Gated parallel wire structures obtained from inverted-modulation-doped heterojunctions made of high-In-content metamorphic InGaAs/InAlAs were investigated. The narrowest wire width was found to be ∼190 nm made using electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching. Magneto-transport was measured at low temperatures. Weak anti-localization and suppression with applied negative gate voltages were observed in low-mobility wide wires (1360 nm), which were considered for a two-dimensional system. The dependence on the gate voltage of spin-orbit coupling parameters was also obtained by fitting. The parameters decreased as the negative gate voltages increased. The trend might originate not from the electron system at the InGaAs/InAlAs interface but from the other electron system accumulated at the Al2O3/InGaAs interface, which can also contribute to conductivity. In high-mobility narrow wires (190 nm), which are close to a one-dimensional system, weak anti-localization peaks were still observed, indicating str...


Modelling meteorology and pollutant dispersion within urban areas is important for many applications such as, among others, air quality, pedestrian comfort, urban climate, urban planning, and epidemiology. The atmospheric processes within the urban canopy layer are complex because of the existence of often heterogeneously distributed obstacles such as buildings, cars, trees, and natural terrain features [1, 2]. To represent such heterogeneity, a common practice is to parameterise the key flow characteristics such as turbulence, drag, and surface energy exchange [1, 2, 3]. The parameterisation is vital for large-scale simulations (city-scale and beyond) that cannot explicitly resolve such microscale physics. Accurate representation of the urban canopy processes is essential for a reliable prediction of pollution concentration, temperature, wind speed, and boundary condition in air quality and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models. Most mesoscale NWP models employ a single-layer approach where the exchange between the air and the urban facets is calculated according to the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory using either morphometric or micrometeorological methods [4]. However, multi-layer urban canopy models become increasingly appealing as NWP models move towards sub-kilometre spatial resolutions. In such models, the governing equations are solved with terms explicitly representing canopy-related Sub-Grid Scale (SGS) turbulence and drag, enabling a more physics-based parameterisation [5]. This project aims to develop closure models with scale-resolved accuracies for the abovementioned SGS terms using physics-informed Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) [6]. Specifically, Xcompact3d framework [7] is further developed to perform scale-resolving Direct


Variation in paratypes. Male from Tam Dao with extensive dark markings on lateral lobes of prothorax and pale spot on metepisternum somewhat larger, covering almost half of posterior half. Right hindwing with 17 postnodal crossveins. Hindwing 25 mm, abdomen including appendages 45 mm. Male from Pia Oac with completely black prothorax, metepisternum with only minute paler spot, 21 postnodal crossveins in forewing and 19 in hindwing. Hindwing 25 mm, abdomen including appendages 46 mm.


In order for Johnson Noise Thermometry (JNT) to be beneficial to SMR designers, it must offer advantages beyond the current state-of-the-art technology. Comparisons to traditional RTDs and thermocouples will involve life-cycle costs, installation footprint, reliability, and accuracy. With JNT, there is additional equipment beyond what is required for the traditional RTD measurement. Therefore, the JNT-RTD system will involve additional complexity and this additional complexity must be justified. Operators will want to know that the measurement is reliable and trustworthy. It is also important that the sensor involve little, if any, additional ongoing maintenance work and that it has a low probability of causing any malfunction of the primary measurement channel. If these features can be successfully demonstrated, the JNT-RTD system could potentially save money and increase plant reliability.


The problem of precise arrival time of public transport is considered in this paper. There is proposed a new prediction algorithm based on adaptive composition model using elementary prediction. A small number of adaptive parameters characterizes each elementary prediction algorithm. Adaptability means that parameters of the constructed compositions depend on a number of control parameters of the model, which includes the following factors: weather conditions, traffic density, driving dynamics, prediction horizon, etc. Adaptability is achieved by introducing a hierarchical decomposition range of control parameters used in regression tree. We made experimental investigations on real routes of city public transport in Samara to evaluate the prediction accuracy of the proposed algorithm. We also explain the advantages of the proposed solution in comparison with existing ones.


A fluorinated boronic acid ester compound having a low melting point and represented by formula (A) [wherein R1 represents a linear or branched bivalent aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms; m represents a number of 1 to 5; and n represents a number of 3 to 7] can be produced by reacting a 3,5-dihalogeno fluorinated phenol derivative represented by formula (B) with a dialkoxyborane represented by formula (C). The fluorinated boronic acid ester compound has high solubility in an organic solvent and also has a low melting point. Therefore, the fluorinated boronic acid ester compound can be suitably used as a starting material for the production of a conjugated polymer material or a curing agent for an elastomeric polymerizable material.


We isolated the acetone-butanol fermenting bacteria (KN-18) from the soil of Hainan Island in China (1943). In Japan during the period of the Second World War it was used for the acetone butanol fermentation of cane sugar, and it has been used for the fermentation of molasses up to date after war. Westudied morphological and physiological characteristics of this bacteria, comp aring with known species, and recognized as a new one and named Clostridium kainantoi nov. sp. Characteristics: 1. Vegetative cell: rod 0.6_??_1.0×1.8_??_5.5μ 2. Spolangia: spindle or club shaped, 2.2_??_2.8×5.6_??_8.4μ 3. Spore: ellipsoidal or cylindrical, 2.0_??_2.5×2.5_??_3.1μ 4. Motility: motile, 5. Gram positive, stained blue or brown by iodine, stained by methylene-blue and carborfucsine, 6. Indole production: (-), nitrate reduction: (+), nitrite reduction: (+). 7. Production of H2S: in peptone containing cultures (+). by the reduction of sulphite (-), by the reduction of thiosulphate (+). 8. Gelatin liquefaction: (+), 9. Fermentation reaction and relation between fermentation and temperature: see Table 1 and 2. 10. Optimum temperature: 30°_??_37°, ferm. and growth range 20°_??_40°, 11. optimum pH: 5.6_??_6.8, ferm. and growth range 4.0_??_9.0. 12. Thermal death point: 50°, 10min. 13. Spore resistance to heat: 100° for 40min. 14. Anaerobic.


Chriitopher Sparks a n d Mary Greiner abor productivity in U.S. manufacturing grew 3.4 percent in 1995, down about 112 L-4 ercentage point from its 1994 performance. However, in a comparison of 11 industrial countries-the United States, Canada, Japan, and 8 Western European nations--only 3 countries (Italy, Japan, and Sweden) had higher productivity growth than the United States. In a comparison over the entire 1979-95 period, the United States fared less well-U.S. productivity growth rose faster than that of only 3 of 10 competitors, and only Norway had a slower rate of growth in the 1990s. U.S. manufacturing unit labor costs were nearly unchanged in 1995, rising only 0.3 percent. In a comparison of 14 economies-a group that includes Denmark, Korea, and Taiwan, in addition to the 11 economies mentioned earlier10 had greater unit labor cost increases than the United States, when unit labor costs are measured on a U.S. dollar basis to take account of relative changes in exchange rates. Unit labor costs increased by 10 percent or more in six European countries. Between 1979 and 1995, half of the economies had rates of unit labor cost growth that were either Christopher Sparks and l e ~ ~ than or about the same as that of the United Mary Greiner are States. The U.S. rate ranked sixth lowest in the economists in the Dlvision of Foreign 1990s, compared with third lowest in the 1980s.


Over a million smokers are treated in UK hospitals each year and a small proportion of them feel compelled to smoke when they are admitted or visit. The image of smokers—in wheelchairs, with dripstands and catheter bags—congregating in front of our hospitals is all too familiar for those of us who walk past them as we come to work.

We recognise that smoking in the open air isn't a threat to anyone else's health, but it nevertheless gives the wrong impression of hospitals as promoters of a healthy lifestyle. When our new hospital in Dumfries opened last year we were worried that smokers would soon congregate around the front entrance.

A British Thoracic Society (BTS) audit in 2016 of 14 750 patients across 146 hospitals in the …


Why has SIFT been so successful? Why its extension, DSP-SIFT, can further improve SIFT? Is there a theory that can explain both? How can such theory benefit real applications? Can it suggest new algorithms with reduced computational complexity or new descriptors with better accuracy for matching? We construct a general theory of local descriptors for visual matching. Our theory relies on concepts in energy minimization and heat diffusion. We show that SIFT and DSP-SIFT approximate the solution the theory suggests. In particular, DSP-SIFT gives a better approximation to the theoretical solution; justifying why DSP-SIFT outperforms SIFT. Using the developed theory, we derive new descriptors that have fewer parameters and are potentially better in handling affine deformations.


The present invention relates to a target - backing plate assembly for a magnetron sputtering, characterized in that the erosion surface of the target disposed on the back surface of the magnet and the distance of the target surface of the substrate opposite to the respective constant target, the target Since parts so that sputtering erosion thickened in a manner that the backing plate includes a side surface irregularities on the shape change of the thickness, and the backing plate having the uneven shape between the thin portion of the target includes a target comprising a conductive gasket material. The present invention can provide a uniform film (uniformity of film thickness) of good throughout the sputtering process of the manipulation target, and the target long life and high use efficiency of the target, the target manufacturing method, and a target - backing plate assembly.


Background: Consumption of injecting drugs (mostly home-made drugs) and correspondingly needle sharing practice remains the main factor of spreading HIV among people who inject drugs (PWID) (55%) in Georgia. According to last BSS studies there are estimated 45 000 injecting drug users in the country [1,2]. Significant amount of PWID still are beyond existing needle and syringe Programs (NSP) and have never tested on HIV (75%) [3]. The most hidden group for NSP programs are female and young PWIDs who are been considered to be one of the most vulnerable sub-population in this group. Needle and syringe program is being operating in 11 cities of Georgia and is represented by 14 harm reduction sites throughout the country. The program ensures coverage of significant portion of PWIDs (10,000-12,000 per month), and offers different services for HIV/AIDS prevention. Among delivered services Peer Driven Intervention (PDI) is one of the meaningful efforts to attract drug users to HIV prevention programs from more hidden sub-populations [4]. PDI is the comparatively newly developed model for attraction the population of difficult availability for AIDS prevention programs, to facilitate distribution and consideration of the correct information, PDI reveals effective in the direction of HIV-AIDS educational prevention. Recruiting the drug users by the peers is carried out by means of monetary, promotional incentives -however it is comparatively cheap, compared to the traditional outreach model and is successfully applied for covering the large sample of the various groups of drug users - female and young drug users [5]. Peers attracted by PDI are mostly never reached by any HIV programs, accordingly their knowledge and risky behavior stayed relatively unfavorable and poor.


