Healthcare provided to patients in the United States neither parallels long-established best practices nor takes rapid advantage of important biomedical advances. The widely cited Community Quality Index study estimated the global gap between what is optimal and what actually occurs in practice. The investigators studied 439 separate processes of care covering both prevention and treatment of acute and chronic conditions, and found that only about half of the care patients received constituted best practices. This finding was relatively consistent across all measures. In this issue, Harlan et al conduct a similar analysis of cancer care, using data from the National Cancer Institute's Patterns of Care study. They report on whether the initial treatment of patients with a broad range of cancer diagnoses follows widely accepted practice guidelines. In the study by Harlan et al, about two thirds of cancer patients receive care that parallels practice guidelines. The study by Harlan et al faced some methodologic challenges that are worth noting. The treatments provided to patients from 1995 to 1999 were compared with practice guidelines from a different era (2002); some practice standards must have changed during that time interval. In addition, it is always difficult to identify treatments provided to patients through chart review, and it is challenging to identify patients who refused treatment. I suspect that both of these limitations led Harlan et al to underestimate the percentage of patients who received guideline-based treatment. The study was also limited explicitly, in that it focused only on initial treatment of newly diagnosed patients. To capture more fully the quality of cancer care, all treatment courses should be scrutinized. A sizable share of cancer treatment is not initial treatment, but rather subsequent treatment (such as treatments after recurrence and second-line treatments). These minor issues do not reduce the importance of this study, which characterizes the shortfall between what could be provided to cancer patients in optimal circumstances and what occurs in practice. The sizeable gap the authors describe is made more important because of cancer's high prevalence, and can reasonably be posited to be responsible for a large number of avoidable cancer deaths. Physicians, patients, and payers have all taken stock of studies such as this one, and have come to a common set of conclusions. The quality of care is too low as a result of care system fragmentation and a poorly designed payment system. For instance, patients' medical records cannot be exchanged easily between physicians or care locations, leading to redundant care, elevated costs, and errors. Doctors and hospitals are paid for delivering services (ie, fee for service)—not for the quality of the care they provide or the outcomes their patients experience. However, this common consensus on the problems is not mirrored by consensus on the correct solutions. The one exception is that providers, payers, and patients all agree that we need to find ways of assessing care quality routinely. Some working models exist. Health plans have been reporting on their quality through the Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set measures for years. Hospitals and nursing homes more recently started reporting on specific processes of care in a uniform fashion. (To review the quality measures for individual US hospitals, refer to www.hospitalcompare.hhs.gov). Recent articles in the New England Journal of Medicine suggest that these quality reporting activities may be improving quality. One study found that hospitals that reported on the quality of care they delivered as part of the Joint Commission on Hospital Accreditation certification showed improvement across multiple measures over time. Another study examined Medicare managed care plans, and found that across multiple Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set measures, there were steady increases in performance over time, with concomitant reductions in treatment disparities. Interestingly, this latter study was published with two other articles that examined the same time period in the JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ONCOLOGY E D I T O R I A L VOLUME 23 NUMBER 36 DECEMBER 2


Subtitling humor is one of the most arduous tasks subtitlers face as it involves technical, linguistic, textual and cultural factors. This article aims at investigating the issue of manipulating humor in Arabic subtitles of American series and movies. It examines the strategies subtitlers use in translating humor and analyzes the solutions they opt for. It focuses on two fields of study: jokes and puns. The study is based on the work of Diaz Cintas (2012) and (2007) on ideological manipulation in Audiovisual Translation (AVT). The theory stipulates that translators have turned into intercultural agents and mediators shaping the ideological discourse of their culture

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An engine mounted on a vehicle provided with a brake and the idling stop control apparatus comprising: detecting an amount of depression of the brake detecting unit having a positive correlation parameters; start and stop of an engine control unit for controlling an engine, the engine control unit until the vehicle stops the amount of change of the parameter during deceleration, the brake loosening caused less than a predetermined value, the vehicle is stopped after the engine is stopped.


This text described the method of inserting the AutoCAD drawing in the Microsoft Word document by making use of the OLE technique and clipboard or making use of the data conversion function between different applied softwares.


One of the most important characteristics of the evolution of man is to communicate his thoughts, ideas or opinions. There have been innumerable means to capture these circumstances. Photography has been a bulwark as a means of expression, which depends on the person who takes it and in turn depends on the interpretation of the individual who visualizes it, that is, it is an object loaded with subjectivity.In this sense, a connection can be related between photography and tourist environments. Therefore, the general objective of this research is to analyze the development of tourism through the photographic report. The methodology used was developed under a bibliographic design scheme with a type of documentary research. The results were based on the analysis of the importance of tourism in society and of photography as a tool to capture the attention of tourists. In conclusion, photography has been widely used, it has been used in various areas, one of them is tourism, so this activity and photography go hand in hand; It is an expression that seeks to reflect the person who takes it to keep a memory of the site they visited, but it is also used as a marketing tool to attract new tourists in those places, particularly, the latter is quite an important aspect, because it is the substance agglutinating of the groups of the groups of interest, as well as of the same internal structure of tourism; therefore, it is a bridge that can bring both parties, place and tourists, through various means of communication, always seeking to enjoy the presence of both together.


The occurrence and the main morphological aspects of pseudohermaphroditism (PSH) of Prosobranchs (in 69 species of 46 genera) are descrihed. 'Ve propose a new classification ofthefemale determined PSH into seven principal stages and three different wa.ys of evolution (types a, band c; comp. fig. 3). '.fheir occurrence depends on the pollution of the sea and the topography of the coastal enviromnent of the popnlation. 13 further forms of morphological alterations observed in different species are mentioned and the special case of the ovipositor in 1\fesogastropods is interpreted. Finally, three rare examples of male determined PSH are presented.


Thank you for reading essentials of research methods in criminal justice and criminology. As you may know, people have search hundreds times for their favorite novels like this essentials of research methods in criminal justice and criminology, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some malicious virus inside their desktop computer.


The present invention discloses a bidirectional DCDC conversion circuits and devices, relates to the field of power electronics, can reduce the power loss of the switch, improve the conversion efficiency. The conversion circuit is provided between the first direct current source and the second direct current source, comprising: a bus capacitance of the first capacitor and a second capacitor connected in series, the first switch and a second switch connected in series in the first half-bridge and a first, a second inductor, both ends of the topology, the third switch and a fourth switch coupled in series to the capacitance of the second half-bridge topology of the bus connected to the first direct current source of positive and negative ends; a first half-bridge topology is connected to a first end connected to the positive terminal of the direct current source, the other end of the intermediate node, the intermediate node and the other end connected to the negative terminal is also connected to a second direct current source, a second current source connected by a first inductive half-bridge midpoint the positive terminal; end of the second half-bridge topology connecting a negative terminal of a first current source, and the other end connected to the positive terminal of the second direct current source, through the half-bridge is connected to the negative terminal of the second inductance a second current source.


Background: The authors' previous proteome study revealed that haptoglobin was involved in adipose-derived stem cell modulation of allotransplant survival and T-cell regulation to induce immune tolerance. This study investigated whether adipose-derived stem cells could modulate T-cell regulation through haptoglobin and the downstream heme oxgenase-1 pathway in vitro. Methods: Splenocytes were isolated from Lewis rat spleens and then CD3+ T cells were purified using anti-CD3+ beads. Adipose-derived stem cells were harvested from Lewis rats and co-cultured with the T cells. After Transwell co-culture at different periods, the authors analyzed cell proliferation with a bromodeoxyuridine assay. Cell extractions and culture supernatants were collected for further analysis. Heme oxgenase-1 and related protein expression levels from the adipose-derived stem cells and T cells were detected using Western blotting. The related cytokine expression levels were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Flow cytometry was used to detect the regulatory T-cell proportion. Results: The adipose-derived stem cells significantly suppressed T-cell proliferation. The regulatory T-cell percentages were significantly increased in the adipose-derived stem cells that were co-cultured with T cells compared with T cells alone without adipose-derived stem cell co-culture. Heme oxgenase-1 expression in concanavalin A–stimulated T cells that were co-cultured with adipose-derived stem cells revealed a significant increase compared with concanavalin A–stimulated T cells alone. Cytokine assays of the culture supernatants revealed that transforming growth factor-&bgr; and interleukin-10 were significantly increased and interferon-&ggr; was statistically decreased in the adipose-derived stem cell–co-cultured T-cell group compared with other groups; however, blockade with a heme oxgenase-1 inhibitor (zinc protoporphyrin IX) protected against these changes. Conclusion: Adipose-derived stem cells modulate T-cell proliferation and enhance regulatory T-cell expression, and this correlated with heme oxgenase-1 expression and related cytokine pathway changes.


A probabilistic description of error propagation in complex circuits is formulated and solved as a set of linear equations. Comparisons are made with experimental data.


The principle of space voltage vector pulse width modulation (PWM) of three-level rectifiers was described. The control structure of three-level rectifiers was presented. A current controller based on single neuron was designed. Computer simulation results indicate that the three-level rectifiers with single neuron controller has ideal output current and voltage in the case of varying load and nonlinear load. If the condition of the reference value of reactive current changes, the current in the power network still has ideal output. The current controller with single neuron is easy to be implemented and shows a good application prospect.


