This study develops a sustainable housing model for the Mosquitia region of Honduras, aimed at improving the living conditions of indigenous communities and reducing their vulnerability to the effects of climate change. The improved housing efficiency and resilience will contribute to strengthen sanitation and hygiene, improve the living comfort and reduce environmental impact, particularly focusing on preserving the forest biodiversity. The project was developed following the criteria of environmental, technical, social and economic sustainability to propose a shared model, reproducible by the beneficiaries living in different kinds of Mosquitian ecosystems. Increased building efficiency is obtained through optimization of construction techniques and improvement of materials' performances. The main material of the proposed dwelling is wood, coherently with the "Miskita" tradition; the increase of its durability, which is obtained by proper seasoning and protection from atmospheric agents and parasites, contributes to the optimization of the use of this natural resource and to reducing the impact on deforestation, which threatens forest biodiversity. The data collection campaign, conducted before developing the housing model design and which has aimed at obtaining information on technical and social aspects related to residences' welfare and health conditions, has highlighted the great importance of improving the construction model. Despite the advance in sanitary conditions and the economic level, the data collection campaign revealed that even the most developed communities amongst those visited have been perpetrating substantial construction errors, which reduce the resilience of structures to extreme natural phenomena, such as tropical storms and hurricanes, which frequently affect the Mosquitia region. This unexpected discovery increased the importance of housing model design in order to correct these improper construction techniques and avoid their application in the newly-started village growth.


Using Ewald's summation method, we investigate collective electronic excitations (excitons) of ultracold atoms in parallel planar optical lattices including long-range interactions. The exciton dispersion relation can then be suitably rewritten and efficiently calculated for long-range resonance dipole–dipole interactions. Such in-plane excitons resonantly couple for two identical optical lattices, with an energy transfer strength decreasing exponentially with the distance between the lattices. This allows a restriction of the transfer to neighbouring planes and gives rise to excitons delocalized between the lattices. In general, equivalent results will hold for any planar system containing lattice layers of optically active and dipolar materials.


Six methods for collecting the judgments of experts concerning the relative value of sets of criteria were compared for their reliability and time efficiency. The methods were ranking, rating, three versions of paired comparisons and a method of successive comparisons suggested by Churchman, Ackoff and Arnoff [Churchman, C. W., R. L. Ackoff, E. L. Arnoff. 1957. Introduction to Operations Research. Wiley, New York.]. The judgment situations used were concerned with the design of a specific air defense system and a general air defense system, and with selecting a personnel subsystem manager for a development program. In each of these three situations six criteria were comparatively evaluated by the judges. The results of these experiments showed that there were no significant differences in the sets of criterion weights derived from collecting the judgment data by any of the methods, but that ranking was by far the most efficient method. A fourth experiment was conducted to develop baseline data on the time required to make comparative judgments vs. number of items to be judged, by the ranking method and by the simplest paired comparisons method. Ranking is increasingly more efficient than paired comparisons as the number of items to be judged increases from six to 30.


I n constrictive pericarditis (CP), the thickened, dense pericardium imposes a restraint on ventricular filling. Although the typical echocardiographic features of CP in spontaneously breathing patients have been extensively described (1,2), data on the hemodynamic and echocardiographic features of CP during positive pressure mechanical ventilation are incomplete. We are reporting our intraoperative findings from a patient undergoing pericardiectomy for CP.


The chemistry of ferromanganese oxides coating pumice gravels and muddy sediment cores taken by the Research Dive 134 of the submersible "Shinkai 6500" from the oceanward slope of the Japan Trench off Miyako, Iwate Prefecture, are described. The ferromanganese coatings are quite thin and are poor in heavy metal elements including Fe and Mn, compared with previously reported ferromanganese nodules and crusts, from the seamounts and ridges in the Japan and Ogasawara Trenches. In the Fe-Mn- (Cu+Ni+Zn) × 10 ternary plot, the published ferromanganese nodules and crusts fall on a typical hydrogenous region, but the ferromanganese coatings in this study lie between hydrogenous and oxic diagenesis regions. This suggests that the former were formed by direct precipitation of colloidal metal oxides from seawater, while the latter grew by elemental supply both from pore waters in the underlying sediments and by the direct precipitation of colloidal particles. The differences of the accretionary process in the ferromanganese oxides from some of the trench areas, are caused by local environmental variations, related to the topography and sedimentary conditions including bottom currents.


Objective To explore the clinical therapeutic effect of low molecular weight heparin combined with edaravone in patients with progressive cerebral infarction.Methods 62 cases of progressive cerebral infarction patients in our hospital from 2009 March to 2012 from January were selected and randomly divided into the combination treatment group and single treatment group,the therapeutics effects of the two groups were compared.Results The effect satisfaction(significantly+general)/total cases number of the combination treatment group was 79.17%;the ratio of the single treatment group was 72.5%,SSS score of the combination group was lower than the single treatment roup by(1.65±0.59),NO fell by(68.1 ± 6.1)μmol/L,and the activation time of some coagulation active enzyme was shortened by(7.4 ± 0.9)min,P0.05.Conclusion Low molecular weight heparin combined with edaravone function at different processes of the disease,which promotes the effect without increasing risk,delays the development of thrombosis,protect the penumbra,providing the reliable curative effect.


Chickpea wilt is one of the major limiting factors in chickpea production in India. The use of wilt resistant chickpea cultivars, when they are available, is the most effective and ecofriendly method of managing the disease. Development of wilt resistant cultivar through conventional methods is a major challenge for plant breeders that could otherwise be eased by resorting to Marker Assisted Selection (MAS). The DNA markers linked closely to wilt resistance genes can be used to screen a large number of germplasm lines for the presence of resistance or susceptible genes and can eliminate the need of creating artificial epiphytotic condition. Furthermore, it allows the pyramiding of multiple genes each conferring resistance to different races of pathogen into agronomically superior varieties to develop durable resistance. For this to achieve, an efficient molecular marker system is needed for rapid and reliable screening of germplasm against fusarium wilt. Hence, it is essential to characterize chickpea germplasm using markers associated with Fusarium. In the present study ASAP and STMS marker amplified against chickpea germplasm. It will help to validate reported markers with selected chickpea genotypes showing different reaction to wilt disease such as susceptibility and resistant in chickpea genotype.


Studying the behavioural patterns of animals in their house may help to understand their needs, but there has been a little investigation of home-cage behaviours in commonly used inbred strains of mice such as C57BL/6 and DBA/2. Therefore, understanding behavioural patterns in these mice is important for neuroscience research. For the first time, this experiment was carried out to investigate the long-term effects of housing conditions (single vs. group) on home cage behaviour of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice, in order to reveal differences between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 in home-cage behaviours and in response to single-housing. Sixty-four mice (32 mice/strain) were housed either singly (SH) (n= 32) or in four groups, each group contained 8 animals. Home cage behavioural patterns were recorded weekly using ethogram-based instantaneous sampling for 5 consecutive weeks. Regardless of strain, single housed (SH) mice displayed higher levels of grooming and bedding directed-behaviours and were more frequently seen in-the-crawl ball, and had lower levels of feeding behaviour compared to their group housed (GH) conspecifics. There were significant strain differences in anxiety-related behaviours with the DBA/2 strain demonstrating higher levels of sleep, feeding and grooming behaviour and frequent presence in-the-crawl ball, and lower levels of exploration, locomotion and bedding-directed behaviour compared to the C57BL/6 strain. The results therefore suggest that different housing systems influence home cage behaviours of laboratory mice with the mice of the DBA/2 strain appearing more anxious. These findings may also have great implications for researchers to decide the most appropriate phenotype to use in measuring neural response–relevant behaviours in novel animal/human models. Key words: anxiety; behaviour; C57BL/6; DBA/2; ethogram; home-cage


A series of alloys with e/a (i.e. valence electron per atom) value of 1.200 and Ra (average atomic size) of 0.1474 nm has been designed in Ti-Zr-Ni-Cu system based on the quasicrystals-forming composition Ti40Zr40Ni20, then the alloy rods with diameter of 3 mm were fabricated by the conventional suction casting method. The experiments showed that a bulk glass alloy can be obtained in the vicinity of Ti12Zr55Ni13Cu20, and at the compositions of Ti3Zr60Ni12Cu25 and Zr60Ni10Cu30 the another glass-related phase tI-Zr2Cu is formed. The above quasicrystal, bulk metallic glass and tI-Zr2Cu phase are a group of electronic compounds with nearly same e/a, indicating that the e/a-constant criterion is valid for Ti-Zr-Ni-Cu glass forming system. Meanwhile, the structural correlations between the icosahedron and truncated octahedron clusters (Zr2Cu) can be considered as a structural model to describe the polymorphous transformation from quacrystals or metallic glass to Zr2Cu-type phase.


A system's security must be understood with respect to the capabilities and behaviors of an adversary Eve. It is often assumed in security analysis that Eve acts as maliciously as possible. From an economic perspective, Eve tries to maximize her utility in a game with other participants. The game's rules are determined by the system and its security mechanisms, but Eve can invent new ways of interacting with participants. We show that Eve can be used as an interface to explore the interplay between security and economics in the domain of elections. Through examples, we illustrate how reasoning from both disciplines may be combined to explicate Eve's motives and capabilities and how this analysis could be used for reasoning about the security and performance of elections. We also point to future research directions at the intersection of these disciplines.


