Male and female floor-reared chickens were immunized with a live, attenuated anticoccidial vaccine (Paracox)and then, 28 days after vaccination, were challenged with virulent strains of Eimevia acevvulina, Eimeviabrunetti, Eimevia maxima, Eimevia necatvix or Eimevia tenella. The relationship between the post-challengegrowth rate and specific gross lesion grades, matched in individual birds, was examined. The numbers ofendogenous parasites associated with graded lesions of each species were compared with those in challengednaive control birds. The vaccinated chickens were clinically immune judged by weight gains, but the naivecontrols reared under the same conditions were unprotected. The mean weight gains of vaccinated, immune birdshad lower coefficients of variation than those of unvaccinated, unprotected birds challenged with the samespecies. Whichever Eimevia species the birds were challenged with, a proportion (5 to 75%) of the challenged,vaccinated, immune birds exhibited some coccidial lesions, mostly graded 1 or 2 (on a scale of 0 to 4); whereasall unvaccinated, unprotected birds had severe coccidial lesions, mostly graded 4. Innumerable endogenousparasites were associated with all lesions seen after challenging unvaccinated, naive birds, but 68% of the grosslesions in challenged, vaccinated, immune birds had no associated parasites, and the remaining 32% had veryfew. It is concluded that the use of lesion grades alone to assess an anticoccidial vaccine may under-rate itsefficacy, and that the occasional presence of gross lesions in commercially vaccinated chickens does not indicatevaccine failure unless performance is also adversely affected. Although in a naive bird gross lesions usuallyindicate disease, the presence of any gross lesions in a bird judged by performance criteria to be immune may beinterpreted as the host's successful repulsion of a parasite challenge.


Fresh leaves of Cupressus goveniana var. abramsiana (C.B.Wolf) Little have been found to contain the flavonol glycoside quercitrin. The structure of the compound has been ascertained by modern physical methods like UV, H-1 NMR, C-13 NMR studies, chemical reactions, chromatographic techniques and hydrolytic studies. During SRBC membrane stabilization studies it showed relatively low value of haemolysis at 10 g of the drug. A higher concentrationst only hypotonicity-induced heamolysis was observed. Introduction Cupressus goveniana var. abramsiana (C.B.Wolf) Little1 of Cupressaceae is distributed throughout USA: California, Santa Cruz Mountains, at 490-760 m .It is grown as an ornamental tree in hill resorts of India. It can be distinguished from the other varieties only by its large cones. In the absence of any pharmacological work, fresh leaves of Cupressus goveniana var. abramsiana (C.B.Wolf) Little have been chosen for investigating their flavonoid content and membrane stabilization properties.


The extraction of anabolic steroids (1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione; 17α-methyltestosterone; 19-norethiocholanolone; 4-hydroxytestosterone; 4-androstene-3,17-dione; 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol; dehydroepiandrosterone; calusterone; clostebol; methandienone; methyldienolone; nandrolone; testosterone; epitestosterone; tibolone; 19-norandrostenedione; 1-methylene-5α-androstan-3α-ol-17-one) by aqueous-organic mixtures from hexane solutions was studied at the temperature (20 ± 1) °C. Based on the experimental data obtained, the partition ratios of anabolic steroids were calculated, which were used to optimise the standard sample preparation procedure in the process of determining the compounds under study in biologically active dietary supplements and specialised sports nutrition. It was found that the most effective and selective extractants from hydrocarbon solutions are water-acetonitrile mixtures containing from 10 to 20 % by volume of water. An extraction technique has been developed for sample preparation of biologically active dietary supplements for subsequent gas chromatographic determination of anabolic steroids in them using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometric detector. The proposed method is characterised by a standard deviation of 10–15 % and a detection limit about 10 μg/kg of biologically active dietary supplements, which makes it possible to reliably determine impurities of prohibited anabolic steroids in them.


In the isolated hypogastric-nerve-vas-deferens preparation submaximal nerve stimulation produces a small depolarization of the smooth muscle cell membrane. This so-called 'junction potential' (Burstock & Holman, 1961) is also produced by field stimulation of the muscle with stimuli too short to excite the muscle fibres directly (Kuriyama, 1963). Repetitive stimulation of the hypogastric nerve or repetitive field stimulation enhances the amplitude of these junction potentials. In this respect it resembles the end-plate potential of skeletal muscle. However, in contrast to the end-plate potential, the junction potential is also increased by increasing the strength or the duration of the stimulus. It is therefore likely that several nerve fibres innervate a single smooth-muscle cell and that more than one must be excited before the junction potential reaches the threshold for spike generation. This conclusion is supported by a detailed study of facilitation in this preparation (Burnstock, Holman & Kuriyama, 1964). The experiments to be described in this paper were designed to observe the effect oftemperature on neuromuscular transmission in smooth muscle, by studying separately, as far as possible, its effect on each of the different stages of the process of transmission of excitation from the nerve to the muscle cell.


Times Cited: 0 2 44th Annual Meeting of the European-Society-for-Dermatological-Research (ESDR) SEP 10-13, 2014 Copenhagen, DENMARK European Soc Dermatol Res 0


Changes in the environment in which university research is conducted, in conjunction with the development of new research technologies such as biotechnology, are contributing to the proliferation and diversification of university‐industry relationships. This paper describes and documents university‐industry relationships in five categories: research contracts, technology transfer activities, consultancies, employment, and gifts. Special emphasis is given to biotechnology research relations. Conflicts that may arise from these relations are discussed and studies evaluating the potential impacts of university‐industry relationships are summarized. While wide‐spread abuse has not been reported, subtle changes in university research may be occurring. Using the University of Tennessee as a case study, the paper ends with a discussion of the difficulties of establishing guidelines and procedures to prevent and settle conflicts of interest that might result from university‐industry relationships.


Introduction : Many studies about reading investigate the reading fluency as an important aspect to be observed in teaching and assessment during the learning process because of its relationship to performance in reading comprehension. Objective: This study aimed to map the pauses occurrences in oral reading of students from elementary school and their typology by perceptive evaluation of judges. Method : 97 students, two speech language pathologists and a pedagogue participated in the study. Data collection was performed with the recording of the oral production of reading and reading comprehension test, and observed the pauses taken by each student through the auditory trial of judges. Results : After statistical analysis it was observed that there was an agreement between at least two judges, but with reliability of power ranging from very low to moderate. Conclusion: These results can be explained by the variability in pause concept. These findings indicate the need for auditory training for teachers and/or clinicians.


There were a lot of reasons for Mao Zedong's thoughts change in the late 1950s. The main reasons for Mao Zedong's thoughts change were "attacking the Rights Movement" in 1957, his false cognition on the socialism, the holding of the 20th meeting of the Soviet Communist Party and "the affairs in Poland and Hungary".


The calculation of a high-energy particle beam is usuallv reduced to several stages. For several years the different stages were handled by computers. Today the tendency is toward a synthesis which is described in its pogical and historical context. (tr-auth)


Atherosclerosis, a hyperlipidemia-induced chronic inflammatory process of the arterial wall, develops preferentially at sites where disturbed laminar flow compromises endothelial cell (EC) function. Here we show that endothelial miR-126-5p maintains a proliferative reserve in ECs through suppression of the Notch1 inhibitor delta-like 1 homolog (Dlk1) and thereby prevents atherosclerotic lesion formation. Endothelial recovery after denudation was impaired in Mir126−/− mice because lack of miR-126-5p, but not miR-126-3p, reduced EC proliferation by derepressing ©2014 Nature America, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprints and permissions information is available online at http://www.nature.com/reprints/index.html Correspondence should be addressed to A.S. (firstname.lastname@example.com) or C.W. (firstname.lastname@example.com). 9These authors contributed equally to this work. Accession codes. The microarray data have been deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information Gene Expression Omnibus database under accession number GSE34262. Note: Any Supplementary Information and Source Data files are available in the online version of the paper. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS A.S. and C.W. designed the study, analyzed data and wrote the paper. M.N.-J. performed mouse experiments and collected and processed the histological and qRT-PCR data. Y. W. collected data and performed luciferase assays and mimic treatments. K.B. performed and analyzed in vitro experiments. F.G. and F.K. collected data and performed the fluorescence molecular tomography and computed tomography analyses. J.G. was involved in the analysis of human atherosclerotic lesions. R.T.M. performed the multiphoton microscopy analysis. K.H. collected data and processed the in situ hybridization and immunostaining data. H.N. performed immunoblots and in vitro experiments. M.H. performed flow cytometry analysis and cell culture experiments under flow conditions. S.W. and E.N.O. were involved in study design and contributed to the mouse experiments. A.S. and M.N.-J. contributed equally to the study. All authors discussed the results and commented on the manuscript. COMPETING FINANCIAL INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests. HHS Public Access Author manuscript Nat Med. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 April 15. Published in final edited form as: Nat Med. 2014 April ; 20(4): 368–376. doi:10.1038/nm.3487. A uhor M anscript


Approximate Entropy (ApEn) is a regularity statistic that quantifies the unpredictability of fluctuations in a time series and can classify complex systems. This study, ApEn is used to extract features from motor imagery Electroencephalogram (EEG) that containing two motor imagery tasks. This method is different from the traditional way to get the character from EEG. Appropriate parameters must been chosen for different dataset. Two datasets are used in this paper. One comes from BCI Competion2003, the other from the lab of Electromagnetic theory and artifical intelligence, Chongqing University. The results show that ApEn can extract different features in left-hand and right-hand motor imagery EEG efficiently. Comparison between ApEn and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) shows that ApEn has good capability to the two imagery tasks Brain Computer Interface.


To solve shortcomings of the traditional chute superposition method,presented one kind of high-precision chute simple superposition plan,gave the theoretical analysis process,through practical engineering application,proved that this plan is a simple,reliable and high-precision chute superposition plan.