"The growth of Distance Education is very exciting. With the increasing sophistication of the Internet and other communication technologies, classrooms are no longer tied to a specific point in either space or time. Virtual classrooms are popping up all over the country, and, indeed, the world, where all kinds of people are interacting and learning through these new media." "As exciting as distance education is, the copyright issues it raises are numerous and complex. Distance education will work only if teachers and students have affordable and convenient access to the highest quality educational materials. But without adequate incentives and protections, those who create these materials will be disinclined to make their works available for use in online distance education."


According to the danger problems of the pneumatic steam with ammonia,hydrogen sulphide and other combustible gas content mixed with oxygen in the Lugri pressurized gasification technique,the paper studied the possibility of the gas explosion after the pneumatic steam in the mixing chamber and the gasifier and provided the allowed max flow of the pneumatic steam.The results showed that under the design performance,once the pneumatic steam mixed with the medium pressure heated steam,there would be no explosion danger occurred.Meanwhile a theoretical analysis was conducted on the danger of the steam phase changed.The study conclusion could provide the references and basis to the safety design of the pneumatic steam to the Lugri gasifier technique in project practices.


The invention discloses a tri-bean composite vegetable protein drink and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method of the tri-bean composite vegetable protein drink comprises the following steps: carrying out microwave drying and deactivation on mung beans, small red beans and black beans, mixing the mung beans, small red beans and black beans in a ratio of (1-2):(1-2):(1-2), and carrying out micro-pulverization; mixing the tri-bean powder and liquid in a ratio of 1:10-1:15 to obtain pulp, and heating the pulp to 90-100 DEG C; adding 2000-6000 u/g (on dry basis of substrate starch)moderate-temperature alpha-amylase, and acting at 70-90 DEG C for 15-45 minutes; homogenizing the enzymolysis liquid, and filtering; and adding a sugar source, hydrosol and an emulsifier, blending, carrying out high-pressure homogenization on the blended material, degassing, sterilizing and filling to obtain the product. The tri-bean composite vegetable protein drink has the advantages of uniform texture, and delicate and smooth mouthfeel, has a unique bean fragrance, and can be stably stored for a long time after being sterilized; and the tri-bean composite vegetable protein drink has the effects of nutrition and health-care in the mung beans, small red beans and black beans. The product satisfies the market demand, and has broad industrialization prospects in future.


Objective:To introduce the methods and experience of clinical pharmaceutical practice based on therapeutic drug monitoring(TDM).Methods:The methods of accurate determination of blood drug concentration,knowledge preparation,explanation of TDM result and case analysis were introduced.Results:Pharmacists could find lots of harmful factors affecting blood drug concentration by explanation of TDM,which was welcomed by doctors and patients.Conclusion:It is one of the important tasks of clinical pharmaceutical care to carry out systematic explanation of blood drug concentration.


In the last two years the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) has been operated with a wavefront controlled down to the Coude focus of each 8m Unit Telescope. From this focus, the stellar beam is passively relayed by more than 10 mirrors distributed along a 100m subterranean path before to be coherently superimposed in the VLTI laboratory. Experience has proven that the observation efficiency would be largely improved by controlling the tilt of the beam directly inside the VLTI laboratory. In this article, we present the justification and basic features of the InfraRed Image Sensor (IRIS) as well as its implementation within the already packed VLTI laboratory. The forthcoming milestones of the project are presented.


PurposeBorderline firms whose bond rating has a plus or minus specification by a rating agency face a greater potential for an upgrade or downgrade by the agency. The authors examine the level of chief executive officer (CEO) power in firms with a plus or minus bond rating. The authors test whether CEOs of these firms become more or less powerful, along with the effect of corporate governance and existing bond rating.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use a panel sample with 16,429 observations from 1992 to 2016 from the ExecuComp database.FindingsThe authors find that CEOs of borderline-rated firms tend to be less powerful, relative to firms with a non-proximate rating. This result is largely present in firms with a plus rating. The authors also find that our primary findings are mainly driven by firms with low bond ratings (i.e. below investment grade) or by firms with weak corporate governance. Lastly, the authors document that CEO personal characteristics (i.e. CEO age, gender and tenure) impact our findings.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, firms in our sample are large public companies, and the external validity of our results to smaller firms that may also be private is unknown. Second, the Compustat database discontinued reporting bond rating data (i.e. S&P bond ratings) in 2017. Hence, the authors are unable to analyze the CEO power of borderline firms in years after 2016.Practical implicationsThe study contributes to the larger debate on whether having powerful CEOs is beneficial to an organization or not, because prior research has examined the consequences of CEO power with mixed results. The authors document evidence to support the research stream that links CEO power to negative consequences.Social implicationsThe authors find that our primary results are enhanced in firms with weak corporate governance, which is consistent with prior research that finds effective governance may mitigate CEO power and agency problems between the CEO and the Board.Originality/valuePrior research primarily uses CEO power as a driver for performance. Our study focuses on CEO power as a dependent variable, with the bond rating change proximity as a driver of CEO power. The authors believe that this helps develop a more comprehensive understanding of CEO power.


A numerical method for solving a class of quasi-linear singular two-point boundary value problems with a transition layer is presented in this paper. For the problem ϵ u xx +a(u+f(x))u x +b(x, u)=0, we develop a multiple scales method. First, this method solves the location of the transition layer, then it approximates the singular problem with reduced problems in the non-layer domain and pluses a layer corrected problem which nearly has an effect in the layer domain. Both problems are transformed into first-order problems which can be solved easily. For the problem ϵ u xx +b(x, u)=0, we establish a similar method which approximate the problem with reduced problems and a two-point boundary value problem. Unsteady problems are also considered in our paper. We extend our method to solve Burgers' equation problems by catching the transition layer with the formula of shock wave velocity and approximating it by a similar process.


The research of polypeptides on the physiological process of human beings could provide prevention and treatment methods to some diseases.However,there are some disadvantages concerning the syntheses of these polypeptides,such as expensive materials,low yield,and difficulty to purify,so it is necessary to simplify and improve the synthetic method of polypeptides.Lysine and glycine are chosen as raw materials in this study.In water/acetone solvent system,di-tert-butyl dicarbonate(Boc2O)and 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl(Fmoc-OSu)were used to protecte-amino andα-amino of lysine,respectively,for preparing Fmoc-L-Lys(Boc)-OH.Then 2-(7-azobenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate(HATU)was employed as condensation reagent to activate Fmoc-L-Lys(Boc)-OH to form active ester.In acetonitrile/water solvent system,the activated Fmoc-L-Lys(Boc)-OH was reacted with glycine under refluxing at 50~60℃for 5hto give the dipetide Fmoc-L-Lys(Boc)-Gly-OH which's structure was confirmed by IR and MS spectra.The study could provide the experimental basis and theoretical reference for amino protection reaction and polypeptide synthesis.


Accurate measurement of the power consumed by the distorted signals has been focused on in recent years due to its practical utilities. In this work, a mathematical description of powers is deducted in the condition of distorted signals according to a simplified model of the electrical network. Then, a rational measuring method of the electric energy for distorted signals is proposed on the basis of the analysis of the power flow. Also, the wavelet sub-band measuring method was employed for measuring the electric energy in the condition of unsteady distorted signals.Experimental results demonstrate that, by using the simulated typical distorted signals, the proposed measurement method can produce extremely accurate results compared to theoretical results.


The article is devoted to the social impact that produces the control exerted on the condition and suitability of the currency used. The aim of the exhibition is related to the disclosure of the nature of the phenomenon of "fake" money, and the control and prevention of their use and distribution. The tasks arising from the defined objective are aimed at revealing the characteristics of fake money, getting acquainted with the requisites of protecting real money and detection mechanisms to implement effective control and prevention work in this direction into the economic reality. The objectives determine the use of methods such as historical flashback and others with a strong analytical nature. Key words: currency values, control, requisite, fake money


Objective In order to study the sulfur metabolism role of luxS gene for biofilm formation,we have performed the experiment to compare the biofilm thickness and mean fluorecence intensity of Streptococcus mutans Ingbritt C international standard strain and luxS mutant strain in different kinds of culture medium for 24 h cultivation. Methods The biofilm models of both Streptococcus mutans standard strain and luxS mutant strain were built on the carriers of round slides. The biofilm cultivation of the two strains was carried out by nutritional complementation experiments. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to observe and determinate the thickness of biofilm and mean fluorecence intensity. Results A significant increase in the thickness of luxS mutant strain biofilm was observed after the addition of cysteine as well as methionine,but the standard strain levels were not reached; the biofilm thickness of standard strain increased after the addition of cysteine; the biofilm thickness of the both kinds of strains decreased after the addition of SAM. Conclusions Apart from its role in quorum sensing,luxS gene also plays an important part in sulfur metabolism for biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans.


Acetaminophen (AP) is a commonly used drug that has been detected in groundwater systems in many countries, and has received much attention from researchers in recent years due to its potential environmental impact. In this research, uniformly distributed boron nitride quantum dots (BNQDs) were prepared by a simple ultrasound-solvothermal method. Electrochemical luminescence (ECL) spectroscopy confirmed that BNQDs can act as an effective coreactant to create excellent efficiency in amplifying the ECL intensity of ruthenium-based ECL system. Based on the excited state of

 Ru

 bpy

 3

 2
 +
 ∗

 and the energy transfer quenching of AP oxidation products in the luminescent system, an AP concentration-quenched drug sensor was successfully constructed. For this sensor, a wide linear dynamic range and low detection limits (5.0 × 10−7−1.0 × 10−5 mol/L and 4.8 × 10−9 mol/L, respectively) were achieved. This ECL drug sensor has excellent performance in the accurate determination of AP content, relieving the stress of the previous AP detection process, and has good reproducibility and recovery in actual sample measurements.


