This study aimed to reveal the obstacles in the use of e-learning strategies in the teaching of high secondary school courses from the point of view of educational supervisors, and its relationship to the variables years of experience and training courses (ICDL, INTEL & ICDL). The study sample consisted of (64) supervisors who work in the directorates of education in Al-Balqa governorate. To collect data, the study tool (the questionnaire) was applied electronically to all of them. The results of the study showed that the obstacles to using the e-learning strategy in teaching high school courses from the educational supervisors' point of view came to a high degree, while at the level of the scale domains they came in succession as follows in the first order: Related to the administrative, financial and infrastructure aspect of the school environment, then the obstacles related to the educational content of the high school course, followed by the obstacles related to high school students, finally the obstacles related to high school teachers. And there were statistically significant differences in the obstacles related to the administrative, financial and infrastructure aspects of the school environment, and the differences in favor of the group of less than five years. The study recommended equipping school environments with the requirements of e-learning and providing support from various societal bodies to enhance and improve e-learning for students and teachers in government schools.
Keywords: Obstacles; e-learning strategy; high school class; educational supervisors.


In this paper we introduce mutation of Brauer trees. We show that our mutation of Brauer trees explicitly describes the tilting mutation of Brauer tree algebras introduced by Okuyama and Rickard.


Tests were conducted on the Mod-0 100 kW Experimental Wind Turbine to determine the effects of yaw on rotor power, blade loads and teeter response. The wind turbine was operated for extended periods at yaw angles up to 49/sup 0/ to define average or mean response to yaw. As a result of the tests it was determined that the effect of yaw on rotor power can be approximated by the cube of the velocity normal to the rotor disc as long as the yaw angle is less than 30/sup 0/. Blade bending loads were relatively unaffected by yaw, but teeter angle increased with wind speed as the magnitude of the yaw angle exceeded 30/sup 0/ indicating a potential for teeter stop impacts at large yaw angles. No other adverse effects due to yaw were noted during the tests.


Although various tribes of American Indians have consistently been reported as belonging primarily to group O, the Blackfeet and Blood tribes appear to be an exception, showing as high a percentage of group A as other tribes show of group O. This may be seen by comparing tables 2 and 3, with 1 and 4.
 These results suggest the necessity for reconsidering the origin of the American Indian.


2 Experimental Thick delta doped Al0.25Ga0.75N layers and Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN HEMT layers were produced in an Aixtron 200/4 MOCVD system using NH3, TMG, TMA and Si2H6 precursors. The mate- rial was grown on 2-inch, c-plane sapphire at 1220 °C and 100 mbar in a hydrogen carrier gas. Delta doping was accomplished by halting deposition for 10 s under NH3 and H2, exposing the material to Si2H6 for 75 s under NH3 and H2, and then continuing nitride material growth. Initial growths consisted of growing thick (2.0 µm) AlGaN layers containing a single delta doped layer. Delta doped AlGaN /GaN HEMTs consisting of a 250 A delta doped Al0.25Ga0.75N layer on 3 µm GaN layers on sapphire were also grown; the position and dopant level of the delta doped layer was varied by adjusting location of the delta doped layer and Si2H6 flux. Two sets of HEMT samples were produced: For the first set of samples, the position of the delta doped layer was fixed at 60 A from the AlGaN/GaN interface and the Si2H6 flux was varied. In the second set of samples, the Si2H6 flux was fixed and the delta doped layer position in the AlGaN barrier was adjusted. The samples were characterized using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) to determine dopant concentration and depth and C-V, Lehighton sheet resistance mapping and 300 °K Hall effect measurements to determine the electrical properties.


The invention relates to a vertical bubbling oxidation device used for synthesizing naphthalene formic acid, which mainly comprises a cylinder (1), a head cover (2), a bottom cover (3), a liquid distributor (4), a structured packing (5), a reaction liquid (6), a gas distributor (7), a material-inlet (8) and a material-outlet (9); the reaction equipment of which is mainly vertical tubular structure; the top of the vertical tubular structure is provided with the liquid distributor (4), the structure packing (5) and the interior reaction solution(6), and the bottom is provided with the gas distributor (7) composed by ( 4 to 8 ) nozzles (71) evenly distributed from the center of the bottom. The device is provided with a rectifying section (11), a free section (12) and a reaction section (13),and the side of the device is provided with the material-inlet (8) and the material-outlet (9) according to need of the oxidation. The vertical bubbling oxidation device used for synthesizing naphthalene formic acid is simple in structure, convenient in operation, reliable in working, low in cost and simple in application, maintenance and repairing, and does not adopt a mixing device.


As the requests for technical solutions to meet the changing demands of the struggling US economy grow, the IT professional is once again in the spotlight. While a significant stream of research has studied IT professionals within the context of the job and/or organization, to date little research has focused on the context of the IT profession. We address this gap with a study of the psychological contract that IT professionals have with their profession. We surveyed 686 IT professionals working in a variety of industries to explore the potential antecedents to psychological contract violation. In this exploratory study, we found that six variables explained 45% of the variance in psychological contract violation.


BACKGROUND
Papaya leftovers are a good source of dietary fibre (DF) and antioxidants. They can be transformed in dietary fibre concentrates (DFCs) to be used as ingredients in food formulation, improving consumers health status.

RESULTS
Using the peel or the pulp of papaya, DF concentrates (DFCs) were produced. These DFCs were used in muffin production. Muffins produced with 7.7% of DFCs and 47.6 g of water, had the same specific volume, 2.0 cm3 /g, and softer crumb, than those obtained with a reference formulation without DF addition, showing average hardness of 15 N. In general, the addition of DFCs of pulp or peel affected slightly other textural profile parameters. And non-significant differences were observed for muffins containing pulp or peel DFCs, which showed averages values of 10.9 N for chewiness, 0.95 for springiness, 0.76 for cohesiveness and 0.42 for resilience. Regarding the crumb structure, muffins with pulp DFCs showed the lowest value for d3.2 (1.3±0.3 mm). Meanwhile, the highest anti-radical and reducing capacity, 240±2 and 1050±6 mgeq Trolox.g-1 muffin db, respectively, were observed in the muffins with peel DFC. Finally, the addition of DFCs allowed to maintain lower hardness values than those of the reference formulation during the whole storage period studied, 22 days. Muffins with peel DFCs tended to a lower rate of crumb hardening (0.08±0.02) day-1 .

CONCLUSION
The addition of papaya DFCs to muffin formulations confers interesting properties for industry and consumers, providing functionality, extending the shelf life as well as transforming papaya leftovers in new functional ingredients, contributing to circular economy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


This paper investigates whether the tendency to buy store brand is category specific, or an enduring consumer trait. We develop a multicategory brand-choice model with a factor-analytic structure on the covariance matrix of the coefficients. The methodology allows us to elicit the basic latent tendency for a household to buy store brands, while controlling for other causes such as price sensitivity. The model is applied to a set of ten food and nonfood product categories. We find strong evidence of correlations in household preferences for store brands across categories. Using a two-dimensional factor structure, we find that one of the factors explains a substantial amount of variation in store-brand preference, while the other factor explains price sensitivity---consistently across categories. The presence of these factors in all categories indicates that there are unobservable household-level traits that are non-category specific, i.e., stable across product categories. Using data from five holdout categories, we find that household estimates of these latent factors are very useful in predicting demand for store brands in new categories. Other potential applications for store managers are discussed.


Market segmentation, in all business worlds, is the first thing to be measure before entering a market to sell a product. It also happens with the life insurance which the seller should know to whom they should sell. However, the consumer psychographic towards insurance product is also significant to affect consumer preferences. Therefore, the seller should learn to understand their consumer psychographic in order to support their selling effort. Then later on the insurance company should manage the factors from their service marketing mix to enhance the willingness of the consumer to buy insurance product. By this research, the writer want to analyze the segmented market in Life Insurance by using the data gathered through survey and analyzed by using the CHAID analysis which believed to be the best segmentation tools. This research also includes the crosstabs to check the relation of the data with psychological factors and multiple regressions to see the significant factors which affect the consumer willingness.


Chronic Periodontitis is defined as the infection and the inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth with the progressive loss of attachment. As a result of this inflammation, the immune system gets activated leading to the release of various immunoinflammatory cells which in turn leads to release of cytokines which amplify the immune response leading to the clearance of infection. But if there is a release of cytokines over a longer period of time, it leads to the release of inflammatory mediators and one of such inflammatory mediators, is the matrix metalloproteinase, which leads to degradation of extracellular matrix. Periostat is one of the FDA approval host modulating agent which acts by downregulating the destructive aspect of matrix metalloproteinase and thus upregulate the protective aspect of host response.


In order to inspect the structural elements of Ser-1 in receptor activation by SFLLRNP (one-letter amino acid code), a ligand peptide tethered to the thrombin receptor, a series of analogs with such replacements as D-Ser, Ala, Thr, and Ac-Ser have been synthesized. These analogs were evaluated for their ability to hydrolyze the phosphoinositide in human neuroblastoma SH-EP cells. It was found that the α-amino group and L-configuration of Ser-1 are very important in the activation of receptors. N-Acetylation or deletion of Ser-1 completely eliminated the activity of SFLLRNP (a half-maximal effective concentration, EC50 = 0.89 μM (1 M = 1 mol dm−3)), and these modifications induced no antagonist activity. Incorporation of D-Ser also drastically diminished the activity, but retained about 50% activity of the maximal response by 100 μM SFLLRNP. The Ser/Ala substitution sustained 30% of the activity of SFLLRNP to elicit a full stimulation. The Ser/Thr substitution, however, enhanced the activity (20%) in spite...


