by WHO, refers to a wide range of new, returning, or ongoing health problems in people who have had confirmed positive with COVID-19, and it represents a rapidly emerging public health priority. This paper aimed to discover whether the condition develops in students of the university of Labour and Social Affairs, Campus 2 in Ho Chi Minh City (ULSA2). Result revealed that students has experienced the post covid-19 problems in which the most common symptoms reported are: feeling headache, getting worse after physical effort, tiredness/ fatigue, sleep problems, difficulty in thinking and concentrating, dizziness when standing up, cough, difficulty breathing, joint or muscle pain, fast-beating or pounding heart, change in smell/ taste and anxiety disorder. The Covid-19 pandemic was also found to cause change in menstrual cycles among female students.


In order to correctly simulate water waves and wave-induced currents in areas with curved boundary and other irregular coastlines, this paper presented a combined numerical system in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates. The hyperbolic mild-slope equation, which is known as an efficient tool for nearshore wave field taking into account the wave reflection, refraction and diffraction effects, was employed as the wave model. The shallow water equations including radiation stresses were employed as the current model in curvilinear coordinates. The wave model was actually used as a driver-model to provide radiation stresses, the gradient of which generate the wave-induced current. The coupled models were numerically solved separately by ADI finite difference scheme in the same curvilinear grids. Two cases of numerical validation of a circular channel and a rip channel showed that the established numerical model was accurate and efficient, and had the potential to be applied to complicated domains with varied boundaries, such as estuaries and harbors in actual engineering.


This article focuses on developing a pneumatic artificial muscle as a variable elastic device and a magnetorheological fluid brake as a variable viscosity device and a variable friction device. We executed a throwing motion using a 2-degree-of-freedom manipulator as a case study of the control of dynamic motion. To investigate the throwing motion, we proposed the spring model of the manipulator, which includes a variable viscoelastic joint. Next, the manipulator and the spring model were extended to 2 degrees of freedom. In addition, the spring model was verified by comparing the simulation and experimental results. The simulation results reproduced the experimental results. Furthermore, we maximized the velocity of the end effector during the throwing motion by searching for adequate drive timing of the second joint in the simulation. In the simulation, hand speed was improved by releasing the second joint on the basis of the angular acceleration of the first joint. Finally, the simulation results were reproduced experimentally under the same conditions.


In this article, a random vibration simulation approach applied to a car component is presented. The main vibration sources which appear in the automotive body are mentioned as input for random analysis. By using finite element analysis, one can estimate the response of the structure in terms of the probability of the maximum displacement and stress. The normal distribution function was used in the analysis for the statistical interpretation of the results. By using the random vibration simulation method, the response of a structure excited by random vibrations can be estimated, with a good precision for various applications. The resulted stress it is used to perform fatigue evaluation by using Palmgren Miner method.


According to various embodiments, in the method of operation of an electronic device, the operation of receiving a list of resources, information about the web content from the first server; Operable to receive at least one of the resources included in the resource information list of the web content from the first server; And it may include an operation for requesting the received at least one resource based on the at least one resource of the resource information list of the Web content and the received resource information list in the second server. It is possible in other embodiments.


Objective: In order to establish an effectively analytic method about the content of lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury and copper. Methods:According to the standard addition method, matrix modifiers (nickle nitrate and diammonium orthphosphate) were added to sample and the contents of Pb, As, Cd and Cu were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, reduce agent (acid tin bichloride was added to sample and the content of Hg was determined by cold vapour atomic absorption method. Results: The average recoveries of lead arsenic, cadmium, copper and mercury were Pb=97.5%, RSD = 2.75%; As=96.6%, RSD = 2.23%; Cd= 98.2% , RSD = 1.32% ;Cu=97.8%, RSD =1.19%;Hg= 98.8% , RSD = 1.85 , respectively. Conclusion: The method is sensible, accurate and reproducible. and applied for quality control of content of heavy metals in Qijidehuang Pills.