As Sharia law deals with what is lawful and unlawful or permitted and prohibited acts pertaining to all the major aspects of life - and that includes commercial law covering businesses and private transactions, riba or (interest) has been one of the most widely known and discussed subjects. This paper, without going into the core subject of what constitutes interest, will directly engage with the penal aspect of riba in Islam i.e. the penal consequences and what type of punishments it may carry or has been prescribed by Sharia.


A college education has never been so necessary, or so expensive. It is incumbent upon us, the educators, to do it the best we can. The products of our work are not the buildings on our campuses but our students who go out into this complicated and exciting world to serve as its leaders, its citizens, and its workers. The Bates College general education curriculum is used in this chapter to articulate the importance of several integrative goals and processes that make up our new general education curriculum.


not exhaust the entire Latin literature. Remarkably the three authors employ three different words for sword: gladius, ensis, and machaera. At once one wishes to explain this by different renderings of a Greek expression. Since this seems not to be possible10 the ultimate origin of the phrase will have to remain uncertain and it will be best to assume that Plutarch renders verbatim a Latin expression employed by Munatius Rufus11 in his polemic against Caesar.12


The development of railroad signaling systems evolved with the need to provide interlocking between points and signals, and block working to keep trains a safe distance apart. Accordingly, the archetypal behavior of train control is summed up as providing (1) safe and efficient train movement by (2) the management of train routing and separation. This has been rudimentary since the advent of railway signaling and propagated in even the most contemporary of technologies today.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


This study traces a series of process from "the wicked" that started appearing in the novels of the 17th century and the creation of resulting confrontation structure to the structure of "happiness to the good and misfortune to the wicked". It also researches the flow of the hist...


The capture of Constantinople (1453) by the Ottoman troops of Mehmed II was a historical turning point. The political reference point of Eastern Christianity was now in Muslim hands, the Ottomans representing in the eyes of late medieval Europeans not only an enemy of the true faith, and as such an obstacle for ecclesiastical unity, but also a potential rival of the papacy as a political power. In short, within the contemporary context and the socially dominant apocalyptic frame of mind, the Ottomans were viewed as an existential threat for Christianity as a whole. While the papal reaction to this development was to go on the offensive, expressed through the call for a new crusade, the emergence of a few voices expressing divergent theological content and political orientation had special significance. One of the voices which 'set off the politics of religious synthesis from different quarters" was that of George of Trebizond (1395–1472/3), a Cretan emigrant to Italy who lived in Venice and Florence before moving to Rome. He had converted to Catholicism without losing his sense of belonging to the East, and became a prominent figure of the Italian intellectual elite and an editor of classical and theological literature, as well as a member of the Vatican bureaucracy.


Abstract. We describe a method based on multichannel time-delay estimation with linear fitting correction for laser time-of-flight (TOF) measurement. The laser TOF measurement system is constructed with a laser source, a stop receiver channel, a reference receiver multichannel, an analog to digital converter (ADC) sampling unit, and a digital signal processing unit. Limited by the sampling rate, the precision of laser TOF measurement is restricted no more than the ADC sampling period in conventional methods. As this problem is considered, multichannel correlation time-delay estimation with linear fitting correction is devised. It is shown that the measuring precision is better than 2 ns with multichannel time-delay estimation and not influenced by signal-to-noise ratio. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is effective and stable.


This work is based on energies evaluated from the responses of 12 stone and brick masonry systems subjected to 58 shaking table tests. The evolution of input energy during a damaging base excitation is correlated to the change of the damage patterns of the considered buildings. The comparison among energies dissipated and absorbed by the buildings during the various shocks gives some hints on strengthening strategies. It is found that damage to spandrel beams produces a more significant energy absorption than other types of damage. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In Some Mobile payment Model, we have seen third party involvement for mobile payment transaction. In that model entities are Customer, merchant, third party payment gateway and bank. We have studied Third Party Mobile Payment System, analysis and discussed issues with this system.


Respiratory insuffciency exists when gas exchange between the lungs and the blood falls below that between the tissues and the blood: when external respiration cannot keep pace with internal respiration. It may be caused by pathological conditions of the central or peripheral nervous system, by neuromuscular block, by obstruction to the airway, by changes in the lungs or injury to the chest wall, or by a reduction in the number of molecules of oxygen in the inspired air. The severest form of respiratory insufficiency is that which is deliberately produced by the anasthetist. Its management is part of his every-day work, and will not be further discussed. Other foims occur in patients who are more likely to be found in the medical than in the surgical wards, and some of these require treatment by methods which should be familiar to the anasthetist.


By comparing Martin Buber's characterization of the Baal Shem Tov's mysticism and the relevant passages in I and Thou, one may conclude that the teaching of the Baal Shem Tov, as understood by Buber, was identical with the activistic and realistic mysticism and with Buber's dialogical thought. While Buber objected to his thought being identified with that of Hasidism in any simple way, this referred particularly to the descriptions of supernal worlds, which he identified with Gnosticism, to which he took exception, and to man's activity in these upper worlds. This chapter discusses Buber's interpretation of those terms related to the principle of immanence in Hasidism and to the manner in which they were internalized in his thought. Buber also distinguished between true mystery and false mystery in relation to the mystery of the earth.Keywords: Baal Shem Tov; earthly mystery; Hasidism; Martin Buber; mysticism


Through the careful consideration of field enhancement observed in individual unit cells, metamaterials can be designed for use in high power microwave (HPM) applications. However, power handling considerations are only one aspect of any metamaterial design's performance. Presented here are two metamaterial unit cell geometries which feature reconfigurable reflection phase behaviors intended for HPM reflectarray applications. The unit cells are comprised of two end-loaded dipoles (ELD) which are counter-rotated to eliminate cross-pol while achieving the desired reflection phase angle. It is shown that by extending a planar ELD to a volumetric (i.e., three-dimensional) design, the observed field enhancement can be drastically reduced thus providing a path for improved power-handling performance.


Context: With the growing prevalence of machine learning applications within the automotive domain, we observe an increase of built-in sensors and generated data. This data includes complex data such as point clouds for the environmental model but also less sophisticated data like temperature and road type. When developing data-driven functions there is often no need for additional sensors since a huge amount of data is already sensed, but often hidden. Aim: We aim to discover vehicle signals that describe a system's or user's behaviour when interacting with vehicle functions. These signals could directly serve as input for data-driven vehicle functions. Method: Based on supervised feature selection algorithms we propose an approach to discover these vehicle signals. This approach can either be deployed in the backend on test fleet data or onboard the vehicle. Results: Based on seven test cases, we evaluated the approach with 17 feature selection algorithms on eight customer vehicle data sets. To evaluate the resulting signal subsets, we trained machine learning models that in turn were able to predict the behaviour of the user. Conclusion: These trained models achieved high accuracy in the prediction, which shows that current vehicles already collect enough data to predict the user's behaviour and the proposed approach was able to discover the appropriate vehicle signals. Considering the huge amount of data and vehicles as well as the highly diverse behaviour of every user, a scalable discovery approach considering every user is inevitable.


Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in two ecotypes of Jatropha curcas originally growing in Hainan Province and Guizhou Province were determined by a Li-6400 portable photosynthesis analysis system(LI-6400,Li-cor USA) and a chlorophyll fluorometer(PAM 2100,Walz,Germany) in summer.The photosynthetic capacity of Jatropha curcas was high.The light saturation point(LSP) of the Hainan and Guizhou ecotypes was 1700 μmol·m-2·s-1 and 1600 μmol·m-2·s-1,and the maximum photosynthetic rate(Pmax) was 20.4 μmol m-2·s-1 and 18.9 μmol·m-2·s-1,respectively.There was no obvious difference in responses of photosynthetic rate to CO2 concentrations between the two ecotypes of Jatropha curcas,Hainan and Guizhou.The diurnal variation of net photosynthetic rate in leaves of the two ecotypes presented a two-peak pattern.The first peak and second peak occurred at about 10:00 am and at 16:00 pm,respectively,an obvious phenomenon of "midday depression of photosynthesis".The Pmax,LSP,LCP(light compensation point),AQY(apparent quantum yield) and Rd(dark respiration) of the Hainan ecotype were higher than those of Guizhou ecotype.The daily changes of maximal photochemical efficiency of photosystem Ⅱ(Fv/Fm) exhibited little difference between the Hainan ecotype and the Guizhou ecotype,whereas the daily changes of actual photosystem II efficiency(ΦPSⅡ) were consistent with daily changes of Pn.The Hainan ecotype displayed more tolerance to strong light intensity than Guizhou ecotype.These experimental results indicate that Jatropha curcas is a woody plant with a high photosynthetic capacity and a strong capacity for acclimation to high light intensity and,therefore,a potentially significant bioenergy source.