Philip V, who reluctantly assumed the Spanish throne in 1700, was the first of the Bourbon dynasty which continues to rule Spain today. His 46-year reign, briefly curtailed in 1724 when he abdicated in favour of his short-lived son, Louis I, was one of the most important in the country's history. This highly readable account is the first biography of Philip V in English. Previous writing on Philip has been largely negative, dismissing him as comic, stupid, and indolent. Henry Kamen demonstrates here, however, that the king initiated significant developments in politics, imperial policy, finance, government, and military affairs that laid the basis of the modern Spanish state. Philip also encouraged literature, the creative arts, and music in ways that brought Spanish culture closer in touch with the rest of Europe, and he dealt authoritatively with issues concerning the autonomy of the provinces of Spain and the role of the monarchy itself. Drawing on contemporary opinion and fresh archival sources, Kamen discusses Philip's character, decisions, and policies. He offers a new assessment of the king's illness (which led earlier historians to view Philip as mad) and evaluates positively the role of his two wives. Kamen's account of Philip as king provides an essential introduction to the study of early eighteenth-century Spain and the Bourbon monarchy.


3D prestack Kirchhoff migration will routinely sum together millions of floating point numbers to produce each individual migrated output sample. Such large summations are expected in general to lose at 3 to 4 significant digits of accuracy, which is at least half of the precision of an individual floating point sample. Clearly double precision arithmetic ought to be used to avoid such catastrophic loss of accuracy. Surprisingly, this study finds that single precision is more than adequate for Kirchhoff migration and even a loss of 2 significant figures is unlikely.


Supplementary Volume 1 J. Thewlis (Editor-in-Chief) Oxford: Pergamon Press. 1966. Pp. x + 404. Price £7. This is the first supplementary volume of the now well established parent encyclopaedic dictionary of physics. Because of the continuous development of science, periodic supplements to the original work are obviously necessary.


Objective:To prepare and identify Digoxin labeled cDNA probe of rat sex determination region Y gene probe (SRY), in order to detect SRY gene expression as marker of xenogenic in rats.Methods:According to SRY sequence of male rats Y chromato- some known,oligo DNA were synthesized by Bioasia Corp.SRY probe was prepared by PCR connection and amplification,then SRY probe was labeled with Digoxin.The kidney tissue sections of male and female rats were detected by in situhybridization,female rats was control.Results:Kidney tissue in situ hybridization showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the probe was relatively high in male rats while none in female rats.Conclusions:The successful preparation of SRY gene probe provides an experimental foundation for detecting the distribution,expression of SRY gene in female mice receiving cells from male rats.


The homeless population in the United States remains high, with over 600,000 homeless on any given night, and surveys in multiple homeless communities have found smoking rates to range from 68 to 80%, 3–4 times the national average (Baggett, Tobey, & Rigotti, 2013 ). This high rate is of grave concern to this vulnerable population, as cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of premature death in the United States, and cardiovascular disease and cancers of the lung and airway secondary to smoking are the leading causes of death within the homeless population (Porter, Houston, Anderson & Maryman, 2011 ). Over the last two decades, moves to curb smoking in New York City through taxation and bans on indoor smoking resulted in significantly lower smoking rates throughout the city (Coady et al., 2012 ). However, as primary care providers to the homeless, we have noted continued high rates of smoking among our patients despite the citywide success of cessation programs, and whether the changes over the last two decades have affected smoking rates in this vulnerable population has not been assessed in the literature. We conducted a survey of 224 homeless adults in New York City shelter walk-in clinics in the 2013 calendar year to assess the current prevalence of smoking in this population, and assess the impact of restrictions, specifically precipitous elevation in prices.


The HL-LHC presents significant challenges for the HEP analysis community. The number of events in each analysis is expected to increase by an order of magnitude and new techniques are expected to be required; both challenges necessitate new services and approaches for analysis facilities. These services are expected to provide new capabilities, a larger scale, and different access modalities (complementing -- but distinct from -- traditional batch-oriented approaches). To facilitate this transition, the US-LHC community is actively investing in analysis facilities to provide a testbed for those developing new analysis systems and to demonstrate new techniques for service delivery. This whitepaper outlines the existing activities within the US LHC community in this R&D area, the short- to medium-term goals, and the outline of common goals and milestones.


We propose a simple method for improving the security of hashed passwords: the maintenance of additional ``honeywords'' (false passwords) associated with each user's account. An adversary who steals a file of hashed passwords and inverts the hash function cannot tell if he has found the password or a honeyword. The attempted use of a honeyword for login sets off an alarm. An auxiliary server (the ``honeychecker'') can distinguish the user password from honeywords for the login routine, and will set off an alarm if a honeyword is submitted.


Traditionally, quantum amplification limit refers to the property of inevitable noise addition on canonical variables when the field amplitude of an unknown state is linearly transformed through a quantum channel. Recent theoretical studies have determined amplification limits for cases of probabilistic quantum channels or general quantum operations by specifying a set of input states or a state ensemble. However, it remains open how much excess noise on canonical variables is unavoidable and whether there exists a fundamental trade-off relation between the canonical pair in a general amplification process. In this paper we present an uncertainty-product form of amplification limits for general quantum operations by assuming an input ensemble of Gaussian distributed coherent states. It can be derived as a straightforward consequence of canonical uncertainty relations and retrieves basic properties of the traditional amplification limit. In addition, our amplification limit turns out to give a physical limitation on probabilistic reduction of an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen uncertainty. In this regard, we find a condition that probabilistic amplifiers can be regarded as local filtering operations to distill entanglement. This condition establishes a clear benchmark to verify an advantage of non-Gaussian operations beyond Gaussian operations with a feasible input set of coherent states and standard homodyne measurements.


Abstract Extract This is an account of a case of neonatal jaundice with very low haematological values, which was complicated by paralysis of the jaw and disturbed sucking and swallowing reflexes.


FOR the most part I shall be indulging in self criticism and in this respect my presentation may be judged appropriate on this occasion when we honour the memory of J ames Yearsley. As a pioneer in British Otology and as the founder of the Metropolitan Ear Institution, now the Metropolitan Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, he must have been his own constant and most competent critic. The underlying principles of tympanoplasty should now be familiar enough to this audience. They were brilliantly worked out and presented to the otological world by Wullstein and Zollner, and we have heard both of these gentlemen speaking to us here in London. In the Yearsley Memorial Lecture of 1958, McGuckin gave an up to date account of recent advances in this field of surgery. Now operations bearing the title tympanoplasty are being commonly practised in this country and abroad. Unfortunately a lot of difficulty and much disappointment are being experienced. Perhaps this is not surprising since active chronic otitis media has always been a troublesome problem. To control this disease and at the same time rebuild a functioning hearing mechanism is doubly difficult. I seem to have become increasingly involved in this work over the last six years and I too have had my share of trouble. I thought therefore that the moment might be opportune to review my experience and see if I could present an appreciation of the limitations as well as the possibilities of this surgery. It may seem presumptuous for me to undertake this task coming as I do from a small non-teaching peripheral hospital where my colleague Mr. Finlay Brown and I have to find time for this work and still provide a full ear, nose and throat service for over a quarter of a million people. If it does appear at times that I am offering advice, it is really just my way of stating how I have tried to work out this problem. Maybe some of my remarks will strike a sympathetic chord amongst members of my audience.


Alice Eteson Abbe, B.S.Ed. American International College, 1946; M.S. in Social Service, Boston, 1949. "The Relationship of Maternal Attitudes to the Diagnostic Category of the Child." New York. John S. Aird, A.B. Oberlin College, 1946; A.M. Michigan, 1951. "Fertility in Rural Bengal." Michigan. Fanelli A. Alexander, A.B., M.A. Dartmouth College, 1946, 1948. "Patterns of Communication in a Small Community." Michigan. C. Wiley Alford, A.B., M.A. Texas Christian, 1948, 1949. "The Socially Maladjusted Child in School: A Sociological Study in Special Education." Duke. Donald E. Allen, A.B., M.A. Ohio State, 1939, 1940. "Analysis of Public Conversation." Missouri. Aziz A. Allouni, B.A., M.A. American University, Beirut, 1941, 1942. "Social Factors Underlying Economic Development in Syria." New School. Robert Amundson, A.B. Loras College, 1950; M.A. Notre Dame, 1952. "Post-World War II Population Problems and Policies in India, Japan, and Puerto Rico." Notre Dame. Wade Andrews, B.S., M.S. Utah State, 1947, 1948. "A Study of Some Basic Correlates of Rural Leadership and Social Power in Clinton County, Ohio." Michigan State. Valentin Aquino, B.A., M.A. Southern California, 1950, 1952. "The Filipino Community in Los Angeles." Iowa. Barbara Burt Arnason, A.B. Swarthmore, 1944; A.M. Chicago, 1945. "The Care and Cure Functions of the Public Mental Hospital." Radcliffe College. Herbert A. Aurbach, B.S. Western Reserve, 1948. "A Study in the Application of the Folk-Urban Continuum to the Classification of Kentucky Counties." Kentucky. Donald Auster, A.B. Hofstra College, 1949; M.A. Columbia, 1951. "An Analysis of the Social Role of the Business-sponsored Film in Public School Education." Indiana. Delbert Barley, B.A. McTheison College, 1939; M.A. Pennsylvania, 1951. "The Assimilation of Refugees in a Small Rural Community in the Black Forest." Pennsylvania. Russel Barta, A.B. St. Mary of the Lake Seminary, 1942; M.S.A. Loyola, 1947. "The Sociological Concept of Secularization and Its Application to the Study of Certain Phenomena in American Catholicism." Notre Dame. Otomar Jan Bartos, A.B., M.A. Colorado, 1954, 1954. "Social Conformity and Social Variables." Yale. Alexander Bassin, B.A. Brooklyn College, 1934; M.A. New York, 1951. "Effect of Group Therapy upon Certain Attitudes and Adjustments of Adult Offenders on Probation." New York. Thelma W. Batten, A.B., A.M. Michigan, 1951, 1953. "Functional Organization in Metropolitan Areas: An Ecological Analysis of Standard Metropolitan Areas' Employed Labor Force Distribution among Various Industrial Groups." Michigan. Bernard H. Baum, Ph.B., M.A. Chicago, 1948, 1953. "Decentralization of Authority in a Bureaucracy." Chicago. Robert C. Bealer, B.S., M.S. Pennsylvania State College, 1953, 1955. "Mass Communications, Social Structure, and Decision-making: A Study of Farmers' Use of Market News." Michigan State. Bennett M. Berger, A.B. Hunter College, 1950. "The Image of the Sociologist in the Humanistic Disciplines." California (Berkeley). Joseph Berger, A.B. Brooklyn College, 1949; A.M. Harvard, 1954. "Co-ordination of Facilities, Performances, and Rewards in Small Social Systems." Harvard. Elaine Berson, A.B. Illinois, 1950; M. Social Work, Oklahoma, 1953. "A Sociological Analysis of the Recreational Patterns of the Aging." Duke.


