Metal ions in aqueous conditions is one of the triggers of the essence of life. The contradiction between the Na and K compositions of seawater and living cell cytoplasm led Yuri Natochin to the hypothesis that the first protocell could have emerged in KCl solution, but not in NaCl, as commonly believed [1]. We investigated the relative effects and concentration dependence of Na and K in a model peptide synthesis reaction as well as physical theory for an interpretation of the experimental data. Using HPLC-MS/MS analysis, we found that K is more than an order of magnitude more effective in the L-glutamic acid oligomerization in aqueous solutions than the same concentration of Na, which is fully consistent with the diffusion theory calculations [2, 3]. Using de novo sequencing algorithm for abiogenic oligopeptide identifying we found that the most effective potassium ion concentrations for the L-Glu peptide yields is 1.0 M [4]. Interestingly, potassium complies with all the physical-chemical requirements of accelerated prebiotic polymerisation of amino acids, which is unique in contrast to other monoand divalent metallic ions. We propose that K fundamentally predominates Na as a driving force of the prebiotic peptide formation, regardless of the terrestrial or interstellar origin of amino acids as the first building blocks of life on the Earth.


Developing versatile and high sensitivity sensors is beneficial for promoting flexible electronic devices and human‐machine interactive systems. Researchers are working on the exploration of various active sensing materials toward broad detection, multifunction, and low‐power consumption. Here, a versatile ion‐gel fibrous membrane is presented by electrospinning technology and utilized to construct capacitive sensors and triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The iontronic capacitive sensor exhibits inherently favorable sensitivity and repeatability, which retains long‐term stability after 5000 cycles. The capacitive sensor can also detect a clear pulse waveform at the human wrist and enable the mapping of pressure distribution by a capacitive sensory matrix. For the iontronic TENG, the maximum peak power is 54.56 µW and can be used to power commercial electronics. In addition, the prepared iontronic TENG array can achieve interactive, rapidly responsive, and accurate dynamic monitoring, which broadens the exploration to direct and effective sensory devices. The versatile ion‐gel fibrous membrane is promising to provide an outstanding approach for physiological detection, biomechanical energy harvesting, human‐machine interaction, and self‐powered monitoring systems.


A recent empirical evidence highlight that access to basic financial services can make a substantial positive difference in improving poor people is lives. Accordingly financial sector reforms that promote financial inclusion are increasingly at the core of policy makers' agendas, a CGAP and the banks. The level of banking exclusion varies across the countries and the world. However there are group of people who are affected by financial exclusion. The people who have low income, no source of regular income and who have a history of bad debts are excluded from availing the financial services and thus not considered in this study. In this background for improving access of banking services to the unbanked rural areas, Financial Inclusion has been identified as an instrument. This paper primarily aims at understanding whether the present route of implementation of Financial Inclusion is matching with the expected direction of the policy makers. The secondary objectives are based on whether certain selected variables such as age, level of education, awareness of informal sources of financing prior to period loans and so on. The study assesses the interrelationship between these variables and the customer's perspective about the functioning of the CSPs and their expectations for better satisfaction of the usage of the services. For the purpose of the present study the State Bank of India, which is the Lead Bank in initiating and implementing the schemes and the villages under its jurisdiction will be identified. Four villages each from four different zones are selected at random, for choosing the required samples and the primary data will be collected and accordingly analyzed.


Extracting laver aquaculture areas from remote sensing images is very important for laver aquaculture monitoring and scientific management. However, due to the large differences in spectral features of laver aquaculture areas caused by factors such as different growth stages and harvesting conditions, traditional machine learning and deep learning methods face great challenges in achieving accurate and complete extraction of raft laver aquaculture areas. In this article, a reverse attention dual-stream network (RADNet) is proposed for the extraction of laver aquaculture areas with weak spectral responses by comprehensively considering both the aquaculture boundary and surrounding sea background information. RADNet consists of a boundary stream and a segmentation stream. Considering the weaker spectral responses of certain laver aquaculture areas, we introduce a reverse attention module in the segmentation stream to amplify the weaker responses of inapparent laver aquaculture areas. To suppress the response of nonboundary details in the boundary stream, we design a boundary attention module, which is guided by high-level semantics from the segmentation stream. The structural information of the laver aquaculture area learned from the boundary stream will be fed back to the segmentation stream through a specially designed boundary guidance module. The study is conducted in Haizhou Bay, China, and is verified using a self-labeled GF-1 multispectral dataset. The experimental results show that RADNet model performs better in extracting inapparent laver aquaculture areas compared to SOTA models.


Business process reengineering (BPR) has been discussed over 20 years. Nowadays, social media is widely used by companies in doing business. It plays the role to influence business processes. This thesis aims to answer the question: "How does social media change the major business processes?" The prior research in the disciplines of BPR and social media is reviewed first. Based on the literature, a framework used to illustrate the influence of social media on business processes and degrees is developed. In the framework, four types of communication (firm-to-customer communication, customer-to-firm communication, internal-firm communication, and customer-to-customer communication) are discussed in four main business processes (marketing/sales, services, product, and personnel.) Finnair, because of its activity of using social media, is introduced in detail as an example. The story of Finnair using social media supports the framework. The relationship between BPR and social media is found that is medium.


One of the most common measures of clinical outcomes is the survival time. Accurately linking cancer molecular profiling with survival outcome advances clinical management of cancer. However, existing survival analysis relies intensively on statistical evidence from a single level of data, without paying much attention to the integration of interacting multi-level data and the underlying biology. Advances in genomic techniques provide unprecedented power of characterizing the cancer tissue in a more complete manner than before, opening the opportunity of designing biologically informed and integrative approaches for survival analysis. Many cancer tissues have been profiled for gene expression levels and genomic variants (such as copy number alterations, sequence mutations, DNA methylation, and histone modification). However, it is not clear how to integrate the gene expression and genetic variants to achieve a better prediction and understanding of the cancer survival. To address this challenge, we propose two approaches for data integration in order to both biologically and statistically boost the features selection process for proper detection of the true predictive players of survival. The first approach is data-driven yet biologically informed. Consistent with the biological hierarchy from DNA to RNA, we prioritize each survival-relevant feature with two separate scores, predictive and mechanistic. With mRNA expression levels in concern, predictive features are those mRNAs whose variation in expression levels are associated with the survival outcome, and mechanistic features are those mRNAs whose variation in expression levels are associated with genomic variants (copy number alterations (CNAs) in this study). Further, we propose simultaneously integrating information from both the predictive model and the mechanistic model through our new approach GEMPS (Gene Expression as a Mediator for Predicting Survival). Applied on two cancer types (ovarian and glioblastoma multiforme), our method achieved better prediction power than peer methods. Gene set enrichment analysis


Abstract Roscoea tibetica is a most widespread and extensively phenotypic-variable alpine ginger species. Here, we reported the complete chloroplast (cp) genome sequence of R. tibetica. The complete chloroplast genome is 163,515 base pairs (bp) in length, containing two inverted repeat (IRa and IRb) regions of 29,781 bp, which was separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region of 88,090 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 15,863 bp. The overall GC content of the plastid genome was 36.06%. In total, 113 unique genes were annotated, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on 22 chloroplast genomes indicates that R. tibetiaca is closely related to R. humeana, forming a monophyletic group with high value.


This book argues that Chinese voluntary organizations continue to play a significant role in both the established and new Chinese communities in the Diaspora.


Biogas fermentative residue,which has abundant amino acid and vitamin and mineral and beneficial biology active matter and has been widely used in breeding industry,is rudimental material during anaerobic fermentation of organic compounds such as dung of people,livestock and straw stalk.The basic characters of biogas fermentative residues were introduced.And its application and research status in the breeding industry were summarized.


In Staphylococcus, cell division is punctuated with a "pop." A new theory may explain why. In Staphylococcus, cell division is punctuated with a "pop." A new theory may explain why.


This chapter analyzes the signifying potential of gambling and casino
 culture as a seminal feature of James Bond-ness and the 007-universe.
 It argues that gambling and casinos, both of which are updated with
 every new outing of James Bond, have important cultural, political and
 economic ramifications. In particular, the chapter asks how and what
 casino gambling signifies as it is updated in Skyfall (2012), in terms of
 the film's mise-en-scène as well as its geopolitical configuration as a
 colonizing industry in a global economy that is increasingly dependent on
 various forms of gambling. Finally, the chapter connects various aspects
 of what has been referred to as "cinematic revisionism" to the politics and
 economics of neoliberalization, 007, and global casino culture.


Scientists usually transmit evidence about climate change via information-rich data graphics. Visualizations such as the Keeling Curve or the "'Hockey Stick" are icons of climate science, and charts and maps illustrating the most recent changes in global temperatures are the subject of intensive news coverage and significant public interest upon their release. A well-designed graphic can help audiences to quickly understand the main message embedded within a complex set of climate data and to retain those ideas longer than if they were conveyed by words alone. But these visual aids also have limitations: they are most easily understood by people who are fluent in technical illustrations; they are usually static and sometimes do not tell an obvious story; and many people do not respond to them emotionally. Music, by contrast, builds each note or phrase upon those that came before, and can exert a powerful influence on human emotions. Because of these characteristics, sonification—the transformation of data into acoustic signals—may have considerable promise as a tool to enhance the communication of climate science. Here we report on a musical collaboration between scientists and artists at the University of Minnesota that puts a new spin on a MAKING CLIMATE DATA SING Using Music-like Sonifications to Convey a Key Climate Record


Losses generation in a multilevel inverter leg are analyzed in this paper for N=2, 3, 4, and 5 levels. An N-level inverter is modeled as the superposition of N-1 elementary buck converters to simplify the losses analysis. The results of the analysis show that the efficiency of a multilevel inverter can increase when the number of levels increases if an appropriate device selection is made. SABER simulations and experimental results in a 500 W 5-level prototype confirm the analytic predictions.


