The Arquía complex metabasites (Central Cordillera, Colombia) correspond to Mesozoic rocks of oceanic affi nity tectonically juxtaposed against the Colombian paleo-margin in upper cretaceous times and subsequently deformed by the Romeral fault system. These rocks are partially covered by clastic rocks of the Oligo-Miocene Amagá Formation and locally intruded by Mio-Pliocene subvolcanic rocks. The composition of metabasites indicates a tholeiitic affi nity (basalts and basaltic andesites; SiO2: 45.86 49.69 wt%; FeO+MgO: 14.6-25.26 wt%; K2O+Na2O: 1.8-2.91 wt% with Nb/Y=0.017-0.216 ratios) with slightly depleted LREE patterns followed by less fractionated and fl at HREE patterns. The HFSE, in turn, shows in general fl at patterns, close to 1. Trace element plots yields 66 Boletín Ciencias de la Tierra, Nro. 32, pp. 65-80. Medellín, diciembre de 2012. ISSN 012-3630 fractionated patterns for LILE ́s, with markedly enrichment in Cs, Ba, Pb and a slightly negative Nb anomaly for some samples. On the other hand, a genetic relationship with abyssal and back-arc magmatism can be envisaged through Th/Yb Nb/Yb ratios. It is suggested that the protolith for metabasites are MORB, formed in the Andean back-arc (i.e., the colombian seaway) in lower cretaceous times. These ideas reinforce the interpretation that Arquia Complex is a tectonic melange formed during an arc-continetal collision in upper cretaceous times.


In the interaction between plants and herbivores that live in the same ecosystem, understanding the conditions in which co-existence equilibrium occurs answers a major question in Ecology. In this ...


Many-fold enhancements in the population densities of O atoms in low-pressure glow discharges in Ar–O2 and He–O2 compared with the discharge in pure O2 have been reported in recent years. In some reports, the 3sS3,5–3pP3,5 transitions of O atoms around 844.6 or 777.2nm are considered in estimating the density of atomic oxygen. The authors' results demonstrate that the contributions of other possible transitions such as 3sS3,5–npP3,5 (n>3) directly feeding the lower 3sS3,5 levels are also significant and should be included for a better estimate of O atom densities.


A simple experiment is described to obtain the functional form of air resistance, for a spherical body, from uniform circular motion. The experiment is effective, fun to carry out, and very instructive for a first university mechanics course.


Objective To investigate the immunological rejection after hepatocyte transplantation for acute liver failure(ALF) in mice.Methods The hepatocytes were isolated from pig,BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice livers were conducted and then transplanted into C57BL/6 mice.CCl4 was used to make ALF mice model.The experimental animals were randomly divided into three groups,including syngenic group,allogeneic group,and xenogenic group.The survival statuses of all the mice were recorded.The alteration of T lymphocyte subsets,immune globulin,and cytokine were determined.Results ①The survival ratio was 8/10,6/10,and 3/10 in the syngenic group,allogeneic group,and xenogenic group,respectively.The survival ratio in the syngenic group was significantly higher than that in the other two groups(P0.05).②The CD4+ and CD8+ T cells of the peripheral blood in the syngenic group did not change significantly on week one after transplantation.The CD4+ T cells in the allogeneic group reached the peak on day 3 after hepatocyte transplantation(P0.05),while CD8+ T cells did not change much in one week.The CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the xenogenic group increased and reached the peak on day 3 after transplantation(P0.05).③There were no significantly differences of IgM and IgG in the syngenic group among 0.5,1,and 3 d after transplantation.IgM of the allogeneic group and xenogenic group reached the peak on day 1(P0.05) and IgG reached the peak on day 3(P0.05) after transplantation.④The concentrations of IFN-γ,TNF-ɑ,and IL-2 in the allogeneic group and xenogenic group were significantly higher than those in the syngenic group(P0.05).The concentration of IL-6 of the xenogenic group was higher than that of the other two groups(P0.05).ConclusionsCD4+ and CD8+ T cells play an important role in immune response to both allogeneic and xenogenic hepatocyte transplantation,as well as induce humoral immune response early after hepatocyte transplantation.


In China, as the reform of basic educational courses is in progress, the course of research learning method has come into existence. As a new course, it differs from the traditional courses in formation, implementation, evaluation, etc. This paper discusses the course of reseach learning method in the aspects of topic - taking, teachers' guidance, management of students as well as evaluation of the courses so as to understand and implement it better.


