This report describes the building code requirements and impediments to applying photovoltaic (PV) and solar-thermal technologies in residential buildings (one- or two-family dwellings). It reviews six modern model building codes that represent the codes to be adopted by most locations in the coming years: International Residential Code, First Draft (IRC), International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), International Mechanical Code (IMC), International Plumbing Code (IPC), International Fuel Gas Code (IFGC), and National Electrical Code (NEC). The IRC may become the basis for many of the building codes in the United States after it is released in 2000, and it references the other codes that will also likely become applicable at that time. These codes are reviewed as they apply to photovoltaic systems in buildings and building-integrated photovoltaic systems and to active-solar domestic hot-water and space-heating systems. The first discussion is on general code issues that impact the s e technologies-for example, solar access and sustainability. Then, secondly, the discussion investigates the relationship of the technologies to the codes, providing examples, while keeping two major issues in mind: How do the codes treat these technologies as building components? and Do the IECC and other codes allow reasonable credit for the energy impacts ofmore » the technologies? The codes can impact the implementation of the above technologies in several ways: (1) The technology is not mentioned in the codes. It may be an obstacle to implementing the technology, and the solution is to develop appropriate explicit sections or language in the codes. (2) The technology is discussed by the codes, but the language is confusing or ambiguous. The solution is to clarify the language. (3) The technology is discussed in the codes, but the discussion is spread over several sections or different codes. Practitioners may not easily find all of the relevant material that should be considered. The so lution is to put all relevant information in one section or to more clearly reference relevant sections. (4) The technology is prohibited by the code. Examples of this situation were not found. However, energy credit for some technologies cannot be achieved with the requirements of these codes. Finally, four types of future action are recommended to make the codes reviewed in this report more accommodating to renewable energy technologies: (1) Include suggested language additions and changes in the codes; (2) Create new code sections that place all of the requirements for a technology in one section of an appropriate code; (3) Apply existing standards, as appropriate, to innovative renewable energy and energy conservation technologies; and (4) Develop new standards, as necessary, to ease code compliance. A synergy may be possible in developing suitable code language changes for both photovoltaic and solar hot-water systems. The installation of rooftop photovoltaic panels and solar hot- water collectors involves many overlapping issues. Roof loading, weather tightness, mounting systems, roof penetrations, and similar concerns are identical for both technologies. If such work can be coordinated, organizations supporting both technologies could work together to implement the appropriate revisions and additions to the codes.« less


A prospective study was conducted to examine whether hope would buffer the damaging effects of a hostile workplace climate among a sample of 65 lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Participants completed initial measures of life satisfaction, hope, and optimism. One month later, participants again completed the life satisfaction measure, along with a workplace climate questionnaire. After controlling for optimism, hope emerged as a main effect in accounting for changes in life satisfaction. In addition, the interaction between hope and workplace climate was significant. Hope played a critical role in maintaining life satisfaction among individuals who faced a hostile, discriminatory workplace.


The Dawn spacecraft is on its way to rendezvous with two main belt asteroids, Ceres and Vesta. The science community is already anticipating compelling results that would dictate a sample return mission. Asteroid sample return missions are already highlighted in the Decadal Survey and are directly solicited through the New Frontiers mission announcement of opportunities. There have been numerous studies of near-Earth asteroid sample return missions. NASA's In-Space Propulsion Technology project initiated a study to evaluate the feasibility and propulsion system requirements of main belt asteroid sample return missions. The mission design trades, results, and propulsion system requirements are presented.


Developmental stability is the ability of organisms to maintain a stable state despite different environmental conditions and stressors. The converse of which is developmental instability where, one can estimate by subjecting genetically identical individuals in a common environment and measuring fluctuating asymmetry (FA). This type of asymmetry examines random variation between left and right sides of traits that are on average, bilaterally symmetrical since, both sides of a symmetrical structure are said to be genetically identical, with similar history of gene activity and experiencing the same environment. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) is the most commonly used tool for measuring developmental instability herewith, a direct relationship between FA and developmental instability. In this study, a population of the bivalve Arctica islandica (ocean quahog) was analyzed for fluctuating asymmetry. The population consists of 83 individuals and 3 different morphotypes were identified, FA of each morphotype was measured to evaluate developmental stability. Hypothesis assumes that fluctuating asymmetry has costs and reflects the quality of individuals. Using landmark method for shape asymmetry, anatomical and mathematical landmarks were assigned in the inner valves of Arctica islandica (ocean quahog) and analysis was done using "Symmetry and Asymmetry in Geometric Data" (SAGE) program. Results yield highly significant FA in Morphotye C, significant FA in morphotype A and non-significant FA in Morphotype B. Results implied that developmental homeostasis seems not easily disturbed in Morphotype B hence, a quite stable morphotype. Thus, suggesting stabilizing selection may be at work.


This Brief summarizes findings from the impact evaluation of the Ghana Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) programme on schooling outcomes overall and for various subgroups: by sex, age group and cognitive ability.The findings underscore the importance of going beyond average treatment effects to analyse impacts by subgroup in order to unpack the programme effect


Ash is a waste that can be an efficient substrate in wastewater treatment for the immobilization of heavy metals and for dyes removal. For an up-scalable wastewater treatment process, efficient substrates, with relatively constant behavior are needed and modifying the adsorbent surface can be a feasible solution. Fly ash, resulted from coal burning, and wood ash are mixtures mainly containing metal oxides and carbon in various proportion, depending on the initial raw material. The paper presents a comparative study of heavy metals and dyes on modified fly ash and wood ash powders; washed ash was tested as adsorption substrate for cadmium and methylene blue removal from single and mixed solutions. The adsorption efficiency and kinetic, the substrate capacities and the mechanisms are further discussed correlated with the crystalline structure (XRD) and morphology (AFM). The results show that ash with controlled surface properties allows the simultaneous removal of heavy metals and dyes, resulting waters that respect the discharge regulations. They tend to adsorb in a competitive process and modify the substrate.


I analyze the rm's decision of how much general but informal training to provide in the presence of on-the-job search. In particular, due to lack of formal measure and commitment technology on the training intensity, I assume that rms exibly adjust their training intensity at any time, but hardly charge the cost of training to their workers. Even without any contractual agreement on training, rms still provide training not only to improve productivity (investment motive) but also to keep their workers from defecting to other rms (compensation motive). Furthermore, better paying rms are encouraged to provide more intensive training by investment motive, while they are discouraged by compensation motive. The implied wage-training pattern among ex-ante identical rms is reverse U-shaped. That is, training intensity rises with wage payment at low wages, but declines at high wages. Also, as the search friction is mitigated, the investment motive is deteriorated, but the compensation motive is intensi ed. I also show that the training intensity per trainee declines with the accelerated o er arrival rates in the numerical experiment with reasonable parameter values. JEL Classi cation: D83, E24, J24, J33, J64 ∗I am indebted to Hidehiko Ichimura, John Kennan, Rasmus Lentz, Hideo Owan, and Chris Taber for their helpful comments and warm encouragement. In particular, I deeply thank Rasmus Lentz and Dale Mortensen for their useful guidance. All remaining errors are mine.


Collaboration-based designs [K. Fisler et al. (2001), T. T. Nguyen et al. (2003), Y. Smaragdakis et al. (1998)] are an effective software development approach due to its achievement in separation of concerns [G. Kiczales et al., (1997), P. Tarr et al. (1999)]. These designs also demand a new model checking technique allowing to prove system correctness by verifying each collaboration individually with a minimum assumption about other collaborations. To verify a collaboration of multiple actors, a typical technique consists of constructing a standard cross-product of actor statecharts as global state space and then checking properties with respect to that global space. We initially point out some drawbacks of a previous approach [K. Fisler et al. (2001)] in verifying collaboration. Then, in addition to intra-object behaviors in statecharts as of [K. Fisler et al. (2001)], we first improve the technique by imposing additional constraints to model checking process via protocol invariants which are essentially inter-object behaviors. Due to these additional constraints, state space is reduced and more importantly, our model reflects more accurately about system behavior by eliminating those unreachable states. Second, a more general form, i.e. multiple exit and re-entry states, of the interface between two collaborations is used instead of a fixed interface with single exit and re-entry states. Some pre-processing work on reentry states and solutions to specifics of properties to be verified are also discussed regarding to the soundness of the verification algorithm.


Abstract Two important cardiovascular risk factors, osteoprotegerin and Von Willebrand Factor form complex in endothelial cells and in circulating blood. The pathophysiological role of the complex is unknown. We give a brief review of the relevant literature and confront it with some of our recent findings regarding the OPG-VWF correlation.


The formation of the Treaty Ports after the Opium Wars saw the introduction of the ideas of the Industrial Revolution to Imperial China. The Treaty Ports acted as the intersection of Chinese and Western cultures, playing a crucial role in introducing Western technology. This article shows for the first time how, counter-intuitively, the problems of supply of Chinese timber actually provided the impetus for the wider adoption of Western forms of carpentry construction such as purlin roofs with king-post trusses. It also shows how the competition between timber suppliers ultimately led to Chinese nationalist backlash against imported timber and techniques.


Provided is a self-supporting thin film having strong adhesiveness in which an increase in adhesion due to thinning and an increase in adhesive force due to polyphenol coating act synergistically by coating a self-supporting thin film with polyphenol. The self-supporting thin film can be used as a biocompatible thin film. Also provided is a method for producing a self-supporting thin film comprising silicone prior to polyphenol coating, wherein the method for producing a silicone self-supporting thin film having a high aspect ratio, elastic modulus, and adhesiveness uses a solvent having a specific polarity as the solvent that dissolves the main agent and the curing agent during a crosslinking reaction to form a non-water-soluble polymer thin film.