The author applies a quantitative analysis to data collected on a multi‐shift organization. The results are compared with a review of literature and the principles of organizational communication in single‐shift organizations.


Introduction: Graves Disease (GD) is the most common cause of primary hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of thyrotropin related antibodies that stimulate thyroidal cells, resulting in an overproduction of thyroid hormones. It has been reported that cytokines might be involved in the GD pathogenesis. So, aim of the present study was to investigate the possible associations between IL-37 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and susceptibility to GD.


The Green paper Independence, Wellbeing and Choice (Department of Health, 2005) advocated moving to a proactive and preventative model of care where users and carers are put at the centre of service planning and delivery. It acknowledges that users and carers should be recognized as partners in assessing their own needs and choosing how those needs are met through a combination of statutory, voluntary or independent provision.


A study was made to determine the effects of a shift in the electron orbital plane and resulting displacement of the wiggler photon beam striking the inner surface of the existing vacuum chamber outer wall. The wiggler beam/vacuum chamber geometry is shown. 7 figures.


The paper in troduce a remote moniting system for sotar energy power supphly. The syseem is composed of a main computer and single chip system and designed in diseributing structure. It's communication is compleped through spc exchangemachine and modem. The software of the main computer is programmed ty using VC++. The system can do the real time monitering of multiple solar energy power stations.


Purpose
By recognizing high-stakes testing as a key constraint to teacher agency, this paper aims to provide a close analysis of one teacher's testing narrative to illustrate how emerging positioning is relative to high-stakes testing shapes perception of pedagogical agency.

Design/methodology/approach
Data were generated through a series of semi-structured interviews with an early career fourth-grade teacher, Ms Moore, in a school facing pressure to raise test scores. Using theoretical lenses of narrative positioning and a linguistic anthropological centering of constraint and emergence, 67 narratives of accountability were analyzed, with particular focus on how Ms Moore positioned herself relative to other actors involved in high-stakes testing and the consequent rights and duties these positions afforded.

Findings
In narrating the constraints of high-stakes testing, Ms Moore positioned herself relative to three groups involved in high-stakes testing: "purposefully tricky" test creators, "disjointed" administrators and "worried" students. The rights and duties associated with three positions varied with respect to two dimensions – proximity and hierarchy – in turn providing her distinct resources for responding to the pedagogical constraints of high-stakes testing.

Practical implications
Teachers might use positioning analysis as a tool to locate possibilities for agency amidst high-stakes testing, both by exploring the resources afforded by their positioning and by considering how alternative positions might afford different resources.

Originality/value
These findings suggest that high-stakes testing serves as a dynamic and perhaps malleable constraint to teacher agency. Teacher positioning, particularly relative to hierarchy and proximity, provides possible resource for responding to such constraints.


The paper presents computer simulation-based findings on the teeming speed effect on the formation of the ingot structure and inner defects. It is reported that for a top-poured ingot, the average teeming speed (1.4-2.0 m/sec) proves to be the best choice as it is accompanied with a decreased number of surface defects and an increased metal yield resulting from a decreased shrinkage cavity.


The ring-opening polymerizations of trimethylene (TMC) and tetramethylene (7CC) carbonates using [(BDIiPr)Zn(N(SiMe3)2)] (BDIiPr = 2-((2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amido)-4-((2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-imino)-2-pentene) as catalyst precursor, in the presence of benzyl alcohol (BnOH) as co-initiator, have been investigated by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This computational study highlights that the zinc-amido precursor is by itself a poor catalyst whereas the alkoxide analogue, obtained upon alcoholysis of the Zn–N bond by BnOH, is very active. For both TMC and 7CC, the initiation and the first propagation steps have been computed. In each case, the reaction proceeds via two transition states, involving nucleophilic attack of the alkoxide group followed by the ring-opening of the cyclic carbonates. Thus TMC and 7CC undergo a similar ROP process with accessible energy barriers. The analysis of the reaction mechanisms and energy profiles indicates that the relaxation of the growing polymer chain is an important feature, making the overall reaction exergonic (7CC) or athermic (TMC). This exothermicity difference predicts that 7CC is slightly more easily polymerizable than TMC, which is consistent with what is already known in the case of six- and seven-membered related lactones and previous experimental investigations on TMC and 7CC.


Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are recommended as first-line therapy for the management of asthma, although side-effects on prolong therapy may limit their use. Ciclesonide, (CIC) a novel pro-drug inhaled corticosteroid, exerts potent and prolonged local anti-inflammatory effects in the lungs, and is considered to have an improved safety and tolerability profile. The objective of the study is to evaluate the efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of ciclesonide and fluticasone in adult patients with moderate asthma in an open labelled comparative trial. As part of the methodology a total of 20 patients with moderate persistent asthma were randomly assigned in study. Initially stabilized on fluticasone propionate (FP) 250 µg twice a day, irrespective of earlier treatment offered, for a period of four weeks, there after patients were given the medication as per the protocol (Group I (n=10)- fluticasone 250μg BD, Group II (n=10)- ciclesonide 320μg once in evening). Patients were then followed up for a period of 12 weeks. The primary efficacy variables were changes in FEV1%, FEV1/FVC% ratio, PEFR%, ACS (asthma control symptom) score and asthma quality of life (QOL) score. The results include changes in lung function at the end of study in fluticasone and ciclesonide group respectively as compared to 0 week (baseline) values, FEV1% value (p*< 0.05, p**< 0.01), FEV1/FVC% value (p**< 0.01, p**< 0.01), PEFR% value (p**< 0.01, p**< 0.01), ACS score (p**< 0.01, p**< 0.01), AQOL score (p*< 0.05, p*< 0.05) . ICS fluticasone 250µg BD, and ciclesonide 320µg once in the evening are equally efficacious in improving lung functions, asthma symptoms and QOL. Adverse events were less in ciclesonide group, but it was a little bit expensive than fluticasone group. The conclusion of the study is that the ICS fluticasone and ciclesonide in medium dose are equally effective in reducing asthma symptoms, improving lung functions and QOL; ciclesonide is not superior to fluticasone as assumptions were made prior to study. Incidences of adverse effects observed were less in Ciclesonide group. Ciclesonide is a safer alternative ICS in moderate persistent asthma.


This paper indicates technology characteristics of wireless monitoring systems from the perception, the collection, transmission, control and management and raises new ideas that reliability, MTBF and adaptive technology are the basic measures for the industrial wireless measurement and control system.


93 A the concept of 'education for global citizenship' is being used with increasing frequency and confidence both in the literature and in public debate (see, for example, Qualifications, Curriculum and Assessment Authority for Wales, 2002) the concept itself remains quite fluid and inclusive, drawing on diverse roots in the world studies movement, citizenship education, notions of global citizenship, and programmes of personal, social and moral education. Historically, education for global citizenship in the United Kingdom was stimulated in the 1970s and 1980s by the world studies movement as reflected in the work of Richardson (1976) and Fisher and Hicks (1985). Fisher and Hicks (1985, p. 8) defined world studies as 'studies which promote the knowledge, attitudes and skills that are relevant to living responsibly in a multi-cultural and interdependent world'. Their notion of world studies included studying cultures and countries other than one's own (and the ways in which they are different from and similar to one's own), major issues which face different countries and cultures (for example, those to do with peace and conflict, development, human rights and the environment), and the ways in which everyday life and experience affect, and are affected by, the wider world. In the first major evaluation of world studies, conducted among over 200 teachers, Steiner (1992) found that teachers were quite selective regarding the aspects of the world studies curriculum which they included in their classroom practice. They were happy to incorporate teaching relating to the environment or to other cultures, but tended to ignore more complex global issues. Steiner (1992, p. 9) concluded that:


ARTICLES, authors and names of:— BAILEY, H. W., Analeota Indoscythioa, Part I, 95. DEOWBE, E. S., A Mandaean Bibliography, 34. HENNING, W. B., A new Parthian Inscription, 132. HONEYMAN, A. M., The Syntax of the Gezer Calendar, 52. INGHAM, K., The English Evangelicals and the Pilgrim-Tax in India. 1800-1862, 13. JOHNS, A., Nur al-Daka'ifc by the Sumatran mystic Shamsu'1-DIn ibn 'Abdullah, 137. KENSDALE, W. E. N., TWO South Arabian antiquities, 40. RICHARDSON, H. E., Tibetan inscriptions at 2va-hi Lha Khan, Part II, 1. SCHWABZSCHILD, L. A., Notes on the Future System in Middle IndoAryan, 42. SERJEANT, R. B., A Judeo-Arab House-deed from Habban, 117. WALES, H. 6. QTJASITCH, The Sacred Mountain of the Old Asiatic Religion, 23. WINSTBDT, R. 0., The date of the Malacca Legal Codes, 31.


This text analyzes the state of the Irish health care system at the end of the 20th century, and discusses what is needed for its development in the 21st. It addresses the future requirements for financing, organizing, legislating and managing the system.