As the field of counseling moves toward evidence-based practice, researchers and clinicians may be interested in conducting randomized clinical trials. Although the randomized clinical trial is not the only method for conducting effectiveness studies of counseling interventions, it is a design that can produce important results. This article discusses the foundational steps in designing a randomized clinical trial and provides suggestions for researchers who are interested in conducting this type of research.


prosperity'' (p. 183). It is not that the consequences of such a flagrant violation are ''innocuous''—a widening racial wealth gap, where the average family of color holds only four to six cents of wealth for every dollar owned by whites, indicates otherwise. Rather, intergenerational reproduction, unlike economic stagnation and undemocratically distributed prosperity, disproportionately advantages white people across income categories (Conley 2009). Social constructions of ''deservingness'' and ''legitimacy'' have long been meted out vis-à-vis a white-male-normativity. It is hardly surprising but no less disturbing to see how strongly that plays out within McCall's data. What is confusing is why McCall avoids this kind of critical analysis, particularly given her strong emphasis on intersectionality elsewhere (see e.g., McCall 2001, 2005). In Complex Inequality: Gender, Class and Race in the New Economy, McCall concludes ''an exclusive emphasis on gender and/or racial inequality is no more accurate than an exclusive emphasis on the new inequality,'' particularly as regards policy initiatives that she argues must account for complex ''configurations of inequality'' indicated across race, class, and gender (2001:6). Why McCall violates this admonition in The Undeserving Rich remains a mystery, particularly given how her findings call out for a more thoughtful raceand gender-critical analysis. It also troubles her hope that crafting jobs or educationbased social policy around majority attitudes can usher in an inclusively equitable society. The Undeserving Rich well documents the historical terrain of American attitudes on inequality, opportunity, and redistribution. As a text it is perhaps best suited to upperlevel and graduate courses, where it can inspire spirited discussions about barriers to policymaking along the dimensions of race, class, and gender. In the hands of policymakers and laypeople it is likely to reinforce policy solutions unable to counter the main socioeconomic cleavages that divide us.


In order to implement Prolog efficiently, Prolog-oriented processors and VLSI chips have been proposed and designed. However, most of the Prolog machines and processors emerged recently suffer from two weaknesses: they cannot implement Prolog database operations or cannot perform numerical evaluations at high speed. In this psper, the architecture of a Prolog machine GKD-PLM is presented. Based on the WAM-PLUS which is an execution model for sequential Prolog, the GKD-PLM can not only execute Prolog code rapidly, but also support database operations and numerical evaluations. First, the characteristics of the machine are described, followed by the description of the instruction set, the data representations, and the hardware structures of the execution unit and the microprogram control unit of the Prolog processor SPP. The performance of the machine is estimated.


Continuous hot rolling of 6201 aluminum alloy was simulated on Gleeble 1500. The deformed specimens were observed by TEM and the hardness was measured. It was shown that rapid solid solution and aging treatment can be effectively combined by the strain induced during continuous hot rolling, the deformation temperature ranges from 540 ℃ to 300 ℃, the hardness and the deformation resistance increase with increasing passes before 6 passes followed by a slight drop.


Degenerate two-wave-mixing effects were observed in hybrid cells of carbon-nanotube suspension in a nematic liquid crystal sandwiched between photoconducting polymeric layers in the presence of an externally applied dc field. First-order self-diffraction efficiencies as high as 47% were achieved from Raman–Nath gratings recorded in the cells. The beam-coupling ratio increases with increasing the pump-beam intensity for a fixed dc voltage. Experimental results show that a lower polymeric molecular weight of photoconducting layers leads to a higher two-beam-coupling ratio.


: The paper presents the results of the first phase of the student project CROSTAND2, whose main goal is to revitalize the traditional construction techniques of vernacular architecture in the Republic of Croatia by developing modern sustainable prefabricated modular wooden buildings/public booths in accordance with users' needs and habits. To incorporate conceptual design, the literature on Croatian construction and wood protection, prefabricated modular construction, and public urban spaces was analyzed and field research was conducted. Photo documentation was also collected in the village of Donja Kupˇcina, Zagreb County, Croatia. An online survey questionnaire on socializing habits in public spaces, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, additionally analyzed new requirements for user-centered design. The obtained results, as well as results from previous project research, were used as a basis and inspiration for the design of a conceptual modular building inspired by traditional wooden joints, modular construction, and the emerging needs of users to socialize safely in a healthy environment. Conceptual solutions for a sustainable modular prefabricated wooden building for public use, intended for public urban and rural areas, have been proposed. Such constructions would ensure the sustainability of enjoying the natural environment for personal, tourist, and commercial purposes with the perpetuation of Croatian heritage building traditions.


The study discusses the work satisfaction of workers of the Gota industry Ajmer. Ajmer is a central city of Rajasthan, India. It is fabulous for its unity in diversity in religion, race, caste and workmanship. It is a religious center for Muslims and Hindus. A number of tourists visit the palace and are impressed by city art and architecture. The city is famous for Gota patti work. More than 400 families work in the industry. As the demand
for its products is increasing day by day; it developed the researcher's interest to measure the commitment and satisfaction of the workers in the area. Factors like commitment and job satisfaction are equally important for the employee and employer. The knowledge of these factors is important for the business. The data for the study was collected with the help of the District Industrial Center, Ajmer. A total of 100 respondents were selected through convenience sampling. They voluntarily participated in the survey. Well reputed scale from renowned journals was adopted for the study. The study is cross-sectional in nature. The researcher found a low level of commitment and
satisfaction among the workers of the industry. The researcher found the need for training among the workers of the industry on various aspects.


In speaking to corporate lawyers on the liability of corporate directors and officers under the antitrust laws, a short speech might be simply this: Their liability, if convicted, is to spend up to one year in jail and to pay a fine of not to exceed $50,000 or not to exceed $5,000, depending on the decision of the Supreme Court expected to be handed down very soon in a case entitled United States v. Wise. An even shorter speech might consist in posing the question, "Was Wise wise or unwise in letting his lawyer raise the issue now before the Supreme Court?" Such an approach to our topic, however, would hardly do it justice. Besides, it would require my brother at the bar, Bill Simon, who speaks after me, to fill a 28-minute void. Accordingly, I shall undertake a somewhat less cryptic statement of some of the problems posed by the topic assigned me. But first let me say that my topic has recently been comprehensively discussed by my friend, Richard Whiting, in two articles appearing in Volume 47 of the Virginia Law Review.


In Germany, viticultural regions stretch over a considerable area: from Variscan substrata of the Rhine and Mosel valleys in the west, to a small section of the Elbe valley, in the foreland of the Upper Cretacous sandstone Range («Elbsandstein-Gebirge»), in the east. To the south, they occupy not only the southern Rhine Graben, with the Tertiary volcanic substrata of the «Kaiserstuhl», but also the Quaternary hills adjacent to Lake Constance («Bodensee»). The overall viticulture area in Germany covers a total of appr. 107.000 ha. The most extensive viticultural region, comprising the districts «Rheinhessen» and «Pfalz», is situated in the northwestern portion of the Rhine rift valley, predominantly on Tertiary grabenfill and Quaternary sediments. The next largest region, found on Triassic substrata, includes 2 major districts: «Franken» and «Wurttemberg». This is followed by the Rhine and Mosel valleys, perhaps the most internationally renown districts in Germany. This brief overview focuses on some details of the geological substrata, relief, soils, climate and oenological aspects of the cuesta dominated «Franken» terroirs.


We study the combinatorics of fully commutative elements in Coxeter groups of type Hn for any n > 2. Using the results, we construct certain canonical bases for non-simply-laced generalized Temperley–Lieb algebras and show how to relate them to morphisms in the category of decorated tangles.


Purpose: Whole-brain network analysis of diffusion imaging tractography data is an important new tool for quantification of structural connectivity patterns across individuals and between groups. In order to construct the connectivity network, different weights and thresholds levels may be set but their effect on the graph organization and properties is not fully understood. In 2007, Estrada and Hatano [1], defined the concept of communicability to quantify the connectivity between two regions by all possible walks (AC) and not only the direct connections (SC). In our analysis we compared network properties as well as their stability and variability for AC and SC graphs of 19 healthy subjects (mean age ± SD: 26.1±2.7 years, 10 F, 9 M). Methods: Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) was performed on a Siemens Trio 3T scanner using a spin echo (SE-)EPI using two 180° pulses (TR/TE=6800/93ms, matrix size=128×128, FOV 256×256 mm, 50 slices, slice thickness=2 mm, gap thickness=0 mm, pixel bandwidth 1346 Hz/pixel, max b-value 1300 s/mm,42 non-collinear directions). Each subject underwent two consecutives DTI sessions. In addition, T1-weighted anatomical images were acquired with a 12-channel head coil (176 sagittal slices, slice thickness=1.0 mm, FOV 256×256 mm, TR/TE=7.92/2.48 ms, Flip angle=16°, inversion with symmetric timing (inversion time= 910 ms), fat saturation). Movement and eddy currents corrections were performed in FSL. After coregistration of diffusion weighted images with T1-weighted images an automated cortical parcellation was performed in FreeSurfer ('Destrieux' cortical atlas). The structures defined then served as ROIs for probabilistic fiber tracking in FSL. A connectivity map for each ROI was created starting from seeds placed in every voxel of the ROI considered (Tracking parameters: 5000 paths from each seed point, step size 0.5 mm, maximum trace length 500 mm and curvature threshold of ±80degrees). An index of connectivity was assigned to each brain voxel, representing the proportion of generated paths from the seed region that passed through it. For each subject, whole-brain undirected weighted networks were created using 154 ROIs from the parcellation (lower temporal regions were excluded) as nodes. In the SC graph, an undirected arc aij between nodes i and j was established if a nonzero connectivity index was found to exist between the voxels of regions i and j. The arc weight was defined as the number of streamlines connecting the two ROIs corrected by ROIs' surface. Weighted communicability connectivity matrices (AC) were computed as the exponential ( ), where denotes the adjacency matrix of SC, is the diagonal matrix with elements 1/ deg _ and deg _ is the generalized degree of node i in SC [2]. A common threshold on density was applied to all matrices in order to obtain comparable graph metrics. Results are given for T=0.25, but thresholds between 0.15 and 0.35 were tested with no significant changes in the results. Once the adjacency matrices were defined, global and local properties such as binary and weighted cluster coefficient, nodal strength, and small world property were analysed for every graph. Local properties were normalized over the total for all graphs in order to compare. In addition, the intra class correlation (ICC) and the coefficient of variation (CV) of each global and local property were considered in order to verify repeatability of the network metrics [5]. For this aim we also computed similarity between and within subject for raw connectivity matrices as the squared Pearson's correlation coefficient between edges' weights. Results: The analysis showed increased similarity R for AC weighted graphs (Mann-Whitney U test: within p=0.0006, between p<0.0001) as well as reduced variability in between subjects similarity (Levene's test: p<0.0001, see Fig.1). Also for node properties, between subject similarity is smaller than within subject. Variability measures (ICC and CV) are slightly better in AC, although results are good in all graphs showing mean ICC over 0.65 for all measures. In general, all nodes' graph measures show a larger variability for SC. Measures extracted from the two measurements correlate well (see Fig.1,Small world property SC R=0.92, AC R=0.83, AC/SC R=0.72), although between AC and SC a scaling factor exists. Discussion: Results show that repeatability of graph metrics is overall good for all properties in SC and AC, although AC measures are slightly more robust. Variability is smaller within subjects than between subjects, indicating that the measures extracted can be used to characterize the individual network's structure. Also AC reduces variability between subjects for all properties, which may be good for group comparison. However, differences between SC and AC are also related to the different definition of connectivity and each of them may be more adequate for a specific analysis.