In this paper, a three dimensional numerical analysis tool was applied to study the PEMFC performance characteristics. The porosity and electrical conductivity of GDL and CL as well as the relative humidity of anode and cathode channel gas were selected as simulation parameters. The porosity of GDL and CL was varied as 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7. The relative humidity of anode and cathode was varied as 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 percent. The electrical conductivity of GDL and CL was varied as 1, 5, 10, 50, 102, and 104 1/Ω·m. For a constant cell voltage condition, the maximum current density was obtained at GDL porosity of 0.7, anode relative humidity of 100 percent, cathode relative humidity of 60 percent, and electrical conductivity of 104 1/Ω·m for GDL and CL. As the porosity of GDL and CL increases, current density increases because reactant gases diffuse well. As the electrical conductivity of GDL and CL increases, current density increases due to increased electron transfer rate. As anode relative humidity increases, current density increases. Unlike anode, current density increases when cathode relative humidity increases from 0 percent to 60 percent. Then current density decreases when cathode relative humidity increases from 60 percent to 100 percent.


Abstract : Raising the awareness of information security has been the focus of DOD and other government agencies in recent years. There is a need for an effective means of educating and training personnel in the topic of Information Assurance. CyberCIEGE offers an approach to training by engaging the personnel in an interactive simulation-based network security game. Each game scenario in CyberCIEGE is designed to impart some network security principles and Information Assurance concepts to the players. This research developed a scenario definition file for the CyberCIEGE game engine to illustrate and train players on matters related to information protection using compartmentalized Mutlilevel Secure (MLS) systems. The specific area of research is on the protection of sensitive information and operational commands for command and control systems. Through playing this military-based scenario, players can learn about the importance of physical security, the different strategies to protect sensitive information, and the use of MLS systems to provide controlled access to sensitive information. Testing of this game scenario was conducted through the creation of detailed solutions and incorrect


With the popularity of the concept of marketing orientation, how to enhance customer perceived value becomes very important. With the development of network technology, transmitting information has moved from wire to wireless. E-Commerce and M-Commerce are the two major medium in the 21st century in electronic markets (e-markets). Because the characteristic of real estate agencies industry included individual ministrant, personal uniqueness, immobility of agency of the object and it is not easy to replace. Human cost of the total cost of the majority, is a labor-intensive industries, coupled with long been classified in the traditional service industries, so in the current pattern of E-commerce services, has not been valued by experts and scholars. Therefore, this study will be of real estate agencies industry as the background on how the industry, the use of E-commerce functionality, the website was developed by a new business models by the website management or to provide consumers with more service functions. Through the use of information technology, can reduce the cost of the customer to obtain the relevant information, increasing the overall interests, and thus effectively enhance the customer perceived value.


Abstract The expert system described in the first part of this paper has been applied to the identification of mixed-layer phyllosilicates (mica-smectite, mica-vermiculite, chlorite-smectite, chlorite-vermiculite, chlorite-swelling chlorite, chlorite-mica, chlorite-talc, kaolinite-smectite, talc-smectite), and to the determination of their structural parameters (Reichweite, R, and proportions of constituting layers, Wi). The expert system has been run utilizing the data extracted from (1) experimental XRD patterns for which structural parameters had been evaluated by comparison with calculated patterns, or (2) patterns calculated using pre-selected values of the structural parameters. In all cases examined, the expert system provided correct conclusions concerning the identification of a mixed-layer phyllosilicate and the value of the Reichweite, while the abundances of the component layers were evaluated with a margin of error usually <5%.


The 2013 revelations concerning global surveillance programmes demonstrate in unprecedented clarity the need for Critical Theory of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to address the mechanisms and implications of increasingly global, ubiquitous surveillance. This is all the more urgent because of the dominance of the "surveillance ideology" (the promise of security through surveillance) that supports the political economy of surveillance. This paper asks which theoretical arguments and concepts can be useful for philosophically grounding a critique of this surveillance ideology. It begins by examining how the surveillance ideology works through language and introduces the concept of the 'ideological packaging' of ICTs to show how rhetoric surrounding the implementation of surveillance technologies reinforces the surveillance ideology. It then raises the problem of how ideology-critique can work if it relies on language itself and argues that Martin Heidegger's philosophy can make a useful contribution to existing critical approaches to language.


Human Resources Management system is the process of coordinating organization's
human resources or employee to meet organizational goals. It entails all the various
activities surrounding Hiring, Firing, Training, Development, Record keeping and
Maintenance. Human resources playa prominent role in the bringing about of growth and
development in any organization. There are different impacts of various human resources
management system on organization performance; the absence or presence of any
particular practice would have a greater or lesser effect on the result.
The proposed system gives the management an overall view of the organization's
information in a one-eye view so as to be able to draw conclusion and decision about their staff.


BACKGROUND
Cervical cancer incidence rates are higher among Vietnamese American women than among any other race/ethnic group in the United States. High rates of cervical cancer are associated with low rates of Papanicolao (Pap) testing adherence.

METHODS
Twenty-five qualitative interviews and 5 focus groups were conducted with Vietnamese women.

RESULTS
Interviews and focus groups revealed unanticipated information about sociocultural influences on women's beliefs about risk factors for cervical cancer. These data were utilized to develop culturally appropriate outreach materials.

CONCLUSIONS
Engaging with the target community enabled the development of culturally appropriate materials addressing cervical cancer risk factors and encouraging Pap testing adherence.


Infrared guidance techniques and weapon equipment are developing rapidly nowadays.Due to its high guidance accuracy,strong anti-jamming ability,good invisibility and prior effect-cost-ratio,the development direction infrared guidance is infrared imaging guidance and compound guidance based on infrared.In this paper,developing process and working principles of infrared guidance techniques are explained at first,introduces several typical kinds of infrared compound guidance systems and key techniques,analysis several research priority of infrared guidance technology field.


The conflict between Israelis and Palestines cannot be resolved unless there is some agreement about its origins. This book traces the history of the Palestinians from the Ottoman Empire to the present and argues that anti-Zionism fused the Palestinians into a nation, and nationality and hostility have long been inextricably linked. The book traces the fortunes of the people of Palestine during the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the trauma of World War I, the transfer to British authority, the growth in Jewish immigration and finally the creation of the Jewish National State. It was in response to these violent upheavals and threats that the Palestinians, once a disparate group of peasant farmers began to develop a strong national consciousness. That consciousness was born out of anti-Zionism and thus made acceptance of the Jewish presence a denial of Palestinian nationhood. However, the authors sense that a new generation of Palestinian leader may be more willing to come to terms with Israel.


Approximate inference by variational free energy minimization (also known as variational Bayes, or ensemble learning) has maximum likelihood and maximum a posteriori methods as special cases, so we might hope that it can only work better than these standard methods. However, cases have been found in which degrees of freedom are 'pruned', perhaps inappropriately. This paper investigates this phenomenon in a toy example. Approximate inference by variational free energy minimization (also known as variational Bayes, or ensemble learning, or learning with noisy weights { see (MacKay 1995) for a review) hasmaximumlikelihoodandmaximum a posteriori methodsasspecialcases,sowemighthope that it can only work better than these standard methods. However, cases have been found in which degrees of freedom are 'pruned', perhaps inappropriately. This paper investigates this phenomenon in a toy example. Motivations for VFE: want to incorporate uncertainty about parameters into the modelfltting process. Also worried about the electric monastry { location in parameter space where the likelihooddiverges. Uncertainty is greatest (and singularities in the likelihood more prominent) when there is little data, so VFE is of most interest for small N. ProblemobservedbyZoubinGhahramani(studyingensemblelearningforHMMs(MacKay 1997)): extra degrees of freedom are not used. The model self-prunes. Annoying because we don't want the pruned model, we want the model we believe in { with lots of parameters, and big error bars on them! Parameter pruning is bad news because we would like predictions to take into accoutn uncertainty. Commentonspontaneouspruning: issometimesviewedasaconvenientautomaticOccam's razor,but does it behave correctly? Occam efiect should bevery weak for small N.


The problem of advanced socio-cultural development of Zabaikalye Territory is considered in the context of its entering into entity composition of the Far Eastern Federal District. The need of searching the mechanisms to advance the region's development is preconditioned by considerable lagging of Zabaikalye in the socio-economic development indicators from the FEFD entities. Establishment of the priority development areas is considered as one of such mechanisms. The possibility of their establishment is assessed in terms of the historical experience that Zabaikalye has in establishing territories and zones beneficial terms and preferences. The article makes assessment of this experience, analyses the factors that determines the results of using the mechanisms provided. It demonstrates that establishment of the territories with beneficial business terms did not exert a considerable impact on the rates of economic growth and results of social development in Zabaikalye Territory during all stages. In the capacity of competitive advantages the region had to create special economic zones, free economic zones and priority development areas, the Territory used the mineral resources endowment, the geographical position at the border with PRC. In order to assess the prospects of establishing the priority development areas in Zabaikalye, the article presents the well-known theoretical approaches of P. Krugaman and N.V. Zubarevich, shows that the competitive advantages of natural character do not provide a sustainable socio-economic growth. It substantiates that acceleration of developing the territories and levelling out the socio-economic differences can be made possible on the basis of developing the human potential and the sector of social services. The authors voice concerns that in the existing terms of Zabaikalye Territory's degradation Establishment of the priority development areas is problematic. Prospective use of the benefits and preferences claimed for in the Project of Establishment of PDA «Zabaikalye» require priority development of the social sector, provision of the social levelling-out. The need to activate the social processes and to form the regional development program that meets the complexity of the socio-economic situation is determined by the growing completion level between the microregion's entities for attracting investment resources. In this situation, the Zabaikalye Territory's odds to permanently take a hold on the periphery of the FEFD socio-economic development are rather high.