The purpose of the present paper is to show that the two competing suffixes -ness and -ity differ significantly in productivity. It has been repeatedly shown that in Present-day English the suffix -ness is more productive than the suffix -ity. There are, however, only a few monographs which deal with the productivity of the two nominal suffixes from a historical point of view. Therefore, this paper will make a morphological and semantic analysis of the two suffixes -ness and -ity both in Chaucer and in Shakespeare and will investigate further the question whether or not a morphological or semantic restriction can be definitely established for the productivity of the two synonymous morphemes. 0. Elaborate and scholarly investigations on the productivity of the synonymous suffixes -ness and -ityl) have been made by many scholars. Matthews (1974), Aronoff (1976), Randall (1980), Reichl (1982), Kiparsky (1983), Romaine (1983), Van Marie (1985) and Shimamura (1991) all devote fruitful discussion to the suffixes in Present-day English. Riddle (1985) and Romaine (1985) deal with the productivity of the two competing suffixes from a historical point of view.2 Aronoff (1976) says that "the productivity of a WFR [=Word Formation Rule] is the result of the interplay of a complex of factors" 3) Most of the research works mentioned above discuss the productivity4) of the suffixes -ness and -ity mainly on the basis of Aronoff's proposal . The aim of the present paper is to discuss morphologically and semantically the


Measurement of Power is circuits is important. It is used to determine the efficiency of the system. There are different types of loads. One of them is a three-phase load. Three phases of electric power are the usual method of alternating current transmission and distribution. This method is a type of polyphase system and is most commonly used in electrical grids to transfer power. An advantage of three-phase systems over single-phase systems is the power delivered is constant, it gives higher output, has a higher power factor, has uniform torque and it requires fewer conductors. However, these systems cannot be measured easily. These systems require two or more wattmeter when being measured. This research will develop a MATLAB Optimization model to measure power in three phase circuits. A database for power capacity will be developed and optimization algorithms will be applied to it.


In this paper we introduce a graph structure, called subspace sum graph $\mathcal{G}(\mathbb{V})$ on a finite dimensional vector space $\mathbb{V}$ where the vertex set is the collection of non-trivial proper subspaces of a vector space and two vertices $W_1,W_2$ are adjacent if $W_1 + W_2=\mathbb{V}$. The diameter, girth, connectivity, maximal independent sets, different variants of domination number, clique number and chromatic number of $\mathcal{G}(\mathbb{V})$ are studied. It is shown that two subspace sum graphs are isomorphic if and only if the base vector spaces are isomorphic. Finally some properties of subspace sum graph are studied when the base field is finite.


A purple nonsulfur bacteria, strain K-3, was isolated from photodependent denitrifying sludge (PDDS) that was cultivated by fill and draw using methanol as H-donor fbr denitrificalion. It was identified as Rhodobacter sphaeroides by physiological examines and 16S rRNA analysis. With illumination, Strain K-3 has the capability to grow under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. However, strain K-3 does not have nitrate reduction capability. Additionally, strain K-3 cannot utilize methanol which is the main carbon source of PDDS. These factors suggest that strain K-3 interacts with other bacteria in PDDS in nutrient cycling. While strain K-3 in pure culture can degrade acid azo dyes With hght exposure, it cannot degrade acid azo dyes under dark conditions. Additionally, the presence of enzymes that can degrade dye chemicals under light conditions was discussed.


Primary hyperoxaluria type II is a recessive genetic disorder caused by mutations in the GRHPR gene. Although several dozen mutations have been described, all affect coding or transcript splicing. A man suspected of having primary hyperoxaluria type II was heterozygous for a novel single‐nucleotide deletion (c.694delC) in GRHPR affecting Gln232, which introduced a pre‐mature termination (p.Gln232Argfs*3). Two 5′untranslated region (UTR) variants of unknown significance were also noted. We show that these two variants occur in cis, on the opposite allele, and introduce – immediately upstream of the canonical translation initiation site – a novel out‐of‐frame translational start site. In vitro studies using the GRHPR 5′UTR fused to a luciferase reporter show that the variant start site pre‐empted initiation at the canonical translational start site, and this was corroborated within the broader context of 1.3 kb of the GRHPR proximal promoter. This latter mechanism may be underappreciated in general; reports of clinically significant functional variation of this type are extremely rare.


In the process of software testing, it requires a lot of manpower and time to design test cases. Test cases of high similarities can be modified to reduce the workload of test case design, and improve the test efficiency. A test case reuse method based on function calling path is proposed. According to the change functions and the correlation functions it determined the changed path to be tested. It selected the function calling path which has high degree of similarity with the changed path to be tested from the original function calling path set. The collection of reusable test cases were determined according to mapping relationship between function calling path and test case, and the reusable test cases were modified to cover the change paths. Experimental results have validated the effectiveness of the proposed test case reuse method, and further reduce the workload of designing test cases and regression testing costs.


To denote the frame parts or basic structure of vehicle, the chassis has utilized. It is a keystone of the vehicle and a vehicle without the body is known to be Chassis. Chassis frame is the central mounting forall the components including the body. Hence it is also known as Carrying Unit (CU). The loads that will be acted on the frame are, loads with the short duration and momentary duration which will be occurduringthe curve taking, Impact loads due to the vehicle collision, static loads due to the parts of chassis and Over loads. Generally, the Chassis will be failed due to these loads.Hence, by modifying the current design with reverse engineering to collect for the heavy duty truck having the capacity of 10 Tonthe data we will be going to rectify those failures. We also conductthe structural analysis for the conventional material structural steel and one of the composite material for mitigating the chassis weight and stresses known as aluminum alloy material.Pro/Engineer tool is utilized for the modeling and assembly followed by Ansys analysis.


Studies on conditional relative survival (CRS) in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) have hitherto been lacking in the literature. We predicted up‐to‐date estimates of 5‐year RS at diagnosis and for each additional year survived (i.e., CRS) up to 15 years post‐diagnosis among CLL patients diagnosed during 2007–2020. We showed that 5‐year CRS continues to decline gradually with each additional year survived in a contemporary era with access to novel‐based agents, irrespective of age. This finding indicates that CLL patients continue to experience substantial excess mortality compared to an age‐ and sex‐matched group from the general population.


Surface acoustic waves (SAW) on piezoelectric substrates find widespread application for high frequency signal processing applications. Recently, SAW induced streaming for actuation and agitation of smallest amounts of fluids has attracted considerable attention in the field of microfluidics. This streaming causes stirring in the fluid and induces mixing, even for very low Reynolds numbers [1,2]. Apart from single crystal substrates like LiNbO3, low cost, high quality alternatives are required for on-chip bio-sensor applications. As an alternative, zinc oxide layers deposited by rf magnetron sputtering hold the promise of cheaper production and easier integration into the assembly. For a SAW driven setup it is particularly important to optimize the polycrystalline piezoelectric film with respect to its composition, orientation and morphological uniformity. Stoichiometric ZnO is a perfect semiconductor, oxygen deficient ZnO is a transparent conductor. Even smallest amounts of impurities (e.g. Al) could lead to a conductivity and a short circuit of the interdigital transducers (IDT) which generate the SAW. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the film composition to find suitable deposition parameters. Here, ZnO layers were deposited by rf magnetron sputtering from a ceramic ZnO target. Fig. 1 shows the composition of ZnO films grown at different temperatures, a sputtering power of 250 Watt and a pressure of 1.2 Pa. The inset shows the composition of ZnO layers on silicon deposited at room temperature in 1.2 Pa argon atmosphere with different sputtering power examined by ERD analysis.


Unit 1 Relationships Unit 2 In the media Unit 3 Home sweet home Unit 4 Wealth Unit 5 Spare time Unit 6 Travel tales Unit 7 Lifelong learning Unit 8 Making changes Unit 9 On the job Unit 10 Memories of you


Household saving, which is a part of national saving, is expected to contribute to economic growth significantly. Its share in the total national savings of Pakistan, during 1960-90, was about 83 percent, ( and in gross national product it varied between 6.6 percent and 10 percent, in the early 1980s.2 This is a significantly high proportion considering the meagre total national saving ratio in Pakistan. The analysis of savings is a controversial issue. First. there is no standard empirical definition of household savings. Should consumer durables be considered a part of household saving? Should human capital be considered a part of household saving? These are important questions. Answers to these questions will be useful for the analysis of consumer preferences and for public policy. The rationale for the inclusion of consumer durables as a' part of household saving is that they are like productive assets purchased in order to provide for a flow of services. Similarly, human capital is expected to raise labour productivity and its future income and consumption. The second issue is the response of each component of saving to changes in economic and demographic factors. 3 For example, jewellery and assets may respond differently to changes in economic and/or social conditions. Third, since the theoretical literature defines saving as a residual there is no standard functional form of the empirical saving function. In this paper, we estimate different functional forms to analyse savings behaviour in Pakistan. Earlier studies on savings in Pakistan are either outdated or they concentrate on urban households only except for the study by Burney and Khan (1992).4 This study, based on 1985 survey data, covers urban and rural areas and incorporates economic and demographic variables. Our study differs from Burney and Khan (1992) in the following respects: First, Burney and Khan concentrate on a single year, i.e., 1985, whereas we are analysing savings behaviour for the years 1969-


This paper proposes a digital controller with sliding mode pulsed current averaging scheme for high-brightness (HB) light emitting diodes (LED) IC drivers. The digital controller implements a control method to adjust the 'on time' of the active switch based on the comparison of output current and a reference current. The idea is to increase or decrease the duty cycle by discrete pulses in order to control the average current being delivered to the load. A variable frequency boost converter in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) has been used to handle the required load current. No external analog-to-digital (A/D) converter is required for the application


Test Drive is a two years old event co-funded by the Science and Technology Ministry within the Spanish Navigation Systems Forum, co-ordinated by ANFAC (Car and lorries makers Spanish Association). The goal of this initiative is to test in real scenarios within Spanish roads, the coverage and quality of TMC messages received from dynamic navigator systems.