To explore the possibility of complex enhanced heat transfer,the characteristic of heat transfer and pressure drop of pulsating flow in a corrugated tube was numerically studied by using commercial CFD package Fluent.The temperature of tube wall was fixed at 293K,water was set as the working fluid,inlet temperature was 333 K and mean velocity was 0.02 m/s,the frequency of pulsating fluid was set as 2 Hz,4 Hz,5 Hz,8 Hz,10 Hz and the magnitude of that was set as 0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1,respectively,the pressure of outlet was set as 0.The enhancement coefficients of heat transfer and pressure drop were analyzed.The results show that heat transfer can either be enhanced or weakened by pulsating flow;compared with steady flow,heat transfer enhancement coefficient increases maximumly 5.9%;pressure drop of corrugated tube is increased by pulsating flow.When A≥0.8 and f≥4 Hz,the effect of pulsating flow on heat transfer is more obvious than that on pressure drop.The periodical formation and disappearance of vortex is the main reason for heat transfer enhancement and pressure drop.


stages of chronic renal disease. I have already told you that the vomited matters are usually very offensive; and, bearing this fact in mind, if you direct your patient to take copious draughts of tepid water, he will often obtain relief from his nausea by the speedy expulsion of the foul secretions and the thorough washing out of the stomach. The relief afforded by this simple cleansing process is analogous to that which is experienced by a patient whose bladder has been washed free from foul mucus and fcetid ammoniacal urine: In both cases, the cleansing has to be repeated from time to time. The food must be of the lightest and most digestible kind. The process of digestion may be aided by a dose of fifteen or twenty drops of dilute hydrochloric acid with each meal, and to this may sometimes be added with advantage the thirtieth part of a grain of strychnia. The mineral acid neutralises the ammonia which is often thrown off abundantly, and which tends to render the secretions of the stomach alkaline or only feebly acid, and strychnia is certainly a most valuable gastric tonic. Other vegetable bitters may be substituted for this; but they are less efficacious. A glass of champagne is sometimes a grateful and wholesome stimulant with the food. In some cases, vomiting may be best relieved by-a purgative enema, or by stimulating the lower bowel by the compound colocynth pill if the stomach will retain it. In not a few of these cases, the irritability of the stomach is excessive, and vomiting occurs with far greater frequency than is required for the expulsion of its morbid contents. In such cases, the excessive irritability may sometimes be allayed by constantly sucking lumps of ice. In other cases, I have seen the occasional inhalation of a small quantity of chloroform vapour afford great relief; or a few drops of chloroform may be swallowed from time to time with mucilage. A mustard poultice on the epigastrium sometimes has a good effect. In this class of cases, such remedies for vomiting as creasote, hydrocyanic acid, etc., are, according to my experience, quite useless. When the vomiting is incessant, nutritive and stimulant enemata often afford great relief and comfort; and, indeed, they are absolutely essential to prevent fatal exhaustion when the normal functions of the stomach are so entirely suspended as they commonly are in these painful cases. As the irritability of the stomach may be excessive, so may be, in some cases, the irritation of the bowels; and we must sometimes endeavour to allay tenesmus by the very guarded use of opium. With this view ten or fifteen drops of laudanum may be given in an enema, or half a grain of opium with a grain of ipecacuanha in a pill, the effect being carefully watched, and the dose repeated or not according to circumstances. I have already warned you of the great danger which attends the incautious employment of opium in these cases. Bear in mind that the object of the opiate is to soothe; to allay irritation, and not close a safety valve; and, remembering this, you are not likely to err. The gastro-intestinal symptoms will be mitigated if, by any means, we can increase the secretory action of the kidney. Amongst the means which may be usefully employed with this end in view are, counterirritation over the loins, either by dry cupping or by mustard and linseed poultices; hot-air baths to stimulate the functions of the skin, and thus to lessen the work and the congestion of the kidney; and, as a diuretic, the imperial drink, made with cream of tartar and lemon, may be taken liberally, and rendered more diuretic by the addition of a small quantity of gin. When there is much anasarca, an incision into each leg is often followed by great relief; the fluid is rapidly drained away; then, the vessels being partially unloaded, the circulation through the kidney, as through every other organ, becomes more free; there is, consequently, a more copious secretion of urine; and thus the gastro-intestinal symptoms which resulted from uremic contamination are indirectly relieved. The result of my experience is that, in cases of anasarca, inflmmation rarely follows puncturing the legs when the dropsy is simply renal and not complicated with obstruction of the circulation by valvular disease of the heart. The relief which follows the operation is often very great.


