We present herein the work started at SUNY Oswego as a part of a SUNY SCAC grant. The SUNY SCAC Committee has awarded Dr. Carolina Ilie and Martin Dann a grant to carry out extensive studies on thin film solar cells. The focus of the study is to develop miniaturized solar cells using rare earth free metals, yet have at least the same efficiency as the industry standard. The Langmuir Blodgett method of thin film deposition will be used to create a nanoparticle monolayer on the surface of water, and then be deposited onto a silicon wafer. Repetition of this process will lead to the creation of the thin film, which consists of many monolayers stacked on one another. Martin Dann has started the preliminary work for the project and will continue the project. The preliminary work concentrates on analyzing the properties of magnetic nanoparticle candidates, band gap, and the fabrication of thin films. The continuation of this work will include the fabrication of more samples, as well as performing IV curve tests on the samples. These tests will determine how much power is put out from the solar cell given a known power input, giving the efficiency of the cell.


It is well known that the capacity of crude distillation units in any refinery reflect the capacity of refinery itself, and that is why because we consider that these units the first stage and all other units such as vacuum distillation, hydrotreating, reforming, catalytic cracking, and others depend on them. So we devoted our effort to keep these units work with high performance and efficiency.
The purpose of this work is to develop crude distillation units in Daura oil refinery, rise their performance level and detect were the weak points are concentrated to overcome.
Our work here conducted by simulation program (HYSYS) and consists of two stages, the stage before changing operating conditions and the stage after changing operating conditions and we will discuss each one separately later.
From this work we found that these old units contain many mistakes due to long time of operation since the year 1954 and these mistakes are concentrated in miss operation due to absence of daily close monitoring to the operation conditions and product specifications as to gap and overlap conditions and it was really effect badly on rectification efficiency


Provided in the present invention are a communication method, a system, and an access point based on wireless bearer within a cell. The cell includes multiple access points. The method includes: a first access point of the multiple access points obtains identifications of the access points to be connected with respectively, and obtains registration information of terminal devices managed by the access points to be connected with after connecting with the access points to be connected with, and then forms a correspondence relationship between the registration information and the access points to be connected with and saves it. With the present invention, connection between the access points can be realized without through an internet server, and flexible communication between terminal devices within the cell can also be realized.


Digital economy is a natural stage of development of economic system, in which the main values of economic actors consist in the knowledge and nonmaterial production. Within scientific literature prevail research of the impact of separate aspects of digital transformation upon the activity of tourism agencies and development of vacation destinations, namely the use of digital booking platforms, augmented reality in museums and exhibitions, as well as the Internet of things. However, interrelation of these vectors of development in the process of digital transformation, as well as the mechanisms of its management applicable to the sphere of tourism and Russian economy are studied insufficiently. The subject of this research is the economy and management of a separate tourism agency and the entire industry. The goal of this work consists in conducting a comprehensive research of Russian and foreign literature on the topic of methodology for managing digital transformation in different economic sectors; as well as determination of distinct characteristic of managing digital transformations in tourism sphere and the factors affecting this process. The author applies comparative analysis of literary sources and experience of managing digital transformation through implementation of digital platforms. The introduction of platform approach in management of digital transformation substantiated the transition towards network service interaction (versus traditional cooperation) as the backbone of the economy. Digital transformation of the entire economic sector requires close collaboration of economic actors within the framework of a region or a country. A conclusion is made the most appropriate model of the development of tourism sector of the economy is the ecosystem of digital platforms. Due to its peculiarities, tourism sphere can become a favorable platform for approbation of management techniques of digital transformation, functionality of regional digital platforms and system integrators.


Profound respect for low first costs, low maintenance costs, long platform life, and the avoidance of catastrophic loss potentials, share equally as viability determinants for VLMFS technologies.


Entrepreneurship is a potential tool for economic transformation, considering the impact it has on employment, wealth generation, and spurring local entrepreneurship. Thus, women entrepreneurs the world over, have continued to contribute significantly to the growth and development of their economies through this medium. This paper assessed the ways in which rural women SMEs can be repositioned for maximum growth, based on two objectives: to examine the factors that affect rural women SMEs; and to ascertain the determinants of growth of rural women SMEs. The paper utilized survey research method, and deployed a structured questionnaire based on the 5-point Likert scale. 250 participants were drawn for the study, while face and content validity techniques were employed. Reliability rate was determined using Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Statistical Procedure. Findings revealed that rural women entrepreneurs are plagued with challenges ranging from lack of quality education, poor state of infrastructure, ineffective credit system as well as a harsh business climate. As a result, factors such as improved market access, ensuring an effective value chain, increased competitiveness, enhanced market entry, quality education/skill acquisition, efficient credit system, adequate infrastructure, and a friendly and enabling business environment were advocated for. The paper recommended among others, the need for financial inclusion and efficient credit system for rural women to enhance the growth of their SMEs.


Development in Practice actively encourages the exchange of ideas and experiences among academics, practitioners, and policy shapers. This reflects our belief that scholarly enquiry is enriched by being informed by and relevant to practice, while practice – which, broadly defined, includes social and political activism as well as professional development and humanitarian work – is similarly enhanced through its sustained engagement with the world of ideas. All too often, however, it appears that academics and practitioners are standing back to back, neither examining the same issues nor speaking the same language. The difference between researching a problem and actually grappling with it ought not to imply that one approach is intrinsically superior to the other, any more than an apple is 'better' than a mango. But the distinct pressures and incentives on development researchers and those directly involved in practice can serve to deepen the sense that they have little in common, and not much to learn from each other. This is hardly helped by the pervasive 'anti-intellectualism' within the Northern NGO sector (Lewis 2001), which tends to foster suspicion of academic enquiry, though hands-on practitioners are understandably wary of 'ivory tower critics' who, they may feel, have the luxury of keeping their own hands clean while criticising those who are willing to get them dirty. NGO researchers, on the other hand, may argue that their own heterogeneous methods of gathering and analysing information make up in real-world impact what they may lack in the scholarly paraphernalia of footnotes and bibliographies. Leaving aside the role of formal academic research, however, development agencies seldom reward reading and reflection over frenetic activity, despite their professed commitment to being or becoming 'learning organisations'. Activists, on the other hand, may be irritated by both sectors, arguing that researchers and development agencies alike are governed by their need to keep themselves in business, the price of which is an increasing dependence on government funds. The process is inherently depoliticising, according to one commentator: 'As soon as the activists become dependent on aid they are forced to break the link with politics. In the NGO world politics becomes a taboo word, and all energies are focused on framing problems as essentially and entirely "social"' (Iqtidar 2004). In reality, of course, the contrasts are far less stark. First, there is considerable movement among the different sectors, and many hybrid forms and ways of working, as is clear from the existence of various communities of activist-scholars. Moreover, donors now place increasing pressure on academic institutions to show the impact of the research they sponsor—often defined in terms of policy relevance—and researchers are therefore required to have a communication strategy, not merely a plan to get it published in a scholarly journal. North-South academic partnerships are formally encouraged by DFID, which argues that for its research 'to have an impact on developing country governments, it must closely involve developing country researchers: they, rather than researchers from abroad, are more likely to interact


The present work is concerned with the application of categorical methods in algebraic and locally covariant quantum field theory. Attention is particularly paid to colimits and left Kan extensions, understanding
K. Fredenhagen's universal algebra, which is a
global (unital) (C)*-algebra associated with a not necessarily up-directed net of local (unital) (C)*-algebras, from the point of view of category theory. The main technical result centres on explicit expressions for the universal algebra and its non-triviality in the case that a net of local unital *-algebras is constructed from linear symplectic spaces via a functorial quantisation prescription. Non-up-directed nets of local (unital) (C)*-algebras typically arise for quantum field theories in a generic curved spacetime with an arbitrary topology. As an example the field strength tensor description of
the classical and the quantised free Maxwell field in curved spacetimes is considered. Employing colimits and left Kan extensions, a universal classical and quantum field
theory are constructed. Both fail local covariance and dynamical locality but can be reduced to locally covariant and dynamically local theories.
To understand C.J. Isham's twisted quantum fields from the point of view of algebraic and locally covariant quantum field theory, an abstract categorical framework is introduced, which utilises recent ideas of C.J. Fewster on the automorphisms of a locally covariant theory and the group of the global gauge transformations of a theory. The general formalism allows to consider twisted variants of generic locally covariant theories, which need not refer to (quantum) fields at all, on single curved spacetimes.
It is argued that the general categorical scheme leads naturally to the classification of the twisted variants of a locally covariant theory by the isomorphism classes of flat smooth principal bundles over the fixed single curved spacetime the twisted variants are considered on. The general categorical scheme and the classification of twisted variants are illustrated by the example of twisted variants of multiple free and minimally coupled real scalar fields of the same mass.
Finally, a new family of pure and quasifree states for the quantised free massive Dirac field on 4-dimensional, oriented and globally hyperbolic ultrastatic slabs with
compact spatial section is constructed, arising from a recent description of F. Finster's fermionic projector. These FP-states ("FP" for fermionic projector) are tested for the Hadamard property with some negative and some positive results.