Objective: To investigate the laboratory characteristic in children who infected rotavirus,and provide laboratory data for clinical use.Method: 1764 stool specimen of diarrhoea children was collected,and rotavirus antigen,blood routine,stool routine and clinical biochemistry were determined.Result: In 1764 stool specimen,rotavirus antigen positive rate was 42.6%,in all rotavirus antigen positive stool,yellow stool was 473(62.9%),watery stool and mashed stool were 502(68.1%).In 751 rotavirus infected children,whose peripheral blood neutrophilic,liver function,and cardiac enzyme elevated was 74.1%±16.7,22.8%,and 26.7%,respectively.Conclusion: In rotavirus infected children,their stool mainly was yellow,watery,and mashed stool,hardly had mucus,red blood cell and white blood cell in the stool.their peripheral blood neutrophilic,liver function and cardiac enzyme were elevated.


In recent years there has been a growing interest in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). Recent advancements in the field of sensing, computing and communications have attracted research efforts and huge investments from various quarters in the field of WSN. Also sensing networks will reveal previously unobserved phenomena. Network's lifetime depends on energy efficiency and load balancing of wireless sensor network. The main aim of clustering is to provide the scalability and reduce energy consumption. Cluster head consume more energy as compare to non cluster head nodes. Proper selection of cluster head increases the network lifetime and energy efficiency. This paper provides an overview of clustering, cluster head election mechanisms and LEACH protocol.


It is disclosed a lighting device for a vehicle. The apparatus comprises a closure frame which is configured for engaging in an opening which is formed by a body of the vehicle. A light source is arranged near an edge of the closure frame, so that a light emission is projected from the light source through a gap between the closure frame and the car body. The emission is projected through the gap in response to the fact that the closing frame is arranged in a gap wide open position.


Adventitious shoots of carnation (Dainthus coryphylus Linn.) were regenerated via direct organogenesis from shoot-tip and nodal segment of in vitro raised shoots by culturingthem on MS medium supplemented with various combinations at different concentrations of plant growth regulators. The optimum medium for shoot induction from the shoot tip as well as nodal segment was found to be MS medium supplemented with 0.5 gm/1NAA, 0.5 gm/1 Kinetin and 0.5 mg/1 GA3. This medium produced normal shoots with no signs of hyperhydricity. The maximum rooting response from the in vitro raised shoots was found on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/1 IbA. Among the different carriers tested for successful transfer of in vitro raised plantlets, higher survival rate of 90% was recorded in the carrier vermiculite followed by cocopeat (85%).


Considerable attention has been given to the Carnian (Late Triassic) Pluvial and Reingraben events associated with organic-rich shale accumulation in the Germanic basin, Alps, southern Appenines as well as in northwestern Tethyan margins. Less interest has been shown to the southern Tethyan portion represented by the northern margin of Africa, including Tunisia. Tunisian basins represented by the Tellian domain, Tunisian trough, the 'Dorsale', and the North–South Axis (NOSA) belong to the southern Tethyan margin, where northern and central areas record the early Carnian anoxic event within an extensive carbonate platform. This short-lived (~2 million year) period of anoxia ranges within the Aonoides to Austriacum ammonite zones, and corresponds in Tunisia generally to intermediate to shallow water environments marked by organic-rich black limestone, dolomite, and shale. Interestingly, toward the south, the dysaerobic conditions in the Jeffara–southern Dahar basin appear to have prevailed locally also in the early Carnian. Here we review evidence of early Carnian anoxia in Tunisia based on the analysis of more than 17 Triassic sections and wireline logs from several petroleum exploration wells penetrating the black dolomites, limestones, and shales. In addition, biostratigraphic and complete geochemical reviews have been undertaken from published papers and unpublished internal reports to better assess this important and promising hydrocarbon source interval.


Applied economics is both an art and a science. It requires a sound knowledge of economic theory, statistical techniques and data sources, together with an appreciation that behavioural changes can alter apparently established economic relationships. In this book leading economists illustrate the diversity of the subject, and present a series of studies that demonstrate a range of techniques and their applications to economic policy. It contains chapters which explore approaches to macroeconomic modelling analyses of corporate performance, new estimates of the evolution of incomes in the UK since the eighteenth century and assessments of the role of applied economics in guiding macroeconomic policy. All the chapters were specially commissioned to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the Department of Applied Economics at the University of Cambridge, and the contributions to the book are a fitting tribute to the work instigated by Sir Richard Stone and carried forward by his successors.


In this paper, study of the second order statistics of the Nakagami-Hoyt fading channel model (Nakagami-q model) is considered. Expressions for the level crossing rate (LCR) as well as the average duration of fades (ADF) are derived. It is shown that the obtained analytical quantities best fit the corresponding measurement data for an equivalent mobile satellite channel in the case of an environment with heavy shadowing. This leads to the conclusion that the Nakagami-q model is applicable to realistic mobile communication channels. A simple and efficient deterministic simulation model based on the Rice's sum of sinusoids, which enables the emulation of the fading envelope of the Nakagami-q model with the desired statistics, is also described. A very good agreement is obtained between the simulated, analytical, and experimental statistics.


Objective: The objective of this in vitro study was to compare modulus of elasticity of CAD /CAM milled, 3D printed and flexible pressed resins. Materials and Methods: eighteen rectangular specimens with specific measurement (65mm X 10mm X 3 mm) were constructed from different resin denture base materials and divided into 3 groups (6 specimens for each group). Group I contained the CAD/CAM milled resin specimens, Group II contained 3D printed specimens and Group III contained polyamide flexible resin. The specimens were evaluated by the three-point bending test on universal testing machine (INSTRON) to calculated modulus of elasticity. Data was analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's pair-wise post-hoc tests. Results: The modulus of elasticity values of all groups ranged from 845.5 MPa to 2962.3 MPa. There were significant differences among the tested resin denture base materials. CAD/CAM milled materials had the highest modulus of elasticity, while the polyamide pressed materials had the lowest. The 3D-printed acrylics materials had lower modulus of elasticity values than CAD/CAM milled materials. Conclusion: The CAD/CAM milled and 3D printed denture base resins showed higher modulus of elasticity when evaluated with polyamide pressed materials.


Fibers and foams are commonly used in commercial solutions in acoustic applications because of their excellent sound absorption coefficient at high frequencies [1, 2]. The present study focuses on improving sound absorption property of lightweight concrete by adding coconut fibers in different proportions (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) in a concrete where fine aggregate is replaced by 7% perlite. Gypsum is added to replace 10% cement to make the concrete lightweight and also to perform as a good sound absorber. A foaming agent is also added to improve the porous property of the concrete [2]. Acoustic absorption coefficient is determined using impedance tube method-ISO 105341:1996 [7]. The responses from the tests performed are compared and the results are analyzed. The results shows that addition of fiber increases sound absorption property and also addition of perlite and gypsum which makes the concrete lightweight also have a significant impact.


A 53-year-old woman was referred to our hospital because of an increasing number of facial skin papules on her cheeks and ears. A biopsy was taken from several of these papules. The location of these lesions combined with the histology confirmed the diagnoses fibrofolliculomas (Fig. 1A and B). Except for facial papules since the age of 26 years, her medical history was unremarkable. The familial history was negative for renal cancer and spontaneous pneumothorax. She never smoked. Her father died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 73 years and her mother of cardiac failure at age 85. Based on the histology and location of the skin lesions, the patient was clinically diagnosed as having Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome (BHD). Therefore, she was referred for CT abdomen with i.v. contrast, which showed a solid interpolar tumour in the lower pole of the right kidney, with a diameter of 19 mm, classified as T1N0Mx (Fig. 2). The slices through the basal parts of the lungs revealed multiple lung cysts (Fig. 3). Figure 1. Figure 2.


Droplet train impingement is a fundamental approach to mimic the complicated interactions between the fluid and the substrate in advanced thermal engineering applications in industry. Differently from previous studies, the main original contribution of this study is to perform an inclined droplet train impingement on a non-uniformly heated surface. Ethanol was used as the liquid for droplet train impingement applications, while glass substrate was selected as the target surface. The inclined flow angle was 63 degrees. Both optical and thermographic observations were performed on the target surface by focusing on the droplet impact area. Three experimental sets were created with the Weber numbers 667.57, 841.90, and 998.01. A surface temperature range was selected between 85.00 °C and 200.00 °C, which was above the boiling point of the ethanol. The maximum spreading length was measured at 0.97 mm at the surface temperature of 82.00 °C for the experiment with the Weber number of 998.01, whilst the minimum spreading length was found at 0.18 mm at the highest surface temperature for the experiment with the Weber number of 667.57. A uniform splashing direction was observed above 170.00 °C for all experiments, which meant that the sign of the transition regime appeared.


Structuralism exists, Levi-Strauss claims in the shadow of Rousseau, to return man to nature, and deconstruction makes its debut as a challenge to structuralism, most specifically, the structural anthropology of Levi-Strauss. Derrida dedicates Of Grammatology to a critique of the "age of Rousseau," the age of anthropology, in which the concept, "Man," reaches its greatest power as an explanatory category. Structuralism is in Derrida's view only the latest phase in Western logocentrism, and his early essay, "Sign, Structure, and Play in the Discourse of the Human Sciences," attacks the notion of structure with which Levi-Strauss hopes to reconcile nature and culture. The central issue in the disagreement between Levi-Strauss and Derrida is the explanatory status of the anthropological.' Much has been written about their debate, but its ethical dimension has been largely ignored. The declared Rousseauism of Levi-Strauss is not merely an idiosyncratic preference for one historical figure,


Hypothesis / aims of study This novel study evaluated the safety and performance of the newly developed wireless tibial neurostimulator, intended for home care use, for the treatment of patients with OAB. OAB affects millions of people worldwide with neuromodulation offering a minimally invasive and reversible treatment option for patients who have failed first-line therapy. Multiple neuroanatomical pathways have been described for neuromodulation including the S3 nerve root, pudendal nerve and tibial nerve (1), with limited and preliminary publications on implantable tibial nerve stimulators (2,3). A novel peripheral tibial neurostimulator (BlueWind Medical Ltd.) for the treatment of OAB was recently developed. The system composed of an implant, which is wirelessly powered by an external control unit (ECU) that controls the therapeutic parameters and is worn by the patient during treatment at home. A Physician Programmer is used to remotely set individual stimulation parameters for each patient to optimize therapeutic outcome (Figure 1).