The general characteristics of grating-based free-electron lasers are established, and the beam and resonator parameters needed for operation at far-infrared wavelengths are discussed.


Fusarium proliferatum and F. verticillioides are considered as minor pathogens of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Both species can survive in seed material without visible disease symptoms, but still contaminating it with fumonisins. Two populations of pea-derived F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides strains were subjected to FUM1 sequence divergence analysis, forming a distinct group when compared to the collection strains originating from different host species. Furthermore, the mycotoxigenic abilities of those strains were evaluated on the basis of in planta and in vitro fumonisin biosynthesis. No differences were observed in fumonisin B (FB) levels measured in pea seeds (maximum level reached 1.5 μg g−1); however, in rice cultures, the majority of F. proliferatum genotypes produced higher amounts of FB1–FB3 than F. verticillioides strains.


We consider a Lagrange optimal control problem for a Volterra integral equation of fractional potential type. We prove a theorem on the existence of an optimal solution and derive a maximum principle. The proof of the existence theorem is based on the lower closure theorem for orientor fields due to Cesari and Filippov‐type selection theorem due to Rockafellar. The proof of the maximum principle is based on an extremum principle for smooth problems proved in Idczak and Walczak (Games. 2020;11:56).


you were one of the activists who scaled the roof of the British parliament in 2009, unfurling a banner that asked British politicians to 'Change the Politics, Save the Climate'. What was it like up there? It was absolutely outstanding. The action happened around the same time that the anniversary of the protest at the Kingsnorth coal-fired power station was approaching. We scaled the roof of the British Parliament. For me that was a life-changing experience. It was also a very big story for India. It was sending out a very bold statement-there's an Indian on the roof of the British Parliament! I was taking action in the UK, but I was also getting involved in actions in my own country, telling my own government that we need to cut down coal. In 2007, you climbed a coal-fired power plant in India and painted 'Smoking Kills' on the chimney. Climate change issues are close to your heart, aren't they? Yes. I would love to see India become an example for the rest of the world when it comes to implementing decentralised renewable energy. I want the Energy [R]evolution to start from India. We are located in a place with a lot of sunlight. We're a developing country; we need the energy. We know we don't have much coal. I want our politicians to take notice – and Greenpeace can play an important role in making them take notice. Right now, the dominant thinking is that when it comes to development, there are a certain parameters set in stone for developing countries. We don't have to follow these parameters! In fact, if we do, everyone is going down the drain. There's an alternative. We have to learn from the mistakes that have been committed by many western countries – and really rethink the way we produce and consume energy. Change has to start somewhere. Why not in India? In September 2011, Greenpeace India will celebrate its 10th birthday. What does it mean for you to have Greenpeace in India? India has a history of civil disobedience that goes back to Mahatma Gandhi. In a land that gave birth to civil disobedience and non-violent direct action, it's fantastic to have an organisation that works on these basic principles. Greenpeace is working in India – and that means a lot. It provides a lot of people out there with a chance to act …


This paper deals with the synthesis of planar arrays. In the framework of iterative search procedures, a method based on a genetic algorithm (GA) is presented. Starting from the definition of a suitably defined cost function, thinning and weighting a randomly generated array configuration, the multi‐purpose stochastic procedure is able to satisfy various antenna constraints to determines an optimal trade‐off among contrasting requirements. In order to confirm the reliability of the proposed approach (also in comparison with the related literature), some highly optimized antenna array designs are reported and discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 35: 428–430, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10629


The free vibration characteristics of the axially moving Timoshenko beam under compressive load are investigated. The differential governing equation of transverse vibration of the axially moving beam under axial load is established based on the Timoshenko beam theory and Hamilton's principle. The beam system is sorted by the positive definiteness of boundary conditions and the characteristic equations are deduced. The dimensionless complex frequencies of the axially moving Timoshenko beam with different boundary conditions under compressive load are calculated by the proposed modified Galerkin method and the differential quadrature method. The characteristics of the lower order real parts and imaginary parts of the complex frequencies are observed. The effect of compressive load factor, the moving speed and acceleration on the stability of system are discussed.


Eight larvae of the new subspecies Coryphista meadi atlantica Munroe, the barberry geometrid, were reared from eggs. Hatched eggs, first-instar larvae, head capsules of the various instars, one last-instar skin, and seven last-instar larvae were preserved for the present study. The head capsules indicated only four instars. The female adults were identified by Dr. E. G. Munroe, Systematic Entomology Unit, Entomology Division.


Aiming at the mutuality between the characteristic parameter of steel and its magnetic permeability,this paper cites the segmented least square method to the detection process to fit the relation curve when they are nonlinear.This work adopts C8051F020 as the MCU of the instrument to do calculation and analysis in the process of detection.Compared with the instrument which uses the single least square method,the experiment result indicates that the instrument can improve the detection accuracy and raise the efficiency.


We shall give a simple example to show that (1) and (2) do not generahze to spectral sequences. In other words, the knowledge of a homology spectral sequence of some topological situation does not necessarily imply knowledge of the corresponding cohomology spectral sequence, nor of that over arbitrary coefficients. Let A = 2,APtQ be a double complex of free abelian groups Avq (the summation running from — oo to +oo), with commuting boundary operators


We discuss the necessity of a separation of quarks and gluons in qq-barg three-jet events in e/sup +/e/sup -/ annihilation in order to obtain quantitative tests of quantum chromodynamics. The possibility of such a separation is investigated with special emphasis on the case that one or two of the jets are identified as quark jets by a semileptonic decay of a c or b quark. It is shown in detail how gluon energy spectra and gluon-jet properties can be deduced from these measurements.


Review of The Empire's Old Clothes, What the Lone Ranger, Babar and Innocent Heroes Do to Our Minds by Ariel Dorfman. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


Determining key sector of agriculture development is important since agriculture contributes 13.01% of the national economy and plays important role in food security and supplying raw materials for manufacturing. This research use linkage analysis by utilizing the indices forward linkage and backward linkage obtained from the multiplier matrices of InputOutput Table. Multiplier matrices are inverse matrices which can be used to discover the relation between final demand and output. The results of the analysis find seven sectors, from three sub-sectors of agriculture, as the key sectors. This is indicated by their value of backward linkage and forward linkage which are higher than the average linkage of the whole agriculture. Those seven sectors are rice from the sub-sector of food crops; rubber, sugar cane, oil palm, and other plantation crops from the sub-sector of plantation crops; and livestocks and its products except fresh milk, and birds and its products from the sub-sector of live-stocks. Research in inter-sectoral linkage may obtain the strength of one particular sector in influencing other sectors for actively contributing to the Indonesian economy. However, I-O analysis possessed limitation that prevents the key sectors to be used for long-term policy consideration. Consequently, agriculture development should not continuously depend on the key sectors. Moreover, it should also develop the potency of other sectors so that agriculture sector would become the key sector of the national development as a whole, not partially.


ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine the efficiency of a commercial air cleaner in removing pollens and fungal spores indoors. The effect of the air ventilation rate in a room on the removal efficiency was also investigated. The air cleaner consisted of a HEPA filtration unit and a fan operated at a flow rate of 404 m3 per h. This system was tested in two adjacent but separate bedrooms on the second floor of a single-family home. The system was used in Room A to clean the air; Room B served as a control. The study was conducted during the summer and fall, and an evaporative cooling unit with ducts to each room delivered outside air. The ventilation rate was controlled by adjusting the flow rates of the evaporator with minor adjustment of the window opening to give similar ventilation rates in both rooms. At the beginning of the test, ventilation rates were measured using an SF6 tracer gas method, and ventilation was adjusted so that both rooms had similar air exchange rates. Then an air cle...


The optimal control and management of the patients affected by urothelial bladder cell carcinoma (UC) is principally contingent on appropriate risk group stratification based on the correct assessment of biological and clinical features [1]. Various pathological, clinical and molecular parameters have been proposed over the past few years for predicting patient outcome, but no single standard prognostic factor can be used to plan a correct follow-up schedule in these patients [2]. The lack of our clinical methods to predict disease recurrence or progression has led to the search for methods that combine existing clinical, pathological and laboratory data with complex mathematical models. For this reason, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been introduced into clinical practice [3]. To date, however, the ANNs have only been used rarely in urological oncological diseases [4]. We have developed a neural network for predicting recurrence-free probability in patients with superficial UC, carried out in accordance with the results of univariate and multivariate analyses. ANN setup was carried out by using the commercially available software program Neural Works Predict (Neural Ware, Inc., Carnegie, PA, USA). The 10 factors were used as input parameters (input neuron) to ANN (Table 1). The clinical patient outcome was assigned by an output neuron, giving a value 1 for recurrence-free status and a value 0 for non-recurrence free. The ANN included two hidden nodes chosen for obtaining best performance results. Each input neuron had a specific contribution to ANN outcome, as described in Table 1. A total of 403 patients affected by urothelial bladder cancer were selected for the study. In all, 280 patients (69.4%) were used to train the system, while 123 (30.6%) were used for the testing phase. The input variable contribution to ANN output was expressed in a value ranging from 0 to 100, in accordance with their impact on ANN output. The contribution of each input variable in ANN analysis was also evaluated by using the difference between the original and modified neural net output. The use of ANN in bladder cancer patients allowed a sensitivity of 78.98% and a specificity of 97.86% in predicting recurrence-free status after surgical treatment at 12 months follow-up (positive predictive value 99.9% and negative predictive value 91.2%). The area under the ROC curve was 0.875. ANN analysis reported a high correlation between expectant and observed data. We reported a small difference between Pearson's coefficient values in different 'phase', indicating that the model generalises well and that it is likely to make accurate predictions when it processes new data, as described in Neural Works Predict 's instruction manual. Moreover, ANN analysis allows a prediction with an overall accuracy of 88.43%. This study stresses the fact that in tumour natural history and its follow-up decision making, we must use different approaches, due to the fact that tumour recurrence or progression is related to a complex network of independent variables. ANN, from this point of view, is able to analyse a non-linear relationship, by using multiple layers of interconnected nodes and achieve more accurate results [5].