"Buy now and pay later." "Interest free." "No credit checks." These are words that we all see every day-on television, in newspapers, and in store windows. They reflect the fact that credit has become almost universally available. We are all able to buy something today and pay for it tomorrow, in a month, or in a year. It is hard to imagine a world without credit and its corollary, debt. Young people often have their first brush with credit when they leave home to start work of enter college. According to Nellie Mae, a subsidiary of college student loan company Sallie Mae, more than 83 percent of undergraduate students have at least one credit card. The average student credit card balance is $2,347. Graduating students have an average of $20,402 in combined education loan and credit card balances. Sixteen percent--more than $3,000--of that debt is from credit cards. It is important to teach students about credit early, before they turn 18 and become eligible to sign up for credit cards in their own name. Credit poses risks for the unwary, and many young people get burned. They may pay high annual percentage rates and lees, or borrow more than they can comfortably repay. It is far too easy for young people to learn about managing credit the hard way-by being unable to pay bills on time and damaging their credit record. And a bad credit record has real consequences-not only does it affect the ability to get loans, but it can also be a factor in renting an apart-mentor even getting a job. Teaching high school students about how to use credit responsibly can help young people man age their credit--and their debt--after they leave school and move on to college or the workplace. Credit has become crucial to our personal economy and to our national economy. With that in mind, this article seeks to answer some of the most common questions about credit so that you can educate young people about how to get good credit, and keep it. Credit Basics What is Credit ? Credit is an arrangement by which you borrow money to buy something of value now, and repay the lender at some later date. For example, credit lets you purchase a pair of shoes today and pay for them next month. Credit enables you to make more substantial purchases too: you can buy a car tomorrow, and pay the lender back over the course of several years. However, there are costs associated with an extension of credit. People do not give you money or sell you products on a deferred payment basis for free. When you obtain credit, you will need to repay the amount you borrowed and an additional amount called interest. Interest compensates the creditor for the costs and risks of extending credit. What is Debt? Debt is the amount you borrowed, plus interest. Debt is a consequence of credit. However, it is worth noting that levels of credit and debt are not always equal. For example, if you used credit to purchase a home five years ago and its market value increased, then you have earned extra credit. If you sell the home, you will be able to repay your debt and have money to spare. But if you used credit to purchase a new car a year ago, its market value will have decreased. If you sell the car, you may not be able to repay all of the debt. Are There Different Types of Consumer Credit? Yes, there are three basic types of consumer credit: * Noninstallment credit requires consumers to pay their balance in full every month. Travel-and-entertainment cards, such as American Express and Diners Club cards, typically operate this way. * Installment credit requires consumers to repay the amount owed in multiple installments over a fixed period of time. Automobile credit and personal loans are common examples of this type of credit. * Revolving credit allows consumers to draw upon a line of credit, pay off the balance, the minimum monthly payment, or any amount in between, and then use the credit again. …


The invention discloses a negative pressure adsorption type evaporator for a refrigerating system. The negative pressure adsorption type evaporator comprises a cylinder body, a plurality of heat exchange water pans and heat exchange coiled pipes, wherein the plurality of heat exchange water pans are arranged in an inner cavity of the cylinder body and are arranged in a step form from top to bottom at intervals; each heat exchange coiled pipe is arranged on the corresponding heat exchange water pan; all the heat exchange coiled pipes are connected to form a section of chilled water loop; at least two refrigeration steam pipelines are connected with the top of the cylinder body; each refrigeration steam pipeline is connected with an adsorption bed; the top of the cylinder body is connected with a water return pipeline located above the heat exchange water pan at the topmost layer; the water return pipeline, the inner cavity of the cylinder body and the refrigeration steam pipelines are connected to form a section of refrigerant loop; the heat exchange water pans and the heat exchange coiled pipes are arranged in the step shape, so that uniform distribution of all layers of a refrigerant can be guaranteed; and when the refrigerant located in the heat exchange water pans is evaporated, boiling heat transfer is formed on the surfaces of the heat exchange coiled pipes, and the heat exchange efficiency can be effectively improved. According to the negative pressure adsorption type evaporator disclosed by the invention, the defect that the heat exchange efficiency is improved by increasing the heat exchange contact area of the coiled pipes in a traditional technology is overcome, the structure of the whole evaporator is enabled to be more compact, and the occupied space is enabled to be smaller.


AIDA is a research project seeking to promote the dissemination of artificial intelligence techniques in companies by proposing a methodology and tools facilitating the integration of automatic decision-making tools into business processes. In this paper, we present the modelbased organizational transformation methodology that was proposed to and adopted by the consortium of AIDA to represent the evolution of existing information systems through the integration of process automation and optimization driven by artificial intelligence.


A forest ecosystem covering 26 square miles was exposed to anhydrous ammonia following a pipeline rupture in June, 1971. Initial effects included death or defoliation of vegetation and high nitrate accumulations in plant tissues, soils, and natural waters. Deciduous trees and herbaceous species had recovered one year after exposure and soil and water conditions were near normal, but Pinus echinata and Juniperous virginiana showed loss of needles, abnormal twig growth and low cone production after three years. Ammonia or ammonium hydroxide entered plants primarily through stomates and caused injury by desiccation, nutritional imbalances, and other alterations in cell conditions.


The heart is covered by the epicardium, consisting of epithelial cells and a mesenchymal layer. The epicardium has been shown to be essential during cardiac development by contributing cells through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the secretion of paracrine factors. In the adult, the epicardium conveys a cardioprotective response after myocardial infarction, albeit suboptimal compared to the epicardial contribution to heart development. Although the developing epicardium has been characterised in mice and zebrafish, knowledge on the human fetal epicardium derives mostly from cell culture models. Therefore, direct analysis of the human fetal epicardium is vital as it provides new insights into the cellular and biochemical interactions within the developing heart, which can potentially contribute to enhancing the post-injury response.

 To study the human fetal epicardium using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA seq) in order to determine its cellular compositionThe data are further explored to e.g.identify regulators of epicardial EMT.

 Epicardial layers were isolated from four fetal human hearts (14–15 weeks gestation, obtained under informed consent and according to local ethical approval). Tissue was digested, and single live cells were sorted into 384-wells plates and sequenced. Data analysis was performed using R-packages RaceID3 and StemID2. Findings were validated using qPCR and immunohistochemistry.

 Analysis of 2024 cells reveals a clear clustering of the epicardial epithelium and the mesenchymal population. Importantly, we found that "classical" markers, such as Wilms' Tumor 1 and T-box transcription factor 18, are not specific enough to reliably identify the epicardium, but our analysis has provided markers that do allow for robust identification of the epicardium. Additionally, we were able to identify epicardial subpopulations based on their expression profile, and we are currently investigating these using immunohistochemistry in human fetal and adult heart tissue sections. To establish the regulation of epicardial activation we are focussing on the process of EMT within our dataset using RaceID2. From our analysis, several regulators of epicardial EMT are proposed that will be followed up on in vitro.

 We identify various novel markers of the fetal epithelial epicardium, as well as characterizing markers of the mesenchymal layer. We also identified novel factors involved in epicardial EMT, and these are currently being validated in our cell-culture model. These data can provide new insights into the post-injury response in the adult heart.

 Type of funding source: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Dutch Heart Foundation


Axiology as a philosophical study has been in great demand since ancient Greece. There are quite a number of philosophers who have tried to discuss axiology. Problems and studies of axiology have developed along with the progress of the times. In the present era, axiology is increasingly being developed to study various contemporary issues related to values. One of the philosophers of axiology is Max Scheler. The German-born philosopher came up with the concept of value which is very a priori material in nature. This concept of value is included in understanding objective values. Scheler also created a hierarchy or level of values, starting from the lowest to the highest. The theory of Max Scheler regarding the hierarchy of values has had a significant influence on the development of the contemporary world; specifically regarding values and their application in everyday life. This hierarchy of values is certainly very influential for contemporary humans; especially to raise awareness and provide an understanding that needs to be related to which values need to be fought for and become a priority to be realized. Thus, Max Scheler's hierarchy of values has been very influential to date. This relevance is of course very important to be continuously reflected.


We interpret the Cayley transform of linear (finite- or infinite-dimensional) state space systems as a numerical integration scheme of Crank–Nicolson type. The scheme is known as Tustin's method in the engineering literature, and it has the following important Hamiltonian integrator property: if Tustin's method is applied to a conservative (continuous time) linear system, then the resulting (discrete time) linear system is conservative in the discrete time sense. The purpose of this paper is to study the convergence of this integration scheme from the input/output point of view.


10-gigabit Ethemet MAC uses 64bits data path and 156.25MHz frequency to meet the bandwidth of 10Gb/s.The wider data path and the higher frequency bring new challenges to the implementation of 10-gigabit Ethernet MAC controller.These challenges include getting data boundary,CRC encode/check,high frequency logic design and compliant with 1-gigabit Ethernet.This paper proposes some solutions,which are auxiliary counter,cross pipeline CRC,deep pipeline and asynchrony RAM.It also designs a 10-gigabit Ethernet MAC controller by using these solutions.The post place and route simulation result of this controller indicates these solutions are correct and feasible.