Abstract The paper presents a procedure for the fatigue assessment of continuous steel–concrete composite bridges which accounts for concrete slab casting sequences. Cracking, tension stiffening, creep and shrinkage (thermal, endogenous and drying) effects are included in the analysis in order to correctly evaluate the stress state of steel girders. The purpose of the paper is to present a method that, based on the analysis of a number of models developed according to the structure's evolution, leads to a more effective and realistic fatigue assessment than that usually performed in practice. The method proposed is applied to a case study of a continuous, twin-girder, composite bridge deck, showing the influence of three different slab casting modalities on fatigue assessment.


The purpose of this study is to understand the current baseline process for the absorber formation by a two-stage method and make the process more reliable and reproducible through the investigation of the formation chemistry of the Cu(InGa)Se/sub 2/ (CIGS) thin-film absorbers with a graded band-gap structure and Cu(InGa)(SeS)/sub 2/ (CIGSS) surface layer. A 50-cm/sup 2/ aperture-area efficiency of 13% measured at NREL, which has been reported for the first time in a CIGS thin-film solar module with a Cd-free, sulfur-contained Zn-compound buffer layer, should be a good evidence of the role of CIGSS surface layer on the performance of CIGS thin-film solar cells.


The 5.5-m telescope of the Owens Valley Radio Observatory is used for highly sensitive measurements of the cosmic microwave background radiation, which are easily contaminated by ground spillover. The authors describe the modifications made to the secondary mirror support structure that reduced the total ground pickup of the antenna from 27 to 9 K and decreased the peak differential ground pickup for the observing technique from 43 mK to 140 /spl mu/K. This was achieved by reducing the physical obstruction, arranging the support leg angles to minimize direct reflections, and installing radiation baffles to control the direction of the reflection or scatter lobes. >


Introduction: Generalized Joint Hypermobility (GJH) is defined as an increased range of motion in joints. There is no causal treatment of GJH, therefore the therapy should be based on the individual needs of patients after the comprehensive diagnostic of body posture. The occurrence of deformities of lower limbs in people with GJH should be an indication for the therapy. The aim of this study was the assessment of the impact of Generalized Joint Hypermobility on the lower limbs position. Materials and methods: The research was conducted on 30 children, aged 7–13 (10.1 ± 1.7), 51 adults aged 20–29 (23.2 ± 1.6). The study included the assessment of external and internal rotation of hips, tibial torsion, axis of lower limbs, longitudinal and transverse arch of the feet. Females with ≥5 and males with ≥4 scores in the Beighton test were included in the GJH groups. Results: Both children and adults with GJH presents higher internal rotation of hips in comparison to the control group (p = 0.03 for right and p = 0.00 for left side, and p = 0.00 for right and p = 0.00 for left side, for children and adults, respectively). Children with GJH obtained higher values of the Clarke angle for the right foot compared to the control group (p = 0.00). Conclusions: Regardless of age, subjects with Generalized Joint Hypermobility are characterized by higher internal rotation of the hip compared to healthy controls. Children with GJH present a higher longitudinal arch of the feet compared to peers, but the results fall within the normative ranges.


Abstract (E)-4-((4-bromobenzylidene) amino)-N-(pyrimidin-2-yl) benzenesulfonamide were synthesized with condensation of 4-bromobenzaldehyde and sulfadiazine (4BRDA). This compound characterized with FTIR and Electronic spectra in experimental part. The calculated part used for DFT mode and B3LYP with 6311++G(d,p) basic set. IR designed with B3LYP/6311++G(d,p) basic set, and UV–Vis spectra computed with TD-DFT (time-dependent density functional theory) mode with same basic set level, with IEFPCM solvation model and dimethyl sulfoxide used for solvent. ADME properties considered with Swiss ADME online tools. Molecular docking calculation calculated with patch-dock online server. The Multiwfn software used for compute the ELF, RDG and LOL.


Mobile healthcare systems are currently considered as key research areas in the domain of software engineering. The adoption of modern technologies, for mobile healthcare systems, is a quick option for industry professionals. Software architecture is a key feature that contributes towards a software product, solution, or services. Software architecture helps in better communication, documentation of design decisions, risks identification, basis for reusability, scalability, scheduling, and reduced maintenance cost and lastly it helps to avoid software failures. Hence, in order to solve the abovementioned issues in mobile healthcare, the software architecture is integrated with personal software process. Personal software process has been applied successfully but it is unable to address the issues related to architectural design and evaluation capabilities. Hence, a new technique architecture augmented personal process is presented in order to enhance the quality of the mobile healthcare systems through the use of architectural design with integration of personal software process. The proposed process was validated by case studies. It was found that the proposed process helped in reducing the overall costs and effort. Moreover, an improved architectural design helped in development of high quality mobile healthcare system.