This paper examines the likely impact of induced migration from smaller communities to larger centres in the event of further cuts in federal expenditures in the NWT. With the exception of a few communities located near mineral resource industries, government employment and transfer payments provide the major source of cash income for most aboriginal communities. This income is critical as a source of money to invest in machinery and equipment to enhance the cash and in-kind income from traditional activities. However, promoting migration to larger centres would increase dependence by reducing access to these traditional sources of income, and by increasing the need for government subsidies to provide housing in the larger centres at a time when adequate housing already exists in smaller communities. Policy alternatives to migration are discussed.


Objective To analyze and explore the distribution of allergen in children with bronchial asthma and its protection measures.Methods The specific IgE and total IgE in 348 cases of children with bronchial asthma were detected by western blotting.Results The positive rate of dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was the highest in inhalant allergens,followed by tree and flower pollen.For ingested allergen the highest positive rate was egg white/egg yolk,followed by milk.There was no difference between the total IgE-positive rates of the two groups(P0.05).The total inhalation IgE-positive rate was higher than that of the total ingested positive rate(P0.05).The inhaled IgE-positive rate in the infant group was lower than that of the children group(P0.05),but the infants ingested IgE-positive rate in the infant group was higher than that of the children group(P0.05).Conclusion The allergen is one factor of bronchial asthma,so it can reduce the paroxysm number of bronchial asthma and alleviate the symptoms by avoiding the contact with allergens or environmental interventions to reduce allergen concentration.


The policy of the Mayor of London is to produce a step change in the efficiency and attractiveness of bus services in London. This has led to an expanding program of bus priority initiatives, building on the substantial infrastructure already in place. Applications of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) comprise an essential part of these initiatives. This paper begins with a summary review of ITS applications for buses in London, describing the systems and strategies adopted and evidence of their effectiveness. The paper will then outline current and planned initiatives, including advanced priority and congestion management strategies using Urban Traffic Control (UTC) and applications based on fleet-wide Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL). A concluding discussion will cover medium and longer term policy and strategy issues.


Significant differences were found in the sensitivity of various biotrophic and abiotrophic stages of Plasmopara halstedii to representative Solanum and Veratrum alkaloids and batrachotoxin with zoospores and cystospores being the most sensitive developmental forms. While Solanum alkaloids with pregnane skeleton inhibited the asexual spores without influencing biotrophic stages, Veratrum alkaloids that contain a highly hydroxylated C -nor- D -homosteroid skeleton inhibited both asexual spores and the systemic invasion of parasiting thallus. Cevagenine and 3- O -oleoylveracevine, the most active alkaloids, interrupted the life cycle of the fungus at several points: they influenced the parasiting thallus, delayed the zoosporogenesis and inhibited both zoospores and cystospores. The amphibian steroid alkaloid batrachotoxin affected asexual spores similarly. The zoospores responded rapidly to the alkaloid treatments; their motion was inhibited before the semipermeability of plasmalemma was completely lost. The antiperonospora efficacy of cevagenine and 3- O -oleoylveracevine was comparable to that of metalaxyl which inhibits only parasitic hyphae without affecting asexual spores. All alkaloids tested exhibited characteristic effect on the growth of the host plant, sunflower. These amphiphilic compounds are thought to act by direct incorporation into the fungal membrane thus disrupting its structural and functional integrity. Keywords : oomycota; sunflower; batrachotoxin; veratridine; solanine; tomatine; digitonin; tridemorph DOI: 10.3126/ijls.v4i0.2791 International Journal of Life Sciences Vol.4 2010 pp.1-15