Race enters into psychotherapy in ways that parallel its operation in society. This article offers in a 'narrative of race' an integrated model of psychological stress that is used as a guide in the biopsychosocial formulation of a case presentation. Negative internal models of relationships include that of the black matriarch, the emasculated black male, the white authority figure and the black self-rejected image. In the discussion of an African American patient in psychotherapy, we use these negative internal models to address two controversial issues. First, to what extent are racial conflict and negative internal models of relationships incorporated into the black patient's dysfunctional life issues? Second, can black patients resolve issues caused by their need to function in a racially stratified society through a therapeutic alliance with therapists from other cultures? We support the position of cross-race therapy dyads with the acknowledgment of race in the consultation room. African American patients can receive effective therapy from any culturally oriented therapist who facilitates the resolution of racial conflict. From this foundation, we propose a dynamic model in which the therapist enters the experience of the African American patient and establishes fixed points of reference for the proper detection of transference/countertransference issues.


sizes Solov'ev's universal or collective salvation (as distinct from purely personal salvation) and Solov'ev's desire for people to overcome their finite condition and obtain "fullness of being." This interest in his fullness of being made him hostile to the privatization of the modern era. '.; The heart of the book is chapter 3, which treats Solov'ev's practicality and rejection of one| sidedness in all areas of life and thought. This chapter shows how Solov'ev's rejection of one| sidedness led to the philosopher's life-long search for "all-unity," his critique of abstract prinJ ciples, and his emphasis on the wholeness of the human personality. Chapters 4 and 5 define the terms central to Solov'ev's vocabulary in relation to the questions that most preoccupied him. These chapters are useful for those not already familiar with Solov'ev's thought. Unfortunately, however, two of Solov'ev's most important concepts, Sophia and the world soul, as well as their relation to each other are not explained clearly. Chapter 6, "The Justification of the Good," treats the book The Justification of the Good (1897) as a work characteristic of Solov'ev's "whole philosophical and theological enterprise" (p. 88), including his view of Asian religions (Islam, Buddhism, and Taoism) and of Judaism. Sutton relates Solov'ev's emphasis on the : personhood of Jesus to his distaste for the impersonal gods of Islam, Buddhism, and Taoism and shows how Jewish thought influenced Solov'ev's concepts "sacred corporality" and "theocracy" as well as his belief that a strong personal identity is necessary for spirituality and moral courage. : Sutton ignores the fact that Solov'ev's goal was the conversion of the Jews. He also makes no i mention of Friedrich Nietzsche, even though one of Solov'ev's reasons for writing The Justified'• tion of the Good was to refute Nietzsche, whose ideas were then becoming popular in Russia.


The HIV epidemic in Vietnam is concentrated in key populations and their partners – people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, sex workers and partners of people living with HIV. These groups have poor access to and uptake of conventional HIV testing services (HTS). To address this gap, lay provider‐ and self‐testing and assisted partner notification (aPN) were introduced and delivered by the community. We explored the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing aPN as part of community testing services for key populations.


This study investigates the impact and challenges of the adoption of M-Commerence by Vijapur city in the Karnataka State. A sample size of 50 Local Kirana Store(Grocery), 25 Customers(male) and 25 Customers(female) aged between 20 to 45 were selected in each Street(area) using stratified sampling techniques with the aid of well-structured questionnaires. Googleforms was used to capture the data while frequency and percentage distributions were used to analyze it. In all, 1, 000 copies of the questionnaire were administered to the ten (10) Street area in the different part of Vijayapur city while 890 copies were returned which represents a respondent rate of 89.1%. The result of the findings revealed that the adoption of MCommerce has a significant impact on cost effectiveness, enhanced availability, low environmental impact, reduced IT complexities, mobility, scalability, increased operability and reduced investment in physical asset However, the major challenges confronting the adoption of M-commerce are data insecurity of Mobile Payments, lack of awareness of online transaction, lack of development of local m-commerce localization apps,even lots of customers spending money on transactions that are somehow related to their mobile devices. This paper concludes by recommending strategies to manage the identified challenges in the study area.


Acrylic resin is widely used as the denture base material, but a failure of the upper complete denture often happens during its use. Therefore, the denture base made of acrylic resin should be reinforced by something else. So, the authors have thought of improving the strength and rigidity by laminating the organic fiber reinforced plastics on the palatal surface of the denture base, which is called the canape construction. In this paper, the flexural strength, fatigue strength and the modulus of elasticity in bending of the canape construction were investigated as basic experiment. As the result, the flexural and fatigue strengths have been improved to 160% and 130% of the denture base acrylic resin, respectively. And the modulus of elasticity in bending has been improved 80%. Therefore, it seems that this new combination of materials using the canape construction might be applied well enough to the denture base.


ABSTRACT Pure tetragonal zirconia nanopowder was prepared via lamellar liquid crystal method combined with a thermal sulfated zirconyl chloride hydrosol. The lamellar liquid crystal region in the sodium dodecyl sulfate/1-decanol/water ternary phase diagram was observed by polarizing optical micrographic images. The impact of the molar ratio on the phase and morphology of zirconia was investigated. Results showed that the molar ratio Rs affected the phase structure and morphological characteristic of zirconia particles. Moreover, the morphology was transformed from almost peanut particles to spherical ones, whereas tetragonal phases changed into monoclinic phase with the increase in Rs.


Equations that determine the best two-particle approximation for the exact solution of a Schrodinger equation with the hamiltonian for N fermions are presented and examined. (D.C.W.)


Additively manufactured parts have recently been applied to products in aerospace, automobile, and tool industries in terms of design flexibility and material consumption with mechanical strength. Because the surfaces of additively manufactured parts are coarse, milling is conducted as a post-process to achieve fine surfaces within the specified tolerance. However, the microstructures and the mechanical properties of additively manufactured metals differ from those of wrought metals. Therefore, the cutting characteristics should be understood to determine the appropriate cutting parameters. The paper studies the cutting process in peripheral milling of additively manufactured maraging steel in a cutting model. The cutting force, the surface finish, the chip morphology, and the tool wear were evaluated through cutting tests. Although the hardness of the additively manufactured workpiece was higher than that of the wrought workpiece, the maximum cutting forces were approximately the same. An energy-based force model was applied to discuss the cutting force characteristics in terms of the shear area and the shear stress on the shear plane. In milling of additively manufactured workpiece, the shear stress on the shear plane becomes larger than that of the wrought workpiece. However, the shear plane length is short at a large shear angle. Therefore, the cutting force does not significantly increase. The typical change in the cutting force of the additively manufactured workpiece is also compared with that of the wrought workpiece in terms of the cutting model. The chip flow directions, then, are analyzed in the cutting force model. The chips of the additively manufactured workpiece flow more in the radial direction than those of the wrought workpiece.


The wavelet neural network is used to analyze and predict the time series of key characteristic parameters about the abradability of steel wire rope, time of idle motion, life of pad wear away, clearance of brake shoe, remnant oil pressure and deflection degree of brake disk for the mine hoist. Then the trend of mine hoist fault can be forecasted from these predicted characteristic parameters. Simulations and experiments indicate that the forecasting precision can satisfy the practical requirement. It is very significant to ensure the secure and efficient running of mine hoist.


Stoichiometric acetylene-oxygen mixtures diluted by argon are widely used in normal detonation waves but have not yet been used in oblique detonation waves (ODWs). The present study simulates ODWs in acetylene-oxygen-argon mixtures, with a dilution ratio Phi = 50%-90%, using the reactive Euler equations with a detailed chemistry model, and describes the characteristics of acetylene ODWs. Similar to ODWs in hydrogen-air mixtures, the transition from the oblique shock wave to ODW may be either abrupt or smooth and the effects of Phi are investigated with a variable incident Mach number M-0. When M-0 changes between 8 and 10, the transition is abrupt in the case of Phi = 50%, while it is smooth in the case of Phi = 90%. In the case of Phi = 70%, a high M-0 corresponds to a smooth transition, while a low M-0 corresponds to an abrupt transition. A further study on the initiation mechanism was performed by comparing the numerical initiation length with the length obtained via the constant-volume combustion calculation, which demonstrated that the initiation is kinetic-controlled in the cases of Phi = 70% and 90%, but wave-controlled in the case of Phi = 50% with M-0 below 8.5. Moreover, an initiation structure featured by two-shock in the product was observed for the first time, and its formation mechanism is qualitatively discussed and compared to hydrogen ODWs. Published under license by AIP Publishing.


Exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) contributes to increased rates of psychopathology in youth. Specific environmental factors have been linked to improved functioning following adversity, but few studies have taken a social-ecological approach to examine how resilience, social support, and community cohesion may be associated with internalizing problems (i.e., anxiety, depression) in young children. The current study included 49 children between the ages of 8 and 13 (Mage = 10.43, SD = 1.57; 55.1% male; 95.8% Black or African American) who were recruited from four community programs in the Midsouth, United States that serve families experiencing adversity. Regarding income, 77.3% of youth's caregivers reported an annual household income under $15,000. Almost all children reported experiencing at least one ACE (92.6%). Two linear regression models were run to assess how resilience, social support, and community cohesion were related to youth's depression and anxiety symptoms while controlling for ACEs and family income. The model examining depression was significant, (F (5, 48) = 4.16, p < .01, R2 = .33) with fewer reported ACEs (β = 1.55, p < .02) and higher resilience (β = -.73, p = .01) associated with lower depressive symptoms. The model assessing anxiety was not significant. Results indicate that personal resilience may be a key target for intervention in children exposed to ACEs as efforts to strengthen individual resources (e.g., self-efficacy, emotion regulation skills) could be linked to reduced psychopathology. KEYWORDS: Adverse Childhood Experiences; Social Ecology; Resilience; Social Support; Community Cohesion; Internalizing Symptoms; Anxiety; Depression


The aim of the Bachelors thesis is analysis, proposal and implementation of physical security and security of data protection in a smaller company. The author describes the main attributes of the physical security at work, a substantial legislative and case study, in which he analyses the current state of the physical security of the object, data protection and proposes measures to remove existing threats. It is the part of the overall designed security system of the company, including the price calculation.


Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education in the Faculty of Education, Department of Educational Psychology
At the University of Zululand, 1994.


Abstract Dialkyl, diaryl, and aryl alkyl sulfoxides can be rapidly converted to the corresponding sulfides with a WCl6/In system in excellent yields under mild conditions.


The global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is between 11 to 13%. Renal replacement therapies (RRT) – which include dialysis and renal transplantation – consume a significant portion of a country's health resources even though only 0.1% of all CKD patients are at stage 5, also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The aim of this review was to compare the magnitude of the economic burden of ESRD on national healthcare systems of selected countries with high prevalence of ESRD including Malaysia. The quantity of interest in this review were total ESRD expenditures and its proportions to the national health systems' expenditure. It was identified that total ESRD expenditure contributes between 0.91% to 7.1% of national health system expenditure in countries selected for this review. In Malaysia, the public sector - through its various agencies at the federal and state levels, accounted for almost 70% of dialysis funding; the remaining 30% came from the private sector and out-of-pocket payments. The ESRD expenditures in Malaysia constitutes 4.2% of total health expenditure by the public sector, relatively high compared to other countries. This review will summarise findings of the currently available economic evaluations of RRT in Malaysia. Based on available evidence, estimated weighted cost of treating ESRD patient in Malaysia is MYR39,346 per patient per year (USD26,648, PPP 2016).


The applications of the different grinding media in the grind of ink were summarized in this pa- per. The kinds of grinding media and the effects of volume and size on the degree of fineness of materials were discussed. Experiments proved that choosing the suitable grinding media would raise the efficiency of grind.


......................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... x CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION Brain Cancer .............................................................................................. 1 Radiation Therapy and Radiation Exposure .............................................. 1 Radiation-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction .................................................. 2 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW Hippocampus and Subfield Anatomy ......................................................... 4 Cornu Ammonis .............................................................................. 5 Subiculum ....................................................................................... 7 Dentate Gyrus and Cellular Organization ........................................ 7 Circuitry in the Hippocampus .......................................................... 9 Neurogenesis ................................................................................ 10 Hippocampal Plasticity .................................................................. 10 Deleterious Effect of Radiation on the Hippocampus ............................... 11 Treatment Options ................................................................................... 13 Mossy Cells ............................................................................................. 14 Function ........................................................................................ 14 Mossy Cells and Neurogenesis ..................................................... 15 Vulnerability .................................................................................. 16


Restricted and unrestricted B3LYP/LANL2DZ and B3LYP/6-31G(d) calculations are employed to study the adsorption of benzene on small Pd7, Pd(7+3), Pt7, and Pt(7+3) clusters. Restricted calculations give the bridge-30 adsorption site as the most stable for adsorption of benzene on Pd7 cluster, while on Pd(7+3) benzene is strongly tilted, leading to an adsorption mode where two benzene π-bonds more strongly interact with the metal cluster. Unrestricted calculations (triplet spin state) strongly favor the tilted conformations so that on both Pd7 and on Pd(7+3) the tilted di-π-hcp adsorption mode is the most stable. On the Pt7 and Pt(7+3) clusters even the restricted calculations lead to the tilted di-π adsorption mode as the most stable, a result that is reinforced by the unrestricted formalism, which also favors the tilted adsorption mode. The differences between the restricted and the unrestricted calculations are much larger for platinum than for palladium, which is related to the fact that atomic palladium...


This paper analyzes the structure, main technique feature and the work principle of variable geometry induction system. The advantages and developing trend of VGIS and how to check trouble of it are pointed out .


Background-Platelet activating factor (PAF) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a selective PAF antagonist (WEB 2086), given in doses known to antagonise the effects of inhaled PAF in human subjects, on allergen induced early and late asthmatic responses and on airway hyperresponsiveness. Methods-Eight atopic, mildly asthmatic subjects were studied during a screening period and two treatment periods. During the screening period subjects inhaled an allergen to which they were known to be sensitised and the response was measured as the fall in the forced expired volume in one second (FEV1) to show the presence of early (0-1 h) and late (3-7 h) asthmatic responses. On another day the subjects inhaled allergen diluent. During the treatment periods subjects inhaled allergen after one week's pretreatment with WEB 2086 (100 mg three times a day) or placebo administered in a randomised, double blind, crossover fashion. Histamine airway responsiveness was measured 24 hours before and 24 hours after allergen and the results were expressed as the provocative concentration causing a 20% fall in FEV, (PC20). Results-The maximal early asthmatic response after allergen with placebo treatment was 18-4% (SE 44%/6) and with WEB 2086 18-9% (4.4%). The maximal late response with placebo treatment was 21-7% (5.3%) and with WEB 2086 21-2% (3.0%). The log difference (before and after allergen) in histamine PC20 was 0-35 (0.06) after placebo treatment and 0 30 (0. 1) after WEB 2086. Conclusions-These results indicate that one week of treatment with an orally administered PAF antagonist (WEB 2086) does not attenuate allergen induced early or late responses or airway hyperresponsiveness. (Thorax 1993;48:594-598) Inhalation of environmental allergens is an important cause of exacerbations of asthma. In the laboratory allergen inhalation tests are a useful tool for investigating the pathogenesis of allergen induced asthma. Allergen inhalation causes narrowing of the airways, in sensitised subjects, usually within 15 minutes. This early asthmatic response resolves within two to three hours. In half or more adult subjects a late bronchoconstrictor response, which begins three to four hours after allergen inhalation, also occurs.' The late asthmatic response is more prolonged than the early response and is associated with airway hyperresponsiveness to bronchoconstrictor stimuli such as histamine or methacholine,' and this can last for days or weeks after exposure to allergen.3 The early asthmatic response occurs because of the release of bronchoconstrictor mediators such as histamine,4 the sulphidopeptide leukotrienes,5 6 and thromboxane A2.78 The late response and subsequent airway hyperresponsiveness is associated with an inflammatory response, shown by an influx of inflammatory cells such as eosinophils,9 into the airways. However, the precise role of the inflammatory cells in causing late asthmatic responses is not yet known. Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a potent proinflammatory mediator derived from the metabolism of phospholipids from cell membranes and released from a variety of cells, including basophils, macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils.10 It has various actions, which include the recruitment and activation of inflammatory cells, particularly eosinophils and neutrophils."1 Inhaled PAF also causes bronchoconstriction and airway hyperresponsiveness in normal subjects'2 1' and is released into the plasma after allergen inhalation in mildly asthmatic subjects.'4 For these reasons it is thought to be an important mediator in the development of allergen induced late asthmatic responses and airway hyperresponsiveness. Indeed, one of its potent and selective antagonists, WEB 2086,15 inhibits allergen induced late responses in allergic sheep.'6 In human subjects WEB 2086 prevents the bronchoconstriction induced by PAF,17 and in human bronchi in vitro it prevents the histamine hyperresponsiveness induced by the factor.'8 In this study we evaluated whether WEB 2086 inhibits allergen induced asthmatic responses and airway hyperresponsiveness in atopic subjects with mild asthma. Asthma Research Group, Department of Medicine, Room 3U2, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, 1200 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8N 3Z5 A Freitag RM Watson P M O'Byrne Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Burlington, Ontario, Canada G Matsos C Eastwood Reprint requests to: Dr PM O'Byrne Received 13 October 1992 Returned to authors 9 December 1992 Revised version received 11 January 1993 Accepted 19 January 1993 594 group.bmj.com on June 22, 2017 Published by http://thorax.bmj.com/ Downloaded from


Spring (SPRING) and fall (FALL) born steers (n = 211) were used in a mixed effects model to evaluate calving season and conception method [artificial insemination (AI) or natural service (NS)] on finishing performance and carcass traits. SPRING were weaned in October, grazed dormant range for 90 days and grazed wheat pasture for 90 days before shipping to finish. FALL were weaned in May, and grazed tallgrass prairie for 120 days before shipping to finish. Initial and final BW, days on feed, ADG, DMI, and gain to feed efficiency were evaluated as performance measures. Dry matter intake and gain:feed were analyzed on pen basis. Hot carcass weight, yield grade, fat thickness, ribeye area, and marbling score were collected at harvest. Bodyweight of SPRING and AI steers were heavier (P ≤ 0.05) entering and leaving the feedlot than FALL and NS steers, respectively. Compared to FALL steers, ADG (P < 0.01) and DMI (P = 0.03) were greater for SPRING and required less days on feed (P ≤ 0.05). Calving season and conception method (P ≥ 0.2) did not affect gain:feed. Conception method (P = 0.5) did not affect ADG, DMI, and days on feed. SPRING had higher yield grades (P < 0.01) and increased in fat thickness (P = 0.01) compared to FALL steers. There were no differences (P = 0.2) in hot carcass weight, ribeye area, and marbling score due to season of birth. Steers born from AI mating had greater hot carcass weight (P = 0.01) and marbling score (P = 0.02), but conception method did not affect yield grade, fat thickness, and ribeye area (P > 0.2). These results demonstrate SPRING steers are heavier entering and leaving the feedlot, have higher ADG and DMI, and require less days on feed; however, gain:feed, hot carcass weight, ribeye area, and marbling score did not differ from FALL steers. An economic analysis is needed to validate an AI program based on calving season in north-central Oklahoma.