The method and procedure of the condition evaluation about the metal oxide arrester are expounded in detail, and analyzes the application of the evaluation results of 220 kV Nanmudong metal oxide arrester is analyzed deeply, the key factors that influence MOA evaluation result are the criterias which has large weight, such as the leak tightness, external insulation level, the combine condition of sheath and flange, On-line monitoring leakage current meter status and instructions, electrical test, etc. The most common problem of arrester evaluation are: the poor integrity of equipment foundation data, the uncomprehensive equipment information of production management system, non-uniform format, low timeliness rate of input for Information changes, etc.


ABSTRACT This paper addresses an issue rarely contemplated in the management of historical buildings, fire safety. There is an implication that "compliant" means "safe" and that the goals and objectives of compliance are perfectly aligned with those of fire safety. In the case of historical buildings, this is a mistake that has resulted in the loss of major historical buildings through the centuries. This paper presents a framework of analysis that uses adequate tools to evaluate and establish true performance assessment. The objective is to adequately define and implement the goal of fire safety. This paper is not a traditional research paper in that it does not describe experiments, computations or analysis. Instead, this paper proposes, through an example of application, a critical overview of problems incurred when evaluating fire safety on the basis of solutions issued from prescriptive approaches. In the process, this paper highlights the value of a comprehensive performance-based approach. A performance-based analysis emphasizes an approach to design that values the inherent features of historic buildings. This could potentially result in minimum and rational alterations that meet the goals of fire safety while also achieving other restoration objectives.


The different steps to insert the elements which will be implanted of the LAURA cochlear prosthesis are exposed. The interpretation of the technique is made easier by numerous images.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to show how the identities of the employees of Polish public administration are shaped in the process of public system reforms.

Design/methodology/approach

The findings are based on interviews with 40 employees of the Polish public administration. The authors have used open interviews as well as projective methods to discover and explore beliefs and attitudes of bureaucrats towards their work and the system of public administration. The selected sample was diversified both spatially and systematically to reflect the diversity of organisations that constitute the Polish public administration system. Grounded theory was used for data coding and interpretation.

Findings

The study indicates that organisational change initiatives designed to enhance the quality and efficiency of public administration may have negative impacts on the identities of public servants and may lead to their increased incapacity. Rather than sparking entrepreneurial behaviours and transforming bureaucrats into managers, introduction of the rhetoric of New Public Management and New Public Governance in the Polish public administration has contributed to strengthening of classical dysfunctions of bureaucracy.

Research limitations/implications

The results imply that the understanding of organisational changes in the Eastern European public sector – which are usually studied through the lenses of regulation and economy – would benefit from more sociologically and historically oriented studies. The limitations of our results are associated with the adopted qualitative subjective methodology.

Practical implications

Foreign-born templates of reforms may appear to be logical and coherent but they rest on certain assumptions about identities and value structures that are not necessarily congruent with the identities at the adoption site. For that reason, successful reform projects need to consider and problematise the content and shape of culturally conditioned identities.

Social implications

Understanding of public sector reforms' implication should lead to the improvement of change programmes as well as to the evolution of public administration towards a form more desired by the society. It is especially important as Polish society considers public administration as one of factors influencing (in a negative way) the quality of life.

Originality/value

The paper provides insight into public administration reforms in Poland and their impact on public servants' identities.


In this paper we propose a runtime-based selective task replication technique for task-parallel high performance computing applications. Our selective task replication technique is automatic and does not require modification/recompilation of OS, compiler or application code. Our heuristic, we call App_FIT, selects tasks to replicate such that the specified reliability target for an application is achieved. In our experimental evaluation, we show that App FIT selective replication heuristic is low-overhead and highly scalable. In addition, results indicate that complete task replication is overkill for achieving reliability targets. We show that with App FIT, we can tolerate pessimistic exascale error rates with only 53% of the tasks being replicated.


We present the results of the analysis of FLS 1718+59, a galaxy-galaxy gravitational lens system in the Spitzer First Look Survey (FLS) field. A background galaxy (zs = 0.245) is severely distorted by a nearby elliptical galaxy (zl = 0.08), via gravitational lensing. The system is analysed by several methods, including surface brightness fitting, gravitational lens modeling, and spectral energy distribution fitting. From Galfit and Ellipse we measure basic parameters of the galaxy, such as the effective radius and the average surface brightness within it. gravlens yields the total mass inside the Einstein radius (REin), and MAGPHYS gives us an estimate of the stellar mass inside REin. By comparing these parameters, we confirm that the lens galaxy is an elliptical galaxy on the Fundamental Plane and calculate the stellar mass fraction inside REin, and discuss the results with regards to the initial mass function.


Wireless Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is the interesting wireless broadband technology which has not ever been commercially operated in Thailand. This paper presents a simulation of planning and optimization for WiMAX multi-hop access network which deploys relay station (RS) to extend the coverage area of base station (BS) in a real area. Site placement is an important process for designing wireless access networks in order to optimize the investment cost and quality of services. The proposed multi-objective planning and optimization model aims to assign the optimal number and location of base stations and relay stations considering co-location sites with existing GSM mobile site. The city area of Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand is chosen for being study area. Integer Linear Programming is used for formulating the planning and optimization model which aims to minimize the BSes and RSes installation cost and maximize the service coverage under signal strength guarantee constraints simultaneously. Numerical network planning results demonstrate that the proposed model can achieve overall service area with economical implementation cost. In addition, it can efficiently serve users in the target service area under the specified budget limitation. Keywords— WiMAX, multi-objective optimization, multihop access network, site placement


Synopsis : Solid–liquid interfacial energy of steel during solidification was measured predicted from the both experimental techniques of unidirectional solidification and thermal analysis applying the dendrite growth model and heterogeneous nucleation model. Solid–liquid interfacial energy changed depending on primary phase during solidification, i.e. , that of primary d phase was larger than that of g phase. When the primary phase was the same, solid–liquid interfacial energy increased with increasing carbon content. Primary dendrite arm spacing changed depending on solid–liquid interfacial energy. A trace amount of bismuth which had the effect of a decrease in the solid–liquid interfacial energy of steel during solidification decreased primary and secondary dendrite arm spacing, significantly.


The problem of evaluating the quality of school geographical education is very relevant in the passing to the federal state educational standards. The article shows the possibility of assessing the quality of geographical education in the diagnostics of educational achievements through the performance of diagnostic tasks by students. There are offered tasks for introductory control, allowing tracing the formation of certain skills.


Developing Outward Bound(OB)in university physical education not only fosters students,interests in PE,enhances initiative of PE study,increases students,will-power but also helps them to take shape thought patter,positive way of coping,appropriate human relationships.


Objective To explore the influence of group training on rehabilitation curative effect of senile stroke. Methods 47 senile patients suffering stroke were grouped into training group and control group randomly,both the two groups' routine rehabilitation were same,but patients in training group take more group training than control group,every patient joined the group training about 30 to 60 minutes once,twice per week,and it lasted 6 weeks. Measurements included totality rehabilitation evaluation index,Fugl-Meyer,Barthel index,and HAMD index,to observe the different ability. Results After 6 weeks training,both the two groups' score of totality rehabilitation evaluation index,Fugl-Meyer,Barthel index,and HAMD index were higher (P0.01),but all the score of training group were higher than control group (P0.05). Conclusion It has some clinical meaning that group training can improve ehabilitation curative effect of senile stroke.


A software quality evaluation method for control system based on the extension engineering analysis method is proposed. The evaluating index system of software quality evaluation for control system was constructed. The matter elements models were constructed, and the goodness of mechanical design scheme was computed by using goodness evaluation method based on correlation function calculation. Then the pros or cons of system to be evaluated were determined by comparing the goodness value of each evaluation grade. Finally, the practical application showed that the evaluation method was scientific, clear, and effective and had good practicality.


In this paper, we elaborate on Connes� proof of the integrality of the trace conjecture for free groups, in order to show that any action of a group G on a tree leads to a similar integrality assertion concerning the trace on the group algebra CG, which is associated with the set of group elements that stabilize a vertex.


