HAVING life facing spent the daily most vexations of my adult of acing the daily vex tions f operating a water utility, I enter upon the responsibilities as AWWA President with a deep humility, but also with a steadfast determination to play the part to the best of my ability. In facing what I know to be a very large responsibility, I am somewhat comforted by a modern analogy drawn recently by a new college president at the time of his inauguration, which I believe fits my situation very nicely. In many ways our organization, too, is like a great rocket lifting off its launch pad. It is powered by the thrust of the dedicated service of its 15,000 members and is following a trajectory determined by a built-in guidance system provided by my many distinguished predecessors and other officers of this organization over the many years of its existence. This trajectory is ever upward, both in influence and in service, and, as President, it is my hope that I can but help to guide it with tiny puffs of hydrogen peroxide during the course of the time that I have to serve. Now this hydrogen peroxide is reputed to be a pretty corrosive material with the ability to cause smarting or to turn hair white. But then, what water utility operator has not had to provide himself with a small supply just to keep his own organization on the track?


The balance of material momentum is obtained by a pull‐back of the balance of physical momentum to the reference configuration. The usual formulation of these balances assumes the fields involved to be continuously differentiable. At a surface of discontinuity, the mechanical balance laws are represented by jump conditions rather than differential equations. The jump condition representing the balance of material momentum is derived in an analogous manner to the continuous case. In general, there remains an imbalance term in the discontinuous version of the balance of material momentum representing a concentrated source of material momentum carried along with a shock wave. The imbalance remains nonzero in a purely hyperelastic material without any thermal properties. It is shown that the imbalance vanishes if the material is assumed thermoelastic and heat conduction is omitted. The relevance of this result for the validity of a global balance of material momentum is discussed.


The introduction of an hydroxy-group α to the 3-keto-function of the 5α- and the 5β-cardenolides uzarigenone (4) and digitoxigenone (15) was carried out in three steps in good overall yield. The dimethyl acetals (5) and (16) of uzarigenone and digitoxigenone were pyrolysed to the respective Δ2- and Δ3-enol ethers (6) and (17). Epoxidation followed by spontaneous rearrangement led to respectively 2α-hydroxyuzarigenone (8) and 4β-hydroxydigitoxigenone (18). Sodium borohydride reduction of 2α-acetoxyuzarigenone (9) gave the 2- and 3-monoacetates (10) and (11) of gomphogenin (12)(2α-hydroxyuzarigenin), the latter monoacetate by acyl migration. On hydrolysis each formed gomphogenin (12). Reduction of the keto-function of 4β-acetoxydigitoxigenone (19) by lithium tri-t-butoxyaluminium hydride proceeded without rearrangement to yield the corresponding 3α-alcohol (20). The 13C n.m.r. data of 18 members of the title compounds are analysed.


The invention discloses a quay crane container loading and unloading device having a function of deflecting a lifting appliance. The quay crane container loading and unloading device comprises a power drive device (1), a front pulley block (2), a rear pulley block (3), a lifting trolley (4) and the lifting appliance (5), wherein the power drive device (1) is arranged above a quay crane main walking beam (6), the front pulley block (2) is arranged at one end of the quay crane main walking beam (6), the rear pulley block (3) is arranged at the other end of the quay crane main walking beam (6), the lifting trolley (4) is arranged on a walking track of the quay crane main walking beam (6), two steel wire ropes (7) connected with the power drive device (1) are sequentially wound around the front pulley block (2), a pulley block A (13) on the lifting trolley (14), a pulley block B (14) on the lifting appliance (5), and the rear pulley block (3), and finally wound back to the power drive device (1), and a lifting appliance deflecting device (8) is arranged on the quay crane main walking beam (6). The quay crane container loading and unloading device can effectively solve the problem that the container lifting appliance cannot be accurately aligned with a container during unloading of a ship, and the ship unloading efficiency is effectively improved.


Abstract It is proved that if the normal closure of every element of a group G has rank at most r, then the derived subgroup of G has r-bounded rank.


We are well-acquainted with the theorem about sequences which states that, the existence of (1) is sufficient to imply limk→∞ak = 0. Partially out of a growing interest in the theory of regularly varying sequences ([1]), and probably as an interesting problem, in and of itself, some mathematicians have tried to find conditions weaker than (1) that would guarantee limk→∞ak = 0.


The subcellular distribution of creatine (Cr) in white muscle of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was examined. Rainbow trout were cannulated via the dorsal aorta and injected with [amidino-C] Cr. Following a 2 hour incubation period, fish were either sampled in the resting state (resting group) or exercised according to one of two different exercise protocols prior to sampling (buffering and depleting groups). The specific activity of phosphocreatine (SApcr) was over three times the SAcr within resting white muscle, and the SApc^SAc, ratio did not decrease towards 1 in muscle sampled from fish following either exercise protocol. This indicates; i) that a significant part of the pool of total Cr (the 'bound' pool) does not have access to creatine kinase (CK) in resting white muscle and ii) that this fraction of the Cr pool does not gain access to CK and become metabolically active during bouts of intense exercise. The S Apci/S Ac, ratio increased significantly with decreasing Cr charge and thus the pool of Cr which was interacting with CK was not mixing homogeneously in all parts of the cell. This suggests limited subcellular mobility of PCr and Cr. The finding that a significant part of the pool of total Cr is not active in energy metabolism affects calculations of free adenosine diphosphate (ADP) through the CK equilibrium. Calculations of free ADP which take the limited access of Cr to CK into consideration imply a significant role for ADP as a regulator of metabolism.


The title complex, [MnCl2(C21H19N3)]·0.5CH2Cl2 or [MnCl2(Plep)]·0.5CH2Cl2 {Plep is 2,6-bis[1-(phenylimino)ethyl]pyridine, derived from the condensation of 2,6-diacetylpyridine and aniline in methanol} is composed of two crystallographically independent [MnCl2(Plep)] neutral units and a CH2Cl2 solvent molecule. Both complex molecules have similar geometries in which the MnII atom is coordinated by the N atoms of pyridine and the two imine groups of a neutral Schiff base, and by two chloride anions in a distorted trigonal–bipyramidal geometry. The structure of each [MnCl2(Plep)] unit exhibits a pseudo-mirror plane through the metal atom, two chloride anions and the pyridine ring. The crystal packing is stabilized by intermolecular C—H⋯Cl and C—H⋯π and interactions.


In many chess tournaments the number of players is much larger than the number of rounds to be played. In such tournaments the Swiss pairing system is usually used. This means that players with equal or almost equal scores so far are played against each other. Moreover, each player should alternately have, if possible, white and black pieces, and every pair of two players is allowed to play at most once against each other. This paper shows how the well-known stable roommates algorithm can be used to determine the pairs in a pairing system similar to the Swiss system.


The great merit of Zombie Capitalism is that it outlines the causes and consequences of the recurrence of crises while at the same time describing the challenges they pose for workers. Scholarly books on this subject are not generally known for their readability or their wider appeal. But this book stands out as one of the few fortunate exceptions. It is clearly written in as accessible a style as possible, given the inevitable complexity of much of its subject matter.


Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is a crucial negative regulator of CD8 T cell development and function, yet the mechanisms that control its expression are not fully understood. Through a nonbiased DNase I hypersensitivity assay, four novel regulatory regions within the Pdcd1 locus were identified. Two of these elements flanked the locus, bound the transcriptional insulator protein CCCTC-binding factor, and interacted with each other, creating a potential regulatory compartmentalization of the locus. In response to T cell activation signaling, NFATc1 bound to two of the novel regions that function as independent regulatory elements. STAT binding sites were identified in these elements as well. In splenic CD8 T cells, TCR-induced PD-1 expression was augmented by IL-6 and IL-12, inducers of STAT3 and STAT4 activity, respectively. IL-6 or IL-12 on its own did not induce PD-1. Importantly, STAT3/4 and distinct chromatin modifications were associated with the novel regulatory regions following cytokine stimulation. The NFATc1/STAT regulatory regions were found to interact with the promoter region of the Pdcd1 gene, providing a mechanism for their action. Together these data add multiple novel distal regulatory regions and pathways to the control of PD-1 expression and provide a molecular mechanism by which proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 or IL-12, can augment PD-1 expression. The Journal of Immunology , 2014, 192: 4876–4886. tivity is unlikely to be realized until STATs are bound, as active enhancer modifications (p300, H3K27ac, and H3K4me1) did not appear unless both NFATc1 and the STATs were bound. The presence of multiple cis elements bound by the same key regulatory factors is found in other systems (59–61), and we propose that the multiple elements identified in this study could provide synergy and/or greater activation potential than a single element.


The following article deals with the technology of organizing the process of developing logical thinking skills of elementary school pupils. Among the challenges facing the school are: the development of logical thinking of students, the level of formation of which largely determines consciousness, the efficiency of mastering the foundations of sciences, the ability to navigate independently in an ever-growing volume of information, apply existing knowledge to the maximum benefit, create the most favorable conditions for acquiring new knowledge and to communicate it to others. The development efficiency will increase if we implement the psychological and pedagogical conditions for the development of logical thinking of younger students with the help of innovative technologies. The essence of the concepts of "logic", "thinking", "logical thinking", "and logical thinking of junior pupils", "innovative technologies" is considered. The logical thinking of younger schoolchildren is the ability to use simple logical actions by students to form a full-fledged learning activity, which includes the ability to: highlight and hold a learning task; independently find and learn common ways to solve problems; adequately evaluate and control yourself and your activity; own reflection and self-regulation of activity; use the laws of logical thinking; own and use different forms of generalization, including theoretical ones.