This report, based on a six-month field study, discusses devel opments now under way in West Germany's Adult Education Cen ters. The article employs a comparative approach that takes account of trends in Europe and North America. It puts these developments into a philosophical framework, noting concern that Germany may provide a real-life example of the dangers foreseen by such prophets of adult education as Paulo Freire, Ivan Illich, and John Ohliger.


This paper presents the construction and the instrumentation of a virtual reality simulator for training operators of grain harvesters. Data entry is accomplished by using a custom interface with the same characteristics of the control panel of a real harvester. The simulator is mounted on a moving platform that reacts according to the Virtual Environment ground. Preliminary tests show the effectiveness of the method used for instrumentation and communication between the virtual environment and the interaction devices.


This project was conducted at the Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, and sought to improve the Maori health curriculum with particular regard to assessment. Specifically, the project aimed to: (1) develop two new assessment tasks and associated marking schedules; (2) pilot these assessment methods in a clinical learning environment, with associated development and support for clinicians in the pilot areas; (3) modify the assessment methods and tools as appropriate; (4) implement the assessment tasks and associated staff development at different clinical teaching sites; (5) evaluate the new methods of assessment; and (6) refine the tools and develop recommendations for expansion into other clinical teaching settings.


: An efficient and facile method for the synthesis of 3-(alkyldimethylsilylprop-2-en-1-yl)diphenylphosphine oxides and diethyl 3-(alkyldimethylsilylprop-2-en-1-yl)phosphonates with alkyl (methyl or butyl), alkenyl (allyl or vinyl) and ethynyl group at silicon is presented. An example of application of these synthons in the synthesis of dienyl silanes is given.


The objective of this study was evaluate the quality of cherries cv Ambrunes (cherries perforated) covered with edible coatings based on zeina and carnauba wax emulsion, appliied in the form of immersion and pulverization and storage in controlled environment with temperature 5 oC ± 0,5 oC and humidity 90 - 95 %. The parameters used to evaluate the quality of the fruits were: soluble solid, titratable acidity, loss of weight, soluble solid relation / titratable total acidity and fungal deterioration. The fruits were evaluated until the 52nd day of conservation. The treatment that used the emulsion carnauba wax was superior in all of the parameters when compared with the control fruits and the fruits coatings with zeina. The coating based on zeina provoked an acceleration in the ripening of the fruits and presented fungal deterioration since the 24th day storage. It was also noticed that this form of cherries without the peduncle (cherries perforated) commercialization, represents a bigger possibility of fungal contamination trought the injured area. The emulsion of carnauba wax retarded the deterioration until the 45th day of conservation, showed while the better treatment.


Submitted for the DFD09 Meeting of The American Physical Society An eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) for the simulation of the flow of viscoelastic fluids with suspended particles YOUNG JOON CHOI, MARTIEN HULSEN, HAN MEIJER, Eindhoven University of Technology — We present an eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) combined with DEVSSG/SUPG formulations for the direct numerical simulation of the flow of viscoelastic fluids with suspended rigid particles. In this method, the finite element shape functions are extended through the partition of unity method (PUM) by using virtual degrees of freedom as the enrichment for the description of discontinuities across interface. For the whole computational domain including both the fluid and particles, we use a regular mesh which is not boundary-fitted. Then, the fluid domain and the particle domain are fully decoupled by using the XFEM enrichment procedures. The no-slip boundary condition on the interface between fluid and rigid body is realized by using constraints implemented with Lagrange multipliers. For moving particle problems, we incorporate a temporal arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) scheme without the need of any re-meshing. Furthermore, local mesh refinements around the interface are achieved using grid deformation methods, in which the number of elements is not increased. We show the motion of a freely moving particle suspended in a Giesekus fluid between two rotating cylinders. We investigate the effect of the Weissenberg number in this problem, and the effects of the mobility parameter and particle size on the migration of particles. Young Joon Choi Eindhoven University of Technology Date submitted: 07 Aug 2009 Electronic form version 1.4


The purpose of this research was to reveal how the construction process of symbolic representation and verbal representation made by students in problem solving. The construction process in this study referred to the problem-solving stage by Polya covering; 1) understanding the problem, 2) devising a plan, 3) carrying outthe plan, and 4) looking back. This research was qualitative research by getting involved 4 students of Junior High School class VIII. This study obtained results that the construction process of symbolic representation made by students since in the process of understanding the problem. In understanding the problem, students were able to identify the problem well. Then students could make the symbol used as a variable that the value was not known. By using the symbol students could perform a series of calculation to obtain the value of the symbol. Symbols created by students were very helpful and facilitated students in solving problems. While in the construction process, verbal representation was done by students since the process of understanding the problem. The form of verbal representation was manifested by writing down all information known from a slightly changed problem because they used a language that they understood more. Based on the known information, students could plan and performed a series of calculations using written sentences so that the problems could be solved properly.


Scholars have asserted that family relationships may have a prominent role in fostering prosocial behaviors. However, there is limited research on the quality of relationships with fathers and siblings in predicting prosocial behaviors, particularly in U.S. Mexican samples. Furthermore, culture-related mechanisms are rarely considered in examining these relations. The present study examines the associations between family relationship quality and U.S. Mexican young adults' prosocial behaviors. Participants included 186 U.S. Mexican young adults who completed measures of parental acceptance, sibling intimacy, familism values, ethnic identity resolution, and prosocial behaviors. Relationship quality was positively associated with greater endorsement of familism values. In turn, familism values were positively associated with ethnic identity resolution, and ethnic identity resolution was associated with multiple forms of prosocial behaviors. These results highlight the importance of examining multiple sources of socialization and culture-related processes as mechanisms that may predict positive social outcomes in U.S. Mexican young adults.


We calculate azimuthal asymmetries in back-to-back production of $J/\psi$ and a photon in electron-proton scattering process at the future electron-ion collider (EIC) using TMD factorization framework. We consider the cases where the proton is unpolarized or transversely polarized. For the formation of $J/\psi$, non-relativistic QCD (NRQCD) is used. We find that the cross-section gets contribution from only one color octet state, as a result, the azimuthal modulations become independent of the long-distance matrix elements (LDMEs), and thus can be used to probe, in particular the gluon TMDs which are dominant in this kinematics. We show estimates of the upper bounds of different azimuthal asymmetries using the positivity bounds on TMDs. In addition, we show estimate of asymmetries using the Gaussian parametrization of the TMDs.


The gl. sublingualis and the gl. submandibularis in a human embryo of 3 or 4 months are found as simple branched duct systems sporadically arranged in the loose connective tissue, and their alveoli are formed by undifferentiated gland cells arranged in one row. In the gl. sublingualis, however, some mucosal cells are already formed. The large ducts of these glands are lined by a double-rowd cubic or cylindrical epithelium, but the intercalated and the secretory ducts of the submandibular gland are not yet differentiated and are lined by a single-rowed cubic epithelium. These glands are abundantly provided with blood vessels and nerves.The ganglion submandibulare is extremely well developed and stretching toward the sublingual gland, forms the so-called ganglion sublinguale. Small ganglia are also found migrated into many places in the n. lingualis. More or less thick nerve bundles are found running out of these ganglia into the submandibular and the sublingual glands, and small ganglia are frequently found in these bundles too.The nerve cells in the ganglia are already in a considerably high development. They are in the form of multipolar cells with 3-5 nerve processes and contain each one or sometimes two large nuclei, which are usually eccentric or marginal-standing and show as yet no formation of nucleoli within them. Fine nerve fibrillar nets are contained in the cell bodies.The short processes from the nerve cells are not yet in the stage of ramification, but running only a short course, and in sharp points. One or sometimes two long nerve processes are sent out per cell. The accessory cell plasmodium (STOHR) is as yet very poorly developed, being provided with one or two cell nuclei around a nerve cell. These nuclei are presumed to increse in number with the differentiation of the short processes. The connective tissue capsule covering such a plasmodium is also still very poorly developed.The nerve bundles running in the ganglia submandibulare and sublinguale are already very conspicuously formed. These always consist of fine vegetative fibres, which show mutual nervous anastomosis here and there. The bundles contain chromatin-poor club-shaped SCHWANN's nuclei rather frequently.The external vegetative fibres coming into the ganglia also undergo frequent anastomosis and gradually losing in size, develop finally into the pericellular terminal reticulum common to a number of nerve cells. This reticulum is formed of fine nerve fibrils showing frequent change in size and forming an irregular mesh-work. No direct connection seems to exist between the reticulum and the nerve cells.The fibres in the numerous bundles running into the two glands comprise both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres, but it is impossible to distinguish between the two kinds. The development of the vegetative periarterial plexus formed around the arteries is already much advanced. This plexus here and there anastomosis with the vegetative nerve bundles mentioned above.The termination of the vegetative fibres distributed in the salivary glands is also represented by the STOHR's terminal reticulum formed of finest fibrills and extending cordwise. The mesh-work of the reticulum in the glands is finer and more regular than that of the pericellular terminal reticulum above. SCHWANN's nuclei are frequently found in this reticulum too. The terminal reticulum is in particularly good formation around the alveoli and the ducts of the glands and diffuses closely in contact of the epithelial cells, but apparently never send out side branches into their cell bodies. The terminal reticulum stands in tactile control over the smooth muscle fibres in the arterial walls, and is frequently found in the mucous membrane of the bottom of the oral cavity too.The sensory fibres originating in the n. lingualis, though as yet unprovided with myelin sheaths, are much thicker than the vegetative fibres.