To reduce the purchasing price and improve the purchasing quality, the Cast Iron Pipe Corporation establishes the purchasing model of inviting public bidding to the great amount of raw materials In preparing stage, to establish the strong organization ensuring system is used, supply necessary system ensuring and comprehensive quality ensuring, rigorously enforcing the procedure of inviting public bidding and personnel training In the purchasing process of inviting public bidding, standarding the operating actions, the good movies of purchasing with inviting public bidding is ensured Therefore the purchasing cost is decreased by 18 8%, the more efficiency is improved and new, systematic, perfect and effective in enterprise management mechanism is established


The ipsilateral approach was used at preoperative portal vein embolization in 38 patients with hepatobiliary malignancy. The right anterior portal branch was punctured. Two different 5.5-F triple-lumen balloon catheters were used, and fibrin glue and iodized oil were injected. Portal vein embolization was successful in all cases (right lobe, 24 patients; left lobe and right anterior segment, six; right lobe and left medial segment, three; right posterior segment, two; right anterior segment, one; left lobe, one; and right and caudate lobes, one).


Although there occurred numerous revolutions in the ancient world and in the Middle Ages, their historical role was relatively small. Starting from the Modern period, the role of revolutions as historical engines increased dramatically, which was connected with the started industrial era and emerging technologies, with development of capitalist relations, to which the revolutions opened the way in the struggle against absolutism and obsolete social relations. The article considers the role of revolutions in the long-term historical process and the World-System's development as well as analyzes the changing importance of revolutions from ancient times to the present day. The author shows why the nature of revolutions has changed and their significance has sharply increased since the beginning of the sixteenth century, that is with the started Early Modern period and the Industrial revolution. The author also explains how and why the role of revolutions as the most important driving force of historical process and progress started to decline against the background of the increasing role of more legitimate and less expensive forms of societal transformations. The contemporary role of revolutions and their usage as a geopolitical weapon are also examined. The author also defines the correlation between developing technologies, globalization, and the role of revolution in historical process. While considering these aspects he also addresses some points related to the theory of revolution and makes some predictions regarding the future role of revolutions for the development of societies and the World-System in general. ON ANCIENT AND CONTEMPORARY REVOLUTIONS In the political history of complex human societies, revolutions have been observed for many centuries. But only starting from the early modern period have revolutions become one of the major driving forces of historGrinin / Revolutions in the Light of Historical Process 261 ical progress, leading to novel regime types and reshaping international power relations. Revolutions can be (and should be) considered within several approaches: 1) Within the systemic approach revolutions are considered as a serious imbalance which may emerge when a system shifts from a relatively stable state into unstable due to huge disproportions in societal development. The system enters the crisis period while revolutions turn one of the forms of crisis resolution. This approach is most frequently applied. 2) Within the sociological approach revolutions are seldom considered as historical phenomena while the major focus is put on their recurrent features. This approach is also widely employed. However, revolutions can hardly be treated only within the frameworks of systemic or sociological approaches when a society is considered mostly as a self-sufficient system. One should consider it within a wider context. And for this purpose we may use the following approaches. 3) The World-System approach considers revolutions at the background of the World-System changes as well as the impact of the WorldSystem changes on revolutions and vice versa the impact of revolutions on transformations and reconfigurations of the World System. 4) The world-historical approach treats revolutions as phenomena whose role as an instrument of progress considerably changes in the course of unfolding historical process. Unfortunately, the investigators less frequently apply the last two approaches. So in the present article we will pay particular attention to them. It is also obvious that the defined approaches can be combined. 5) It is also worth analyzing revolutions with respect to other societal changes, in particular, those leading to similar results. However, only a few investigators of revolutions systemically consider the place of revolutions among other forms of transformation of a society and means of resolution of social and political contradictions especially within the historical process frames. Among those who performed it with unfailing systematically one can name Shmuel Eisenstadt and also to a certain extent, Samuel Huntington, Jack Goldstone, and Charles Tilly (Eisenstadt 1978; Huntington 1968, 1991, 1996; Goldstone 1991; Tilly 1992). In the present article we will also discuss why and how the role of revolutions in historical process change in comparison with other protest forms and social conflicts and processes changing a society and its development. Here we analyze the transformations of revolutions within historical and globalization processes and in connection with the World-System's transformations. In the last section we show the correlation between development of technologies, globalization, and the role of revolution in historical process. Social Evolution & History / September 2019 262 In conclusion we also offer some forecasts regarding the future role of revolutions in the development of societies and the World System in general. It is sometimes argued that there had occurred no revolutions prior to the Modern era (e.g., Ellul 1971), but of course, it is far from true. If one considers revolutions as a violent change of regime, he may say that they have accompanied political history for many millennia. But such revolutions were mainly characteristic for the polis-type states whose regimes could alternate from oligarchic (or tyrannical) to democratic and vice versa. Thus, prior to the early modern period the revolutions mostly occurred in the states whose political regimes were less widespread during the pre-industrial period. In a revolutionary perspective the history of some Hellenistic states and Rome may be also presented as a struggle between social and political groups for the distribution of resources and power (see, e.g., Sorokin 1992, 1994; Hansen 1989; Cartledge 1998; Grinin 2004). We may define some phenomena resembling political and social revolutions in the medieval states (in Italy and some other countries). Social struggle is also observed in the history of some Eastern states. But these attempts to establish a new regime and, figuratively speaking, change 'constitution', were quite rare; yet, sometimes one observes a kind of social revolution when socio-economic (distributive) relations are changed. However, there did occur devastating uprisings, sometimes sweeping away the dynasties, as it happened in China. However, despite the abovementioned examples, in ancient times and medieval period there were no revolutions that could promote a societal advance to a higher stage of social evolution. No doubt, revolutions used to be a developmental factor but obviously less important than wars and other transformations. The societies' productive basis would remain the same after revolutions, thus, the progressive effect of the latter was much weaker than in the Modern era. Only starting from the Modern period the revolutions became one of the leading driving forces of historical process (see Grinin 1997; Semyonov et al. 2007; Travin and Morgania 2004; Goldstone 2014). Why did it happen? The reason is the transition to a new – industrial – production principle which started in the late fifteenth century (for more details see Grinin 2006; Grinin L. and Grinin A. 2015; Grinin, Korotayev 2015; see the Table below) for the correlation between the stages of technological development and the role of revolution). Along with a breakthrough in production it was necessary to transform all other relations, so that a society could create abundant space for the development of new productive forces. Meanwhile, revolutions could help eliminate the relations hampering that development. Thus, we mostly speak about revolutions of a new type, which were practically unknown in the history prior to the sixteenth century. We describe them as a phenomenon that turned extremely important for the unfolding historical process and as a means of realizing the society's proGrinin / Revolutions in the Light of Historical Process 263 gressive development, raising its economic, cultural, political, and legal level. In other words, here we treat revolutions not just as a means to change political regime or as a way of conflict resolution in societies but as a transformation which eventually took a temporal lead in terms of technological, cultural and political development and which would drive ahead not only a certain society but the whole World System. Starting from the Modern era one can speak about a peculiar role of revolutions in the development of historical process, the role of 'a locomotive of history' (according to Marx 1964); yet, as we will show, this role started to decline and change already in the mid-nineteenth century. For Shmuel Eisenstadt (1978) the revolutions of the early Modern era are modern revolutions. However, he notes that many scholars ignore the relation between revolution and modernity. And those who acknowledge that the main structural and institutional features of revolutions are inherent to the Modern era still fail to trace the relation between these features and fundamental characteristics of modernity. Samuel Huntington also argues that revolutions can hardly outbreak in traditional societies with a low level of social and economic complexity. It is a phenomenon of a modernizing society (Huntington 1968). Finally, we should note that the increasing role of revolutions in historical process was associated not only with general technological transformations clearly manifested from the last third of the fifteenth century (see Grinin 2006; Grinin L. and Grinin A. 2015; Grinin and Korotayev 2015), but also with the concurrent breakthrough in information technologies. Any great revolution or a new wave of revolutions is somehow connected with emerging principally new media or with their improvement. In what follows (in the second section), we try to trace this trajectory of revolutionary practices. Before proceeding to the next section we would like to make one more remark. A


This review summarizes the lack of research regarding the learning preferences of gifted individuals. Through the topic of cooperative and collaborative learning, the need for refinement of definitions and expanded methodologies is identified. Past research has narrowly focused on only one or two variables of interest, has often ignored contextual variables, and has been limited by the use of forced-choice survey data. Research that adopts a social learning or social constructivist theoretical framework can help to overcome some of these limitations by considering the context of the learning environment, and taking into account individual differences. There is research that moves in this direction, although more is needed that integrates such theories into both research questions and methodology. This can provide useful insight into the nuanced learning preferences, not only for gifted individuals, but for individuals of all abilities.