Simulation is shown a demonstration of the nature or effects of an event without really experience it. The computer program can simulate the effects of location and remedy equipment problems without causing production downtime in the process. In the numerical approach a limited number of assumptions are made and a high –speed digital computer is to solve the resulting governing fluid dynamic equations for fluid flow problems both in static and rotating equipments. Thus a numerical simulation concept of chemical industries for continuous production plant has been developed. A case on non-Newtonian fluid flow, Carbopol through a circular tube by using numerical simulation technique is added here for compliance with chemical industries.


The Russian transformation crisis restructuring in transition economies stabilizing Russia modernizing Russia economic roundtable - internal and external Russian transition problems.


Economists are mainly interested in monetary economics: GDP measures wealth and standard of living of a nation but marginally takes into account domestic production and all that falls under self-production. The self-production and Social Development Program aims to ensure that governments become aware that the development of self-production - particularly in the areas of food and housing - helps to fight against exclusion and promote sustainable development. The activities of people willing to invest in projects that affect them constitute a real resource. To develop them, we need to identify and face a series of obstacles linked to behaviours, attitudes or institutional functioning. JEL Codes: A13, A14


The accuracy of memory for recent events is reported to decay between young adulthood and middle age in humans (Crook et al., 1990; Crook and West, 1990; Thomas et al., 1977) due to impairments in acquisition and/or retention (Craik, 1977; Huppert and Kopelman, 1989). Effects of this kind are also found in comparisons of middle‐aged (12–18 months) vs. young adult (3 months) rats in tests requiring retention of recently sampled spatial cues (Kadar et al., 1990a; Kadar et al., 1990b; Goudsmit et al., 1990; Weiss and Thompson, 1991). The causes of such changes in memory processing are unknown but might be expected to involve age‐related losses in forebrain glutamate receptors (Bahr et al., 1992; Magnusson and Cotman, 1993; Wenk et al., 1991); these receptors mediate fast excitatory transmission in many brain regions and play an essential role in the production of long‐term potentiation (LTP), a form of synaptic plasticity that has been implicated in memory encoding (Landfield and Lynch, 1977; Moore et al., 1993). In the present communication we report results indicating that a drug that enhances AMPA‐type glutamate receptors acts centrally to selectively increase hippocampal spatial cell firing and improves both acquisition performance and memory retention in middle‐aged rats to levels equivalent to those found in young adult animals. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Strong gluten wheat and common wheat is consistent in rule of taking Nitrogen:manuring in sowing date can obviously promote strong gluten wheat tiller and increase colony;nitrogen dressing in the date of returning to green and jointing can improve effective ears;nitrogen dressing in booting stage can increase number of grains per ear.The highest yield can be obtained when basic application to jointing stage was 7∶3,and the wheat yield will drop when the number of nitrogen fertilization basic application was less than half of total.The nitrogen application had obvious influence in quality of wheat,the highest content of protein and wet gluten can be reached when basic application to booting stage was 7∶3,and the average content of protein in treatment of basic application to overwintering stage to jointing stage was 4∶3∶3 and basic application to jointing stage was 4∶6.


The feeding habits of 500 specimens of Diplodus vulgaris (family: Sparidae), inhabiting Ain El-Ghazala Lagoon, were studied monthly from September 2013 till August 2014. The annual diet composition, monthly variations in the diet composition, the variations of diet with length and the intensity of feeding were studied. Diplodus vulgaris feed on a wide variety of prey types: crustaceans ) 33.5%), polychaetes (20.5%), green algae (20.1%), mollusks (6.1%), foraminifers (2.7%) and sediments (17.1%). The crustaceans, polychaetes, green algae, were the major food item all year round and it was found in all length groups. In the present study crustaceans, green algae and sediments increased as the size increased while polycheates, mollusks and foraminifers decreased as the fish size increased. The feeding intensity was quite high during the autumn and spring.


A set of fluorene copolymers designed to introduce electron donor/acceptor structures in the polymer chain that could eventually produce more efficient charge separation with long lifetimes has been prepared. To validate our approach, herein we report photoluminescence and laser flash photolysis measurements of the series of alternating specially functionalized fluorene copolymers. The copolymers contain 9,9-dioctylfluorene and N-octylcarbazole, oxadiazole, and oxadiazole−octafluorobiphenyl−oxadiazole units. It appears that the copolymer with the longest charge separated state lifetime and the highest charge separation quantum yield of the series is an alternating copolymer of a N-octylcarbazole and trifluorene units in which two fluorenes were attached with hydroxyhexyl side groups and the central fluorene with octyl side group at C-9 positions, respectively. These photophysical data suggest that this polymer a good candidate for photovoltaic cell and polymer light-emitting diode applications.


I: Facts, Institutional Arrangements and Evaluation Strategies.- 1 Overview and Introduction.- 2 Unemployment, Self-Employment and Bridging Allowance.- 2.1 Trends in Unemployment and Self-Employment in Germany.- 2.2 Causes of the Trends.- 2.2.1 Unemployment.- 2.2.2 Self-Employment.- 2.3 Bridging Allowance as an Active Labour Market Programme.- 2.3.1 Institutional Arrangements and Adjustments.- 2.3.2 Aim and Potential Impacts.- 3 Previous Empirical Findings on the Transition from Unemployment to Self-Employment.- 3.1 Analysis of Bridging Allowance.- 3.2 Further Empirical Findings.- 4 Evaluation Strategies.- 4.1 The Sample Selection Bias.- 4.2 Addressing the Sample Selection Bias.- 4.2.1 The Control Function Estimator.- 4.2.2 The Heckman Selection Model.- 4.3 Evaluation of Bridging Allowance at the Individual Level and at the Firm Level.- II: From Unemployment to Self-Employment.- 5 Theoretical Framework - An Extended Search Model.- 6 Determinants and Success of Self-Employment.- 6.1 The Empirical Model.- 6.2 The Discrete Hazard Rate Model with Unobserved Heterogeneity.- 6.2.1 The Hazard Rate in Discrete Time.- 6.2.2 Specifying Unobserved Heterogeneity.- 6.2.3 Testing the Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) Assumption.- 6.3 Measuring the Success of Self-Employment.- 6.3.1 The Stability of Self-Employment.- 6.3.2 Income Effects of Self-Employment.- 6.4 Data, Sample and Variables.- 6.4.1 The German Socio-Economic Panel.- 6.4.2 Samples of Analysis.- 6.4.3 Variables, Definitions and Descriptives.- 6.5 Econometric Results.- 6.5.1 Choice of the Number of Mass Points.- 6.5.2 Determinants of Self-Employment.- 6.5.3 Stability of Self-Employment and the Effects of Bridging Allowance.- 6.5.4 The Development and Distribution of Income.- 6.6 Summary and Conclusions.- III: Firm Start-Ups by the Unemployed.- 7 Microeconomic Issues on Firm Start-Ups.- 8 Assessing the Impact of Bridging Allowance at the Firm Level.- 8.1 Econometric Modelling.- 8.1.1 Firm Start-Ups and Selectivity.- 8.1.2 Modelling Firm Survival.- 8.1.3 Modelling Employment Growth.- 8.2 Data, Variables and Descriptives.- 8.2.1 Data.- 8.2.2 Firm Heterogeneity and Subsidisation of the Unemployed.- 8.2.3 Factors Influencing Company Success and Firm Selection.- 8.2.4 Survival Probability and Employment Growth.- 8.3 Econometric Results.- 8.3.1 Start-Ups by the Unemployed.- 8.3.2 Firm Survival.- 8.3.3 Employment Growth.- 8.4 Summary and Conclusions.- IV: Concluding Remarks.- 9 Political Options and Future Research.- A.1 Calculation of the IRR and SPIR.- A.2 Tables of Chapter 6.- A.3 Figures of Chapter 6.- A.4 Tables of Chapter 8.- List of Figures.- List of Tables.


W ith the 200th birthday of Charles Darwin (February 12, 1809 to April 19, 1882) and the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species, 2009 is a celebratory year for the field of evolution. To mark this occasion, numerous books, television shows, public lectures, and scientific meetings are planned. These events may seem to be the purview of biologists, anthropologists, and theologians and may seem to have little to do with medicine, especially dermatology and pathology. However, one may be surprised to learn that all physicians deal with the medical consequences of human evolution, a field referred to as evolutionary medicine. Evolution is the theoretical foundation of biology and biology is the foundation of medicine, thus its makes sense that evolution would have a great impact on medicine and public health. Evolutionary medicine is the application of evolutionary theory to medicine and public health, similar to other basic sciences (eg, biochemistry, physiology, genetics) that serve as the underlying framework and foundation of clinical medicine. Evolutionary theory is rarely taught in medical schools, and there is no guarantee that a physician studied evolution as a college undergraduate, so there is considerable potential for the misunderstanding of evolutionary concepts. Some have suggested that more evolutionary thinking can help clinicians and biomedical researchers ask questions that might otherwise go unasked. Recommendations to include evolutionary theory in the medical school curriculum have been suggested, but even proponents understand the difficulty of including another subject in an already full course load. Evolutionary medicine asks why natural selection has left the body vulnerable to disease. Biomedical science typically asks, as described by Ernst Mayr and expanded by Nikolaas Tinbergen, proximate questions (How does the mechanism work? What is the origin and the development of the mechanism?) rather than evolutionary questions (How has this mechanism give a selective advantage? What is the evolutionary development of this mechanism?). Simply put, proximate questions are about how the body works and evolutionary questions are about how the body developed over generations of selective pressure. A review of the principles of evolutionary biology would be impossible here because it would encompass volumes of material. However, there are evolutionary medicine texts that provide a background and cover specialized topics. The discipline's main tenet is examining disease through the lens of our evolutionary history. The environmental challenges that shaped human development in the distant past are vastly different from what most modern humans encounter today. Sometimes these lead to ''mismatches'' between the organism and the environment. Exploring these mismatches between our ''Stone Age'' bodies and the modern environment is one of the major areas of inquiry in evolutionary medicine. Many diseases and medical conditions have been examined within an evolutionary framework and are hypothesized to result from environmental and social changes (eg, diet, reproductive patterns, amount of exercise) that outpace natural selection. Frequently cited examples include breast cancer, obesity, and hemochromatosis, among others. In addition to mismatches, some traits developed that gave a survival advantage to many but resulted in disease in a smaller proportion of the population. ''Heterozygote advantage'' is the phenomena where the heterozygote has a survival advantage over the homozygote. This is best demonstrated in sickle cell disease. The heterozygote (sickle cell trait) has greater protection to Plasmodium falciparum compared with those without the trait. However, homozygotes develop sickle cell disease. Because P. falciparum is fatal, natural selection has favored those with the heterozygote mutation despite the debilitating and frequently fatal nature of the homozygote form. Skin cancer is a medical problem that can be viewed in an evolutionary context. Skin cancer incidence, both melanoma and nonmelanocytic lesions, is linked to UV radiation exposure, and patterns of exposure that have changed dramatically in the past 2 centuries with migration of people across the globe. This is especially true in Australia, which has the highest incidence of melanoma in the world. But how does the application of evolutionary theory apply to an Australian of European decent being diagnosed with melanoma? Where is the evolutionary mismatch? Why did the skin evolve in such a way to make it prone to cancer in some individuals? To answer these questions, one must look at the evolutionary history of human skin, also called paleodermatology. Our distant hominid ancestors most likely had skin coloration similar to our closest contemporary relative, the chimpanzee. The non–sun exposed skin of a chimpanzee is nonpigmented to lightly pigmented and covered with dark fur, which shields the skin from solar radiation. Humans are not hairless and have similar density of hair follicles as other From the Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC. Reprints: David D. Grier, MD, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157 (e-mail: email@example.com). Copyright 2009 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins


In one of his first acts as President, Barack Obama signed an expansion of the State Children?s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). It will enable over 4 million new children to be included in the plan.


To compare fire resistance difference of plant species,combustion experimentations of live leaves from 11 common native woody plant species in Central Yunnan Province were conducted with an oxygen index measuring instrument under high oxygen concentration during the peak forest fire season.Moistrure content,mass per unit area,burning rate,damage extent of the live leaves were measured and calculated.The combustibility orders and classification were put forward based on factor analysis.The results showed that the live leaves of 11 species were divided into four categories including very inflammable species(one kind),inflammable species(four kinds),combustible species(three kinds)and hardly inflammable species(three kinds).


We propose a cladding engineering method that flexibly modifies the radiation patterns and rates of metal-clad nanoscale optical cavity. Optimally adjusting the cladding symmetry of the metal-clad nanoscale optical cavity modifies the modal symmetry and produces highly directional radiation that leads to 90% coupling efficiency into an integrated waveguide. In addition, the radiation rate of the cavity mode can be matched to its absorption rate by adjusting the thickness of the bottom-cladding layer. This approach optimizes the energy-flow rate from the waveguide and maximizes the energy confined inside the nanoscale optical cavity. High performance germanium-on-silicon detectors for optical communications, " Appl. Electrically pumped hybrid AlGaInAs-silicon evanescent laser, " Opt. Electrically pumped InP-based microdisk lasers integrated with a nanophotonic silicon-on-insulator waveguide circuit, " Opt. Electrically-pumped compact hybrid silicon microring lasers for optical interconnects, " Opt.silicon photonics for on-chip and intra-chip optical interconnects, " Laser Photon. Demonstration of an electronic photonic integrated circuit in a commercial scaled bulk CMOS process, " Proc. Lasing in metal-insulator-metal sub-wavelength plasmonic waveguides, " Opt. " Subwavelength plasmonic lasing from a semiconductor nanodisk with silver nanopan cavity, " Nano Lett. Low-loss surface-plasmonic nanobeam cavities, " Opt. " Electrically pumped sub-wavelength metallo-dielectric pedestal pillar lasers, " Opt. From vertical-cavities to hybrid metal/photonic-crystal nanocavities: towards high-efficiency nanolasers, " J. Efficient waveguide-coupling of metal-clad nanolaser cavities, " Opt. Coupling of small, low-loss hexapole mode with photonic crystal slab waveguide mode, " Opt.


For Contemporary Pediatrics, Dr Bobby Lazarra discusses a survey study published in JAMA Pediatrics that looks at the prevalence of prediabetes in the pediatric population of the United States.


This corrigendum corrects an error in the statement of Proposition 1 of the published manuscript [SIAM J. Math. Anal., 44 (2012), pp. 3217--3241].


The present invention provide an electrical characteristic measuring substrate that is capable of measuring electrical characteristics of two electronic components including terminals that are asymmetric about a line and being arranged as mirror images. The substrate (1) for use in measuring electric characteristics includes a plurality of dielectric layers laminated therein, front-surface coplanar lines (14A-D) disposed at a front surface of the substrate, back-surface coplanar electrodes (24A-D) disposed at a back surface thereof, and interlayer earth electrodes (3A,3B) disposed between dielectric layers. First ends of the front-surface coplanar lines (14A-D) form a front-surface component mounting electrode (12), and first ends of the back-surface coplanar lines (24A-D) form a back-surface component mounting electrode (22). The front-surface component mounting electrode (12) and the back-surface component mounting electrode (22) exhibit substantially the same pattern when viewed from the direction of the normal to the front surface. Each of the front-surface component mounting electrode (12) and the back-surface component mounting electrode (22) has an electrode pattern asymmetric about a substantially central line of the front surface or about that of the back surface.


Many aspects of saturated and subcooled pool boiling CHF in liquids have been investigated by many researchers for pressure, subcooling, test heater configurations, thermal properties, etc., assuming a CHF model mainly based on a kind of hydrodynamic instability at CHF with a linear relation of CHF for subcooling at a pressure for about a half century until now. Recently it was clarified that the CHFs measured were mainly divided into two groups for lower and higher subcooling at a pressure as a typical case. It was assumed that the former and latter CHFs occur due to hydrodynamic instability (HI) and explosive-like heterogeneous spontaneous nucleation (HSN) respectively. It was attempted to clarify in the present paper the effect of test heater configurations on the saturated and subcooled pool boiling CHFs resulting from the HI and the HSN using existing data for horizontal test cylinders with the diameters ranging from 0.2 to 5 mm, a vertical cylinder, a vertically oriented rectangular ribbon and a horizontally suspended vertically oriented rectangular ribbon in liquids by the authors and other researchers. The CHF correlations representing the CHFs resulting from the HI and the empirical correlation resulting with HSN including test heater configuration effects respectively were suggested.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


Intentionally looking bad at work is a type of impression management in which employees purposefully attempt to convey unfavorable impressions. Drawing on the employment experiences of 162 individu...


The Suhl theory for ferromagnetic instability is extended to include the coupling between the magnetization and strain. The threshold for magnetoelastic instability is found to be nearly the same as that for subsidiary absorption in YIG. The experimental threshold is found to agree with the predicted curves; however, the threshold field is found to be about 10% higher than that obtained in the usual manner for subsidiary absorption threshold. This raises some questions about the extension of the linear region of the susceptibility plot to intersect the saturation value of susceptibility in order to obtain the critical field. Explanations are given for the ``beating'' of magnetoacoustic oscillations and for the necessity of long pulse lengths of microwave power in order to produce magnetoacoustic instabilities.


This research was proved whether the use of Pictionary games in teaching vocabulary can improve students' vocabulary mastery or not. This research used the quantitative method with the pre-experimental design, one group pre-test and post-test design. Pre-test (T1) is given to the students before treatment and post-test (T2) is given after treatment. This research was conducted SMP Negeri 8 Satap Tondano especially 7th grade students. There were three classes of the first level students, and the researcher will take one class only and it will be chosen as the subject of study with the total number of participants 23 students. Based on the findings, it could be concluded that the use of Pictionary as the learning method to improve students' vocabulary mastery is an effective way to solve students' lack in vocabulary mastery, especially the understanding of the meaning of each English word. The result showed the score in the post-test is significantly higher than pre-test. Most of the students found the effectiveness of this method in their English learning activity such as reading, speaking, and listening. The following suggestions are regarded as important to be considered by English teachers concerning the way of teaching vocabulary: 1) English teachers at junior high school are suggested to apply Pictionary games to help the students in learning vocabulary. 2) The teachers must control the students in groups to make them active and initiative. 3) Teachers must be creative to find out teaching technique that could improve students' mastery in Vocabulary.


