Introduction: Suicide is one of the major public health concerns worldwide which has numerous negative consequences for individual and society. Aim: This study aimed to model the structural equations of suicide risk factors based on the three-step theory of suicide in individuals with the emotional disorders. Method: This was a descriptive study using structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all people with emotional disorders referring to psychiatric outpatient clinics of Razi Educational and Medical Center of Tabriz in 2020. 205 patients with emotional disorders were selected by purposive sampling method and, they answered the questionnaires of Suicide Ideation (STS), Suicide Attempt (SAS), Suicide Capacity (SCS), and Suicide Motivation Questionnaire (IMSA). Data were analyzed using Pearson SPSS correlation test version 23 and structural equation modeling. Results: The correlation coefficient results showed a significant relationship between pain, hopelessness, sense of connectedness, and suicide capacity with suicidal ideation and suicide attempt (P<0.05). The results of structural equation modeling showed that the indirect effect of hopelessness (0.234) and low connectedness (0.048) on suicide ideation via suicide capacity was significant. The results showed that the indirect effect of frustration (0.586) and low belonging (0.121) on suicide attempts via suicidal capacity was significant. Conclusion: Using a three-step model can be useful in rapid diagnosis and action to distinguish people with only suicide ideation or who are prone to suicide.


ABSTRACT Ultrasonic welding is a solid-state bonding technique available in bonding steels and other metals. To understand the effect of roughness on the evolution of bonding strength, Ni and steel were employed. It is found that when smooth bonding surfaces by mirror polishing, a rapid evolution of bonding strength can be obtained owing to the extensive formation of contact areas. When the bonding surfaces become rougher, the evolution of bonding strength is retarded at an early stage; this can be attributed to the presence of rough peaks that result in a lower fraction of contact area and concentrated clamping stress. As sufficient contact areas are produced at a longer welding time, a rapid increase in bonding strength is correspondingly obtained.


One of Vironova's electron microscopy services is to classify liposomes. This includes determining the structure of a liposome and presence of a liposomal encapsulation. A typical service analysis ...


While strategy has been described as a plan or pattern of actions aligned to a conscious intent, it can also be conceptualised as the deliberate activities those in business engage in to realise a strategic intent. It is this activity oriented conception of strategy that is fuelling the turn towards practice in strategy scholarship. This chapter draws on this perspective and the 'communication as constitutive of organisa-tions' (CCO) perspective to explore what is involved in becoming strategic in an active and experiential sense in a small business. To do this, it uses illustrations from a series of studies of business startup or restart from the creative, ICT, and construction industries in New Zealand. The empirically-based synthesis presents strategic management in small businesses as a relational process producing a narrative infrastructure that weaves together episodes of strategy praxis to produce a coherent thread that 'tells the firm forward' (See Deuten & Rip, 2000). The chapter finishes by briefly exploring the implications of this view for those seeking to become more strategic in small businesses.


Entangled photon pair sources play essential role for many quantum information experiments, such as quantum teleportation, entanglement swapping, quantum computing, quantum key distribution (QKD) and tests of bell inequalities [1]. QKD is most practical application in quantum communication using entangled photon pair [2]. Spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) has been widely used to generate photon-pair [1]. This is a second order nonlinear process in which a high energy photon splits in two photons under the constraints of phase matching conditions, i.e., energy and momentum conservations. There are mainly two type of phase matching conditions, type-I in this process both daughter photons having same polarization on the other hand in type-II daughter photons having orthogonal polarization. To distribute the quantum key among the multiple users, the bandwidth of entangled photon pair is a key parameter. Traditionally broadband photons were generated in SPDC process using thin crystals but the brightness of the source is low and high brightness source has also been demonstrated using type-0 SPDC [3]. The collinear type-II SPDC is convenient source of polarization entanglement without state preparation and can be deterministically separated in their polarization mode but suffers from the generation of broadband photons. Recently fiber based type-II broadband photon pair source has been demonstrated which is more suitable for practical applications but it has limitations as low brightness and stimulated Raman scattering as a noise [4]. We are demonstrating a broadband polarization entangled photon pair by exploring the weak birefringence property of the PPMgSLT crystal [4]. We could able to generate 30 nm bandwidth of entangled photon pair in telecom band which is measured with spectrum analyzer. The source is characterized by two photon interference [1]. These photons will be distributed through the wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) network and characterize for each correlated pair using polarization correlation measurement, i.e., quantum state tomography [1]. The current experimental progress will be presented. References: [1] J-W Pan, et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 84, 777 (2012). [2] N. Gisin, et al., Rev. Mod. Phys., 74, 145 (2002). [3] H C Lim, et al., Optics Express 16, 22099 (2008). [3] E. Y. Zhu, et al., Phys. Rev. Letts. 108, 213902 (2012). [4] R. Shimizu, et al., Optics Express 19, 16385 (2009). 第 61 回応用物理学会春季学術講演会 講演予稿集(2014 春 青山学院大学)


On the basis of an overview of the theoretical construction of the foregrounding strategy, taking some English poems and novels as examples, the present paper makes an exploration of the writers' motives in employing the strategy. It proposes that the writers could be motivated by the pursuit of aesthetic effects, guide of cognition, cohesion of foregrounding, and above all, the underlying desire to highlight their communicative intentions, i.e.to convey their special understandings of society and life.


Objective To study the manner,the wish and behavior to community health service on the part of the heads of households in Hefei communities.Methods 40 families were selected at random in the serving area of 39 CHS centers in Hefei,then the families' members were investigated by conversation on the spot.Results Firstly,there were few objectives who understood the CHS,and the degree of understanding was related to the condition of the genders(P=0.007,OR=0.646)and the educational background(P0.001,OR=1.663);Secondly,on the basis of understanding of the CHS,70.6% objectives adopted positive attitude to CHS;Thirdly,the objectives' "the degree of satisfaction" to CHS was somewhat low;Finally,when the objectives needed the hygienic service,the first choice of CHS was concerned with the gender,the educational background and the understanding degree of CHS.Conclusions The publicizing about CHS should be strengthened;the proper measures should be taken to improve the community inhabitants' attitude to CHS;and the connotation of CHS should be continuingly enriched.


This paper uses Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) method to measure the regional effects of monetary policy in China during 1978–2011. The results provide evidence of different regional responses of real variables to monetary policy shocks. This paper proves that M2 is a better monetary policy indicator. We also find that when examining the regional effects of monetary policy in China, the spillover effects among regions are very important in the short run. In the long run, the influence of deposits transfer among regions is much bigger than that of the spillover effects.


Previous research in peer grading and rubric systems has focused mostly on their use with homework assignments, not tests. Some reasons for this could be that tests are much longer than assignments, are of higher value in grading schemes, and could be highly contested. All of this would take valuable and scarce class time for a class that meets face to face. Managing time while maintaining control of the tests and protecting student privacy adds to that challenge. The author has been able to accomplish this with the use of a rubric, video editing software such as Camtasia, and YouTube. This model can increase grading accuracy, and greatly reduce the time it takes to grade exams while answering student inquires and concerns, saving the instructor time.


We have performed full charge-density calculations for the equilibrium atomic volumes of the {alpha}-phase light actinide metals using the local density approximation (LDA) and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The average deviation between the experimental and the GGA atomic radii is 1.3{percent}. The comparison between the LDA and GGA results show that the anomalously large atomic volume of {alpha}-Pu relative to {alpha}-Np can be ascribed to exchange-correlation effects connected with the presence of low coordinated sites in the structure where the f electrons are close to the onset of localization. This effect is correctly described in the GGA but not in the LDA. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}


Photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer produces a polar excited state in the small fluorescent probe 1-anilino-8-naphthalene-sulfonate (ANS) rendering the resulting emission sensitive to the medium polarity. The binding of ANS to proteins has been well characterized in the literature. The probe binds to the less polar hydrophobic, restricted proteinous environment of bovine serum albumin (BSA) resulting in a blue shift of the emission maximum with an increase in emission intensity. However, upon addition of silver nanoparticles to the probe–BSA system, there was found to be an interaction between the nanoparticle and protein resulting in a weakening of the probe–BSA binding and an associated conformational change of the protein in order to accommodate the silver nanoparticle. This has been hitherto undeciphered. Studies using site markers of flufenamic acid and phenylbutazone coupled with other spectroscopic techniques, REES, time resolved studies, FTIR, and SEM imaging studies have shed light on the interaction of silver nanoparticles with the probe bound protein. ANS was observed to move from its binding site in the protein to accommodate the silver nanoparticle surface which involved conformational changes of the protein near the probe binding site. The association of the probe to the protein and its dissociation from the sites on introduction of silver nanoparticles has thus been investigated using spectroscopic studies.


In this paper, we propose a high linearity CMOS sub-harmonic I/Q demodulator at V-band using CMOS 90 nm process. We adopt frequency doubler to double input LO frequency and use transformer to couple 2LO signal to mixer core. In addition, transformer coupling is used to replace stacked transistors to improve linearity. Cross couple pair is also utilized as active load to enhance conversion gain. The measured peak conversion gain is −7.9 dB under LO power of 9 dBm. The IP1dB and nP3 are 0 dBm and 9 dBm, respectively. The total DC power consumption is only 13.68 mW for 1.2 V supply voltage. To our best knowledge this demodulator has the best linearity at V-band.