Refugee doctors differ from other international health professionals in that most left their country of origin under duress, rather than being part of the induced migration of many healthcare workers from low- to high-income countries. There are now over 1000 such doctors registered with the British


Recent tourist villages in Indonesia have received more attention from the government and also the management, this is due to the increasing development of tourism in Indonesia. Muaro Jambi Village is one of the tourist villages owned by Jambi Province which has many decent tourism objects to be empowered more fully. One of the most famous tours is Muaro Jambi Temple, which is the largest temple in Southeast Asia. The classic problem that always arises in data integration creates a mismatch that is still more maximal in the process of mapping and empowering rural tourism. The researcher develops a product in the form of an application that can later be used to connect between the village tourism manager and potential visitors. This application can also be used as a medium for centralizing tourism village data throughout Indonesia. The combination of using the Codeigniter Framework and the Google Maps API is able to provide a strong and integrated impression on the application, making it easily accepted among users. The results of this study are the formation of a media that can be used by village tourism managers in managing existing destinations, can be used by visitors to find recommendations for popular destinations or can also be used by the government in mapping tourism villages


3T-Phased Array MRI Improves the Presurgical Evaluation in Focal Epilepsies: A Prospective Study Knake S, Triantafyllou C, Wald LL, Wiggins G, Kirk GP, Larsson PG, Stufflebeam SM, Foley MT, Shiraishi H, Dale AM, Halgren E, Grant PE Neurology 2005;65(7):1026–1031 Background Although detection of concordant lesions on MRI significantly improves postsurgical outcomes in focal epilepsy (FE), many conventional MR studies remain negative. The authors evaluated the role of phased array surface coil studies performed at 3 Tesla (3T PA-MRI). Methods Forty patients with medically intractable focal epilepsies were prospectively imaged with 3T PA-MRI, including high matrix TSE T2, fluid attenuated inversion recovery, and magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo. All patients were considered candidates for epilepsy surgery. 3T PA-MRIs were reviewed by a neuroradiologist experienced in epilepsy imaging with access to clinical information. Findings were compared to reports of prior standard 1.5T MRI epilepsy studies performed at tertiary care centers. Results Experienced, unblinded review of 3T PA-MRI studies yielded additional diagnostic information in 48% (19/40) compared to routine clinical reads at 1.5T. In 37.5% (15/40), this additional information motivated a change in clinical management. In the subgroup of patients with prior 1.5T MRIs interpreted as normal, 3T PA-MRI resulted in the detection of a new lesion in 65% (15/23). In the subgroup of 15 patients with known lesions, 3T PA-MRI better defined the lesion in 33% (5/15). Conclusion Phased array surface coil studies performed at 3 Tesla read by an experienced unblinded neuroradiologist can improve the presurgical evaluation of patients with focal epilepsy when compared to routine clinical 1.5T studies read at tertiary care centers. MR Imaging of Patients with Localization-Related Seizures: Initial Experience at 3.0T and Relevance to the NICE Guidelines Griffiths PD, Coley SC, Connolly DJ, Hodgson T, Romanowski CA, Widjaja E, Darwent G, Wilkinson ID Clin Radiol 2005;60(10):1090–1099 The purpose of this study is to describe our initial experience of imaging adults with localization-related epilepsy using MR imaging at 3.0T. We discuss the findings in the context of the recently released NICE guidelines that provide detailed advice on imaging people with epilepsy in the UK. One hundred twenty consecutive people over the age of 16 years with localization-related epilepsy were referred for clinical MR examinations from a regional neuroscience center in England. None of the people had had MR examinations prior to the present study. Highresolution MR imaging was performed taking advantage of the high field strength and high performance gradients of the system. Two experienced neuroradiologists reported on the examinations independently and the presence and type of pathology was recorded. There was complete agreement between the two reporters in all 120 cases. The overall frequency of abnormalities shown by MR was 31 of 120 (26%) and the commonest abnormality shown was mesial temporal sclerosis found in 10 of 120 (8%). Tumors were shown in 4 of 120, all of which appeared low grade as judged by imaging criteria. Epilepsy is the commonest neurological condition and demands a significant resource in order to provide good care for sufferers. Recent guidelines published in the UK have suggested that the majority of people with epilepsy should receive brain MR as part of their routine assessment. Our work shows that using the most sophisticated MR imaging in a highly selected population there is a modest pick-up rate of brain abnormalities. If a widespread epilepsy-imaging programme is started the detection rate is likely to be much lower. Although MR is acknowledged to be a reliable way of detecting pathology in people with epilepsy there is a dearth of information studying the health economics of imaging epilepsy in relation to patient management and outcomes.


One objection to the idea of morally enhancing humans using biomedical means concerns its impact on the identity of the enhanced person (e.g. Specker et al., 2014; Focquaert and Schermer, 2015; Lavazza, 2017). A common response to that objection is that we only have reasons against modifying some aspects of our identity (e.g. core psychological characteristics) when these aspects have positive value (e.g. DeGrazia, 2005; Douglas, 2008), and that biomedical moral enhancement (BME) is unlikely to target features that meet that condition. While being an initial proponent of that response, Douglas (2013) has, following a critique by Harris (2011) in a related but different context (i.e. concerns about freedom), acknowledged that some core dispositions that might lead to immoral behavior when present in excess (or expressed in the wrong circumstances) could also, in more moderate form (or the right circumstances), actually be conducive to morality.


Tactile information processing is essential to robotic manipulation such as grasping, lifting and sliding. We developed a tactile signal processing model by mimicking the firing activity of sensory afferents including slowly adapting (SA) and fast adapting (FA) afferents. This model was validated in publically available data by the classification of the type of nine objects from tactile sensor pressure signals while a robot grasped and releases each object. The classification performance of the developed model was compared with traditional methods based on raw sensor signals, spectral analysis, or statistical analysis. Our model performed better than other models when only one of the tactile sensor data were used and similar to the best model when all the tactile sensor data were used. The proposed model could provide an alternative means to process tactile information in a robotic hand.


Corporate culture in modern organizations is mediate management tool; it acts through influence on interests, goals and activity manners of collectives and individual members and complements directive management techniques appreciably. Inadequate corporate culture can block "development impulses" and create risks for the very existence of organization. Universities are currently facing necessity to develop the complex organizational culture, combining both traditional academic culture of "professionals' free association" and a culture of highly productive "think tanks". The article presents a systemic view to university corporate culture, which includes: corporate culture functions, corporate culture levels hierarchy and the idea of complex organization' corporate culture as a "topic". Topic (toposes) is a "space" in which "places" ("territories") are allocated with specific values, principles, standards, thinking and action formats for each territory and boundaries and transitions between these territories are built. In terms of organizational culture these are the places in which "culture of role", "culture of task", "culture of personality" are actualized. Such complexity of organizational culture is important for university as an educational organization; it is a resource for the students to master the activity and behavior patterns that is typical for different organizational cultures and thereby for high-level professionals' formation. The article also presents scheme of stepwise formation of corporate culture in "from precedent to tradition" logic; typical problems of corporate culture formation or development are interpreted in terms of this scheme.


An FPGA-based digital signal processing circuit to detect velocities of targets was considered for NRD guide pulse radar at 60 GHz. Because what to keep in mind is using a previously-designed digital signal processing circuit to detect distances to the targets from the radar, we add the circuit to a function to easily detect the velocities of the targets. In this paper, the digital signal processing circuit was developed to detect the velocities of the multi targets by differentiating the measured distances of those. To confirm the operation of the designed circuit, a pseudo reflection pulse train from the targets was made and inputted into the circuit. As a result, the velocities detection was successfully performed according to the theory.


Based on the elaboration of the classification of Web Data Mining and the Method of Web Data Mining,the specific process is discussed in the paper,And the architecture of campus network search engine system,is designed the main module of Search engine system is discussed,Finally the application of Web data mining technology in campus network search engine.


The aims of this study were to investigate "athletic identity" in people with spinal cord injury (SCI), using the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS), to evaluate the psychometric properties of the 7-item version, and to identify reasons for and barriers to sports participation in this population. People with SCI (N = 678), even those competing as athletes, reported lower levels of athletic identity than able-bodied adults and adolescents with physical disabilities. AIMS scores varied according to gender, athlete status, and hours of sports participation per week. No relationship was found between athletic identity and depression, anxiety, or life satisfaction. Exploratory factor analysis did not support the 3-factor structure of the AIMS with this population, although internal consistency was good.


Abstract Background Gastroduodenal intussusception is an invagination of a portion of the stomach into the duodenum. It predominately occurs in adults. Case Report: We present a gastroduodenal intussusception in an hypochromic microcytic anemic 2-year-old girl. A large filling defect in the second and third parts of the duodenum, indenting the pyloric antrum, was due to a gastroduodenal intussusception secondary to a cauliflower-like gastric mucosal prolapse polyp, a type of gastric hyperplastic polyp. Conclusion: Anemia may accompany a gastric mucosal prolapse polyp.


Summary A new immunologic adjuvant, adjuvant 65, is described and the results of extensive tests of polyvalent influenza virus vaccine in the adjuvant are presented. The vaccine consists of a water-in-oil emulsion in which the adjuvant portion consists of peanut oil, mannide monooleate and aluminum monostearate. The adjuvant effect measured in terms of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody responses 28 days after vaccination in mice or guinea pigs is roughly equal to that obtained with Freund's incomplete mineral oil adjuvant. Adjuvant 65 influenza vaccine showed striking enhancement and long-term persistence of antibody in guinea pigs, rabbits and monkeys compared with the corresponding aqueous vaccines. The findings in histomorphologic-pathologic studies in animals and the clinical and serologic results obtained in large-scale studies in man are presented elsewhere. Adjuvant 65 shows promise of meeting the present urgent need for a safe and effective adjuvant for enhancing immunologic responses to viral and other vaccines and possibly also for treating allergic disease.