There have been several encouraging initiatives to assess the feasibility of energy sealing devices adapted for the creation of sealing bowel [1,2]. However, almost every study on this topic has come to the same conclusion – when compared to handsutured and stapled anastomoses, energy sealing device anastomoses have lower bursting pressures [2,3]. In fact, one study conducted on pigs recommended against the use of the LigaSure bipolar sealing device to fuse intestinal tissue in a clinical setting. This was due to higher rates of tissue fusion failures, air-leaks, and even longer operative times in the LigaSure cohort compared to the endoscopic stapler cohort [3]. Conversely, the application of energy sealing devices was found to be a sufficient stand-alone method for bowel transection in specific scenarios, also using a porcine model [4]. The authors of a recent study, "Cecal resection with bipolar sealing devices in a rat model," examined the differences in outcomes of different sealing devices (Ligasure, Enseal, Nightknife, Marseal, and a linear stapling device TA30) after cecal resections in rats. Their research is unique in that they compared energy devices against each other, in addition to comparing energy devices with a stapling device. The energy devices were further analyzed based on the reusability of the device – single-use (Ligasure and Enseal) versus reusable devices (Nightknife and Marseal). They measured bursting pressures and hydroxyproline levels (as indirect markers of collagen content), and evaluated the seal histopathologically for inflammation, growth, and ischemic necrosis [2]. The results of their study were quite intriguing. As expected, stapling devices provided higher bursting pressures than energy devices (p< .01), though the use of stapling devices was correlated with higher ischemia levels compared to the energy devices (p< .01). Additionally, single-use energy devices produced seals that withstood higher bursting pressures compared to reusable devices at postoperative day zero. However, at postoperative day seven, there was no significant difference. The study concluded that cecal resection in rats with a bipolar device is achievable regardless of the type of device used and that increased strength in colonic stump sealing would be necessary to transfer this to human appendectomies [2]. Interestingly, these studies raise the following questions: are colonic seals that withstand higher bursting pressures necessary to produce better patient outcomes? Are there other areas of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with varying physiological intraluminal pressures which could be treated more effectively using different devices? Physics tells us yes. Laplace's Law states that "in a long pliable tube, the site of the largest diameter requires the least pressure to distend" [5]. By applying this law, we would expect that a minor change in pressure would cause the cecum to distend, as opposed to other parts of the GI tract (assuming a competent cecal valve) [5]. This theory encourages conducting studies with energy sealing devices on the cecum due to its large diameter, and if successful, this could be applied to bowel with smaller diameters. Furthermore, because the diameter of the appendix is smaller in comparison to other areas of the bowel, we theoretically have a higher chance to achieve fusion and a stronger seal in the stump of the appendix. Therefore, experimental appendectomies


Nanofiltration membranes were tested using a widely common lab scale dead-end filtration system. Two commercial NF membranes, denoted as NF1 and NF2 were tested on pressure range (6-12) bars. The water samples used were real samples collected from BaniSuhaila well in Khan Yuonis as a representative ground water sample in Gaza strip, Palestine. The tested parameters were: Salt rejection (TDS), Nitrate removal(NO3), Flux rate (L/m 2 .hr), permeability (L/m 2 .hr.bar) and Flux recovery rate. Following our lab work results, we may conclud that Nanofiltration membranes for desalting water are potentially suitable for brackish desalination in Gaza Strip due to: reasonable salt rejection, (up to 51%) for NF1 membrane at relatively low operating pressure of 12 bar attributing to energy consumption reduction as well as cost effective compared to the current used technology of RO membranes. Therefore, NF technology can be considered as standalone technology for brackish desalination in Gaza. Such advantage may also attribute to desalination trends developing in Gaza Strip. Reasonable flux rate with lower salt rejection were obtained for NF2. This may allow this membrane to be applied as pre-treatment process for RO membranes used in desalination plants in Gaza Strip attributing to scaling reduction and increasing of desalination efficiency. A relationship were build according to result between pressure and flux rate indicating that 2 bar increasing of pressure led to increase the flux by (25-39) percent on NF2 membrane and (21-39) percent on NF1 membrane using real samples, that will help the operator to efficiently operate desalination system using this technique.


The university teaching quality and academic effectiveness and competitiveness of graduates for employment are directly related to the quality of candidates. Due to the expanding enrolment scale, the competition between universities is becoming keener and keener. How to change the disadvantageous position of agricultural university in the competition deserves our profound consideration. Drawing on the experience and practices of some universities, such as Nanjing Agricultural University, the author offered some countermeasures: making enrollment plan, rearranging educational resources, promoting advertisement, opening up the international educational market, etc.


The invention discloses a medical operation sheath, and belongs to the field of medical apparatuses, which aims at solving the problem of easiness in pain and damage in the catheter inserting or plugging process of the prior art. The medical operation sheath comprises a curved tubular sheath body, wherein the front part and the back part of the curved tubular sheath body are penetrated through, the sheath body comprises an inner wall layer and an outer layer, the inner wall layer and the outer wall layer are made of medical hard material, the peripheries of the inner wall layer and the outer wall layer are sealed to form a hollow sac cavity, and the sheath body is provided with a valve which is communicated with the sac cavity. The medical operation sheath has the advantages that by utilizing the characteristic that the curved tubular sheath body can be retracted after expanding, the risk of easiness in pain and injury in the catheter inserting or plugging process is reduced, and the safety and convenience of the medical operation sheath are improved.


The rising prevalence of mental illnesses is increasing the demand for new digital tools to support mental wellbeing. Numerous collaborations spanning the fields of psychology, machine learning and health are building such tools. Machine-learning models that estimate effects of mental health interventions currently rely on either user self-reports or measurements of user physiology. In this paper, we present a multimodal approach that combines self-reports from questionnaires and skin conductance physiology in a web-based trauma-recovery regime. We evaluate our models on the EASE multimodal dataset and create PTSD symptom severity change estimators at both total and cluster-level. We demonstrate that modeling the PTSD symptom severity change at the total-level with self-reports can be statistically significantly improved by the combination of physiology and self-reports or just skin conductance measurements. Our experiments show that PTSD symptom cluster severity changes using our novel multimodal approach are significantly better modeled than using self-reports and skin conductance alone when extracting skin conductance features from triggers modules for avoidance, negative alterations in cognition & mood and alterations in arousal & reactivity symptoms, while it performs statistically similar for intrusion symptom.


Recent marine geological and geophysical surveys indicate that the Deccan Traps extend to the offshore area of Bombay. Cores from bore holes in Deccan Traps collected from Bombay Harbour have been classified as basalts, olivine basalts, spilitic basalts, and dolerites. Plagioclase composition of basalts ranges from An72_60 to An40-45 (while in spilitic basalts it is in the range of 10-32%); augite (2V, = 30° 50°), fresh and altered olivine with ubiquitous magnetite and devitrified glass are conspicuous. The chemical data indicate that the basalts are tholeiitic. Secondary minerals encountered support the view that the basalts are spilitised. Basalts of this area show affinities to both continental and oceanic types especially in the abundances of Ti02 (1.21-2.51 %), and therefore may be of transitional nature.


AIM To investigate the effects of vitamin E succinate ester(VES)on cytotoxicity of cisplatin (CP) and to explore the possibility of enhancing antitumor activity by the combination of VES and CP. METHODS Hepatocytes isolated from rats and humans by two step perfusions were used to evaluate cytotoxicity of CP and antiproliferative activity of CP in human prostate cancer cell line DU 145 and human colon cancer cell line CCL229; MTT assays were performed to evaluate cell viabilities. RESULTS Concentration of CP which inhibited 50% cell growth(IC50) was 2.35 and 4.70 mg·L-1 in primary cultures of human and rat hepatocytes, respectively. VES increased IC50 of CP to 6.93 mg·L-1 and more than 100 mg·L-1, respectively; IC50 of CP in DU 145 and CCL229 were 6.36 mg·L-1 and 9.58 mg·L-1, respectively. VES decreased IC50 to 0.58 mg·L-1 and 2.43 mg·L-1, respectively. CONCLUSION VES can decrease CP induced cytotoxicity in human and rat hepatocytes, and enhance antiproliferative activity of cisplatin in DU 145 and CCL229.


ntroduction: chronic lymphocytic leukemia is a malignant proliferative disorder of mature, incompetent lymphocytes that accumulate massively in peripheral blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues. Objective: to characterize patients having the diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia clinically and epidemiologically at Arnaldo Milian Castro Provincial University Hospital in Santa Clara, Villa Clara between 2015 and 2017. Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive and observational study was conducted. The target group consisted of 23 patients who were included in the study. Individual medical records were reviewed to obtain the necessary information, with respect to the principles of medical ethics. Results: the age group over 65 years (87.0 %) and male sex (65.2 %) predominated. At diagnosis, patients with clinical stages I and II of Rai represented 39.1% for each group, and according to Binet's classification, stage B patients represented 78.3%. There was complete remission in 58.0% of the patients, with the Leukeran - Prednisone combination is the most common treatment applied (42.1%). Infectious complications were present in 65.2% of cases. Conclusions: chronic lymphocytic leukemia is more frequent after 65 years of age in male gender, generally diagnosed at intermediate risk stages. The clinical response to treatment is favorable in most cases, commonly presenting infectious complications, which is a fundamental cause of morbidity in these patients.


For problems caused by installation of overhead manned equipment at upper part of district rise and driving modes of motor and gear box,a scheme was proposed,namely adopting overhead manned equipment driven by hydraulic pressure and installing the equipment at lower part of district rise,and models of driving devices including hydraulic motor,hydraulic oil pump and driving motor and ultima overhead manned equipment were determined by analyzing and calculating technique parameters of overhead manned equipment.The application showed the selected overhead manned equipment driven by hydraulic pressure can realize functions of continuously variable transmission,soft starting and soft stopping with no interference signal and harmonic and low fault ratio,and the mode of installing the equipment at lower part of district rise is convenient for maintain and improves security of personnel transportation.


The purpose of this thesis is to critically investigate how to understand the regional transformations that are occurring in Sweden and Denmark. At a higher level of abstraction the results can be generalised to a wider context and I have found that there is an ideological hegemony that explains the regional transformation. Nation states are reterritorialising due to a changing world where global capital is becoming increasingly flexible and competition between states, regions and municipalities is needed to adjust. By using Sandberg's model of structural reforms I have shown that the differences between Sweden's and Denmark's reterritorialisation are due to differences in national political culture and existing administrative systems. In fact these two structural reforms are based on the same regionalist ideology as a reaction to the changing global economy.

To investigate the regional transformations I have carried out an idea and ideology analysis on the recent Swedish proposal from Ansvarskommitten, Strukturkommissionen in Denmark and the proposal by the Danish government which was carried out in 2007. I have studied the regional architecture in these documents by using Noralv Veggeland's regionalist ideologies and ideal regional types. I have also analysed the worldview in these proposals by using Neil Brenner's reterritorialisation perspective.