The work presented will investigate the usage of Oscillating Water Columns (OWC) in Coastal Structures to understand the functionality requirements and the viability of installing these devices in caisson breakwaters. The main focus is put on the efficiency of the design, to achieve optimum results and to avoid possible failure of the structure. Comparison of different designs, J-OWC and U-OWC, and their behaviour under extreme conditions will be analysed to determine the most suitable design. The first phase of this work, is the validation of the model. Laboratory experiments of an OWC near design operating conditions are conducted in the WaterLab facilities at TUDelft. These laboratory results will validate the numerical models carried out using ANSYS Fluent. The second phase of this work will consist of a numerical modelling to investigate the response of the OWC to the extreme wave conditions experienced by the Mutriku, Spain OWC during the storm of 2009. Finally, the structural response of the OWC will be analysed, using MIDAS Civil. Since 1970s, the first prototypes of OWC were design and tested. This technology has improved considerably, however there are still issues in the field that can be improved. It is expected that with the reproduction of the numerical model, improvements for higher efficiency of the OWC can then be applied in the analysis for further incorporation on coastal structures, focusing in caisson breakwaters in this master thesis.


Schuster's (1999) suggestion that every class might have one or two bully victims who serve as "scapegoats" for the class members was examined by Atria, Strohmeier, and Spiel (this issue) and Mahdavi and Smith (this issue), in one study and three studies, respectively. Little support was found for the scapegoating hypothesis. Whereas there was considerable diversity between classes in the number of bully victims, some classes actually revealed no bullying, hence there were no victims. However, the fact that some classes revealed bullying by some members, whereas others did not, raises the possibility that the former might still reflect the operation of group processes. Drawing on social identity development theory (SIDT; Nesdale, 2004), the potential for group-based bullying at school is briefly discussed, together with a number of factors that might contribute to its occurrence.


The present study focuses on the effect of the number of the injection locations in the plastic injection molding. With the agile of the product demand in the consumer market, product-manufacturing industries are opting the plastic and metal injection molding machines, as they are suitable for the batch and mass production systems. The Computational fluid dynamic analysis which is based on VOF model is made By changing the number of the injection locations of the die, the process parameters are studied while the keeping the quality of the product by studying the Air pockets and the cooling quality as the main objective, based on the confidence levels. Two industrial quality PVC materials are tested and it is found that the as the number of injection locations goon increasing within 5 the process and quality of the product that is to be fabricated is also increased.


Educational programmes have recognized the growing need to use computers in the classes as it presents unprecedented challenges that help the students to acquire an inquiring, critical and creative mind to capitalize on the opportunities driven by the growth of information, knowledge and technology. The computer knowledge has begun influencing student's learning experience for more than 25 years ago, but it was in a moderate manner (Cuban, 2001). However, the past decade has witnessed major trend toward integrating computer technology in all the language classes. The integration has increased because the computer technology represents an accessible and instant information, enormous potential for interactivity and media–rich communication, as well as educational tools which engage the students in the classroom (Mouza, 2002). Undoubtedly the recent advancement in information technology and computer usage in the classroom is rapidly transforming the environment of the classroom. The teachers cannot ignore the reality the today's classroom must provide technology-supported learning (Angers & Machtmes, 2005). Being prepared to integrate the technology in the classroom has become a paramount skill in every teacher's professional repertoires. The traditional role of the teacher as the center of the schooling is changing recently with all the introduction of the new technologies in the classroom. One of the effects of the new technologies is the decentralization of teachers in the learning environment (Damrian, 1998). This introduces a very valid point of how the teaching profession will change in the era of digital technologies. What is the role of the teacher in a classroom where he/she is no longer the only source of knowledge? How can he/ she teach effectively in a class, where every student has his/her computer and can Google any piece of information? The following study will investigate the effect of the implementation of the technology in the English as a foreign language (EFL) classes on the nature of the teachers' profession.


Numerical simulations in engineering domains are a commonly used technique for analyzing and optimizing products and production processes while increasing the process reliability and shortening the time to market and minimizing costs. In the engineering domain of metal casting, macroscopic simulations (e.g. mold-filling or solidification simulations) are often utilized, but since many product attributes (e.g. durability, stability etc.) are closely tied to their microstructure, coupled multi-scale simulations, operating on both microscopic and macroscopic levels, can be beneficial for precise quantitative defect prediction. Such coupled simulations require highly specialized hard- and software systems, are long-running, hard to maintain and ‐ since they typically consist of more than one software system ‐ make great demands on the underlying software infrastructure which provides the workflow logic. In this paper, a detailed view on multi-scale metal casting is given and a software infrastructure for an on-demand multi-scale metal casting simulation based on service-oriented Grid computing is proposed.


The present invention discloses a WiFi terminal information push system and its implementation method, the system comprising: signal acquisition WiFi, WiFi signal processing module, a WiFi module indoor location, customer behavior analysis and data mining module, personalized user profile database, Advertising information store database, matching engine advertising, WiFi portal landing module. The system disclosed invention is applicable to all terminals with WiFi capabilities (phone, PAD, PC, etc.) for different software platforms (Andriod, wP, iOS, Windows, MAC? OS, Linux, etc.), do not need WiFi terminal any software modifications and upgrades for a wide range. Using data analysis and mining consumers may infer preferences in real time in the field of precision marketing to target users, on the one hand to improve the user places the consumer in the business user experience, on the other hand help businesses and manufacturers to enhance business value.


Whereas literature on satellites and outer space exploration has usually been dominated by vision, humankind's initial encounter with the Earth's first artificial satellite, Sputnik I, was overwhelmingly sonic. Tracking was originally enabled by the signal continuously transmitted by its radio beacon. Embedded in the International Geophysical Year (IGY) citizen science programs, radio amateurs played a crucial role in receiving the signal and assisting professional scientists in tracking the satellite in its initial phases. Their established existence as a distinctive worldwide community of skilled operators and experimenters made hams special allies to IGY scientists and, in many respects, set them apart from other groups of amateur scientists. This essay focuses on radio amateurs' practices and spaces of listening to Sputnik within the wider framework of the IGY. In transcending national and terrestrial boundaries, Sputnik's signal shaped new spatialities at a variety of scales: from the macroscales of the globe and outer space to the intimate microscale of the domestic radio shack. Focusing on radio amateurs' personal experiences and on the invisible agencies of Sputnik's signal, the essay uses sound as a way into the sociocultural, political, and scientific importance of the IGY. More broadly, it contributes to a multisensory history (and geography) of science.


Objective: After treatment of periodontal diseases in the aged through six year, whether the periodontal situation was under effective control and improvement was observed. Methods: System treatment were performed to 67 aged patients with periodontal diseases, including scaling, root surface debridement, after the inflammation was under control, oral hygiene education and periodontal maintenance were carried out regularly, dental panoramic tomograms were taken to compare the results on recall. Results: The oral hygiene condition has been obviously improved, no obvious absorption has been observed. Conclusion: The periodontal condition of aged patient is under effective control and improved.


Morphological picture of the lactating mammary glands was studied in goats and albino rats under normal conditions and after irradiation. The RNA and protein contents were determined cytospectrophotometrically in the glandular cells after exposure to ionizing radiation. No changes were found in the general structure of the gland in goats within the first hours after local irradiation of the gland at 5000 R. The RNA content was not considerably changed, but the amount of protein increased considerably. During radiation disease resulting from general irradiation of rate (1000 R) the morphology of the mammary gland had pronounced lesions: destrtuction and degeneration of cells, alveoli, and glandular lobes. The RNA content in the cell decreased. The data obtained show no lesions in the cell structure responsible for protein biosynthesis immediately after irradiation. The changes observed during radiation disease seem to be secondary. (auth)


This paper presents a mafia distributed computing system based on job scheduling.The system is composed of control unit,computing units and client units.User can submit mafia works on client units.Control unit is in charge of job scheduling.Computing units launch mafia for computing.This system enables mafia,which can only be run on single PC,to possess of the ability of distributed computing,thus greatly increases the efficiency of clustering PC systems.


The crystal structures of the four title compounds, C 12 H 18 O 2 , (I), C 12 H 17 BrO 2 , (II), C 15 H 22 O 3 , (III), and C 15 H 20 O 2 , (IV), which were obtained during studies of the preparation of C 5 -C 8 -C 5 fused-ring compounds, have been determined. The eight-membered rings in all four compounds take the boat-chair form.


Spatial environmental heterogeneity in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) is always mentioned but rarely quantified and included in the evaluation process. This study introduced the habitat suitability index evaluation model based on the Gini index (HSIgini) to evaluate the optimal ranges of suitable environmental factors for three typical estuarine gobies, i.e., Rhinogobius giurinus, Acentrogobius pflaumii, Odontamblyopus rubicundus, and their habitat quality. The evaluation was carried out based on field surveys conducted in the spring and summer of 2018–2020. The Lorentz curve and Gini index were used to evaluate the spatial environmental heterogeneities in the YRE. The spatial heterogeneity of environmental factors in the Yangtze Estuary ranged from 0.62 to 0.05, with the highest Gini index for salinity and the lowest for temperature. The combination of environmental factors had significant spatial effects on habitat, with temperature showing mainly seasonal effects. The study indicated that the YRE is a good habitat for gobies and that there is spatial and seasonal differentiation in the habitats of different species, greatly reducing interspecific competition. Environmental heterogeneity is important for biological processes and should be incorporated into the modeling of bio–environmental relationships in future research to provide a basis for environmental and biological conservation and management.