Coupled equations for which linearizations are related by Laplace transformations of the n order, n>2 are studied. The author presents a full classification of nonlinear hyperbolic systems of the special form using Laplace transformations of the first order. Backlund transformations are constructed for the obtained systems.


This article attempts to document the history of dalit associations in United Provinces. The main objective of this article is to provide a historical trajectory of evolution of dalit movement and contribution of dalit associations to it in United Provinces. The main argument put forwarded is that dalit associations played an important role in mobilization and organization of multiple dalit castes which prepared ground work for emergence of Dalit movement in United Provinces.

 Dalit movement in United Provincenial atmosphere for mobilization of Dalits for achieving socio-political rights of Dalits.es attracted the attention of several scholars on account of its success in the form of the Bahujan Samajwadi Party. It has been perceived as a symbol of new trend in Indian politics from below. Studies of Sudha Pai, Chrisstrofar Jafferlot Badri Narayan and Ramnarayan Rawat, look at Dalit assertion from the perspective of politics of people for power. These studies did a commendable job by reflecting upon the historical dynamics of Dalit movement in United Provinces. But the fact is that the role of caste associations established by Dalits and their impact upon the politics of Dalits received insignificant coverage. Consequently, the valuable contribution of Dalit caste associations remained unexplored. This article tries to document the ideas and activities of Dalit caste associations and their impact upon Dalits movement of United Provinces.


INTRODUCTION Multiple Myeloma (MM) is an incurable disease and its treatment is characterized by treatment sequences (treatment lines). We questioned whether a health economic (HE) model could be developed that analyses treatment sequences (TS) rather than a particular line of treatment in transplant eligible patients with MM.

In this model we hypothesized that the time to next treatment (TTNT) is response dependent (i.e. complete, partial or no response; CR, PR or NR) rather than primarily dependent on the choice of specific regimens.

METHODS We have analyzed the patient level data of the following major phase III RCTs in newly diagnosed SCT eligible MM patients: HOVON-50 (N=536): TAD vs VAD, HDM/ASCT, Thalidomide vs Interferon maintenance (Lokhorst et al Blood 2010), HOVON-65/GMMG-HD4 (N=827): PAD vs VAD, HDM/ASCT, Bortezomib vs Thalidomide maintenance (Sonneveld et al J Clin Oncol 2012) and IFM 2005-01 (N=478): Bortezomib/Dexamethasone vs VAD induction (Harousseau et al J Clin Oncol 2010). The following data were included: treatment arm, best response, TTNT and survival status. Patients were censored after last date of contact. Patients who did not have any information on TTNT were excluded from our analyses.

Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models were fitted on this data to investigate whether the TTNT is mainly response dependent and whether the quality of response is predictive for TTNT.

Data from PETHEMA/GEM05 (Rosinol et al Blood 2012) and MRC Myeloma IX (Morgan et al Haematologica 2012) are currently being prepared to be included in our analyses.

RESULTS The hazard ratio (HR) of CR patients (pts) in the experimental treatment arm versus CR pts in the comparator arm is 0.664 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.418-1.055, p-value = 0.083) for HOVON-50 (N=134 pts), 0.922 (95% CI: 0.688-1.235, p-value = 0.586) for HOVON-65 (N=329 pts), and 2.512 (95% CI: 0.522-12.094, p-value = 0.251) for IFM 2005-01 (N=202 pts). The HR of PR pts in the active arm versus PR pts in the comparator arm is 0.777 (95% CI: 0.596-1.014, p-value = 0.063) for HOVON-50 (N=254 pts), 0.860 (95% CI: 0.674-1.098, p-value = 0.226) for HOVON-65 (N=337 pts), and 0.393 (95% CI: 0.128-1.207, p-value = 0.103) for IFM 2005-01 (N=175 pts). The HR of NR pts in the active arm versus NR pts in the comparator arm is 1.303 (95% CI: 0.754-2.250, p-value = 0.343) for HOVON-50 (N=62 pts) and 0.760 (95% CI: 0.402-1.436, p-value = 0.398) for HOVON-65 (N=67 pts). The number of NR patients in the IFM study was too low (N=15) to show any sensible results on the HR.

The HR of CR pts versus PR pts is 3.012 (95% CI: 2.300-3.945, p-value = 0.000) in HOVON-50, 1.935 (95% CI: 1.600-2.341, p-value = 0.000) in HOVON-65, and 2.269 (95% CI: 1.012-5.091, p-value = 0.047) in IFM 2005-01.

The comparator arms' TTNT (i.e. VAD) of the HOVON trials were tested similar given the result of the log rank test (p-value = 0.5165 for CR pts, and p-value = 0.0579 for PR pts). For the median TTNT and corresponding confidence intervals data of the comparator arms from both HOVON studies were used. The median TTNT for CR pts is 58 months (95% CI: 51 – 70 months), for PR pts is 29 months (95% CI: 27 – 32 months), and for NR pts is 8 months (95% CI: 6 – 13 months). Even though the comparator arm of the IFM 2005-01 study was similar to the comparator arms of the HOVON studies, we did not include this data in the calculation of the median TTNT mainly because the median was not reached in the IFM trial.

The number of excluded pts was low (86, 94 and 86 pts in HOVON-50, HOVON-65 and IFM 2005-01 respectively) and scattered evenly across the response categories and treatment arms, implying no bias was introduced when excluding these patients from our data set.

CONCLUSIONS In our analyses we have discovered that in the pivotal phase III RCTs with Thalidomide and/or Bortezomib in SCT eligible MM patients, TTNT is response dependent and not treatment dependent. Furthermore, patients achieving CR were observed to have a significantly longer TTNT compared to those achieving PR at best.

Disclosures Rosinol: Janssen: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. van Agthoven: Janssen-Cilag BV: Employment. Sonneveld: Celgene: Honoraria, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Onyx: Honoraria, Research Funding; Millenium: Honoraria, Research Funding.


Children can't express well their thinking using the language and the signals of a letter. Therefore, they draw their pictures as the only means expressing way of thinking as they grew. It is necessary for us to understand their pictures from the point of view children have their own nature and specific character according to their developmental stage. The survey on children's expressing way of drawing and the observation on their development of drawing were presented depending on their age, which enabled us to make the correct assessment about their pictures and the true understanding about them.
 This study is to understand the children according to their develomental stage of drawing as they grow by means of comparative analyses on the scientific studies of V. Lowenfeld, H. Read, M. Lindstrom, and Kim-goung.
 one the basis of these studies, surveys were done comparatively on age, specific character, composition, side, color, and shape according to the children's growing developmental stage.
 The results have been drawn as follows;
First: The children's pictures were for the most part composed of lines resulting from children's activities of body. However, these lines played an important role as activities of expression as children are getting older.
Second: Most children expressed the shape by simple lines instead of the complicatied lines. But, they could express the concrete and free the shape in detail as they are growing in the body, as well as the intellect, and the sociality.
Third: The development for observation was associated with the development of eyesight as children are getting older.
 Korean children showed earlier developmental stage of thinking and expressing than western countries' children.
 Teaching of children's drawing have to emphasiz the education which is based on the understanding of children's developmental stage. Consequently, through the art activities to give children many experiences and much satisfactions, the fundamental originality has to be nourished.


Kirkpatrick's method is extensively used to solve planar point location problem. In this paper we develop an efficient implementation for Kirkpatrick's method by developing an efficient version of the algorithms associated with the method. Efficient data structures for these more efficient algorithms are formulated. Computational experiments that were conducted verify the practical efficiency of our proposed implementation.


Combined with designing practice of Danxia olds' apartment in Hefei,it analyzes and summarizes the olds' apartment designing features,discusses the living environment which suits the olds,so as to offer a comfortable living environment for the olds.


Objective To investigate the present status of study pressure and academic self-efficacy of senior in high school,then analysis the influence factors and their relativity.Methods Using study pressure scale and academic self-efficacy scale to investigate the status of Nanjian senior in high school of Yunnna province.Results ①There was a significant difference in gender(t=2.764,P=0.007),rank in class(F=4.390,P=0.003) in academic ability self-efficacy.There is no significant difference in gender(t=-0.009,P=0.993),different classes(t=0.958,P=0.340),place of residence(t=1.183,P=0.239) and rank in class(F=0.842,P=0.502) in academic action self-efficacy.②15.3% of seniors thought that they were under heavy pressure,38.7% of them thought they had lot pressure,38.7% of them thought they had little pressure,3.6% of them thought they had no pressure,3.6% of them thought they were not sure whether there was pressure.There was no significant difference in gender(t=2.764,P=0.007),place of residence(t=0.956,P=0.341),rank in class(F=1.199,P=0.315) and different classes(t=0.384,P=0.702) in study pressure.③There was a significant negative relativity between study pressure and academic ability self efficacy(r=-0.340,P=0.000).There was a positive relativity but no significant difference between study pressure and academic action self-efficacy(r=0.012,P=0.904).④ When the mean of study pressure score less than 2,students' academic self-efficacy reached the best status(M academic self-efficacy score =3.5).What's more,students in lower rank were under heavy pressure(M study pressure score=3.1).Conclusion There is a significant negative relativity between study pressure and academic self-efficacy,when parents and teacher have strict requirements to students,they should also pay much attention to right attribution,encouragement and emotion support to improve students' academic self-efficacy.