Many fungi were associated with Peridermium harknessii galls on pines growing on or near the California coast. Included were saprophytes in dead gall tissues, mycoparasites on rust aeciospores, and secondary fungus parasites of rusted tissues. Gibberella lateritium, Nectria fuckeliana, and Diplodia pinea were secondary fungi that sometimes partially or completely killed the galls. Information regarding the identification, genetics, infection courts, and distribution of these fungi is given.


This article describes a new biosensor prototype that uses microscale electrodes to measure impedance, pH, and temperature changes caused by bacterial growth in vitro. The prototype uses multiple sensor geometries to optimize sensitivity and employs custom circuits, including an integrated CMOS lock-in amplifier (LIA) for multifrequency impedance measurement. The gold-plated interdigitated electrodes (AuIDEs), iridium oxide (IrO<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$_{{2}}{)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-based pH electrodes, and snake-shaped gold resistance–temperature detectors (RTDs) electrodes are implemented on a flexible printed circuit board (PCB). The custom-integrated LIA is designed and fabricated in a 0.18-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> CMOS technology with 1.8-V supply voltage. The overall sensitivity of the LIA is 240 mV/nA with a current detection sensitivity down to 1 pA. A pH measuring circuit is designed using an operational amplifier with a very low-input bias current. A Wheatstone bridge circuit with a network of resistors and RTD electrode is used to measure RTD resistance changes caused by temperature fluctuations. The whole system is enclosed into a self-contained platform developed to monitor bacterial growth by measuring the impedance as well as the environmental growth parameters such as pH and temperature. The fabricated multifrequency LIA was employed to test the impedance of <italic>E. coli</italic> cells with different concentrations at multiple frequencies. The results showed that the interdigital electrodes (IDEs) can measure the impedance variation caused by the bacterial activity with sensitivities of 36.62%, 34.37%, 33.29%, and 20.23% at 1-, 2-, 4-, and 10-kHz frequencies, respectively. The fabricated pH electrodes showed linearity with a linear regression (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}^{{2}}{)}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> value of 0.99 and can measure pH changes ranging from 4 to 10, with a sensitivity of 36, 52, and 68 mV/pH for sensing areas of 4, 9, and 16 mm2, respectively. The temperature sensor measurements showed that the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$4\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 4 mm RTD gold-printed temperature electrodes had a linear relationship between resistance and temperature with an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${R}^{{2}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> value of 0.996 and the higher sensitivity of 36 (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Omega /^{\circ }\text{C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) compared to other tested RTD geometries. The prototype was successfully used to perform bacterial growth measurements in vitro.


Public health center (PHC) is a health service facility that organizes public health efforts and first-level individual health efforts. In carrying out its duties PHC is authorized to carry out the recording and reporting of patient health and to evaluate the quality and scope of health services. Patient recording and reporting can be seen from the patient's medical record file. Medical records in non-hospital healthcare facilities must be kept for at least two years from the date the patient was treated. After the storage time limit is exceeded, the medical record can be destroyed. The Kuranji Community Health Center is one of the public health centers in the city of Padang which is well-known in the Kuranji sub-district. Based on the results of interviews with medical record officers, up to now the Kuranji Community Health Center has not retained and destroyed medical record files while there is only one storage room. Based on the explanation of the problem above, the service intends to conduct socialization and direct practice regarding the retention and destruction of medical record files at the Kuranji Health Center in Padang City. The target and output of the implementation of community service activities is that this activity can be used as consideration for the implementation of retention and destruction of medical record files. The future target is that this socialization can be used as a basis for retention and destruction of medical records.


The relationship between body weight and lung function is complex. Using a dyadic multilevel linear modeling approach, treating body mass index (BMI) and lung function as paired, within-person outcomes, we test the hypothesis that individuals with more rapid increase in BMI exhibit more rapid decline in lung function: forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and their ratio (FEV1/FVC). Models included random intercepts and slopes and were adjusted for socio-demographic and smoking-related factors. A sample of 9,115 adults with paired measurements of BMI and lung function at ≥3 visits were selected from a pooled set of 5 US population-based cohorts (1983 - 2018; mean age at baseline, 46 years; median follow-up, 19 years). At age 46, average annual rates-of-change in BMI, FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC were 0.22 kg/m2/year, -25.50 mL/year, -21.99 mL/year, and -0.24 percent/year, respectively. Individuals with steeper BMI increases had faster declines in FEV1 (r=-0.16) and FVC (r=-0.26), and slower declines in FEV1/FVC (r=0.11) (all P<0.0001). Results were similar in subgroup analyses. Residual correlations were negative (P<.0001), suggesting additional interdependence between BMI and lung function. Results show that greater rates of weight gain are associated with greater rates of lung function loss.


An experimental study was carried out on the phenomena of upper and lower yield points observed with hard, amorphous polymer solids below the glass‐transition temperature. The effects of temperature, strain‐rate, specimen shape, working strains, and annealing on the appearance of the upper and lower yield points were examined on epoxy cast resin (a three‐dimensional cross‐linked polymer) and on Celluloid (a linear polymer). It has been concluded that upper and lower yield points represent transient behavior, at a given moderate strain‐rate, associated with mechanical heterogeneity, expressed as a distribution of relaxation times. Some applications of this yielding mechanism are discussed.


Ethics of Emerging Technologies: Scientific Facts and ... Ethics of emerging technologies: scientific facts and moral Welcome to the Web site for Ethics of Emerging Technologies : Scientific Facts and Moral Challenges by Thomas F. Budinger & Miriam D. Budinger. Ethics of emerging technologies: scientific facts and moral Ethics of Emerging Technologies has 3 ratings and 1 review. An insightful guide to ...


Chagas' disease is a protozoan infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and is mainly acquired by vectorial transmission in endemic areas, when infected excreta of Triatominae bugs are inoculated into the sting site or neighbouring mucous membranes of the victim. The insect vector acquires the disease from feeding on infected animals (wild and domestic) and harbours the parasite in the gastrointestinal tract. Less common mechanisms of transmission include transfusion, congenital transmission, organ transplantation, laboratory accident, breast feeding, or oral contamination (1). Multiplication of the parasite through its amastigote form is obligatory in the intracellular milieu. It initially occurs within cutaneous macrophages, followed by rupture of the infected cells and subsequent release of trypomastigote forms in the blood stream, and then invasion of remote sites (2) Parasite multiplication may occur in every tissue, but neat predilection is observed towards the myocardium, skeletal and smooth muscle, and the nervous system. When transmitted by the insect vector, skin swelling produces the typical entry lesions known as chagomas (3).


The features of real-time,interactivity and usability inherent in the internet have resulted in it becoming a powerful platform for information exchange. More and more people prefer to express their real-life tourist experiences by publishing travel notes online. At the same time,official tourism departments also share government policy and news online to promote the development of local tourism. Here,we targeted grade 3A and above scenic spots in Shanghai. We use a computing platform to sort statistics of the frequency of appearance in focal scenic spots and then conduct balance research of scenic spot attraction between travel note samples and official samples. The results indicate that an imbalance exists regarding the real attraction of scenic spots and official propaganda. There is also a large difference between travel notes and policy documents for popular spots;less popular scenic spots show greater consistency. Official interactive propaganda does not fit in with the real linkage effect of scenic spots;moreover,differences for popular scenic spots are distinct. Differences in the linkage effect and differences between official preferences and tourist preferences allow us to discuss several suggestions in a Shanghai context.


Broadcasting of Student informat ion via GSM Network is a modern approach to send the academic informat ion t o the parents in regular manner. Th is will be helpful for parents to receive on demand service of informat ion regarding daily progress of student like Attendance, exam forms, Examination marks, Event in college, Placement related Info, Fees information etc . As the informat ion world is changing into digital, it is important to transform the informat ion stored in colleges in tradit ional ma nner into digital manner. As the information stored into digital manner will be available at 24*7. GSM network is one of t he low cost technologies which is helpfu l to broadcast the information stored in central database in rapid ly.


Participation in street-life structures and creates opportunities for acquiring a cache of illicit goods. While cash is the primary means of obtaining illegal drugs, more innovative ' hustles ' have recently emerged. Specifi cally, one strategy involves individuals exchanging the temporary use of their vehicles for crack cocaine. We use in-depth interviews with 19 inmates and 27 active crack cocaine users to describe the social organization and interpersonal dynamics of this phenomenon, herein referred to as rock rentals. In addition, we examine how the rental contract is structured, vehicle owners ' and borrowers ' motivations for engaging in the trade and how violations are remedied. Hustler identities have for many years been embraced by persistent offenders and have captured the imagination of awestruck newcomers to ' the game ' . The term ' hustler ' has been used consistently for at least 100 years ( Shover 1996 ) and, although hustling has evolved and varies in form, trappings and associated crimes, there are common themes associated with the art: conspicuous displays of independence, the uncanny ability to succeed through crime and a talent for trading in illicit markets. Hustling includes a broad range of unconventional activities, both extralegal and illegal, that are typically frowned upon by law-abiding citizens but are widely accepted and practised among adherents of street culture ( Valentine 1978 ). Interviews with hustlers inform us that these individuals are continually on the lookout for new and easier ways to make money. Hustlers are dedicated to their craft and are prepared to seize emerging opportunities. Specifi cally, experience has taught them the importance of being able to recognize and exploit unconventional ways to earn money that may go unnoticed by others. Their larceny sense provides them with the know-how to secure not only drugs and cash, but also a variety of resources, including food, transportation and a place to rest ( Maher et al. 1996 ). Thus, when it comes to earning money or acquiring desired goods, hustlers are only limited by their imaginations, cunning and willingness to exploit opportunities. Developing the ability to hustle effectively is also integral to succeeding on the streets and is especially advantageous, and often necessary, for those addicted to drugs. Specifi cally, persons spending the bulk of their time on the streets often fi nd themselves short on resources. Thus, securing money for drugs become a central part of addicts ' daily routines. However, obtaining cash to fund prolonged drug use can be quite challenging. To ensure that their habits can be maintained and to avoid the debilitating effects of withdrawal, chronic drug users have fi ne-tuned their hustling skills.