Background: People with Parkinson's disease (PD) benefit from boxing exercise. Adding kicking variations to the boxing may provide additional benefit to improve balance. However, the benefits and adherence to such trainings is unknown. Objective: To explore the feasibility, safety, and benefits on balance of boxing training combined with kicking techniques in comparison to boxing without kicking in PD. Methods: Participants were randomized to group-based boxing training with kicking techniques (BK) or to group-based boxing alone training (BO). Both groups trained for one hour, once a week, for a period of 10 weeks. Participants were assessed at baseline and ten weeks post-intervention for difference in balance, fear of falling, balance confidence, walking ability, and quality of life. Results: Twenty-nine people with PD (median age 64 years; median disease duration 5 years) participated. Both interventions were feasible and acceptable for all participants. No adverse events occurred. Most participants (BK 80%; BO 75%) were satisfied with the training. We found no significant between group difference on either the primary (Mini-BEST) or secondary outcomes. The within group comparison showed that balance improved in both groups after the intervention (BK 22.60 (2.7) to 25.33 (2.64) p = 0.02; BO 23.09 (3.44) to 25.80 (2.39); p = 0.01 on the Mini BEST test). Conclusion: Both types of boxing seem to be feasible and safe. Adding kicking techniques to boxing does not improve balance significantly more than boxing alone. Incorporation of kicking may be a valuable addition to the exercise therapy repertoire.


JUST WHAT MOTIVATES the world to tackle one global environmental threat but not another is somewhat of an enigma. Take, for instance, ozone depletion and greenhouse gas emissions. We're kicking butt on ozone depletion. Beginning in the 1980s, governments collectively began to act against the thinning of the stratospheric ozone that helps shield life on Earth from the sun's damage-inducing ultraviolet radiation. Under a treaty called the Montreal protocol, countries around the world agreed to phase out the production of certain chlorine- and bromine-containing commercial chemicals, notably chlorofluorocarbons. All 193 United Nations countries participate in this accord. What's more, scientific data show that action under the Montreal protocol has started to reverse ozone depletion. The cooperation that led to the Montreal protocol provided momentum for countries to set their sights on another global environmental threat: human-induced climate change. In 1992, leaders from around the world, including Presid...


~ ~ ~ In the present article we supposed to show the pecularities of ethnoconfessional processes in Tuva, the influence of religious traditions on the spiritual culture of the Tuvan people, the evolution of ideological orientations based on the data of the sociological research which has been carried out by the authoress for a number of years and also the theoretical generalization of the obtained empiric material.


With increase in facilities available over Internet, world is transforming into digital world. Gaining popularity and availability of cheaper smartphones with features like desktop system, humans are preferring smartphones and its lots of features for regular activities on Internet instead of using desktop/laptop. Most smartphone users download number of applications regularly without thinking and even aware about security risks from applications. Applications may try to access information available on smartphone without user consent. In this paper, service "Spycat" for Android based smartphones is proposed. Spycat once installed on smartphone runs in background and warns user about any suspicious activity carried out on device by any application. It categorizes all applications on device, check for permissions available, prevents application from accessing information beyond vicinity of the application. Success of Spycat depends on updating lists of permissions. This is achieved by maintaining permission details and categorizing various applications as trusted and untrusted. For this Baysian classification and Backpropagation algorithm is used.


Diagnostic peritoneal lavage is safe, accurate, and rapid diagnostic tools in evaeating blunt abdominal trauma. However one of major problems in this technique is the high sensitivity leading to a significant incidence of unnecessary laparotomies. We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 50 cases with blunt abdominal trauma, which had been admitted to Chosun University Hospital from, march, 1991 to Febrary, 1993. All of them were performed peritoneal lavage. The results were as follows; 1) The peak incidonce of age is twenties and thirties, and more common in male. 2) Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy of Diagnostic peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal trauma is 88%, 76%, 82%, respectively. 3) The most common injured organ is small bowel in 8 cases, and spleem and liver in 5 cases, respectively. 4) False positive rate of diagnostic peritoneal lavage is 21.4% and the most common cases of FNR is retroperit,oneal bleeding. 5) No complication was observed. Complications of DPL were not observed.


Based on the research of processing technology about nori crackers and analysis in detail,the application of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point(HACCP) system in processing of nori crackers was studied to meet the demand of merchant overseas and ensure the health of consumer.


Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1 The nature of the agreement inflections of the verb. Chapter 2 Subjects and subject-verb agreement in Italian dialects. Chapter 3 Lexicalization patterns of the so-called 3rd person dative. Chapter 4 Cooccurrence and mutual exclusion patterns of subject and object clitics. Chapter 5 Transitivity and Unaccusativity: Auxiliary selection Chapter 6 Parameters of auxiliary selection Chapter 7 The syntax of object clitics and middle-reflexives in Albanian dialects. Chapter 8 'Participle' and 'infinitive' in Geg dialects. Chapter 9 'Subjunctives' and non-finite sentences in Tosk dialects. Chapter 10 Causatives in Albanian


Since the mid-20th century, literature in English has witnessed the appearance of a plethora of narratives that map the new territorialities of the Indian diaspora in places such as Britain, America, Canada, Australia or the Caribbean. Cauvery Madhavan's Paddy Indian portrays an Indo-Irish cultural encounter on Irish soil, thus offering a pioneering scenario which echoes Ireland's position as a country of immigration, rather than emigration. This article offers an analysis of the novel in the light of Homi Bhabha's notion of "cultural translation" and recent theorizations on transculturalism. It argues that Madhavan's Paddy Indian provides a fictional insight into cultural translation and transculturalism, not only through its content, but also through the characters' use of language. Ultimately, the novel puts to the test traditional definitions of "Indianness" and "Irishness", portraying India and Ireland as transcultural spaces within our contemporary global order.


Objective To evaluate the inhibition effect of lidocaine on irritating cough caused by fentanyl in general anesthesia induction.Method 100 ASA I-II patients undergoing operation randomly received treatment with 5 ml saline(I group;n=50) or 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine(II group;n=50) 1 minute before fentanyl was given,and the incidence of irritating cough and hemodynamic changes in patients were evaluated in anesthesia induction period.Result The occurrence of irritating cough in II group was significantly lower than that in I group(6% vs.26%,P0.05).and no difference was observed in hemodynamic changes between both group.Conclusion Lidocaine may present an effective way to prevent the occurrence of irritating cough caused by fentanyl in general anesthesia induction.


The present invention, for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of inflammation and pain associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid disease, glucosamine glucuronic acid salt, glucosamine ascorbate, glucosamine malate, glucosamine hydrogen malate, glucosamine citrate acid salt, the use of an organic glucosamine salt selected from glucosamine hydrogen citrate salts and glucosamine dihydrogen citrate salt. The present invention also provides, as a cartilage protective agent, cartilage to nourish, joint to the protection, joint prevents moisture deficiency in the tissue to form, to improve the function of a joint capacity, elasticity, and flexibility, exercise body excess exertion syndrome in athletes, and this prevents the effects associated, for the preparation of a dietary supplement that acts to return to the use of organic glucosamine salt selected from those described above.


In this work, correlations for predicting the mean gas holdup in the impinging stream reactor are presented. To develop these correlations, measurement with water and air were carried out in two geometrically similar reactors of different size. In addition, the radial distribution of the local gas holdup in a plane of the main tube of both reactors was measured.


Open data are gold mines because they can be used to create services that develop a smart city while improving users' living conditions. Several research works go in this direction, presenting open data impact in the smart city for some, while others have focused on data processing methods. We have therefore deemed it necessary to make a state of the art on these different issues. The particularity of our study is that it shows the link between open data and smart city in all its aspects, describing what kind of open data is suitable for the smart city, how it is important for its development, and how these open data are processed to create services. Thus, in this article, we first present a review of existing surveys since 2015. Then, we present different smart city dimensions based on open data as well as some applications, and we detail how to process these data. We end with a list of open data sources as well as some challenges and solutions related to smart city services.


Humans have used arguments for defending or refuting statements long before the creation of logic as a specialized discipline. This can be interpreted as the fact that an intuitive notion of "logical consequence" or a psychic disposition to articulate reasoning according to this pattern is present in common sense, and logic simply aims at describing and codifying the features of this spontaneous capacity of human reason. It is well known, however, that several arguments easily accepted by common sense are actually "logical fallacies", and this indicates that logic is not just a descriptive, but also a prescriptive or normative enterprise, in which the notion of logical consequence is defined in a precise way and then certain rules are established in order to maintain the discourse in keeping with this notion. Yet in the justification of the correctness and adequacy of these rules commonsense reasoning must necessarily be used, and in such a way its foundational role is recognized. Moreover, it remains also true that several branches and forms of logic have been elaborated precisely in order to reflect the structural features of correct argument used in different fields of human reasoning and yet insufficiently mirrored by the most familiar logical formalisms.