Fеstival gandrung sеwu is an annual fеstival which is classifiеd as a big еvеnt in Banyuwangi bеcausе it involvеs 1000 participants morе as gandrung dancеrs. Fеstival gandrung sеwu is a mеdium to attract tourists to visit Banyuwangi. Banyuwangi Culturе and Tourism Officе is thе organizеr of thееvеnt.Thе purposе of this rеsеarch to dеtеrminе thе rolе of Banyuwangi Culturе and Tourism Officеin organizing and promoting gandrung sеwu fеstival and know thе tourist attraction gеnеratеd from thеgandrung sеwu fеstival.Thе rеsеarch mеthod usеd is qualitativе dеscriptivе with data collеction tеchniquе through intеrviеw, obsеrvation and documеntation.Thе rеsults of this rеsеarch arе Banyuwangi Culturе and Tourism Officе acts as a motivator, facilitator, and dynamicator, in which thе thrее rolеs havе bееn wеll implеmеntеd. Banyuwangi Culturе and Tourism Officе in promoting thе fеstival of gandrung sеwu implеmеnts a promotion mix consisting of advеrtising, dirеct sеlling, public rеlations, and pеrsonal sеlling. Thе tourist attraction includеs good thеmеs, packaging and chorеography, contains еducational еlеmеnts, locatеd on thе Bеach, and only еxist in Banyuwangi. Kеywords: Gandrung Sеwu Fеstival, Rolе of Banyuwangi Culturе and Tourism Officе, Promotion, Tourism Attractions


Using heat that otherwise would be lost is important for efficient use of solar energy, but continues to be held back for lack of an ultrathin photovoltaic absorber that permits both sufficient absorption of light and ultrafast extraction of ``hot'' carriers before they lose their kinetic energy. This article presents a concept to enable heat recovery in a solar cell $w\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}h\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}o\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}u\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t$ the need for ultrafast carrier extraction. This thermoelectric approach should impact engineering solutions for further improvement in silicon solar cells, beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit.


The European XFEL will be driven by superconducting linac based on the TESLA technology [1]. The linac will be operated with ca. 1 ms RF pulses which repetition rate will be 10 Hz. This nominal short pulse (sp) operation mode has been "inherited" from the TESLA collider project. In this contribution, we discuss progress made over last two years in the R&D program for future upgrade of the European XFEL linac to operation in the continuous wave (cw) and long pulse (lp) mode, each allowing for more flexibility in the electron and photon beam time structure and thus enabling wider spectrum of experiments. Many of presented here results have been achieved in collaboration between DESY and TJNAF, BNL (USA), WUT, TUL, NCNR (Poland) and HZB (Germany). INTRODUCTION Our motivation, technical limitations of the linac and results of cw/lp tests were reported in [2] and [3, 4] in 2010 and 2012 respectively. Since then, we built more prototypes of components needed for the cw and lp operation modes. In brief, the goal of the R&D program is feasibility of the XFEL cw operation at gradients up to Eacc of 7 MV/m. For Eacc higher than 7 MV/m, we would like to operate linac in the lp mode, with duty factors (DF) scaled proportional to ~ (7/Eacc). One of technical constrains is the allowed heat load (HL) for present type of cryomodule, which in total (static plus dynamic) should not exceed 20 W. The limit results from diameter of the 2-phase tube and 12-cryomodule long cryogenic strings. To keep high quality of electron bunches, as it will be for the present linac configuration and nominal operation, we will need to replace first 17 cryomodules (136 cavities) with new, modified for the cw operation at gradients between 11 MV/m and 16 MV/m. Twelve of these cryomodules can be re-installed at the end of the XFEL linac. In this scenario, the XFEL linac will consist of 113 cryomodules (904 cavities). Table 1 lists spec for the current and upgraded cryogenic plants and the total HL at 2K and 1.8K for the sp and cw/lp operations respectively. One should note that required capacity of the cryogenic plant is similar to that of the CEBAF cryogenic refrigerator at TJNAF. Table 1: Cryoplant Capacity and HL for two Operations SP OPERATION (2K) CW/LP OPERATION (1.8K) Cap. [W] HL [W] Cap. [W] HL [W]


Abstract This study aims to explain how Andi Azis's role at that time led a movement to capture and kidnap several TNI officials, with the aim that the top TNI leadership prevented and canceled the landing of the Worang Battalion to secure South Sulawesi. In this study using the method, namely the historical method, through four stages such as heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results of the study showed that in South Sulawesi demonstrators were rife to disperse the NIT (Negara Indonesia Timur), Andi Azis, triggered by Soumokil to immediately carry out his action, then in the early morning Wednesday, April 5, 1950 arrested and abducted several members of the TNI (Indonesian National Army). Andi Azis wishes to keep the NIT  standing, besides that there are other ambitions from Andi Azis in the TNI. Because with the continued existence of the NIT, the desire of a number of NIT officials or officials to form a federation (federalist) country continues. Thus it was opposed by supporters of the unitary state (unitarist), namely from the nobility and civilians. The Andi Azis incident only lasted one day, because the TNI quickly took over security in Makassar. This incident caused Andi Azis to be asked to surrender, then the trial process took quite a long time. Keywords: Events, Andi Azis, South Sulawesi.


In this paper, the seven-equation two-fluid flow model is streamlined to a five-equation numerical calculation method. This method is applied to predict the wave attenuation of the cavitation jet. Compared with 9 different experimental schemes in two separate laboratories, it is found that the velocity flow characteristics are different from normal transient flow when the cavitation jet is formed in the pipeline. Such a difference in velocity flow characteristics will cause changes in the prediction deviation of pressure response time and amplitude. A numerical method for predicting the attenuation of pressure fluctuation with the cavitation jet is presented taken into account these flow characteristics. In this method, the unsteady friction model is opened after the jet wave transmits 3–5 cycles, and the cavitation jet wave attenuation is well simulated. This calculation method could provide a research basis for pipeline leakage, vibration, noise, and other fields that need accurate pressure signals.


Discovering the attitudes of instructors and learners towards a textbook is an essential step for a proper evaluation of that book and the success of the teaching process. The current study was conducted especially for students of medical colleges in Baghdad to be a model and a path to apply to other medical schools. It is to figure out the views and attitudes of teachers and learners about the curriculum of the series, "New Headway Beginner Plus".
     Two questionnaires and an interview have been made. The result of the study showed that the teachers and learners consider the textbook level is below the level of Iraqi medical students and it does not meet the students' needs in learning and their occupational future. In fact, all med-students came from secondary schools without ESP background by which they can use medical language in context to communicate and convey meaning considering the doctor-patient or doctor-student relationships. Instructors (Doctors) and students need medical terms with general language to cope with the science of morphology depending on Greek or Latin origins of words to form new medical terms.  All kinds of learning medical English language terms are very useful in communication and their future careers


The present invention discloses a resin composition for a high throughput of substrates in solid weight, comprising: (a) a cyanate ester resin: 10 to 50 parts; (b) an acid anhydride compound: 10 to 40 parts; (C ) benzoxazine: 5 to 50 parts; (d) an epoxy resin: 5 to 50 parts; (e) a flame retardant: 5 to 50 parts; (f) curing accelerator: 0-5 parts; (G ) inorganic filler: from 0 to 80 parts. The resin composition of the present invention has a high heat-resistant properties, high glass transition temperature, low dielectric constant and dielectric loss tangent can be well applied to a high throughput rate and high density interconnect and other areas; with laminate which is made of excellent heat-resistant properties and good adhesion.


The significant effects of the warping dams on flood and sediment reduction in the middle reaches of the Yellow River have been evident since 1980s.So the researches are necessary to figure out the sustainability of the sediment reduction of the warping dams.Dali River,the secondary branch of the Yellow River,is selected as the study area for the most warping dams in this basin.The total amount of flood and sediment reduction of terraces,forest lands,grasslands and warping dams is obtained by the soil conservation method.The sediment reduction amount and processes of warping dams are related,and the technical approaches for the sustainability sediment reduction are dealt with.The results indicate that 75 000 t deposit may overlap 1 hm2 farmland of warping dam and it will take 17 years to increase the farmland of warping dam to 3.33 hm2 per square kilometer in Dali River basin.Various factors such as development rate,density,scale,construction sequence,and dam height should be taken into consideration for realizing the sustainable sediment reduction.The density of warping dams should be increased to 2.5 ind/km2 and the proportion of large dams,middle dams and little dams should be set as 1∶2.5∶5.5.The warping dams should be constructed from downstream to upstream.On the other hand,the other measures including follow-up construction,treating the slope and gully synchronously,preventing from the super flood,clarifying the rights,management and maintaining,scientific researches on the dam construction also should be paid more attention to and emphasized.