Objective To analyze the situation of immunological and virologic failure in HIV/AIDS patients with highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART)treatment,and to provide data base for analyzing the effect of HAART. Methods The rates of immunological failure and virologic failure and the influencing factors were anlyzed by means of the detection of patients`CD4 cell count and HIV-1 viral load in Hebei province. Results The rate of Immunological failure was 46.03% and,the rate of virologic failure was 58.73% and the rate of the mmunological and virologic failure was 33.33% among 63patients with HIV-1. Conclusions The local health administration department at different levels should strengthen the follow-up and the drug-resistance dection of HIV-1-infectedpatients,and through improving treatment regime and increasing adherence support,the effect of HAART will be further improved.


Tungsten filament lamps calibrated against freezing Pt black body for use as standards for stellar spectrophotometry and astronomical radiation measurements


The process of anodic dissolution of α-brass alloy, depending on the composition and concentration of electrolyte NaC1, NaC1O 4, Na 2SO 4, NaNO 3 is considered. The number of anions to intensify the active anodic oxidation of α-brass passivation and full α-brass passivation in chloride and sulphate solutions are determied.


Meniscus tear is one of the most common knee injuries. The increasing recognition of the importance of the meniscal function has led to a range of new treatments for meniscal tears. A complete radial tear disrupts the circumferential hoop tension of the meniscus. Therefore, restoring its natural architecture is of utmost importance. However, it is difficult to achieve meniscal healing of a complete radial tear due to its structural characteristics. We report five cases of a complete radial tear of the lateral meniscus treated successfully using a fibrin clot that showed good meniscal healing and excellent clinical outcomes.


The control problem of the air-cushioned headbox in papermaking process was studied.The system of air-cushioned headbox is an usual nonlinear system in industrial processes,which is of the the nonlinearity and serious coupling.The air-cushioned headbox demands good dynamic quality and high control precision.In this paper,the PID neural network controler based on the artificia fish swarm algorithm(AFSA) was used in the control system.The AFSA can overcome the shortcomings of the PID neural network training with BP algorithm,such as,the initial weight value is hard to be decided and the training is easily fall in the local minimum.The simulation of the nonlinear control system was presented with MATLAB,and the result shows that the PID neural network based on AFSA is better than the BP algorithm in rapidity,stability and accuracy.It makes the air-cushioned headbox better in control performances and effect.


The recent development in information technology is making electrical household appliances computerized and networked. If the environment surrounding us could recognize our activities indirectly by sensors, novel services, which respect our activities, can be possible. In this paper, we propose a human activity recognition system, which infers the next human action by taking into account past human behavior, observed so far. We also developed a cooking support robot, which suggests what the human should do next, by voice and gesture.


A membrane separator/bioreactor system was developed for rapid detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. The system consisted of a membrane separator/bioreactor (0.45 μm of the pore size) to separate the-complexes of E. coli O157:H7 and alkaline phosphatase-conjugated anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibodies from the sample and to produce p-nitrophenol through the enzymatic reaction (p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis), and an optical detector for measuring the p-nitrophenol absorbance at 400 nm. The membrane material and the flow rate of the substrate for the enzymatic hydrolysis had great effects on the absorbance of p-nitrophenol. The optimum conditions for the enzymatic reaction were determined as 1.0 M Tris buffer, pH 8.0, and 0.1 M MgCl2 for this system. The detection range was 104± 107 CFU/mL with a relative standard deviation of 4.3 ± 14.2%, and whole procedure could be completed in 50 min without any enrichment and culture. Other bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium, Campylobacter jejuni and Listeria monocytogenes had no significant interference with the detection of E. coli O157:H7.


Abstract : Current understanding of the mechanisms by which non-corrosive chemical environments influence the near-surface flow behavior, and hence microhardness, of crystalline non-metals and silicate glasses is described, and new data is presented showing how these effects may be applied to such technologically important areas as the machining of ceramics and drilling of rocks. In particular, it is demonstrated that, by appropriate choice of cutting environment, silicate glasses may be drilled twenty times faster than in water. Corresponding fourteen-, seven-, and three-fold increases in drilling rate are also reported for quartz, alumina and granite respectively. Attention is drawn especially to the significant role of surface charge in determining microhardness and machinability, and to the importance of considering the total 'system' of solid + tool (mode of cutting) + environment in any application of environment-facilitated machining. (Author)


Education is crucial to the overall development of all communities. Since the early days of Greek philosophy, philosophers have made significant contributions to the advancement of education for both individuals and the states. Greek philosophers, notably Plato, emphasized the importance and relevance of education for his conceptual ideal state. His educational ideas were rooted in his philosophy, notably idealism, and it continues to have a great effect, particularly on education. Idealism focuses on ideas and believes that genuine knowledge can be found in the ideas' world. His age-based educational system advocates both public education and equal access. The purpose of this paper is to revisit his educational ideas in depth and have a better understanding of them in terms of contemporary education. This paper adopts an analytical strategy to achieve its purposes, and it maintains, based on secondary evidence, that the features of the educational ideas of Plato are truly pertinent and might be applied to contemporary education after appropriate integration.


Purpose: Professional training is critical to organizational success. Experiential learning was defined as a method for actively engaging trainees in learning processes. That must complete all four stages of the experiential learning model. Kolb's model requires four abilities for successful learning: concrete experience, reflective observations, abstract conceptualization, and active experimentation. Base on, this research aims to assess experiential learning as a method to improve employees' self-esteem.
Methodology: We assessed employees who participated in experiential learning training for 4 months between March and June 2017. This research was used to measure 37 organizational units employee' self-esteem scale before and after the experiential learning training.
Main Findings: The research found a significant positive effect on trainees' self-esteem with a 4.98 point improvement in reaction, learning, behavior, and organizational results. The result was used for summative evaluation of the effectiveness of experiential learning by Kirkpatrick four-level framework have a contribution.
Implications/Applications: The proposed experiential learning offers a chance to upgrade the correspondence between confidence and viable relational abilities, which thusly can support students' trust in their scholarly potential. The ramifications of encouraging expanded confidence emphatically sway scholarly achievement, yet in addition build up an establishment of self-administrative conduct that can serve the students for the duration of their lives, in academic and vocation situated undertakings.


Little research has been conducted on the senses of sengis (elephant-shrews, Macroscelidea, Afrotheria, Mammalia); behavioural investigations about the animals' vision are completely missing. Other Afrotheria (manatees, elephants, tenrecs, rock hyraxes) are dichromats, having two types of cone photoreceptors in the retina. We tested the hypotheses of dichromatic colour vision in sengis. With choice experiments, we examined the potential of two sengi species to discriminate between trained colours (blue, green, red) and different shades of grey, and to differentiate between trained UV-reflecting (high UV reflectance) and UV-absorbing (low UV reflectance) plates. Both sengi species recognised blue and green and could distinguish them from all shades of grey. The ability to perceive red and ultraviolet could not be proven. Thus, the sengis are most likely dichromats based on green and blue sensitive receptor types. We discuss protective mechanisms in the lens as a UV filter explaining maximum sensitivity in the UV suggested for another sengi species after in vitro expression assays.


As CMOS devices continue to shrink, the formation of ultra shallow junction (USJ) in the source/drain extension remains to be a key challenge requiring high dopant activation, shallow dopant profile and abrupt junctions. The next generations of sub nano‐CMOS devices impose a new set of challenges such as elimination of residual defects resulting in higher leakage, difficulty to control lateral diffusion, junction stability post anneal and junction formation in new materials. To address these challenges for advanced technological nodes beyond 32 nm, it is imperative to explore novel species and techniques. Molecular species such as Carborane (C2B10H12), a novel doping species and a promising alternative to monomer Boron is of considerable interest due to the performance boost for 22 nm low power and high performance devices. Also, to reduce residual defects, damage engineering methodologies have generated a lot of attention as it has demonstrated significant benefits in device performance. Varian proprieta...


Long‐offset transient electromagnetic (LOTEM) data from the Vesuvius volcano, in Italy, show that the EM response of the topography is a potential cause of data distortions. A modeling study was carried out to simulate the effect of mountainous terrain on vertical magnetic‐field time derivatives using a 3-D finite‐difference code. The objectives were to assess the importance of topographic effects and to help identify them in existing field data. The total effect of topography on the LOTEM response can be considered as a combination of four distortions of the corresponding responses for a flat terrain. First, the receiver is at some height above the flat surface. Second, the mountain acts as a conductive body displacing air. Third, large loop receivers are nonhorizontal and sense a combination of horizontal and vertical magnetic fields. Finally, the electromagnetic coupling between the mountain and deeper‐lying structure modifies the structure response. Each of the effects can be identified in field data ...


The present study is important as ludic strategies affect the development of the emotional intelligence; the problem is about the deficit in the development of the emotional intelligence as a determining factor in children's learning, the proposal consists in the application of playful strategies to strengthen the development of emotional intelligence, This allowed us to know concepts and methodologies that served as guides based upon the scientific, philosophical, epistemological, sociological, pedagogical, axiological and legal foundation to the concepts of several authors who talk about playful strategies and development of emotional intelligence; in the theoretical foundation topics and subtopics covering the conceptualization of both the dependent and independent variable were analyzed, in the definition of terms, some words according to the theme were consulted; the methodology applied was the inductive method which allows the analysis of the two variables; it was a field research, the population of study consisted of 25 students at the "Alfredo Perez Guerrero" school where it was observed that recreational activities affect the development of emotional intelligence, once the information was collected and tabulated with the corresponding analysis and interpretation. Finally, it is concluded that educators should apply recreational strategies to develop the emotional intelligence in children through different types of games according to their age.