Background: As a part of modern productive forces, management psychology is inseparable from socialized mass production and production technology. With the progress and innovation of science and technology, the bourgeoisie has put forward new management theories and methods, thus improving the interpersonal conflicts caused by contradictions in production relations. Therefore, the emergence of management psychology plays an important role in solving the contradictions between all parties in social production relations, The emergence of this new management model theory has laid a certain theoretical foundation for psychology. Nowadays, the development path innovation of enterprises has gradually become a topic of concern in the field of psychology and entrepreneurs. The research problem gradually extends from how to finance and carry out technological innovation within the enterprise to how external factors such as financial policy and socialized service system promote the development of the enterprise. On the whole, although the research area is wide, the following two aspects still need to be further explored: (1) The construction of enterprise development path is lack of systematicness. Based on the viewpoint of system theory, the development of enterprises is the result of the joint action of internal and external factors. Most of the original documents start from the government level and start with optimizing the external development environment (financial policy, fiscal policy and socialized service system) to promote the development of enterprises, thus ignoring the two important dimensions in the development process-market and enterprise, there is little literature to explore how the market affects the development of enterprises and how enterprises achieve self-development by improving their core competitiveness. (2) The applicability of enterprise development path is not comprehensive enough. Management psychology can solve the problem of individual and team productivity in enterprises by adjusting interpersonal relationships and enhancing team cohesion. Through the exertion of the role of management psychology, the planning and arrangement of one's life will be clearer, the psychological laws in management will be mastered, the organization personnel will be reasonably and effectively allocated, and the group will be reasonably planned. The overall efficiency of the enterprise will be more efficient and faster, which will be more conducive to Background: Literary psychology is a branch of psychology that studies the creative process of literature and art, the feelings of the audience, the understanding of artistic works and their regularity. Literary psychology mainly studies how writers and artists accumulate and refine materials through observation, experience and analysis of real life. The process of creative imagination based on perception and memory. study the relationship between emotion, abstract thinking and imagination. Study the interest, hobby, ability, character, temperament and other characteristics of writers and artists and their influence on creation. Study how people feel and understand literary works and cause emotional resonance in the process


and the VVDS team† We discuss the evolution of clustering of galaxies back to z 2. For that purpose we use the VIMOS-VLT Deep Survey (VVDS) data. We analyze the evolution of the projected two-point correlation function for the global galaxy population and for particular galaxy classes, with different intrinsic luminosities, spectral types, colors and other properties. For the brightest galaxies (with L>L*), for instance, the shape of the correlation function deviated from the power-law much more strongly at z 1 than it is observed now. This finding can be interpreted e.g. in the framework of Halo Occupation Distribution models (HODs) and implies a significant change in the way luminous galaxies traced dark-matter halos at z 1 with respect to now. Our observations represent an important constraint for models trying to reproduce the evolution of galaxy clustering.


BACKGROUND
Neuroblastoma is one of the most common childhood solid tumors. Because tumor suppressor genes are often hypermethylated in cancers, DNA methylation has emerged as a target for cancer therapeutics. Nanaomycin A, an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase 3B, which mediates de novo DNA methylation, reportedly induces death in several types of human cancer cells.

OBJECTIVE
To study the antitumor activity of nanaomycin A against neuroblastoma cell lines and its mechanism.

METHODS
The anti-tumor effect of nanaomycin A on neuroblastoma cell lines was evaluated based on cell viability, DNA methylation levels, apoptosis-related protein expression, and neuronal-associated mRNA expression.

RESULTS
Nanaomycin A decreased genomic DNA methylation levels and induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells. Nanaomycin A also upregulated the expression of mRNAs for several genes related to neuronal maturation.

CONCLUSIONS
Nanaomycin A is an effective therapeutic candidate for treating neuroblastoma. Our findings also suggest that the inhibition of DNA methylation is a promising anti-tumor therapy strategy for neuroblastoma.


Introduction Gun control (1) has always had two vectors: the first, a common sense, regulatory interest inherent in the rule of law, namely, to keep guns away from the untrustworthy and incompetent; the second, an ancient but still-live controversy in political philosophy, namely, whether an explication of full and equal citizenship must include a serious individual right to possess arms. In practice, these vectors have tended to converge. For example, in America's colonial period, classes of persons regarded as ineligible or unfit for citizenship (the indigenous population and imported slaves) were specifically excluded from gun rights on grounds that they were untrustworthy, violence-prone and / or incompetent. (2) Over time, black freemen became increasingly numerous. (3) This development raised questions of philosophy and of policy--should there be a distinction between "freemen" and "citizens" and, if so, should this distinction be recognized in gun law? And indeed, white unwillingness to recognize free blacks as equal citizens prompted enactment of distinctive gun control measures for "free persons of color." (4) This "free-but-not-(full)citizen" regime reached its apogee in Dred Scott, in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that blacks lacked standing to bring claims into federal court. In his majority opinion, Chief Justice Taney precluded blacks from claiming as their patrimony the "privileges and immunities" of citizenship, alluded to in Article IV, Section 2 of the Federal Constitution. How so? Because to think otherwise would entail (in Taney's mind) an absurdity, namely, recognizing (contrary to fact) that blacks were entitled "to keep and carry guns wherever they went." (5) America was not unique in premising its gun-control measures on "equality-skepticism" and/or "trustworthiness-skepticism." In the twelfth century, Henry II enacted The Assize of Arms. This restricted possession of arms to knights (professional fighters, often retained by aristocrats to defend their interests), freemen who held chattels of rent of 16 marks, and burgesses who had sworn allegiance to the King. Notably, Henry specifically disabled Jews from possessing Arms. (6) The King's message to those disabled from possessing arms could not be more clear: "We Do Not Trust You!" Aristotle on Citizenship and Arms LaFollete claims: "guns are mere means to independent citizenship. They are not constitutive of that citizenship." (7) LaFollette's disagreement with the major architect of the Western conception of citizenship could not be starker. Aristotle, in his Politics, argues that the basic principles shaping a political society's understanding of who its full citizens are determine its understanding of the "who, what, where and how" of arms possession, namely, its "constitution." (8) By "constitution," Aristotle did not mean what LaFollette seems to mean, namely, a written outline of important legal rights amendable, albeit with difficulty, by democratic process. On the contrary, by "constitution" Aristotle meant a society's fundamental ethical understanding concerning how those with serious "standing" in its political life should be identified. In other words, a constitution expresses a political society's understanding of who qualify as its full and equal citizens, of who should be recognized as having "a right to have rights." For Aristotle, you can tell who the citizens are by the rights they bear--the right to participate in political affairs, to hold public offices of trust, to own land, and to possess arms. Taken together, these rights constitute full citizenship. By implication, deleting any of them, by placing a person under a disability for example, diminishes his citizenship. On Aristotle's view, the inequality between full citizens who have a serious right to bear arms and those who do not is constitutionally fundamental, "constitutive" of citizenship--not derivative. …


A detailed kinetic model devoted to the gas phase hypergolic ignition of MMH/NTO mixtures below 298 K and their combustion above 1000 K is presented in this study. It consists of 403 equilibrated reactions among 82 species. This mechanism has been confronted with theoretical data available in the literature. The agreement between theory and predictions is found to be good. Important reactions for ignition at low initial temperature and pressure have been identified through sensitivity analyses. Two competing pathways can explain hypergolic ignition at low temperature. The formation of molecular preignition products is shown to promote the ignition. This conclusion was unexpected, as the formation of these products was generally considered to inhibit the ignition, by reactant consumption. Important reactions for combustion above 1000 K have been preliminarily identified. Some reactions are important both for low-temperature ignition and combustion, whereas some others are important either for ignition only or combustion only. The study is focused on the need for three reduced kinetic models.


It is demonstrated that a wire antenna has a dominant effect on the RCS (radar cross section) of a strip scatterer or a cylinder scatterer for end-on incidence. The wire introduces resonance peaks into the RCS at frequencies making the wire length odd multiples of the quarter-wavelength. The wire dominates the RCS for end-on incidence. For broadside incidence the wire has a major effect on the RCS in the lower part of the frequency band studied, but in the upper part of the band the strip or cylinder itself has a scattered field larger than that due to the wire, and so the wire has little effect. The results shown here are directly applicable to the RCS expected of an aircraft carrying wire antennas.<<ETX>>


This report concerns the identification of technologies applicable to speed enforcement and an assessment of their potential utility in the United States. The study emphasizes technologies in common use in Europe and elsewhere, but relatively unknown in the United States. The most common non-United States technology utilizes Doppler radar aimed diagonally across the road, rather than down the road as is the case with American systems, giving it a number of technical advantages. This, and several other technologies identified, can be used with a camera to obtain photographic evidence or operate automatically without an officer in attendance. The findings reported on these automated speed enforcement (ASE) devices reflect information from literature; personal visits to foreign law enforcement agencies and manufacturers; engineering and preliminary law enforcement field tests of selected ASE devices in the United States; a quantitative rating system; and a cost-effectiveness evaluation of selected ASE devices and their deployment strategies. It is concluded that ASE devices are technically much superior to systems presently used in the United States and, although more expensive, offer potential cost-effectiveness advantages. However, there are some legal and public opinion concerns that must be dealt with, and selected ASE devices must be modified and then tested in an operational setting in which the systems are actually employed, first, to issue warnings and, eventually, citations for speeding.