A 58-year-old male presented with a 1.5-year history of pruritic, erythematous, scaly dermatitis on the forearms, legs, and bilateral dorsal hands with eventual spread to the face. Treatment with clobetasol cream, triamcinolone cream, and oral prednisone provided minimal relief of symptoms. He felt his work at a bowling pro shop exacerbated his symptoms. He worked with two-part epoxy systems, where resins are cured with hardeners to fill finger inserts of used bowling balls. He occasionally wore nitrile gloves and a face mask at work, which helped prevent flare-ups. Patch testing was performed using the 2019-2020 North American Contact Dermatitis Group standard series, supplemental series (preservatives, emulsifiers, rubber, plastic/glues) (Chemotechnique Diagnostics, Vellinge, Sweden), and the patient's personal products. Allergens were occluded for 2 days and read on days 2 and 4. Results on day 4 revealed strong (++) reactions to bisphenol A (BPA; epichlorohydrin polymer) ER, 4-4-diaminodiphenylmethane (MDA), ER cycloaliphatic, triethylenetetramine (TETA; Figure 1), Quaternium15, and formaldehyde. He had mild (+) reactions to methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone, gold, Grotan BK, and the cured Wizard 31 ER-hardener mixture "as is" and doubtful (±)


Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a tool to strengthened program coordination and scale-up of Orphan and Vulnerable Children (OVC) related services in resource-limited settings remains largely untapped. Assessing geographic program coverage in its focus communities, Pact Nigeria in partnership with an indigenous community based organization, Safe Motherhood Ladies Association (SMLAS) implemented a GIS study in 8 communities across 3 Local Government Areas (LGA) of Ebonyi State. Although conventionally used in the context of vertical programs, GIS approaches can help improve service delivery outlets, extent of effective coverage and beneficiaries. About 450 children enrolled in the OVC program, were geotagged with attributes of service providers offering health, nutrition, shelter, economic strengthening, education, child-protection, legal and psycho-social support (services required in the OVC continuum of care), the geotagged ID were then linked to database containing demographics and relevant service assessment information. In-depth spatial analysis of this information led to the identification of geographic features of interest and the mapping of household, OVC's corresponding service providers/volunteers and their proximity to service outlets. The resultant effect being improved accessibility to relevant services and more effective OVC programming in the 3 focal communities. This study highlights the importance of a GIS approach as a decision-aiding tool for programmatic interventions. Its' forte lies in its capability for increasing the efficiency of scarce program resources. As a result, Pact Nigeria plans to scale-up this GIS innovation across all its supported Community Based Organizations (CBO) implementing OVC programs across 4 states in Nigeria.


The First International Conference on Global Warming and the Next Ice Age was convened in Halifax, Nova Scotia, August 19-24, 2001. The conference program began each day with a 30 minute live classical music performances of truly international quality before the beginning business. Ample time for panel discussions was also scheduled. The general public was invited to attend and participate in a special evening panel session on the last day of the conference. The unusual and somewhat provocative title of the conference was designed to attract diverse views on global climate change. This summary attempts to accurately reflect the tone and flavor of the lively discussions which resulted. Presentations ranged from factors forcing current climate to those in effect across the span of time from the Proterozoic "snowball Earth" epoch to 50,000 years in the future. Although, as should be expected, attendees at the conference arrived with opinions on some of the controversial issues regarding climate change, and no-one openly admitted to a 'conversion' from their initial point of view, the interdisciplinary nature of the formal presentations, poster discussions, panels, and abundant informal discourse helped to place the attendees' personal perspectives into a broader, more diversified context.


Experiments have been performed at JRR-4 (Japan Research Reactor) to investigate the capability of neutron radiographic techniques in applying to the nondestructive inspection of UO2-PuO2 mixed-oxide fuels. The object of the inspection was to detect "Pu particles" in the mixed-oxide fuels. In place of the actual fuel, two stages of TiO2-EU2O3 mixed-oxide fuel dummy samples (the 1st stage for preliminary experiments and the 2nd stage for simulating the ATR fuel) were fabricated and radiographed with the direct exposure method using a Gd converter screen and high resolution films. Neutron radiographs of the 1st stage dummy samples showed the excellent capability of the detection technique. Those of the 2nd stage dummy samples, however, revealed the detection limit of the technique, which showed that the present technique had not enough capability to satisfy the requirements in the inspection and that improvements of the detection technique especially on the contrast should be accomplished.


WT5"BZ]A model for water quality evaluation is constructed by using a radial basis function artificial neural network (RBF ANN), and trained by using a least squares estimation algorithm. The results related to water quality evaluation for a reservoir show that it is possesses reasonability, objectivity, generality and practicability on water quality evaluation by using RBF ANN in cooperation with the RBF LS algorithm. [WT5"HZ]


The concept of automated power system data analysis using Deep Neural Networks (as part of the routine tasks normally performed by Independent System Operators) is explored and developed in this paper. Specifically, we propose to use the widely-used Deep neural network architecture known as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). To this end, a 2-D representation of power system data is developed and proposed. To show the relevance of the proposed concept, a multi-class multi-label classification problem is presented as an application example. Midcontinent ISO (MISO) data sets on wind power and load is used for this purpose. TensorFlow, an open source machine learning platform is used to construct the CNN and train the network. The results are discussed and compared with those from standard Feed Forward Networks for the same data.


Effect of different doses of chromium on growth and some physiological parameters were investigated. Increasing doses of chromium caused reduction in growth and concentration of chlorophyll, sugar and protein in paddy leaves. At increasing doses of chromium, catalase and peroxidase activity was found to be reduced.


This article examines the connections between the development of citizenship education in Saskatchewan and representations of the theme "roots of society" presented in the grade 9 Social Studies curriculum guides used in the province between 1971 and the present. The paper explores this connection by examining the development of the theme "roots of society" and the development of conceptions of citizenship. Conclusions concerning the characterization of citizenship in the curriculum guides were achieved through the implementation of key word frequency analysis. The key word frequency analysis served as the frame to identify and elucidate the representation of citizenship within the 9 Social Studies documents from 1971, 1991, 1999, and 2008. The examination of these curriculum documents revealed that developments in the conception and orientation of the "roots of society" are  reflective of changes and developments concerning notions of citizenship. The development of the "roots of society" and conceptions of citizenship education both follow a path from traditional/essentialist representations to critical social justice oriented models.


A new versatile device which warns of low fluid levels in various medical fluid containers is presented. The fluid-sensing part of the device is a novel type of electromagnetic (EM) coupler which senses the presence or absence of fluid in close proximity to it. The device is battery operated and is small enough to attach directly to the outside of many medical fluid containers. The EM coupler was characterized and optimized through network analyzer measurements, finite difference frequency domain (FDFD) and finite difference time domain (FDTD) computer simulations. Microwave oscillator and detection circuits were designed, constructed, and tested using the optimized EM coupler. The fluid-sensor was tested on a plastic milk container filled with water and the measured results are presented here. Qualitative results were also obtained on glass containers and actual intravenous (IV) bags.


The article deals with design the road constructions by ensuring the shear resistance of the subgrade soil and pavement layers made of weakly cohesive materials. The analysis of Mohr–Coulomb plasticity criterion was performed and it was found, that in case of a limiting condition state by this criterion pavement smoothness goes out of the limits regulated by normative documents. On the basis of analysis of Drucker-–Prager yield criterion there were obtained formulas connecting ultimate strength uniaxial compression and tension with the parameters of MohrCoulomb failure envelope. Substitution of these expressions into the original criteria for the strength of materials, that are continuums, allowed modifying certain conditions so that the tensile strength changed the angle of internal friction and cohesion. A number of dependencies for calculating safe pressure on discrete material of half-space is obtained from the modified conditions of plasticity. Comparison of the numerical results to experimental data allowed determining the most suitable formula for the design of road constructions. References 1. Aleksandrov A.S. Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings. 2009. No.2. Pp. 3–11. (rus) 2. Zhustareva E.V. Vliyanie plotnosti sviaznogo grunta v rabochem sloye zemlyanogo polotna na ostatochnyye deformatsii nezhestkikh dorozhnykh odezhd [The impact of cohesive soil consistency in working layer of the subgrade on the residual deformations of flexible pavement]. Abstract of a PhD thesis. Moscow: Izd-vo MADI, 2000. 20 p. (rus) 3. Zolotar I.A. K opredeleniyu ostatochnykh deformatsiy v dorozhnykh konstruktsiyakh pri mnogokratnykh dinamicheskikh vozdeistviyakh na nikh podvizhnykh transportnykh sredstv [On the estimation of residual deformations in road structures with repeated dynamic impact of transport vehicle]. Abstract of a PhD thesis. Saint–Petersburg: Izd-vo VATT, 1999. 31 p. (rus) 4. Kanygina S.Yu. Prognozirovaniye ostatochnykh deformatsiy dorozhnykh odezhd nezhestkogo tipa na zemlyanom polotne iz glinistykh gruntov [Forecasting of residual deformations of flexible pavement on the clay soil subgrade]. Abstract of a PhD thesis. Moscow: Izd-vo MADI, 1999. 20 p. (rus) 5. Fadeev V.B. Vliyaniye ostatochnykh deformatsiy grunta zemlyanogo polotna na koleyeobrazovaniye na proyezzhey chasti dorog s nezhestkimi dorozhnymi odezhdami [The impact of residual deformations of soil subgrade on rutting on the traffic area of the flexible pavement]. [Abstract of a PhD thesis. Moscow: Izd-vo MADI, 1999. 21 p. (rus) 6. VSN 46-72. Instruktsiya po proyektirovaniyu dorozhnykh odezhd nezhestkogo tipa [Military construction standards. Instructions for designing flexible pavement].Moscow: Transport, 1973. 110 p. (rus) 7. VSN 197-83.Instruktsiya po proyektirovaniyu zhestkikh dorozhnykh odezhd [Military construction standards. Instructions for designing rigid pavement]. Moscow: Mintransstroy, 1984. 129 p. (rus) 8. VSN 197-91. Instruktsiya po proyektirovaniyu zhestkikh dorozhnykh odezhd [Military construction standards. Instructions for designing rigid pavement].Moscow: Soyuzdornii, 1992. 130 p. (rus) 9. VSN 46-83. Instruktsiya po proyektirovaniyu dorozhnykh odezhd nezhestkogo tipa [Military construction standards. Instructions for designing flexible pavement].Moscow: Izd-vo Transport, 1985. 157 p. (rus) 10. Metodicheskiye rekomendatsii po proyektirovaniyu zhestkikh dorozhnykh odezhd [Guideline on designing rigid pavement]. Mintrans, 2003 (rus)