This article examines the territorial distribution of electoral support by linking political choices, communes and votes for Mayor 2003, 2007 and 2011. To this purpose the Nationalization Index calculation is proposed in order to observe the variation of political support to throughout the municipality. Also, it will be tracked the political choices that have participated in elections since the first popular election of Mayors making a distinction between political parties, political movements and independent candidates, and among some characteristic features of the profiles of the two candidates more voted in the three election days observed. Then, in the light of the values that throws the Nationalization index, it seeks to identify the type of relationship between the electoral results and communes according the statistical mode on socioeconomic stratum as well profiles of the two candidates more voted. The author argue that, on the one hand, there are some communes with very elastic election results depending to the profile of the candidate and others significantly stable and indifferent to the profiles; and yet, on the other hand, the sum of the votes in the "elastic communes" and "communes stable and indifferent" reach an important number of votes, in some cases, was enough to clinch the office of Mayor of Cali.


For any positive integer n,we define the arithmetical function(n) as(1)=0.If n1 and n=pα11·pα22…pαkkbe the factorization of n into prime powers,then we define(n)=α1p1+α2p2+…+αkpk.It is clear that this function is an additive arithmetical function.That is,for any positive integer m and n we have(m·n)=(m)+(n).The main purpose of this paper is using the elementary to study the arthmetical properties of(n),and give a sharper mean value formula and identity for it.


Congenital cataract, a clinically and genetically highly heterogeneous eye disorder, is one of the significant causes of visual impairment or blindness in children. It is frequently inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. We investigated a three‐generation family of Indian origin with 12 members affected with cerulean cataract. Linkage analysis was carried out in this family using more than 100 microsatellite markers for the known cataract candidate gene loci. A positive two‐point lod score of 3.9 at θ = 0.000, indicative of linkage, was obtained with three microsatellite markers for chromosome 16. Multipoint and haplotype analysis narrowed the cataract locus to a 15.3 cM region between markers D16S518 and D16S511 that corresponds to the region 16q23.1. Direct sequencing of the candidate gene MAF, which lies in the critical linked region, revealed a novel heterozygous missense mutation in the basic region (BR) of the DNA‐binding domain. This sequence change was considered pathogenic as it segregated in all affected family members, neither seen in unaffected family members nor in 106 unrelated controls. The mutation also results in substitution of highly conserved lysine 297 by arginine (K297R) that affects a residue that forms a part of a predicted DNA‐interaction region of the protein. The association of microcornea with congenital cataract in some affected individuals further underlines the role of the MAF transcription factor in lens and anterior ocular development. Our findings expand the mutation spectrum of MAF in association with congenital cataract and highlight the genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of congenital cataract. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Stroke volume variation appears to be reliable for predicting fluid responsiveness in adults, and its predictive value in pediatric patients has been recently reported. However, its predictive value in children undergoing cardiac surgery is unclear.


The use of learning material is crucial to the learning process. Teachers can communicate knowledge more effectively by using the appropriate media. However, many teachers continue to solely employ uninteresting material, which might negatively affect their students' motivation for studying. Therefore, innovative and fun learning resources, such as learning media containing play elements, are needed. The research aims to develop learning media on food material and digestive systems using Borg and Gall research development (RD) method. The research data was obtained from a product assessment questionnaire using a questionnaire. The research results obtained from the media expert test average score and material expert test were 85%, and the results from the student response test average score were 89%, categorized as very feasible to be used as student learning resources.


Abstract To obtain the optimum results in curing compounded stocks containing whole tire reclaim, a minimum of 2.0 and a maximum of 2.5 per cent sulfur are required. This range of sulfur content, based on the total weight of reclaim in the compound besides the 4 per cent added for curing the crude rubber present, gives the flattest and longest curing range in conjunction with the highest physical qualities. Three per cent of sulfur on the straight reclaim-sulfur mix gives the maximum physical properties.


The intention of this presentation is to allow Schlumberger to share its views on the geoscientific revolution in the field of oil and gas. The presentation is divided into two parts. First, we look at the economic environment that has helped shape our industry, highlighting the dramatic changes that have occurred in the service sector business and players. In the second part, we look ahead at the future business environment, presenting the factors that are driving the geoscientific revolution, and analyzing the key roles to be played by technology and by new relationships between oil companies and service companies.In summary, much has changed in the oilfield services industry over the past several years. The number of suppliers has dropped dramatically, and restructuring has led to new ways of doing business that are more efficient and cost effective. The geoscientific revolution is being driven by a greater impact from technology, including reservoir optimization, low-cost innovation and the use of Information Technology, combined with a strengthening of the emphasis on teamwork between oil and service companies, will enable the industry to meet rising demand for oil and gas in the future. This approach has already demonstrated clear and tangible results and financial benefits to all parties and will expand significantly in the future.


The purposes of this study was to evaluate the effect of self-fficacy and positive thinking on subjective happiness of nursing students. In this study, 265 data was collected from nursing students of D-city in South Korea from April 4 to 22, 2016. Collected data was analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 Statistics Program. with descriptive statisticsm, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and multiple regression using SPSS WIN 21.0 program. There were significant predictors of subjective happiness for nursing students were self efficacy (β=.023, p<.01), positive thinking (β=.610, p<.001), explaining 48.7% of the variance in subjective happiness. The most important predictors of subjective happiness for nursing students were positive thinking. These findings can be utilized to development of strategies for increasing subjective happiness of nursing students. We suggested a follow-up study that explains the subjective happiness of nursing students by expanding students number.


Background: Long-term success remains a challenge for many who have undergone bariatric surgery, which suggests that there may be important, and as of yet, unmet needs of such recipients. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to gain an understanding of what bariatric surgery recipients perceive that they need to best support their long-term health and well-being in the province (Ontario, Canada) and thereafter internationally. Methods: A questionnaire, taking 30–45 min to complete, was designed in concert with members of the target audience and distributed via support group administrators. Descriptive statistics of participants' demographic/clinical background were analyzed for group comparisons by using a chi-square test and a two-sample t-test (p < 0.05). Open-ended responses were analyzed by using inductive content analysis and reviewed independently by the authors, who discussed any discrepancies in emerging themes until reaching an agreement. Results: One hundred and nineteen (59 provincia...


Abstract : A two-dimensional transverse-magnetic (TM) electromagnetic (EM) scattering problem from buried dielectric objects due to a Gaussian pulse is numerically solved using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FD-TD) method with absorbing boundary conditions via Maxwell's equations. The scatterers are rectangular cross sections in a multilayer media; the Gaussian pulse is reflected into a lossy earth by a finite, 450 plate that is part of the detector that receives the EM signal. Spatial distributions of electric field components are calculated over time for single and multiple land scatterers (mines). The scattered fields gradually diminish with time and are then eventually dissipated. Carpet plots are illustrated to depict the spatial distributions of the scattered field component at comparative time steps for one, two, and three distinct scatterers or land mines within the lossy media. Results clearly illustrate the typical wave patterns expected under the simulated conditions as presented in this report - i.e., conductivity (s) for the air is 0, conductivity for the earth is 0.01, conductivity for the grass is 0.005, and conductivity for the mines are 0, 0.02, and 0.008; permeability values ranged from 1 for air, 9 for earth, 5.5 for grass, and 2.3, 5.6, and 23.0 for the mines, respectively. Numerical analysis indicates that the difference of scattered signals between single and multiple scatterers are considerably obvious from the point of view of both time domain and frequency domain. (AN)


The paper deals with the application of digital speckle interferometer with a continuous laser rum to study the dynamic process of deformation of the object during thermal exposure, based on software developed by the method of processing frame-sequential series of time-varying interference patterns.


Objective To investigate the content of reactive oxygen species(ROS) in the process of retinal cells apoptosis after optical nerve crash in rats,and discuss the protective effects of edaravone on retinal cells.Methods A total of 192 SD rats with half males and half females were randomly divided into normal group,sham-operation group,control group and treatment group,48 rats in each group.In the control and treatment group,the optic nerve crush model was made.In the treatment group,diluted edaravone(30 mg·kg-1) with normal saline was intraperitoneally injected every 12 hours after modeling.The delivery time was 30 minutes with a total of 14 days.Rats were killed at 3 days,6 days,10 days and 14 days during the experiment.The TUNEL labeled apoptotic was done,apoptotic cells in each group were observed by laser scanning confocal microscope,retinal structure was checked by light microscopic,2',7'-dichloro fluorescein pair of dihydroartemisinin acetate ester(DCFH-DA) as the labeled probe,fluorescence intensity of 2',7'-dichloro fluorescein dihydrotestosterone in retinal cells was checked by flow cytometry at different time points of four groups.Retinal cell apoptosis rate was checked by double staining of AnnexinV/PI via flow cytometry at different time points of four groups.Results From 3 days to 14 days after modeling,TUNEL-positive labeling could be observed occasionally in retinal cells of normal group and sham-operation group,a large number of TUNEL-positive labeled cells were observed in the control group,but the treatment group was significantly less than the control group.At 3 days,6 days,10 days and 14 days,the expression of ROS in retinal cells in normal group were 32.530±2.203,43.600±3.635,32.800±1.952,45.330±2.902,respectively,treatment group were 84.507±3.754,65.130±5.308,63.400±5.226,66.990±6.320,respectively,control group were 92.830±2.875,99.900±0.100,99.300±1.212,92.470±2.159,respectively,there were statistical differences among three groups at each time point(all P0.05),but no difference between sham-operation group and normal group(all P0.05).At 3 days,6 days,10 days and 14 days,the apoptosis rate of cells in normal group was (9.550±0.325)%,(10.380±0.642)%,(11.540±1.224)% and (10.520±0.839)%,respectively,treatment group were (22.960±2.574)%,(27.590±1.369)%,(33.950±4.580)%,(25.810±2.170)%,respectively,control group were (35.510±3.086)%,(37.550±2.357)%,(40.220±5.011)%,(34.320±3.351)%,respectively,there were statistical differences among three groups at each time point(all P0.05),but no difference between sham group and normal group(all P0.05).Conclusion Edaravone inhibits the apoptosis of retinal cells by eliminating ROS,and has certain protective effects on retinal cells.