Acute appendicitis is the most common surgical abdominal emergency in India. Adolescents are most prone for acute appendicitis. Any mortality in this age group because of delay in diagnosis or delay in treatment can affect the wealth of the family and also the wealth of the nation. So it is a challenging International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 5 Number 7 (2016) pp. 836-844 Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com


Chemical tankers are ships that carry liquid chemicals. Stainless steel plates and stainless clad steel plates with excellent corrosion resistance and high strength are mainly used in these ships because the cargo tank is a very severe corrosion environment and must also withstand severe loading conditions such as a high specific gravity cargo and the effects of ocean waves. JFE Steel produces high corrosion resistant clad steel plates 1) and has developed "TMCP Type KSUS329J3L Clad Steel Plates" which are applicable to the cargo tanks of chemical tankers. The cladding material is a duplex stainless steel, "KSUS329J3L," and the manufacturing method has been approved by Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (ClassNK).


The traditional technique for subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillator (S‐ICD) implantation, which involves three incisions and a subcutaneous pocket, is associated with possible complications, including inappropriate interventions. The aim of this prospective multicenter study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an alternative intermuscular two‐incision technique for S‐ICD implantation.


Today there are forceful work streams that aim at realizing the "5th generation of wireless/mobile broadband". This paper intends to analyse the emerging management challenges for the 5G era towards multi-service provision through optimal end-to-end resource slicing in virtualized infrastructures. Also, this paper proposes essential advances in the management intelligence, in order to achieve constantly agile and therefore optimal system behaviour in the demanding 5G wireless environment.


Space charge limited currents in organic semiconductors are frequently observed to obey the power law J−Vm and are attributed to an exponential distribution of traps having two parameters, namely the characteristic distribution energy Et and the trap concentration Ht. We determine these parameters from the J(V) characteristics at two or more temperatures reported in literature.


It is widely held that every person is a person essentially, where being a person is having special mental properties such as intelligence and self-consciousness. It follows that nothing can acquire or lose these properties. The paper argues that this rules out all familiar psychological-continuity views of personal identity over time. It also faces grave difficulties in accounting for the mental powers of human beings who are not intelligent and self-conscious, such as foetuses and those with dementia.


© 2016, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 4.45 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 404 A Survey on Methodology for Extracting Standing Human Bodies from Images Zubaida khan, Prof. Vaishali Bodade ME (II year) Student, Computer Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering, Kharghar Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Asst. Professor, Computer Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering, Kharghar Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract— Segmentation of human bodies in images is challenging task that can provide various applications, like scene understanding and activity recognition. It also provides the facility for the location of an event that attracts attention. In order to cope with the highly dimensional pose space, scene complexity, and various human appearances, shading, image noise, the majority of existing works require computationally complex training and template matching processes. We propose a bottom-up methodology for automatic extraction of human bodies from images, in the case of almost upright poses in cluttered environments. Extraction of standing human bodies from images can be easily found out by the position, dimension, skin, and color of the face. The position, dimension face color are used for the localization of the human body. A novel Approach for extraction of standing human bodies has proposed in this paper where the highly dimensional pose space, scene density, and various human appearances are handled in better way compared to conventional state of art methods. Keywords— Skin detection, human body segmentation, multilevel image segmentation, super pixels.