The authors did experiments and theory studies on the environment protection and rehabilitation aimed at solving problems such as terrace edge collapse, road soil and water loss, and problems in shelter woods land such as simple species and weak function ability, and artificial grass land refarming, economic woods with badly soil and water loss, etc in loess hillygully region. Based on theory studies authors take those exist problems into main research work and as the breakthrough point and they divide land use into two main types as "economic development land" and "environment conservation land" and then conducted the land management by the near nature scheme. Though 6 years experimental and demonstration studies the near nature soil and water conservation technique system was designed,including"croporchardgrass terrace compound ecoeconomy techsystem with terrace edge near the cease angle", "compound protection trees system that need to fit the local environment by selecting tree species", compound road protection system with rational trees (fruit trees)grasswater combination and together with water cellor harvesting to prevent road erosion. The study recommends the rational near nature soil and water conservation technique system for loss hillygully region that can be used as a technique model to prevent soil and water loess and then build beautiful environment in the region.


As the rapid development in power electronic devices, the harmonic pollution becomes one of principle power quality problems in power system. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) is widely used for analysing and measuring power system harmonics. However, the limitation of the FFT such as an aliasing effect, spectrum leakage picket-fence effect, would contribute to inaccuracy results. Furthermore, the real power system harmonic is actually a non-stationary signal while FFT is a tool for stable signal. This study focuses on a novel FFT based method for time-varying power system harmonic measurement. The harmonic signal is preprocessed by infinite impulse response filter bank and Teager–Kaiser energy operator for fast detection of instability onset time. Then an adaptive Kaiser self-convolution window-based interpolated FFT algorithm is used to estimate each harmonic component. The results of both simulation and practical implementation show that the proposed method is suitable to deal with time-varying harmonic and achieves a higher accuracy compared with the traditional FFT-based techniques.


Photonic chips can play be a crucial role in applications such as autonomous driving or medical imaging due to their capacity for extremely fast and energy-efficient data transmission. However, their adoption is currently held back by the considerable cost involved in the production of these devices. Ph.D. candidate Matthijs van Gastel has developed new ways of assembling photonic devices using glue, which is accurate at the submicrometer scale. The researcher at the Control Systems Technology group in the department of Mechanical Engineering defended his thesis on 25 March.


A wide range of metaphors exist in the industry of English advertisements,and the main element of an advertisement text is the image,which comes from daily life and is represented by means of a simile or metaphor,personification or metonymy;an image is crucial in metaphor translation in an advertisement,based on features of advertising texts and cultural characteristics of the English language and the Chinese language.This paper proposes the four translation strategies like retaining the original image,reshaping the image,blurring images on the translation of images.


Power state logs from smart TVs are collected in order to construct a time-series representation of their usage. Time-series that belong to a TV exhibiting instability problems are classified accordingly. To do so, an automated feature extraction approach is used, together with linear classification methods in order to realise interpretable classification decisions. A normalized true positive rate of 0.84 ± 0.10 is obtained for the classification. The normalized true negative rate equals 0.80 ± 0.03. The final model returns a regularity statistic called the Approximate Entropy as its most important feature.


This paper shows the use of the statistically determined most precise finite-length circumferential surface-cracked pipe J-estimation scheme (SC.TNP1) to make improvements to the ASME Section XI pipe flaw evaluation criteria. Various J-estimation schemes including the SC.TNP1 analysis were validated by comparisons with experimental data as described in a companion paper and briefly summarized in this paper. The SC.TNP1 J-estimation scheme was used to evaluate the accuracy of the current ASME Section XI pipe circumferential flaw elastic-plastic fracture mechanics (Z-factor) analysis. This methodology could be used to establish improved Z-factors in the ASME Section XI pipe flaw evaluation criteria.


Abstract:This year-long leadership development program was designed to enhance the cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions of leadership self-efficacy of HBCU STEM leaders to broaden the participation of African American undergraduates in STEM. Learning outcomes guided the development of curricular resources including on-line learning, multi-day residencies, individual leadership assessment, and an action learning project. Mixed-method evaluation showed significant gains on all learning outcomes, with the highest post-test ratings in application of leadership skills, leading faculty in STEM teaching strategies, leading instructional innovation, developing programs for broadening participation in STEM, and increasing campus awareness of national challenges related to STEM.


between australopithecines and early Homo. Begun and Walker also cautiously grope into the shadier realm of subtle bumps and grooves on the endocast surface. Their discussion incorporates the recent indication from the real (soft-tissue) neurosciences that Broca's area, long said to be associated with language, is involved in the motor programming of the hand and mouth. The raised Broca's cap evident on hominid endocasts, including the Nariokotome youth, therefore cannot be considered reliable evidence of the capacity for language. Begun and Walker hint that its development may be related to tool manufacture instead. At the same time that one dubious osteological language criterion bites the dust, another is generated: in her chapter on the spinal column, Ann MacLamon suggests that the expanded neural canals of the human thorax may be related to fine muscular control of the rib cage during speech production. Since the Nariokotome youth lacked enlargement of the neural canals, MacLarnon concludes that he was not a talker. One major area of paleobiology left untouched is an account of systematics. Hints are dropped that the application of cladistics will help straighten out early hominid systematics, but, as usual, the brand of "cladistics" that will bring the revolution is not specified (Hennigian? parsimony? used for generating trees? for classification?). At any rate, it remains mysterious how cladistics-which in all of its diverse incarnations at least has the common focus of evaluating branching sequences among given taxonomic units-can be viewed as the key to identifying and distinguishing paleobiological species. In a chapter on the dentition, Barbara Brown and Walker suggest that a consensus is emerging that the population represented by the Nariokotome youth deserves species status distinct from H. erectus and that we can expect a "final outcome" regarding a definitive taxonomic name. However, the consensus cited (work by Andrews, Stringer, Wood, Groves) is to some eyes no more than the narrow view of a vocal minority advocating a simplistic methodology for relating classification to the epic processes of phylogeny. The hope for a "final outcome" is surely mistaken, for if the cladistic classifiers have introduced anything it is the certainty that classifications will continue to diverge from each other at an accelerating pace. Sadly, classifications have become instruments of debate, serving no greater function than to express each researcher's pet hypothesis about phylogeny. This book proves that it is still possible to do some good paleobiology without getting tangled up in cladistic haggling. The greatest flaw in the volume is its extremely poor photographic illustration. To begin with, the photos were taken of the uncoated fossils, the surfaces of which bear intricate patterns of light and dark discoloration, thereby obscuring three-dimensional shape. To make things worse, the reproduction is terrible; I get better images from my department's photocopying machine. In the end, the reader is left only with the outlines of messy objects, and even the outlines have been ravaged by somebody's kindergarten scissors. It is sad that a splendidly conceived and researched volume on Kimeu's beautiful fossil is marred by useless images. Reference Cited


The amino acid sequence of human preprocalcitonin predicted from complementary DNA analyses indicates that the 32-amino-acid sequence of calcitonin is internally situated. Extending beyond the carboxyl-terminal proline of the calcitonin sequence is a 25-amino-acid segment which contains the tetrapeptide Gly-Lys-Lys-Arg linking calcitonin to the remaining 21 amino acids. Our objective was to examine whether human medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs) elaborate a noncalcitonin peptide corresponding to the carboxyl terminus of human preprocalcitonin. An acidic peptide identical to the predicted terminal 21-amino-acid sequence of human preprocalcitonin was synthesized for establishing a RIA. We used gel filtration, isoelectric focusing, and high pressure liquid chromatography to demonstrate immunoreactive peptide(s) with size, charge, and hydrophobicity similar to the 21-amino-acid synthetic peptide in MTCs and nonneoplastic thyroid. The immunoreactive noncalcitonin peptide was present in these tissue extracts ...


Background: Certain studies have attempted to investigate the vascular anatomy of the integument of the lateral aspect of the lower leg. However, many issues remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate in detail the distribution and characteristics of cutaneous perforators of the lateral aspect of the lower leg. Methods: Fifty-two fresh cadaver legs were dissected. The lateral lower leg was divided into five zones, and all cutaneous perforators were identified. Only perforators with a diameter greater than 0.5 mm were dissected further, and the type, location, course, length, and origin of those perforators were recorded. Results: Three hundred two perforators were dissected. Two hundred twelve were septocutaneous (70.2 percent), 43 were septomusculocutaneous (14.2 percent), and 47 were musculocutaneous (15.6 percent). The majority of perforators (78.1 percent) originated from the peroneal artery. The peroneal artery was the dominant source vessel in all except for the proximal zone. The tibial-peroneal trunk predominated in the proximal zone. High contribution of the posterior tibial artery was noticed in the distal zone. Higher percentages of perforators were recorded in the middle and midproximal zones (26.8 percent and 25.2 percent, respectively). Septocutaneous perforators were present in all five zones, with higher percentages in the middle and middistal zones. Septomusculocutaneous and musculocutaneous perforators were identified in all except for the distal zone. Conclusion: The authors' findings provide information about the cutaneous perforators/perforasomes of the lateral aspect of the lower leg, useful for reliable planning and harvesting of perforator-based flaps in this area.