Objectives: This study aims to examine patients with gastrointestinal system (GIS) bleeding and evaluate the appropriate treatment methods. Materials and methods: This retrospective study included 164 patients (99 males, 65 females; mean age 66.87 years; range, 21 to 97 years) with GIS bleeding. Demographic characteristics, complaints, habits, duration of hospitalization, and medications used by patients were determined from the files. The effects of hemogram, biochemistry, coagulation, age, gender, and endoscopic findings on mortality were investigated. The effects of endoscopic findings and presence of additional diseases on blood transfusion and other treatment modalities, duration of hospitalization, and mortality were also investigated. Results: Of the patients with GIS bleeding, 48.8% applied to our hospital with complaint of melena, 24.4% of melena and hematemesis, 15.8% of hematemesis, 6.1% of hematochezia, and 4.9% of syncope. Mean duration of hospitalization was 4.65±4.14 days. While endoscopy was performed in 98.2% of the patients, endoscopy could not be performed in 1.8% of the patients who could not be stabilized. Conclusion: Bleeding control is important to reduce mortality in patients with GIS bleeding. We believe that particularly endoscopic intervention contributes positively in reducing such patients' mortality and morbidity.


Literature articles are articles used to create research hypotheses about relationships between variables that will be used in further research within the framework of. The writing method of this literature review article is the library search method from online media such as Google Scholar, Mendeley and other online academic media. The findings of this literature review article are: 1) the environment affects adolescents' morals and behaviors; 2) parenting affects adolescents' morals and behaviors; in addition to these two exogenous variables affecting attitudes and behaviors endogenous variables, there are other factors, including associations, mindset, heredity, and heredity.


ABSTRACT The aim was to establish which postural and physical activity outcomes are comparable across different accelerometer brands worn on the thigh when processed using open-source methods. Twenty participants wore four accelerometers (Axivity, ActiGraph, activPAL, GENEActiv) for three free-living days. Postural and physical activity outputs (average acceleration, intensity gradient, intensity of the most active 30 min, 60 min, and 8 h) were generated. Postural outputs: Mean absolute percent errors (MAPEs) were low, reliability excellent, and equivalency within the 5% zone across all monitor pairings for sitting/lying and upright times, but not specific lying postures. Physical activity outputs: MAPEs were higher and reliability lower than for sitting/lying and upright time. However, the majority of the outcomes were within the 10% equivalency zone for Axivity/GENEActiv and Axivity/ActiGraph pairings. Total sitting/lying and upright times show strong potential for harmonization across studies utilizing different thigh-worn accelerometers. The majority of acceleration outcomes compare well for Axivity, GENEActiv, and ActiGraph.


The corrosion behavior and mechanism of a new nickel base superalloy have been
studied at 550℃ and 700℃ in the synthetic coal ash/flue gas environments. The results indicate that
low temperature hot corrosion of the alloy occurs at 550℃ and develops as pitting attack resulted from
sulfidation mechanism. The frontal attack at 700℃ consists of two successive stages. The corrosion
of specimen follows the oxidation and sulfidation mechanism during the initial stage. The protective
Cr_2O_3 film forms on the surface of the alloy and the internal sulfidation takes place. The severe
low temperature hot corrosion happens due to the presence of molten CoSO_4 during the accelerated
stage. The porous and loose external scale and the compact internal scale consist of spinels and oxides,
respectively. The sulfides of Cr, Ti and Nb precipitate at the front of oxides and in Cr--depletion zone.
The rapid degradation of corrosion resistance of the alloy is attributed to the dissolution of both cobalt
and cobalt oxide on the surface.


The efficacy of a 6‐week rehabilitation program was evaluated in 100 consecutive patients, age 15–42 years, with acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Arthroscopy revealed associated lesions in 82% of the patients. Except for resections on menisci with large and unstable lesions, no surgery was performed. The patients were randomly assigned to supervised training or self‐monitored training after instruction. Results: At the 6‐week follow‐up there was no difference between the groups with regard to pain at rest, pain during walking, or experience of giving‐way episodes, Tegner activity level or Lysholm knee score. Only 2 of the 100 patients were observed without joint mobility restriction. The only significant difference between the groups was the improvement of muscle function in men in the supervised training group. Conclusion: Six weeks' rehabilitation is too short a time period from original injury to obtain normal mobility and restored knee function.


Ten managerial textbooks copyrighted since 1986 are reviewed using these criteria: microeconomic theory range and depth; optional topics included; mathematical rigor; and support materials.


The great lockdown of the current COVID-19 pandemic has significant consequences on the global Higher Education Studies (HES).To find the relevance of eLearning in the HES, our study calculates the economic costs of higher education during Covid-19 in Bangladesh, which includes both stu-dents' cost and institutional cost. The study used a purposive random sample survey conducted on 105 students enrolled in higher education in different categories of institutions to identify the stu-dents' cost during this pandemic. The institutional cost of higher education is analyzed by breaking down the budget allocated in the education sector in Bangladesh and reviewing the literature. The result indicates that the HES of Bangladesh experiences a huge economic cost due to this pandemic and the study found eLearning can reduce the economic impact of HES. In the post-COVID-19 world, higher education will never be the similar because many institutions that already had experi-ence a huge advantage from online education. The findings of the study might be helpful for the policymakers to frame effective education policies during any bizarre situation that creates huge cost in higher education sector.


This study aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among Brazilian dentists. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with data from the survey with 40,271 dentists by the Federal Council of Dentistry of Brazil between June 25 and July 3, 2020. The research involved two sets of questions, addressing sociodemographic characteristics and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in dental practice. A total of 65.2% of dentists were women and 49.3% were between 30.1 and 50 years old. Thirty-nine percent graduated in the last 10 years; 58% worked in a private practice (own or shared); 64.3% did not work with dental plans; and 72.2% continued working during the pandemic, but with restrictions. They had income between R$3,001 and R$10,000 (equivalent to US$564.81 to US$1,882.69) before the pandemic, 58% of dentists and 51.6% had income below R$3,000 (US$564.81) during the pandemic. Both before and during the pandemic, younger women (less time since graduation) reported lower income compared to men. The COVID-19 pandemic had a considerable impact on the income of dental surgeons throughout Brazil.


Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT) is a new treatment method for intestinal diseases, especially for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection(CDI), which is very effective.It can reconstruct the intestinal flora of patients and effectively correct the disorder of intestinal flora.In recent years, the clinical application of fecal transplantation has been more and more extensive.This paper reviews the development history, operation process, clinical application and adverse reactions of fecal transplantation.

Key words:
Bacteria; Feces; Transplantation; Bacillaceae infections; Colitis, ulcerative; Crohn disease; Bacillaceae infections; Review


The crystallographic dependence of the DC electric (E) field induced strain and phase transition in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-5.6%BaTiO3 (NBT-5.6%BT) single crystals has been investigated. An induced transition between pseudocubic and tetragonal structures was observed under E = 10 kV/cm for fields applied along the 〈001〉 direction, whereas an induced transition between pseudocubic and rhombohedral structures was observed when the E-field was applied along 〈111〉. Our results show near the morphotropic phase boundary that the phase stability of NBT-x%BT is dependent on the crystallographic direction along which E was applied.


During the past three years, the X-ray LD50(28) for five strains of mice was determined in thirty-three experiments. Since standardized methods were used throughout, it was permissible to bring together the data for each strain and to analyze them with respect to (1) the variability of the LD50(28), (2) the nature of the dose-effect curve, and (3) the temporal distribution of deaths after irradiation. The strains used are considered to be genetically stable and distinct, and major differences in their sensitivity to X-rays are therefore likely to be a result of the differences in their genetic constitution.


The paper explains the design and the construction of a prototype of an end-ladder card for the ALICE SDD experiment. The final end-ladder card will receive an input dataset from the front-end electronics and will transmit the elaborated dataset through an optical channel to the counting room. The proposed prototype card includes an actual ALICE SDD end-ladder prototype card with all the components foreseen for the final version. This is designed together with an external larger card with all the testing equipment required for measurements in lab. The end-ladder card matches the final dimensions while the external larger one provides all the connectors and an optical receiver mirror unit for an easy-to-use complete system. The final optical modules are provided into the end-ladder prototype card and are composed of 2-photodiodes and 1-laser single-mode 1310 nm with their single mode fibers. Once the front end dataset enters the prototype, a small size digital rad-hard chip carries out a bidimensional compression and acts as a JTAG switch for the front end electronics. The incoming dataset is then compressed, packed, serialized and output via an 800 Mb/s optical link to the external receiver card of the prototype. The mirror receiver card deserializes the stream and reconstructs the original dataset before being compressed.


Transportation is an important feature that affects the quality of life. Huge increase in population, modernization in all aspects of life, and cities expansion lead to a more congested traffic that may be acceptable for in-emerging trips but enormous for emergency trips, especially for COVID 19 patients with severe respiratory symptoms. Smart transportation techniques offer solutions to the congestion problemsfor different modes of transportation and traffic management. In this paper, a smart traffic solution to the congestion problem in the major road to isolation hospital in Port Said City is presented.