A differential amplifier is actually a electronic amplifier which amplifies the difference between two input voltages and suppresses any voltage common to the two inputs. Differential type amplifier is a analog circuit in which there is two input terminal and one output terminal. The input is actually the difference between the value of two input terminals. The differential amplifier is a vast used circuit building block in analog integrated circuits, principally op-amps. The differential amplifier can be implemented with BJTs or MOSFETs. Here we have got high gain of 70 dB, slew rate of 119 V/µs and Gain Bandwidth of 30MHz.It was seen that two stage amplifier gives better amplification because of the multiplying factor. Here we have taken some specification based on which we derived the results theoretically and then simulated in the order to get the results. Here in our proposed circuit we have got very good CMRR of 72dB.


This study evaluates Tax Insructor Functional Distance Learning implementation Class II of 2021 conducted by Yogyakarta Financial Education and Learning Center to to find out how it is organized. The research method is qualitative method which is evaluating the implementation of the class. The evaluation is using Kirkpatrick learning model at level 1 and level 2 and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA). Level 1 Kircpatrick's evaluation showed that the learning implementation performance was conducted very well. IPA analysis shows that all learning participants' perceptions of learning teachers are good and the lecture material is included in quadrant III, which indicates that it is good. Most of participant satisfied with this learning. Level 2 Kircpatrick's evaluation shows that the learning results are promising. Participants who pass have the score 'good' and 'very good. So the result is the Basic Tax Instructor Functional Distance Learning Class II of the 2021 year, conducted by the Yogyakarta Financial Education and Learning Center online from 8 to 17 February 2021 has been well organized, regarding the teachers and the learning metrics. Training participants have also provided excellent evaluation results. However, the long training time until the evening needs to be reconsidered. Smooth internet signal is also still an obstacle in this training. If the situation allows, it is recommended that this training be carried out face-to-face


Common bean is one of the most traditional foods, with social and economic importance, and is suitable for food security due to its short growing cycle and adaptability to different cropping systems. However, various constraints like biotic and abiotic factors reported for the low productivity of the crop. Therefore, the study was designed to identify the common bean varieties' response on physiological properties and yield performance under different irrigation intervals in Lath House condition at Hawassa University, Ethiopia, from June, 2020, to September, 2020. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with a factorial combination of seven common bean varieties (Awash-1, Awash-2, Dursitu, Fedis, Gofta, Nasir, and Tinike) and three moisture levels, eight day irrigation interval, four day irrigation interval, and daily watering with three replication. There was a significant main and interaction effects among the measured parameters. From those significantly affected parameters, the highest stomata numbers (25) were recorded from the Dursitu variety with a daily irrigation interval. The longest stomata aperture was observed with Gofta (133.76 nm) and Fedis varieties (131.13 nm) to daily irrigation and four day irrigation intervals, respectively. A wider stomata aperture was found in the Awash-1(12.6 nm) variety on a daily irrigation interval, and maximum stomata conductance (193.67) was obtained in the Tinike variety treated with a four day irrigation interval. The maximum relative leaf moisture content (96%) was found on the Awash-1 variety at a four day irrigation interval. Maximum water use efficiency was obtained from the Awash-1 (3.95) variety, which is an insignificant variation with the Awash-2 (3.85) and Gofta varieties (3.85) at a four day irrigation interval. Among the varieties, the highest photosynthesis rate (10.43 μmol·m−2·s−1) and transpiration rate (5.42 mmol·m−2·s−1) were obtained in the Gofta variety treated by a four day irrigation interval. In the photosynthetic pigment analysis, the highest leaf chl-a, chl-b, and chl-a + b concentration was recorded at 2.4 μg/ml, 1.53 g/ml, and 3.93 μg/ml, respectively, in the Gofta variety irrigated at a four days interval. The highest (0.586) chlorophyll fluorescence was obtained in the eight day irrigation interval. The highest proline content was found from the Awash-1 (0.78) variety regarding to drought stress condition. The highest pods plant−1 (9) and seed pod−1 (5) was found in the Awash-2 and Awash-1 varieties, respectively, at a four days irrigation interval and the highest main effect of 100 SW (39.48 g), (28.6 g) was found in the Fedis variety and at a four day irrigating interval, respectively. The maximum yield was obtained from the varieties Awash-1 (7.8 g plant−1) and Gofta (7.36 g plant−1) with a four day irrigated interval and they are also superior at drought condition and Awash-2 varieties are enhanced at waterlogging condition as compared to the other varieties.


Culex pipiens, an invasive mosquito and vector of West Nile virus in the US, has two morphologically indistinguishable forms that differ dramatically in behavior and physiology. Cx. pipiens form pipiens is primarily a bird-feeding temperate mosquito, while the sub-tropical Cx. pipiens form molestus thrives in sewers and feeds on mammals. Because the feral form can diapause during the cold winters but the domestic form cannot, the two Cx. pipiens forms are allopatric in northern Europe and, although viable, hybrids are rare. Cx. pipiens form molestus has spread across all inhabited continents and hybrids of the two forms are common in the US. Here we elucidate the genes and gene families with the greatest divergence rates between these phenotypically diverged mosquito populations, and discuss them in light of their potential biological and ecological effects. After generating and assembling novel transcriptome data for each population, we performed pairwise tests for nonsynonymous divergence (Ka) of homologous coding sequences and examined gene ontology terms that were statistically over-represented in those sequences with the greatest divergence rates. We identified genes involved in digestion (serine endopeptidases), innate immunity (fibrinogens and αmacroglobulins), hemostasis (D7 salivary proteins), olfaction (odorant binding proteins) and chitin binding (peritrophic matrix proteins). By examining molecular divergence between closely related yet phenotypically divergent forms of the same species, our


The purpose of this paper is a rigorous accuracy analysis of the method of auxiliary sources (MAS), when the latter is applied to electromagnetic scattering problems. The scattering geometry involves a perfectly conducting, infinite, circular cylinder, illuminated by a transverse electric (TE) plane wave. The MAS square matrix is shown to be analytically invertible, leading to exact mathematical expressions for the discretization error and the condition number of the pertinent linear algebraic system. An asymptotic estimate of the condition number for large scatterers is also derived. Among several important results of the analysis, the fundamental MAS question regarding the optimal location of the auxiliary sources is investigated and resolved for this particular geometry.


The Turks in World History, by Carter Vaughn Findley. Oxford, UK and New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. xvi + 237 pages. Notes to p. 261. Bibl to p. 285. Index to p. 300. $74 cloth; $19.95 paper. In his latest book, Carter Vaughn Findley traces the history of the Turkic peoples from their origins on the Eurasian steppe to the modern era in which the Turkic world includes states in Central Asia, the Middle East, and a global diaspora. Arguing against the too-common view of a clash of essentialized civilizations, Findley presents the Turks as a group who successfully moved across civilizational boundaries, at the same time adapting to new conditions and maintaining their identity. Working chronologically, Findley first discusses the pre-Islamic Turks and their predecessors, and then addresses the transformations wrought by the Turks' encounters first with Islam and then with modernity. The book is wide in scope, looking at the Turkic peoples across all of Eurasia from Anatolia to Xinjiang. This is a plus, as often discussions of Turkic history are dominated by coverage of the Ottoman Empire. Findley gives equal time to Turkic states and peoples in Central Asia as well. By placing his study of the Turks within the larger framework of world history, Findley admirably shows the significant role they played all across Eurasia. The greatest strength of the book is Findley's chapters on the 19th and 20th centuries. Findley skillfully elucidates developments in the Turkic world in the face of European and Russian imperialism. He especially focuses on reform efforts by the Turks themselves, whether the Ottoman Tanzimat reforms or the Jadidist movements in Central Asia. Following this discussion is an effective chapter on the differing impact of nationalisms in Turkey and the Turkic republics of the Soviet Union. There are, however, some considerable weaknesses to this study. I would put them into three categories of ascending importance: editing, authorial choice, and overall conceptualization. First, there are some serious copyediting problems. These include typographical errors, such as "A-Arab" for "Arab" (p. 139), and repetitiveness, such as the dates and details of Tang Princess Ningguo's marriage in two successive paragraphs (pp. 153-54). Indeed, there is a great deal of repetition of details and anecdotes throughout the book, giving the impression that chapters, perhaps even sections, were written separately and inelegantly knit together. More troublesome are some of the choices Findley makes. Although he presents a fairly thorough survey of the history of the Turks, he neglects the Kipchak Turk Mamluks in Egypt and Syria. …


Objectives We evaluated infusion-related reactions associated with cetuximab combination chemotherapy comprising an H1-receptor antagonist plus dexamethasone as anti-allergy premedications for patients with head and neck cancer. Methods We retrospectively evaluated 248 patients who received a cetuximab combination regimen between December 2012 and August 2015. All patients received 5 mg intravenous dichlorpheniramine (H1-receptor antagonist), and dexamethasone (DEX) was adjusted from 6.6 mg to 13.2 mg according to the emetogenic risk. Results We identified 248 subjects, including 13 (5.2%) with infusion-related reactions (grade 1 in five [2.0%], grade 2 in seven [2.8%], and grade 4 in one [0.4%]). The incidence of these reactions in cetuximab combination regimens, each employing an H1-receptor antagonist, using a higher dose of dexamethasone (13.2 mg) was not significantly lower compared with those using 6.6 mg DEX (2.4% vs 8.3%, respectively; p = 0.43). Twelve patients experienced infusion-related reactions associated with the first cetuximab administration, and one reaction occurred after the third administration. Conclusions The incidence of infusion-related reactions was lower compared with those of previous studies. Dexamethasone combined with an H1-receptor antagonist was useful for preventing allergic responses. The incidence of infusion-related reactions was not lower with 13.2 mg dexamethasone, and 6.6 mg DEX prevented infusion-related reactions.