In Ad Hoc network,routing has been the most focused area for its nodes' mobility and topology variability.In order to solve the problems like large saved messages in every node,low efficiency in used road and huge cost in routing.In order to solve these problems,proposed a Weighted-Reliable Routing scheme(W-RR) in which every node saves the stability,cost and messages of neighbor nodes.The middle nodes compute the weighted-reliability of the previous part route after received the messages of routing and choose one message to send to next nodes under the help of GPS.The destination finds the maximum weight-reliable route finally.Simulation results show that the scheme could use less messages and less delay to choose road,improves the performance of Ah Hoc.


In this important volume, Lois Bloom brings together the theoretical and empirical work she has carried out on early lexical development. Its focus is on the expressive power children acquire as they begin to talk and, in particular, on contributions from cognitive development, affect expression, and the social context for making the transition from prelinguistic expression to the expression of contents of mind. The first half of the book reviews the developments in infancy that enable the emergence of language and presents the theoretical perspective required for an understanding of the longitudinal study described in the second half. The book's main thesis is that language is acquired for expressing contents of mind and that its usefulness as a 'tool' is of only secondary importance. The Transition from Infancy to Language makes a major contribution to our knowledge of early lexical development, providing a persuasive theoretical model for researchers and students.


The temperature variation of the superfluid density has been measured for /sup 4/He films adsorbed on porous Vycor glass. Films with transition temperatures ranging from 0.1 to 1.5 K were studied. Apart from a small rounding on the order of 5 x 10/sup -3/T/sub c/, the superfluid density of these films follows a power law near the transition similar to bulk helium.


Let's face it. Amongst all diseases, tuberculosis never was, is or will have the glamour quotient of say coronary artery disease or lifestyle disorders of the affluent in order to find a place in cocktail circuit chattering mouthed by the elite perched on ivory towers in five star hotels.


The velocity and displacement of parts of the guinea pig middle ear were measured over a broad frequency range using the Mossbauer technique. Measurements under free‐field/closed‐bulla conditions gave a displacement curve with a slope of 6 dB/octave at frequencies above 3 kHz, breaking to a much steeper slope (30–40 dB/octave) above 25 kHz. Under closed sound‐system/open‐bulla conditions, the slope beyond 0.5 kHz was 7–8 dB/octave. These data indicate that a high‐frequency displacement slope of 12 dB/octave (as used in mass‐limited middle‐ear models) does not exist in the guinea pig. Up to 25 kHz, the incus displacement is about 5 dB below the malleus, but larger differences exist at higher frequencies. The relative phase of the incus is near 0° to 6 kHz, then shows an increasing phase lag. The fusion of malleus and incus thus preserves an efficient ossicular linkage to high frequencies. At low frequencies, highest eardrum displacements are in the inferior portion, but above 15 kHz are on or near the mall...


Nanoparticles containing metals in their structure constitute an increasingly large group of substances present in the air. They come from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The wider and wider use of such particles means that increasingly complicated structures are present in the air we breathe. These particles are in the ultrafine size range (<100 nm), readily deposit in the lower areas of the respiratory tract and can be translocated directly into our body. Therefore, it is necessary to know their properties, impacts on the environment, and effects on human health, and methods of protection against them.


In this review, we summarize recent progress in the application of synchrotron‐based spectroscopic techniques for nucleic acid research that takes advantage of high‐flux and high‐brilliance electromagnetic radiation from synchrotron sources. The first section of the review focuses on the characterization of the structure and folding processes of nucleic acids using different types of synchrotron‐based spectroscopies, such as X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray emission spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, synchrotron radiation circular dichroism, X‐ray footprinting and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. In the second section, the characterization of nucleic acid‐based nanostructures, nucleic acid‐functionalized nanomaterials and nucleic acid‐lipid interactions using these spectroscopic techniques is summarized. Insights gained from these studies are described and future directions of this field are also discussed.


At the request of the hot-mix asphalt (HMA) industry, the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) initiated efforts to develop contract provisions for the design and construction of "perpetual" HMA pavements. A "perpetual" pavement for this effort is defined by the Asphalt Pavement Alliance as a pavement structure consisting of a rut-resistant, impermeable, and wear-resistant top structural layer, with a rut-resistant and durable intermediate layer, and a fatigue-resistant and durable base layer. IDOT believes a more appropriate term is extended-life HMA pavement.


Abstract Since 1950, the Human Relations Area Files, Inc. has produced what is currently known as the eHRAF Collection of Ethnography. This article explores the reasons why it was created and describes the structure of this complex collection of ethnographic works. Over time, this resource has been produced in four different formats: paper slips, microfiche, CD-ROM, and online. The similarities among and differences between these are discussed. An attempt to locate any remaining paper sets is described, and a list of current locations of the file in this, its original form, is included.


Yields of SO2 formed during H2S removal from N2 + H2S mixture at 800°C in the presence of Fe2O3, Mn-nodule and red mud have been determined. The largest yields were observed for Fe2O3 followed by Mn-nodule, whereas no SO2 was detected in the presence of red mud. A mechanism for H2S reaction with Fe oxides has been proposed involving the use of the component distribution in the clean gas as well as the Fe sulphides formed during adsorption. X-ray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy have been used to determine the forms of Fe in the solids at the end of adsorption. FeS was the main sulphide which was always accompanied by FeS2.


Patients employ orthoses for the lower limbs to gain support for movements they themselves could not perform at all, or only with difficulties. The combination of patient-abilities and a chosen controller determines suitable devices. We present a model based controller, which can be individualised with gait samples. It allows continuous control over the whole gait cycle based on the tracking of gait progress and makes no assumption on the patient's abilities. We conclude that the smoothness and linearity of the gait progress tracking allows continuous control which enhances the patient group.


The particle size distributions of two commercially available batches of phenytoin (PHT) crystals were determined. Fifty-four percent of PHT crystals of one of the batches was in a large particle size range of 177-350 μm, while the other batch had a rather average particle size distribution in the range of 74-350 μm. Dissolution of the batches was tested in the JPX distintegration test medium No. 1 (pH 1.2)with 0.2% Tween 80. The apparent dissolution rate of the batch of smaller particle size was about 1.9 times faster than that of the batch of larger particle size for initial dissolution up to 30 min, but thereafter the rates became almost the same. This is because smaller particles of PHT dissolved within 30 min and dissolution thereafter was due to the larger particles in the batches. A cross-over clinical study was conducted to compare the bioavailability of these batches in humans. The area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC) for the batch of smaller particle size was about 2.6 times that of the batch of larger particle size.The present results indicate that differences in particle size distribution' of PHT can cause significant differences in dissolution characteristics, especially at the initial stage of dissolution, and substantial differences in bioavailability.


This paper1 presents a linear optical receiver designed using a 28nm CMOS technology suitable for 20Gbaud/s (40Gb/s) PAM-4 modulation. The optical receiver consists of a transimpedance amplifier (gain adjustable from 40dBΩ to 56dBO) followed by a variable gain amplifier (gain adjustable from 6dB to 17dB). Capacitive peaking is used to achieve a bandwidth of ~10GHz, thus avoiding the use of on-chip inductors which require large die area. A robust automatic gain control loop is used to ensure a constant differential output voltage swing of ~100mV for an input dynamic range of 20μA to 500μA (peak current). Over this same range, high linearity (total harmonic distortion less than 5%, 250MHz sinewave, 10harmonics taken into account) is obtained. The rms input referred noise current (integrated from 10MHz to 20GHz) was 2.5μArms. The linear optical receiver consumes 56mW from a 1.5V supply voltage.


DEAR SIR, In our previous randomized trial [I] we concluded that naproxen, indomethacin and diclophenac sodium were equally effective in ameliorating paraneoplastic fever. We have continued our work in a comparative study of naproxen treatment in two groups of patients, those with lymphomas and those with solid turnours, in an attempt to determine whether paraneoplastic fever in these two kinds of malignancies reacts to naproxen in a similar way. There were two groups of patients : Group A consisted of 20 patients (four subjects with Hodgkin's disease, 16 subjects with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas), and Group B consisted of 36 patients [34 subjects with cancer (breast, 6 cases: colorectal, 9 cases; lung, 8 cases ; head and neck cancer, 4 cases ; renal, 3 cases ; pancreas, 2 cases; and melanomas, 2 cases) and two of unknown origin]. We followed the same protocol as in our previous work. After 5 d of persistent unexplained fever > 38 "C with normal white blood cells despite adequate antibiotic treatment, negative cultures and negative clinical and radiological exam-


This paper studied the relations between antioxidant enzymes(SOD,POD and CAT) activities and germination rate of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep seed storaged at different temperatures by NBT,Methoxyphenol-H2O2 colorimetry,Ultraviolet absorption and traditional germination technique.Results showed that SOD,POD and CAT activities and germination rate decreased with the store time prolonged.The activities of SOD,POD and CAT related with seed vigor of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep disappeared or not.but was not the most important enzymes for seed vigor of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep.


ABSTRACT This paper deals with the determination of an initial condition in degenerate hyperbolic equation from final observations. With the aim of reducing the execution time, this inverse problem is solved using an approach based on double regularization: a Tikhonov's regularization and regularization in equation by viscose-elasticity. So, we obtain a sequence of weak solutions of degenerate linear viscose-elastic problems. Firstly, we prove the existence and uniqueness of each term of this sequence. Secondly, we prove the convergence of this sequence to the weak solution of the initial problem. Also we present some numerical experiments to show the performance of this approach.