New high-precision Pb, Sr, Nd, and Hf isotopic analyses of >80 lavas from across the Galápagos Archipelago show that, like Hawai'i, the Galápagos is a bilaterally asymmetric plume with a NW-SE-trending compositional boundary. These two major plumes also share a common component in the lower average Pacific mantle and originate at the LLSVP-lower mantle interface. The southern parts of both plumes are sourced in the Pacific LLSVP, but differ compositionally from each other; in Galápagos, southern-sourced lavas exhibit a HIMU mantle endmember contribution, whereas Loa trend lavas are dominated by EM1. Thus, the Pacific LLSVP must be compositionally heterogeneous and include a variety of different recycled materials. The distribution of isotopic ratios across the Galápagos and Hawai'i also confirms that bilaterally asymmetric plumes are strongly influenced by their tectonic settings, resulting in differences in geochemical and morphological characteristics of individual volcanoes. In Hawai'i, where the lithosphere is older and thicker than in Galápagos, volcanoes follow a systematic evolution process that terminates with highly-alkalic, rejuvenated volcanism. In the Galápagos, the thin lithosphere results in long-lived, widespread volcanism and inhibits Hawai'i-style rejuvenated-stage activity. Furthermore, the proximity of a mid-ocean ridge significantly affects the surficial expression of the bilaterally asymmetric plume. In the Galápagos, the adjacent spreading center generates upper mantle entrainment, overwhelming depleted material intrinsic to the


Biometric technologies provide the possibility of a new and more effective way of security computers against unauthorized access; linguistic technologies, and in particular, authorship attribution technologies, provide the possibility of a means to this end. We report on a novel corpus developed to test this possibility. Using temporary workers in a simulated office environment, we collected a week's work-product for 19 subjects and demonstrate that techniques culled from the field of authorship attribution can identify workers with more than 90% accuracy.


Aim of study. Investigation of risk factors in development of postoperative pancreatic fi stula (POPF) in patients aft er distal pancreatectomy (DP) involving application of a cutting stapler device (CS) as well as determination of the criteria for selection of the optimal cassette type for such devices making it possible to reduce the POPF development frequency. Material and methods. A two-centre retrospective/prospective controlled study was performed. A total of 46 patients (19 (41.3 %) male and 27 (58.7 %) female) were enrolled. All patients included in the study underwent DP surgery using CS for excision of the pancreas with closure of its stump. In all cases, measurement of the pancreas thickness in the resection area based on the data of preoperative computed tomography and calculation of the difference between the pancreatic parenchymal thickness in the resection area and the staple closure height (SCH). Th e patients were distributed between two groups: 1) without POPF of with biochemical leakage (BL); 2) with clinically relevant POPF (CR-POPF). Results. CR-POPF developed in 15 (32.6 %) cases (type-B POPF: 14 (93.3 %) cases, type-С: 1 (6.7 %) case). Statistically signifi cant diff erence in mean pancreatic parenchymal thickness in the resection area as well as mean SCH between the group without POPF or with BL and the group with CR-POPF (15.4±4.3mm versus 12.3±3.5mm, р=0.01 and 12.8±2.3mm versus 16.4±3.1mm, р<0.01, respectively). Th e frequency of CR-POPF development was reliably lower at the SCH varying from 8 to 14mm (9.5 %) as compared to cases with SCH below 8mm (55.6 %, p<0.01) and above 14mm (50.0 %, p<0.01). Conclusion. Upon analysis of risk factors in POPF development aft er DP, it has been established that a greater pancreatic parenchymal thickness in the resection area as well as SCH are statistically significant risk factors for this complication. Th e optimal SCH making it possible to achieve the minimal frequency of POPF aft er pancreatic stump closure using a CS is within the range of 8-14mm.


In this article Narotama Stories will be explained as BIPA teaching material and the use of Narotama story comics as media in BIPA learning. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method. Data collection techniques in this study were carried out by means of observation, interviews, documentation, Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Observations in this study were carried out by observing the place or location commonly used to carry out traditional Dhukutan ceremonies in Nglurah Tawangmangu Village. The primary data source in this study was Narotama folklore which was obtained verbally from indigenous people and community leaders in Nglurah Village. Tawangmangu District. A part from interviews, data collection was also carried out through Focus Group Discussions by inviting commmunity leaders, traditional leaders, teachers, education offices, and several communities there for discuuc Narotama's story and the link between the story and the traditional Dhukutan ceremony. The sampling technique was purposive sampling. Data validity testing techniques used are data triangulation and method triangulation. Data analysis uses an interactive analysis model that included data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions and vertification. The use of comic media with foklore material (Narotama Stories) expected to facilitate and motivate BIPA students to learn it. Keyword: BIPA, teaching material, folklore, Narotama Stories, comic media


Characteristics of mesh-bias-controlled electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma for the growth of gallium nitride (GaN) were investigated. Dependence on the mesh electrode bias of the plasma parameters such as electron temperature, electron density, and plasma space potential in the ECR plasma chamber and in the growth chamber was investigated using a Langmuir probe. The ion energy distribution function incident on the substrate surface was also investigated using a Faraday cup. Variation in the plasma parameters as a function of the position in the growth chamber was investigated. From the probe characteristics, the deactivation process of electrons in the growth chamber was clearly observed. From the crystal growth with the mesh electrode bias and substrate bias, it also became clear that the growth of zinc-blende GaN films was enhanced at the bias condition at which the number of electrons to the substrate surface was increased and the impinging ions were suppressed.