Through many experimental and clinical studies, both in this country and abroad, there has evolved a technic for injecting, without open section, the majority of the important components of the nervous system. With this accepted and definite technic available, regional anesthesia became increasingly efficient and popular. Another result has been the application of these practices as a valuable adjunct to the practice of medicine and surgery along diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic lines. Just now, numerous conditions are being made the recipients of these methods the reported results of which are frequently contradictory and confusing. I shall here attempt, by a review of the literature on the subject, together with personal observations covering two years of its use, to estimate its present status. It is not within the scope of this paper to consider personal or reported statistics; the results shall be considered in a general way alone. TECHNIC The technic


The orbit-lattice interaction has been used to explain the temperature-dependent crystal-field parameter b 4 of Eu ++ in CaF 2 and SrF 2 . By admixing the excited 4 f 6 n s configuration, this theory is successful in explaining the temperature dependence of b 4 , but the theoretical estimate in the magnitude dependence is about a factor 10 3 smaller than the observed value. The covalency is believed to be the main source of this discrepancy. It is also shown that in the point-charge approximation, the effect due to thermal expansion is too small to account for the measured temperature-dependent part of b 4 .


The paper studies the negative consequences for the citizens' social and economic health caused by liquidating the city-forming sectors in the course of the economic restructuring taking place in coal-producing regions. The authors assess the social consequences of structural transformations and social reforms and describe the role which small business plays for people in local communities. The paper also describes the instruments used to study the problem, i.e. the public opinion polls carried out in local communities in monitoring regime. The authors present a technique to study public opinion concerning the assessment of the social and economic policy aimed at the rehabilitation of local communities, and analyze the experience of such sociological polls.


The objective of this study is to propose a contingency model which examines the moderating role of national culture in explaining how marketing alliance orientation influences marketing alliance sustain capability, which leads to marketing alliance performance. In order to test the hypothesized relationships in the contingency model of national culture, we collected 284 data from South Korea and Japan. Based on structural equation modeling approach, we found that (1) marketing alliance orientation that reflects as intangible corporate asset has a positive impact on marketing alliance sustain capability, and that (2) marketing alliance sustain capability has a positive impact on marketing alliance performance, and that (3) national culture reflected by uncertainty avoidance and individualism has a proposed moderating role in some cases. Thus, this study confirmed the importance of the role of national culture on the marketing alliance sustain capability-marketing alliance performance. The managerial and theoretical implications will be discussed.


Comparative analysis on the metabolism pathway between Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis was carried out according to KEGG(http: //www.genome.ad.jp/kegg) database.The results showed that they are of the similar mode in glycolytic pathway,citrate cycle(TCA cycle),pentose phosphate pathway and two-components induction system with participation of the different enzymes.This research result provides the theoretical basis for understanding the metabolism pathways of these two kinds of bacteria.


Purpose
Women make up about half of the overall workforce, but they are still underrepresented in higher pay, leadership and senior-level positions. Literature indicated genders are different in information processing, values, learning styles, behaviors and leadership styles. A customized women-only training program (WOTP) has been implemented cross-disciplinary; yet, the literature has limited discussions on the principle and outcome of WOTP. The purpose of this paper is to explore the purpose, application, challenges, advantages and disadvantages of WOTP.

Design/methodology/approach
Social learning theory was applied to investigate the fundamental principle of WOTP.

Findings
The implication of WOTP to human resource development (HRD) discipline was discussed, and three propositions were created in this paper.

Originality/value
This paper is expected to contribute to adult education and HRD research and practices on promoting gender equality in the workplace and to provoke dialogue about a training strategy – WOTP.


Corresponding Adress/İletişim Adresi: Baran Can SAĞLAM Bülent Ecevit Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi, Endodonti Anabilim Dalı Kozlu Esenköy Zonguldak, Turkey Phone/Tel: +90 372 261 3541 E-mail/E-posta: email@example.com ABSTRACT Presence of missed canals results in unsuccess root canal treatment because of insufficient cleaning and obturation. The incidence of a maxillary second molar with two palatal roots and a mandibular second premolar with three roots has been rarely reported in literature. This case report describes the endodontic management of a maxillary second molar with two buccal and two palatal roots and mandibular second premolar with three separate roots. Successful endodontic treatment requires a detailed knowledge of root canal anatomy to overcome the anatomic variations of the root canal system. This would help in reducing endodontic failure due to incomplete cleaning and obturation.


ABSTRACT Here the object biography of a scale model of an old Dutch colonial sugar factory directs us to the history of an extended family, and demonstrates the connectedness of people and identities across and within European imperial spaces in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This case study shows how people in colonial Indonesia became 'Dutch' through their social networks and cultural capital (for instance a European education). They even came to belong to the colonial and national Dutch elites while, because of their descent, also belonging to the British colonial and national elites. These intertwined Dutch and British imperial spaces formed people's identities and status: the family discussed here became an important trans-imperial patrician family with a broad imperial 'spatial imagination', diverse identities and social circles. It was mostly women who played important roles in these transnational processes— roles indeed that they played well into the early twentieth century when colonial empires ceased to exist and the nation-state became the 'natural' social and political form of the modern world, obscuring these transnational processes.


A slaughterhouse is one of the main sources of wastes in meat establishments where animals are killed for consumption as food products. Slaughtering animal processing industries generate a large volume of wastewaters containing very high concentrations of organic matter. In this study, the effect of various electrode materials on the electrocoagulation efficiency was investigated for the treatment of swine slaughterhouse wastewater. These electrodes include pure aluminum (Al), pure iron (Fe) and combination of aluminum – iron (Al – Fe). The performance of these electrodes was investigated in terms of electrocoagulation time, COD removal, electrode consumption, and current density. Additional parameters were also checked before and after treatment such as conductivity, turbidity, BOD, oil and grease, TSS and settleable solids. All electrodes gave more than 90% COD removal however, the pure aluminum electrode is the most efficient (97% removal). It also gave the least electrode consumption. Furthermore, the most efficient current density and time were found to be 25mA/cm2 and 100 minutes respectively. Overall the electrocoagulation treatment of swine slaughterhouse wastewater was successful in terms of reduction of all the parameters considered.


The receptors for human interleukins 3 and 5 and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor are composed of ligand-specific α-subunits and a common β-subunit (βc), the major signaling entity. The way in which βc interacts with ligands in the respective activation complexes has remained poorly understood. The recently determined crystal structure of the extracellular domain of βc revealed a possible ligand-binding interface composed of domain 1 of one chain of the βc dimer and the adjacent domain 4 of the symmetry-related chain. We have used site-directed mutagenesis, in conjunction with ligand binding and proliferation studies, to demonstrate the critical requirement of the domain 1 residues, Tyr15 (A-B loop) and Phe79 (E-F loop), in high affinity complex formation and receptor activation. The novel ligand-receptor interface formed between domains 1 and 4 represents the first example of a class I cytokine receptor interface to be composed of two noncontiguous fibronectin III domains.


Conclusions: The spinal cord tends to follow the straightest line through the imposed geometry of the spine. Considering the necessary angle of entry of the needle at mid-thoracic levels, there is relatively (more than at upper thoracic and lumbar levels) substantial separation of cord and surrounding thecal tissue. Most anaesthesiologists will perform spinal blockades up to the L2-L3 interspace, but reject the possibility of intrathecal drug delivery at higher levels for fear of neurological damage. The information that there is substantially more space in the dorsal subarachnoid space at thoracic level, might lead to potential applications in regional anaesthesia.


This invention relates seed layers and a process of manufacturing seed layers for casting silicon suitable for use in solar cells or solar modules. The process includes the step of positioning tiles with aligned edges to form seams on a suitable surface, and the step of joining the tiles at the seams to form a seed layer. The step of joining includes heating the tiles to melt at least a portion of the tiles, contacting the tiles at both ends of at least one seam with electrodes, using plasma deposition of amorphous silicon, applying photons to melt a portion of the tiles, and/or layer deposition. Seed layers of this invention include a rectilinear shape of at least about 500 millimeters in width and length.


Taylor and Francis Ltd LED_A_221861.sgm 10.1080/02601370701219418 International Journal of Lifelong Education 0260-1370 (pri t)/1464-519X (online) Original Article 2 07 & Francis 6 00Ma ch-April 2007 PeterJ rvis p.ja vis@ ur ey.ac.uk The European Commission (EC) has recently (23 October 2006) issued a communication on adult learning by the above title. This short paper is to be welcomed but also to be examined critically. It is clearly very good that the Commission has tried to clear up the conceptual anomaly in the way that it used the term 'lifelong learning' in its previous publications (EC 2000, EC 2001). Adult learning clearly fits with 'Education and Training' and 'Higher Education' as the three natural sections of lifelong education. But, there is still confusion over what constitutes education and what is learning that needs to be recognised – education is a social phenomenon whilst learning is an individual and human one. There is also the idea of social learning which is, perhaps, better regarded as individuals learning together from the same stimulus in a shared situation – but people still have their own individual experience. At the same time, it is to be hoped that the conceptual debates about the nature of adulthood need not be entered into here since a great deal of this was fully explored in the literature of adult education. Whilst the term has changed, there is a familiar ring about the content – to a considerable extent it is still on employment and employability, although there are references to the wider benefits of learning. It is within this context that the challenges that Europe faces are mentioned: competitiveness, ageing and social inclusion as a result of migration. It is a pity that the great European experiment of bringing people from twenty-seven nations together is not discussed within this framework. Perhaps Europe's greatest contribution to world peace lies here, as Delors (1996) stated clearly by making one of his four pillars of education 'learning to live together'. Of the other great challenges that we all face is the ecological one and also the global inequality exacerbated by the outcomes of the global neo-liberal economic system. The Commission offers five messages (an interesting word in this context!) to adult learning stakeholders and these are posited in terms of needs:


To alleviate the blindness of Linde-Buzo-Gray algorithm (LBG algorithm) while generating initial codebook,a new codeword splitting method based on covariance of training vector is proposed.Subset of training vector mapped to each codeword is recorded in the iteration step.In the codeword splitting step,covariance between column one and other columns of each subset is calculated and the corresponding codeword is split into twos according to the covariance.Experiment results show that the number of iteration and runtime of LBG algorithm are reduced about 10% by applying the new codeword splitting mechanism.