FIELD: medicine; medical engineering. SUBSTANCE: device has thin flexible plaster having at least two electrodes, power supply source and separator. The separator has conducting composition covering one of electrodes. At least one variable parameter of power supply source, composition and separator is predefined and preset. The plaster is used for treating skin diseases and/or patient skin derivate. EFFECT: wide range of applications; drug delivery simplicity and effectiveness. 69 cl, 6 dwg, 2 tbl


In the present study a biorefinery system is proposed using catering and agro industrial waste for biogas and low phytotoxic digestate. Anaerobic co-digestion of catering waste with partially pretreated (microwave 800 J/g/min + steam 121 °C 40 min) maize crop residues was conducted under different composition (20-50%) of feedstock. The results showed that the biogas production was increased by 2.03 times in co-digestion experiment (40 % partially pretreated maize crop residue + 60 % catering waste: TCM3) as compared to catering waste alone (control). The increment in accumulative methane 116.7 m3 t-1 was recorded in TCM3 which is due to improvement in biodegradation under co-digestion process. The post digestion byproduct (residual digestate) was evaluated for its phytotoxicity which is supplied with aerobic post treatment. Thethe post treatment has improved the digestate quality by decreasing VS/TS ratio from 259 g/L to 173 g/L and slightly increase the pH from 7.29 to 8.32. Seed germination assay showed that the germination percentage (G %), germination index (GI) and vigor index (VI) were relatively higher with post treated digesate as compared to un-treated digestate. In the germination test using wheat seeds, the post treated digestate (5 % sol. extract) achieved higher values of GI and VI (46 and 609) whereas in un-treated,values for these indices were 14 and 62 respectively. Overall the findings of the present study identify the significance of co-digestion based waste biorefinery, in order to develop value added bio-products such as biogas and biofertilizers.


There is a popular notion that hockey teams blow two-goal leads more often than they should. Hockey experts argue that teams with a two-goal lead tend to revert to a more defensive style of play and do so at their peril. We subjected the claim to National Hockey League data from the 2010 season and found that teams in such a predicament do not lose more often than they should. A possible explanation for the two-goal myth derives from the availability heuristic suggested by Kahneman and Tversky.


The precision of single-axial rotation of INS was improved by introducing the damp network.The simulation model of single-axial rotation of damping INS based on Simulink was built by use of the time-stepping simulation techniques.The different error characteristics in different conditions were analyzed.The results show that by introducing the damp network,the Schuler oscillation error and the Foucault oscillation error were eliminated,the random drift was suppressed,and the precision of the single-axial rotation of INS was greatly enhanced.


The digital world demands graduates who are accustomed to dealing with technology. Blended learning is one of the strategies by combining online media with face-to-face classes. It cannot be denied that students who interact with technology experience stress and tension. This condition will have an impact on the learning process so that a way out is needed to bring it down. Gamification is a gaming technique that is applied to non-game applications to increase pleasure when interacting with these applications. This feature has been implemented in business applications, social media, e-commerce, and e-Learning. However, the impact of playfulness in mitigating technostress has not been studied. This research wants to examine the role of feedback mechanism and presentation mechanism in giving pleasure in LMS. Furthermore, this playfulness is expected to reduce the stress experienced by users. The research was conducted using a quasi-experimental method by giving participants time to follow the course with the gamification feature. The results showed that the gamification mechanism is able to provide pleasure which in turn will reduce the user's stress level. Based on the user-perceived of playfulness, gamification can reduce stress levels so it will reduce user resistance and increase the effectiveness of technology implementation.


Spinoza's philosophy reveals the radical difference from ontology of transcendentalist type. None is based on the hierarchical order of transcendence, claiming as the supreme being the ever unattainable first principle, in relation to which all things seem secondary emanation in need to fill the gap. Spinoza says substance is immanent, and each mode is the state of a substance rather than a ghostly shadow of the prototype shining in the rays of transcendence or an event of the "thing in itself" closed to our knowledge. One of the most significant moments in this regard is the interpretation of the phenomenon of the body. For Spinoza, the body is not a special substance, but its existence is determined primarily by the nature of communication of its elements other bodies. If the emphasis shifts from the specific substance of the nature of communication and organization, then it can be concluded that the body is essentially a form of discourse as discourse is nothing more than a way to organize many disparate elements into something whole, subordinate to one existential-semantic term. Discourse does not only speak, but in the form of the body it also acts, turns to exist on the basis of certain prospects in the material and physical. The nature of mode or discourse is not only the desire to maintain its existence, but also the desire to achieve the maximum degree of perfection, or, equivalently, the maximum degree of power, the highest power of acting on the basis of its existential-semantic perspective. In other words, to assert their existence means to increase the level of discourse and the power of its vision and at the same time to resist other discourses seeking to increase their power. In the discourse-analytic approach of Laclau and Mouffe this situation of clash and confrontation of different discourses is called antagonism the struggle of different discourses for "creating meaning" or, in our proposed terms, for approving existential-semantic perspective. A way of solving antagonism is hegemony approval of perspectives of one discourse and subordination of other discourse perspectives to it. For Spinoza, the establishment of such a despotic meta-perspective (civil state) is only a consequence of the inadequacy of our knowledge. There is another meta-perspective that frees people from the power of passions that always entail them in different directions and, as a consequence, collide with each other. This is the meta-perspective of a substance. This ontology is developed not on the basis of the prospects of transcendence with vertical hierarchical relations on the principle of "land-sky'', but comes from the horizontal perspective of the sea, where individual waves are modes of a single substance. Spinoza's conception of substance is the result of transfer of the transcendent in the immanent. This process results in the elimination of hierarchical opposition between two planes of existence (metaphysical theory of two worlds) and the disclosure of the horizon of totality the universal and comprehensive existential-semantic perspective, in which all other perspectives become intense degrees or, using the Hegelian term, moments. Before Spinoza the transcendent was transferred in the immanent by Nicholas of Cusa and G. Bruno, after by Hegel. This horizon is intermediate between transcendence and transgression.


Abstract Besides access to health services, quality of health care is recognized as a key element in putting an end to preventable childhood illnesses. While the quality of health care and its effects on health is often assessed at the facility level, consumers of health care are co-producers of quality health care since they are capable of using their knowledge and resources to enhance their own health and that of their children. Using the 2014 Kenya Demographic Health Survey data, this study sought to examine the interaction effect of the provider and consumer quality of health care on child health as measured by child weight-for-age (WAZ). Controlling for potential endogeneity, the results of the Two-Stage-Residual-Inclusion model show that the coefficient of the interaction between provider quality of health care as indicated by a dispensary, a health center and a private clinic and consumer quality of healthcare index was positive and significant. This suggests that consumer quality of health care enhances child health given the provider quality of health care. Policies targeted at addressing quality of health care should thus focus on simultaneously improving both supply and demand side quality of health care. Other variables that were key in influencing child nutritional status include; child sex and sex, twin birth and belonging to a higher wealth index.


This paper investigates and compares the impurity gettering effects of silicon nitride (SiN<italic>x</italic>) films that are synthesized by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) under various conditions. Both industrial- and laboratory-scale PECVD systems are employed to deposit SiN<italic>x</italic> films with a wide range of properties (with refractive indices from 1.93 to 2.45 at 632 nm), which covers the entire range of SiN<italic>x</italic> used for silicon solar cells. The gettering effects are quantified by monitoring the reduction kinetics of the interstitial iron concentration in the silicon wafer bulk as iron becomes gettered to the surface SiN<italic>x</italic> layers during cumulative annealing at 400 °C. The results show that the very different SiN<italic>x</italic> films generate similar gettering kinetics, indicating that the impurity gettering effect is likely present in most PECVD SiN<italic>x</italic> films for silicon solar cells. The gettering kinetics and the SiN<italic>x</italic> film properties of refractive index, Si–N, Si–H, N–H bond densities, and H content, are found to have no clear correlations.


The objective of this study was to evaluate biotransformation activity of atrazine-degrading bacteria originating from an agrochemical factory wastewater and soil exposed to long-term pollution by atrazine production. The enrichment of atrazine- degrading bacteria was carried out in microcosms in mineral salts medium with atrazine as the only carbon and nitrogen source (AMS) and in the same medium with the addition of citrate as a supplemental carbon source. Five mixed cultures (two enriched from wastewater, and three from soils taken from top layer at different locations within the factory) were selected as the most efficient since they showed complete disappearance of atrazine (initial concentration 30 mgl-1) during 1- or 2- day batch cultivation in shaken flasks (monitored by HPLC analyses). A more detailed study of the mechanism of atrazine transformation suggested that all selected cultures expressed atrazine-mineralizing activity (transient metabolites hydroxyatrazine and cyanuric acid were monitored by HPLC analyses). It was also shown that the mixed cultures enriched from soil in the presence of citrate were more efficient in complete atrazine degradation than those enriched from wastewater in AMS medim with atrazine as the only carbon and nitrogen source. Plating on selective atrazine-agar medium demonstrated that all enrichments contained at least one bacterial strain which formed clear halos around the colonies. All these strains were capable of transforming atrazine to cyanuric acid, but none of them could continue degradation, i.e. the cleavage of s-triazine ring. Enrichment of mixed bacterial cultures which were more efficient in atrazine degradation than any of the individual populations alone suggested that the relationships between culture members, including those based on combined metabolic capability and the transfer of catabolic genes, are important for successful atrazine mineralization.


The PEMFC internal structure has a very significant impact on the performance of the exchange membrane,and the porosity of the structure is an important part of the fuel cells.Taking the proton exchange membrane fuel cell with four-channel serpentine flow field gradient structure under the working voltage of 0.8 V as an example,the fuel cells under different porosities of 0.750,0.625,0.500,0.375 and 0.250 were simulated and analyzed and the numerical value were compared.The gas flow velocity and the pressure along the flow direction of the distribution were researched.And with the battery output current density as the reference standard,the influence of porosity on the cell output performance was studied.