Cloud Gaming renders interactive gaming applications remotely in the cloud and streams the scenes back to the local console over the Internet. Virtualization plays a key role in modern cloud computing platforms, allowing multiple users and applications to share a physical machine while maintaining isolation and performance guarantees. Yet the Graphical Processing Unit (GPU), which advanced game engines heavily rely upon, is known to be difficult to virtualize. Recent advances have enabled virtual machines to directly access physical GPUs and exploit their hardware's acceleration. This paper presents a experimental study on the performance of real world gaming applications as well as ray-tracing applications with GPUs. Despite the fact that the VMs are accelerated with dedicated physical GPUs, we find that the gaming applications perform poorly when virtualized, as compared to non-virtualized bare-metal base-line. For example, experiments with the Unigine gaming benchmark run at 85 FPS on our bare-metal hardware, however, when the same benchmark is run within a Xen or KVM based virtual machine the performance drops to less than 51 FPS. In contrast, ray-tracing application fares much better. Our detailed performance analysis using hardware profiling on KVM further reveals the memory bottleneck in the pass through access, particularly for real-time gaming applications.


A study was undertaken to assess some effects of nitrogen fixation and bulk organic substrate removal in a New Zealand bleached kraft pulp and paper mill wastewater treatment system. A novel wastewater biological treatment system based on nitrogen fixation has been identified as having significant potential for application in full scale treatment of pulp and paper and other nitrogen deficient wastewaters. This study contributes information about the significance and role of nitrogen fixing bacteria in such a system and will benefit development and optimisation of a wastewater treatment system based on nitrogen fixation. The specific aims of the study were i) to identify the bulk organic substrates present in the mill's treatment systen, ii) to study some effects of changing the wastewater composition on the processes occurring in a nitrogen fixing biological treatment system and iii) to obtain and characterise some of the nitrogen fixing microorganisms present in this system. Methanol, acetic acid and glucose accounted for approximately 43% of the soluble chemical oxygen demand entering the treatment system. The remaining 57% was unidentified in this study. Acetic acid was the first identified substrate removed from the treatment system, implicating this compound as the preferred substrate under these conditions. A laboratory continuous culture experiment demonstrated that increases in acetate and methanol concentrations in the wastewater did not affect specific substrate removal and nitrogen fixation rates in the system but may have changed the microbial population. Low biomass nitrogen results were obtained in this experiment and attributed to microbial intracellular storage of poly-B-hydroxybutyrate. Isolates were obtained from the mill's treatment system which were able to fix nitrogen under microaerophilic conditions. Four selected isolates were able to utilise methanol, acetic acid and glucose under nitrogen fixing conditions. All of these isolates removed


The paper introduces the concrete practice on "Model Supervision and Control" of coal mine safety,summarizes its effect and points out four problems to be noted while carrying out "Model Supervision and Control"


Supeoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, and the p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin, as well as lipid peroxides in terms of malondialdehyde, were determined in the blood of 52 breast cancer patients and 29 healthy women. No differences except for superoxide dismutase were found regarding lipid peroxide level and antioxidant enzyme activities in blood plasma and red blood cells between breast cancer patients and matched control women. Superoxide dismutase activity was statistically significantly lower in breast cancer patients than in the control group (p<0.0002). We also found a statistically significant correlation between the p-phenylenediamine oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin and lipid peroxide concentration in the blood plasma of the patients with breast cancer (r=0.342, p<0.05).


Tiopronin i.e., N-(2-mercaptopropionyl)-glycine (TP), a synthetic thiol compound, has been used as a hepatoprotective agent, an antidote to heavy metal poisoning and a radioprotective agent. It has also been successfully applied to prevent kidney injury and to treat cystinuria and rheumatoid arthritis. However, tiopronin has a relatively high frequency of side effects, such as the loss of taste or stomach upset. The thiol group can be easily oxidized to disulfides either as a dimer or mixed forms with endogenous thiols. Thus, quantitative analysis of the tiopronin can be almost impossible, unless the thiol group can be stabilized in pharmaceutical sample. Up to now, several methods have been reported for the determination of tiopronin such as gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) method, chemiluminescent method, LC-MS-MS methods, HPLC-ESI-MS methods, fluorimetric methods and electrochemical oxidation by amperometric flow injection analysis. However, some laborious sample processing, expensive apparatus and complex derivation steps are involved in all of the above mentioned methods. So, it is necessary for laboratory to generate a commonly available method for the determination of tiopronin in pharmaceutical sample. Spectrophotometric Determination of Tiopronin in Pharmaceutical Samples by Phosphorus Molybdenum Blue


We prove that there is no maximum element, under Borel reducibility, in the class of analytic partial orders and in the class of analytic oriented graphs. We also provide a natural jump operator for these two classes. This paper is part of the general program of studying � 1 (analytic) binary relations on Polish spaces, under the Borel reducibility ordering, and variants of it. If R1 and R2 are binary relations on Polish spaces X1 and X2 respec- tively, a reduction of R1 to R2 is a map f : X1→ X2 such that for all x,y in X1, xR1y↔ f(x)R2f(y).


We develop an age-structured epidemic model for malaria with
impulsive effect, and consider the effect of blood transfusion and
infected-vector transmission. Transmission rates depend on age. We
derive the condition in which eradication solution is locally
asymptotically stable. The condition shows that large enough pulse
reducing proportion and relatively small interpulse time lead to
the eradication of the diseases.


A class of rate-k/2k self-dual convolutional codes is defined, which includes, for instance, the Golay convolutional code. It is shown that codes in this class are not asymptotically catastrophic in the sense defined by Hemmati and Costello (1980).


Abstract: This chapter discusses the epoxy resins which, thanks to their good and versatile properties, can be considered nowadays the most important class of thermosetting polymers. In particular the chapter first reviews both the epoxy resins commonly available on the market, including a new class of bio-derived epoxy resins, and the most-used curing agents. it then describes the principal characteristics of the epoxy resins and how it is possible to enhance them by adding several fillers to the epoxy system. Finally, the chapter analyzes the main engineering fields in which epoxy resins find application today and their possible future utilization.


In a situation of contact between two languages, a common means of understanding what may appear to be a grammatical innovation is to attribute the transference of a structure from one language to the other. Lipski (1985:91) presents this point of view in observing, "...United States Spanish may employ syntactic constructions which directly or indirectly reflect English structures, and which are not normally found in other Spanish dialects removed from active contact with English". As Otheguy (1991:101) points out, such a process has been identified in a variety of ways: loan translation, calque, loanshift and semantic loan. Such is the case of the construction VERB + PATRÁS in U.S. Spanish, as in


This paper analyzed the model design process of data warehouse project and the various factors which affected the performance in data warehouse model design. Then the author introduced the multistage fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and studied its application to the data warehouse's model performance evaluation, and gave the performance measure model of data warehouse based on multistage fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.


According to the world input-output database,this paper decomposes the China-Japanese bilateral trade flows and value content from 1995 to 2011,based on the final flow and the source of value. The results show that the Sino-Japanese bilateral trade concentrates in the intermediate products trade,the final product trade is supplement; the trade volume of intermediate product trade and indirectly export to third countries rise substantially. The final products export from China to Japan is based essentially on labor and resource intensive products and the intermediate products export is based essentially on capital and technology intensive products. The final product export and intermediate product export from Japan to China are more capital-intensive products. On the source of value,it shows that the bilateral trade is dominated by the domestic value, the value by the East Asia accounts for a high proportion of China-Japanese bilateral trade.


Mountainous tunnel portal section is one of the most easily damaged parts during strong earthquake. Failures of this part may block roads, which greatly influences the transportation of the local area after earthquake. Model tests on shaking table of tunnel portal section are carried out. A rigid testing box is adopted in the tests. The rock condition around tunnel portal section is designed rather weak as the rock in this part is often weathered and loose. A new similarity material with a main component of fly ash has been successfully made to simulate the surrounding rock. Test with a model scale of 1:50 are designed. Slope angles are set to 35◦ according to the slope range limited by the rock type. By the testing results, the rule of tunnel portal failure under the condition is studied. The results can be references for other similar projects and for seismic damping measure design.


.................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iv CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES ............................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ vi CHAPTER


The characteristics of the equilibrium contact angle of water droplet on a silica substrate were experimentally investigated.Combining the theory of thermodynamics and experimental measurements,the equilibrium droplet shape was calculated,and agreed well with measurements over a range of contact angle.It was found that for an isothermal vapor-water-silica system,the equilibrium contact angle of a sessile droplet is a thermodynamic parameter,not a physical property.For a fixed three-phase contact line curvature,the equilibrium contact angle has dependence on pressure ratio at the three-phase contact line.As the pressure ratio increases,the equilibrium contact angle increases.On the other hand,from the Helmholtz function,the equilibrium contact angle also can be predicted,and the result was in good agreement with the experiments.


Radial compressive property greatly influences nerve regeneration and functional recovery. In this study,four types of braided bioabsorbable nerve regeneration conduits made from poly(glycolide-co-L-lactide)(PGLA) were produced. The aim is to test the radial compressive force and elastic recovery ratio of nerve regeneration conduits. The results indicated that radial compressive force was closely related to the inner diameter and length of tubes and elastic recovery ratio was nearly unaffected by these two factors.