We observed the density fractionation of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Fe, Mn and TOC in estuarine sediment collected from Wuli Estuary and Xiaolinghe Estuary in the northwest of the Liaodong Gulf, China. It was found that the highest concentrations of metals occurred in the meso-density (2.0 - 2.3 g/cm3) fraction and the highest TOC content was found in the light (<;2.0 g/cm3) fraction. As the biggest fraction, the heaviest (>;2.5 g/cm3) contained the most of metals in the estuary (HLD-1), however, with the transportation of particle from HLD-1 to offshore site (HLD-4) the mesodensity of particle became the main carrier of heavy metals. Density fractionation of heavy metals and organic matter were similar between site HLD-4 and JZ-1, indicating the transportation of heavy metals associated with particulate had same transportation mechanism.


I F "the way of the transgressor is hard" (Prov. 13: 15), the way of the translator is scarcely less hard. Not only does translating require the utmost in concentrated effort, but the result will seldom please everyone~least of all the conscientious translator. The Italians have put the matter in a proverb: t raduttore t raditore ("the translator is a traitor"). Since not all nuances in a text can be conveyed into another language, one must choose which one or ones are to be rendered and which are not. For this reason the cynic speaks of translation as "the art of making the right sacrifice." In short, except on a purely practical level, translation is never entirely successful. There is always what Ortega y Gasset called the misery and the splendor of the translation process.! The translation of the Bible presents special difficulties. Since it is a source both of religious information and of religious inspiration, translations of it are required to be both accurate and literary. They should be suitable for rapid reading and for detailed study, and suitable also for ceremonial reading aloud to large and small audiences. Ideally they should be intelligible and even inviting to readers of all ages, of all degrees of education, and of almost all degrees of intelligence. Such an ideal is impossible of realization. For one thing, we cannot know today the tone of voice or nuance in which a statement was originally uttered. Is there, for example, a note of sarcasm in Paul's reference to the Jewish-Christian leaders in Jerusalem as "those who were reputed to be something" (Gal. 2:6)? Furthermore, apart from such irretrievable over-tones, before one can translate a passage, it is necessary to understand it, and where it is understood in different ways, the words chosen to translate it will differ. To be specific, what shall the translator do with proper names that can also be used as common nouns? Do we transliterate the name or translate its meaning? For example, in Hebrew the word adam is both a common noun meaning "man" or "mankind" as well as a proper name. In translating the book of Genesis the question arises at what point the translator should begin to use "Adam" rather than "man." On this matter there is no agreement among either ancient or


increase of 64 per cent. in the best class of recoveries obtained with continuous narcosis on the percentage obtained without such treatment. Though the difference is considerable the numbers are too small to have convincing statistical significance (X2=5.273, P>0-05). We think, however, that the factor of treatment by this method also contributes to the difference between Briner's results and ours. It will be interesting to see whether, in the course of time, insulin and cardiazol treatment will be capable of producing a substantial improvement on either series of results.


Abstract : Finite-amplitude standing waves contained within an air filled rigid- walled tube at ambient temperature and pressure were investigated experimentally. The pressure waveform in the tube was analyzed for subharmonic content for comparison with several existing theoretical models. Due to limitations of the experimental apparatus, the only model for which the predicted threshold for subharmonic generation could be exceeded was that of Coppens which predicts subharmonic generation when the strength parameter exceeds 2.0. Strength parameter is defined as M2BetaQ1 where M2 is the Mach number of the driving frequency, Beta = 1.2 in air, and Q1 is the quality factor associated with the subharmonic resonance. Strength parameters up to 2.89 were investigated and no threshold effect was observed.


Copyright © 2020, Lily Bi. This article is published under a Creative Commons BY-NC license. Permission is granted to copy and distribute this article for non-commercial purposes, in both printed and electronic formats The internal audit function is the central point of interest for management and the board of directors as its role is to help the organization accomplish its objectives by improving its governance, risk management, and internal control processes. Internal audit independence lays the foundation for its assurance services. Although the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) requires that chief audit executives (CAE) report to the board to ensure internal audit independence, regulations are silent on this requirement. The variances of governance models added complexity. CAEs' relationship with the board differs depending on the organization's board structures. Tradition, history, culture, and legal systems have created the world's diverse corporate governance models. The three typical representations of governance models are the Anglo-American, the Germanic, and the Japanese (Clarke, 2016). The Anglo-American model, also known as the one-tier board model, is widely adopted in the publicly traded companies in the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The Germanic model, also called the two-tier board model, is widely adopted in the publicly traded companies in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Sweden, and Denmark. The Japanese model, called the hybrid board model in this paper, is adopted in the publicly traded companies in Japan and China. An internal audit function provides assurance of the effectiveness of the organization's risk management. The realization of the function's strategic role depends on its independence. How does corporate governance impact internal audit independence?


The scrambling of digital image is the foundation of covering huge image information. A new class of images scrambling technique named Quasi-Affine Transform over Limited Integer Grids (QATLIG) is presented, based on the idea of building reversible linear transform that mapping integers to integers. The main research pays attention to the properties and the construction of QATLIG. The periodicity of QATLIG on digital image is discussed. The experiment result shows that QATLIG has a larger period and leads to a better result when used in digital image scrambling, so it is superior to Arnold transform, Fibonacci transform and other geometric transforms.


This report presents the opinions of Michigan's local government leaders on a range of issues surrounding roads and bridges in their jurisdictions, from their current condition and maintenance to state and local road funding. Findings in the report are based on statewide surveys of local government leaders in the Fall 2014 wave of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS).


Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is an effective method to evaluate complex decision-making processes, but the weights are always manually assigned. Therefore, the neural network method is usually ...


ABSTRACT We examined the mechanism of resistance against reactivation of infection with Toxoplasma gondii in the brain. BALB/c-background gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-knockout (IFN-γ−/−) and control mice were infected and treated with sulfadiazine beginning 4 days after infection for 3 weeks. After discontinuation of treatment, IFN-γ−/− mice succumbed to toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) and died, whereas control animals did not develop TE and survived. Adoptive transfer of immune spleen cells from infected control mice did not prevent development of TE or mortality in the IFN-γ−/− mice. To examine whether the failure of the cell transfer to protect against TE is unique to IFN-γ−/− mice, athymic nude and SCID mice that lack T cells were infected and injected with the immune spleen or T cells in the same manner as IFN-γ−/− mice. Whereas control nude and SCID mice that had not received the immune cells developed severe TE and died after discontinuation of sulfadiazine, those that had received the cells did not develop TE and survived. Before cell transfer, IFN-γ mRNA was detected in brains of infected nude and SCID but not in brains of IFN-γ−/− mice. IFN-γ mRNA was also detected in brains of infected SCID mice depleted of NK cells by treatment with anti-asialo GM1 antibody, and such animals did not develop TE after receiving immune T cells. Thus, IFN-γ production by non-T cells, in addition to T cells, is required for prevention of reactivation of T. gondii infection in the brain. The IFN-γ-producing non-T cells do not appear to be NK cells.


We introduce a novel approach to reveal ordering fluctuations in sheared dense suspensions, using line scanning in a combined rheometer and laser scanning confocal microscope. We validate the technique with a moderately dense suspension, observing modest shear-induced ordering and a nearly linear flow profile. At high concentration (ϕ = 0.55) and applied stress just below shear thickening, we report ordering fluctuations with high temporal resolution, and directly measure a decrease in order with distance from the suspension's bottom boundary as well as a direct correlation between order and particle concentration. Higher applied stress produces shear thickening with large fluctuations in boundary stress which we find are accompanied by dramatic fluctuations in suspension flow speeds. The peak flow rates are independent of distance from the suspension boundary, indicating that they likely arise from transient jamming that creates solid-like aggregates of particles moving together, but only briefly because the high speed fluctuations are interspersed with regions flowing much more slowly, suggesting that shear thickening suspensions possess complex internal structural dynamics, even in relatively simple geometries.


The Program Development group at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center has been involved in studying the feasibility of placing a 16 meter telescope on the lunar surface to scan the skies using visible/ Ultraviolet/ Infrared light frequencies. The precursor telescope is now called the TRANSIT LUNAR TELESCOPE (LTT). The Program Development Group at Marshall Space Flight Center has been given the task of developing the basic concepts and providing a feasibility study on building such a telescope. The telescope should be simple with minimum weight and volume to fit into one of the available launch vehicles. The preliminary launch date is set for 2005. A study was done to determine the launch vehicle to be used to deliver the telescope to the lunar surface. The TITAN IV/Centaur system was chosen. The engineering challenge was to design the largest possible telescope to fit into the TITAN IV/Centaur launch system. The telescope will be comprised of the primary, secondary and tertiary mirrors and their supporting system in addition to the lander that will land the telescope on the lunar surface and will also serve as the telescope's base. The lunar lander should be designed integrally with the telescope in order to minimize its weight, thus allowing more weight for the telescope and its support components. The objective of this study were to design a lander that meets all the constraints of the launching system. The basic constraints of the TITAN IV/Centaur system are given.


Ant colony algorithm is a stochastic search optimization algorithm, which needs to be improved in solving the formulation design problem of continuous variables. Firefly algorithm has the characteristics of fast convergence. The firefly algorithm combines ant colony algorithm through orthogonal design, orthogonal solution space discrete to form orthogonal discrete points, dynamic probability transfer planning, combined random search and deterministic search, through the initial solution Group, adaptive group, the optimal solution group process, using firefly and ant colony fusion algorithm to solve the problem of formula design, and provides a unique method for the optimal combination of algorithms.