The ›Speculum humanae salvationis‹ is an elaborate religious and didactic text, made up of words and pictures in combination.1 It is generally held to have been composed in the earlier part of the fourteenth century, and in an ideal copy it consists of 4924 lines of rhyming Latin prose, preceded by a Summarium, together with 192 miniatures. It is well known to modern scholarship as the most widely circulated typological text from the Middle Ages, and chapters 3–42 present a sequence of New Testament events, 'antitypes', each of which is shown to have been foreshadowed by three figurae, 'types' or similitudes, mostly taken from the Old Testament. Chapters 1–2, with 8 pictures, take us from the Fall of Lucifer and the Creation of Adam and Eve to the Flood. Chapters 3–42, with 160 pictures, take us from the


Autobiographical Poetry to Plays: Taking Memoir to a Theatrical Level by Ryan P. Tofil Advisor: Professor Carrie Hintz Pulitzer prize winning playwright John Patrick Shanley wrote, "Theatre is a safe place to do the unsafe things that need to be done." For my Capstone Project, I have compiled my autobiographical poetry, prose, and performance monologues into a theatrical manuscript to be used as the basis for a play. The final Capstone Project is a manuscript of an anticipated theatrical production based on the grieving process surrounding my brother's suicide, as well as an exploration of my sexuality and the relationships I developed during the years surrounding his death. The Capstone Project's theatrical manuscript is also accompanied by a 20-page analysis essay describing how my autobiographical works, mainly based on sexuality and grieving, relate to famed autobiographical writers Alison Bechdel, author of the graphic memoir Fun Home, A Family Tragicomic, and Joan Didion, who wrote The Year of Magical Thinking. Bechdel's text focuses primarily on her homosexuality and her father's closeted sexuality, which led to his suicide. Didion's novel is an account of her grieving the sudden death of her husband, as well as coping with the critical illness of her daughter. Both authors have had their novels turned into Broadway productions. I have shaped my writing in the same theatrical fashion. My analysis


In this paper, we study a stochastic optimal control problem with stochastic volatility. We prove the sufficient and necessary maximum principle for the proposed problem. Then we apply the results to solve an investment, consumption and life insurance problem with stochastic volatility, that is, we consider a wage earner investing in one risk-free asset and one risky asset described by a jump-diffusion process and has to decide concerning consumption and life insurance purchase. We assume that the life insurance for the wage earner is bought from a market composed of $M>1$ life insurance companies offering pairwise distinct life insurance contracts. The goal is to maximize the expected utilities derived from the consumption, the legacy in the case of a premature death and the investor's terminal wealth.


To significantly reduce the background phase effects, especially at the air–tissue interface, and to enhance the desirable local structures of veins in susceptibility‐weighted imaging.


AbstractThis paper describes the conceptual design of a regional modelling framework to assessscenarios for the forest-based bioeconomy. The framework consists of a core set oftools: a partial equilibrium model for the forest sector, a forestry dynamics model forforest growth and harvest and a wood resources balance sheet. The framework can beexpanded to include an energy model, a land use model and a forest owner decisionmodel. This partially integrated, multi-disciplinary modelling framework is described,with particular emphasis on the structure of the variables to be exchanged between theframework tools. The data exchange is subject to a series of integrity checks to ensurethat the model is computing the correct information in the correct format and order ofelements. Introduction Bioeconomy The \bioeconomy" refers to the sustainable production and conversion of biomass into a rangeof industrial and non-industrial products and energy. It o ers opportunities and solutions to(not yet published) (1)


Transplantation of stem cells promotes axonal regeneration and angiogenesis in a paracrine manner. In the present study, we examined whether the secreted factors in conditioned medium of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED‐CM) had beneficial effects on diabetic polyneuropathy in mice.