Recently, ´ Ciric, Mihetand Saadati (Topoplogy Appl. 156 (2009), 2838-2844) proved a common fixed point theorem in partially ordered probabilistic metric spaces. In this paper, we consider the generalized distance in probabilistic metric spaces introduced by Saadati, et. al., (Bull. Iranian Math. Soc. 35:2 (2009), 97-117) and prove some fixed point theorems in partially ordered probabilistic metric spaces.


This contribution describes an evaluation method for phase resolved patterns of partial discharges over time. Therefore, their specific shape characterizes patterns in question. The method searches for these characteristics within PRPD patterns by comparing characterization and PRPD using 2-dimensional cross-correlation. Cross- correlation represents a measure for the similarity between different PRPD patterns. A use case determines the usability of the method in practice. The result is the time dependent occurrence of specific patterns, respectively specific PD sources. Long-term monitoring data of an aged generator step-up transformer with several PD sources of varying activity is used as PD dataset. PDs are recorded by the use of the electromagnetic PD measurement method, also known as the UHF-method.


Restriction in activities during the Pandemic Covid-19 in. Semarang lowland areas needs to be evaluated to groundwater. This research aims to assess groundwater quality, especially in physical characteristics such as pH and Electrical Conductivity/EC in 2019-2021. Groundwater samples were collected from 30 dug wells. The results show the minimum pH in 2019-2021 has a range of 6.13-8.26. Furthermore, the EC has a range from 287 μS/cm to 11,780 μS/cm. The low coefficient of determination values (R2) in both pH and EC indicates that the pH and EC have no strong spatially relationship in the study area every year. © 2023 Author(s).


An introduction was given to the elastoplastic model for simulating the coupled hydraulic and mechanical behaviors of unsaturated soils based on a review of current research on unsaturated soils and summary of the former achievements and the trend of research.In this model,the effect of soil saturation on the stress-strain relationship and the effects of deformation of soils on hydraulic behaviors were taken into account.Then,formulas for finite element analysis of consolidation of unsaturated soils based on the coupled elastoplastic model were given.


This study integrates micro and macro analysis of CSR in organizations and identifies factors that can be used as means to enhance the CSR actions/activities of the firms. This paper addresses an i...


The invention discloses a conductive terminal of breaking-PIN prevention and a card connector. The conductive terminal comprises a sheet material body and a terminal body. The terminal body comprises a connection sheet, a main body sheet, a contact terminal and a pair of breaking prevention terminals. By using the breaking prevention terminals, a breaking PIN problem of the contact terminal during a card plugging and unplugging process can be effectively prevented. Simultaneously, a tail end of a second contact arm of the contact terminal is accommodated in a groove of the main body sheet in an inclination mode so that a SIM card can be guaranteed to be smoothly inserted into a card accommodation chamber and the breaking PIN problem of the contact terminal can be prevented. Bending portions of the contact terminal and the breaking prevention terminals are designed to be in an arc shape so that the conductive terminal can be effectively prevented from scratching the inserted SIM card. Through using the card connector of the conductive terminal, an ultrathin design can be realized. During the card plugging and unplugging process, the card body is not damaged and the contact terminal can be effectively protected. A condition that the contact terminal is deformed so that a breaking PIN phenomenon is generated during the card plugging and unplugging process or a state of a empty card frame is prevented.


Objective:To investigate the effects of operation and expectant treatment in thoracolumbar compression fractures.Methods:Fifty-nine patients were treated with internal fixation.Meanwhile,173 patients received relocalization with lumbar pad.Results:The results in both groups were satisfied.There was no significant difference between the two groups(P0.05).Conclusion:Thoracolumbar compression fractures(Ⅰ°,Ⅱ°)can be cured by expectant treatment.


This paper mainly analyzes the design and control of the rotational inverted pendulum, and presents a state space expression. Since the system is highly unstable a feedback control system is used. Augmentations with weighting functions based mixed sensetivity and H2 optimal control methods are used to make the system stable for uprise position. The rotational inverted pendulum have been simulated and compared with the proposed controllers and a promising results have been analyzed sussesfuly.


This article investigated relationships among manufacturers control mechanisms,distributor's attitudinal commitment and distributor's market knowledge transfer.Purpose of this research is to probe the direct effects of control mechanisms on knowledge transfer and the indirect effects of attitudinal commitment.By using 225 matched data of manufacturers and distributors form Chinese home appliance industry,it tested the hypothesis with SEM.Results showed that ①manufacturer's contracts control promoted distributor's market knowledge transfer,but too much use of contracts control would hinder knowledge transfer;manufacturer's relational norms control promoted distributor's market knowledge transfer;②manufacturer's contract control indirectly hindered distributor's market knowledge transfer as increasing distributor's calculative commitment and decreasing loyalty commitment,however,relational norms control indirectly promoted distributor's market knowledge transfer as increasing distributor's loyalty commitment.The conclusion developed the effects of control mechanisms and attitudinal commitment.In additionally,some useful directions to manufactures and distributors was proposed in this paper.


In this paper, the hourly measured wind speed data for years 2008–2010 at 10 m, 30 m and 40 m height for Ubonratchathani province in kingdom of Thailand have been statically analyzed to determine the potential of wind power generation. Weibull distribution parameters have been estimated and compared annually and on monthly bases using two methods; the graphical method and the another method, designated in this paper as approximated method, which depends on the standard deviation and average wind speed. The average annual wind power density was found to be 19.13 W/m2 for 10 m height, 83.14 W/m2 for 30 m height and 91.45 W/m2 for 40 m height. Weibull probability function, using Weibull parameters estimated from the approximated method, has shown to provide more accurate prediction of average wind speed and average power density than the graphical method. In addition, the monthly and annual variations of capacity factors have been studied to ensure optimum selection of wind turbine generators.


ABSTRACT Although Peter Strawson's 'Freedom and Resentment' was published over fifty years ago and has been widely discussed, its main argument is still notoriously difficult to pin down. The most common – but in my view, mistaken – interpretation of Strawson's argument takes him to be providing a 'relentlessly' naturalistic framework for our responsibility practices. To rectify this mistake, I offer an alternative interpretation of Strawson's argument. As I see it, rather than offering a relentlessly naturalistic framework for moral responsibility, Strawson actually develops a transcendental argument, which grounds our moral responsibility practices in the practical perspective of social agents. However, the aims of this essay are not purely interpretative. Strawson's essay continues to have important implications for a number of issues that arise in the contemporary debates that concern free will and moral responsibility. In particular, it puts significant pressure on moral responsibility sceptics like Derk Pereboom [Living Without Free Will. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001] who think that the truth of moral responsibility scepticism has no worrisome implications for our lives with others.


Vector control is one of the most popular multiphase induction machine drive methods due to its dynamic performance. In vector control drive, we need all phase currents; so with increasing in phase numbers, the number of required current sensors increases which is one of the disadvantages of vector control in multiphase machine drives. In this paper vector control of a symmetrical six-phase induction machine with novel configuration is discussed. The aforementioned configuration is designed in a simple way that only three current sensors will be needed. Simulation results are provided to verify the benefits of the proposed configuration.


Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) and damage detection techniques have captured much interest and attention of researchers and structural engineers owing to their promising ability to provide spatial and quantitative information regarding structural damage and the performance of a structure during its life-cycle. With the development of smart sensors and communication technologies, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) has empowered the advancement in SHM. Recently, time series models have been widely used for structural damage detection due to the sensitivity of the model coefficients and residual errors to the damages in the structure. This paper presents a simple index that is computed using the Auto-Regressive (AR) model coefficients as an effective damage sensitive feature (DSF) for the detection of structural damage. Based on this feature, a damage identification method is developed. The Fisher information criterion of the computed DSF is used to statistically decide on the location of damage. This method has been implemented in a simulation environment and the verification of its accuracy in structural damage detection has been carried out experimentally. Experimental data is obtained using wireless sensors from a series of tests performed on a steel beam. The novel damage feature combined with the Fisher criterion for statistical evaluation has shown potential in effective structural damage detection.


In this paper the author ar-gues that the zoning methodol-ogy adopted by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority must be closely assessed by State governments as a basis for managing new marine environments. Lorne Kriwoken suggests that the Ningaloo Marine Park pro-posal in Western Australia should be closely scrutinized by GBRMPA and State gov-ernments as it represents an important step towards an ecological basis to manage-ment.


PURPOSE: A method for supplying customized advertisement on the Internet is provided to recognize a characteristic of a user by constructing an effective user management database and to suggest customized advertisement supplying method adapted to the characteristic and an intention of the user by providing various kinds of advertisement forms in advance. CONSTITUTION: A user inputs a URL(Uniform Resource Locator) of a homepage for connecting to the homepage supplying an advertisement(S700). A user certification procedure is processed(S701). A CGI module extracts a user ID in a user management database(S702). The user management database extracts necessary information as user characteristic information and personal information(S703), and analyzes the user characteristic information and displays a commodity advertisement adapted to the user in the homepage. If the user selects one out of the displayed commodities(S704), a selected commodity list is appended in a commodity list database(S705). If the selected commodity is stored in the commodity list database in advance, a commodity priority order data are updated. A menu for selecting a service kind with respect to an advertisement at selecting a commodity is provided(S706). If the user selects an advertisement transmission through an E-mail(S707), the user inputs an E-mail address and a transmission time(S708). If the user selects a moving picture advertisement, data corresponded to a user-selected commodity out of moving picture data stored in a moving picture advertising unit are called and displayed on a user web browser(S710).