The purpose of this project was to determine if it was possible to take Shakespeare's text and, preserving the language, present it in a way which would make it more accessible to a modern audience. It was also important to maintain the appropriate acting style and technique that distinguishes classical acting. The success of the project was achieved by applying conventional techniques of classical theater and adapting them to a musical theatre format. The audience's familiarity with that format made the understanding of the text less difficult and led to an enjoyable connection with


Objective To discuss the dynamic variation of the reference limit of newborn's reticulocyte count. Methods From 115 healthy newborns aged 1~10 d, the reticulocytes were counted with Beckman-Coult stks-3B automated blood cell counter, and the data were compared with that of Miller's method ( recommended by International Committee for Standardization in Haematology, ICSH). Results Obvious daily decrease was noticed in the first 5~7 neonatal days (P0.01), with the reticulocyte count dropped from 4.081% to 0.714%. No further drop was found on the 8th~10th days, and there were no differences between the results obtained by automated blood cell counter method and Miller's method (P0.05). Conclusion The results indicate that the reference limit of newborn's reticulocyte count is markedly related to the neonatal life in days. The presence of the low value phase is of clinical significance. The automated blood cell counter method can be adopted to substitute Miller's method.


2,2'-Diamino-1,1'-binaphthyl was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction from β-naphthol and hydrazine hydrate.The raw product was purified by a new method which using DMSO/water/ethanol(15 ∶60 ∶40) as solvent.The purification procedure was simplified compare with literature method,with a production of 55 %.


The article considers the problem of rendering transformed language similes. It provides illustrative examples and their analysis along with the procedure and steps of translating them from English into Russian.


The bit error rate (BER) expression and performance of free-space optical communication link in clear but turbulent atmosphere using subcarrier intensity modulation (SIM) with differential phase shift keying (DPSK) is presented. The practical linear combining technique suitable for differentially modulated data (selection combining) is considered and its performance evaluated under weak atmospheric turbulence. The theoretical link margin obtainable from using selection combining under weak turbulence modeled as log normal distribution is also discussed.


A single frequency Brillouin fiber laser used as a local oscillator for Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry (BOTDR) is designed and developed without using expensive instruments or complicated system. A BOTDR with this reference Brillouin laser for distributed measurement over 53km sensing fiber has been experimentally demonstrated. Experimental results show that the system can accurately measure the Brillouin scattering spectrum distribution with a much lower frequency bandwidth detector.


The formation of a GeO2 overlayer on a Ge sample surface in the air and subsequent removal of the overlayer in ultrahigh vacuum is a newly developed method of cleaning Ge surfaces. Using an excimer lamp as an ultraviolet light source for the oxidation, we attempted to clean Ge(110), (111) and (100) surfaces and observed that well-reconstructed structures characteristic of clean surfaces appeared on the surfaces. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction observations immediately after the removal of the oxide overlayer suggest that the interface of the oxide overlayer and Ge(110) substrate is rough, but it is relatively smooth in the cases of Ge(111) and Ge(100) substrates.


The embodiment of the invention discloses a method for transforming the shape of an image, which comprises the following steps of: determining a target area; enabling the boundaries of the target area to be sequentially corresponding to the boundaries of a source area according to the order of connection; determining the value of the pixel in the corresponding position in the target area according to the value of the pixel in the source area of the image by utilizing a linear interpolation algorithm; and generating an image with a converted shape in the target area according to the value of the pixel in the corresponding position in the target area. The embodiment of the invention also discloses a system for transforming the shape of an image. By adopting the invention, the computation of some inefficient points can be reduced, the operation frequencies can be reduced, and the shape of the image can be simply and quickly transformed.


Compared with high-level protection of intellectual property as private right, TRIPS shows inadequate concern about public interests. The Doha Declaration put public health right before private property and set an important level for the developing members of the WTO. The implementation of paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration is a triumph of the human cause for development and the developing members of the WTO. With the symbol of the Doha conference and the turning point of the public health issue, the international protection system of intellectual property will go more reasonably in the 21st century.


The present invention discloses a method and apparatus for receiving an MBMS UE under carrier aggregation, comprising: a user equipment of multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) capability (UE) determines all component carriers on geographic location itself can be received (CC); all CC CC determines the UE carried in the MBMS; the UE receives the MBMS from the MBMS bearer CC. By the present invention, it is possible to solve the problems due to the demand of the network side receiving the MBMS UE understand caused UE can not receive the MBMS service from the CC.


Closed string tachyon condensation resolves the singularities of nonsupersymmetric orbifolds, however the resolved space typically has fewer D-brane charges than that of the orbifold. The description of the tachyon condensation process via a gauged linear sigma model enables one to track the topology as one passes from the sigma model's ``orbifold phase'' to its resolved, ``geometric phase,'' and thus to follow how the D-brane charges disappear from the effective spacetime dynamics. As a mathematical consequence, our results point the way to a formulation of a ``quantum McKay correspondence'' for the resolution of toric orbifold singularities.


Previous studies have shown that vitamin D deficiency, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is prevalent in obese individuals. Vitamin D status is dependent on sun exposure, age, sex, skin color, and body fat distribution. The Multicultural‐Community Health Assessment Trial (M‐CHAT) showed that ethnicity predicts body fat distribution with greater visceral adipose tissue (VAT) per kg of body fat in South Asians compared to Europeans. The goal of this study is to investigate if serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D] is associated with body fat deposition in 187 European and 192 South Asian MCHAT subjects. South Asians had lower (P<0.001) levels of 25(OH)D than Europeans. Using regression models adjusted for ethnicity, 25(OH)D was inversely associated with season, percent body fat, HOMA‐IR and age (P< 0.05). Following further adjustment for body fat distribution serum 25(OH)D was inversely associated with VAT (P<0.001) but not subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). When VAT and SAT were included in the same model, the relationship of serum 25(OH)D with VAT remained (P = 0.001) and there was no relationship with SAT. Similar results were also found when Europeans and South Asians were analyzed separately. These findings show that vitamin D levels are strongly associated with VAT deposition and are lower in South Asians further contributing to the elevated risk for cardiovascular disease in this population.


Seed treatments containing fluquinconazole, silthiofam or a standard fungicide mixture with no activity against take-all were compared in all combinations of sequences in successive second and third winter wheat crops in five field experiments and second to fourth crops in a sixth experiment. Compared with the standard treatment, silthiofam decreased take-all more effectively than fluquinconazole when crops were sampled at tillering. In samples taken in summer, during grain filling, silthiofam often decreased the incidence of take-all (percentage of plants with root symptoms) more than fluquinconazole, but fluquinconazole more effectively decreased the incidence of severe take-all (percentage of plants with more than 75% of their root systems blackened). It is suggested that these differences are a consequence of more effective control of primary infection of roots by silthiofam and of secondary, root-to-root, infection by fluquinconazole. Silthiofam usually increased yield more than did fluquinconazole, perhaps as a consequence of better early protection during tiller and/or spikelet formation. Treatment with either of the fungicides affected epidemic development in the treated crop and in crops grown subsequently. In particular, decreased take-all had the effect of delaying the year-to-year epidemic, so that nontreatment of a subsequent crop resulted in an upsurge in disease. Treatment with either take-all fungicide of a crop grown after a treated crop was relatively effective if the epidemic in the comparable nontreated crop sequence was continuing to increase. It was, however, detrimental if the disease was approaching its peak in the first treated crop, particularly if a treated (fourth wheat) crop was being compared with a similar crop in a nontreated sequence in which take-all decline had developed. These results provide a basis for recommendations for the use of seed treatment fungicides in sequences of wheat crops.


A new routing protocol called QUR(QoS-support Unidirectional-link Routing) is designed to provide QoSsupport in MANETs with unidirectional links,and a new bandwidth calculation algorithm is proposed.Both the hop distance and the bandwidth of the path are considered in QUR to improve the performance of MANETs,and bandwidth resource is reserved along the path for real-time traffic.The simulation results show that the QoS of real-time traffic is guaranteed in QUR,and QUR achieves better performance in terms of throughput and control overhead compared with DSDV.


The utility model discloses a simultaneous measuring device for the anoxia resistance and the oxygen consumption dynamic variation of puppies, comprising a sealed bottle (1), a measuring tube (9), a water storage bottle (11), an instrument case (12), an article storage box (14) and a standby bottle (15). An evacuation pipe (10) is arranged is arranged on the upside of the water storage bottle (11) arranged on the inner bottom of the instrument case (12), and one end of the measuring tube (9) is connected with a rubber tube (5) linked with a bottle stopper (4) through a glass tee joint (7); besides, the sealed bottle (1) is arranged inside with proper amount of carbon dioxide absorbent (2). Each index of the anoxia resistance of the puppies can be simultaneously determined by the utility model, the indexes comprise the time of the death from suffocation, the accumulated oxygen consumption, the unit oxygen consumption and the general oxygen consumption, and the oxygen consumption at any time can be determined. The utility model which can simultaneously satisfy the demand of observing the anoxia survival time of the puppies and the continuous measurement of the oxygen consumption dynamic variation is a simple, efficient and practical simultaneous determination device for the anoxia resistance and the oxygen consumption dynamic variation of the puppies.