IgM/IgG test is used to screen blood donations for syphilis. Previously, we identified a temporal association between unconfirmed syphilis repeat-reactive (RR) results and other potential confounders: vaccination campaigns for influenza/COVID-19, community-circulating influenza virus (I), COVID-19, and other respiratory viruses (ORV) typically overlapping with influenza (IORV). In this study we assessed the unconfirmed peak syphilis RR rates in the COVID-19 pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic period. Study Design/Methods: Influenza and COVID-19 vaccination histories in the preceding 3 months were extracted. Aggregated syphilis RR results that did not confirm were collated (September 2017 to December 2022; PK 7300 instrument [Beckman Coulter; Brea, CA, USA]). Peak syphilis RR results were compared against; influenza/COVID-19 vaccination data. IORV and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) data were acquired from the Public Health Agency of Canada Respiratory Virus Detection Surveillance System. Data analysis used GraphPad Prism 9.5.0 (GraphPad Software, Boston, MA, USA). Results/Findings: Results and findings are listed in the Table. Conclusions: Multiple immune pressures in the postpandemic period are associated with a noticeable increase in syphilis RR rates in the pandemic period compared to the pre-pandemic period. We speculate that re-emerging immune pressures from vaccination and/or community-acquired COVID-19 or IORV (including RSV) are generating non-specific immune responses identified by the IgM component of the syphilis test. P-BB-51 | Increasing Blood Diversity: How Blood Center Websites Tackle Critical Blood Shortages for Sickle Cell Patients Through Recruitment of African-American Donors


For the fist time, low supply voltage SRAM operation with stress-enhanced dopant segregated Schottky (DSS) source/drain transistors is demonstrated. At constant SRAM cell current of 40 muA, we achieve two orders of magnitude lower bit-line leakage than conventional technologies at Vdd=0.7 V, while in case of constant bit-line leakage of 10 nA, supply voltage is successfully reduced down by 0.1 V. DSS technology is promising for low voltage SRAM operation for 32 nm node and beyond.


Circular SAR is able to achieve omni-directional observation and high-resolution imaging of targets. However, the traditional frequency-domain based imaging algorithm is not suitable for complicated curve trajectory. Moreover the time domain based back-projection (BP) algorithm is applicable but time consuming. Fast factorized back-projection (FFBP) algorithm based on aperture decomposition and image fusion can balance computational efficiency and accuracy. In this paper, we proposed a modified FFBP algorithm for circular SAR imaging. The principal improvement is the usage of Cartesian coordinate imaging and nonuniform fast Fourier transform (NUFFT) interpolation. First, sub-aperture BP imaging is implemented on local Cartesian coordinate system. Then azimuth bandwidth is compressed with a spatial variant phase function to reduce the sampling rate. Next the NUFFT interpolation method is applied during sub-images fusion to further improve the efficiency of the algorithm. Finally, through simulation and real data experiments, the correctness and accuracy of the algorithm is verified.


Sedimentary basin with abundant mineral resources is one of the major tectonic unit of the orogenic belt. The basins origi- nal tectonic type can provide some evidences for restoring the tectonic evolution of the orogenic belts and plate tectonics. The fills (including ore deposits), age, source areas and sequences of sedimentary basins are the important data for restoring the original type of basins developed within the orogenic belts. Based on the sedimentary facies, sandstone/conglomerate composition, age and tectonic setting of clasts, detrial heavy minerals, geochemistry of fine-grained clastic rocks, paleocurrent data and fossils, the sedimentary envi- ronments, source areas, depositional age and tectonic setting of basin basement are initially studied. Comparing to the DSDP/ODP re- sults of modern sedimentary basins and tectonic classification of sedimentary basins, then the original tectonic types of sedimentary basins are restored.


an Abstract. We present a semilocal convergence analysis of a third order method for approximating a locally unique solution of an equation in a Banach space setting. Recently, this method was studied by Chun, Stanica and Neta. These authors extended earlier results by Kou, Li and others. Our convergence analysis extends the applicability of these methods under less computational cost and weaker convergence criteria. Numerical examples are also presented to show that the earlier results cannot apply to solve these equations.


The legal literature is the application fee land registration of property rights through Program Nasional Agraria (PRONA) in creating legal certainty in the village Sedayu, District Tulung, Klaten State. The formulation of the problem is how to do PRONA registration of property rights through the application fee and the fee if registration of property rights through PRONA has put legal certainty? The purpose of this study was to determine how the application fee through the registration of property rights in the village PRONA Sedayu, District Tulung, Klaten State and whether the application fee through PRONA registration of property rights are already realizing the rule of law in the village Sedayu, District Tulung, Klaten State. This research is an empirical law. Results from this study is the implementation of the registration fees of property rights through PRONA in the village Sedayu, District Tulung, State Klaten has been done correctly and appropriately by the District Land Office Klaten, despite the fact that in society there are costs charged by village officials who take care of the activities PRONA who have known and approved by the participants PRONA huge costs already can not be categorized as a low cost.


This paper presents students opinions on the benefits they gained from using Vevox – a student response system (SRS), in a 2022-23 Semester I, final-year undergraduate module with 56 students in an Irish University. The students were surveyed to assess what benefits, if any, they believed they had obtained from using the SRS in the module. The key benefit identified by 41% of the students was that using the SRS contributed to them engaging with the lectures – both in terms of the material being taught and with their classmates. The second most important benefit identified was that the questions posed via the SRS enabled the students to reflect on their learning while in the lecture. The research contributes to the literature by showing that possing open-ended questions via SRS leads to active engagement and learning by students.


The technical merits of the two-pass reverse osmosis technology are summarized based on its engineering applications , and a fully automatic system using the technology for making clean water for electroplating applications is briefly described in the paper.


Aerial image object detection remains rather challenging, due to the small object gathering and confusion of inter-class similarities and intra-class diversity. Confronting such challenges, we propose a two-stage framework, 'Zoom&Reasoning Det,' which performs detection in a foreground highlight manner and leverages contextual relations to assist detection. In the coarse foreground zoom stage, different from earlier works that divide original images into patches and perform detection on each patch separately, we design Foreground Zoom Strategy (FZS), which zooms foreground dense regions from a coarse detector and packs them into one image. In the fine reasoning detect stage, motivated by a human visual mechanism that can achieve correct recognition by reasoning through context, we present Visual-Semantic Reasoning Network (VSRNet), consisting of Visual Reasoning Graph (VRG) and Semantic Reasoning Graph (SRG), simultaneously considering local visual and global semantic contextual relational information for each instance. Each instance feature representation is further refined by aggregating the outputs of VSRNet. Comprehensive experiments conducted on two challenging aerial image datasets, VisDrone and UAVDT, demonstrate the advantage of our method over the state-of-the-art.


IEEE 802.16 OFDMA systems have gained much attention for their ability to support high transmission rates and broadband services. For multiuser environments, IEEE 802.16 OFDMA systems require a resource allocation algorithm to use the limited downlink resource efficiently. One of the main problems to increase the resource utilization and throughput is how to construct two-dimensional blocks that realize time and frequency dimensions to multi-users. However, mapping a rectangular shape (i.e. two-dimensional burst) that not enough to utilize some flows in downlink frame, decreases total throughput and is crucial for Quality of Service (QoS) that support real-time applications. In this paper, we propose a low complexity algorithm called Best Edge Block Oriented (BEBO) which complies with 802.16 downlink burst characteristics with assurance of real time throughput. The proposed algorithm reduce the unserved slots by assembling bursts in the edge of the free spaces for reducing outdoor spaces from other bursts; and enlarge the internal burst size gradually to minimize the internal free spaces for a given request size with priority level and channel state information considerations. Simulation results show that the burst construction mechanism result is competitive.


In this paper a video watermarking scheme is presented, that is designed for the future digital cinema format, as it will be used on large projector screens in theatres. The watermark is designed such that it has minimal impact on the video quality, but still is detectable after capture with a handheld camera and conversion to, for instance, VHS, CD-Video or DVD format. In order to achieve the severe requirements, concerning visibility and robustness, the proposed watermarking system only exploits the temporal axis. A watermark is inserted by changing the mean of the luminance values of a frame according to the samples of the watermark. Watermark detection is performed by correlating the watermark sequence with extracted mean luminance values of a sequence of frames. A demonstrator, implementing the proposed algorithm, has been built which shows the aforementioned requirements can be met with the proposed scheme.


Effect of gardenization and greenification in high education campuses,compared with that of the main building,has special biological and social characteristics that greatly influence the staff,the students,and the construction and development of the university.Thus,realization of these effects should be based on biological considerations,unification with natural beauty,local conditions,and combination with other construction plans.