We propose a demand-driven conditional narrowing calculus in which a variant of definitional trees [2] is used to efficiently control the narrowing strategy. This calculus is sound and strongly complete w.r.t. Constructor-based ReWriting Logic (CRWL) semantics [7] for a wide class of constructor-based conditional term rewriting systems. The calculus mantains the optimality properties of the needed narrowing strategy [5]. Moreover, the treatment of strict equality as a primitive rather than a defined function symbol, leads to an improved behaviour w.r.t. needed narrowing.


An efficient method of plant regeneration from seed-derived callus was established in ravenna grass [Erianthus ravennae (L.) Beauv.], which is an ornamental tall grass as well as an important biomass crop. For callus induction, mature seeds were cultured on media containing different concentrations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d) (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg l−1) and 6-benzyladenine (BA) (0, 0.1 and 0.2 mg l−1) on callus induction using MS medium (Murashige and Skoog 1962) supplemeted with 1 g l−1 casamino acids, 30 g l−1 maltose and 8 g l−1 agar as a basal medium. The highest callus induction was obtained on medium supplemented with 2 mg l−1 2,4-d and 0.2 mg l−1 BA, where 96% of explants formed callus. During the subculture of the calli on the same medium for 4 months, 3 types of calli showing different growth rate, color and morphology were differentiated. By using these 3 types of calli, effects of different concentrations of BA or 6-furfurylaminopurine (kinetin) (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg l−1) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg l−1) as plant growth regulators on shoot regeneration were evaluated using MS medium with 1 g l−1 casamino acids as a basal medium. The highest frequency of shoot formation was obtained in type A callus, which had white and compact nature, on medium containing 30 g l−1 sucrose, 1 mg l−1 BA and 0.1–0.25 mg l−1 NAA, where 89.3% of the calli formed shoots.


Abstract We introduce a generalized version of the front tracking algorithm for the full ultra-relativistic Euler system. The construction and analysis of this algorithm are somewhat simpler than other algorithms. Moreover, this scheme leads to a more robust and efficient result. The scheme also satisfies positivity. This scheme is compared with other two schemes by two numerical test cases. Furthermore we give another application of this scheme, namely we check the explicit formula of interaction of two generalized shocks, by further numerical test case.


manifested itself, when they would take the child to their private doctor. Such views were entirely opposed to the principles on which the scheme of school medical inspection was instituted. The percentage number of parents who attended at the examinations during 1932 was 34.2, as against 30.2 in 1931. The parents of 113 children-namely, 1.3 per cent., as compared with 1.2 per cent. in 1931-objected to the examination.


Set against the background of efforts to promote sexuality education and sexual health in a university setting, this paper focuses on a sexual health seminar offered at a midwestern US university. Using a post-structural feminist framework, we analysed discourses from qualitative surveys, newspaper coverage and participant observation. We argue that the framing of the seminar posed an obstacle to receiving health care, altercasted women in disempowering roles and failed to acknowledge men's voices. It is important to address entrenched gender biases, power imbalances and assumptions that undermine students' engagement with sexual health education and access to services. Based on this analysis, we developed recommendations for sexuality education of university students informed by feminist understandings of health.


ABSTRACT In the Netherlands, several housing projects have housed local young adults and refugees together, attracting media and academic attention. Along with praise for complementing the integration process of newcomers, criticism has also been leveled that such projects are often located far from residential areas. Meanwhile, the SET project located in a residential area in Amsterdam attempt to extend the active participation of locals in facilitating the integration of newcomers. This qualitative study investigated the community experiences of Syrian newcomers, the elements which stimulate or hinder newcomers' participation in community activities and care programs in their everyday lives.


Traditionally, distributed embedded systems have been designed using static approaches, i.e., assuming a static environment. However, when the environment is dynamic and imposes changing requirements on the system, flexible approaches are needed. If in addition the system must operate continuously, then high reliability is also required. The necessary flexibility for real-time requirements may be provided by Hard Real-Time Ethernet Switching (HaRTES), which is an implementation of the master/multi-slave Flexible Time Triggered (FTT) communication paradigm. To help provide high reliability, the Flexible Time-Triggered Replicated Star (FTTRS) adds network fault tolerance by duplicating the HaRTES switch and master, as well as the network links. This paper discusses how to enforce replica determinism for the masters in FTTRS by ensuring that they show corresponding outputs both in the time and value domain. Moreover, it suggests how to proceed in case replica determinism is lost despite all efforts.


Now at the moment of the upheavals in Eastern Europe, which should accelerate the development of economic relations between the two parts of our continent, the transportation sector will play a prime role. The authors analyze first the evolution of the organization and the infrastructure of transportation over the past twenty years and its present situation. The transportation network, generally speaking, is underdeveloped, although the volume has considerably increased For example, shipment of goods increased from 3,673 billion to 6,794 billion tons/km in the USSR and from 26.1 billion to 46.2 billion tons/km in Hungary between 1970 and 1988. Cooperation within the CMEA and with Yugoslavia, which is, we should recall, an observer, has been affected in a number of joint projects. It is managed by bodies such as the Organization of Cooperation of Railways, the Maritime Company of the CMEA, etc. Some major projects have been financed by the different countries: oil pipelines and gas pipelines from the huge Siberian deposits to Europe in the East, segments of railways making it possible to send goods from the USSR into the different countries of Eastern Europe without transferring the load, and also reclamation works on the Danube which, together with the Rhine-Main-Danube canals and the Danube-Black Sea canal already in operation, will link Rotterdam with the Black Sea over river waterways. To these projects one must add the north-south motorway, financed in part by the UNPD, a major portion of which will cross the countries we are studying in this article. The second part of the study contains a more detailed analysis of each of the national transportation networks. Rail, which still makes up the lion's share in certain countries: Poland (69 percent of commerce), GDR (61.6 percent), and Czechoslovakia (43.8 percent) has some very serious problems in Romania as well as in the USSR because of the dilapidated state of the network and the rolling stock. In recent months, breakdowns have brought about a disorganization of entire sectors of the Soviet economy. However, Czechoslovakia seems to have some good chances in this sector if it modernizes its equipment. Road transportation still plays a marginal role. The network is too inadequate, and motorways are almost nonexistent except in the former GDR However, Bulgaria has the largest trucking company in Europe. Transportation by pipelines has undergone vigorous growth. Riverway and river-ocean transportation still play a minor role: their share of commerce varies from 4.8 percent in Czechoslovakia to 0.4 percent in Poland Several countries of the region are major maritime powers, such as the USSR as well as Yugoslavia, which ships 81 percent of its goods by sea. Transportation in Eastern Europe is surely destined to play a major role in the free zones that have already been established or are projected in the various countries of the region. The present study is illustrated with a number of tables. A list of essential needs for shipping materials in the East and an interview with a French shipper about East-West freight practices round off this report.


This article explores affect, discourse and emotion in national life. Drawing on recent thinking on discourse and affect, alongside previous work on nation and communities of practice, we focus on the print media's use of Anzac Day in Aotearoa New Zealand, as a site through which settler identity and cultural hegemony are reproduced. One hegemonic interpretive repertoire is observed throughout, that Anzac Day is a sacred day of respectful remembrance. Within this frame, a series of associated affective-discursive positions are deployed covering issues that range from inclusion and exclusion, to conformity and dissent. We argue that this repertoire and its associated positions constitute citizens engaging with the day as a homogeneous group of national subjects, bound together as a particular kind of affected community. This imagined community and the affective practices attributed to it, however, largely ignore the bicultural makeup of Aotearoa New Zealand, narrowing down the diverse range of potential emotional positions to a just a few. Popular journalism fails readers and limits debate though its thin portrayals of community, legitimate affect and engaged citizenship. National life is impoverished when print media lack the cultural competence necessary to effectively engage in broader debates and political discourse.


The space industry is traditionally associated with STEM disciplines, but humanities, arts and social sciences have plenty to offer to the modern space sector. Space accounting scholars Dr Basil Tucker and Dr Hank Alewine investigate the potential of HASS to address the unique and unprecedented challenges of the New Space Age.


A sensitive, selective, accurate and precise stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the quantitative determination of Paracetamol (PCT) and Etoricoxib (ETO) in tablet formulation. The good chromatographic separation between drugs was achieved in the mobile phase of phosphate buffer (0.2M, pH 5): acetonitrile (60:40v/v). The detection of analytes was carried out in UV at 242 nm. The linearity for the PCT and ETO in the range of 5-30 and 1-6 μ g/ml was obtained with correlation coefficients of 0.991 and 0.998 respectively. The retention time were found to be 1.51 and 4.31 min for PCT and ETO respectively. Forced degradation study showed a significant degradation of PCT and ETO in 0.1N sodium hydroxide, 0.1N hydrochloric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide solution. Keywords - paracetamol, etoricoxib, RP-HPLC, stability indicating method.


Authors: Julio Eduardo Castaneda Cachay and Julio Cesar Vasquez Chacon, thesis: "Use of Antibiotics in Febrile Neutropenic Patients post Chemotherapy of Service of Hematology the National Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins' Advisor: Mg. Roberto Ybanez Julca, 42 pages, 2008, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, National University of Trujillo. It made the following problem: ?what is the use of antibiotics in febrile neutropenic patients post chemotherapy of service of Hematology the National Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins? The material of the study consists of 56 patients with diagnosis of leukemia that received chemotherapy and presented a febrile neutropenia syndrome. Obtaining the sample was carried out with help from the formula of sample size. The sample was classified according to neutropenia high and low risk analyzed the results in these 2 groups. The paper analyzed and evaluated the use of antibiotics and antifungal in febrile neutropenic patients after chemotherapy, the nature of its use, also found the best therapy for the eradication of infection, the so-called cure rate, it according to each type of neutropenia and finally identified the major etiologic agents isolated from these patients


An online filtering calibration scheme was designed. According to the MIMU error model, the error parameters to be calibrated were incorporated into the system state vector to construct the filtering estimation state equation. On the basis of Kalman filter, a calibration observation scheme based on GPS and altimeter is designed. Aiming at the dynamic characteristics of error parameters to be calibrated, a stepwise estimation method is designed to reduce the computation time. Simulation results show that the design is reasonable.