This thesis focuses on the high-speed impact of liquid drops on dry smooth surfaces and thin liquid films in the presence of a strong gas flow using experimental and numerical methods. A flywheel experiment was designed to study such challenging conditions by analyzing the impact with different drop diameters, velocities, liquids and gas mixtures. A sophisticated algorithm was also developed for image analysis and to handle a large number of experimental data. Selected experimental cases were complemented with numerical simulations, which provided insights on the flow around and inside the impacting drop. The results of the drop impact on dry surfaces indicate that the splashing scenario depends strongly on the physical properties of the liquids and not on the surrounding gas or the kinematic impact conditions. It was also demonstrated that the mechanism of gas entrapment at the early stage of the impact is not responsible for the splashing of drops; however, the physical properties of the surrounding gas influenced the spreading lamella and the ejection of secondary droplets. The results demonstrated that the prompt splash is indeed well described by the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in the spreading lamella. The drop impact on wetted surfaces always generates a chaotic and thin corona, which bends and deforms itself during the entire splashing process. Contrary to the splashing on dry surfaces, the break-up of the corona can be attributed to at least three different instabilities: rim-bending, Rayleigh-Taylor, and Rayleigh-Plateau instabilities. Those instabilities generate a host of small secondary droplets in a wide range of sizes and velocities. It was found that the thin ejected corona leads to hole formation and the eventual detachment from its base at the last stage of impact. The thickness of the corona was also estimated using two different theoretical methods. The outcome of high-speed impact on dry and wetted surfaces were quantified in this thesis. The results of the theoretical, experimental, and numerical analyses were combined to describe completely the formation of the secondary droplets. The presented methods allow the prediction of the splashing phenomenon for a drop impacting dry or wetted surfaces at low and high speed.


Starting from the research on risk management system of urban public security and combining the features of urban public security management, this paper firstly discusses the risks and their features existing in urban industrial field, public facilities, public sanitation, natural disasters, ecological environment, terrorist attacks, etc. Then, it brings forward the principles and steps of risk management and stresses the importance to strengthen risk management of urban public security in China. Furthermore, the problems existing in China's risk management of urban public security are pointed out, and the experience of risk management in the USA, Japan, UK, and Russia is introduced. Finally, aiming at China's situation of risk management in urban public security, countermeasures are put forward and basic framework of urban public security risk management is constructed. It is pointed out that it is the most effective method to improve the urban security management by establishing a sound management system of urban public security.


The lead article in this issue of Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness by Dallas et al can be used to inform discussion on many important issues that are influencing the evolution of disaster medicine and public health preparedness (more generally referred to as disaster medicine). One such issue that I am consistently asked about by private and public groups when addressing disaster preparedness and response is "Are we better prepared?" To this query, my usual response is, "Prepared for what?" Unfortunately, before we can begin to answer the first question with some degree of objectivity and measurement, we must come to grips with the latter.


This paper aims to evaluate the global solar radiation of some representative localities of Cameroon using the linear Angstrom model and non-linear polynomial relations. The Angstrom correlation coefficients for the linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial models calculated using the least square method, for the different regions, would be used to predict the global solar energy of the chosen regions. The predictions would be evaluated by some chosen statistical methods. These include: the mean bias error (MBE), the mean relative error (MRE), the root mean square error (RMSE) and t-statistic (t-stat) error, which are the most widely used ones. The input data for the analyses are the measured global solar radiation and mean number of monthly sun shine hours. The data for the analyses is obtained partly from the archives of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and partly from the archives of the Cameroon Department of Meteorology, Douala. The data used covers a period of 23 years. We demonstrate the validity of the developed models by comparing the evaluated values of global solar radiation with the measured ones. Hence the regression equations can be used to confidently predict the global solar radiation of the representative regions in the absence of experimental data. We equally implement a high-precision sun-tracking algorithm is necessary to follow the sun's trajectory from dawn until dusk, in order to maintain high output power and stability of a solar power system.


Abstract In the late 19th century emerges in Latin America a new interest for Europe. This interest is characterized by great ambivalences, visible in the images created in literature as well as in journalistic discourse. The study investigates the essential features and functions of these images as well as their relation to the discourse of modernity. At the same time, it attempts to reconstruct a part of the historical dynamics of this Spanish-American configuration of Europe.


FDA has approved crizotinib (Xalkori, Pfizer), the first and only therapy specifically for patients with locally advanced or metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer that is anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive as detected by an FDA-approved test.


The displacement variation of pile-soil horizontal is studied by using the finite element software ABAQUS to set the shaking table test of the numerical model. The deformations between the prestressed piles and soil under the conditions of different peak acceleration, different types of piles and different soil categories are researched by the P-Y curves. The study results show that with the increasing of the peak of earthquake acceleration, pile side soil and the pile body in silty clay area will appear destruction ahead. With the increasing of the horizontal loads, the horizontal displacement changes of the piles such as two-pile, three-piles and four-pile are bigger than that of the single pile. Under the same horizontal seismic loads, the more piles there are, the greater horizontal displacement of the piles changes. Among them, the displacement variation of two-pile is close to that of three-pile. Four-pile could withstand the strongest seismic loading force in the four kinds of piles, and its performance reflects the advantages of pile group.


Introduction 1. Stolen from Angola 2. Conditions of Life 3. Property and Patriarchy 4. Spiritual Thirsting 5. Going Abroad and Idling Her Time 6. Possession of Her Liberty 7. Land of Liberty


Abstract Background Deficiency of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) induces microsatellite instability (MSI). Pembrolizumab, an antibody targeting PD‐1 (an immune checkpoint inhibitor), is more effective against MMR‐deficient tumours than against MMR‐proficient tumours. The status of MMR is a useful biomarker for predicting the effectiveness of pembrolizumab administration. Although the status of MMR has attracted attention in skin tumours, there are few reports on MSI in extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD). Objectives To evaluate the status of MMR in patients with EMPD. Materials & Methods One hundred one patients with EMPD were included. MMR status of the genomic DNA of each subject was analysed using Promega panel (approved as a companion diagnostic agent for the administration of pembrolizumab). Results MSI testing showed the occurrence rates of MSI‐high (more than two markers are unstable), MSI‐low (one marker is unstable) and MSS (all markers are stable) tumour tissues were 0% (0/101), 1.0% (1/101) and 99.0% (100/101), respectively. Conclusion The status of MMR may not be useful for the potential therapeutic application of pembrolizumab.


This paper discusses the effect of trust and infor ma- tion privacy concerns on citizens' attitude towards national identity management systems. We introduce the privacy- concerns-trust model, which shows the role of trust in mediat- ing and moderating citizens' attitude towards ident ity man- agement systems. We adopted a qualitative research approach in our analysis of data that was gathered through a series of interviews and a stakeholder workshop in Ghana. Our findings indicate that, beyond the threshold level of trust, societal in- formation privacy concern is low; hence, trust is h igh, thereby encouraging further institutional collaboration and acceptance of citizens' informational self-determination. Keywords-Identity Management; PCT Curve; Privacy Con- cern; Trust; Trusted Identities. I. INTRODUCTION Although digital Identity Management (IdM) is funda- mental to electronic government, globally, its impl ementa- tion and adoption by citizens usually presents comp lex issues for its many stakeholders. The complexity has been attrib- uted to the fact that it transcends technological i ssues as well as policy, legal, institutional, and economic aspec ts of soci- ety. The complexity is also compounded by the rate, at which standards and technological solutions become obso- lete; the flexibility and ease of collection, use, dissemination of data; and the increased link-ability of informat ion to the data subject. This raises the potential for privacy concerns (1). Ironically, previous privacy research has shown tha t in- dividuals disclose personal information in exchange for some economic or social benefit subject to the "privacy calculus", an assessment that their personal information will subse- quently be used fairly, and that they will not suff er negative consequences (2). Moreover, where individuals can exercise some degree of control over data collection and use ; infor- mation is collected in the context of an existing r elationship; the information collected or used is relevant to th e transac- tion; and they believe the information will be used to draw reliable and valid inferences about them; citizens are less likely to raise concerns. Unfortunately, this is us ually not the case. These phenomena often occur without direct in volve- ment or control of the data subjects. Governments in many countries have implemented some form of identity management as a critical enabler o f govern- ment to citizens' interactions, and in facilitation of business transactions. Unfortunately, the costs of implement ations are usually not matched by the benefits and citizens' a doption of the expected or improvement in public services. Thi s makes it difficult for governments to justify the impleme ntation, since it often leads to embarrassment (3, 4). In spite of its use being lower than expected, iden tity management can play a leading role, if the factors that affect its takeoff are properly addressed. Trusted identit ies ecosys- tems have been found to be very critical to the suc cess of digital IdMS. This research focuses on understandin g the key stakeholder concerns on information privacy in rega rds to the collection, storage, use, and transmission of perso nal identity information (5), and how such concerns should be ad dressed to ensure trusted identities. The rest of the paper is organized as follows; the next section discusses the theoretical background for tr ust and privacy concerns, followed by a description of our research design and methods. We then discuss our findings fr om the stakeholder workshop and the interviews. We present our conclusions and recommendations for further studies in the final part of the paper.