Description Two decades after it disappeared in nature, the stunning blue Spix's macaw will be reintroduced to its forest home Two decades after it disappeared in nature, the stunning blue Spix's macaw will be reintroduced to its forest home


This research seeks to identify the auditory mechanisms at the origin of the segregation of concurrent sound sources. Certain acoustic cues for segregation are recombined in order to clarify the description. Four series of experiments study the auditory mechanisms responsible for the segregation of stimuli within which these cues are present. The first two series investigate the auditory mechanism underlying the use of the cue incoherent frequency modulation. The next two series are concerned with interactions among four cues. The first series of experiments showed that the detection of auditory beats is not solely responsible for the segregation of a study sound played simultaneously with a sound whose fundamental frequency is either diferent or modulated in frequency. The second series of experiments verified that there exists a mechanism which can compare the outputs of different auditory frequency channels and detect whether their frequency modulations are incoherent. If the number of frequency regions contaiging the incoherence is greater, the detection is easier. The auditory system can also combine the information from neighboring frequency channels that have coherent responses. The third series of experimented focussed on the mutually reinforcing interactions among four segregation cues for concurrent sound sources: onset asynchrony, amplitude modulation incoherence, frequency modulation incoherence, and polyperiodicity (or the presence of compenent signals whose periods are different and not integer multiples of one another). The presence of several segregation cues results in an improvement over the performance obtained with a single cue. A predominance of one cue over another is not generally observed, with the exception of amplitude modulation which seems to be a less important cue than the others. The last series of experiments showed that the frequency modulation coherence cue succeeds in reducing the effect of the polyperiodicity cue, but does no have an influence on an intensity difference cue


The single-pulse properties of the millisecond radio pulsar PSR B1937+21 are studied at 1410 MHz. The nongiant pulse emission regions appear to be remarkably stable, showing no pulse-to-pulse fluctuations other then those induced by the interstellar medium. This type of behavior has not been seen in any other pulsar, although it was seen in previous 430 MHz observations of this source. The stability of this source is interpreted in the context of the sparking gap model of radio pulsar emission, and a model-dependent upper bound is placed on the Lorentz factor of the outflowing plasma.


Transport through a molecule sandwiched between two metallic electrodes and coupled with a mesoscopic ring that threads a magnetic flux ϕ is studied. An analytic approach for electron transport through the molecular bridge system is presented. The electronic transport properties are discussed in two aspects: (i) the presence of an external magnetic field and (ii) the strength of the molecule to electrodes coupling.


Energy management is the key to China's economy prosperity and environment protection in the future. This paper makes predictions on whether China's energy 13th Five-Year plan can be achieved and the trend of energy consumption in the next stage. Aiming at the shortcoming of insufficient extraction of nonlinear features in the energy system from existing energy consumption models, and low prediction accuracy due to single models. Based on the derivation of the joint posterior distribution density function of the stationary ARMA model parameters under the Normal-gamma prior distribution, this paper proposes a Bayesian ARIMA-nonlinear regression energy consumption prediction model. Bayesian parameter estimation makes full use of prior information and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique gets rid of the tedious calculation of high-dimensional integrals. Compared with the existing model, the improved model has higher prediction accuracy. Its Root Mean Square Error and Mean Absolute Percentage Error are 3452.0294 and 0.4727%. In line with the development goals set out in the 13th Five-Year plan, an empirical study of the fluctuation law of China's total energy consumption was carried out using data on China's energy consumption from 1990 to 2019 and its factors. The results show that affected by the Corona Virus Disease 2019 epidemic, the growth rate of China's energy demand will fluctuate slightly in 2020. By the end of the 13th Five-Year plan, the total energy consumption can reach the expected goal. After the epidemic is under control, energy demand for the whole society will usher in a rebound growth. In the next five years (2020∼2024), China's energy consumption will continue to maintain a steady upward trend of slowing growth. In view of these situations, this paper suggests that, on the one hand, we should attach equal importance to energy conservation and technology development to improve energy efficiency; on the other hand, we should adjust industrial structure and establish a unified energy management system to promote sustainable development of the energy industry.


With the continuous development of Internet of things technology, the tourism industry cluster based on the Internet of things platform has gradually formed, and the resource integration mechanism of industrial clusters under the Internet of things platform has gradually become a research hotspot. Starting from the theory of niche research in tourism industry cluster, this article improves the mode of industrial clusters through the Internet of things platform. Then, combining resource integration game model, the resource integration mechanism of Internet of things tourism industry cluster is formed. Relying on the information management model of the Internet of things industry, the information platform of industrial clusters is constructed, and the simulation research is carried out by MATLAB. The results show that the overall industrial income generated by the resource allocation mechanism under the Internet of things platform is better than that under the traditional resource allocation mechanism, and the resources integration of tourism industry cluster under the Internet of things platform is achieved, which provides a theoretical basis.


The first sub-micron (0.4 μm) indium-tin-oxide (ITO) thin film transistor (TFT) fabricated with film profile engineering (FPE) is reported in this work. The devices show very low off-state leakage (<10 A), extremely high on/off current ratio (>10), and low subthreshold swing (84 mV/dec). However, severe hysteresis characteristics are also recorded. A model considering the trapping/de-trapping of the induced electrons in the channel is adopted to explain the observation.


Communication in the effective implementation of modern retail policies in DKI Jakarta will reduce the problems that arise in the modern retail sector. Modern and traditional retail will actually need and complement each other. The purpose of this study is to determine the ongoing communication process and evaluation of communication, so that problems will not arise and repeat themselves. This study uses systems theory from Katherine Miller, where there are three system concepts, namely system components, system processes and system properties. The three system concepts are to find out how the process and evaluation of communication work. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with a case study methodology. The communication process, both internal and external, is more of a procedure, so it is not yet fully an evaluation tool. Various communication evaluation efforts are more likely to be carried out to facilitate communication. The feedback process has not been responded well, so the resolution is still temporary. Based on the results of this study, the process and evaluation of communication in the implementation of modern retail needs to be prioritized on good message management. Feedback needs to be studied more deeply, especially in external communication. Feedback from retailers can be used as an evaluation of why the implementation is running as expected.


We have read carefully Dr Kanna's comments trying to perform a critical appraisal of our manuscript, but it appears that most of these critics are inaccurate. Potential confounders such as coronary risk factors are important to consider, but by definition randomization is used to balance the different groups and the ADMIRAL study was randomized and the two study groups were well balanced for all baseline characteristics.1 Treatment compliance, another concern in Dr Kanna's letter, is unlikely to be …


The Eocene Roda sandstones outcrops have been studied in order to better understand the geometry, the internal architecture and the stratigraphy of a low stand deltaic complex. The Roda sandstones are formed by several seaward prograding, vertically stacked and finally landward stepping sandbodies (X,Y,Z). Each sandbody is 10 to 40 m thick and corresponds to three main facies association: (1) Landward, braided distributary channels together with wave-reworked mouthbars constitute a braided fan-delta. (2) In a seaward direction, high angle (X sandbody) or low angle (Y sandbody) avalanching foresets up to 15 m thick form several laterally stacked bars which are interpreted as tide-reworked Gilbert-type delta-front bars. (3) In the seaward part of the Y sandbody, tidal facies become volumetrically much more important. They form a system of tidal offshore bars attached to the shoreface. The thickness and the relative percentage of deltaic facies versus tidal facies are strongly related to the position of the sandbodies in the stacking hierarchy: tidal facies dominate in vertically stacked cycles in a seaward position, whereas deltaic facies are more volumetrically important in seaward stepping cycles such as X sandbody. Three main types of bounding surfaces have been recognized: these are downlap, erosion or floodingmore » surfaces, which also occur within progradational clinoforms. These master bedding surfaces furnish a key in order to establish a precise stratigraphic frame and subdivide each of these potential sandy reservoirs into several subunits bounded by permeability barriers. The results of a long-term reservoir research project shared between Elf-Aquitaine, Total and I.F.P. with a financial support of the E.E.C. are discussed.« less


The history of reflecting on relations between literature and music is not only a history of searching for artistic manifestations of such a relationship, but also, or perhaps primarily, the history of a search for finding a way to adequately comment on them, a search for a methodological formula. Musico-literary studies, situated in a vaguely defined "in-between" space, are, as Harold Bloom would put it, anxiety-stimulating. This fear stems from our overwhelming need to systematize, to hierarchize, and to establish relations. It is difficult to define what kind of work we describe as "musicalized" fiction, i.e. a unique musico-literary hybrid, which we strongly desire to find regions of stability in, to define the subject of our studies, and to find more tools for verification.


The aim of this paper is to establish certain subordination results for analytic functions involving Atangana–Baleanu fractional integral of Bessel functions. Studying subordination properties by using various types of operators is a technique that is widely used.