Abstract: This paper presents a method of spectrum estimation using second order group delay functions derived from the phase of the Fourier Transform (FT). The results obtained from the proposed method are compared with that of first order group delay function spectral estimation. This method provides better resolution with reduced variance and also suppresses the spikes generated due to noise in the spectrum compared to first order group delay functions spectral estimation. The spectral estimation is obtained using this method, the resolution properties of the periodogram estimation are preserved while the variance is reduced. Variance caused by the side lobe leakage due to windows and additive noise is significantly reduced even in the spectral estimate obtained using a single realization of the observation peak. This method works even for high noise levels (SNR = 0 dB or less).


In this work,carbon black XC—72 loaded on PVC surface was served as a novel solid-phase extraction sorbent.A SIA-UV system was developed to implement the on-line adsorption and the real-time monitoring of bovine serum albumin on the XC—72 surface.The adsorption of BSA agrees well with the Langmuir adsorption model.A thorough scrutiny of the experimental parameters affecting the adsorption of BSA from buffer solution onto the XC—72/PVC spheres was carried out.The maximum adsorption capacity of BSA was derived as 313.44 and 428.00 mg(BSA)g-1(XC—72)in static and flow system,respectively.The present approach has many advantages such as simple,automation,low consumption of reagent,short adsorbent time.This work can provide a new strategy for immobilization of protein and preparation of biosensors.


The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the
level of local participation in small video format production
for rural quality of life improvement in Northeast Thailand;
(2) to examine the applicability of using small video format
in participatory message development for rural quality of life
improvement in Northeast Thailand; (3) To determine the factors
associated with the level of local participation in small video
format production for rural quality of life improvement in
Northeast Thailand.
A total of 176 respondents consisting of 130 learning
group members ( LGMs) from four villages and forty-six nonformal
educators (NFEs) from four Provincial Non-Formal
Education Centres in Northeast Thailand were sampled by using


The performance of beveled-edge large area avalanche photodiodes (LAAPD) produced by Advanced Photonix, Inc. (API), Hamamatsu SPL 2560 APDs and APDs from Institute of Electron Technology (ITE) were studied in scintillation detection using CsI(Tl), BGO, LSO and YAP scintillators. Measurements covered DC gain characteristics, relative response to X-rays and light, energy resolution for 5.9 keV X-rays from /sup 55/Fe source, determination of electron-hole (e-h) pair number for the studied scintillators and their energy resolution for 662 keV /spl gamma/-rays from a /sup 137/Cs source. The highest number of e-h pairs was measured with the LAAPD from API equal to 33800 e-h/MeV for CsI(Tl) and 10200 e-h/MeV for YAP crystal. In the case of the Hamamatsu APD, the respective numbers were 30900 e-h/MeV and 4700 e-h/MeV. For the APD from ITE we measured 16500 e-h/MeV with CsI(Tl). The best energy resolution of 4.9% for 662 keV was observed with CsI(Tl) coupled to LAAPD from API, while the Hamamatsu APD showed somewhat worse result of 5.8%.


Objective:To explore the effects of NO in the process of acute rejection. Methods:BN to Lew rat orthotopic liver transplanatation models were established to detect the changes of NO and IL 2 in liver tissues in acute rejection.The influences between aminoguanidine/FK506 and the acute rejection were studied. Results:The level of NO increased remarkblely in the process of acute rejection. FK506 inhibited the synthesis of NO significantly, aminoguanidine reduced the degree of rejection; the level of NO in Lew Lew group didn′t change. Conclusion: The level of NO can be a diagnostic index for acute rejection in liever transplantation rats.


This article, based on archive and other materials, describes the methods and means of gaming religious Moslem leaders in the Caucasus on purpose to discredit the standard bearers of the people's liberation struggle and suppress that struggle. The author brings to light the contradictions within the Moslem clergy of Dagestan subsequent to the end of the people's liberation struggle of the peoples of the Caucasus in the 2nd half of the 19th-20th centuries. The article examines the mutual relations between the Russian authorities and the Moslem clergy of the Caucasus and specific aspects of the autocracy's religious policy in the Caucasus in the first third of the 19th century.


Because of the congestion problems in metropolitan areas of the United States (US), this article proposes an adaptive Intelligent Transport System for Metropolitan Areas (ITSMA) that manages high occupancy vehicle (HOV) vehicular traffic, commercial truck traffic as well as helps with the coordination of commuter and ride share traffic. The proposed ITSMA system consists of two distinct modules: (1) a prediction engine that takes multiple real time indicators to build a traffic congestion model, and (2) a decision engine component that takes the traffic congestion model and uses a database of previous actions and their impacts to propose and implement actions in real-time. The outputs of the ITSMA system can be used to suggest routes, control high occupancy restrictions, traffic light durations, toll rates and access of commercial traffic. It can also help in coordinating car share and public transportation units. Also a combined system can best leverage the investment at a metropolitan level and provide the best traffic congestion management solution.