Zhang Ailing insisted that the preface of Jia-Xu version was written relatively later comparing to other versions after her further study on The Dream of Red Mansion.Zhang thought it was Wu Yu-feng who wrote the preface and Jia-Xu version was not the earliest version at all.Zhang's research,characteristics of careful reading of literatures and detailed examination,tends to explore questions from great details and pays much attention to the merging of personal feelings of literary works.


A series of experiments of pool boiling are carried out and many groups of experimental data are obtained at different heat flux and magnetic strength. The results show that the greater magnetic strength is, the temperature rising rate of the sample increase appreciably with the magnetic field, and the longer the magnetization time is, that of the sample increases faster. The specific heat capacity of the water and oil and the viscosity of oil are decreased greatly. It is important for the area of energy engineering that magnetic field can intensify boiling. In order to analysis the thermal conduction disciplinarian of oil and water under the effect of magnetic field, the thermal conduction characteristics of oil and water without magnetic field is also contrasted. The research lays a foundation on exploring the mechanism of magnetic field enhancing boiling heat transfer and its practical application in engineering.


The object of research contains a comparison between the theories made by Kynch and professor E.F. Kurgaev. These theories are based on the fundamental hypothesis about the change in volume concentration during compression (settling). The features of both of them have been clarified to be applied to the study of sediments compression from stations of potable water preparation. The advantage of the theory of professor E.F. Kurgaev considers the term of sediments compression both in short term and long term perspective, meaning up to several years, which is especially important for the calculation of sludge collectors.


Cowpea being a dependable source of protein for human growth and development is widely cultivated in sub-Saharan Africa including Nigeria. In spite of its numerous uses, infection by viruses constitutes serious problems to its productivity and once plants are infected, there is no remedy as is with other pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and nematodes. A field trial was conducted to investigate the reactions of twenty five cowpea cultivars to single and mixed infections with two unrelated viruses: Blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (BlCMV) and Cowpea mottle virus (CPMoV) on seed germination and longevity. The trial was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria, Mokwa Station and set up in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. For the single virus infection, seedlings of the twenty five cultivars were inoculated at 10 days after sowing (DAS), while for the mixed virus infections, seedlings were inoculated at 10 and 17 DAS. Results showed that all the cultivars were susceptible to single and mixed infections but to seemingly different extents. Germination of seeds was generally high before storage but was short lived indicating that conservation of infected seeds of the cultivars was impaired. Seeds of cultivars IT04K-267-8 and IT07K-222-2 recorded germination percentages of 54.6 and 53.7% respectively, while cultivars IT96D-610 and IT04K-291-2 had germination values of 52% which did not differ from each other. Viability of seeds amongst the 25 test cowpea cultivars from single infection with CPMoV alone and BICMV alone did not differ in some instances. Percent germination in cultivars IT98K-205-M8, IT90K-277-2 and IT07K-222-2 inoculated with BICMV + CPMoV were not much affected. Test of accelerated ageing germination (AAG) percentage for four weeks showed that seed vigour was greatly impaired in cultivars IT07K-292-2-10, IT06K-124 and IT90K-277-2 infected with BICMV + CPMoV compared to the  lowest AAG percentage of 31.6 recorded in seeds of cultivar IT99K-377-1. Constant monitoring of legume fields through regular field sanitation and disease surveys to identify new and emerging viruses as facts obtained from this study are good starting point for legume virus diseases diagnosis.


Geoplastics, as a method of vertical planning, is gaining more and more popularity among landscape architects, because this method gives the landscape an aesthetic unity, expressiveness, and a peculiar feature. The paper considers the influence of geo-plastic changes in the relief on a person, the viewer's perception of the environment. These factors are extremely important in the creation and design of the park, they allow the key elements to be presented, while creating harmonious combinations in the space, it is admirable and it is this that encourages you to visit the landscape object. Pechersk Landscape Park is located on the picturesque slopes of the Dnieper in Kiev, has a landscape type of planning, which is characterized by large areas of lawns with groups of shrubs and trees, the lack of symmetry in the placement of alleys and other elements of free planning. The park zone itself covers an area of 32,92 hectares. Location in difficult terrain contributes to the use of geo-plastic tools, which can be used to improve and develop park space. The illuminated research is based on the analogy method, by means of which the analog elements of geoplastics are transferred to the results obtained during the field survey of the park territory on difficult terrain. Graphic materials were developed using the ArchiCad 21 software package based on the original cartographic data. A detailed analysis of the problematic aspects of the Pechersky Landscape Park identified the main tasks: adaptability to the needs of society, increasing the comfort of stay, improving the natural landscape, arranging natural zones of park relief. Techniques and methods for improving the territory were applied, such as terracing slopes, creating eco-chairs, using artificial relief in playgrounds. The impact of these changes on the stay of visitors and on the environment as a whole is summarized and predicted. The use of geoplastics in the context of the perception of landscape compositions will contribute to solving problematic relief and exposition aspects of the Pechersk Landscape Park, which will increase its recreational potential.


This paper reports on a PID controller for speed control of a DC motor. The controller parameters were obtained through optimization methods employing heuristic and deterministic strategies. This methods were applied on a simulation model in order to verify which one provides better control results.


The Fitzroy Trough is a north-west/south-east trending rift along the north-east margin of the Canning Basin. The major crustal extension in the trough occurred in the Middle Devonian to Early Carboniferous. Most idealised cross-sections show down-to-trough normal faults bounding both sides of the trough. In contrast, we show the trough to have a half- graben style, with one side a hinge zone or flexure, and the other side bounded by normal faults. Thus, the basin has marked structural asymmetry. The sense of asymmetry switches several times along strike with the hinged margin on the north-eastern margin in some places and the south-west margin in others. The switching in asymmetry occurs at transfer faults. This structural style is expected in extensional tectonic models where the extension occurs on a detachment surface and is typical of many continental and passive margin rifts. The asymmetry of the Palaeozoic structure has implications for resource exploration because of its influence on facies development in and subsequent structural evolution of the trough. Quite different syn-rift clastic and carbonate facies are expected on faulted and hinged margins of a half-graben. Post-rift subsidence will also be somewhat asymmetric, influencing the carbonate reef geometry in particular. Mesozoic deformation in the basin reactivated many of the Palaeozoic normal and transfer faults, and induced reverse slip up basement surfaces on the hinged margin segments.


Several problems encountered in attempting basic modeling of Hoehn and Sizemore's (1977) description of the chemical impacts of acid mine drainage upon the ecology of an alkaline stream are discussed. Some of the difficulties of applying data from studies such as theirs to a mathematical analysis of acid mine drainage effects on a stream system are clarified.


In the preparation of CuCr alloy using the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS)-metallurgy method, the dissolution of alumina in molten slag has an important influence in two key steps: aluminum thermal reduction and slag refining. In the present work, the dissolution behavior of Al2O3 into molten SHS-metallurgical slags was investigated by employing the rotating cylinder method and static dissolution method. It is concluded that the increase of MgO, CaF2, CaO, and Na3AlF6 contents can increase the dissolution rate of alumina in SHS-metallurgical slag, and the order of influence is from strong to weak. Both temperature and rotating speed can increase the dissolution rate, and the rate-limiting step is the diffusion of alumina in the boundary layer, with the solid alumina first reacting with lime to form two intermediate phases, CaO·2Al2O3 and CaO·6Al2O3, and finally dissolving into the slag in the form of an aluminum polymer.


This comparative analysis covers the myth of Hero and Leander and its reflection in authors from Classical Antiquity (Ovid), Late Antiquity (Musaeus Grammaticus), Low Middle Ages (the anonymous "Romance Judío-Español"), Renaissance (Garcilaso de la Vega, George Chapman, and Henry Petowe), Baroque (Francisco de Quevedo), and focusing on the famous poem by the English poet-playwright Christopher Marlowe: "Hero and Leander." The historical context of England and Spain in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries is summarized as a means to give a broader scope of the influence on both literatures. Then, the analysis is divided into the literary elements that are common to most of the works in question, which are given attention in various ways; they will be compared, focusing on the differences and similarities. Love and sexuality are main themes in most of the works this analysis covers, in its many perspectives, and this is why it is treated more widely and divided into sub-topics. Other topics, however, may be less common to the works; but these are analyzed for a reason: for example, the analysis of rhetorical elements is used towards a more accurate perspective on the influence of Musaeus in subsequent works covering the myth.


The aim of this work is to propose a solution to an everyday problem of big cities, traffic, using smartphones as a tool. These devices increasingly present in daily life are the basis for this solution, since they have features like GPS and data connection to the internet. This paper presents the creation of an application for Android mobile platform that, in a first moment, it has the function of sending information on traffic conditions faced by users who are traveling with the application running. From these information already sent by application users and stored in a Web database, it is possible to get the traffic conditions of a path to be traversed from smartphone.


This paper investigates synchronization of two self-synchronous vibrating machines on an isolation rigid frame. Using the modified average method of small parameters, we ded uce the non-dimensional coupling differential equations of the disturbance parameters for the angular velocities of the fo ur unbalanced rotors. Then the stability problem of synchronization for the four unbalanced rotors is converted into the stabili ty problems of two generalized systems. One is the generalized system of the angular velocity disturbance parameters for the four unbalanced rotors, and the other is the generalized system of three phase disturbance parameters. The condition of implementing synchronization is that the torque of frequency capture between each pair of the unbalanced rotors on a vibrating machine is greater than the absolute values of the output electromagnetic torque difference between each pair of motors, and that the torque of frequency capture between the two vibrating machines is greater than the absolute value of the output electromagnetic torque difference between the two pairs of motors on the two vibrating machines. The stability condition of synchronization of the two vibrating machines is that the inertia coupling matrix is definite positive, and that all the eigenvalues for the generalized s ystem of three phase disturbance parameters have negative real parts. Computer simulations are carried out to verify the results of the theoretical investigation.