Data Analytics has emerged as an important domain in the digital space due to the explosion of tremendous volume of data by various sources such as social media, sensors and business organizations. Social media contribute in generation of huge varied data formats in various representations. WhatsApp has attracted large volume of users because of the easy chat conversations. The chat conversations in WhatsApp support multi languages where user has made their own short conventions in representing communications. In current scenario WhatsApp is used for small scale business, understanding the context in this chat text is important to identify the insights. WhatsApp data is left behind unnoticed as there exist no standard to represent in conventional machine understandable text. The objective of this paper is to design a methodology and framework for transliteration of WhatsApp Chat short messages and thanglish (English and Tamil language combined) text. A MapReduce framework is proposed for the transliteration process. The dataset is acquired from known WhatsApp group. A corpus is created from the framework and the experimental results were found to be interesting. The frequent terms are visualized using word cloud. Around 635 WhatsApp texts are replaced by English words.


The article considers mechanisms of sense formation in the course of receptive speech activity and deformation of the source text meaning as a result of intentional receptive distortion in the course of auditory perception. Homophonic translation termed soramimi is discussed as a product of audial perception, as a carnivalized text and as a result of an interpretative strategy of cognitive dissonance alignment. We hereby address the auditory modality from the viewpoint of its inherent potential for misinterpretation, both intentional and unintentional. The perceptional phenomena are viewed through addressee's strategies of realizing the semantic potential of the target text across several languages.


The Iron Age, despite its short duration, is a quick advance in all social, political, economic, and military spheres. This period of time involves widespread unrest, the power of hostile states such as the Assyrian, The mass production of weapons of mass destruction, followed by the emergence of societies, is associated with class growth, respect for the warrior and its burial, along with horse and warping and personal equipment, including expensive metal objects in the northern and northwestern regions of Iran. The most common The reason for the progress in this period is the recognition and use of iron as the precious metal. The artists of this period, skillfully compared to The construction of these objects was varied and different in form. The use of iron in the second half of the 2nd millennium BC created major changes in the military, social and political structure of the Iron Age. These developments appeared. Iron Age societies from the first millennium BC equipped their military forces with iron-fired weapons. The use of iron as the precious metal increased the power of the states of the Iron Age, the western, northern, and northwest of Iran's plateau. Decorative objects, ritual of this period have become more diverse than before the period of their own. The kind of archeology treasures include 300 items of many objects Ancient valuables including types, military tools, women's jewelery, all kinds of dishes and jewelry made of gold, silver, bronze and exploration, which appear to be related to the late 2nd millenium BC and the first millennium BC. Most of these objects are a manifestation of the art of the Iron Age II, however, among them there are works of the Nafisi of the Iron Age III. Objects derived from Ahmadinejad, a cultural sequence with Marlik and Hasanloobudh, amongst this Objects, a very naphisy cup made of gold, and in terms of oldness, elegance and beauty, equals the famous cups of Marlik and Hasanlu. The Silver Arms Cup is also highly valued and of its kind, reflecting the special skill of artists in the late 2nd millennium BC, the area is in the making of golden and silver objects. The objects and ornaments of Ahmad Beyglo Meshkin City inspired The virgin nature of the Sabalan range is used. In designing animal designs such as cattle, goats, ahou hogs that are connected with the lives of people in the region. This art illustrates the progress of crafts, and the ideas and thoughts of this period. It looks like local and native products


We present Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) Cycle-0 observations of the CO (6–5) line emission (rest-frame frequency = 691.473 GHz) and of the 435 μm dust continuum emission in the nuclear region of NGC 34, a local luminous infrared galaxy at a distance of 84 Mpc (1″ = 407 pc) which contains a Seyfert 2 active galactic nucleus (AGN) and a nuclear starburst. The CO emission is well resolved by the ALMA beam (0.″26 × 0.″23), with an integrated flux of fCO(6–5) = 1004 (± 151) Jy km s−1. Both the morphology and kinematics of the CO (6–5) emission are rather regular, consistent with a compact rotating disk with a size of 200 pc. A significant emission feature is detected on the redshifted wing of the line profile at the frequency of the H13CN (8–7) line, with an integrated flux of 17.7 ± 2.1(random) ± 2.7(systematic) Jy km s−1. However, it cannot be ruled out that the feature is due to an outflow of warm dense gas with a mean velocity of 400 km s−1. The continuum is resolved into an elongated configuration, and the observed flux corresponds to a dust mass of Mdust = 106.97 ± 0.13 M☉. An unresolved central core (radius ≃ 50 pc) contributes 28% of the continuum flux and 19% of the CO (6–5) flux, consistent with insignificant contributions of the AGN to both emissions. Both the CO (6–5) and continuum spatial distributions suggest a very high gas column density (≳ 104 M☉ pc−2) in the nuclear region at radius ≲ 100 pc.


Adopting a distance for RS Pup derived from a period–luminosity relation based on Cepheid parallaxes, it is shown that the phase-lag observations of the surrounding nebulosity by Kervella et al. are well fitted by a model of an equatorial disc at an angle of to the plane of the sky. The astrophysical implications of this are briefly mentioned.


two major duties: to supervise teachers for instructional improvement, and to regularly evaluate teachers' instructional competencies. This places administrators in a potential role conflict situation, for they are often expected to be helpful and nonthreatening while supervising instruction. On the other hand, they regularly make judgmental evaluative statements concerning the teacher's instruction. Does a role conflict exist between


Abstract. The faintly Mymarommatidae, represented by an unidentified species ofPalaeomymar Meunier related to P. goethei (Girault). is reported for the first time fromthe HawaiianIslands. Thefirst HawaiianspecimenofPalaeomymarMeunierwascollectedin 1981 bysweeping. Thespecimen wascritical point dried andpoint mounted. Duringinsect survey workonMolokai,oneofus(WDP)collectedtenadditionalspecimensusingyellowsticky boardtraps hungfive toseven feetabovethegroundin roadside trees. Specimenswereremovedfromthetraps withlighterfluid,clearedbriefly in 10%KOH,andslidemountedin Canadabalsam.Thespecimensaredeposited in the Bernice P. BishopMuseum,(BPBM),HawaiiDepartment ofAgriculture, Honolulu (HDOA).and Canadian National Collection ofIn sects (CNCI),Ottawa.FamilyMymarommatidae The small family Mymarommatidae(Mymarommidaeor Mymaromminacofauthors)formerlywasclassifiedeitherintheChalcidoidea(Debauche 1948,GauldandBolton 1988)orin the fossil familyScphitidaeoftheProctotrupoidea(Nikol'skaya 1987). It is nowoftenplacedin its ownsuperfamily,andis probablythesistergrouptotheChalcidoidea(Gibson


The article argues for the circumstances that make it extremely urgent to diagnose and monitor staff loyalty in a crisis economy. Based on the results of a comparative critical analysis of known specialized methods, the need for developing a method suitable for monitoring loyalty is justified. The work clarified the conceptual aspects of staff loyalty assessment; presented the original methodology of a comprehensive loyalty analysis associated with identifying the level and profile of staff loyalty, diagnosing the level of well-being of the situation; describes the application aspects of its use in human resources management practices.


It has been known for some considerable time that
diabetes is associated with some loss of pancreatic function.
In 1890 von Meering and Minkowsky showed that pancreatectomy
caused diabetes in the dog and Schaffer (1895) suggested that
the pancreatic control of carbohydrate metabolism might be
mediated through an internal secretion of the islets of
Langerhans. Studies involving pancreatic duct ligation and
blockage subsequently confirmed the importance of the islet
tissue in diabetes and Opie (1900-01) concluded from a study
of pancreatic lesions that diabetes was always associated
with a degeneration of the islet tissue.


This paper presents a review of the topics in existing research on the establishment and management of public policies for multifunctional purposes. The review is a complete survey of studies carried out in five countries: Finland, Germany, Ireland, Latvia and UK. The viewpoints adopted in developing countries were also surveyed. The concepts, adaptation and implementation of MFA as well as the research carried out were found to vary considerably in the surveyed countries. Several gaps in research were identified. A summary of national policies as well as of the topics studied is presented. 10 areas in which additional research is required are presented.


The exact mechanism by means of which calcium salts are deposited in areas of bone growth or bone repair is to a large extent unknown. While part, at least, of the process must take place at the site of growth or fracture, there is reason to believe that changes in the inorganic metabolism of the body may accompany and perhaps determine the deposition of bone salts. During the last three or four years, many investigations have been undertaken in the study of one of the frequently encountered diseases of childhood which produces marked changes in the osseous system; namely, rickets. These investigations included not only the experimental production of rickets in animals, but also the study of the inorganic metabolism in children with this disease. Howland and Kramer 1 have shown that in rachitic infants the inorganic phosphate content of the blood serum is markedly reduced,'and that when healing occurs,


The race to 4G has already started with an increasing involvement of all cellular industry. With the increasing variety of technologies targeting 4G, and actors in competition, the migration to 4G appears to be a complex thing. This paper presents the expected market requirements for 4G, explains the complexity of future technology landscape, with an emphasis on the standards in competition, and spectrum availability. The key technologies providing mobility, high spectral efficiency, along with system architecture evolutions, are also presented


Academic institution  intended for the teaching of students under the direction of teachers. Most countries have systems of formal education, which is commonly compulsory and classroom management is related to all teachers actions aimed to establish the simulative learning environment.  Classroom environment systems are effective because they increase student success by creating an orderly learning environment that enhances students' academic skills and competencies, as well as their social and emotional development. In these systems, students progress through a series of schools. Among other factors, empirical evidence has confirmed that school climate is powerful in affecting students' academic achievement. However, the extent to which both of student and staff perceptions of school climate influence student achievement. Furthermore, the precise psychological processes underpinning the climate-achievement