We reported the synthesis and full characterization of ultralong Bi2S3 nanowires with diameters of 60–80 nm and lengths above 1 μm, showing growth in the [001] direction. Combining the computed lat...


Service composition made by arranging set of services to achieve specific goals from user task. The steps taken in building service composition are obtained from the service life cycle, consisting of definition, selection, deployment, and execution phase. Service composition is more complicated in pervasive computing since service is created by a simple task deployed in distributed devices. The devices in the pervasive environment can be a service itself. Several challenges are faced in making service composition in pervasive computing, such as limited system knowledge and resource, unpredictable service availability, and heterogeneity. Hence, it requires service plan that can mapping user requests containing the planning goal and the composition corresponds to the plan. This planning process is carried out by the transformation of user requirements and business processes. In this paper, we adopt systematic literature review (SLR) and define some research question (RQ) to research in various database journal. Twenty-two articles were selected based on the search result and then reviewed. We extracted and summarized service composition using planning approach and find the implementation area in pervasive computing.


Seeding following high-severity wildfires is motivated by the goals of increasing vegetative cover and decreasing bare soil in order to minimise soil erosion and exotic plant invasions. We compared the ground cover and vegetation response of seeded versus non-seeded areas located in the Warm Fire in northern Arizona, where post-fire seeding treatments with Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne spp. multiflorum (L.)) were conducted in 4000 ha of high-severity burned areas. Over the course of the study, we observed no significant difference between seeded and non-seeded plots in percentage of bare soil, total vegetative cover or exotic plant cover. However, there were significant differences in plant community composition as revealed by PERMANOVA and Indicator Species Analysis. Two years post-fire there were significantly fewer ponderosa pine seedlings, and the cover of annual and biennial forbs was significantly lower in plots that were seeded with Italian ryegrass. In the third year, the cover of native bunch grasses was significantly lower in seeded plots. The differences we observed may be due to differences in pre-existing vegetation composition because of the geographic separation of the plots across the landscape. Our results illustrate the ineffectiveness of post-fire seeding in achieving the goals of increasing vegetative cover and decreasing the invasion of non-native plants, and we suggest that alternative post-fire remediation should be considered in the future.


We derive the social optimum and optimal government debt in an intergenerational model of growth with fertility, elastic labor, human capital externalities and a non-convex feasible set. Debt through lump-sum taxation increases leisure and labor, reduces fertility, and can achieve the social optimum with education subsidization. Debt and education subsidization through labor income taxation can generate similar effects on fertility and labor. Quantitatively, the model can yield changes in output growth, fertility, and labor resembling observations in Japan with rising debt since 1970. From this calibration, the optimal debt-output ratio is 12.3% and excessive debt causes substantial welfare losses.


Sight-seeing agriculture in Heilongjiang is still at the elementary stage.The projects have a series of general problems, such as small scale,less known brands,incomplete auxiliary facility quality.In combination with the actual conditions,Heilongjiang Province should develop the 5 kinds of projects,such as building agricultural science and technology demonstration area.Throngh governmental macroscopic guidence and unified designing.Heilongjiang can develop unique sight-see agricultural projects with the support of technological advance and highly competent personnel.


This paper mainly discusses the CAD/CAM/CAE incorporate technique of straight toothed spur gears Based on Pro/E.On the CAD technology,analyzes the core ideas of the entity model,and builds the modeling of the gear.On the CAE technology,discusses the structural static analysis of the gear.On the CAM technology,introduces the NC machining simulation,and generates NC codes.


A filter for removing microorganisms from a fluid, comprising: a) a housing that has an inlet and an outlet; and b) a filter material disposed within said housing formed at least in part by a plurality of filter particles having an activated coating, wherein said coating comprises a lignosulfonate.


1. A Single intravenous injection of 1.0-2.0 mg of Marinamycin (M2), 2-4 hrs. before the whole bodyirradiation of X-ray (182 γ), showed the preventive effect for rabbits from leucopenia.At the same dosage of irradiation, three prior intravenous injection of Adenine sulfate (10mg×3), showed the similar result.2. The natural recovery of leucopenia produced on rabbits irradiated by 182 or 300 γ took the same period of 73 days. The injection of 5.0 mg M2, 2 hrs. or 48 hrs. prior to irradiation (300 γ), prevented the acute leucopenia, but did not showed the same effect in the case of 24 hrs. prior injection.3. The administration of M2 after the irradiation (300 γ) showed the rapid recovery effect for leucopenia.4. The administration of Benzyl Kinetin prior to the whole-body irradiation (300 γ) did not preventthe leucopenia.5. The leucopenia caused by the administration of the anti-cancer antibiotics (Carcinophilin and Mitomycin C) was recovered by the M2 treatment.


Synopsis The author considers the solution of the Cauchy problem for an equation giving necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of


The unique wide-scale geographical coverage offered by satellite networks, coupled with its inherent broadcast/multicast capabilities and highly reliable connectivity, anticipates new opportunities for the integration of the satellite component into the 5G ecosystem. One of the most compelling scenarios is mobile backhauling, where satellite capacity can be used to complement the terrestrial backhauling infrastructure, not only in hard to reach areas, but also for more efficient traffic delivery to radio access network (RAN) nodes, increased resiliency and better support for fast, temporary cell deployments and moving cells. In this context, this paper proposes a model for the analysis of capacity and traffic management strategies in hybrid satellite-terrestrial mobile backhauling networks that rely on Software Defined Networking (SDN) for fine-grained traffic steering. Numerical results are provided to assess the capacity gains that can be achieved when the satellite backhaul capacity is used for traffic overflow, taking into account the placement of the satellite capacity at different traffic aggregation levels and the spatial correlation of the traffic demand.


In this diploma thesis an algorithm for the evaluation of picture quality of H.264coded video sequences is introduced and applied. As a measure of picture quality objective metric the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) is used. While the computation of the PSNR usually requires a reference signal and compares it to the distorted video sequence, this algorithm is able to evaluate PSNR following the coded transform coefficients. Thus, no reference signal is needed.


We report molecular simulation data for the Helmholtz energy, the internal energy, and the constant-volume heat capacity of nonprimitive model electrolyte solutions, that is, mixtures of charged an...


The history of temporal bone surgery, as recorded in the literature, is punctuated with many articles referring to the problem of permanent closure of the Eustachian tube. The number of articles pays tribute to the observation that Kahn 1 made 30 years ago to the effect that "the Eustachian tube is a bugbear. It is almost impossible to close off." Among the many methods advocated, bone grafting is one of the oldest 2 and most widely accepted. During the past three years I have employed a simplified technique for bone grafting, which has to date given very good results. Technique The bone dust produced while removing the healthy superficial aspect of the cortex with an electrically driven bur is saved and moistened with enough saline to make thick "mud." The Eustachian tube is carefully curetted and every vestige of mucosa removed. Curved dental scalers (Figure, A and B ) that have


The paper presents the results of studies of air mass and smoke aerosol transport using the HYSPLIT, NAAPS models and data of remote sensing CALIPSO during the forest fires in 2016 in Baikal region. In June 2016 the homogeneous filling of the atmosphere by smoke aerosol over the Baikal region up to 2 km was observed. It is revealed that in the spectra of particle size distribution the large particles of the submicron aerosol fraction with a diameter exceeding 200 nm are observed, typical for smoke particles. The results of trajectories calculation have shown that in June influence of local fire on air quality in Ulan-Ude was observed under the general northwest transport of a smoke aerosol, in July downwind was mainly from the Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk and the Yamalo-Nenets regions.


We identified spatially distinct populations of barren-ground grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in a 235,000-km2 study area northeast of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada. We tested for the presence of population clusters of bears using movement data obtained from satellite telemetry (n=55 female bear-years, n=42 male bear-years) and multivariate cluster analysis. We identified geographic range of female and male population clusters using the fixed-kernel range estimator with least-squares cross-validating to determine bandwidths, and defined population unit boundaries by referring to the 70%/0 contours of population ranges. To validate population units, we required spatial clusters for female and male bears to be similar so distinctive female and male components could be con- tained within common population boundaries. Further, we needed population growth rates to be a result of intrinsic birth and death rates and not immigration or emigration rates. Thus, no more than 1 radiotracked animal of either sex (between 2.1/% and 4.3o/o of a given population unit sample) could immigrate to or emigrate from an identified pop- ulation unit annually. We obtained independent clustering solutions that grouped both female and male grizzly bears into 3 areas: the North Slave region, Bathurst Inlet region, and Kugluktuk region. Although female population ranges at the 70% contour level were completely contained within established population unit boundaries, male population ranges demonstrated overlap. Annual exchange rates were high (3.4-1 3% for females, 7-35o/o for males) among the 3 population groups. Bears in our study area should thus be managed as an open (continuous) population.