Proof. Let P be the image of an arbitrary cylindrical surface in R, and let α be the image of an orthogonal trajectory of the family of straight-line generators of this cylindrical surface. The curve α is the image of a geodesic, so it is a geodesic on P . The principal normals to α are normals to the surface P . The binormals and tangents to α lie on the corresponding tangent planes of P . Since α is a planar curve, its binormals are mutually parallel. These binormals are straight-line generators of P , which is the envelope of the family of rectifying planes of the curve α. This is the unique developable smooth surface with planar geodesic α. (The only planar geodesics on a plane, cone, or torse are straight lines.) Since α is a planar curve, P is cylindrical.


We investigate the Sylvester matrix equation in which the product is given by the semi-tensor product, and all involved matrices are matrices over an arbitrary field. We discuss necessary/sufficient condition(s) for the matrix equation to have a solution or a unique solution, or infinitely many solutions. These conditions concern ranks and linear independence. Moreover, we apply a certain kind of vectorization and matrix partitioning to transform the Sylvester equation into an equivalent linear system with respect to the conventional matrix product. Our study includes the Lyapunov equation and the equation A ⋉ X = C as special cases.


Time-integrated four wave mixing measurement of semiconductor microcavity polaritons was performed under a static electric field. The results indicate strongly a modification of exciton-exciton interactioncs by the electric field.


The year 1973 has awakened the entire world from the energy crisis. Since then the entire focus of all developing countries turned towards non-conventional sources of energy. Of all the non-conventional energy sources wind energy is an inexhaustible, non-polluting, freely available energy. Enormous potential is associated with the kinetic energy of the wind. Previously the KE of the wind was utilized to drive wind turbines mostly for pumping water and grinding corns. The first wind turbine was employed for generation electricity in Denmark in 1890.India has started its power generation through (WEGs) from 1986. Later on number of wind electric generators (WEGs) has been installed every year. The paper deals with the technical details involved in the generation of power through wind technology. It discusses the factors responsible for generation of wind power and the limitations of the generator. While the emphasis is given on the various schemes used for production of electricity using wind power, the paper also gives insight into energy storage methods, safety precautions and site selection criteria. Wind power gave rise to public debate as the acceptance of wind turbines decreased during the expansion phase. These challenges were countered by policies enacted by state actors at the regional and local levels. Decisive factors were the amount, duration and reliability of the feed-in compensation, funding policy and the zoning and building laws. The successful establishment of wind power has been possible in spite the fact that it has been difficult to integrate wind power into the energy supply system due to wind power"s intermittent nature, and despite resistance from actors of the fossil-nuclear energy supply system. This has been possible as a result of continually adjusting the policy approaches at various governance levels and reflecting various requirements in the different phases of the innovation process. Wind Power Generation in Germany the timing of policies demands a flexible design that is both relevant to a number of different public policy levels, yet tailored to the process in question.


The onset of intruder ground states in Na isotopes is investigated by comparing experimental data and shell-model calculations. This onset is one of the consequences of the disappearance of the N=20 magic structure, and the Na isotopes are shown to play a special role in clarifying the change of this magic structure. Both the electromagnetic moments and the energy levels clearly indicate an onset of ground state intruder configurations at neutron number N=19 already, which arises only with a narrow N=20 shell gap in Na isotopes resulting from the spin-isospin dependence of the nucleon-nucleon interaction (as compared to a wider gap in stable nuclei like {sup 40}Ca). It is shown why the previous report based on the mass led to a wrong conclusion.


Despite the potential of emerging technologies to assist persons with cognitive disabilities, significant practical impediments remain to be overcome in commercialization, consumer abandonment, and in the design and development of useful products. Barriers also exist in terms of the financial and organizational feasibility of specific envisioned products, and their limited potential to reach the consumer market. Innovative engineering approaches, effective needs analysis, user-centered design, and rapid evolutionary development are essential to ensure that technically feasible products meet the real needs of persons with cognitive disabilities. Efforts must be made by advocates, designers and manufacturers to promote better integration of future software and hardware systems so that forthcoming iterations of personal support technologies and assisted care systems technologies do not quickly become obsolete. They will need to operate seamlessly across multiple real-world environments in the home, school, community, and workplace.


The future of hormonal contraceptive development must be based on a clarification of the hormone contraceptive mechanism. The effect of combinations of steroids on the follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone should be examined and resulting differences graduated and classified. The question of steroid equivalency of potency must be elucidated. The discovery of the most reliable reversible contraceptive method will depend on understanding of the component steroids so that the individual patient can be effectively treated.


Ministers have missed an opportunity to radically strengthen public health in England and allay MPs' concerns about the sector, experts have said.

The government's "disappointing" and "simplistic" response to the health select committee's inquiry into public health has also raised fears that there could be further spending cuts.

Michael Watson, Nottingham University's associate professor in public health, told The BMJ , "The government hasn't even said that they will maintain public health funding, let alone increase it significantly, which is what is needed. They seem to think that public health can be done with little or no money."

The all party health select committee, chaired by Conservative MP Sarah Wollaston, published a report on public health after 2013 in September 20161 that urged ministers to commit to protecting funding after cuts of £200 million (€235m; $245m) were made to local authorities' budgets.

The committee …


The purpose of this study is to investigated and differences per lifestyle type according to characteristics of participation in eco-tourism by classifying lifestyle types of university student consumers. Also, the influences exerted on characteristics of participation in eco-tourism by the variables of demographical characteristics, lifestyle types and characteristics of eco-tourism were analyzed. The results indicated by the research can be summarized as follows. First, significant differences were found in terms of sociability inclination factors and leisure inclination factors. In other words, the group of people who had participated in eco-tourism were more of sociability-inclined and leisure-inclined lifestyle types than the group of people who had not participated in eco-tourism. Second, logistic analysis on the types of influences exerted on participation in eco-tourism by demographical characteristics, characteristics of eco-tourism and lifestyle types, it was found that significant influences were exerted by such variables of propensity of learning in eco-tourism, leisure inclination factors and school year. Third, regression analysis on the types of influences exerted on intention to participate in eco-tourism by demographical characteristics, characteristics of eco-tourism and lifestyle types, propensity of awareness on eco-tourism, tendency of preferring eco-tourism, sociability inclination factors and progress inclination factors were selected as significant variables.


The complexation of the non-selective β-blocker nadolol, HL, 1 with copper(II) leads to formation of mono-and dinuclear complexes depending mainly on the metal-to-ligand molar ratio. The mononuclear violet complex CuL2·2Solv, 2, was obtained in a soluble form at metal-to-ligand molar ratio Cu(II): HL ≤ 1: 10 in methanolic or slightly alkaline aqueous solutions. The dinuclear green complex Cu2L2Cl2·H2O, 3 was synthesized at Cu(II): HL ≥ 1: 2 molar ratio in methanolic solutions. The complexes were studied using spectral (UV-Vis, FT-IR, EPR), magnetochemical, thermogravimetric methods and elemental analysis. In the complexes nadolol acts as a monoanionic bidentate ligand coordinated to copper(II) through the NH-and the deprotonated OH-groups of its aminoalcohol fragment.


Fault detection, classification, and identification of location are key to ensure normal operation and healthiness of the power system including extra high voltage (EHV) and ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission lines, where almost 85% of faults occur. One of the most important feature in distance relays is the power swing blocking function, a key element for preventing unintended tripping of transmission lines. Distinction of faults from power swing should be quick and specific to reduce widespread blackouts, and economic losses. This lead to the introduction of newer methods on fault analysis for much faster and accurate operation of relays. Modern methods use machine learning techniques which are still at its early stage. This paper proposes a modified 1-D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture to identify power swings and fault cases with high accuracy. An infinite bus system and Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) 3-machine, 9-bus system are selected for investigating different fault conditions during power swing. A comparative analysis of different traditional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques are also conducted to validate the efficacy of proposed methodology.


EVA foam is a copolymer, composed of Ethylene and Vinyl Acetate, that is used in several industrial products. It is known to be lightweight, moisture resistant, chemical insulating, heat insulating and energy absorbent. During the manufacturing of EVA products, such as athletic footwear, swimming mats, etc., large quantities of EVA waste is generated. This waste is non-recyclable and poses various health harms when burnt, such as severe irritation to the eyes, skin and mucous membrane. Thus, it is currently being disposed of in landfills, as this deems to be the easiest way for manufacturers to handle the EVA waste. This study aims to assess the incorporation of EVA Foam as a non-recyclable; toxic solid waste in Portland cement concrete. Thirteen different mixes were poured using different sizes of EVA Foam which are 9.5, 19 and 38mm. These sizes were used as replacement for coarse aggregates by the following percentages 5,10,15 and 20%. Concrete with the replaced EVA aggregates demonstrated a decrease in compressive strength, but showed little or no difference in flexural strength. EVA concrete demonstrated a good potential in being considered as lightweight concrete as well as an abrasion resistant one. Although the results of the water penetration test showed a higher water penetration for EVA concrete, EVA concrete seems to be a good candidate for thermal insulation applications. Building on these tests, EVA concrete did not seem to witness any significant change with regards to its fire resistance properties. In addition, the incorporation of EVA in concrete seemed to make it more ductile as opposed to its brittle nature. Moreover, the high replacement percentages showed an initial potential for pervious concrete applications.