In each study, often many variables are used and interrelated with each other. The increasing number of variables often confuses which variables are the most dominant for changes or desired results.Many methods are used to find the most dominant variable in influencing the research output.Factorial 2 3design with estimated effects of Yates algorithm is a method that can be used to find the most dominant variable in influencing output. This study aims to find the most dominant variable on the output pressure generated by the hydram pump. The results calculated using this method are the result of flow simulations in pumps with CFD [1]. Variables used are valve opening, a height of the water flow, and valve type. The greater the velocity of water flow in the drive pipe, the greater the flow rate of the water in the delivery pipe and the flow rate of the pressure valve. The drag coefficient of the ball valve press model is smaller than the valve press plate model, so it requires a smaller force to open and close the valve. In accordance with the valve on the hydram pump which requires the process of opening and closing the valve must be fast so that it can provide better performance [2]. The simulation results also show that the most optimal step valve press length is at the valve opening-diameter ratio of 0.16. This research is expected to provide input on the design of the hydram pump in the future


provide an incentive. What is described as a large minority favoured the view that the family doctor should be paid a capitation fee for the normal working day and a special fee for work undertaken outside normal working hours. This, too, in a sense, is linked with the criticism that doctors to-day should share with the rest of the community the added leisure that comes from the shorter week and the shorter working day. But the contrary seems to prevail in circumstances where the population is increasing in numbers and there are difficulties in finding general practitioners to fill vacancies, especially in certain areas. " A large majority of doctors reiterated their feeling that premises should be privately owned and that the organization of medical practice should be left to the individual practitioner." But it was also thought that the State should provide the capital sum, at least in part, required by the new entrant to practice. " When a capital sum has been provided by the practitioner some method should be devised of reimbursing him by way of expenses." In some areas, it may be noted, it was considered that the doctor could still retain his independence when renting premises from the State-and presumably also from the local authority. Increasing stress is laid on the need for ancillary help and the attachment of district, nurses and health visitors to practices. " A few doctors urged that health centres should be provided either by local authorities or central government as an encouragement to group practice." Once again it is stressed that general practitioners should have access to diagnostic facilities in hospital and " most areas urged strong action to prevent the further closure of cottage hospitals." There seems to have been a majority in favour of the extension of National Health Service drugs to private patients. There is little new in these collective observations. In effect all general practitioners seem to have met in the marketplace to discuss among themselves what they think and feel about the familiar problems facing family doctors in the N.H.S. Though this is a new feature in the medical scene, no new idea seems to have emerged. But everyone can now fairly say that the majority of general practitioners do not want to introduce a fee-for-item-of-service, do not want a salaried service, want alterations in the structure of the Pool, and desire to continue with the capitation method of payment as the basis of their remuneration. Doctors are more apprehensive than they used to be about their position as independent contractors, and more aware of the extent to which this has been interfered with by past decisions. They wish to be quite sure that no further encroachments are made in this respect. The stress upon private ownership of premises and the apparent lack of support for practice in a health centre or a clinic suggest that the majority of doctors do not want to institute radical changes in their method of caring for their patients-apart, that is, from such matters as changes in certification and the charging of fees for looking after patients outside what might be regarded as normal working hours. Though most informed commentators talk freely about a crisis in general practice there is in the report published in this week's Supplement a lack of the urgent note sounded elsewhere, for example in a book by Dr. David Cargill just published under the title The G.P. What's Wrong ? A similar note of urgency was expressed in the letter to The Times on Monday this week by the Chairman of the G.M.S. Committee, Dr. J. C. Cameron, in which he stated that general practice calls for a radical reform. But perhaps this was not the purpose of this mass maneuvre. Nevertheless, we would suggest that the B.M.A. itself, now in possession of such a vast volume of facts about general practice to-day, should be in a position to draw deductions from these facts and thus to arrive at a policy that should serve as a guide to the medical profession in the difficult days ahead. Doctors in general practice want a lead.


Calibration intervals is derived based on conformity test results and a measurement reliability goal. A goal is written, such as, "Establish an objective end of period reliability goal for calibratable equipment equal to or greater than 85 percent, with the threshold reliability in no case to be lower than 72 percent. "There are two requirements 1. end-of-period reliability target no less than 85 percent, 2. establishing an end-of-period to achieve the target. For achieving the goal, it is a prerequisite to clarify how reliability probability is inferred. Measurement reliability could be interpreted in two diametrically different statistical foundations. By the Bayesian statistical inference, it expresses fundamentally logical inferences, pertaining to individual cases. Or, based on conventional statistical framework, it is associated with limiting frequency, corresponding to propensities affecting mass phenomena. This essay discusses and recommends reliability requirement specify the accuracy associated with the end-of-period reported. Due to incomplete information, there will always be an uncertainty associated with the best reported end-of-period. Examples of small sample sizes are provided to demonstrate measurement reliability management for supporting the requirement. In a sense, this topic is even more fundamental to science • for what the theoretically valid and pragmatically useful ways to apply probability theory in science.


The purpose of this study is to investigate how profitability, firm size, and liquidity affect stock prices. This study uses infrastructure companies that will be listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2021 as the population. Purposive sampling is the method of sampling that is used. A method of sampling called "purposeful sampling" is one that the researcher chooses based on a set of criteria.33 businesses were included in the sample, which was selected using predetermined criteria. The Indonesia Stock Exchange's annual financial reports are used as secondary data in this investigation. The multiple linear regression technique was used to analyze the data. According to the findings of this study, the share prices of infrastructure sector companies that will be listed on the IDX in 2021 have no effect on profitability, company size, or liquidity.


We discuss the X-ray and optical properties of the massive galaxy cluster MACSJ1206.2-0847 (z = 0.4385), discovered in the Massive Cluster Survey (MACS). Our Chandra observation of the system yields a total X-ray luminosity of 2.4 × 1045ergs-1 (0.1-2.4 keV) and a global gas temperature of 11.6 +/- 0.7keV, very high values typical of MACS clusters. In both optical and X-ray images, MACSJ1206.2-0847 appears close to relaxed in projection, with a pronounced X-ray peak at the location of the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG); we interpret this feature as the remnant of a cold core. A spectacular giant gravitational arc, 15 arcsec in length, bright (V ~ 21) and unusually red (R - K = 4.3), is seen 20 arcsec west of the BCG; we measure a redshift of z = 1.036 for the lensed galaxy. From our Hubble Space Telescope image of the cluster, we identify the giant arc and its counter image as a sevenfold imaged system. An excess of X-ray emission in the direction of the arc coincides with a mild galaxy overdensity and could be the remnant of a minor merger with a group of galaxies. We derive estimates of the total cluster mass as well as of the mass of the cluster core using X-ray, dynamical and gravitational-lensing techniques. For the mass enclosed by the giant arc (r < 119 kpc), our strong-lensing analysis based on Hubble Space Telescope imaging yields a very high value of 1.1 × 1014Msolar, inconsistent with the much lower X-ray estimate of 0.5 × 1014Msolar. Similarly, the virial estimate of 4 × 1015Msolar for the total cluster mass, derived from multi-object spectroscopy with Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) and the VLT of 38 cluster members, is significantly higher than the corresponding X-ray estimate of 1.7 × 1015Msolar. We take the discrepancy between X-ray and other mass estimates to be indicative of pronounced substructure along the line of sight during an ongoing merger event, an interpretation that is supported by the system's very high velocity dispersion of 1580 km s-1. Based on observations collected with the VLT-UT3 Melipal Telescope (ESO). E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


A novel deoxyribonuclease from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum has been purified and designated as GLDNase.It was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation,Blue Sepharose 6 Fast Flow and SP Sepharose Fast Flow.GLDNase showed a single protein band on SDS-PAGE.It showed a major mass peak of 13807 u analyzed in an electrospray-mass analyzer.Amino acid analysis of the N-terminus indicated that the sequence was PLDTGRYHIYTW/T/CDGG.GLDNase acted on both ssDNA and dsDNA.Its optimum pH and temperature were 8.4 and 40 ℃ respectively.It was a kind of non-restriction-endonuclease.Mg2+ was required for the endonuclase activity as a co-factor.The activity of the purified enzyme was completely inhibited by 10 mmol·L-1 EDTA.The oligonucleotides produced by GLDNase had a phosphate group at the 5'-termini and a hydroxyl group at the 3'-termini.


RATIONALE
In the field of natural products, dereplication of complex mixtures hasbecomes usual practice to annotate known compounds and avoid their re-isolation. To this purpose, many groups rely on liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry to deduce molecular formulae of compounds allowing comparison with public or in-house databases. Electrospray ionisation is usually considered as the method of choice to investigate a large panel of compounds but, in some cases, it may lead to unusual results as described in the following article for ergosterol.

METHODS
Ergosterol and other fungal sterols in methanolic solution were analysed using different chromatographic gradients by HPLC/MS on both IT-TOFMS and Orbitrap-MS instruments fitted with an ESI source. Further flow injection analyses were performed to investigate the influence of the solvent composition. MS/MS fragmentation data were acquired to annotate the different ions observed.

RESULTS
Contrary to other fungal sterols, ergosterol was found to be highly sensitive to oxidation during electrospray ionisation. Putative structures were proposed based on MS/MS studies and known oxidation mechanisms of ergosterol by reactive oxygen species (ROS) that could be formed in the ESI process. The proportion of acetonitrile in the eluent was found to influence this in-source oxidation, with increased proportion of oxidized sodium adducts with higher proportions of acetonitrile.

CONCLUSIONS
While ergosterol is a major sterol found in fungi, this study investigates its ionisation by electrospray for the first time. The results reported here will help further detection and annotation of this compound in fungal extracts after HPLC/ESI-MS analyses.