Virtues ethics and hope for the rehabilitation of the virtues in ethics means to return to the subject, who is author of free choices. The superiority of the aristotelian-thomist tradition (virtues ethics) - in polemic attitude with different modern ethical theories - is seen in its structural ability to examine and integrate the multiple dimensions which take part in a better understanding of moral experience. Virtues ethics recognize the variety of the elements which create moral experience; it takes care of the construction of the subject, of his reasons and global life meanings which lead his free acting. The hope which supports such reasons contributes in a decisive way to the definition of good life.


The present article tries to do a description, like bibliographical review, those publications edited by the Agency for the Quality of the University System of Galicia (ACSUG) that arose after the putting in practice of a series of pilot experiences for theadjustment of matters to the European Space of Top Education and therefore of adjustment to the new systems of credits ECTS (European Credit Transfer System). In this case the outlined documents say to qualifications that they are given in three Galician universities (University of Corunna, University of Santiago de Compostela and University of Vigo). All of them are qualifications of the scientific area: Technical Engineering of Public, Mathematical Works, Biology and Computer science.


— Small cell deployment is considered one of solutions to increase capacity and improve the coverage to meet the growing of mobile data traffic. LTE–Wi-Fi Aggregation (LWA) is Heterogeneous based which enables an aggregation between LTE small cells and Wi-Fi Access Points (AP) at radio network level. In this work, we investigate the problems of determining the optimal placement of different types of Heterogeneous wireless small nodes that will be deployed to cover a hotspot zone. The placement is optimized with the objective of (i) Maximizing the total system capacity while considering the minimum Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR) constrain (ii) choosing the optimal number of wireless nodes which guarantee the coverage. The objective function are formulated as Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) problem and solved using the genetic algorithm. The proposed optimal deployment is compared to uniform distribution placement and showed a significant increase in system throughput.


Background: Several circumstances and conditions lead to UGIB. The commonest among them peptic ulcer to an approximation of 50% in cases. The second major cause may be esoghageal varices and third is mallory-weis tears. There are also other causes, which may include erosins, tumors and other malformations like arteriovenous. Methods: This was an observational retrospective study of all patients referred to endoscopy. The study exclusion criteria include all patients who had repeat endoscopies within one month of the previous endoscopy whereas all the patients with UGIB were included in this study. Results: We retrieved data of total 150 patients who had experienced upper gastrointestinal endoscopy during the selected time period covered in the study, March 2015 to February 2016. The mean age of the patients was 43.3 ± 13.80. 80 (53.3%) of the patients were male and 70 (46.7%) were females. Exploring more into UGIB causes the majority of patients were with esophageal varices 68 (45.3%) with male to female share was 2:1. The second most cause was esophagitis (n = 22, (14.67%)), the distribution of the cause was similar in male to female. Conclusion: We may conclude from our findings that the most common cause of UGIB is esophageal varices in our population.


Wide deployment of deep neural networks (DNNs) based applications (e.g., style transfer, cartoonish), stimulating the requirement of copyright protection of such application's production. Although some traditional visible copyright techniques are available, they would introduce undesired traces and result in a poor user experience. In this paper, we propose a novel plug-and-play invisible copyright protection method based on defensive perturbation for DNN-based applications (i.e., style transfer). Rather than apply the perturbation to attack the DNNs model, we explore the potential utilization of perturbation in copyright protection. Specifically, we project the copyright information to the defensive perturbation with the designed copyright encoder, which is added to the image to be protected. Then, we extract the copyright information from the encoded copyrighted image with the devised copyright decoder. Furthermore, we use a robustness module to strengthen the decoding capability of the decoder toward images with various distortions (e.g., JPEG compression), which may be occurred when the user posts the image on social media. To ensure the image quality of encoded images and decoded copyright images, a loss function was elaborately devised. Objective and subjective experiment results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. We have also conducted physical world tests on social media (i.e., Wechat and Twitter) by posting encoded copyright images. The results show that the copyright information in the encoded image saved from social media can still be correctly extracted.


The invention relates to an uplock of a retractable arrester hook. An actuating cylinder is fixedly connected with a lock shell, a piston rod in the actuating cylinder is connected with a rocking arm through a connecting rod A, the rocking arm is connected with a lock key through a connecting rod B; one end of a spring A is connected with the rocking arm, the other end of the spring A is connected with the lock key; a switch is fixedly connected with a support, the support is fixedly connected with the lock shell; a spring B is fixedly sleeved outside a switch push rod, the switch push rod and the spring B are installed between two auricles of the lock key; the tip of the switch push rod corresponds to a contact below the switch; a lock hook is connected with the lock key, a ring is connected with the lock hook; one end of a spring C is connected with the lock key, and the other end of the spring C is connected with the long arm of the lock hook. According to the invention, in the process that a carrier-based aircraft arrester hook hooks an arrester cable, when the arrester hook moves along with the carrier-based aircraft and is possible to move to the lock position of the uplock,because the uplock is retracted, the uplock has no locking effect, the arrester hook is still in a free state, and the function of the arrester hook can not be affected, thus realizing effective control of the carrier-based aircraft arrester hook.


A recently developed general analysis is applied to discuss the bowing characteristics of 40-in. long fuel pins. Values for maximum bow and loads upon the anti-bowing grids and end support plates are found for the elastic period at the beginning of in-pile'' life and after stresses have relaxed. The bow imparted to the pin if the deformation is completely plastic is also calculated. Finally the shapes of the pin on withdrawal from the temperature field and also from the anti-bowing grids are determined. (auth)


2. Let X be the wedge of 2 circles a and b with single vertex v. By mild abuse of notation we write a and b to mean both the edges of the graph X and the corresponding generators of π1(X, v). Consider the following two covers p : X̃ → X, with the map p specified by the edge labels and orientations of X̃. A distinguished lift ṽ of v is marked with a gray dot. Let H = p∗(π1(X̃, ṽ)). For each cover, state with (very) brief justification,


Photograph of O. G. Dahlberg with daughter Alice and son David, standing on the front porch of O. G. Dahlberg's Brady home.


Bangladesh is a developing country with the majority of its population residing in rural areas, which lack modern doctors and hospitals. Poisonous snake bites with resulting fatalities are common in the country, and in absence of modern medical treatment, rural people seek help of traditional medicinal practitioners, who generally use plants for neutralizing snake venom. Abelmoschus moschatus and Achyranthes aspera are two plants used among others to treat snake bites. The present review deals with ethnic uses of these two plants for treatment of snake bites in various areas of the world, reported phytochemical constituents of the two plants, and any reported scientific evidences of any of the phytoconstituent (s) in neutralizing snake venom.


Franklin Dexter, MD, PhD The value of the intraoperative components of anesthesia information management systems (AIMS) extends beyond clinical care to managerial applications. The AIMS can contribute to reduced anesthesia drug costs (1–3), increased capture of anesthesia-related charges (4–8), and reduced staffing costs (9,10). Two articles in this issue of Anesthesia & Analgesia describe an additional benefit: enhanced monitoring for diversion of controlled substances (11,12). The importance of using information systems to identify drug abuse is reinforced by a third paper in the current issue (13). In addition to the drugs routinely monitored (e.g., narcotics, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and ketamine), propofol is being abused, with an incidence of approximately 10 cases per 10,000 anesthesia providers per decade (13). Wischmeyer et al.'s survey found that there was no established system to control or monitor propofol at 71% of anesthesia programs. Such programs accounted for 22 of the 25 individuals who abused propofol (P 0.048), and all seven deaths. This provides a strong rationale for programs to have a heightened awareness of propofol diversion. The two papers (11,12) took different approaches to screening and detecting the diversion of anesthetic drugs. The results differed, as did the resulting insight into monitoring for diversion. Vigoda et al. (11) reconciled the disposition of opioids, benzodiazepines, ketamine, and thiopental by aligning use between an automated medication dispensing system and an AIMS record of medications administered. There were discrepancies in 15% of cases, caused mostly by errors in the documentation of drug dose in the AIMS or in drug wastage in the dispensing system. Epstein et al. (12) identified abuse of controlled substances based on frequent transactions (e.g., checking out a narcotic) for patients an hour or more after the end of the procedure. Another pattern associated with diversion was the checking out of drugs from dispensing machines in one anesthetizing location for procedures performed at a different location. The former could be applied to a facility with drug dispensing machines in common areas or a person checking out drugs, whereas the latter would be limited to facilities with machines in individual anesthetizing locations. As Vigoda et al. recommends, successful achievement of automated reconciliation of medication discrepancies requires an interface between the automated drug dispensing machines or the satellite pharmacy checkout and the AIMS, so that feedback is provided to the user before the record is closed or finalized. When a facility purchases its AIMS, share Vigoda et al.'s study with the project manager writing the request for proposals (i.e., make it clear that "we want this"). Nevertheless, identification of discrepancies in the timing and location of drug dispensing versus the timing and location of the anesthetic does not rely on data unique to an AIMS. The data for Epstein et al.'s method could equally be from the ubiquitous operating room information systems. Just as for analyses of anesthesia staffing and staff scheduling, the data from AIMS and operating room information systems are close to interchangeable (9,10). What matters is that the method of analysis be robust to the multiple errors and discrepancies in the data. Anesthesia departments From the Division of Management Consulting, Departments of Anesthesia and Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa, Iowa. Accepted for publication June 14, 2007. Address correspondence and reprint requests to Franklin Dexter, MD, PhD, Division of Management Consulting, Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242. Address e-mail to Franklin-Dexter@ UIowa.edu or www.FranklinDexter.net. Copyright © 2007 International Anesthesia Research Society DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000282022.75007.f7


A rapid and simple method was developed for the determination of diethyl pimelate, diethyl suberate and diethyl azelate in white spirit with fragrance of fermented soya beans by solid _ phase microextraction-gas chromatography. Orthogonal design of 3 factors at 3 levels was applied for the optimization of parameters: extraction time, desorption time and ion strength. n _ Tetradecanol was used as an internal standard to improve precision. The method has a good linearity in the concentration range of 0.05~10 mg·L-1 with satisfactory recoveries and repeatabilities.