Learn about the class format, general degree requirements, and common body of knowledge for the online MBA program at Wayne State College.


Objective To explore the effect of endostatin cDNA combined with anti-sense- VEGF164 nucleotide on growth of C_6 glioma.Methods The C_6 cells,the C_6 clone stably transfected with endostatin ecNA (C_6/endo),anti-sense-VEGF164 nucleotide (C_6/VEGF~-),and endostatin cDNA combined with anti-sense-VEGF_(164) nucleotide (C_6/endo-VEGF~-) respectively,from which the endosta- tin with biological activies could be secreted and the expression of VEGF could be down-regulated,were subcutaneously injected into the nude mice to establish different tumor models respectively.Tumors were removed from athymic (nu/nu) mice at 21st day post-implantation,and weight and volume were assessed, and microvessel density (MVD) was determined.The expression of VEGF in tumor tissue was detected by ELISA.Results The growth of C_6/endo,C_6/VEGF~- and C_6/endo-VEGF~- was inhibited as compared with C_6 glioma (P0.01 or P0.05),and there was no statistically significant difference in tumor growth between the C_6/endo and C_6/endo-AsVEGF~-.A significant decrease in the VEGF expression could be found in the C_6/endo,C_6/VEGF~- and C_6/endo- VEGF~-,and the expression of VEGF in C_6/endo- VEGF~- was the lowest (P0.01 ).C_6/endo and Ca/endo-VEGF~- had lower MVD than C_6 glioma (P0.05),and there was no statistically significant difference between C_6/endo and C_6/endo-VEGF~-.Con- clusion The mechanisms of anti-angiogenesis was similar in C_6/endo and C_6/endo-VEGF~-,which in- hibited growth of tumors by down-regulating the expression of VEGF.C_6/endo-VEGF~-'s anti-tumor effects depended more on the effect of endostatin.


Hexaisopropoxoniobates/tantalates of lathanides of the type [Ln{(μ-OPr i ) 2 M(OPr i ) 4 } 3 ] (M = Nb, Ln = Y(1), La(2), Nd(3), Er(4), Lu(5); M = Ta, Ln = Y(6), Gd(7)) have been prepared by the reactions of LnCl 3 .3Pr i OH with three equivalents of KM(OPr i ) 6 in benzene. Reactions in 1:2 molar ratio of LnCl 3 .3Pr i OH with KTa(OPr i ) 6 yielded derivatives of the type [{(Pr i O) 3 Ta(μ-OPr i ) 3 }Ln{(μ-OPr i ) 2 Ta(OPr i ) 4 }(Cl)] (Ln = Y(8), Gd(9)), which on interactions with one equivalent of KOPr i afforded [{(Pr i O) 3 Ta(μ-OPr i ) 3 }Ln {(μ-OPr i } 2 Ta(OPr i ) 4 }(OPr i )] (Ln = Y(10), Gd(11)). All these derivatives have been characterized by elemental analyses and molecular weight measurements as well as by their spectroscopic [IR, 1 H and 1 3 C NMR (Y, La, Lu), electronic (Nd, Er)] studies. 8 9 Y NMR studies have also been carried out on derivatives (6), (8), and (10).


Accurate sound propagation modelling requires intimate knowledge of the surficial sediment layer at the sea bottom. This paper presents an experimental analysis of an echo-sounder trial using the Effective Fluid Density Model (EDFM) to estimate sediment parameters at an operating frequency of 200 kHz. Experimental results have shown that while it is possible to distinguish between a hard and soft sea bottom, it is challenging to separate them into finer categories.


Appeldoorn, R. S. 1995. Covariation in life-history parameters of soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria) along a latitudinal gradient. - ICES mar. Sei. Symp., 199: 19-25. Twenty-five populations of Mya arenaria were sampled along the northeast coast of North America, from Chesapeake Bay to Nova Scotia. Significant correlations were found among life-history parameters, and these varied systematically with latitude. Variation in latitude represented a marked environmental gradient in terms of tem perature and hydrographic and edaphic conditions. Southern populations generally grew faster, and this was associated with greater variation in juvenile mortality, large egg size, lower egg density, and decreased longevity. In addition, literature data show southern populations to have a larger size at maturation, but rapid growth results in the age of maturation decreasing toward the south. These relationships are thought to arise from coupled physiological pathways and trade-offs during ontogeny, and could be due to either genetic differentiation among populations or phenotypic plasticity in the expression of life history.


The open and closed \textit{symmetrized polydisc} or, \textit{symmetrized $n$-disc} for $n\geq 2$, are the following subsets of $\mathbb C^n$: \begin{align*} \mathbb G_n &=\left\{ \left(\sum_{1\leq i\leq n} z_i,\sum_{1\leq i<j\leq n}z_iz_j,\dots, \prod_{i=1}^n z_i \right): \,|z_i|< 1, i=1,\dots,n \right \}, \Gamma_n & =\left\{ \left(\sum_{1\leq i\leq n} z_i,\sum_{1\leq i<j\leq n}z_iz_j,\dots, \prod_{i=1}^n z_i \right): \,|z_i|\leq 1, i=1,\dots,n \right \}. \end{align*} A tuple of commuting $n$ operators $(S_1,\dots,S_{n-1},P)$ defined on a Hilbert space $\mathcal H$ for which $\Gamma_n$ is a spectral set is called a $\Gamma_n$-contraction. In this article, we show by a counter example that rational dilation fails on the symmetrized $n$-disc for any $n\geq 3$. We find new characterizations for the points in $\mathbb G_n$ and $\Gamma_n$. We also present few new characterizations for the $\Gamma_n$-unitaries and $\Gamma_n$-isometries.


Background Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen involved in implant-related infections. In these diseases, biofilm production is the key pathogenic event, and it increases antibiotic resistance of the organism. Because this phenomenon, local delivery of antibiotics could allows reaching high concentrations in the infected tissue without the secondary effects linked to systemic administration. Here we report the use of a ceramic biomaterial (SBA-15) as a carrier of antibiotics in order to deliver them directly in the infected tissue. Material and methods SBA-15 discs were loaded with vancomycin, rifampin and a combination of both according to the protocol described by Molina-Manso et al. Loaded discs were introduced in a 0.5 McFarland suspension of S. aureus 15981 and incubated during 6 and 24 hours in order to develop a biofilm. After incubation, samples were sonicated during 5 minutes and 1:10 serial dilutions were performed in order to count viable bacteria. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Results A statistically significant decrease in the number of viable bacteria was detected for all antibiotics at 6 hours, and also for vancomycin and the combination. Rifampin showed an increase in the number of viable bacteria at 24 hours. No differences were detected between vancomycin and the combination of antibiotics. Conclusion SBA-15 can carry antibiotics that have effect on bacterial biofilm. The use of rifampin alone showed a loss of the effect after 24 hours of incubation, probably due to the selection of resistant mutants that nullify the effect of the antibiotic. No differences have been detected between vancomycin alone and its combination with rifampin in this experiment.


Through the innovation of fixtures in a small load testing machine for impact wear,the contact between a tube and a plane was realized to simulate the micro-amplitude impact wear between a tube and an anti-vibration bar in a steam generator. Here,a 690 alloy tube and 405 stainless steel were selected as the test materials. Micro-amplitude impact wear tests were conducted with different impact loads and lubrication conditions( dry and deionized water). The wear and damage mechanisms of 690 alloy were investigated through analyzing polishing scratch area,micro-topography,fracture morphology,and micro hardness,etc. The results showed that the wear mechanism of 690 alloy under the small load and dry conditions is oxidation it is oxidation and fatigue wear under growing loads; under deionized water,a slight damage can be found with small loads,and the wear mechanism is fatigue wear under growing loads; water liquid delays the cracking time significantly.


Mold (21) for making a cutting tool insert (23) made of a material to be molded (25), wherein the cutting tool insert having an edge (27), which is defined by two intersecting surfaces (29, 31), and comprising: a first surface (33), a second surface (35) intersecting the first surface such that an edge (37) is defined, and an air gap (39) between the first surface (33) and the second surface (35) on the edge (37), characterized in that the width of the air gap (39) along its length varies in a controlled manner.


The authors give a definition and brief introduction of the characteristics of 'objective approach',as well as its operation process.Problems should be paid specail attention to in the application process are also discussed by the authors.The key to this teaching approach is the role switching of the teacher.


This study brings initial insight into the characterization of the gas chemical composition in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) by Fourier-transformed infrared absorption spectroscopy. Capitalizing on a double path of the IR beam, measurements were performed in 5 cm long, 2 mm gap plasma. As the IR beam cross-section in the plasma was 2 × 2 mm2, a translation system was used to scan the plasma along the direction of the gas flow with a 2 mm spatial resolution. In the case of Ar–SiH4(67 ppm)–NH3(133 ppm) glow-mode DBD, all IR spectra peaks from 6000 to 800 cm−1 are related to vibrations of Si–H from SiH4 and N–H from NH3. Here, the N–H vibration is observable but non-quantifiable. At 50 kHz excitation, the absolute concentration of SiH4 was measured at different positions and different power values in continuous and modulated modes. In the absence of powder formation in the plasma and for an initial density of 1.6 × 1015 cm−3, all the measurements are fitted by the same exponential decay leading to an energy of 38 eV per dissociated molecule of SiH4. The presence of powders in the plasma reduces SiH4 dissociation rate by a factor larger than 4.