Childhood has been changed by the accessibility of digital devices. Many children, especially in the wealthy world, are of a generation who have never known a life without digital technologies (e.g. Chaudron et al., 2015). Research demonstrates that children engage with technologies from birth in the home (O'Connor, 2017) and acquire appropriate skills to navigate new platforms by being immersed in the digital world. Consequently, children have evolved to transition between physical and virtual worlds fluidly (Marsh et al., 2016). Children's spaces and places for play and learning have similarly been transformed as innovative digital technologies provide mechanisms to bridge digital and non-digital worlds (Arnott et al., 2019; Fleer, 2019). Children's play across their physical location, with artefacts and resources and during relational, social and cultural spaces shape the integration of technologies into early childhood pedagogy and daily life. The physical environment, the connected environment and the social culture are intertwined, and it is the dynamic interaction of new artefacts with cultural and pedagogical ways of being that result in a more holistic understanding of play experiences. Core to all these discussions, therefore, is the argument that it is unproductive to distinguish between digital and non-digital resources or to separate spaces and places for play and learning. Instead, digital lives reflect the opportunity for richness in pedagogy and practice in early childhood education in the 21st century (Arnott et al., 2019, Marsh et al., 2019). As a result, it becomes even more difficult to distinguish the boundaries of digital and non-digital as well as physical, virtual or cultural worlds.


A great deal of contemporary writing on the Nigerian problem displays an unfortunate superficiality; it somehow fails to take account both of the complexity of the forces involved, and of the way that African society actually works. The roots of conflict and of reconciliation are difficult to trace for those who have not had experience of dealing with them in microcosm in the field of African administration. The African capacity to generate quarrels surprises the European, so also does his capacity to work out techniques to reconcile them. It is with these techniques that we are concerned.


Objective: To compare the immediate outcomes of thoracoscopy and median sternotomy in patients undergoing ventricular septal defect repair. Materials and мethods. We analyzed 59 patients diagnosed with VSD who were operated on at the SCCCST from 2012 to 2021. All patients were divided into two groups: group 1 included patients in whom thoracoscopic access was used (n=27), group 2 included the method of complete median sternotomy (n=32). Results. There were no statistically significant differences in complications in the postoperative period and no in-hospital mortality. The duration of the procedure and the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass in the thoracoscopy group were longer than in the sternotomy group. Blood loss during and after surgery was lower in the thoracoscopy group than in the sternotomy group. Hence, less blood and plasma transfusion was required in the thoracoscopy group than in the sternotomy group. The length of stay in the intensive care unit, the time spent on mechanical ventilation, bed days after surgery, the use of analgesics were statistically lower in the thoracoscopy group than in the sternotomy group. It should be noted that the length of the skin incision in patients in the thoracoscopy group was significantly less than in the second group. Conclusion. Thoracoscopic approach for VSD correction is an effective and low-traumatic method that does not increase the risk of surgical complications. Routine use of this technique requires a study on a larger sample of patients.


Despite intensive critical work on Byron's Hebrew Melodies, they tend to be marginalised in Byron's work. While there is a great deal of art in Byron's lyrics, they often have an effect of a flash of inspiration. The essay (re-)examines the lyric art and imaginative force of poems frequently marginalised in accounts of Byron's poetic career, involving comparisons with the lyricism of other poets, including Wordsworth, Shelley and Moore. Moore's relations with Ireland are evident, Byron's with Jewish suffering are less so, except that in his act of virtuosic empathy he can summon up Biblical cadences and imply an obscure, but deep link between apparently remote subject matter and private feeling.


This paper expounds a new method of complex surfaces rendering permitting to visualize atlas of discoids in real-time. The atlas of discoids allow to define surfaces very easily without the topological constraints we could get with the classical methods such as polygons meshes ones. Our basic model is completed by many algorithms permitting either to reconstruct implicit surfaces or to calculate the global illumination using radiosity algorithm. But up to now, no fast viewing method has been proposed for this modeling algorithm. We present here a real time rendering algorithm which exploits the recent extensions of OpenGL library and the possibilities offered by GPU like the shaders programs to perform non standard fragments mixing operations.


The esterification of oleic acid with methanol was chosen as a reaction test in order to establish the catalytic activity of various inorganic and enzyme based materials such as, bulk H6P2W18O62.xH2O (HPA) and oxide supported Wells Dawson heteropoly acid (HPA/TiO2), a partially substituted cesium salt, Novozym 435, and the lipases from Araujia sericifera (ASL) and Carica papaya (CPL). The reaction was followed through the acidity index of fatty acids and infrared analysis. The IR analysis involved the investigation of two bands centered at 2924 cm and 2854 cm attributed to the stretching vibration of the C-H bonds belonging to the methylene groups. The intensification of such signals and the presence of a new signal centered at 1743 cm attributed to vibrations of the C=O bonds are evidences of the presence methyl oleate (typical component of biodiesel). Additionally, the vibrations at 1242, 1197 and 1172 cm due to the C-O bond belonging to an ester provided further evidence of the presence of methyl oleate. The inorganic materials catalyzed the esterification of oleic acid with methanol in 1:1 molar ratio at 85 °C. In this context, the specific activity of bulk HPA and 18% HPA/TiO2 were 1.10 and 6.40 μmol.mg.h, respectively. The cesium salt Cs2H4P2W18O62 showed inactive.


In estimating design floods from design rainfalls, the adopted initial losses can have an appreciable effect upon the resulting flood. To provide guidance on the appropriate values of initial loss to use with design rainfalls, such as the probable maximum precipitation, the Bureau of Meteorology has analysed the rainfall prior to the 110 largest storms on record in southeastern Australia. Temporal distributions of area-mean rainfalls within these storms and in the 15 days prior were derived. The pre-storm part of each temporal distribution showed antecedent storms to be rare. The pre-burst rainfalls within storms were combined to provide a set of design pre-burst temporal distributions for use with large and extreme design rainfall bursts, though doubts were raised about the appropriateness of such an approach.


The present invention relates to a prosthesis prosthetic valve leaflets with the clamping device, and a prosthetic valve comprising a stent, the stent comprising a clamping section and support auxiliary section valve sewing, the artificial valve is sewn fixedly connected to the valve section, said auxiliary support by the support section of the clamping bracket and clamping means connecting the flap to the fixed segments, the flap holding means and the support bracket and fixed to the connecting section are integrally formed by cutting, is provided on the valve with a sewing section and the upper section is connected and fixed a mating connector section is fixed, the fixed frame connecting section connected integrally connected and fixed insert section through the upper and lower part of the valve leaflets sewn section overlaps the clamping device, in a natural state, the overlapping sewing section portion close to the outer surface of the valve, the valve is located on the skeleton structure of sewing segments within the overlap region is provided with a radially outwardly convex, is connected to the holding means, or flap or the support bracket stent disposed radially curved along the axial direction of the fixing section of the bracket is bent section.


We present the query-by-description (QBD) component of "Kandem", a time-aware music retrieval system. The QBD system we describe learns a relation between descriptive text concerning a musical artist and their actual acoustic output, making such queries as "Play me something loud with an electronic beat" possible by merely analyzing the audio content of a database. We show a novel machine learning technique based on regularized least-squares classification (RLSC) that can quickly and efficiently learn the non-linear relation between descriptive language and audio features by treating the problem as a large number of possible output classes linked to the same set or input features. We show how the RLSC training can easily eliminate irrelevant labels.


Background and Goal of Study: Non-invasive methods for cardiac output monitoring has become increasingly important to avoid the risk of invasive techniques. The Nexfin HD monitor uses the volume-clamp method of Penaz1 and the Physiocal criteria of Wesseling et al.2 and computes cardiac output (CO) from continuous reconstructed brachial artery blood pressure waveforms. In this study, we compared the CO derived from Nexfin blood pressure measurements with the CO obtained with transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTE). Materials and Methods: In 33 patients scheduled for routine TTE examination CO was simultaneously measured with Doppler ultrasound and derived from Nexfin HD (BMEYE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) blood pressure measurements. Patients with irregular a heart rhythm or peripheral vascular disease were excluded from this study. The finger cuff of the Nexfin device was applied the middle finger according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Correlation and level of agreement between Nexfin and TTE were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots. Values are represented by mean ± SD. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results and Discussion: There was no difference in mean CO measurements derived from the Nexfin and TTE (Nexfin: 5.3 ± 1.4 L/min vs. TTE: 5.8 ± 1.3 L/ min, P > 0.05). The Pearson correlation coefficient for Nexfin vs. TTE was 0.68 (CI: 0.43 – 0.83, P < 0.0001). Blant-Altman analysis revealed a bias of 0.52 ± 1.1 L/min and limits of agreement of -1.6 – 2.6 L/min with a percentage error of 38%. Conclusion(s): Considering limits of precision of CO measurements with Doppler echocardiography (±30%), our data show that the agreement between non-invasive cardiac output measurement with the Nexfin and TTE is reasonable. These results may suggest clinical applicability of Nexfin CO measurements and warrant validation in more diverse patients groups under various clinical conditions. References: 1 Wesseling KH. Homeostasis 1995;36:50-65. 2 Wesseling KH et al. Homeostasis 1995;36:67-82. Conclusion(s): During different levels of coronary flow reduction, myocardial ischemia can be quantified by tissue velocity measurements from an epicardial ultrasonic sensor. This sensor is a promising tool to detect ischemia continuously and in real-time during heart surgery, and with further miniaturizing of the sensor also in the postoperative period.