SUBACUTE bacterial endocarditis and various acute forms of endocarditis are usually considered to arise on valves that have been previously damaged. It would be remarkable if endocarditis due to Escherichia coli should prove to be an exception, since the colon bacillus is usually an organism of low virulence and one that generally invades only in cases of extensive tissue damage. The explanation for this discrepancy is thought to be due to an increased virulence assumed by Esch. coli. 1 A case of this disease is reported below because of the rarity of well documented cases. This case and the seeming incongruity . . .


Influence of respondents' state of health among the employed population was revealed, in particular, depending on the status of the settlement. It is found out that the preservation, strengthening and accumulation of human capital for the health of citizens depends, in particular, on the effectiveness of the combination of decentralization reform and medicine. The model of electronic management of public health (on the example of the territorial community of Vinnitsa region) is offered. It is reasonable that an important element of the above model at the initial stage of implementation is to obtain synergies from the introduction of electronic document flow, which allows motivating members of territorial communities to self-preserve human health capital.


Genome editing comprises predicted changes in the gene sequence or precise insertion of exogenous DNA with the goal of inactivating gene(s), generating functional alleles, replacing mutant alleles or site-specific transgene integration. The first case, representing targeted gene integration, in a plant genome (tobacco) was reported a few years after the birth of the plant transformation era (Paszkowski et al., 1988). However, due to an exceedingly low targeting frequency, this technique could not be practiced routinely. In the meantime, Ow and colleagues (Albert et al., 1995; Dale and Ow, 1991) showed that a phage derived site-specific recombination system, Cre-lox, works exceptionally well in plant cells and directs precise DNA deletions and sitespecific transgene integration into plant chromosomes. While targeted gene replacement could not be practiced by employing such heterologous recombination systems, precise transgene integrations into pre-integrated recombination sites and excision of selectable marker genes have since become routine. Around the same time, Puchta et al. (1996) showed how the dilemma of low frequency gene editing in plants could be addressed. By introducing DNA double-stranded breaks (DSB) in a tobacco genome, a dramatic increase in gene integration was demonstrated by homologous recombination (HR), the most powerful gene editing mechanism with regard to controlling the editing outcome. However, the application of the DSB strategy for genome editing had to await the development of designed nucleases. The last decade has seen a number of breakthroughs leading to the development of designed nucleases that can create site-specific DSB in plant genomes (Christian et al., 2010; Jinek et al., 2012; Li et al., 2011; Shukla et al., 2009; Townsend et al., 2009). Further, as DSB are often repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) mechanisms (Gorbunova and Levy, 1997), these DSB reagents have become robust tools of targeted mutagenesis. While the DNA sequence of the DSB site, repaired through NHEJ, cannot be predicted, occurrence of a high rate of short insertion– deletion allows efficient production of variant alleles, which could serve as a rich source of genetic variation. For a more predictable change in the gene sequence, a unique approach of gene editing based on the application of oligonucleotides had been described (Cole-Strauss et al., 1996), which also received a 'helping hand' from designed nucleases in enhancing the editing efficiency through DSB induction. Thus, the development of designed nucleases has unleashed an era of crop improvement through genome editing, most notably, trait development by targeted mutagenesis, which is a more precise way of generating useful alleles than the traditional random mutagenesis approaches that introduce numerous genomewide mutations. Designed nucleases are also promising for targeted transgene integration or gene replacement. However, improving HR rates and recovering 'true' HR clones are some of the issues still facing the scientific community. Sitespecific recombinases derived from yeast or phages have solved the bottleneck of serial targeting, albeit into pre-integrated recombination sites. These developments could enable gene stacking in plant chromosomes, which in turn could facilitate rapid deployment of new traits into diverse crop varieties. The last decade has seen many exciting developments in genome editing capabilities that have significantly impacted both basic and applied aspects of plant biotechnology research and are poised to unleash an era of crop improvement through targeted mutagenesis, precise gene editing, multigene transformation and gene stacking. In this special issue, leading experts in the field of plant genome editing summarize some of the major developments associated with this rapidly moving area. Holger Puchta (2015), one of the pioneers in plant genome editing, provides a personal account of some of the early observations that led to the current paradigm of taking advantage of the cell's natural ability to repair DNA via the creation of targeted double strand breaks. Ow (2015), Lee et al. (2015) and Rivera-Torres and Kmeic (2015) provide comprehensive reviews of the historical aspects of recombinase-mediated transformation, designed nucleases and single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides, respectively, for targeted genome modification. Taken together, these reviews give the reader a detailed perspective of the evolution of this exciting field. Looking towards the future, Srivastava and Thomson (2015) examine the use of recombinases for transgene stacking, Weeks et al. (2015) review the various types of designed nucleases and their use in genome editing across a broad spectrum of plant species, and Sauer et al. (2015) describe targeted mutagenesis using oligonucleotides. Petolino and Kumar (2015) outline how designed nucleases can address some of the issues associated with the deployment of transgenes for commercial trait development, and Wolt et al. (2015) discuss some of the regulatory aspects of genome-edited crops. These reviews paint an optimistic picture of the future of genome editing tempered by the realization that additional knowledge and continued technical developments are required to fully meet its early promise. Finally, Zhu et al. (2015) describe some recent results using the CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease system to mutate genes in Arabidopsis. They found that expressing the nuclease in germ-line cells using a male gametophyte-specific promoter, SPOROCYTLESS, resulted in a higher frequency of diverse, nonchimeric, heritable mutations as compared to constitutive expression. There is little doubt that the field of genome editing will continue to expand and recombinases, designed nucleases and oligonucleotides will play key roles in studies of functional genomics as well as applied crop improvement. The editors feel that this collection of articles will catalyse the continued advancement of this field.


The mechanical analysis,modeling and finite element analysis were done on a kind of driving drum to obtain the stress distribution.The drum shaft was optimized in Matlab software to reduce the shaft weight;using the optimization results,modeling and finite element analysis were done once more.The stress changes before and after optimization were compared,and the rationality was also analyzed.All the results can provide some basis for the driving drum design and manufacture.


Results are presented from an investigation into the extent of distortion in a retrospective study of non-marital cohabitation marriage and childbearing when information on consensual unions is restricted. "The data of the 1975 Danish fertility survey reflect a dramatic fall in cohabitational marriage rates over recent cohorts paired with a surprising stability in cohabitational first birth rates across the same cohorts at a level much lower than that of corresponding married women. A comparison with more complete Swedish data suggests that these findings are correct and not artifacts produced by shortcomings in the Danish observational plan where information on consensual unions is restricted to the most recent cohabitation and is obtained only for women who are divorced or married or who cohabit at interview." (EXCERPT)


In this article, we have tried to determine the perception of Ibn Hazm on commandment of Allah by considering his two important books: al-Muhalla and al-Ihkâm. In this respect, after examining the sources of commandments of Allah, types of them was focused in the context of the notion of Maratib as-Shariah, which is the notion only used by Ibn Hazm with the meaning of the degrees of divine provisions. Then, categorical classification of commandments of Allah as "wajib", "mubakh" and "kharam" in general was pointed out; afterwards, the definiton of "wajib", its relation with "fard" and general qualifications was analyzed. Finally, by examining the transformation of provisions in the perception of Ibn Hazm, his understanding of commandment of Allah was tried to evaluate.


Many broadcasters are still in the phase of implementing HDTV (High-Definition Television) for all regular services and this activity will set the main focus in production and distribution for the upcoming years. However, the consumer and professional industries, are already promoting technologies beyond the current HDTV formats used in the broadcast domain so this paper presents an overview of existing technologies. Very soon, new consumer and professional products will enter the market with resolutions clearly beyond that of current HDTV. The ultimate aim is to give the consumer a significantly enhanced viewing experience. Broadcasters may wish to choose a future proof format and may even be forced by competition to change their format. While high frame rates offer better temporal resolution, which is good for sports and other content with high motion scenes, image formats with higher spatial resolution improve the imagery for genres such as movies, drama and documentary. Beyond HDTV, Japan's Broadcasting Corporation NHK (Nippon Hoso Kyokai) has developed a new TV standard that will be a major advance in television broadcasting and that will create an entirely new environment, television shows. This is the next natural step forward in display technology, offering consumers an incredibly immersive viewing experience with stunning new levels of image quality. There are several up to date terms for this new standard, such as Quad HD (High Definition), UHD (Ultra High Definition), 4K (4000 horizontal pixels) or 4K UHD television.


Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the primary breast cancer specimens are commonly used to determine / measure the Her 2/neu status of patients. Grading of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in determining HER-2/neu status of a patient is debatable because of its subjective approach. It has been depicted that 75% of the patients who do not have gene amplification by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) have HER-2/neu over expression evaluated by IHC. Extra cellular domain of HER-2/neu oncoprotein dropped into blood may be detected in the serum. A total sample of 160 cases with primary Breast cancer was prospectively studied over a period of 5 years in KIRAN, Pakistan. In the present study, we analyzed the rate of occurrence of HER-2/neu alterations by ELISA and IHC in breast carcinoma patients. Summary measures were calculated for various demographic and biochemical parameters. A correlation was calculated between tissue Her-2/neu and serum Her-2/neu using Pearson correlation and was found significant with a p value of 0.01. Thus showing that for routine diagnostics, the combination of IHC and ELISA is useful. Furthermore, ELISA can be used if the primary tissue sample is not available for predicting tissue HER-2 status and determination of serum HER2 ECD concentration in metastatic breast cancer may provide a useful index of tissue HER2 status, especially in light of its relatively easy and inexpensive methodology and the simplicity of sample collection.