Optical design for fish-eye lenses usually includes a front meniscus lens that reduces the angles of incidence of chief rays towards the rest of the optics. However it also introduces distortion of the pupil, both shape and position. Thus, pupil aberration are one of the most relevant problems when designing this type of lenses. This paper shows the relationships between image and pupil aberrations and describes the design of MWIR fish-eye lenses that include diffractive surfaces in order to properly control entrance pupil size. The design goal is to achieve a constant pupil area over the field of view.


The deadlock in the Arab-Israeli disputes is, all told, 70 years old. Peace-making, the blessed word, has fitfully continued during most of this period. This paper is not a history of these efforts, that would take volumes, but before proceeding to the main theme one or two facts need to be taken note of. The first of these is that while there have always been some Jews in Palestine, notably in Jerusalem, there has at no time, during the last two millenia been a Jewish homeland, much less a Jewish state or government, in the territories that (ater came to be described as Palestine. Even laterday Jewish claims do not go beyond the fact that during the period 636 to 1880 AD Jews lived continuously in four cities: Hebron, Jerusalem, Tiberias and Safed, though not necessarily in the majority. There is, however, no record whatsoever that the areas now constituting Palestine, were ever ruled by anyone but the Muslims Arabs or Ottoman Turks. The main character of these areas thus remained,


Central venous catheterization has variety of indications. It is indicated for emergency patients, critical patients andchronically ill patients. The utilization of central line includes providing route for administration of large volume resuscitationand caustic agents, and hemodynamics monitoring. Apart from indications, to learn about contraindications, appropriate sitesfor placement, preparation, procedure and all possible complications, is very crucial for practitioner. In order to achieve themaximum benefit and the most safety result from central venous catheterization, one must learn all before attempting todo the procedure. Key words: Central venous catheter, Internal jugular vein, Subclavian vein


We develop tools for studying dendrites and monotone maps between them by examining the Cantor-Bendixson rank of certain subsets of arcs. Using these tools, we prove that the class of monotonely homogeneous dendrites is precisely the class of dendrites which contain a copy of the Omiljanowski dendrite L0, answering a question originally asked by J. J. Charatonik.


The capacity to listen gives a profoundly integrating character to human relating and coexistence. It holds distinct importance within the psychotherapeutic context since therapists' foremost activity is aimed at attuning to clients' meanings of experience. Across the psychotherapeutic literature, listening transpires to be the most effective agent for client change and the heart of the therapeutic relationship. However, research on the listening experience per se is scarce, and existing perspectives on listening tend to primarily convey practitioners' as opposed to clients' stance and observations. In response to this, the current study explores clients' experience of 'being listened to' in the psychotherapeutic context. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of textual data generated via semi-structured interviews with six women in recent or current psychotherapy identified two master themes: 'Being listened to': no place to hide and Cues to self: the phenomenology of 'being listened to'.
The themes capture collectively shared, distinct aspects of the listening phenomenon as it unfolds in the intersubjective client-therapist space. Importantly, clients' experience of 'being listened to' emerges to be a spiralling accumulation of a set of end-products of various combinations between certain key conditions: successful negotiation of deliberate-existential vulnerability; matched client-therapist readiness; sense of connectedness and feeling held; embodied awareness; and experiencing recognition. Through listening, the therapeutic encounter facilitates for clients a transformational experience of 'being listened to' potentially leading to a state of 'no place to hide' and contributing to the establishment of a distinct experience of self with existential and social legitimacy. The 'gaze of the other' (here, the therapist) is re-emphasised as unavoidable and fundamental for accomplishing this transformational potentiality of the 'being listened to' spiral.
The findings' implications for practice, training and theory development as well as the study's strengths and limitations, and ideas for future research are addressed.


The main factors controlling the differentiation of chemical properties of northern taiga soils in coastal areas of the White Sea and the Okhotskoe Sea are discussed. It is shown that the litters of studied soils are quite similar with respect to a great number of their chemical properties. The features manifesting the highest values of F-criterion upon the subdivision of studied soils into groups may be regarded as a set of the most variable soil properties affected by migration processes.


We describe the synthesis of a novel chiral dipeptide β-sheet mimic based on aminomethyl-3-oxo-2,3-dihydropyrrole carboxylic acids. The synthesis uses a palladium-catalyzed allylation with the chiral Trost ligand as a key step for the construction of a quaternary chiral center. This allows the enantioselective conversion of 2-carboxy-3-hydroxy-pyrrole into 3-oxo-2,3-dihydropyrrole-2-allyl-2-carboxylate. The allyl group is subsequently converted into an aldehyde or ester group. Peptide coupling of the 3-oxo-2,3-dihydropyrrole amino acid leads to more extended systems with partially constrained dipeptide units.


Leaching process of typical heavy metal Zn in MSWI( municipal solid waste incineration) fly ash when pH was controlled about 4 had been studied with the tests of EDS,XRF and SEM. Kinetic model for this leaching process was established through constant temperature method. The results showed that sphere controlled by internal diffusion model was appropriate for the leaching process of Zn. SEM tests revealed that most of MSWI fly ash particles maintained spherical or similar microstructure during the reaction though the surface of MSWI fly ash particles had dissolution at different level,which offered microscopic scales of evidence for sphere controlled by internal diffusion model. The relation between Zn leaching rate and reaction time( t) can be represent as 1- 3( 1- X)2 /3+ 2X = 18. 25exp(- 2 385. 25T) /t with approximately 19. 831 kJ / mol apparent activation energy under experimental conditions.


Objective To discuss the present problem and coping strategies of the outpatient and emergency department in dealing with post-disaster rebuilding.Methods Totally 20000 patients,800 peoples from all sectors of society,and 1600 paramedics were inquired between Jun.2008 and Jun.2009 by the approaches of discussion,interview,questionnaire and so on.The problems of the outpatient and emergency department in dealing with post-disaster rebuilding were integrated,improving measures were enforced,and effect before and after performing reforming measures was compared.Results There was an outstanding contradiction between a great number of patients and limited medical resources for the outpatient and emergency department.With the improving measures,the medical environment and conditions were obviously improved,treatment procedure was more scientific,and a significant difference before and after the reform was observed(P0.05).Conclusion According to the problem in rebuilding and improving medical services of the outpatient and emergency department in post-disaster reconstruction,optimizing the medical treatment procedure,improving the medical environment,strengthening the guidance and management,and achieving a rational medical resource allocation could efficiently relieve contradictions between doctors and patients,and improve patient's satisfaction.


Frame is one important part of all terrain vehicle, its dynamic Characteristic would influence the reliability and comfort of vehicle. All terrain vehicle frames Dynamic mode is analyzed and the modal parameters of the frame and mode of vibration was obtained and the inherent vibration mode and vibration frequency of the frame is ensured by Hypermesh-Ansys method to avoid the frame and engine resonance occurs and optimize stress condition while designing all terrain vehicle structure.


My first contact with the Lawtel service was when we initiated a trial of the database for the Law School at the University of Birmingham in the mid-1990s. Following that trial we decided not to subscribe – a decision which seemed to confound the sales representative at the time. However, about nine to twelve months later we had a second trial. This was largely "encouraged" by new members of staff who had joined the School in the intervening period and by the fact that the service had been revamped and relaunched. Following that trial we took out a subscription. My own continuing inclination was not to subscribe. But there was enough of a feeling in the School at that time for me to accept the wishes of my academic colleagues. I have subsequently moved to the University of Nottingham Law School and although we also subscribe, some of the reasons that influenced my decision not to want to subscribe to the service persist today and they are as follows.


Teachers often provide classroom based instruction on the assumption that behaviors learned in the classroom will be performed in natural settings. The present study examines this assumption by comparing the effectiveness of three strategies for purchasing grocery store items with four high school students labeled moderately or severely retarded. Students were trained to negotiate payment to the cashier by (a) role playing in the classroom with flashcards designating the amount of purchase, (b) role playing in the classroom with slides of cash registers at different amounts, or (c) role playing with the slides and in vivo training in one store. A multiple baseline design across subjects indicates afunctional relationship between the combined slide and in vivo strategy and correct performance across a range of nontrained probe stores. Neither role playing strategy alone was successful at teaching a generalized purchasing skill. The data are discussed in terms of research implications for studying generalization and instructional recommendations for teachers.


Treatment subjects (n = 173) received an explanation for an ongoing pay freeze. This explained the fairness of the implementation of the freeze and the necessity for it. The explanation mitigated t...


This paper reviews the basic concepts behind laser cameras developed at the NRC. It emphasizes the critical elements of optimal design and the limitations related to the use of coherent light. It is shown, for example, that speckle noise is a fundamental limit for the position sensing of laser spot centroid. This has an impact on the choice of the position sensor geometry. Design guidelines are presented.


On 14 April 1988, Pakistan and Afghanistan entered into an agreement on the principles of mutual relations, in particular on noninterference and nonintervention. This document contains provisions from this agreement which relate to the voluntary return of Afghan refugees currently present in Pakistan. The terms of the agreement state that Afghanistan will allow all refugees to return in freedom, to have free choice of domicile and freedom of movement, to receive equal treatment in civic affairs and reform measures, to enjoy freedom of religion, and to have the same rights and privileges as any other citizen of Afghanistan. For its part, Pakistan will help facilitate the voluntary, orderly, and peaceful repatriation of the Afghan refugees. Commissions will be established to oversee the orderly movement of the returnees, and the cooperation of the UN High Commissioner of Refugees will be sought.