The permanent shiplock slope works at the Three Gorges project in China have been unprecedented both in scale and difficulty. How to maintain integral stability and restrain deformation with a slope on each side of 170 m and 68 m vertical walls was a challenge of great risk. Rushu Wang explains how 3600 bundles of pre-stressed cables and 100,000 high strength bolts have stabilised the structure and solved a key technical problem of the Three Gorges project.


How is history used? What are the ways history is used? In this book review, Nihat Kahveci analyzes how Bernard Lewis's History: Remembered, Recovered, Invented seeks the answers to these important questions. Lewis states in the preface that the historian sometimes "needs to leave his period, his area, and his topic, and take a boarder look at the nature of his vocation and discipline". The book is such reflection on nature of historical knowledge and discipline of history. Organizing different examples of historical events, the book takes a broad look at the discipline of history.


The effect of coarse graining coding(2values or 4values)of nonlinear,unsteady and aperiodic signal on Lempel-Ziv complexity is analyzed.It is found that the degree of coarse graining has clear effects on the Lempel-Ziv complexity.With further subdivision of coarse graining,the value of complexity increases,calculation of complexity becomes more difficult and sensitivity of complexity increases.To apply coarse graining coding in the computation of Lempel-Ziv complexity,the degree of coarse graining must be considered carefully.


Objective: Consumption of processed foods is surging in low and middle-income countries and gradually replacing home-cooked meals. Unfortunately, the salt content is usually high in these processed foods which eventually causes hypertension, heart diseases and stroke. As the reduction of overall salt intake serves as a preventive measure for Non-communicable Diseases, so, the present study was undertaken to estimate the content of salt in commonly consumed processed foods in Bangladesh and to assess their conformity with label declaration. Along with salt, total sugar, total fat, saturated fat, trans fat, protein, fiber and energy were also assessed. Design and Methods: It was a cross-sectional population-based study. A total of 11 most consumed processed packaged foods were identified from the 8 administrative divisions of Bangladesh through a household survey (n = 480) and a market survey (n = 24) done in 2019. Samples from all the 8 divisions were collected following a list of commonly consumed foods and brands. The foods included for analysis were chips, chanachur, fried peas, pulse, noodles, biscuits, lozenge/lollipop, milk chocolate, chutney, and ice cream. A brand-wise composite sample of each processed food item was prepared by pooling at least 12 samples in the Institute of Nutrition and Food Science. Samples were analyzed by 'Association of Official Analytical Chemists' and titrimetric method (IS-1743) method at an accredited lab. The healthiness of the products was evaluated in terms of the Health Star Rating scheme of Australia and the UK traffic light labelling system. Label information was compared with corresponding analytical values and per cent variation was calculated. Results: Most of the analyzed foods contained excessive amounts of salt, sugar and saturated fat. Alarmingly, for salt, where WHO labels '> 1.5 g/100g' as 'High/Excessive' the products range from 4 g to 0.14 g per 100 g. Among them, 8 out of 11 food items were red marked. None of the brands qualifies for health claims in the star rating scheme and the UK traffic light system due to high content of salt and other critical nutrients. Most of the products misreported the nutrient content on labels. Conclusions: For the sake of public health, modification is highly needed in the processing of commonly consumed processed foods to make them healthy and less salt-containing. Study findings strongly advocate the necessity for strict regulations for appropriate user-friendly nutritional labelling. These measures will help in attaining Sustainable Development Goal 3-the health targets.


In this work, we address the spectrum utilization problem in cognitive radio (CR) networks, in which a CR can only utilize spectrum opportunities when the channel is idle. One challenge for a CR is to balance exploring new channels and exploiting existing channel, due to the fact that the channel availability and channel quality, potentially heterogeneous and time-dependent, are often unknown in advance due to the large number of channels, and the limited hardware capability of single CR. In this work, we propose joint channel sensing, probing, and accessing schemes for secondary users in cognitive radio networks. Our method has time and space complexity O(N · u) for a network with N channels and u secondary users, while applying classic methods requires exponential time complexity. We prove that, even when channel states are selected by adversary (thus nonstochastic), it results in a total regret uniformly upper bounded by Θ(√TN log N), w.h.p, for communication lasts for T timeslots. Our protocol can be implemented in a distributed manner due to the nonstochastic channel assumption. Our experiments show that our schemes achieve almost optimal throughput compared with an optimal static strategy, and perform significantly better than previous methods in many settings.