The difficulties in accommodating Indigenous cultural and intellectual property (ICIP) within traditional Anglo-Australian laws for copyright issues are discussed. It is suggested that the abolition of the permit system in the common areas of the Northern Territory and the 'reformation' of the Community Development Employment Projects (CDEP) by the Australian Federal Government in 2007 necessitate the establishment of a more meaningful and appropriate legal system to protect ICIP as Indigenous arts are intertwined with the social, linguistic, geographical and economic situation of Indigenous Australians.


Mishrif Formation is the main reservoir in oil-fields (North Rumaila, South Rumaila, Majnoon, Zubair and West Qurna) which located at Basrah southern Iraq. The Inductively coupled plasma-Mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) was used for the water chemistry analysis and Scanning Electron Microprobe (SEM) for the purpose of mineralogy diagnosis. A weak acidic water of salinity six-time greater than seawater plays a role in generating the formation pressure and controlling the fluid flow. The potentiometric subsurface maps were modeled and the direction of super-pressure sites that are of a great importance in the oil exploration were marked to pay attention during future drilling.


The human serum amyloid A (SAA) protein family is subclassified as acute phase SAA (A-SAA), which comprises the SAa00 and SAa00 allelic variants, and constitutive SAA (C-SAA), which is the SAa00 isoform. Extrahepatic production of A-SAA occurs in many organs and tissues of the body, including smooth muscle cells (SMC) of the aorta. A-SAA has been shown to act locally as a chemoattractant for neutrophils, monocytes and lymphocytes via the N-formyl peptide receptor-like (fPRL1). In order to gain further understanding of the physiological significance of local production of A-SAA by SMC, the effect of exogenous A-SAA on the in vitro migration of human aortic SMC was investigated. Increased SMC migration in the presence of A-SAA was detectable after six hours and continued to increase up to 24 hours after incubation. The increased migration was dose-dependent over the concentration range 10 to 100 μg/ml. The mode of A-SAA stimulated SMC migration was by chemotaxis not chemokinesis. Exogenous constitutive SAA (C-SAA) did not affect SMC migration. Stimulation of SMC migration by A-SAA was inhibited by both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to human SAa00 and also by the inhibitors of fPRLl signaling, wortmannin, bisindolylmaleimide and pertussis toxin. The results herein indicate that A-SAA, but not C-SAA, may serve as an autocrine factor to influence SMC migration in situations of aortic tissue injury and inflammation.


The International Biennial Symposia on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena (TSFP) is aimed at promoting research and communication of important results in turbulence research and various associated phenomena for laminar and transitional shear flows. The Fifth TSFP Symposium (TSFP-5) was held at the Technical University in München, Germany, from 27 to 29 August 2007. The Organizing and Executive Committees were chaired by R. Friedrich and N. Adams, respectively. Out of over 180 papers presented at the meeting, six papers were selected for publication in the Journal of Turbulence. The present special issue contains the extended and revised versions of these selected papers that cover turbulent boundary layer structure over rough walls, solar wind, compressible flow and combustion phenomena. All papers have gone through the normal JoT full-review process, independent of the one that led to their inclusion in the symposium proceedings. We would like to extend our gratitude to all the authors for their efforts in preparing these high-quality papers and to all the referees for their valuable comments and suggestions. Their efforts have made this special issue an interesting snapshot of the breadth and quality of scientific exchanges that took place during the TSFP-5 Symposium.


Combining high-energy milling with internal oxidation, Al2O3–Cu composite was prepared. The effect of Al content on hardness and electrical conductivity of the composite material was studied. The exothermic effect of Al resulting from internal oxidation during fabricating Al2O3–Cu composite was also calculated and discussed. The results show that Al content has a great effect on the properties and microstructure of the Al2O3–Cu composite. When Al content is less than 0.8wt% and the internal oxidation temperature is at 1223 K, the properties of the composite are improved with the increase in Al content. In contrary, the properties of the composite will decrease while the Al content is more than 0.8 wt%. The main reason for this case is the melting of a part of Cu resulting from the greater exothermic effect with increasing Al content. The influence of exothermic effect on the oxidation and sintering temperature is predominant for the specimen preparing procedure. In this context, the choices of heating rate and the internal oxidation temperature should be varied with Al content.


FOR TEN YEARS the Massachusetts History Workshop has participated in a variety of public history projects with worker and community groups. Our work was inspired by the British History Workshop's efforts to democratize the making of history. We also drew upon the oral history work of various "movement historians" in the U.S. and the commemorative work of labor history societies in Illinois, Rhode Island, Vermont, and other states. Looking back further we trace our roots to the progressive historians who believed that a democratic interpretation of history shaped public consciousness and public policy.' We have engaged in what the British History Workshop calls "people's history." This approach involves studying the past from the bottom up and then correcting for past tendencies to study the elites. A democratic approach to people's history also encourages workers to see themselves making history. To encourage collaborative projects we have adopted a participatory approach that involves joint efforts with worker-historians and labor organizations. The approach often requires historians to be as versed in community organizing as in researching.2 The following discussion of these projects focuses on three aspects of our work.


A new type of ferroprobe magnetometer was proposed to detect subsurface items. Operating characteristics were improved by making use of an auxiliary bias field caused by a permanent magnet. It was proposed to use a generator capacitor as an excitation element; the generator capacitor coatings are connected to a sine-wave oscillator and are designed as thin-walled semicylinders enclosing the ferroprobe core and the specified permanent magnet. The measuring instrument structure flowchart was presented, its operating principles and design features were considered. It was shown that by setting different relationships between the intensity values of magnetic fields generated by the generator capacitor and the permanent magnet, one can implement different ferroprobe operating modes. This characteristic of the proposed ferroprobe can be used to solve various tasks connected with subsurface items detection and identification


The characteristic and the principle of the timing signal generator are described.A design scheme of the timing signals generator for wind profile radar based on Field Programmable Gate Array(FPGA) is shown.This timing signal generator is applied to a wind profile radar successfully and operates well.


Venous malformations (VMs) are the most common vascular anomalies and have been associated with somatic variants in TEK. Current treatment of VM joint component might be challenging due to the size or location of some lesions or ineffective with recurrence of malformed veins. Targeted molecular therapies after identification of genetic defects might be an alternative.


Measurement of mobilities of species in liquid systems is of great importance for understanding a number of dynamic phenomena. A well known method for measuring mobilities driven by diffusion is fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR), also known as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). New FPR recovery equations for three‐dimensional (3‐D) apertured scanning using a Gaussian approximation for the axial beam profile have been successfully developed and found to provide a solid basis for extraction of the lateral diffusion coefficient from confocal scanning light microscopy (CSLM)‐FPR experimental data. The 2‐D diffusion coefficients of fluorescent species can be successfully measured by FPR in the CSLM, which has the great advantage that bleaching can be targeted at a well‐defined volume element in bulk samples. Two‐dimensional diffusion coefficients of 45‐nm latex spheres, of FITC molecules and of a 2·45‐nm protein‐FITC complex in water‐glycerol mixtures, measured by FPR in the CSLM, are in close agreement with those calculated from the size of the diffusing species and viscosity of the medium. Diffusion coefficients as high as 2 times 10−6 cm2/s can be measured.


Falling occurs more often in patients with Parkinson's disease when there is inadequate--not excessive--effect of the antiparkinsonian agent. Thus, falling may be evidence of a need for increased dosage. Of PD patients participating in a study, 60% reported experiencing hallucinations, confusion, vivid dreams, or nightmares. Confusion (34%) was the most commonly reported mental complaint; 27% reported vivid dreams; 26%, hallucinations; and 20%, nightmares.


The article calculates the freshwater balance of the ancient Black and Caspian seas and estimates the volume of water flowing from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean during the melting of glaciers. It is shown that during this period up to 855 km3/year of freshwater is discharged into the Mediterranean Sea, which is involved in the formation of sea level. A comparison of calculations and geological data showed that there are no signs of the influx of salty ocean water into the Akchagyl Sea. It was also shown that water from the ocean cannot flow up since the sea level was below sea level.


The adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples ("UNDRIP") by the General Assembly in 2007 was a landmark achievement in the development of indigenous rights under international law, particularly through its unequivocal recognition of indigenous peoples' right to self-determination. That same year, Australia launched a comprehensive Intervention into Aboriginal communities in the Northern Territory, which purported to safeguard important human rights but was heavily criticized for its discriminatory and non-consultative approach. This article explores the meaning of self-determination under international law, now that the long debate over whether indigenous peoples are "peoples" has finally been resolved. It then uses the result of that analysis as the basis for a critique of Australia's methodology in the Intervention. The article argues that self-determination entails the right of a people to control their own affairs through freedom from discrimination and meaningful participation in decision-making, and that the scope of self-determination must be the same for indigenous peoples as for 'all peoples' under international law. When assessed against these criteria, it is clear that Australia's Intervention methodology fell well short of the requirements of empowerment inherent in these established and evolving international human rights standards. As Australia moves beyond the Intervention towards Stronger Futures it is imperative that the mistakes of an approach based on discrimination and a failure to foster genuine participation by Aboriginal peoples are not continued. The lessons of the Intervention are relevant for other states beyond Australia as the international community moves to implement the standards in