The invention relates to the technical field of medical detection and discloses a detection device for the instability of the genome copy number. The detection device comprises a sequencing unit, a calculation unit and a statistical analysis unit, wherein the sequencing unit is used for sequencing of free DNAs in a plasma sample of a person to be detected and obtaining the sequencing number of each genome window of the sample to be detected; the calculating unit is used for calculating the variance value of the copy number of each genome window; and the statistical analysis unit is used for carrying out statistics on the variance value of the copy number of each genome window and analyzing whether the instability of the genome copy number exists. The detected instability of the genome copy number can be further used for judging the risk of the person to be detected suffered from the cancers. The detection device disclosed by the invention has the advantages that a molecular biological sequencing technology and a biological information analysis technology are combined, the recognition for the abnormal condition of the copy number of chromosome is achieved by detecting free DNAs in blood, so that whether the person to be detected is suffered from cancers is judged, and further early-stage non-invasive screening for the cancers is realized.


Displaying a cursor indicating the position of the user input on the list of items and a display unit including a plurality of items on the display unit, in response to the step of detecting a user input and a user input to move the cursor, moves the cursor, based on at least one item and the cursor position of a plurality of items related, the image display method comprising the step of changing the properties of at least one item included in the list of items is provided.


"We address the issue of how early retirement may interact with limited use of financial markets in producing financial hardship later in life, when some risks (such as long-term care) are not insured. We argue that the presence of financially attractive early retirement schemes in a world of imperfect financial and insurance markets can lead to an 'early retirement trap'. Indeed, Europe witnesses many (early) retired individuals in financial distress. In our analysis we use data on 10 European countries, which differ in their pension and welfare systems, in prevailing retirement age and in households' access to financial markets. We find evidence that an early retirement trap exists, particularly in some Southern and Central European countries: people who retired early in life are more likely to be in financial hardship in the long run. Our analysis implies that governments should stop making early retirement attractive, let retirees go back to work, improve access to financial markets and make sure long-term care problems are adequately insured." Copyright (c) CEPR, CES, MSH, 2009.


The Franco-Ontarian community has always been made up of people whose language and culture were similar. Over the past 20 years, important changes have taken place, particularly in urban centres where the French-speaking immigrants came from all parts of the world. A veritable micro cosmos has resulted, reflecting the growth of the world community of francophones (Ministry of Education and Training, 1993). Ontario is a large province with regional differences which are reflected in the concentration and composition of the population. In a number of towns, French is the language of the majority but francophones can be found across the province. A large number of newly arrived immigrants from other French-speaking environments, have settled in Ontario, especially in urban regions, where they are now actively engaged in maintaining and promoting the use of French within their respective ethnocultural communities. Given the historical context of the evolution of French schools in Ontario, the arrival of new francophones can be beneficial. This is the basis from which one must examine the position of French-language schools in Ontario when redefining their role and the changes that must be made to include these new groups of francophones.


Objective
To investigate the correlation between low serum albumin level and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heart disease.

Methods
A total of 367 consecutive patients with stable coronary heart disease from April 2013 to April 2015 in the Central Hospital of Nanchong City Sichuan Province were selected, and 328 cases completed follow-up. The follow-up time was (15.3 ± 8.1) months. The patients were divided into normal albumin group (serum albumin ≥ 35 g/L, 244 cases) and low serum albumin group (serum albumin < 35 g/L, 84 cases); then according to the happening of the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), the patients were divided into MACE group (53 cases) and non-MACE group (275 cases). The general clinical data were collected, including the gender, age, basic diseases (diabetes, hypertension), smoking history, body mass index (BMI), number of blood vessel lesion, drug treatment history. The serum albumin, hemoglobin, creatine, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triacylglycerol (TG), high sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP) were detected. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula; the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was detected by color Doppler echocardiography. The Kaplan-Meier curve and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve were analyzed respectively, and the prognosis was analyzed by Cox regression.

Results
The age, diabetes rate, TG and hs-CRP in low serum albumin group were significantly higher than those in normal albumin group: (66.99 ± 9.40) years vs. (61.65 ± 9.36) years, 46.43% (39/84) vs. 34.02% (83/244), (2.36 ± 0.10) mmol/L vs. (2.15 ± 0.05) mmol/L and (4.10 ± 0.35) g/L vs. (3.83 ± 0.39) g/L, the albumin, hemoglobin, LVEF and eGFR were significantly lower than those in normal albumin group: (30.36 ± 3.09) g/L vs. (42.95 ± 4.86) g/L, (126.42 ± 18.45) g/L vs. (142.35 ± 16.53) g/L, (50.71 ± 5.60)% vs. (56.66 ± 8.01)% and (68.25 ± 12.47) ml/(min·1.73 m2) vs. (84.42 ± 14.48) ml/(min·1.73 m2), and there were statistical differences (P 0.05). The albumin in MACE group was significantly lower than that in non-MACE group: (34.09 ± 6.87) g/L vs. (40.81 ± 6.90) g/L, the TG was significantly higher than that in non-MACE group: (2.24 ± 0.11) mmol/L vs. (2.20 ± 0.11) mmol/L, and there were statistical differences (P 0.05). Cox regression analysis result showed that the hemoglobin, eGFR and albumin were the independent risk factors of MACE in patients with stable coronary heart disease (RR = 1.020, 1.040 and 0.787; 95% CI 1.001 to 1.040, 1.016 to 1.064 and 0.733 to 0.846; P < 0.05 or <0.01). Kaplan-Meier curve result showed that the lower the level of serum albumin, the higher the incidence of MACE in patients with stable coronary heart disease (log-rank χ2 = 6.244, P = 0.012). ROC curve analysis result showed that the cut-off value of serum albumin was 39.8 g/L, the area under curve was 0.769 (95% CI 0.719 to 0.813), with a sensitivity of 90.6%, a specificity of 60.4%.

Conclusions
There is close correlation between low serum albumin and recent MACE in patients with stable coronary heart disease, and it can be used as a index for the poor prognosis of patients.

Key words:
Coronary artery disease; Serum albumin; Forecasting; Major adverse cardiovascular events


In this research, we proposed a game construction framework for designing games to teach young children programming in Taiwan. We focused on kids around 6-7 years old. For kids at such ages, solutions such as LEGO or Scratch may not be acceptable (considering that in Taiwan there is no official curriculum for teaching programming or computational thinking for kids at such ages). Although the blueprint setup a goal of information education for elementary schools, no real time slot is allocated in the current curriculum of elementary schools. The fact shows that teaching programming for young kids in Taiwan is difficult with existing tools/products. In this research, we proposed KCSB, a game construction framework which includes a set of runtime objects, a gd file parser, and a game creator. The framework is based on the Godot game engine. Designers can use the proposed framework with the Godot game engine to develop games that are suitable for teaching programming concepts for young children. At the current stage, the framework supports these progamming concepts: problem solving, algorithm evaluation, function (reusable component) definition, and loop. In the manuscript, an example demonstrating the use of the framework is also included.


This paper presents the optimal design to reduce harmonics on the electric railway system. The optimal location and parameters of the RC-bank are designed. Establishing the RC-bank at SP is most profitable on the harmonic control side and the economic performance side as preventive equipment against high-harmonic order. The most suitable values are R value 550 Omega and C value 0.30 muF as the design parameters of the RC-bank


The main purpose of this study is to provide the comprehensive literature review in the nexus of accounting games (manual and digital). Students" expectation for learning concepts is rapidly changing and their concentration levels are decreasing drastically. Students are exposed to various levels of games and activities right from childhood and their expectation of games extended to the education as well. Now, it is the turn of educators to adopt the various concepts of teaching and learning in the mode of activities rather traditional method/s. The discipline of accounting is not an exception to this radical change. Accounting students wants to learn concepts with the help of games, activities either manual or digital. Some researchers developed and executed games in accounting education. Unfortunately, most of the games are not popular and predictable to the accounting educators. It may not be possible to an educator to invent a game for all the concepts all the time to present in the class. The current study explores all articles on Accounting games pedagogy (manual and digital) published in prominent A*, A and B category Accounting journals of ABDC (2019) list (53 Accounting Journals) during 15-year period i.e. from 2005-2019. Articles from these journals are categorized into five sections corresponding to traditional knowledge bases: (1) Curriculum and instruction (2) Instruction by content area (3) Educational Technology (4) Students (5) Faculty. We aim to support the Accounting educators to take a quick reference of our article to get an insight on available games before going to the class. We tried our best to present the details of games & activities as much deeper as possible for the ready reference but in case educators look for more information, they can always refer the original published paper.


This paper expounds the problems existing in the human resource of university library at present, and advances some measures for the development and management of human resource of university library.


Police work and police education is not the relation of leader and being led or practice and theory,but the relation of developing resources and nourishing each other;the deep and leaping development of police work should depend on police education.The key to the problem of police work is that there is little strategic examination to police education.Police schools' standardized construction should develop on the basis of mutually beneficial,intergrowth and fusion of police education and police work.


This paper is concerned with the giving a generalization of statistically limit inferior and statistically limit superior defined in [15]. Properties of  and is given for a function defined on time scale .


MOTIVATION
The existence of quasispecies in the viral population causes difficulties for disease prevention and treatment. High-throughput sequencing provides opportunity to determine rare quasispecies and long sequencing reads covering full genomes reduce quasispecies determination to a clustering problem. The challenge is high similarity of quasispecies and high error rate of long sequencing reads.