On p. 183 of the June number, by an error for which the editors and printers of C.R. were not responsible, two names were appended to the review of R. T. Scott, Religion and Philosophy in the Histories of Tacitus. The name 'B. Walker' should have appeared as that of the sole author.


Endometriosis and uterine fibroids are both independently associated with infertility/subfertility among women of reproductive age. Primary umbilical endometriosis is very rare and usually does not coexist with ovarian endometriomas. Endometriosis coexisting with uterine myomas has only been reported in few publications. Herein, we presented a patient with primary umbilical endometriosis with no previous history of surgery, with left ovarian endometriomas coexisting with multiple uterine fibroids. The diagnosis of umbilical endometriosis should be kept in mind while evaluating an umbilical mass. The ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging features of endometriosis and uterine myomas have been presented. To the best of our knowledge, a similar case has not been reported before.


To find a rapid, simple and effective total DNA extraction method for hawthorn, three methods, improved CTAB, improved SDS and QIAGEN method, were compared. The total DNA was detected by spectrophotometer, agarose gel electrophoresis and RAPD amplification. The result showed that QIAGEN method was simple, timesaving, high-yield, high-purity, low levels of impurity and DNA fragments. RAPD fragments amplified with DNA template extracted by QIAGEN method showed clear bands, and good polymorphic, stability and repetition. The QIAGEN method was optimal for total DNA extraction in hawthorn, which was suitable for PCR amplification and other molecular biology researches.


The invention relates to the technical field of electronics, and discloses a battery capacity test method, a rechargeable battery charging circuit and electronic equipment. The charging circuit comprises a test resistor and two test points which are respectively arranged at the two ends of the test resistor. The battery capacity test method comprises the following steps that the two ends of a tester are respectively connected with the two test points of the two ends of the test resistor; a rechargeable battery is charged through the charging circuit; the tester detects charging voltage of the two ends of the test resistor in the charging process; and the tester calculates battery capacity of the rechargeable battery according to test parameters, wherein the test parameters at least include charging voltage and the rated resistance value of the test resistor. With application of the mode, the test resistor in the charging circuit equivalently acts as an external rated resistor in the prior art so that the battery does not need to be disassembled for detection in detection of battery capacity, operation is relatively simple and convenient, and the situation of inaccuracy of voltage testing due to insufficient charging of the battery caused by the external resistor can be effectively avoided.


Machine builders often use mechanical solutions to translate a rotation motion into linear motion, and to synchronize several axes with one another, or with other moving parts. Higher production speeds are usually obtained by faster machine cycles, but mechanical limitations are increasingly leading machine builders to use electronic camming and gearing.


While a large number of biological age predictors have been built from blood samples, a blood count-based biological age predictor is lacking, and the genetic and environmental factors associated with blood-measured accelerated aging remain elusive. In the following, we leveraged 31 blood count biomarkers measured from 489,079 blood samples, 28 blood biochemistry biomarkers measured from 245,147 blood samples, and four urine biochemistry biomarkers measured from 158,381 samples to build three distinct biological age predictors by training machine learning models to predict age. Blood biochemistry significantly outperformed blood count and urine biochemistry in terms of age prediction (RMSE: 5.92+-0.02 vs. 7.60+-0.02 years and 7.72+-0.04 years). We performed genome wide association studies [GWASs], and found accelerated blood biochemistry, blood count and urine biochemistry aging to be respectively 26.2+-0.3%, 18.1+-0.2% and 10.5+-0.5% GWAS-heritable. We identified 1,081 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs] associated with accelerated blood biochemistry aging, 2,636 SNPs associated with accelerated blood cells aging and 24 SNPs associated with accelerated urine biochemistry aging. Similarly, we identified biomarkers, clinical phenotypes, diseases, environmental and socioeconomic factors associated with accelerated blood biochemistry, blood cells and urine biochemistry aging.


The design idea of UECU was put forward,hardware and software resources were set as public and configured via static software configuration method.UECU hardware consisted of microcontroller,switch input and output processing circuits;and delamination modularization was used in software design to improve flexibility.Scale conversion and control strategies implement were realized via table filling by users.The experimental results show that the UECU developed is correct and effective,and has practical significance to improve tests method and tests efficiency.


Information services deal with the aspects of acquisition, storage, analysis, retrieval and dissemination of information to the users for whom the service is intended. The technologies which improve the efficiency and effectiveness are taken as inputs into the information system. These input technologies, mostly computer-based, have been increasing in number and are known by the generic term 'information technologies'. Some of these are available for libraries for many years, while a few are now emerging as important tools for overcoming the barriers in the access and dissemination of information. The changes which resulted in the need for improving the information services are [1], (i) the ever increasing number of users of information, (ii) the large geographic distances that make information acquisition slower, (iii) the developments in the fields of electronics, computers, and telecommunications, (iv) the increasing role of information in shaping the economy of a society, and (v) the changing notion of the information from something to know to something to have as any other commodity. Electronic document delivery does not require the sender and receiver of information available at the same time. These systems can offer a wide variety of options which include receiving, editing, transmitting, sorting, filing and retrieving the stored information when needed. Persons working on the same project spread over a large area in different hours can communicate with each other. Electronic transfer of information reduces preparation and delivery costs compared to the traditional services such as telex, letter or courier. The person who is sending information can transmit the message faster avoiding a lot of intermediary routines associated with traditional services.


An electron diffraction diagnostics of substrate-free clusters formed in N 2 -Kr binary jets expanding through a supersonic nozzle into vacuum was carried out. Gas mixtures contained 0.5, 1, and 6 mol.% krypton, the measured average sizes of aggregations in the cluster beam varied from 500 to 30,000 molecules per cluster. A change in the nucleation mechanism in the jet from heterogeneous to homogeneous was revealed when the temperature of the gas mixture at the nozzle inlet T 0 increased from 100 K to 120 K, which had a profound effect on the sizes, phase composition and component composition of the clusters. It was established that the intensification of cluster growth by inserted krypton nucleation centers at T 0 = 100 K occurs through an increase in the fraction of the fcc phase. At T 0 = 120 K, the effect of cluster growth suppression by the addition of an impurity with significantly stronger intermolecular forces was revealed for the first time. It is shown that the effect is manifested when the krypton gas content increases to 6 mol.% and is caused by the kinetics of gas condensation in a supersonic jet.


Power analysis attacks on block cipher implementations usually assume that the power traces used correspond to random plaintext choices. In this paper we make the reasonable assumption that these plaintexts can be chosen, and analyze in a simple model how it allows us to improve the attack. We consider both software implementations on a smart card and hardware implementations on FPGA. The conclusion is that the improvement is real but small.


The definitive reference work on the Civil War, this thorough and wide-ranging volume, rich with over 500 illustrations, 75 maps, and 250 primary source documents, offers more than 1,600 entries that chart the war's strategic aims, analyze diplomatic and political maneuvering, describe key military actions, sketch important participants, assess developments in military science, and discuss the social and financial impact of the conflict. Written by today's leading Civil War scholars, the essays are authoritative and easily accessible to anyone with a passion for American history.


The γ-ray spectra accompanying the decay of 96gTc (4.3 d) and 96mTc (52 m), produced in the reactions 96Mo (p, n) 96Tc and 97Mo (p, 2n) 96Tc, have been studied with lithium-drifted Ge detectors.Gamma rays (relative intensities are in parentheses) of 314.2 ± 0.2 (2.4), 316.3 ± 0.2 (1.5), 434.8 ± 0.4 (0.8), 460.2 ± 0.4 (0.48), 568.9 ± 0.4 (.95), 778.2 ± 0.2 (100), 812.5 ± 0.2 (83), 849.8 ± 0.2 (98), 1091.3 ± 0.4(0.9), 1126.8 ± 0.3 (15.3), 1200.0 ± 0.4 (0.41), and 1497.7 ± 0.5 keV (0.081), plus several other very weak lines, have been observed in the decay of 96Tc (4.3 d). Several transitions never previously reported were found in the decay of 96mTc (52 m). All but four of these transitions could fit already known excited levels in 96Mo at 778.2, 1497.9, 1628.0, 1869.6, and 1978.3 keV, whereas the placing of the remaining 616.1-, 966.6-, 1096.6-, and 1816.2-keV gamma rays required the existence of a new level in 96Mo at 2594.5 keV.In view of the results obtained from the study of the decay of the 96Tc isome...


Inartificial or changed clay minerals had good adsorption capacity with heavy metal in water.It was a research hotspot in the treatment of Pb2+ in water.Structure and character of attapulgite,bentonite,diatomite and sepiolite were introduced in the paper.The research evolvement of clay mineral in water's Pb2+ treatment was summarized.In the end,the prospect of clay minerals' development was put forword.


Genetic divergence using D2 analysis was carried out in 50 diverse genotypes of cowpea. All the 50 genotypes were grouped into twelve clusters. Cluster I was largest comprising of twenty seven genotypes followed by Cluster II with twelve genotypes, cluster IV with three genotypes, and cluster III,V, VI, VII and VIII, IX, X, XI, XII were represented each by single genotype. Intra-cluster D2 values ranged from 0 to 38.06. The inter-cluster D2 values ranged from 44.08 to 276.55. The maximum inter cluster distance was observed between VII and XII clusters followed by clusters IV and XII and cluster X and VII. The maximum contribution towards genetic divergence is by days to 50% flowering (25.22%) followed by plant height (12.24%) and biological yield per plant.


Severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome‐Coronavirus‐2, can lead to pneumonia or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Non‐respiratory manifestations of COVID‐19 include venous and arterial thrombosis. The disease can affect all organs and even the kidneys and lead to renal vein thrombosis where renal veins or their branches become thrombotic leading to symptoms such as flank pain, hematuria, or acute kidney damage. In this study, a case of renal vein thrombosis after COVID‐19 is introduced and the causes and complications of this disease are analyzed.