The rural central Kentucky landscape today appears as open, rolling bluegrass fields, punctuated by relicts of "woodland pasture" and partitioned by stone or board fences, the latter usually painted black. Historic residences often sit back from the road at the end of a long drive, presenting a picture of placidity, prosperity and gracious living. Country roads are organic in quality, often appearing to have simply followed the underlying topography without any purposeful engineering. But this landscape is the byproduct of a diverse set of human decisions, actions, subtractions, and additions over a long period of time. This paper examines the origins of the central Kentucky landscape, perceptions of how the landscape appeared to people in the past and the present, and the actions, both intentional and serendipitous, that produced it. Critical to the evolution of the central Kentucky landscape was the eradication of earlier landscapes, retention of certain elements, purposeful design, and changing perceptions of the past and what it means. Understanding the underlying complexity is a first step toward a more meaningful interpretation of the built environment, the designed environment, and the nature and symbolism of the physical evidence (archaeological, architectural, and environmental) that is part of its expression. The following paper was originally presented in shortened form at the 5th World Archaeological Congress, June of 2003, Washington, D.C. Beginning with someone who was there at the beginning-"Thus we behold Kentucky, lately an howling wilderness, the habitation of savages and wild beasts, become a fruitful field; this region, so favorably distinguished by nature, now become the habitation of civilization...Here where...wretched wigwams stood, the miserable abodes of savages, we behold the foundations of cities laid that, in all probability, will equal the glory of the greatest upon earth." Daniel Boone through the imaginative pen of John Filson, 1783 And a corroborating opinion: "O my dear honeys, heaven is a Kentucky of a place." The Christian Traveller. The historic settlement of Kentucky began with a preoccupation with land so it is not surprising that comments about its landscape are plentiful. It is also not surprising that many comments are underlain by a duality in landscape perception—distinguishing "howling wilderness" from "fruitful field", and characterizing Kentucky as an earthly paradise. Reports by long hunters and explorers from the mid eighteenth century gave rise to the notion that Kentucky was a fabled land of great fertility and temperate climate, containing vast forests teeming with game, a veritable "Garden of the West", long before settlers arrived to inhabit the land permanently. The conversion from a perceived paradisiacal wilderness to an undeniably manicured and manipulated landscape was a relatively rapid process and was greatly influenced by economic motivations. European visitors were apt to see the conversion in somewhat negative terms. Count Francesco Arese commented in 1837-1838: "The most sincere and least bombastic Americans tell you that the country around Lexington is the garden of the United States: the others tell you it is the garden of the world! In reality it is very beautiful, but in a positive, numerical way, a money-beauty, in short an American beauty." The romantic stereotype of the buckskinned backwoodsman living in a state of nature not unlike that attributed to the "noble savage" was belied by the merchant in his broadcloth suit and the prosperous farmer driving a four-wheeled carriage. To be sure, the settlers that flooded into Kentucky from the 1770s onward ran the gamut—from the impoverished to the wellheeled, all expecting to find or augment their fortunes in Kentucky's rich and fertile lands. Not surprisingly, those with economic assets and social connections prevailed over those without although there was the occasional person who rose to prosperity from humble origins. Moses Austin said it best: Ask these Pilgrims what they expect when they git to Kentuckey the Answer is Land. Have you any. No, but I expect I can git it. Have you any thing to pay for land, No. did you Ever see the Country. No but Every Body says its good land. Can any thing be more Absurd than the Conduct of man, here is hundreds Travelling hundreds of Miles, they Know not for what Nor Whither, except its to Kentucky, passing land almost as good and easy obtain.d, the Proprietors of which would gladly give on any terms, but it will not do its not Kentuckey its not the Promis.d land..and when arriv.d at this Heaven in Idea what do they find? A goodly land I will allow but to them forbidden Land, exhausted and worn down with distress and disappointment they are at last Oblig.d to become hewers of wood and Drawers of water. So who were the movers and shakers, the creators of the Kentucky landscape? For that matter, who were the "hewers of wood and Drawers of water"? How do we record the results of their actions and decisions as they are inscribed in the landscape? What evidence exists to determine whether landscape design decisions were embedded and largely subconscious or rational realized outcomes of planning and vision? Before trying to answer these questions, some working assumptions are in order. An important assumption, I think, is that landscape is an artifact that can be defined, broken down into discrete elements, classified and subjected to diverse forms of analysis. Designed landscapes may be motivated by numerous agendas—aesthetic, practical, display of power, etc.—but may be distinguished from landscapes that develop serendipitously by their purposeful quality, that is, their characteristics can be traced back to a selfaware, organized plan of action. Obvious examples abound—town plans, architectdesigned residences and their lots, educational or religious institutions—but perhaps less obvious examples also exist that may appear undesigned to the undiscerning eye. The creators of designed landscapes are diverse and may include segments of society that are not traditionally considered as having the power or capacity to create. Designed landscapes are invariably dynamic and undergo transformations over time, leaving an imperfectly preserved record on or in the ground. To use an artistic metaphor, landscapes may be likened to a pentimento or palimpsest where underlying images are revealed that offer evidence about its past (or, A portion of John Filson's 1874 Map of Kentucky perhaps, pasts is a more accurate word). The artistic definition of pentimento refers to the ghostly quality of the underlying image, its appearance occurring as a result of "age or injudicious cleaning" and the fact that the original composition was changed. The similarities to cultural landscapes are strong, emphasizing that more than one creator may be responsible, that age or other factors have worn away layers that obscured the underlying evidence of an earlier landscape, and that the layers of evidence may refer to one or more landscapes, not always related to one another. The canvas for the landscape pentimento may be characterized as the underlying land – its geology and soils, its vegetation, its topography, its drainage systems – upon which human society exerts its design. Early descriptions of the central Kentucky landscape where settlement was first concentrated mention great expanses of surprisingly open forests dotted by extensive meadows and cane breaks. Although the settlers did not perceive it, this vegetational landscape was itself a product of a form of serendipitous design in the sense that thousands of years of Indian habitation had altered and modified the vegetation by the use of fire, harvesting of timber for housing, heat and cooking, and, in the latest period of prehistory, clearing for agriculture. Another landscape element that preceded the settlers was transportation corridors. Major game and aboriginal trails crisscrossed the central Kentucky landscape and these trail systems formed an embryonic transportation network that grew in complexity as settlement took hold. Navigation of major streams and rivers was limited in central Kentucky since only two major river drainages, the Kentucky and the Licking, provided surface water and these systems were not navigable yearround. Kentucky was from its inception steeped in the agricultural way of life; even its industry owed much to agricultural production and its urban centers relied on agricultural products for its markets. The partitioning of the land initially followed Virginia land laws that authorized 400 acre settlements and preemptions in varying acreages (most commonly 1000 acres) to qualified individuals. Although the laws had certain stipulations that supposedly governed the shapes of the grants, in practice, land parcels were frequently irregularly shaped and often contained more acreage than the grant description Overlapping or "shingled" land grants in Central Kentucky stipulated. Shingling of land claims led to numerous lawsuits whose settlements further reshaped the land parcels as a part of the adjudication process. Land clearing began the process of landscape modification, deforesting limited areas initially for the construction of houses and farm buildings, and eventually converting large acreages to pasture for an agricultural economy heavily invested in livestock. Human impact on forested areas was eventually dramatic. Clearing for agriculture, harvesting wood for heating and cooking and constructing buildings, bridges, and other facilities resulted in huge expanses of the central Kentucky Bluegrass being stripped of its forests and a pastoral open landscape developed. The "woodland pasture" of central Kentucky became a feature of "gentleman farms"—the Upper South equivalent of plantations. A well preserved example of purposeful design is the plantation of Brutus Junius Clay, called Auvergne, on the Winches


ABSTRACT The number of English language learners (ELLs) in the United States has increased dramatically. Given this increase it is vital for teacher education programs at the pre-service level and professional learning programs at eh in-service level to address the needs of ELLs. This article presents a teacher preparation model—a language-based approach to content instruction (LACI)—developed over the past 10 years of research in content area classrooms with ELLs and based on scholarship on the language demands of schooling. LACI building on six principles—connection, culture, code-breaking, community and collaboration, challenge, and classroom interactions—that have identified specific elements of instructional activities for culturally and linguistically diverse students. Drawing on cases of two elementary mainstream content are teachers, the article shows how this approach can be applied in mainstream content area classrooms with ELLs.


Basal-plane dislocations (BPDs) pose a great challenge to the reliability of bipolar power devices based on the 4H silicon carbide (4H-SiC). It is well established that heavy nitrogen (N) doping promotes the conversion of BPDs to threading edge dislocations (TEDs) and improves the reliability of 4H-SiC-based bipolar power devices. However, the interaction between N and BPDs, and the effect of N on the electronic properties of BPDs are still ambiguous, which significantly hinder the understanding on the electron-transport mechanism of 4H-SiC-based bipolar power devices. Combining molten-alkali etching and the Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) analysis, we demonstrate that BPDs create acceptor-like states in undoped 4H-SiC, while acting as donors in N-doped 4H-SiC. First-principles calculations verify that BPDs create occupied defect states above the valence band maximum (VBM) and unoccupied defect states under the conduction-band minimum (CBM) of undoped 4H-SiC. The electron transfer from the defect states of intrinsic defects and native impurities to the unoccupied defect states of BPDs gives rise to the acceptor-like behavior of BPDs in undoped 4H-SiC. Defect formation energies indicate that N atoms can spontaneously decorate BPDs during the N doping of 4H-SiC. The binding between N and BPD is strong against decomposition. The accumulation of N dopants at the core of BPDs results in the accumulation of donor-like states at the core of BPDs in N-doped 4H-SiC. This work not only enriches the understanding on the electronic behavior of BPDs in N-doped 4H-SiC, but also helps understand the electron transport mechanism of 4H-SiC-based bipolar power devices.


The role of local and central public administrations in promoting sustainable development and building up a better future for society is essential. In order to fulfill this mission, employees in public administration sector must engage in long life learning processes, for the purpose of developing skills such as: anticipation, interdisciplinarity, diversity of perspectives, working with incomplete or complex information, participation in sustainable development processes, cooperation, individual decision-making capacities, empathy, solidarity, and self-motivation. The Education for Sustainable Development as a component of lifelong learning is, in this light, of utmost importance. In this spirit, this paper investigates what is the Romanian public sector employees' perception of long life learning as an essential premise of Education for Sustainable Development, by analysing on the one hand the degree of digital maturity of public institutions in Romania, and on the other hand the interest of employees in such institutions to engage in Education for Sustainable Development function of the following disjunct behavioural/emotional states: Disappointment, Conflicts, Satisfaction/Contentment, Doubt, Exhaustion, Attachment.