RESULTS
We developed QuasiSeq using a novel signature-based self-tuning clustering method, SigClust, to profile viral mixtures with high accuracy and sensitivity. QuasiSeq can correctly identify quasispecies even using low-quality sequencing reads (accuracy <80%) and produce quasispecies sequences with high accuracy (≥99.55%). Using high-quality CCS reads, QuasiSeq can produce quasispecies sequences with 100% accuracy. QuasiSeq has higher sensitivity and specificity than similar published software. Moreover, the requirement of the computational resource can be controlled by the size of the signature, which makes it possible to handle big sequencing data for rare quasispecies discovery. Furthermore, parallel computation is implemented to process the clusters and further reduce the runtime. Finally, we developed a web-interface for the QuasiSeq workflow with simple parameter settings based on the quality of sequencing data, making it easy to use for users without advanced data science skills.

AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION
QuasiSeq is open source and freely available at https://github.com/LHRI-Bioinformatics/QuasiSeq. The current release (v1.0.0) is archived and available at https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/340494542.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.


Studies related to sustainable development have been evolving and with them the issues pertinent to the need for change in the individual's attitude as the one responsible for the realization of this new form of development. To better understand this idea, education is understood as an important tool to set up a way of thinking that can provide the information required for raising awareness about the practices that should be developed, both in the initial educational years of the citizen-consumer, as the continuing education in the Higher Education Institutions (heis), in the forming of society. This article aims to examine, from this perspective, how sustainable development education has been addressed in Recife's hei's. An exploratory-descriptive study was conducted through qualitative, semi-structured interviews with representatives from the Administration course of the selected institutions. Based on thematic analysis to understand the subject, possible alternatives were presented in order to contribute to sustainable development education being present in many of the institutions' curricular components.


The wellknown macroscopic elastic anomalies of interme¬ diate valence compounds have stimulated wide speculations about the existence of phonon anomalies, but direct evidence from experiments has been missing. Therefore a Raman investi¬ gation of the phononic properties of mixed valent Tm com¬ pounds was performed. The Raman spectra of metallic chalcogenides with fee crystal structure show a defectinduced one phonon density of states. The trivalent Gd and La chalcogenides were used as reference materials without specific phonon anomalies to study the basic scattering mechanism and the in¬ fluences of sample stoichiometry and preparation on the Raman spectra. The Raman bands could be identified with distinct phonon branches by comparison with the wellknown semiconduc¬ ting europium chalcogenides. In the ideal intermediate valent system Tm Se the valence mixing can be controlled in a wide range by the sample stoi¬ chiometry. In the Raman spectra two phonon anomalies are ob¬ served: a softening of the zone boundary LO frequency linear with the degree of valence mixing and an anomalous scattering peak in the acoustic phonon range around 60 cm . The fully symmetric r. Raman tensor contributes most of the scattering intensity. The anomalies are discussed in terms of a breathing 13 12 deformation model. The degeneracy of the 4f and the 4f 5d states with different ionic radii gives rise to an enormous monopolar charge deformability of the Tm ions. The LO phonons at the L point of the Brillouin zone and the LA branch half¬ way between the r and L point couple most strongly to this r. deformability. The strong coupling of phonons and charge fluc¬ tuations is responsible for a frequency softening and the ob¬ served shift of the LO band. Due to a symmetry dependent en¬ hancement of the electron-phonon matrix elements an increased scattering contribution from these modes is projected into the Raman density of states. The renormalized LA(CSC) phonons ap¬ pear as a distinct band around 60 cm in the Raman spectra. This view is further established experimentally by the inve¬ stigation of the mixed systems TmSe, Te and Tm._ Eu Se, A~X X J. X X where the degree of valence mixing is changed by chemical substitution. In the semiconducting Tm, Eu Se the defectinduced den¬ sity of states is superimposed by a multiphonon structure with to. = 152 cm . From the temperature dependence and the polarization analysis which displays a predominant antisym¬ metric r,s scattering, a spin disorder scattering from zone boundary LO phonons is established. Concerning the old con¬ troversy between the spin disorder process and hot lumines¬ cence as the scattering mechanism in the europium chalcogenides an argument in favour of the spin disorder model is deduced from the investigation of impurity spectra of Tel¬ lurium compounds.


ABSTRACT This article analyses the determinants of job satisfaction amongst Spanish academics, paying particular attention to the impact of research productivity and differences across graduation cohorts. Research productivity is a very relevant factor in explaining job satisfaction in academics in different stages of their career. Interesting differences across graduation cohorts are found as regards the impact of research productivity and other satisfaction drivers, such as other research outcomes – research stays abroad and cooperation with teams abroad – and teaching load, marital status and young children. Higher education institutions aiming to foster productivity and stability in their academic staff should adapt their incentive systems to the preferences and concerns of this particular type of worker and promote their internal motivation.


This paper is written to analyze whether poverty is contributing to the problem of children who need special protection and how the poverty makes children suffer until the extent to require special protection. The analyzed data are cases of 25 children who have received special protection from five Children Protection House (RPSA) in Indonesia. These cases are the result of research that is conducted by Central of Research and Development of Social Welfare, Puslitbang Kesos, in 2011 to evaluate the Children's Social Protection Program through the Children Protection House (RSPA). An analysis of the poverty factor in the case of children who need special protection is very important, considering that in previous research the poverty factor have not been explored yet. While in every case of the research on those chlidren, it indicates that poverty is the root of the problem faced by almost all children. From the case of 25 children turn out that 24 children (96%) are caming from poor family. Poverty makes children suffer-need special protection-through two patterns. First, poverty undermines the family unity, to transfer children's nurture from biological family to other party. Second, poverty makes families fail to meet the needs of children. First or second pattern leads to suffer children. Children become victims, neglected or being neglected, exploited sexually and or economically, physical violence and emotional pressure until they leave for and live in the street.


The Uluru Statement from the Heart of May 2017 articulated an Indigenous vision for a better relationship between settler and Indigenous Australians: one 'based on justice and self-determination'.1 The culmination of years of consultation with Indigenous people about constitutional recognition, the statement proposed a referendum in which the Australian people could approve (or not) the formation of an Indigenous deliberative and advisory body – a Voice to Parliament. The government-appointed Referendum Council endorsed this proposal, but the Australian Government quickly dismissed it in October 2017. One prominent advocate of the Uluru Statement and member of the Referendum Council, Megan Davis, seemed to anticipate that response when, back in January 2016, she stated that 'Australia has rejected selfdetermination – freedom, agency, choice, autonomy, dignity – as being fundamental to Indigenous humanness and development'.2


In this paper we show a neural network based method to develop a relationship between core permeability data and a set of other well logs to complete permeability information in well areas that do not contain that information. As an alternative to the common multi layer perceptron we use a special network architecture that has several advantages in approaching the optimal network size. In combination with parallel learning, automatic network growing and sophisticated stopping criteria that architecture allows an efficient and robust estimation of the optimal network for a particular problem. We use resistivity, gamma-ray, density, neutron porosity and the p-wave sonic logs as model input yielding a heuristic permeability model that allows completion of information in the area of interest yielding a synthetic permeability log. In addition convolutional network input in combination with principal component transform enhances the quality of the resulting model.


A summary of the properties of charm particles produced in 360 GeV//ital c//pi//sup /minus// /ital p/ and 400 GeV//ital c/ /ital pp/ interactions is reported. The experiment wasperformed using the high resolution hydrogen bubble chamber LEBC in associationwith the European Hybrid Spectrometer at the CERN SPS. A brief description ofthe experimental set up and a resume of the charm decay samples obtained isgiven. Results are presented on some of the intrinsic properties of charmparticles measured in this experiment. The hadroproduction properties of charmstates are presented and compared with predictions emerging from QCD inspiredphenomenology.


Presents the architecture of a hybrid neural network expert system shell. The system, structured around the concept of a "network element", is aimed at preserving the semantic structure of the expert system rules whilst incorporating the learning capability of neural networks into the inferencing mechanism. Using this architecture, every rule of the knowledge base is represented by a one- or two-layer neural network element. These network elements are dynamically linked up to form a rule-tree during the inferencing process. The system is also able to adjust its inferencing strategy according to different users and situations. A rule editor is also provided to enable easy maintenance of the neural network rule elements.<<ETX>>


SUMMARY

This article uses ordinary least squares to estimate the trade effects of the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAFTA). Estimates are made for total LAFTA and for each member country. The basic models use income, foreign exchange and a proxy for economic integration. The findings indicate that economic integration promoted an expansion of intra-LAFTA trade for all member countries. And most of the increased intra-LAFTA trade was diverted from third countries. The findings also confirm the importance of the foreign exchange constraint for the trade of developing countries. An analysis of the reciprocity of concessions indicates that the effective concessions which Argentina received were less than those it granted to other LAFTA members. More pronounced were the similar findings for Chile and Colombia. In contrast, the 'favored', less developed LAFTA members (Ecuador, Paraguay, and Uruguay) received concessions worth many times the value of the concessions which they granted.


The guarantee for the secrecy of correspondence, as part of the right to respect for private and family life, has represented and still represents a constant issue for domestic and international law. Thus, on one hand, the amazing evolution of technology has created possibilities for breaking the right to the secrecy of communication, thus constituting a threat to individuals' private life. On the other hand, the interference of the public authorities in the private life, made on reasonable grounds, should be accompanied by guarantees indicating that there is no abuse of power. This study intends to make an analysis of the regulations, mainly the internal ones that guarantee people's freedom to communicate by long distance communication means, as well as those stipulating the lawful interception of communications in cases of major public interests, in the light of the exigencies expressed by the case law of the ECHR.


The problem that any program addresses and the means by which it does so is determined by the ways those problems are initially defined. Since problem definition is often a function of local perspectivies, it is important to look at how smaller communities differ from larger ones and how they are alike and the variations within each of the setting types.