A liquid ejecting apparatus includes: a flow channel unit, having a liquid flow channel for supplying a liquid stored in a liquid cartridge; and a plurality of cartridge holders, including a first cartridge holder and a second cartridge holder adjacent to each other, and attached to the flow channel unit while the cartridge holders are arranged in a first direction, each of the cartridge holders adapted to hold the liquid cartridge and having a first engaging portion and a second engaging portion. The first engaging portion of the first cartridge holder and the second engaging portion of the second cartridge holder are engageable with each other to lock the first and second cartridge holders, and the first engaging portion of the first cartridge holder and the second engaging portion of the second cartridge holder are disengageable from each other to unlock the first and second cartridge holders when one of the first and second cartridge holders is moved in a second direction that is apart from the flow channel unit.


This paper presents a lossless hybrid coding scheme for compressing computer cartoon images, such as those used in TV cartoon programs and computer games. Such images are usually composed of simple multi-color characters/graphs and complicated full-color backgrounds. The hybrid coding scheme is based on the basic principle of Structure Runlength Coding (SRC) and is combined with prediction coding. It solves two main problems in the conventional methods : that SRC cannot cope with the complicated full-color regions and that predictive DPCM coding cannot efficiently compress the simple multi-color regions. Through an evaluation of entropy, we prove that our hybrid coding scheme is superior to the conventional methods at compressing these computer cartoon images. Compared with an adaptive DPCM coding, our hybrid coding can decrease the entropy by about 1 bit per pixel on average. Compared with SRC, it can decrease the entropy up to 5 bits per pixel in the case of complicated backgrounds. An experimental result shows high compression ratios.


The incubating experiment was conducted to study the effects of temperature and soil moisture on decomposition of soil organic carbon in black soil with different organic carbon contents.The results show that under the same soil moisture,the CO2 releasing rate is high at the beginning of the incubation(0~20d),and the relatively released CO2 amount is elevated as temperature increasing.After that(20d),the CO2 releasing rate is gradually becoming stable.Under the same temperature and 30%~90% of field capability,the CO2 releasing rate is high at the beginning of the incubation(0~20d),and then decreases.And the relatively released CO2 amount is elevated as soil water content increasing.Under same temperature and soil water condition,the CO2 releasing rate is enhanced as the organic carbon contents increasing.


Objective To investigate the relationship of the proliferation and activation of immunocytes in gastric mucosa with the disease progression in HIV-infected individuals.Methods Thirty-six HIV-infected individuals,and 10 persons without HIV infection serving as control,were enrolled in present study,and biopsy of gastric mucosal tissues was performed by fiberoptic gastroscopy.Immunohistochemistry(SP) was used to detect the expressions of CD38 and Ki-67 in gastric mucosa.Masson stain was used to observe collagen deposition in gastric mucosa.Results Compared with the non-infected controls,the expression of CD38 remarkably increased in HIV-infected individuals(97.384±11.573 vs 86.215±12.396,P 0.05).In HIV-infected individuals,Ki-67 positive cells were mainly located in gastric foveola,lamina propria gland and stroma.As compared with the non-infected controls,Ki-67 positive immunocytes were remarkably decreased in stroma(20.933±2.719 vs 29.091±21.949,P 0.05).The Ki-67 positive cells were mostly lymphocytes in the lymphoid follicle of gastric mucosa in asymptomatic HIV carriers,while connective tissue cells such as fibroblasts were predominant in AIDS patients.There was more abundant collagen deposition in stroma and lymphatic follicles in AIDS patients than in asymptomatic HIV carriers.In AIDS patients,the follicle fibrous septum was found to be increased and widened in some region.Conclusion After HIV infection,the disequilibrium of activation and proliferation of immunocytes,as well as collagen deposition in mucosa,are probably the main pathogenetic factors of AIDS.


Thin films of crystalline LiXWO3 exhibit large increases in infrared reflectance (2-16 μm) on lithium insertion, in keeping with the Drude model of free electron reflectance. Amorphous LixWO3 and weakly crystalline LixV2O5 maintain a high degree of infrared transparency for 0<x<0.5. By contrasting the infrared reflectance of a crystalline LixWO3 film against an absorptive substrate, coatings with variable IR emittance can be obtained. An emittance modulation of 0.25-0.82 in the 8-12 μm region has been obtained with crystalline LixWO3 on glass substrates. The design and electrochromic materials requirements for variable emittance coatings are discussed.


Parallel test sheet generation (PTSG) is a NP-hard combinational optimization problem, in which test sheet generation algorithm with high quality and efficiency is the core technology. Basic fruit fly optimiza- tion algorithm (FOA) has the defects of easily relapsing into local optimal and low convergence precision when solving PTSG problem. In this paper, a novel discrete fruit fly optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the PTSG problem, in which a discrete osphesis searching operator based on the problem-specific knowledge is de- signed to help the FOA escaping from being trapped in local minima. To evaluate the performance of the pro- posed algorithm, the simulation experiments were conducted using a series of item banks with different scales. The superiority of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated by comparing it with the particle swarm optimization algorithm and differential evolution algorithm.


Temporal shaping of time series is the activity of deriving a time series model with a prescribed marginal distribution and some sample path characteristics. Starting with an empirical sample path, one often computes from it an empirical histogram (a step-function density) and empirical autocorrelation function. The corresponding cumulative distribution function is piecewise linear, and so is the inverse distribution function. The so-called inversion method uses the latter to generate the corresponding distribution from a uniform random variable on [0,1), histograms being a special case. This paper shows how to manipulate the inverse histogram and an underlying marginally uniform process, so as to "shape" the model sample paths in an attempt to match the qualitative nature of the empirical sample paths, while maintaining a guaranteed match of the empirical marginal distribution. It proposes a new approach to temporal shaping of time series and identifies a number of operations on a piecewise-linear inverse histogram function, which leave the marginal distribution invariant. For cyclical processes with a prescribed marginal distribution and a prescribed cycle profile, one can also use these transformations to generate sample paths which "conform" to the profile. This approach also improves the ability to approximate the empirical autocorrelation function.


Metal nanoparticles (NPs) concentrate the energy of incident photons through plasmon resonance excitation, which allows scattering into a substrate with a high refractive index, and the radiated energy from this excitation significantly increases the optical absorption of the substrate. In this work, the effect of Ag NPs on the absorption capacity of mushroom-nanostructured Si metasurfaces was analyzed using the finite-difference time-domain method. It was observed that the absorbance in the metasurfaces with Ag NPs increased from 90.8% to 98.7% compared with nanostructured Si metasurface without NPs. It was shown that the plasmon resonance effect of Ag NPs enlarged the range of the FP cavity by about 10 times, and the electric field strength E2 increased by about four times through the combination of Ag NP and Si absorbers. Meanwhile, the effect of randomly distributed nanostructures on the absorption properties of Si metasurfaces was simulated. Additionally, the nanostructured surface with Ag NPs was insensitive to angle, which encourages the design of broadband and wide-angle superabsorption nanostructures.


The son of a general practitioner in Tamworth, Anthony Valentine Barford ("Tony") was educated at Winchester College. His medical training at Cardiff gave him, an Englishman, an appreciation of Welsh humour, among other things. After junior appointments at Morriston Hospital, Swansea, he trained in …


We generalize the control power of a perfect controlled teleportation of an entangled three-qubit pure state, suggested by Li and Ghose [Phys. Rev. A 90, 052305 (2014)], to the control power of a general controlled teleportation of a multiqubit pure state. Thus, we define the minimal control power, and calculate the values of the minimal control power for a class of general three-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states and the three-qubit $W$ class whose states have zero three-tangles. Moreover, we show that the standard three-qubit GHZ state and the standard three-qubit $W$ state have the maximal values of the minimal control power for the two classes, respectively. This means that the minimal control power can be interpreted as not only an operational quantity of a three-qubit quantum communication but also a degree of three-qubit entanglement. In addition, we calculate the values of the minimal control power for general $n$-qubit GHZ states and the $n$-qubit $W$-type states.


Cobalt(II), Nickel(II) and Copper(II) complexes with the ligands imidazole and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APTES) have been synthesized to give the following formulas [Co(3-APTES)2(imid)2(OH2)Cl]Cl, [Cu(3-APTES)2(imid)2Cl2], [Ni(3-APTES)2(imd)2Cl2]. The prepared metal(II) complexes were investigated by, IR spectroscopy, electronic spectra, Nuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTA), Molar conductance measurement, magnetic susceptibility and absorption spectroscopic method(ASS). Infrared and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis show that together the ligands imidazole and 3-APTES are coordinated to the metal ions via nitrogen atoms for imidazole nitrogen and amino group in 3-APTES. Molar conductance value for the prepared complexes indicate that the complexes are non-electrolyte except [Co(3-APTES)2(imid)2(OH2)Cl]Cl was 1:1 electrolyte. The thermal analysis shows that the degradation of new complexes occurs between 200-600 °C. The geometry of new complexes were suggested as a octahedral structure.Cobalt(II), Nickel(II) and Copper(II) complexes with the ligands imidazole and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APTES) have been synthesized to give the following formulas [Co(3-APTES)2(imid)2(OH2)Cl]Cl, [Cu(3-APTES)2(imid)2Cl2], [Ni(3-APTES)2(imd)2Cl2]. The prepared metal(II) complexes were investigated by, IR spectroscopy, electronic spectra, Nuclear magnetic resonance(1H NMR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA-DTA), Molar conductance measurement, magnetic susceptibility and absorption spectroscopic method(ASS). Infrared and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis show that together the ligands imidazole and 3-APTES are coordinated to the metal ions via nitrogen atoms for imidazole nitrogen and amino group in 3-APTES. Molar conductance value for the prepared complexes indicate that the complexes are non-electrolyte except [Co(3-APTES)2(imid)2(OH2)Cl]Cl was 1:1 electrolyte. The thermal analysis shows that the degradation of new complexes occurs between 200-600 °C. The geometry of new complexes were sug...


Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb., a well known medicinal plant in Bangladesh has been identified for antitumor properties through Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection using potato disc bioassay and phytotoxic effects on radish root and seed. Significant tumor inhibition was observed at 100ppm and 1000ppm of leaf methanol extract. Maximum tumor inhibition 40.98, 41.93 and 41.89% were observed at 1000ppm for the accessions of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens AtTa0112, AtAc0114 and AtSl0105, respectively. Phytotoxicity assay shows significant root length inhibition by the extract at the concentrations of 1000ppm and 10000ppm. Similarly, seed germinations were also significantly inhibited at the concentrations 1000ppm and 7500ppm extracts. Overall results supported that Oldenlandia diffusa might be a potential source of antitumor agent that could be used for further drug development for tumor treatment in human.


The interrelationships between electrolyte and uric acid metabolism, renal function and HCT pharmacokinetics have been studied to determine whether modifications in current dosing practices would be beneficial in HT or RI children.Outpatients (OP) on chronic HCT therapy received one-half their daily dose (0.6-2.75 mg/kg) in the morning and steady state HCT, Na, K, creatinine, BUN and uric acid levels determined. In-patients (IP) received a single HCT dose on a fixed protocol. Blood specimens were obtained at 0,1,2,4,8,12 and 24 hours and urine specimens at 0-2,2-4,4-8,8-12 and 12-24 hours. HCT was assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography.Serum HCT levels varied directly with dosage and inversely with Ccr. When Ccr exceeded 70 ml/min, OP receiving 1-1.5 mg/kg had HCT levels ranging from 130-190 μg/ml whereas levels between 260-600 μg/ml were found with doses of 2.0-2.75 mg/kg. When Ccr was below 50 ml/min extraordinarily high HCT levels (1000-4000 μg/ml) were observed even with doses less than 1.0 mg/ml. Serum half-life and elimination rates were inversely proportional to renal clearance in IP.These data suggest that HCT accumulates in RI patients if no dosage adjustment is made. No positive correlation was established between elevated serum HCT levels and adverse reactions. (Supported by USPHS Grant HD-08580.)


An axisymetric two-dimensional model is presented to describe the internal ballistics of solid propellant electrother- mal chemical gun.The calculated results accord well with experimental results.This suggests the feasibility of the model.Re- sults of two-dimensional model show detailed distribution of ballistics parameters.The model provides an effective way to further investigate the process of plasma ignition and combustion augmentation.It can also be applied to prediction and analysis of ex- perimental projects.


The term Nakamoto consensus is generally used to refer to Bitcoin's novel consensus mechanism, by which agreement on its underlying transaction ledger is reached. It is argued that this agreement protocol represents the core innovation behind Bitcoin, because it promises to facilitate the decentralization of trusted third parties. Specifically, Nakamoto consensus seeks to enable mutually distrusting entities with weak pseudonymous identities to reach eventual agreement while the set of participants may change over time. When the Bitcoin white paper was published in late 2008, it lacked a formal analysis of the protocol and the guarantees it claimed to provide. It would take the scientific community several years before first steps towards such a formalization of the Bitcoin protocol and Nakamoto consensus were presented. However, since then the number of works addressing this topic has grown substantially, providing many new and valuable insights. Herein, we present a coherent picture of advancements towards the formalization of Nakamoto consensus, as well as a contextualization in respect to previous research on the agreement problem and fault tolerant distributed computing. Thereby, we outline how Bitcoin's consensus mechanism sets itself apart from previous approaches and where it can provide new impulses and directions to the scientific community. Understanding the core properties and characteristics of Nakamoto consensus is of key importance, not only for assessing the security and reliability of various blockchain systems that are based on the fundamentals of this scheme, but also for designing future systems that aim to fulfill comparable goals. I. THE IMPORTANCE OF NAKAMOTO CONSENSUS The recent explosive increase in both economic valuation and technical interest towards Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies, and distributed ledgers in general, is mirrored by equally growing research efforts from the scientific community to better understand, employ and extend upon the fundamental principles that govern these technologies. Not only has the body of peer-reviewed literature directly related to Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies increased substantially as outlined by this recent taxonomy [XWS17], but a lot of work is also presented online in the form of pre-prints, e-prints, and informally as blog posts, following the publishing spirit of the original Bitcoin white paper [Nak08a]. Moreover, many other research fields are also exploring how the underlying concepts behind blockchain technologies could be applied in their domain. This renders it difficult for both researchers and practitioners to get a coherent picture of the state-of-the-art in this emerging field. We therefore 1One of the earliest uses of the term Nakamoto consensus can be attributed to a blog post by Nick Szabo in [Sza14], after which it appeared in scientific publications such as [BMC+15], [LTKS15]. believe that further systematization efforts related to Bitcoin and blockchain technologies, following the comprehensive overview of research perspectives and challenges for Bitcoin presented by Bonneau et al. in 2015 [BMC15], are necessary. In particular, the study and formalization of the Bitcoin protocol and its underlying Nakamoto consensus has seen significant advances in recent years (e.g. [KP15], [GKL16], [BPS16a]) that are not yet systematically exposed. Recent work provides a broad overview of different consensus mechanisms in the context of blockchain technologies [BSAB17], however we feel that a more in-depth analysis of the relationship between Nakamoto consensus and previous approaches to Byzantine consensus is still outstanding. We hereby narrow this gap by relating research towards Nakamoto consensus to other key insights and aspects on the topic of consensus. Consensus is a fundamental building block in fault tolerant and distributed computing, and the guarantees a consensus protocol provides can greatly impact the overall security and reliability of (distributed ledger) systems [CV17]. Bitcoin promises to solve the double spending problem in a distributed, peer-to-peer environment without the necessity to rely on a trusted third party by enabling participants to reach (eventual) agreement on the state changes to a shared transaction ledger. Nakamoto consensus hence lies at the core of this system. Without an in-depth understanding of this mechanism, entire categories of newly designed systems, as well as the applications that are built on top of them, are potentially vulnerable to attacks [NG16], [CV17]. Modifications to consensus related rules, even if they appear small or straightforward, can fundamentally impact underlying incentives and greatly affect security guarantees [ZP17]. As the ecosystem around "blockchain" has grown into a multi-billion dollar industry, severe failures could have far-reaching consequences and a long-term negative impact on the entire field. On the other hand, fundamental insights on Nakamoto consensus have already spawned novel and hybrid consensus approaches that exhibit interesting properties and characteristics, while providing the necessary frameworks to analyze and evaluate the correctness and security of such approaches. Combining aspects of "classical" Byzantine fault tolerant (BFT) consensus protocols with Nakamoto consensus may help to address increasing concerns regarding the scalability and performance of blockchain technologies. Motivated by this emerging new area of research, we set out to paint a coherent picture of the insights and findings that have been presented on the topic of Nakamoto consensus and the fundamental mechanisms behind Bitcoin and similar blockchain protocols.


A family of optical methods are developed for the measurement of slope and curvature of flexed plate surfaces. Slope and curvature contour fringes are generated by using gratings as filters in the light path emerging from the flexed surface. General field equations are derived for gratings placed anywhere in the field. Depending upon the pitch and the position and the number of gratings used, a variety of techniques are obtained for the contouring of slopes or curvatures. When a low density grating is used, the resulting shadowgram yields slope contour fringes if it is placed at the real focal plane of the field lens. Otherwise, the shadow gram fringes are not slope contours. However, slope contours can be obtained if a double-exposure technique or a double grating is used to generate the moire fringes. If a grating of sufficiently high frequency is used, the resulting pattern is a curvature pattern, for which a monochromatic light source is needed. A successive plotting method is also proposed for curvature contouring whereby white light and a grating of arbi-trary pitch can be used. The methods are verified by a series of experiments using cantilever beams and clamped circular plates. Applications to a variety of other problems, including flexure wave propagation, are also demonstrated.


I read with interest the research note by Thomas Whigham and Barbara Potthast, "New Insights into the Demographics of the Paraguayan War, 1864-1870," published in these pages in 1999.1 The discovery of census data for thirty Paraguayan districts for 1870 is significant, but this particular census only raises more questions. Contrary to the assertions of Whigham and Potthast, it does not settle the debate over the demographic impact of the War of the Triple Alliance on Paraguay. Whigham and Potthast use the 1870 enumeration to assert a population in 1870 totaling between 141,351 and 166,351, and they argue for a 60 to 69 percent loss of Paraguayan population during the war of 1864-1870 (p. 184). This catastrophic loss was calculated by assuming that the 1870 count is complete and by analyzing the work of other historians. Whigham and Potthast contend that John Hoyt Williams and Anneliese Kegler de Galeano both undercounted the population of the 1846 census, leading to an underestimation of the prewar population. At the same time, they claim that because the 1870 enumeration indicates such a small population, historians (myself included) have overcounted the postwar population (p. 175). Most historians' calculations for the 1846 census fall somewhere between Anneliese Kegler's estimates of 233,862 and Olinda Massare de


A new route to Taxol and Taxotere side chains via asymmetric dihydroxylation of both cis and trans methyl cinnamates is described.