LIZ RHODES VIEWPOINT During recent years schools have had to put a high proportion of their budgets into the provision of IT. The government has made its contributions with, for instance, the funding of interactive whiteboards. But what has become apparent to me is that the part of the school to have suffered from all this high tec is the library. In one school, the library has ironically become the ICT suite and the books are arranged down the corridors, replacing the children's coat pegs. What has happened to the coats, I am not quite sure, although I do know that children will always claim not to have brought a coat to school when you ask them to put one on at playtime. But I think that's a different issue. Ah yes, I know! The coats are under the classroom tables, replacing the stacks of drawers, which are now in the body of the classroom, where the computers used to be. Of course I am not talking about the library as a space, but rather as a place where books may be found, borrowed, enjoyed, used and consulted. Even using books for reference is rubbished nowadays, 'I can look it up on Google'. Yes you can, and you can get several million references quoted on the item you are researching. It has been proved by (oddly enough) reference book sellers that it is quicker to find specific information in a good encyclopedia than to go rummaging around in computers. Probably not as cool, though, and that is part of the problem. Because books are no longer given pride of place, they appear to have been devalued in children's eyes. The dilemma will become worse as heads are given more discretion with their budgets. They will be given their funding to spend as they and their governing bodies decide, and it seems that books always get squeezed out to make way for other necessities. For example, the workload agreement means that more money will have to be found for classroom assistants. The ICT equipment has to be maintained, whether by continued leasing or by upgrading with new hardware. Ancillaries such as printers and paper gobble up huge amounts of money, and funding for books is continually threatened. Resources usually account for about six per cent of a school's budget, but you're lucky if one per cent of the budget is spent on books. Even in the classroom, books are watered down. In an effort to cover all the genres specified as necessary for the key stage 2 Sats, excerpts from different well-loved books are reproduced, together with comprehension questions and teachers' guides as to what aspects should be emphasised. Children could probably get through the whole of key stage 2 without actually reading a whole book. We, in key stage 1, must make sure that we go on providing our children with the quantity and high standard of books that has formerly been available to them. There is no substitute for sitting down with the class and reading a good story; even the most recalcitrant child will usually respond well to the enjoyment that can be found by interaction with a book. If, as we are led to believe, children are being read to less at home, then we must counteract this by making sure that they get their full ration of books when they are at school. The headline refers to the coupons that can be collected for computers and sports equipment at big supermarkets. Perhaps they think schools automatically get books and they don't need any more. But we really need a concerted effort to make books seem important again. Have a book week with visiting authors, publishers, animators. Have book quizzes. Have writing competitions. Julian Barnes said 'books make sense of life'. I don't think we can ask for more than that, can we? 5TO7 Liz Rhodes looks at how schools have started to neglect reading in favour of technology


After 9 years of experience with this law, we are convinced that a program which embodies the principles of indeterminate sentencing and psychiatric treatment is both workable and useful. We feel that it is the best approach currently available through which society can deal with the agonizing problem of the sex offender. We would be negligent, however, if we did not emphasize some of the problems and shortcomings of our own program. Obviously even an enlightened prison setting is not an ideal environment in which to conduct a flexible treatment program(8, 16). Until we can build our own"prison-hospital" for this group of offenders, we are forced to make many compromises which may not be therapeutic. Finding adequately trained therapists to work in a correctional environment remains a constant problem(19). We do not feel that we are anywhere close to giving optimum psychotherapy to each offender who can benefit thereby. A constantly haunting problem is our inability, because of the statutory requirements,...


I examine whether managers use discretion in revenue recognition to avoid three earnings benchmarks. I find that managers use discretion in both accrued revenue (i.e., accounts receivable) and deferred revenue (i.e., advances from customers) to avoid negative earnings surprises, but find little evidence that discretion is used to avoid losses or earnings decreases. For a common sample of firms with both deferred revenue and accounts receivable, I find evidence that managers do not prefer to exercise discretion in either account. However, further tests show that managers preferred to use discretion in deferred revenue before the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 went into effect, consistent with them choosing to manage an account with the lowest real costs to the firm (i.e., future cash consequences). My results suggest that the revenue recognition joint project undertaken by the FASB and IASB to reduce managerial estimation in revenue recognition may have the unintended consequence of leading to greater real costs imposed on shareholders as firms are likely to use even greater discretion in accounts receivable.


Deep near-infrared (NIR) surveys are critical to our current, and even more to our future, understanding of galaxy evolution in the early universe. In this review I will be discussing the relevance of deep NIR surveys and looking at the information provided by different types of survey: broad-band imaging, spectroscopic observations and narrow-band imaging. In particular I will be looking at the future possibilities for faint galaxy work provided by forthcoming, innovative, NIR instrumentation being developed for the next generation of 8m telescopes.


Proportional pump control technology has the characteristic of controlling pressure and flow automatically,which satisfied requirement of different pressure and flow for radar hydraulic system,what′s more,pressure loss of this system is very little,and it can save energy easily.In order to apply this technology to radar hydraulic system,a test system of electro-hydraulic proportional pump control system is designed and constructed,which is compared with valve control system by test research,and the results of test show that the merits of the proportional pump control system designed are saving energy and good controllability.


On March 10, 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev was elected to the post of Secretary General of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. When he begins to appear in 1985, Gorbachev will not announce any major reforms, until the 27th party congress, held in February 1986, will not use the word reform nor announce any reforms. His secretary-general will weigh his actions very carefully, and only after removing his main opponents from Politburo can he freely say that "Perestroika" or "Glasgow" is tantamount to fundamental reform. In time, he will realize how much the Soviet Union is in crisis and that if the economic crisis is not taken appropriate measures, it will be felt in every part of life, ie the quality of life and social conditions will deteriorate. It will soon be shown that taking any measures without fundamentally changing the system have only a limited effect and can only serve to mildly calm the situation.The real change can only be made by breaking down the old system that will no longer be effective because the planning economy will be at odds with the rapid technological development and what has happened in the Western world.


A key factor in planning and orienting towns in the Roman world, and in particular in Augustan towns, was cosmology. The application of cosmological criteria in these towns, associated with specific political and religious principles of the principate of Augustus, has been already identified in Italia, Gallia, and Hispania. In this article we examine the orientation of the Roman town of Ara Ubiorum (present day Cologne) that could be related with the dies natalis Augusti . Based on these results, such a relation could have been deliberately sought by Roman and Ubian authorities to connect the newly founded town, where there was an ara of the Imperial cult probably consecrated to Rome and Augustus, with Augustus, who was identified with Apollo-Sol.


This paper is based on a research project with the aim of developing a suitable model for future water consumption in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. The project's main aims were to, systematically, investigate the contributory factors in water usage and then build a mathematical model for prediction and performing sensitivity analysis. Water is without any doubt the most important resource used in farming, industrial and domestic applications. Hence, this project is timely and very appropriate in terms of meeting the needs of the community in and around Toowoomba.

The paper demonstrates how the most suitable multiple regression models were built in a progressive manner. For instance, a systematic investigation into the accuracy of models has revealed that by incorporating three dummy variables and using those in conjunction with either the city population or the number of dwellings in the city would produce the most accurate results. These dummy variables represented the presence or absence of tariff, restrictions rebate and dry weather.


The analysis of traffic flow at roundabouts has often been simplified by treating the roundabout as a series of isolated T-intersections with no interaction between the entering traffic streams from the various approaches. More recently, the effects of significant differences in approach volumes have been taken into account--as may be found in the latest version of the SIDRA software package. Such differences in approach volumes--or imbalances as they are termed in this paper--can have a significant effect on delay and capacity estimates for any given total volume of traffic entering a roundabout. The SIDRA package endeavors to take into account the effect of one approach volume dominating the other approaches, but it does not appear to be directly responsive to the actual location of the dominant approach relative to any other approach being analyzed. However, it was found in this research--which used the simulation program TRACSIM--that the delay on any given approach appears to be sensitive to a change in the balance of the circulating flows. For example, if most of the flow circulating past an approach originates from the first approach upstream then the average delay tends to be high. However, if the same volume of circulating traffic had originated from the second approach upstream then the average delay would tend to be low. Consequently, the "origin-destination" as well as the magnitude of the various approach volumes can be expected to affect the performance of a roundabout. The lack of appropriate field data limits the result of this study to a comparison between simulated and analytical models.


As in economic markets, price stability is a major concern in peer-to-peer resource markets. In this paper, we describe a model for understanding the dynamics and convergence of resource prices in a peer-to-peer resource market. We analyze and simulate the resource price dynamics to identify conditions for achieving long-term price stability.


An efficient strategy for the synthesis of various 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine and 2-imidazoline derivatives has been reported. The reactions proceeded from nitriles with ethylenediamine or 1,3-diaminopropane via cascade cycloaddition in the presence of CuL 2 (L = 2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate) to afford the corresponding 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine or 2-imidazoline derivatives under reflux conditions or microwave irradiation in excellent yields.


Geochemistry
Differences in isotopic compositions of trace elements can help identify how regions of Earth's mantle have evolved over time. Mundl et al. identified several ancient domains that have been isolated from mantle homogenization and thus contain signatures of primordial material. Tungsten and helium isotope values indicate fractionation and isolation of these mantle domains just after Earth's formation. The findings help constrain ancient processes such as core formation, but also provide insight into unexplained structures in the lower mantle today.