: within the word Agro-voltaic, Agro means Agriculture and voltaic means Photovoltaic. Thus the term Agro-voltaic means Agriculture using Photovoltaic (i.e. solar). Here in Agriculture we use Hydroponic method of farming (NFT type). The meaning of Hydroponics is growing of plants in highly rich nutrient solution. The objective of the project is to create a hydroponic controller that monitors and automatically controls the environmental factors required for hydroponic farming. The main function in this type of method is controlling the TDS and pH level at required level for crops for each and every time. The implementation is done by using the Arduino Mega 2560 unit, as it has a higher processing power and more memory, and provides several ports to communicate with screens, sensors, relays and shields. The system acquires data regarding to light intensity, humidity, temperature, conductivity and acidity of the crop mixture and sends them to the Arduino. The Arduino then takes the decision to control all the parameters to be maintained in a specified range. The user via a display unit is able to monitor the above data in real time and manually or automatically can control the operation of the fan, lamp, pump and humidifier. Arduino regulates the composition of solutions containing nutrients to be circulated with a pump by the NFT system in Hydroponics. The circulation of nutrients for the NFT system is automatically and the data of different parameters can be sent to the owner's device using IoT. The main aim of Smart Water Agro-voltaic cultivation is to reduce water usage, growing more crops in less space and improving quality of crops without using chemicals and pesticides, and to save land. This type of cultivation can be in small scale or large scale and indoor or outdoor farming. This paper provides an overview about the cost-effective implementation of automated system for all farmers in India and other countries.


Water pollution has been a major issue across the globe because of industrial activities to meet the needs of people. Many chemicals are released into the environment through these processes, which affect human health and the environment. Hence, the study aimed to assess the concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni, Hg, and Fe) and the physicochemical and biological properties of the Dankra River. The samples were taken from three locations, Konyaw, Jumako, and Anwiankwanta, and subjected to standard laboratory tests using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Results revealed that the Dankran river was not polluted with the selected heavy metals under study. The physicochemical properties, the biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) concentrations were all within the allowable healthy limits according to WHO standards. Iron was the predominant metal in the Dankran river, with the highest concentration of 6.5913 mg/l. Thus, the river is safe to use, but there is a need for regular monitoring to support life. The order of concentration of the investigated metals follows this pattern in descending order: Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > Ni > Hg.


A series of 4H-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran derivatives has been synthesised in excellent yield in a single pot using trioctylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat®336) as phase-transfer catalyst in water under microwave irradiation. This method provides a clean access to the desired products. The structures of the products were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR in all cases and HRMS in several cases, and supported by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of 2-amino-4-(3-benzyloxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3-cyano-7,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-4H-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran and 2-amino-3-cyano-4-(3-iodo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl)-7,7-dimethyl-5-oxo-4H-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[b] pyran.


Objective To study the effects of calibrators in unifying the results of different analyzer/reagent systems. Methods The activities of ALT, AST, CK,GGT, LD in 150 and ALP in 100 fresh sera were measured by using four analyzer/reagent systems, and the mean values of different systems were compared between, before and after calibration with calibrators. ResultsThe differences among the results of four systems were observed before calibration. The coefficients of variation(CVs) are all more than or cqual to 7.0%,more remarkably these of ALP and GGT are 27.0% and 174% respectively. After calibration, the differences are decreased clearly and the CVs are all lower than 5% except that ALP and GGT are 66% and 51% respectively. ConclusionEnzyme calibrators could be useful in standardizing the results of different analyzer/reagent systems.


The synthesis and characterization of mixed alkyl/amide Al complexes supported by guanidinate and monoanionic OCO-pincer ligands are described. In situ generation of the lithium-guanidinate reagents via reaction of carbodiimides and lithium-amide reagents, followed by reaction with the corresponding AlMexCl3−x reagents, resulted in the formation of compounds 1−3. Subsequent reaction with lithium arylamide reagents provided access to mixed alkyl/amide- and bis-amide-substituted complexes 4−6, which were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction of compounds 5a and 6a confirmed the monomeric nature of these complexes and revealed the influence of the alkyl/amide functionalities on the bonding of the guanidinate ligands. A similar synthetic approach resulted in isolation of an OCO-pincer-supported Al dialkyl complex, which was also fully characterized. In contrast to the guanidinate compounds, complex 8 showed activity toward intramolecular hydroa...


Identification and characterisation of what genes are required for developing specific muscle cells in 3D axes. I identify a novel gene pathway involved in this process, which is required for activating formation of the muscle cell of interest. I also uncover the adult fates and functions of these muscle cells. These gene pathways operate on one small DNA region, which I then investigate individual DNA binding sites and its functional evolution.


In September 2001, a report was prepared for Re:source, the Council for Musewns Archives and Libraries, the government agency with responsibility for advising the UK government on national information policy (NIP), which reviewed NIP developments in a number of developed countries (Muir & Oppenheim., 2(01). The report was based on desk research using primarily government documents on the web, together with email and face-to-face discussions with several international experts in the field. We looked at a number of aspects of NIP, including e-government, e-commerce, universal access to information, metadata, freedom of information (FoI), intellectual property rights, content creation, information literacy and legal deposit. We took a pragmatic approach to what is included within the catch-all term 'national information policy', but were primarily led by a confidential discussion document prepared by Tim Owen (at that time ofre:source) and by an encyclopedia essay (Oppenhein & MacMorrow, 1997). We found a wealth of information policy initiatives around the world, but generally they headed in the same direction. Perhaps the single major exception is the USA, which has taken an idiosyncratic approach to, for example, data protection and, since the events of September 11, to the export of any information considered to be of potential military use outside the USA The overall trend, however, is towards more openness in government, developing regulatory regimes that encourage e-commerce and e-government, and a willingness to accept that information will be a key driver of citizens' prosperity and the contribution they can make to society.


In this paper, we consider the simultaneous confidence intervals for multiple comparisons with a control among mean vectors from the multivariate normal distributions. We discuss the approximate simultaneous confidence procedure proposed by Seo (1995). Seo (1995) conjectured that this procedure always construct the conservative approximate simultaneous confidence intervals. In this paper, we give the affirmative proof of this conjecture and give the upper bound for the conservativeness of this procedure in the case of five correlated mean vectors. Finally, numerical results by Monte Carlo simulation are given.


The skill development of executive coaches remains more an art than a science. Building on the models of skill acquisition and expertise development, this qualitative, descriptive study involved 26 executive coaches, with and without formal coaching credentials. The data from the advanced beginner and expert level coaches were thematically analyzed. The results include confirmation that discernable differences exist between advanced beginner and expert executive coaches and that the Dreyfus model applies to coaching. Other results include that self-awareness and client-centered focus increases with skill level, coaching presence is more confident and coaching role is clearer as skill level increases, and expert coaches seek knowledge and experience in distinct ways.


Background: Pilomatrixoma (pilomatricoma), formerly known as ca lcified epithelioma of Malherbe, is a nodular, subepidermal benign tumor arising from the hair mat rix. Only few cases with preoperative aspiration cy tology have been reported in the literature. Case Report: An Eighteen-year-old female patient presented to th e dermatology outpatient department with history of gradually inc reasing swelling over the right cheek for the last 2-3 months. FNA (Fine Needle Aspiration) was performed from swe lling and after cytologic impression excision of le sion was carried out.FNA smears revealed aggregates of anucl eated squamous cells (shadow cells) along with baso loid cells with few giant cells. This diagnosis was confirmed on histopathology. Conclusion: FNA Cytology is a very important tool for diagnosis of Pilomatrixoma.


For the first time in historiography the article analyzes the experience of universal access to elementary school education for children from 8 to 11 years old in the Turgay region of the Orenburg governorship on the basis of records of the Turgay regional school inspector, the trustee of the Orenburg school district, the Turgay regional government, found in the Russian State Historical Archive. The purpose of this article is to reconstruct this process, its results and regional characteristics. It was determined that the reform was carried out in line with all-Russian trends. At the same time, a number of peculiarities of the region were taken into account: its multi-ethnicity and multi-confessional character, high rates of peasant migration, and lack of local self-government bodies. Therefore, the construction and maintenance of primary schools in Turgay region was carried out at the expense of the state. The author concludes that the administration of the Orenburg school district failed to implement the idea of universal primary school education. The reason was insufficient funding for school construction, the dispersed settlement of peasant settlers in the region, the mismatch rate of peasant migration to the pace of school construction, etc. At the same time the reform had a positive value, as it provided the integration of the regional education system into the imperial educational space. The article is intended for specialists in the history of social policy of the Russian Empire.


This paper documents the University of Amsterdam's participation in CLEF 2020 Touché Track. This is the first year this track has been introduced at CLEF, and we were attracted to participate in it due to its potentialities for Parliamentary debates we are currently working on. This track consists of two tasks: Conversational Argument Retrieval and Comparative Argument Retrieval. We submitted a run to both tasks. For the first task, we used a combination of the traditional BM25 model and learning to rank models. BM25 model helps to retrieve relevant arguments, and learning to rank model helps to re-rank the list and put strong er arguments on top of the list. For the second task, Comparative Argument Retrieval, we proposed a pipeline to re-rank documents retrieved from Clueweb using three features: PageRank scores, web domains, and argumentativeness. Preliminary results on 5 queries have shown that this heuristic pipeline may help to achieve a balance among three important dimensions: relevance, trustworthiness, and argumentativeness.