Via controlling the milling duration and flow velocity of medium,the superfine Si powders with average diameter of 1.75μm have been prepared by wet milling method.The as-prepared samples were characterized by laser granularity measurement and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Results indicate that as the weight percentage of superfine Si powders increased,the peak temperature of thermal reaction decreased,and heat release and friction sensitivities increased.Hereinto,the Si/Pb3O4 sample,with the weight percentage of superfine Si powders of 60%,released more heat and had lower friction sensitivity.Therefore,as the fuel of Si/Pb3O4 delay composition,Si mixture composition with 60% superfine Si powders had the best performance.


FIELD: domestic appliance engineering. SUBSTANCE: device has main casing, suction head connectable to lower part of the casing having suction opening for sucking-in foreign materials and fluids covering surface of thing under cleaning. The device has paddle wheel unit mounted on one side of the main casing for producing suction force, filtering unit mounted in sucking passage between suction head and paddle wheel unit for separating foreign materials containing in the sucked liquid and reservoir containing rinsing water connected to outlet opening of the paddle wheel unit in the main casing for storing rinsing water. Injection nozzle is available in suction head for injecting rinsing water supplied from the reservoir containing rinsing water to thing surface under cleaning. EFFECT: wide range of functional applications; facilitated removal of spots and dust and other foreign materials. 31 cl, 11 dwg


This paper investigates the relationship between specific baryon angular momentum $j_\mathrm{b}$ and baryon mass $M_\mathrm{b}$ for a sample of nearby late-type galaxies with resolved HI kinematics. This work roughly doubles the number of galaxies with $M_\mathrm{b} \lesssim 10^{10}$ $M_{\odot}$ used to study the $j_\mathrm{b} - M_\mathrm{b}$ relation. Most of the galaxies in the sample have their baryon mass dominated by their gas content, thereby offering $j_\mathrm{b}$ and Mb measures that are relatively unaffected by uncertainties arising from the stellar mass-to-light ratio. Measured HI surface density radial profiles together with optical and rotation curve data from the literature are used to derive a best-fit relation given by $j_\mathrm{b}=qM_\mathrm{b}^{\alpha}$, with $\alpha=0.62\pm 0.02$ and $\log_{10}q=-3.35\pm 0.25$. This result is consistent with the $j_\mathrm{b}\propto M_\mathrm{b}^{2/3}$ relation that is theoretically expected and also measured by Obreschkow & Glazebrook (2014) for their full sample of THINGS spiral galaxies, yet differs to their steeper relation found for subsets with fixed bulge fraction. The 30 arcsec spatial resolution of the HI imaging used in this study is significantly lower than that of the THINGS imaging used by Obreschkow & Glazebrook (2014), yet the results presented in this work are clearly shown to contain no significant systematic errors due to the low-resolution imaging.


The emergence of Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted inequalities in territories configuration. In Ecuador´s case, not all the people have had facilities to access to priority equipment, which are part of semipublic space. Starting from this background, many inquiries have surged regarding to which are the equipment citizens look for to cover their principal necessities and, which of them are near their places. To carry out this analysis it has been run a non-probably sample based on the application of a survey called "What do I need near my home – COVID 19?" This poll was made with the purpose to determine priority places people need to have around their home moreover how often people use these.
Secondly, as a result, with an indicators application was possible to define the influence radius of these places. This exercise made possible to understand which should be an appropriate neighborhoods configuration to lead to these territories the capability of providing first necessary services. The new possible essential services configuration, suggested by the indicators, could reduce unnecessary people movements and, consequently, the disease contagion and propagation risk, additionally, an improvement of settler's life quality could be generated. Finally, to contribute and thus achieve sustainable and resilient territories, suggestions for city actors have been made


We show that recently published assertions that advection dominated accretion flows (ADAFs) require the presence of strong winds are unfounded because they assume that low radiative efficiency in flows accreting at low rates onto black holes implies vanishing radial energy and angular momentum fluxes through the flow (which is also formulated in terms of the `Bernoulli function' being positive). This, however, is a property only of self-similar solutions which are an inadequate representation of global accretion flows. We recall general properties of accretion flows onto black holes and show that such, necessarily transonic, flows may have either positive or negative Bernoulli function depending on the flow viscosity. Flows with low viscosities (alpha<0.1 in the alpha-viscosity model) have a negative Bernoulli function. Without exception, all 2-D and 1-D numerical models of low viscosity flows constructed to date experience no significant outflows. At high viscosities the presence of outflows depends on the assumed viscosity, the equation of state and on the outer boundary condition. The positive sign of the Bernoulli function invoked in this context is irrelevant to the presence of outflows. As an illustration, we recall 2-D numerical models with moderate viscosity that have positive values of the Bernoulli function and experience no outflows. ADAFs, therefore, do not differ from this point of view from thin Keplerian discs: they may have, but they do not have to have strong winds.


In the digital age, the management of images can be very time consuming when there are several digital image acquisition systems involved. For simplicity in this article, databases have been categorized as active or passive. Active databases are those where the categorization of the image is done during the image acquisition. Passive databases by this definition use saved images that are then categorized after image acquisition. The databases can be further separated based on whether they are multi-platform where they usually use a browser of some sort or Java script, or are specific to a certain platform such that no browser is involved. Some databases allow user defined fields, and some do not. Many of the image database software packages were made for categorizing images after they were collected i.e. passive, and developed for photography, catalogues, newspapers, etc. which do not necessarily cater to the needs in microscopy.


A surface mounting LED(Light Emitting Diode) package is provided to prevent defect due to the excess or shortage of a solder by using a slot formed on the circumference of a heat transfer unit. A pair of lead frames are electrically connected to a circuit pattern of a substrate so as to provide power as well as to support an LED chip(102). The pair of the lead frames is spaced apart from each other. An insulating package body(130) surrounds the pair of lead frames. One of the lead frames a heat transfer unit and a lead(114) so as to support the LED chip as well as to be thermally connected to the substrate. The heat transfer unit is arranged on a lower center of an LED package and the lead is extended from the heat transfer unit to a lateral of the LED package. A slot(138) is formed on the circumference of the heat transfer unit at a bottom of the LED package.


Mouse cerebellar cells in culture secrete tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) into the culture medium. Fibrin overlays have shown tPA to be associated with granule neurons in these cultures. This cell associated tPA can be displaced by extensive washing of the cells or by a brief lowering of the pH (<4), which leads to a loss of fibrinolytic activity by the cells. Incubation of these fibrinolytically inactive cells with exogenously added murine tPA leads to the restoration of the fibrinolytic activity, indicating the presence of tPA binding sites on these granule neurons. Using '25I-tPA, the binding to cerebellar granule neurons is rapid, saturable, specific, high affinity (Kd = 50 pM) and reversible. Both murine and human tPA compete with t25I-tPA for binding, while both murine and human urokinase (uPA) as well as human thrombin and plasminogen fail to compete. Neither the catalytic site nor the carbohydrate moiety of tPA appear to be involved in the binding, since both diisopropylfluorophospate-treated tPA and endoglycosidase-Htreated tPA compete with ~2I-tPA for binding. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor does not compete well with tPA for binding even at a 10:1 molar excess, suggesting that the epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) domain of tPA may not be involved in the binding mechanism. Autoradiography and antibody immunofluorescence show the specific tPA binding is to granule neurons in these cultures. Thus, granule neurons possess tPA receptors on their surface, where this protease binds retaining its functional activity and may play a role in cell and axon migration. C EREBELLAR development is characterized by extensive axonal growth and migration of its granule neurons. Although these axonal and cell movements have been proposed to occur by purely physical means and likened to "battering rams" (7), more recent studies have suggested the possibility that extracellular proteases may facilitate these movements (21-24, 29, 42) by locally digesting cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Plasminogen activators (PAs)' are the best documented extraceilular proteases involved in cell movement and tissue remodeling (12). Thus, it is not surprising that PA activity is elevated in rodent brain at the time of active cell migration (21, 38, 41) and that PA is actively secreted into the culture medium by dissociated cerebellar cells (38). The PA activity in these cultures has been localized to the granule cells by a fibrin clot overlay (22). Using an antibody to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the interaction of this anti-tPA with live granule cells in culture indicated that tPA was associated with the surface of these cells (39). The present study demonstrates a tPA receptor on developing granule cell neurons and characterizes some properties of this binding. A preliminary report of these findings has appeared (Verrall, S., and N. W. Seeds. 1987. Z Cell Biol. 105:319a [Abstr.]). 1. Abbreviations used in this paper: BEM, basal Eagle's medium; PA, plasminogen activator; tPA, tissue PA; uPA, urokinase. Materials and Methods


The solar wind interaction with the terrestrial magnetosphere results in a standing bow shock. Due to the shock's collisionless nature, the plasma in the magnetosheath is far from equilibrium. The highly mobile magnetosheath electrons move quickly between different points on the shock surface. Consequently, portions of phase space are populated with electrons from distant locations. This distant influence renders the heating properties of the shock nonlocal. Previous work predicted that the electron temperature along magnetosheath magnetic field lines should be approximately constant and controlled by heating at the point where the field line first encounters the shock, that is, where the field line is tangential to the shock. This point sends shock‐heated electrons to other bow shock locations but does not receive such electrons from elsewhere. In this paper, we compare electron temperatures measured by spacecraft connected by a field line in the magnetosheath and find a close agreement as predicted, unless electron traversal of the magnetosheath becomes impeded due to geometry. We also study the relationship between shock heating and plasma conditions both locally and at the tangent point. We find that the observed electron heating correlates much better with conditions at the tangent point than with the local shock parameters. Therefore, the tangent point plays a critical role in the electron heating and hence the global nature of the shock's partition of incident solar wind energy.