A detailed re-investigation of the complexation of zinc(II) and cadmium(II) ions by cyanide at high pH values has been made in aqueous 3 M NaCl medium at 25°C using glass electrode potentiometry. Both metal ion systems gave clear evidence for the formation of ternary hydroxocyano complexes although only the Zn(II) species could be characterised quantitatively due to the lack of quantitative information for the Cd(II)-OH− complexes in this medium. A detailed computational analysis using the ESTA suite of programs has been made, including an assessment of the effects of error propagation in these highly correlated systems by Monte Carlo simulation. Formation constants are derived for the binary H+-, Zn(II)-, and Cd(II}-CN− systems and ternary Zn(II)CN−-OH− system. For both metal ions a maximum coordination number of four was found even for the ternary systems. The absence of higher coordination number complexes was confirmed by FTIR and 13C NMR spectroscopy.


A general method to derive the control strategy for arbitrary modular multilevel topologies is presented. The number of internal currents is derived from the topology. A strategy for arm symmetrization with arbitrarily controllable powers is given.


Flexibility is a major concern in engineering design. This paper examines two complementary approaches to designing flexibility into engineering systems. One approach, based on system decomposition, emphasizes a one-to-one mapping between form and function, as in modular designs. The second approach decouples form from function, enabling a many-to-many mapping, as in layered designs. These approaches need not be mutually exclusive; rather, they can be synergistic. These claims are examined using simulated intermodal shipping networks. Implications for system design are discussed. Keywords—Flexibility; abstraction; aggregation; hierarchy;


This chapter presents the analytical framework for studying the political leadership performance of EU Commission presidents. First, it clarifies why European integration theories have proved insufficient in explaining the actual impact and performance of the presidents of the European Commission. Second, it conceptualizes political leadership as a behavioral phenomenon within the field of social interaction and relates it to European governance. Third, it introduces the interactionist approach to analyzing political leadership, focusing on its central variables: (1) personal (pre-)dispositions, (2) institutional structure, and (3) situational setting. Moreover, it develops a typology of patterns of leadership performance and a functional-phases/variable model to operationalize leadership analysis of the Commission presidency. Fourth and finally, it presents the research strategy, encompassing a structured, focused comparison alongside systematic content and discourse analyses for each case under study.


The most promising applications for thermoacoustic cooling are investigated from the perspective of the thermodynamic second law efficiency in this paper. A design optimization program interacting with the thermoacoustic simulation program known as DELTAE was developed. Then it was applied to two of the most common configurations for standing-wave thermoacoustic coolers in order to determine the best possible second law efficiencies for various temperature spans between hot-side and cold-side stack-end temperatures. It was found that the second law efficiency of thermoacoustic coolers increases with temperature span and reaches a maximum for temperature lifts around 80 °C. Analysis of the results and the losses clearly show that from an efficiency perspective, thermoacoustics performs well for refrigeration applications but poorly for both air-conditioning and cryogenic cooling. The second law efficiencies determined from measurements for various thermoacoustic coolers developed so far show a similar trend.


Review of Iodine Literature and Observations, with Particular Reference to Domestic Animals Although the cause and treatment of goiter in animals has in comparatively recent years engaged the attention of breeders and scientific workers, the disease has masqueraded under many colors and in many lands since ancient times. Vegitius in thefourth century observed goiter in draft animals and the Berber explorer, Leo Africanus, wrote lucidly of the goitrous and cowardly lions common to certain regions in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco. The effect of goiter in these animals was so marked as to perpetuate the old proverb: "Thou art brave as a lion of Alga, whose tail may be eaten by calves."


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We measure the topology (genus curve) of the galaxy distribution in a very large cosmological simulation designed to resemble closely results from the upcoming Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The mock survey is based on a large N-body simulation that uses 54,872,000 particles in a periodic cube 600 h-1 Mpc on a side. The adopted inflationary cold dark matter (CDM) model has parameters ΩCDM = 0.4, ΩΛ = 0.6, h = 0.6, b = 1.3. We "observe" this simulation to produce a simulated redshift catalog of ~106 galaxies over π steradians, mimicking the anticipated spectroscopic selection procedures of the SDSS in some detail. Sky maps, redshift slices, and three-dimensional contour maps of the mock survey reveal a rich and complex structure, including networks of voids and superclusters that resemble the patterns seen in the CfA redshift survey and the Las Campanas Redshift Survey (LCRS). The three-dimensional genus curve can be measured from the simulated catalog with superb precision; this curve not only has the general shape predicted for Gaussian, random phase initial conditions, but the error bars are small enough to demonstrate with high significance the subtle departures from this shape caused by nonlinear gravitational evolution on a 10 h-1 Mpc smoothing scale (where σgal = 0.4). These distortions have the form predicted by Matsubara's perturbative analysis, but they are smaller in amplitude. We also measure the three-dimensional genus curve of the radial peculiar velocity field measured by applying distance-indicator relations (with realistic errors) to the mock catalog. The genus curve is consistent with the Gaussian random phase prediction, though it is of relatively low precision because of the large smoothing length required to overcome noise in the measured velocity field. Finally, we measure the two-dimensional topology in redshift slices, similar to those which will become available early in the course of the SDSS and to those already observed in the LCRS. The genus curves of these slices are consistent with the observed genus curves of the LCRS, suggesting that our inflationary CDM model with ΩCDM ~ 0.4 is a good choice. Our mock redshift catalog is publicly available for the use of other researchers.


This paper investigates the robust fixed-time consensus problem for multi-agent systems with nonlinear dynamics and uncertain disturbances under a weighted undirected topology. Two fixed-time consensus control protocols for multi-agent systems with nonlinear dynamics and uncertain disturbances in both leaderless and leader-follower cases are proposed. Compared with the initial-condition-based finite-time consensus, it is theoretically shown that any prescribed convergence time for the achievement of consensus can be guaranteed within fixed time regardless of the initial conditions. Furthermore, the achievement of consensus is shown to be robust against bounded uncertain disturbances affecting the agents. Finally, some simulations are provided to illustrate the performance and effectiveness of the theoretical results.


As primates, we humans see the world through trichromatic filters: three sets of cones, which reproduce the entire array of colors in the visible spectrum. As highly visual animals, we use color to distinguish many items in the natural environment; as scientists, we use color to differentiate different components of brains, cells, and individual molecules. Thus, it is natural for a publication such as The Journal of Comparative Neurology to utilize color extensively in our work. Against this tendency has been the cost of color reproduction. For many years, the cost of color printing was nearly prohibitive. It still costs more than $500 per page for a journal that uses occasional color to reproduce a few color pages per issue. However, recent trends both in science and in the printing industry have, fortunately, been pushing down the costs of color reproduction. Nearly all laboratories now capture color images with digital cameras. The only cost of using color, rather than black and white reproduction of images is that the files are three times as bulky (representing the necessity for using three color channels to reproduce the full spectrum of visible colors). As the cost of electronic memory space has dropped, the cost of reproducing color in the online version of a journal has therefore become negligible. As a result, authors have wanted to use color more extensively in their work than ever before over the last few years. As a response to this trend, a few years ago JCN reduced the cost of a color page from about $500 to $350 dollars per page, to bring this medium within the budget of more laboratories. The only restriction on this color usage, put in place by the publisher who was subsidizing each color page, was that it had to be scientifically necessary, not just an aesthetic enhancement. The response has been gratifying, as the number of color pages per issue has increased gradually from three or four in the years prior to this policy, to about 50 color pages per issue currently. And, a surprising thing has happened as we have used more color pages: the cost of color per page has dropped, because the more color pages are printed in a periodical per issue, the less the cost per page. In response to these changed circumstances, our publisher, John Wiley and Sons, has agreed to reduce the color page charge to $250 per page, effective with January 1, 2007 issue. They have also lifted the restriction that color be scientifically necessary. Thus, at this point the authors in JCN are free to use color to the extent that their vision, and their budgets, allow. Our goal is to reduce the cost of color to the minimum possible. If the new policy allows authors to use more color pages, we expect the cost per page to drop further, and we hope to be able to pass that saving on to our authors. At some point, we hope to achieve the next stage in our evolution, when it becomes cost neutral to move to printing in full color (i.e., color available on every page). As we evolve toward a full-color journal, we are also instituting a new policy which we hope will widen access among those readers who have impaired color vision. About 6-10% of males have red-green color impairment. These individuals have at least four different distinct genetic deficits that affect color vision, but they all have great difficulty distinguishing images presented in redgreen color pairs. Unfortunately, the most commonly used fluorophores in fluorescence microscopy employ the red and green color combination. These readers are not able to distinguish the colors accurately in the commonly used red-green color images that make up a large percentage of all of the color pages published in JCN. Some of our authors may notice that several of our editors over the last few years have independently begun asking their authors to convert red-green images to magenta-green. Ian Meinertzhagen, our editor for invertebrate neurobiology, has led this reform, and as a result nearly all papers on invertebrates published in JCN over the last few years have used this convention. Our experience is that this is a very easy switch to make, and it does not impair the images in any way (magenta is a purple-red color, and the overlap of magenta and green is white, which is clearly visible both to those with normal color vision and those with red-green color blindness). As a result, the editors of JCN have decided to institute a formal policy, also effective with papers that are accepted after January 1, 2007, asking all authors to convert red-green images to magentagreen before they are submitted to JCN (as a service to our reviewers, many of whom also are red-green color blind). (Note that for images using other color combinations, the situation is not so simple, and we do not require that this be done, although authors may want to experiment with the method below, as it may make the images more accessible.)