Suchitra Ku Panigrahy*, Suresh Jatawa, Archana Tiwari School of biotechnology, R.G.P.V, Airport bypass road, Bhopal, 462033 Received on: 17-05-2011; Revised on: 12-06-2011; Accepted on:16-07-2011 ABSTRACT Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is a nitrogen alkylating agent used for various types of cancer & some autoimmune diseases. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolites in liver. At higher doses, it interrupts cell cycle by forming DNA cross linking, DNA lesions. It mediates G0/G1 and S phase arrest. At chromosomal level, this anti-neoplastic drug causes chromosomal aberration(CA) and increase in frequency of sister chromatid exchange (SCE). It also causes apoptosis and cell toxicity. Due to its wider clinical use, study of its genotoxicity has significant practical aspect. Recent studies strongly evidence that the compounds showing antioxidant activity have protective effect against chemical induced toxicity of CPA. The present review focuses on past and present studies regarding the genotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide & remedies for its cytotoxic action to be a better therapeutic agent.


Microarray is a new experiment technique developed in 1990s. It can measure the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously which is very different from the traditional biological experiments. Because the data generated by microarray experiments are too large for the traditional biological data analysis methods, many new data analysis methods have been proposed with the development of microarray technology.


Agile practices can be applied to embedded systems, but the nature of the embedded world means that some practices require adjustment. We cover first why these adjustments are necessary and what those practices are. We then examine the practices in detail and the implications of these revised practices.


In this paper, a novel adaptive fuzzy output feedback control scheme is presented for a class of SISO uncertain nonlinear systems in the presence of input saturation. The control design is achieved by combining adaptive fuzzy K-filter observer technique and the dynamic surface control (DSC) technique along with the minimal-learning-parameters (MLP) algorithm. The proposed controller can guarantee that all the signals in the closed-loop system are semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded (SGUUB) and the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of the origin. An advantage of the proposed control scheme lies in that the number of fuzzy adaptive parameters is reduced to one, and three problems of "computational explosion", "dimension curse", "unmeasured states" are solved. A numerical simulation is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed scheme.


Context: At variance with steroid administration, the possible effects of leukotrienes inhibition on basal respiratory mechanics and olfactory system function are still unclear. Objective: To investigate if interference with the leukotrienes activity may influence basal lung mechanics in healthy mammals, as well as the olfactory system. Materials and methods: We measured lung mechanics by the end-inflation occlusion method in control and in montelukast i.p. treated anaesthetised healthy mice (10 mg/kg/die for a week). A study of olfactory system histology was also conducted. Results: Elastance and resistive properties of the lung were not affected by montelukast, while a significant increment of lung hysteresis was observed. The analysis of olfactory system histology revealed no significant effects of montelukast compared to controls. Discussion and conclusions: Leukotrienes' antagonism does not affect respiratory mechanics in basal conditions, except for a hysteresis increment, which might counteract the increase in expiratory flow in asthmatic subjects assuming montelukast.


Despite the widespread introduction of primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and the use of new powerful antiplatelet drugs for the management of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) at high risk, the relapse rate of coronary events associated with atherothrombosis remains sufficiently high. In the CURE [1] study the prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI), cere-brovascular accident (CVA) and cardiovascular death (CVD) among patients with ACS without ST elevation, who received aspirin and clopidogrel within 12 months, was 9.3%, and in the PLATO [2] study the frequency of above complications in a group of high-risk patients with ACS, who received a new P2Y12 inhibitor tikagrelor, amounted to 9.8%.


We have all experienced the challenges of finding a job For 12-24s this can be a particularly difficult and unfamiliar process Because libraries already provide safe and comfortable community learning spaces, there is huge potential to attract and retain 12-24 year old users and their parents by offering career education resources and job search skills North American and UK libraries already promote career search resources, offer job development skills, online resume and cover letter writing assistance, and encourage continued library use with workshops and upskilling support Australia and New Zealand's public libraries have the infrastructure and capacity to build on existing youth services, including homework support, to further position themselves as career development hubs Edited version of a paper presented at '12 to 24s @ your public library in Australia and New Zealand conference' Qld 11-12 June 2010.


This paper presents low-complexity blind adaptive nonlinear compensation algorithms for bandlimited signals. The new algorithms utilize highpass filtering to extract the out-of-band signal energy caused by nonlinear distortion. A least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm and its normalized version are derived based on minimization of the square of the extracted out-of-band signal without access to the original input signal or prior knowledge of the nonlinearity. In this sense the developed algorithms are "blind" and only require prior knowledge of the signal bandwidth. Unlike the Pth-order power series inverse, the proposed nonlinear compensation method is not affected adversely by large input amplitudes. The effectiveness of the online algorithms is illustrated with several simulation examples.


This chapter describes the adaptation and application of kernel methods for speech processing. It is divided into two sections dealing with speaker verification and isolated-word speech recognition applications. Significant advances in kernel methods have been realised in the field of speaker verification, particularly relating to the direct scoring of variable-length speech utterances by sequence kernel SVMs. The improvements are so substantial that most state-of-the-art speaker recognition systems now incorporate SVMs. We describe the architecture of some of these sequence kernels. Speech recognition presents additional challenges to kernel methods and their application in this area is not as straightforward as for speaker verification. We describe a sequence kernel that uses dynamic time warping to capture temporal information within the kernel directly. The formulation also extends the standard dynamic time-warping algorithm by enabling the dynamic alignment to be computed in a high-dimensional space induced by a kernel function. This kernel is shown to work well in an application for recognising low-intelligibility speech of severely dysarthric individuals.


A generalized empirical correlation has been proposed to predict physical properties of pure hydrocarbons and undefined petroleum fractions. Properties such as critical temperature (T/sub c/), critical pressure (P/sub c/), critical volume (V/sub c/), molecular weight (M), normal boiling point (T/sub b/), specific gravity (S), refractive index (n), carbon-to-hydrogen weight ratio (CH), and heat of vaporization (..delta..H/sub v/) may be predicted from any pair of available characterizing parameters (T/sub b/,S), (T/sub b/,I), (T/sub b/, CH), (M,S), (M,I), (M,CH), (v/sub 1/,S), (v/sub 1/,I), or (v/sub 1/,CH) as input parameters. Proposed correlations are generally superior or at least equivalent to the existing correlations.


We performed electrochemical deposition of ZnO on the surfaces of 4H-SiC epilayers and characterized Ni Schottky diodes fabricated on the same epilayers. We found correlation between positions where ZnO was deposited and positions where Schottky barrier height of Ni contacts is lower than of the rest of the contacts. Parts of the surface where ZnO was deposited were observed by AFM after removal of the ZnO layer, and we discussed the origin of the low Schottky barrier height from the AFM images.


Cretan coinage is characterized by a multitude of iconographic types, very often mythological in content. Various mythical figures and episodes are often difficult to identify or interpret due to either lack of clues that would lead to an interpretation or to the fact that could be identifiable with more than one existing myth. Thus, the identification of imagery on Cretan coins is not always self evident. Three major mints of the island are examined in this paper in order to investigate local myths, compared with the mythological tradition of mainland Greece; the myth of the Tree Nymph of Gortyn, the myth of the Labyrinth of Knossos and the myth of the Dog-nursed Infant of Kydonia. Cretan cities, through coin imagery and by carefully selecting the represented mythical figures, were bonding their citizens with a certain heritage, offering a sense of belonging, continuation and ethnic pride, differentiating themselves from other ethnic groups and city states of the island.


Although Sri Lanka was a site of colonization of the Portuguese, Dutch and (under the treaty of Amiens in 1802) British, it was the English language that had the strongest infl uence on the indigenous population of the island as the earlier colonizers were less interested in disseminating their culture. Taking into consideration the fact that English was established in Sri Lanka by missionaries and British officers, it can be assumed that the language brought to the island of Ceylon was the Standard English of the turn of the 19th century. Exploiting data from International Corpus of English – Sri Lanka and articles on Sri Lankan English, the present study contains a comparison of contemporary Sri Lankan English and the English of the period when the language was brought to the Island (early 19th century). Thus, an effort is made to show the conservative features of the language of the first British settlers, which survive in English spoken in contemporary Sri Lanka.


【Objective】To research the curative effect of OSAHS treated by reforming Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty combining nasal part operation.【Method】Before operation final diagnosis of 84 cases were made by polysomonography, nasal part operation and reforming Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty were made by stages and followed up one year after operation and polysomonography were made again.【Results】Effect analysis were carried out after followed up one year, 18 cases were healing well (20.69%); 50 cases were excellence (57.47%); 19 cases were utility (21.84%); the subjective symptom of 87 cases was obviously ameliorated (100%).【Conclusion】It is well that the effect of OSAHS treated by reforming Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty combining nasal part operation.


The massive use of natural materials in major road infrastructure frequently disrupts the sustainability of the ecosystem in the environment. A solution for using other materials is needed to minimize the impact of using these natural materials. GBFS (Granulated Blast Furnace Slag) is waste from blast furnace combustion of iron and steel material in granular form, which characteristically can be used as a substitute for medium aggregate asphalt mixture material. The study was conducted by several testing, such as GBFS material testing, AC-WC asphalt mixture characteristic test using Absolute Density Method, and performance testing on AC-WC asphalt mixtures, based on its structural performance and dunctional performance with the percentage of GBFS as medium aggregate variation at 0%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. The study results show that the utilization of the percentage of GBFS as a medium aggregate substitution by 75% improves functional performance and structural performance of AC-WC asphalt mixture.Keyword: GBFS, Asphalt Mixture, AC-WC, Medium Aggregate.