There is general agreement that a normal perfusion lung scan essentially excludes the presence of pathologic pulmonary emboli (PE) and that the perfusion scan pattern helps guide subsequent pulmonary angiography. The perfusion scan alone is too nonspecific to aid evaluation of patients with suspected PE in other ways but combined ventilation-perfusion (V-P) imaging is often helpful. V-P imaging does not allow a definitive diagnosis of PE, but allows the probability of PE to be determined. If normal ventilation is present in two or more regions which demonstrate subsegmental, segmental or lobar perfusion defects, there is approximately a 90% chance that emboli are present. This is true even when a patient demonstrates a mixed pattern of V-P match and mismatch or when pulmonary infiltrates or other opacities are visible on the chest radiograph in other parts of the lung. If ventilation abnormalities are present in 50% or less of the lung fields and all perfusion defects are matched by ventilation abnormalities there is less than a 5% chance for PE. These data are derived from a recent study of 83 patients with suspected PE who underwent angiography and had V-P studies showing ventilation abnormalities and at least one area of V-P match. Angiography should thus be used selectively to evaluate patients with nondiagnostic lung scans (these account for 15-30% of most peopled experience), and to achieve definitive diagnoses in patients who are at special risk for anticoagulant therapy or who are to undergo surgical treatment of thromboembolism. V-P lung imaging is a safe, easily tolerated, low radiation dose exam which provides substantially greater confidence in the pre-angiographic diagnosis of PE than a standard clinical evaluation. For these reasons, V-P lung scanning can make significant contributions to management decisions in patients with suspected PE and alleviate the need for angiography in many instances.


This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the theoretical aspects of sustainable consumption and changes in household purchasing patterns as a factor of sustainable European and global consumption. The conditions of consumers' social responsibility, the formation of environmentally conscious behavior patterns, and the methods for fostering and motivating behavioral changes essential for green consumption will also be discussed. The authors conducted a primary research study with the purpose of surveying changes in Hungarian consumption behavior patterns with a special emphasis on analyzing how appropriate information encourages sustainable consumption. The findings of the qualitative study along with the methodology of the subsequent quantitative study are presented.


This paper considers the stabilization problem of inertia-wheel pendulum (IWP), a widely studied nonlinear mechanical system. The IWP is a classical example of flat under-actuated mechanical systems, for which the design of control laws becomes a challenging task owing to its underactuated nature posing problems in exact feedback linearization. A novel nonlinear controller design for the IWP is presented in this paper fusing recently introduced dynamic surface control with control Lyapunov function method. The proposed design procedure is shown to be simpler and more intuitive than existing designs. Stability of the controller and advantages over conventional energy shaping and backstepping controllers are analyzed theoretically and verified using numerical simulations


Shape memory polymers based on reversible supramolecular interactions have invoked growing research interest, but still suffer from limitations such as poor mechanical strength and finite shape memory performance. Here, we present a novel mechanical stretchable supramolecular hydrogel with a triple shape memory effect at the macro/micro scale. The introduction of a double network concept into supramolecular shape memory hydrogels endows them with excellent mechanical properties. The design of two non-interfering supramolecular interaction systems of both dynamic phenylboronic (PBA)–diol ester bonds and the chelation of alginate with Ca endues the hydrogel with outstanding triple shape memory functionalities.


This special issue consists of the first three papers from the EEFS 2009 Warsaw Conference on 'Current Challenges in the Global Economy: Prospects and Policy Reforms', guest edited by Usha Nair-Riechert, Georgia Institute of Technology and George Agiomirgianakis, Hellenic Open University. The final three papers make up this issue. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development Vol. 21, No. 1, February 2012, 1


Forage corn is a crop in greatest demand in the Comarca Lagunera. The objective is to obtain the models for the production indicators of forage maize hybrids, which could improve the production systems. The variables evaluated were: leaf area index (IAF), number of leaves and dry matter (DM). The DM model as a function of the IAF was 17.13 grams plant per unit of IAF. For the days after sowing (DDS) a production of 5 grams plant / elapsed day was found. For IAF based on DDS, 0.36 units of IAF were obtained per day and the IAF increased by 0.65 units as a function of the number of leaves. It is concluded that the behavior of the evaluated variables provides results of linear and polynomial regression models, with different levels of reliability, which allow future estimates to be made to choose the hybrids that best adapt to the region.


We prove the existence of weak solutions to a semilinear wave with non-monotone asymptotically linear nonlinearity when the forcing is dominated by a trigonometric polynomial.
See also https://ejde.math.txstate.edu/special/02/c1/abstr.html


Sara Moradi Davood Taghvai Shima Chehrei MA student, Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Arak, Arak, Iran. Assistant professor, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University of Arak, Arak, Iran. Assistant professor, Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University of Arak, Arak, Iran. Corresponding Author: Sara Moradi Tel : (+98)9163623732 Background: There's a lot of mental disorders in most countries. These disorders are more prevalent among Imprisoned. There are several reasons for the excessive incidence of mental disorders in prisons: There is a wrong notion that people with mental disorders are a risk factor for society, failures in treatment, care and rehabilitation, and above all, poor access to mental health services and mental stress of prison space. Therefore, the present study has been investigated the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy on mental health of Imprisoned Women of Borojerd Nesvan Prison. Materials and Methods: The study method was experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. Sample size was 30 people that divided randomly into experimental and control groups (15 people). At the first we gave Goldberg General Health Tests to women as pre test and then experimental group were treated with cognitive behavioral therapy in the during 12 sessions of 120 minutes. In the end, both groups were tested again the same questions as the post test. Data were analyzed using ANCOVA test. Results: Findings indicated that experimental group was significantly different from control group in terms of digit span (p<0.001) and cognitive behavioral therapy affected on mental health in prisoner women. Conclusions: The results showed that it is possible to adopt a cognitive behavioral therapy to improve mental health of prisoner women and they returned to the family and community level by doing by this approach.


This paper starts from the assumption that the qualitative dimensions of the educational phenomenon overcome a managerial perspective. To demonstrate this idea, the work makes a review of philosophical aspects related to the question, from which the problem is situated in the context of educational policy. The argument evolves toward the discussion about the relations among quality, citizenship, and competitiveness, trying to show the importance of finding convergence axes between these two paradigms. Interfaces between the conception of total quality and education are indicated, making explicit the difficulty of transferring a model oriented toward to productive process to teaching-learning situations. Finally, some articulations between quality and higher education are examined


With the growing international competition of the auto parts market today,the rate and the cycle of product development are the key factors for the new product's competitiveness,and the joint new product quality program is gradually adopted by many automobile parts companies.In this paper,joint new product quality program which is the core of the quality management is divided to five new stages from the planning stage to early flow after the Commissioning,each stage has stringent requirements and standards to guarantee the implementation of the product development.


This article examines the possibilities and advantages of using artificial neural networks in digital marketing, describes different types of neural networks. It was determined that neural networks are complex structures created from artificial neurons that can accept multiple inputs to obtain a single output. Artificial neural networks are a subsystem of machine learning, which in turn is a subsystem of artificial intelligence. In the processes of creating content for "sales funnels" and optimizing it to generate quality traffic, neural networks have long proven themselves as a worthy replacement for traditional approaches. Considerable attention in this study is focused on studying the possibilities of using neural networks for data analysis, forecasting trends and solving marketing analytics problems. The main types of artificial neural networks that are currently used in marketing activities are systematized and classified. Key functions that can be performed by neural networks in the context of digital marketing are highlighted, such as forecasting the demand for goods and services, researching consumer behavior, analyzing the competitive situation on the market, recommendations for managing product portfolios, automating business processes, etc. It is emphasized that marketers and managers can use neural networks to improve three strategic areas: segmentation, targeting and positioning.It is noted that attempts to systematize knowledge about artificial intelligence and machine learning in marketing provided the formation of theoretical foundations for the development of consumer-oriented applications in the context of consumer experience and personalized communications. Despite the significant number of advantages of using artificial neural networks in digital marketing, there are also a number of disadvantages and threats associated with artificial intelligence technologies. The use of neural networks is an effective and promising tool in digital marketing, but it requires significant technical and financial costs, and also raises ethical issues that must be resolved before using neural networks for marketing purposes. Further research in this direction can help companies achieve more effective results in their digital marketing strategy.


'D' Anjou' pears (Pyrus communis, L.) harvested at an optimum maturity with the flesh firmness (FF) of 66.7N required 8 weeks of chilling at- 1C in order to initiate normal ripening in an ethylene-free environment at room temperature. If harvested fruit were not exposed to chilling or chilled at- 1C for less than 8 weeks, they could be preconditioned with 100 ppm ethylene for 3 days at 20C to initiate normal ripening. Fruit preconditioned with ethylene were capable of softening normally, reducing extractable juice, decreasing titratable acidity, and showing the climacteric rise of ethylene production during ripening at 20C when treated fruit had been further held at -1C in air for 14 days. The properly ripened fruit developed an acceptable dessert quality. When 'd'Anjou'fruits had been stored at -1C in air for 8 weeks or longer, they could also be preconditioned without ethylene for 3 days at 20C to enhance ripening capacity. The nonethylene preconditioned fruit were capable of ripening normally following 14 days in simulated transit at -1C and upon arrival in retail markets at room temperature.


Part 1 Primary investigations: the role of esophagoscopy in functional esophageal diseases - a reappraisal, M. Deltenre et al esophageal biopsy, G.N.J. Tytgat and S.H.A.J. Tytgat radiology of esophageal function and gastroesophageal reflux disease, D.J. Ott esophageal pH monitoring, J.-P. Galmiche and C. Scarpignato stationary esophageal manometry, J.A. Castell and D.O. Castell esophageal scintigraphy, E. Kyriacou and R.C. Heading. Part 2 Advanced investigations: combined gastric and esophageal pH-metry, F. Baldi et al evaluation of biliary reflux, P. Yeaton and R.W. McCallum ambulatory intraesophageal pH and pressure measurements, J. Janssens and G. Vantrappen provocative tests in esophageal diseases, J.E. Richter gastric secretion in gastroesophageal reflux disease, G. Cadiot et al gastric emptying in gastroesophageal reflux disease and other functional esophageal disorders, C. Scarpignato pre- and postoperative assessments in gastroesophageal reflux disease, R.M. Bremner and T.R. DeMeester Barrett's esophagus - a special diagnostic problem, M.B. Fennerty et al. Part 3 Research techniques: ultrasonography in the functional evaluation of upper digestive tract, C. Scarpignato et al measurement of the esophageal transmural electrical potential difference, R.C. Orlando electromyography of the esophagus, W. Pelemans evaluation of esophageal sensitivity, S. Bruley des Varannes and J.-P. Galmiche.