The article describes the organization and analysis of the results of the pedagogical experiment on the formation of economic culture of junior specialists-electricians (MSTE), which gives grounds to conclude on the effectiveness of the constructed model and implementation of a set of pedagogical conditions for the formation of economic
culture of MSTE in professional training. The ascertaining stage of the experiment included the collection of data required for pedagogical research; development of criteria, indicators and levels of formation of economic culture of MSTE; mass research of students of vocational and professional higher education institutions (technical schools and colleges). To achieve this, interviews and testing were conducted with students of research institutions of professional and professional higher education (technical schools and colleges). It has been proven that a significant number of respondents approve of the prospect of mastering economic culture but know little about it. The research carried out at the observational stage of the experiment showed that the initial level of formation of the economic culture of future MSTE in the experimental and control groups is approximately equally low for all components. At
the formative stage of the pedagogical experiment, a study of the level of formation of the economic culture of MSTE in the process of professional training in relation to the selected criteria: motivational-value, oriented-cognitive, creative, activity-practical. Consideration of the results of the experiment allowed to state that the use of the proposed set of pedagogical conditions in the education of students in institutions of professional and professional higher education (technical schools and colleges) has a positive effect on the formation of economic culture MSTE in the process of professional training. In the experimental group there was an increase in the number of students with a high and medium level of formation of economic culture MSTE, which confirms the hypothesis. Key words: economic culture, future junior specialists of electricians, professional training, pedagogical conditions of formation of economic culture of junior specialists of electricians, pedagogical experiment.


Many nations have embraced information and communication technologies (ICTs) as a means to increase government transparency and to reduce corruption. The latter goal has received a considerable amount of emphasis in newer applications of ICTs by certain governments. The use of social media is a central part of some of these more recent transparency and anti-corruption initiatives. This paper examines ways in which governments build social media into transparency and anti-corruption ICTs -- particularly e-government functions -- linking specific media with example initiatives. In addition, the paper discusses ways in citizens have used the same social media to monitor government activities.


This paper presents an interactive multiple model algorithm(IMM) utilizing adaptive turn rate models to track a maneuvering target. The turning rate is calculated at each step from the velocity and acceleration estimates of interacting output as the magnitude of the acceleration divided by the speed of the target. The tracking performance of the proposed algorithms is compared with two other IMM algorithms with different models.


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Submitted for the MAR06 Meeting of The American Physical Society Unoccupied electronic structure of and CO Chemisorption on ultrathin Ni films HUA YAO, A.G DANESE, R.A BARTYNSKI, Rutgers University — The Ni/Cu(100) system has drawn considerable of attention in recent years because of its importance in both fundamental research and technological applications. Whereas many ultrathin metal systems are dominated by quantum size effects (QSEs), for epitaxial Ni films on Cu(100) there is an intermingling of QSEs, electronic hybridization, and surface/interface effects, making it complicated and challenging to obtain a microscopic picture of this bimetal system. We have performed a series of inverse photoemission (IPE) studies of the unoccupied electronic structure of the Ni/Cu(100) and CO/Ni/Cu(100) systems as a function of Ni thickness. IPE spectra from Ni films exhibit very rich structures. A Phase Accumulation Model calculation suggests only one of the three main features is consistent with metallic quantum well (MQW) State in Ni film. CO adsorption strongly modifies the spectrum by dramatically suppressing one of the main features indicating that this feature is a Ni surface resonance. Furthermore, by comparing spectra from Ni/Cu(100) with results from Cu/Ni/Cu(100), we suggest the third feature is a state confined to the Ni/Cu interface. Since the electronic structure of these films changes as a function of film thickness, it provides a very interesting opportunity to investigate how different electronic state can modify the chemisorption properties of Ni/Cu(100). We have used temperature programmed desorption (TPD) to investigate the bonding between CO and Ni in Ni/Cu(100) system. Hua Yao Rutgers University Date submitted: 07 Dec 2005 Electronic form version 1.4


The study investigates the transition process and core principles of a green economy. At a global level, green growth represents the essence of a green economy. In this context, the process of restructuring the market economy and transitioning toward a green economy implies continuous efforts and interdependence since it cannot be achieved in isolation. The model of restructuring economic activities to the specificity of a green economy addresses the interdependent pillars of sustainable development: environmental concerns; renewable energy; low carbon levels. Nevertheless, the green economy model that is applied to advanced economies cannot be implemented to low-income economies because of development gaps. Moreover, emerging economies also have other goals and priorities that demand changes into the green economy model of advanced economies.


The use of two urethral stents woven from titanium nickel alloy(TiNi)in the form of a tubular mesh or a spiral stent (both made in China)is described.They were implanted in 62 patients with prostatic ourflow obstruction.All patients were considered contraindicated for surgery.They were divided into a spiral stent group(group 1)treated between March 1992 and May 1993,comprising 35 cases,and a tubular mesh group(group 2)treated between October 1993 and December 1994,comprising 31cases,including four failures in group 1.Thirty-theree out of the 35 patients in group 1were treated successfully.Good results were achieved in eight case(22.8%)and significant improvements occurred in 24(68.5%),giving a total effective rate of 91.3%,with a follow-up of 11to 27 months. Fourteen stents were removed within 6 months after the insertion aned six more were removed within 12 months.The mean effective time of the stent in situ was 10.8 months.All 31 cases in the mesh group were treated successfully.Dramatically goode effects were obtained in 28 cases(over 90%)and distinct improvenents were achived in two, giving a total effective rate of over 96.5%,with a follow-up of 6to 14 months(mean 10.5 months.)Cystoscopy was carried out in 12 patients afer 6 months following the imsertion.The major part of the meshes became covered by urothelium.Compared with the spiral,the mesh makes it possible to insert a prosthesis with a larger diameter and anti-pressure.The spiral,however,can be used as a temporary alternative for the relief of prostatic obstruction.A tubular mesh can work well for the relief of prostatic obstruction and remain in situ without causing major problems for at least 1 year.


Building air leakage area is a physical property that is determined mainly by its design, its construction, and its deterioration over time. The objective of this study is to evaluate airtightness of apartments that have different years of use. Blower door method may used to measure the airtinghtness of the envelope of apartment. Seven apartment buildings located in Seoul were selected and systematically experimented to monitor field performance data. As mostly accepted, the annual cost of heating increases as the envelope of apartment deteriorated.


A 20 nm logic device technology for low power and high performance application is presented with the smallest contacted-poly pitch (CPP) of minimal 80 nm ever reported in bulk Si planar device. We have achieved nFET and pFET drive currents of 770 µA/µm and 756 µA/µm respectively at 0.9 V and 1 nA/µm Ioff with the novel high-k/metal (HKMG) gate stack and advanced strain engineering. Short channel effect is successfully suppressed thanks to the optimized shallow junction, resulting in excellent DIBL and subthreshold swing below 120 mV and 90 mV/dec, respectively. In addition, full functionality of SRAM device with 20 nm technology architecture is confirmed.


A continuous section through the Ordovician belt in southeast Ireland is exposed in southwestern County Wexford. There an unconformity separates Lower Ordovician (mainly Arenigian) sediments from an Upper Ordovician (Caradocian) sequence. The thick Lower Ordovician sequence contains four facies, of which the most important is alternating siltstone and shale. Interfingered as minor facies are thick shale beds, paraconglomerate, and interbedded sandstone and shale. The siltstone and sandstone are interpreted as deposits from axial turbidity currents, with associated bottom-current activity, in an otherwise low-energy environment. Paleoslope data indicate that deposition was near the southeast flank (the "Irish Sea landmass") of a northeast-trending basin. Only the paraconglomerates were derived from this border area; the dispersal pattern and petrology indicate a northeastern source for the other detrital sediments. Volcanic rocks (laterally equivalent to the more westerly Tramore limestones) are at the base of the Caradocian. An initial nearshore environment, progressively deepening, is probable for this sequence. The overlying sediments contain three facies; quantitatively, the most important is interbedded siltstone (turbidite) and shale. Paleocurrent directions indicate a southwestern source and deposition in a northeast-aligned basin. A close mineralogical similarity with the Arenigian sediments suggests that the Arenigian composed much of the source area. This facies shows an upward increase in shale, and is overlain by two facies of less importance--a pyritic siltstone and silty mudstone facies, and a black shale facies. This upward change implies diminishing supply of terrigenous material and a change in basin geometry to quiet, restricted, shallow depositional areas. These probably were near shore, because overlying rhyolite flows were extruded subaerially. End_of_Article - Last_Page 718------------


Purpose: to characterize and to relate the quantity and hydration status, the voice use time and the dryness of complaints of professionals and future voice professionals. Methods: cross-sectional study, non-experimental, retrospective and quantitative, using database. There were analyzed records of 105 subjects of both genders, professionals and / or students future voice professionals at the age between 19:0-42:6 years. There were used data about age, profession, gender, quantity and hydration status, voice use time and dryness of complaints. There were used: Hypothesis test for Proportion, Chi-Square test and Fisher's exact test. Results: significant frequency of available water in the workplace and voice use less than eight hours. The intake of less than seven glasses of water daily was percentage higher than the intake of more than seven cups. There are significant associations between intake less water quantity and use the voice for less time and between having water at work and intake more than seven glasses of water every day. There was not significance in relation to dryness complaint. Conclusion: most of the voice professionals and future professionals used it for less than eight hours and had water available at work. Those who intake less than seven glasses of water daily a present daily time vocal use less than eight hours and those who drank more than seven cups of water a day had water available at work.