The accurate analysis of hard CuP and CuPAg-type solders using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is a difficult task. Surface milling, the most common sample preparation method for calibration materials, results in poor accuracy for the phosphorus analysis, as evidenced by the unacceptable values of the root mean square error. Meanwhile, the analysis of real samples provides incorrect results, and microstructural effects are the main source of error. Thus, this effect was negated by considering the information depth of the phosphorus Kα line and the microstructure size of the alloys. Phosphorus was measured using a thin layer of the sample (a thickness of several micrometers). As a result, the analyzed layer was a poor representative of the sample. Two different approaches for solving the microstructural effect issue were proposed. In the first method, the alloy was remelted under controlled conditions to obtain fine-grain samples, which successfully limited the microstructural effects. The second solution used specially prepared thin layer samples, and the sample dissolution eliminated the microstructural effect. Using the developed sample treatment methods resulted in an improvement in the accuracy of the phosphorus calibration curves. This allowed for the correct determination of phosphorus and other alloying elements in the Cu-based alloys with low uncertainties.


The Oxford Handbook of the Bible in China is composed of forty-seven essays by forty-nine contributors. About twenty of the contributors are based in mainland China, reflecting a lively community of Biblical scholars there, many based in leading univer-sities and institutes. (See Yang Huilin ' s chapter on " Study of the Bible in Chinese Academia. " ) The essays are thematically organized into four parts: Translation Through Versions, Expression in Literary and Religious Contexts, Interpretation and Methods of Reading, and Reception in Institutions and the Arts. Several chapters deal with translations of the Bible (or parts of it) into classical and modern Chinese, Chinese dialects, and minority languages in China. Four chapters examine the interplay of the Bible with Confucian, Daoist, and Buddhist concepts and terminology. Other contributions concern the role of the Bible in Chinese literature, including works by non-Christians such as Lu Xun and Mao Dun. The section on interpretation includes an examination of the Bible ' s influence on ethics in China and a study of the Bible and legal rights. (A large number of human rights lawyers in China are Protestant Christians.)


Renewable power adoption has required policies that protect intermittent generators, such as wind and solar, from system-level costs of resource shortfalls. It has been shown that if renewable generators were to accommodate these costs in energy market settlement, significant renewable generation curtailments would ensue, especially as the penetration of renewables grows. Based on the current evolution of policies towards unmet commitment penalties for intermittent generators, we propose a reliability contract between a renewable power producer (RPP) and a natural gas power plant (NGPP) where the NGPP fulfills the RPP unmet commitments in low resource scenarios. We consider a day-ahead energy market where players are scheduled based on quantity-price bids in a least-cost manner by an Independent System Operator (ISO). We analyze the contract against a baseline scenario where the RPP faces the shortfall penalty, deriving optimal commitments and a condition where the adoption of the reliability contract increases social welfare. Using real data from a RPP-NGPP pair in Northeastern United States, the contract is shown to improve renewable utilization, increase the profits of both partners, and decrease total unmet commitments through the introduction of a lower-cost alternative to the shortfall penalty.


Life-expectancy at birth is an important indicator of well-being. Most of the nations with very high life expectancy rates are among the economically advanced nations of the world. This fact leads one to infer that mortality differences exist partly due to economic status. The poverty of women and children remain a major developing challenge for all societies, especially the developing nations. Women in Sub-Saharan Africa play a very important role in food production, bearing and raising children, the prevention/treatment of childhood diseases and malnutrition. As such, the education of mothers and household income could help improve family health, and sanitation. The findings here do show that childhood mortality is significantly influenced by female education, household income, and the feeding practices of mothers.


The optimal power flow (OPF) problem is fundamental in power system operations and planning. Large-scale renewable penetration in distribution networks calls for real-time feedback control, and hence the need for fast and distributed solutions for OPF. This is difficult because OPF is nonconvex and Kirchhoff's laws are global. In this paper we propose a solution for balanced radial distribution networks. It exploits recent results that suggest solving for a globally optimal solution of OPF over a radial network through the second-order cone program (SOCP) relaxation. Our distributed algorithm is based on alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM), but unlike standard ADMM algorithms that often require iteratively solving optimization subproblems in each ADMM iteration, our decomposition allows us to derive closed form solutions for these subproblems, greatly speeding up each ADMM iteration. We present simulations on a real-world 2,065-bus distribution network to illustrate the scalability and optimality of the proposed algorithm. Specifically we develop a scalable distributed algorithm through decomposing the convexified OPF problem into smaller subproblems based on alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM). ADMM blends the decomposability of dual


Mariculture is an exciting field of
fisheries research now. We have so far
been using the sea mainly as a hunting
ground for food, much as the primitive
man did in the past. But many scientists
have been pointing out that mariculture
may ultimately become the main method
for developing food for man.


Soil organic carbon (SOC) depletion is a threat for the present and future agricultural production in Ethiopia. Hence, investigation of the influence of land management and climate change on SOC is required to facilitate climate change mitigation practices. For this study, croplands of the Atsela‐Sesat and Ayba sites from the Alaje district and the Tsigea site from the Raya Azebo district in northern Ethiopia were selected. The RothC model was used to predict future SOC trends and evaluate impacts of climate and land‐management change scenarios on SOC stocks. The RothC model was run for two scenarios, (i) business as usual (scenario 1) and (ii) improved crop residue and manure management (scenario 2), to predict SOC stock changes in the cropland under current and future climate change. The current SOC content and SOC stock of the croplands are 14.4 g kg−1 and 26.7 t ha−1 in Atsela‐Sesat, 14.8 g kg−1 and 27.9 t ha−1 in Ayba and 14.8 g kg−1 and 26.9 t ha−1 in Tsigea, respectively. The RothC model‐predicted SOC accumulation for this century in scenario 1 was 0.26 t C ha−1 in Alaje and 0.18 t C ha−1 in Raya Azebo, whereas in scenario 2 it was 0.52 t C ha−1 in Alaje and 0.36 t C ha−1 in Raya Azebo. Although the predicted SOC accumulation in scenario 2 is higher than in scenario 1 and the baseline scenario, it still has a decreasing trend due to climate change. However, the organic carbon return into the soil is generally small and thus it will not be possible to improve soil productivity and attain food security. Therefore, future soil fertility strategies need to include both organic and inorganic fertilizer application. These findings will help to assist land managers to make informed decisions during land‐management practices to mitigate the impacts of climate change.


mailk and one egg. beaten up with sugar are added until X total cf 14 pints of milk and six or eight eggs are con-sumed, and this corresponds with the eighth day. From the third to the eighth day, according to the disappearance -of symptoms, 1 oz. of raw, or nearly raw, minced beef or chicken is given, and increased next day to 2 oz. if well borne. About the eighth day a little well-boiled rice is .given, followed in a few days by softened bread, and then


The beneficial aspects of blowflies are viewed anthropocentrically. Despite the problems that blowflies cause man, and the disgust they engender, they play a valuable role as pollinators of some plants in horticulture and can increase seed yields. Without the early invasion of carrion by blowflies and their preparation of it for the arrival of other arthropods, the processes of putrefaction and decay of corpses would be limited. Because blowflies are the first insects to arrive at a dead body, and different species groups oviposit in a strict sequence, they are valuable in forensic medicine as determinants of the time of death. The use of blowfly maggots for the healing of osteomyelitis wounds has been superseded by antibiotics but, when surgical maggots were in vogue, they helped heal large numbers of otherwise intractable lesions. The beneficial aspects of Calliphoridae extend even to their use as food by man, although this practice is not widespread and other insect species have more appeal and are eat...


PITC-II, a naturally occurring alkyne side chain substituted thiophine compound obtained from P.indica tissue cultured plant. It showed a potent anti- malarial effect in animal model. In this present study, we are reporting about the two esters derivatives of this compound (PITC-II) which also showed anti- malarial effect in vivo and in vitro.


Power transformer is one of the key equipment of the power system,so it is valuable for power transformers to discover the incipient fault timely and truly.BP algorithm is used to iterate by gradient decline method of error function,so its convergence speed is slow,and easily settles into local small extremum,and the concrete extremum position is closely related to the initialization of the weights.Traditional genetic algorithm is similar to the exhaustive heuristic search,though it is a global search.That causes inevitably the searching time too long.This paper improves the simple genetic algorithm and makes up of the hybrid algorithm combining genetic algorithm with BP algorithm.It is applied to the wavelet neural network for the power transformer fault diagnosis by dissolved gas-in-oil analysis.The hybrid algorithm makes use of the improved genetic algorithm to optimize the four original parameter of the wavelet neural network first,then makes use of the gradient descent algorithm to train the wavelet neural network.In view of actual situation,in the genetic algorithm,the chromosome code adopted real number and self-adaptive probabilities of the crossover and mutation is adopted in order that the genetic algorithm not only maintains the wavelet neural network characteristics,but also avoids the wavelet neural network defects.Simulation results show that the problem is solved and wavelet neural network settles into local small extremum so easily that the network surging will increase and the network will not be convergent if the initialization is unreasonable,and overcomes the shortcoming that the speed is too slow if using genetic algorithm to train neural network independently.Simulation result of 456 power transformer fault diagnosis by the trained wavelet network with hybrid algorithm indicates that the train speed and the diagnosis accuracy is improved to some extent.That shows the validity of that method in power transformer fault diagnosis by dissolved gas-in-oil analysis.