The pipes of a ship, which exist in heterogeneous typology and massive number, are one of the key elements in a shipyard, and their real-time monitoring constitutes a prospective Cyber-Physical System (CPS). Their improved location, from production and through their lifetime, can enhance shipyard productivity and safety. Navantia, one of the ten largest shipbuilders in the world, has improved its pipe workshop thanks to the concept of smart pipe, which is defined as an object able to transmit signals periodically that allows for providing added-value services in a shipyard. In this paper it is evaluated the use of passive UHF RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) for implementing the concept of smart pipe. Promising indoor positioning results obtained in a pipe workshop are presented, showing that multi-antenna algorithms and Kalman filtering can help to stabilize Received Signal Strength (RSS) and improve the overall accuracy of the pipe monitoring system in a real-world scenario.


Abstract Introduction Pulpectomy helps in preserving a pulpally involved primary tooth by eliminating bacteria and their products and ensures hermetic seal of the root canals, so that the primary teeth can complete their function until normal exfoliation. For the success of endodontic treatment in primary teeth, the resorption of obturating material plays a vital role. The materials used for obturation in this study included zinc oxide propolis (ZOP) as a new paste, Endoflas, Metapex, and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE). Objective To evaluate the success rate of pulpectomy of primary molars using four different root canal filling materials: ZOP as a new paste, Endoflas, Metapex, and ZOE. Materials and Methods A total of 48 primary molars were divided into four equal groups of 12 molars according to the type of root canal filling paste, that is, ZOE, Endoflas, ZOP, and Metapex. Results When Tukey's test was applied, out of the four materials, ZOP was the most significant material as its p-value was < 0.05, whereas other materials showed nonsignificant results as their p-value was > 0.05. Conclusion Among the four groups, ZOP showed greater clinical success and its resorbability was similar to that of root.


Characterizing the complexity and heterogeneity of the geometries and deposits in meandering river system is an important concern for the reservoir modelling of fluvial environments. Re-examination of the Long Nab member in the Scalby formation of the Ravenscar Group (Yorkshire, UK), integrating digital outcrop data and forward modelling approaches, will lead to a geologically realistic numerical model of the meandering river geometry. The methodology is based on extracting geostatistics from modern analogous, meandering rivers that exemplify both the confined and non-confined meandering point bars deposits and morphodynamics of Long Nab member. The parameters derived from the modern systems (i.e. channel width, amplitude, radius of curvature, sinuosity, wavelength, channel length and migration rate) are used as a statistical control for the forward simulation and resulting object oriented channel models. The statistical data derived from the modern analogues is multi-dimensional in nature, making analysis difficult. We apply data mining techniques such as parallel coordinates to investigate and identify the important relationships within the modern analogue data, which can then be used drive the development of, and as input to the forward model. This work will increase our understanding of meandering river morphodynamics, planform architecture and stratigraphic signature of various fluvial deposits and features. We will then use these forward modelling based channel objects to build reservoir models, and compare the behaviour of the forward modelled channels with traditional object modelling in hydrocarbon flow simulations.


Addition of silyl ketene acetal (II) to itaconic anhydride (I) in the presence of a Lewis acid, Yb(OFf)3, proceeds in a 1,4-fashion.


Separation processing of coked crude carbolic acid was introduced.The appropriate separation technology was chosen to produce phenol,cresol,xylenol and so on.The practical application of the separation technology was discussed.


To bring students' autonomy in medical chemistry experiment into full play so that the students obtain a higher level of innovation and creative ability,the tutorial system for undergraduate teaching,open experimental teaching,design-oriented and comprehensive experimental teaching,as well as basic experimental teaching were implemented in medical chemistry experimental teaching.By providing students with the chances for bolder thinking,and the chances for giving full play to their talents,their intelligence,their research ability and other skills are greatly improved,laying a solid foundation for their future development.Practice proves that diversification in medical chemistry experimental teaching is an effective way for the cultivation of advanced innovative application-oriented medical talents.


Amino acid depletion with catabolizing enzymes is a potential therapeutic modality for many cancer types. L-asparaginase has been used to treat Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) for many decades and is part of treatment regimen that has a roughly 80% cure rate. The current frontline formulation is L-asparaginase from E.coli that has been conjugated to polyethylene glycol (PEG) for extended circulation half life and protection from immune responses. However, neutralizing antibodies still occur in a subset of patients, necessitating a switch to a different L-asparaginase, such as the less active enzyme from Erwinia chrysanthemi . This complicates therapy, risks severe allergic reactions, and if antibodies develop to the second enzyme the options become limited. The threat of immune reactions, as well as other side effects, has largely restricted L-asparaginase therapy to ALL, despite in vitro evidence that many other cancers might be sensitive to asparagine depletion.

Our group has developed a novel nanoparticle enzyme encapsulation technology that overcomes the limitation of immune responses to enzymes or PEG. These particles, termed S ynthetic H ollow E nzyme L oaded Porous nano S hells (SHELS), are produced in a two-step process where the first creates silica shells with large pores through which the enzyme can be loaded, and a second sealing step that encapsulates the mesoporous shell and the loaded enzyme cargo with a nanoporous silica layer. The work below was done with 200nm particles that have a total shell wall thickness of approximately 10nm.

SHELS were loaded with L-asparaginase (Elspar). No loss of activity was seen when enzyme activity was measured in vitro . Groups of mice were injected IM with 5 IU of either free or SHELS encapsulated L-asparaginase. In each case, half of the mice were passively immunized with rabbit polyclonal anti-asparaginase antibodies to a blood concentration of ∼0.5 mg/ml. Serum asparaginase levels pre and post injection were measured by HPLC at 2, 5 and 8 days. Both free and encapsulated enzyme produced complete depletion of asparagine at day 2, but by day 5 asparagine levels had returned to baseline in the animals given free enzyme, whereas those given encapsulated enzyme maintained depletion at day 5 with restoration to baseline at day 8. There was no asparagine depletion in immunized animals with the free L-asparaginase, but SHELS encapsulated asparaginase produced an identical depletion both in the presence or absence of the neutralizing antibodies, indicating that the SHELS effectively shield the enzyme from the antibodies. Experiments in tumor models are ongoing as well as dose response and repeated administration studies.

Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Interpersonal trust relies on positive expectations about other people. Social psychology distinguishes ingroup (individuals share social identity, e.g., family) from outgroup trust (individuals do not share social identity, e.g., strangers). We conducted an experimental study to test if divergent thinking, which relies on an inclusive processing mode, differently affected ingroup and outgroup trust during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A sample of 114 healthy college students, with no prior or current COVID-19 infection (mean age = 23.66, sd = 2.53, 89% women) was recruited. Interpersonal trust was measured by three ingroup and three outgroup trust items. Divergent thinking was measured by the alternative uses task, which asked to find alternative uses for common objects. Divergent thinking was scored by two independent raters in terms of fluency and quality of ideas. To control for generalized anxiety and mood states, the generalized anxiety disorder scale and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule were administered, respectively. To control for the inclusiveness of divergent thinking performance, the alternative uses task was administered using three types of instructions. Thus, the sample was divided in three groups of 38 participants according to the divergent thinking task instructions: "be-fluent: find as many different uses for the objects", "be-creative: find creative uses for the objects", and "be fluent and creative: find as many different and creative uses of the objects". The hierarchical regression analyses showed that the quality, but not the quantity of divergent thinking positively predicted only outgroup trust, whereas the mood positively predicted ingroup trust. Divergent thinking task instructions did not affect interpersonal trust. Thus, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the quality of divergent thinking supports only outgroup trust based on the inclusive processing mode, meaning that people showing high ability to produce uncommon, remote and clever ideas are more inclusive and by consequence more prone to trust strangers. Limitations and implications are discussed.


In the implementation of laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) for the detection of vapor-phase organic compounds that accompany hazardous materials, multiphoton excitation offers a significant advantage over single photon methods. In particular, if the absorption spectra of unwanted background molecules overlap that of the target molecule, single photon LIF is plagued by false positives. Multiphoton methods alleviate this difficulty by requiring that the target molecule be in resonance with multiple molecular transitions. A promising multiphoton method is stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP). This method involves a counterintuitive sequence of laser pulses which is capable of transferring 100% of the target molecules to the desired excited state from which fluorescence is to be observed. As a precursor to more complex molecules, we demonstrate the STIRAP technique on sodium vapor using the 3p (2P1/2) ← 3s (2S1/2) and 5s (2S1/2) ← 3p (2P1/2) transitions. This is the first time STIRAP has been achieved on a vapor using picosecond lasers. We produced light to couple the states using two synchronously pumped OPG/OPAs (pumped by the 355 nm light from a picosecond YAG). We measured the fluorescence from the 5s state to both 3p states (2P1/2, 2P3/2) and from both 3p states to the 3s state with monochromator using a gated CCD to eliminate Rayleigh scattered light. Our results indicate a four to five-fold increase in the transfer efficiency to the 5s state when the laser pulse that couples the 3p and 5s states precedes the laser pulse tuned to the 3p ← 3s transition.