Science , this issue p. [66][1]

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aal4179


Feedback learning is one of the major tools in educational programs improvisation and educational reforms. The complexity of feedback learning issues could not be understated, since many aspect of educational reforms and students improvisation rely on the feedback they received and given. There are many issues clouding the feedback learning and feedback giving process, which will be discussed over here. But, the debate eventually leads to betterment of the process and eventually acknowledging feedback learning as a very useful and productive tools either to the educational organization providing it or the students receiving it.


Summary Electron microscopy observations are presented on the effect of inhibitors of aggregation on platelet morphology. Moreover the relationship existing between shape changes produced by inhibitors of platelet aggregation and the mechanism of inhibition has also been studied. Among the inhibitors, nucleotides were without effect on platelet shape, so that their inhibitory action is likely to be related to competition with ADP. Marked sphering of platelets with scanty modifications of the inner structure was produced by all other agents. They are thought to be active through a damage to the membrane, which is thus made insensitive to the aggregating agents.


Several lines of clinical and experimental evidence suggest that environmental risk factors are likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The two pathological hallmarks of PD are selective nigrostriatal degeneration and formation of alpha-synuclein-containing intraneuronal inclusions (called Lewy bodies). The goal of these studies was to test the hypothesis that environmental toxicants may be able to reproduce these parkinsonian features in experimental animal models. A mouse model recently developed in our laboratory was characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta after repeated exposures to the herbicide paraquat. As with human parkinsonism, paraquat-induced neurodegeneration in mice was accompanied by gliosis. Another intriguing feature of this model was an up-regulation of alpha-synuclein that consistently followed each paraquat administration. Although organized structures resembling Lewy bodies were not observed, signs of protein aggregation were evident in the form of intraneuronal accumulation of thioflavine S-positive deposits. Co-localization of alpha-synuclein within these deposits provided further evidence that paraquat injections triggered alpha-synuclein aggregation in the mouse brain. Taken together, these results suggest that up-regulation of alpha-synuclein may be part of the response of neurons to toxic insults. They also provide important evidence in support of a relationship between environmental exposures, alpha-synuclein–toxicant interactions and the development of parkinsonian pathology.


Part 1 Influences: father the Resistance movement 1939-45 Lake Maggiore story tellers political and theoretical atmosphere in post-war Milan. Part 2 Beginnings: apprenticeship French cabaret and mime Italian theatrical tradition the theatre of Brecht and others. Part 3 The Court Jester of the bourgeoisie: his early plays 1954-67 TV and radio gap between his politiclal ideas and prevailing political atmosphere/here. Part 4 Theatre for the working class: relationship between mass Left wing movement and Fo's activities as playwright and performer. Part 6 Breaking the fourth wall: making a new relationship with his public. Part 7 Overseas and adaptation: survey of Fo's work outside Italy and impact in the English speaking world.


Madinah Malang in the future using the IFAS Matrix, EFAS Matrix, SWOT Matrix, I-E Matrix, SWOT Matrix and QSPM Matrix. Quantitative method. Research settings at the Madinah Malang Restaurant. The results showed that the ability of Malang Medina Restaurant Shops with IFAS and EFAS were able to exploit their weaknesses. At the decision making stage with QSPM, the alternative strategy chosen was the Market Development Strategy at the Madinah Malang Restaurant Shop. This strategy has a TAS score of 6,595. Limitations / Implications for research need to increase Promotion by utilizing existing technology through mass media such as: Instagram, Facebook, Google.


Tone reversal in electron beam lithography when using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as a resist is well known. At low electron beam dose, chain scissioning—resulting in positive tone lithography, is observed in PMMA. However, above a certain threshold dose, electron beam exposure results in cross-linking of PMMA, enabling negative tone resist action. We describe a similar phenomenon in PMMA (containing Irgacure 379—a free radical generator)—brought about through UV radiation exposure at 365 nm wavelength. The photo-active Irgacure 379 serves two purposes here: making PMMA sensitive to wavelengths as short as 365 nm (i-line) and amplifying the free radical concentration so that the tone reversal could be observed at relatively low UV dose. Thus, an optical analogue of the well-known tone reversal seen in electron beam lithography exists where the reversal is brought about by changing the intensity of UV illumination on PMMA containing a certain amount of Irgacure 379.


The lithologic feature, spatial type and reservoir quality in Yingshan carbonate reservoir of Middle-Lower Ordovician in Yuqi area of Tarim basin are analyzed comprehensively by using core observation, cast thin section, cathodology, SEM, porosity and permeability analysis and mercury injection method, etc., and the reservoir is synthetically evaluated then. The results show that the main rock types in Yingshan formation are micritics, calcarenite and dolomite, of which, micritics and calcarenite have the best development and the widest distribution. The carbonate reservoirs belong to cave, fracture-pore and fracture types with intermediate physical property. The cave reservoir develops widely in the west slope of Yuqi area, but cave filling is very compact. Fracture-pore reservoir is relatively a better kind of reservoir. The key factors influencing the reservoir quality are structure, karst and diagenesis. The favorable reservoirs are distributed along Wellblock YQ2-YQ3-YQ4-LN13 in western Yuqi area. This conclusion provides an important theoretical basis for the next exploration in Yuqi area and its vicinities where carbonate rocks are partially eroded.


A recycling device for a soilless culture medium is provided with an inclined culture slot (1), the lower end of which is connected with a recycling slot (4) through a filter screen (3). The culture slot (1) is provided with a screen-shaped culture stock (2) paralleling to the bottom part of the culture slot (1). The side walls of the recycling slot are provided with culture medium limiting holes (12). The bottom part of the recycling slot (4) is provided with a hole (10), the lower side of which (10) is communicated with one side of a higher end of the culture slot (1),while the upper side of which (10) is provided with a nozzle (5). The nozzle (5) is communicated with a valve (7), the other end of which (7) is communicated with a culture medium supplying pipe (8). The invention can realize the cycling flow of the culture medium without a recycle pump and has the advantages of small investment, energy saving, low operation cost, without mechanical fault and being convenient for maintenance, which can be broadly used on the culture medium circulation of the soilless culture like vegetables, etc., and is suitable for the occasions having no power supply like the wild field etc.


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Cerebral Palsy (CP) is considered a neurological disorder caused by a non-progressive brain injury or malformation that occurs while the child's brain is under development.1 CP primarily affects body movement and muscle coordination. CP is actually caused by brain damage. The brain damage is caused by brain injury or abnormal development of the brain that occurs while a child's brain is still developing -before birth, during birth, or immediately after birth. CP affects body movement, muscle control, muscle coordination, muscle tone, reflex, posture, and balance. It can also impact fine motor skills, gross motor skills and oral motor functioning.2


Background: The lack of energy-protein intake has been shown to increase the risk of stunting in under-five children. The quality of protein in food is assessed by the completeness of amino acid content. This study aims to determine the amount of essential amino acid (EAAs) intake and other risk factors of stunting among under-five children. Design and methods: A descriptive, case-control study was performed in the work area of Kedungkandang Health Center Malang. The subjects were 24–59-month-old children with a total of 23 stunted (height-for-age Z-score (HAZ) <-2 SD) and 57 normal children (HAZ ≥-2 SD). Furthermore, the data were collected using anthropometric measurement, validated and pre-tested questionnaires, which were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results: The intake of all the nine EAAs in stunted children was lower than that of non-stunted children. However, only histidine, isoleucine, and methionine were significantly different (p<0.05). The significant risk factors of stunting include a family income per month fewer than the Regional Minimum Wages [OR=12.06, 95% CI 1.83-79.53], being underweight [OR=7.11, 95% CI 1.49-33.93], breastfeeding of less than 6 months [OR=5.34, 95% CI 1.28-22.20], and the lack of EAA methionine intake [OR=0.14, 95% CI 0.03-0.67]. Conclusions: Stunted children may not receive sufficient dietary intake of EAAs in their diet. Furthermore, the lack of EAAs intake, especially methionine, alongside low family income, underweight, lack of breastfeeding and variety in food consumption were the risk factors of stunting among under-five children in a selected Health Center in Malang City, Indonesia. Significance for public health Stunting is a linear growth failure in children due to poor nutrition and recurrent infection. It is considered a public health problem worldwide. Furthermore, the quality of nutrition, not just quantity, is very important for child development. Protein quality is assessed by the presence of essential amino acids in food. However, research on the quality of protein intake in children is presently very limited. This study describes the importance of essential amino acid intake among other risk factors of stunting in under-five children.


Objective: We compared electroneurography (ENoG) performed in patients with facial palsy using the new midline method and standard method in terms of the relationship between the ENoG value and clinical course. We also established a new criterion with the midline method for predicting prognosis in facial palsy using the ENoG value. Method: ENoG was performed using the midline method, in which the recording electrodes were placed on the midline of the face, and the standard method, which has been used universally. The relationship between the ENoG values and the period to full recovery from the facial palsy was compared. Results: Sixty-four patients with facial palsy were enrolled. The midline method had a stronger negative correlation in the relationship between the ENoG value and period to full recovery from palsy than the standard method. We also proposed a new ENoG value-based criterion for prognostic diagnosis using the midline method: 1) ENoG value of > 60% predicts complete recovery from the palsy within 2 months; 2) ENoG value of > 10% and < 60% predicts recovery from the palsy within 6 months; and 3) ENoG value of <10% forecasts 50% of patients cannot reach complete recovery. Conclusion: The novel midline ENoG method we proposed here has advantages over the standard method in terms of ease of electrode setting, and the ENoG value may be a useful prognostic factor.