The objective of the present study was to evaluate the giving candlenut oil (aleurites moluccanus) in commercial feed on feed conversion ratio and feed efficiency of bileh fish (Rasbora sp.). Thecompletely randomized design method was used in this study with four treatments and three replications. The treatments studied were pellet without the giving candlenut oil (P0), pellet with the giving candlenut oil 5%/kg of feed (P1), pellet with the giving candlenut oil 10%/kg of feed (P2) and pellet with the giving candlenut oil 15%/kg of feed (P3). Bileh fish seed stocking density was 1 individu/l with the length of  3,5-4 cm and weight of 0,61-0,86 g. The culture period of fish farming was 40 days. The ANOVA test showed that the commercial feed with the giving candlenut oil gave significant effect on feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, specific growth rate of bileh fish (Rasbora sp.), but did not give significant effect on survival rate of bileh fish seed. The best dose to increase feed efficiency and low feed conversion ratio of bileh fish seed is pellet with the giving candlenut oil 15%/kg of feed (P3).


Purpose: Glucose transporter protein isoform 1 (GLUT1) has been introduced to diagnose the hemangiomas of infancy. We investigated the usefulness of several immunohistochemical markers, including GLUT1, as related with the clinical and radiologic findings for making the diagnosis of adult subcutaneous vascular lesions in the head and neck. Materials and Methods: The 24 patients who underwent operations for soft tissue vascular lesion during the previous 7 years were included in this study. We analyzed the angiographic data, the clinical data and the immunohistochemical study results, including the GLUT1, S-100 protein and Movat pentichrome staining. Results: Twenty-two patients were confirmed to have arteriovenous malformation (AVM) and two hemangiomas, respectively. The number of lesions with positive Movat pentichrome, S-100 and GLUT1 staining in the patients with AVM and those patients with hemangioma were 22/22, 20/22 and 0/22, and 0/2, 0/2 and 0/2, respectively. For the 22 patients with AVMs, eight had a soft tissue vascular lesion at birth, 13 had cutaneous change and 15 had a change of the size of the lesion. For the 2 patients with one hemangioma each, neither patient had a soft tissue vascular lesion at birth, and both patients had cutaneous change and a change of the size of the lesion. The angiograms revealed a focal hypervascular mass (19/24) or diffuse staining (5/24) without showing significant features for making the definitive differential diagnosis. Conclusion: Our study revealed that none of the patients with AVM or hemangioma had GLUT1 positivity, and an arteriovenous malformation was more common than the adult-type hemangioma.


This conference report includes summaries of the FOCAL-UBC workshop "Threats to Democracy in the Americas" held in Vancouver in March 2000. The workshop analyzed a range of recent events and trends that have generated concerns over the quality and future of democratic governance in many Latin American countries. The content of the report is the sole responsibility of Flavie Major, who is a student to the Department of Political Science at the University of British Colombia.


1. Adult rat hepatocytes co-cultured with rat liver epithelial cells were used to evaluate chronic cytotoxicity of a new alpha 2 agonist, oxaminozoline (S-3341-3) compared to that of clonidine. The same maximum non-toxic concentration (25 micrograms per ml of medium) was found for both drugs after a daily treatment for 12 days. 2. Oxaminozoline metabolism was analysed in short-term hepatocyte cultures. Four metabolites resulting from oxidation or hydrolysis of the parent drug were identified. Three of the metabolites were identical to those reported in vivo. The presence of an additional minor metabolite in culture may be due to the higher metabolic rate of the drug in this model system.


 Abstract — Nanotherapy is an actual newest mode of treatment numerous diseases using nanoparticles (NPs) loading with different pharmaceuticals. NPs of biodegradable polymeric micelles (PMs) are gaining increased attention for their numerous and attractive abilities to be used in a variety of applications in the various fields of medicine. The present paper deals with the synthesis of a class of biodegradable micelle-forming polymers, namely ABA triblock-copolymer in which A-blocks represent amino-poly(ethylene glycol) (H 2 N-PEG) and B-block is biodegradable amino acid-based poly(ester amide) constituted of α-amino acid – L-phenylalanine. The obtained copolymer formed micelles of 70  4 nm size at 10 mg/mL concentration.


We consider a graphene sheet in the vicinity of a substrate, which contains charged impurities. An analytic expression for the probability distribution function of voltage fluctuations due to the charged impurities is derived. The distribution function is shown to be non-Gaussian. The voltage fluctuations lead to the appearance of randomly distributed density inhomogeneities in the graphene plane. We argue that these disorder-induced density fluctuations produce a finite conductivity even at a zero gate voltage in accordance with recent experimental observations. We estimate the width of the minimal conductivity plateau and the typical size of the electron and hole puddles. The existence of inhomogeneous random puddles of electrons and holes should be a generic feature of all graphene layers at low gate voltages due to the invariable presence of charged impurities in the substrate.


The invention discloses a perovskite solar cell and a preparation method of the perovskite solar cell by a solution method. The perovskite solar cell comprises a substrate, a transparent electrode, an electron transfer layer, a light absorption layer, a hole transfer layer and a top electrode which are sequentially laminated, wherein the light absorption layer is a photovoltaic material light absorption layer in a perovskite structure. The electron transfer layer, the perovskite material light absorption layer and the hole transfer layer can be prepared by the solution method in a low-temperature (below 200 DEG C) air environment, and particularly, the electron transfer layer does not require nano particles treated or synthetized at a high temperature (above 450 DEG C), so that a technological process can be simplified, the cost is lowered, the preparation efficiency of the cell is improved, and mass production is achieved.


Trains passing from a low stiffness medium, such as the soil, to a relatively high stiffness bridge will induce dynamic behaviour in the structure. This phenomenon is referred to as 'transition radiation' and has been demonstrated theoretically as early as 1945 by Vitaly Ginsburg and Ilya Frank, in electromagnetics. As the name implies, due to the change in stiffness, there are waves propagating away from the transition. This phenomenon becomes increasingly important for train infrastructure as the trains become faster. The velocity of the trains, nowadays, approach the velocity of elastic waves in some types of soils leading to an important amplification in displacements and stresses within the infrastructure. For this reason, the phenomena must be studied in more detail, in order for the future designs of the infrastructure to better account for this type of behaviour. This additional thesis will tackle a small part of this complex phenomena, namely making an one dimensional model of a rod resting on elastic foundation, which exhibits smooth varying stiffness, subjected to a uniformly moving constant load. Although the system represents a rod, it can easily be extended to represent a beam. Semi-analytical methods are used to solve the system. More precisely, using Laplace transform, the governing equation is expressed in Laplace domain, where the second spatial derivative is approximated using Finite Difference Method, due to the smooth varying stiffness. computational domain reduced as much


During the last 15 years the oil and gas reserves of the north of the European part of the USSR have been increased significantly; these regions are within the Komi ASSR and Nenets National District. Great economies have been effected in developing these reserves by combining drilling with detailed seismic surveying as an integrated program. The first stage in such a program is t o check geophysical anomalies. Seismic profiles are made across the trend of these featur es. In the second stage drilling is carr ied out to determine the lithofacies characteristics of the section and the type and dimensions of pools. After commercial oil or gas h ave been found, detailed seismic surveys are made in conjunction with deep drilling. It is calculated that the use of such a program in the Usin and Vuktyl fields has resulted in saving about 50 th ousand meters of drilling and 18 million rubles during the course of 15 to 2 years. The Usin oil field is located in the southeast part of the Kolvin mega-swell on a large anticline of northwest trend that is mo re than 50 km long and has an amplitude of about 500 m. A pool of heavy oil occurs in carbonate sediments of the PermoCarboniferous; a small pool of light oil is present in dolomites of the Vizean stage; an d a large pool of light oil occurs in M iddle Devonian sandstones. Seismic work was begun in 1958, followed by drilling in 1960, which disclosed the pool of heavy oil in the Permo-Carboniferous. Detailed seismic profiles were made in 1964- 65 to study the Devonian (stage 1). See Fig. 1. Deep drilling in 1964-68 resulted in discovery of light oil in the Lower and Middle Devonian (stage 2). During the period 1965-71 (stage 3) detailed surveys were made along with drilling. This work was the basis for compiling a series of large-scale structure maps and sections. See Figs. 2 an d 3. Most of this drilling was successful; few holes were outs ide the pool. This work at the third stage also established the zone of pinchout of the Middle Devonian sandstones (Fig. 4), determined t hat no faults were present on the east flank, and disclosed a do wnwarp of the basement beneath the structure (Fig. 3). The Vuktyl gas condensate field is located in the axial area of the Verkhne-Pechora depression of the Cis-Ural downwarp on a long, narrow, asymmetric anticline that is 80 km long with an amplitude of 1500 m. Gas is present in carbonate sediments of the Lower Permian, Upper and Middle Carboniferous, and clastic sediments in the Vizean. The main gas condensate pool occurs in dolomitized limestones and dolomites of the Permo-Carboniferous. The field contains about 0.5 trillion m 3 of gas and considerable reserves of condensate.


Bradbury's 1999 induction into the Science Fiction Hall of Fame opens chapter 36. That year he also received the George Pal Memorial Award from the Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy, and Horror Films, followed in 2000 by a National Book Foundation Medal. His November 1999 stroke and subsequent loss of sight in his left eye did not prevent him from attending this ceremony, or from finally gathering his half-century-old stories of the supernatural Elliot family into a novelized story collection, From the Dust Returned. The chapter closes with Bradbury's cautions against the loss of freedom of the imagination; these thoughts had resurfaced in his new book's inter-chapter bridges and in his letter to Leon Uris reflecting on the mid-century climate of fear.


The BOD test is currently one of the most commonly used methods to evaluate environmental waters and wastewaters. Recently, a specifically cultured bacteria has been developed as a seeding agent for the BOD test, and is commercially available. One of the commercialized seeding agents for the BOD test, was selected, and investigation of BOD5 test by using this agent was conducted. As a result, the observed values for the glutamic acid‐glucose standard solution for the river water‐based solution and the commercialized seeding agent based solution were in the range 220 ±10 mg/1 as defined by JIS, so that these two types of agents can be considered to be satisfactory for use as a seeding agent. The method of BOD determination by use of a commercial seeding agent is useful even for a sample containing a smaller number of bacteria.