Summary form only given. The stabilizing effect of an axial flow on the m=1 kink instability in z-pinches has been studied numerically by reducing the linearized ideal MHD equations to a one-dimensional eigenvalue equation for the radial displacement. A diffuse z-pinch equilibrium is chosen that is made marginally stable to the m=0 sausage mode by tailoring the pressure profile. The principal result reveals that a sheared axial flow does stabilize the kink mode when the shear exceeds a threshold value which can be satisfied with a peak flow which is less than the Alfven speed for certain wavelengths. Additionally, the m=0 sausage mode is driven from marginal stability into the stable regime which suggests that the equilibrium pressure profile control can be relaxed. The flow stabilization agrees with experimental observations. The details of the theoretical development will be presented. The implications of this stabilizing effect are to be investigated with a flow-through Z-pinch experiment, ZaP. The experiment will produce a Z-pinch plasma which is 50 cm in length by initiating the plasma with a one meter Marshall gun. The design of the experiment will be presented in this paper.


The past few years have seen a resurgence of faith in experimentation in education inquiry, and particularly in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Proponents of such research have succeeded in br...


During double-nozzle electrospinning,the two jets with electrical charge of the same nature expel each other and thus bend outward because adjacent electric fields interfere with each other.Therefore,the continuity of electrospinning process and the evenness of fiber web decrease.This paper focuses on double-nozzle electrospinning device,and installs a cylindrical auxiliary electrode at each of the two nozzles to minimize the interference from adjacent electric fields.The experimental results reveal that the double-nozzle electrospinning equipped with the auxiliary electrodes lends itself good continuous spinning jets with even fiber web and finer fiber diameters.Ansoft Maxwell 3-D electromagnetic field analysis software is used to simulate the electrospinning electric fields and the force acting on the jets so that the electric field shielding effect of the auxiliary electrodes is further elucidated.


Not only does the multi-media technology in teaching help students arouse curiosity and draw their attention,but also it makes students enhance their language skills and master knowledge.It makes English teaching smooth.


The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory is a second generation water Cerenkov detector designed to determine whether the currently observed solar neutrino deecit is a result of neutrino oscillations. The detector is unique in its use of D 2 O as a detection medium, permitting it to make a solar modellindependent test of the neutrino oscillation hypothesis by comparison of the charged-and neutral-current i n teraction rates. In this paper the physical properties, construction, and preliminary operation of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory are described. Data and predicted operating parameters are provided whenever possible.


Integrated energy systems (IESs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to the high energy efficiency and low emission of carbon dioxide. To deal with the limitation of single IES, distributed energy networks consisting of multi-IESs are proposed to improve the complementarity of both the energy supply and the demand. This paper mainly focuses on the day-ahead energy management of the whole energy network for the economic operation of the system, following which, a cooperative game is formulated to determine the optimal strategy of each IES to minimize the coalition daily cost. Meanwhile, an allocation mechanism is designed from the perspective of probability to allocate coalition cost to each IES. According to the results of the numerical study, the proposed approach can improve the economic performance of both the energy network and the individual IES by interchanging electrical and thermal energies in the network.Integrated energy systems (IESs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to the high energy efficiency and low emission of carbon dioxide. To deal with the limitation of single IES, distributed energy networks consisting of multi-IESs are proposed to improve the complementarity of both the energy supply and the demand. This paper mainly focuses on the day-ahead energy management of the whole energy network for the economic operation of the system, following which, a cooperative game is formulated to determine the optimal strategy of each IES to minimize the coalition daily cost. Meanwhile, an allocation mechanism is designed from the perspective of probability to allocate coalition cost to each IES. According to the results of the numerical study, the proposed approach can improve the economic performance of both the energy network and the individual IES by interchanging electrical and thermal energies in the network.


This article examines the dialectic between continuity and change in the first two James Bond films of the Daniel Craig era, Casino Royale (2006) and Quantum of Solace (2008), reading these as complex responses to current geopolitical, social and cultural changes. Under the influence of pervasive media representations of the era of global crises, the 007 films with Craig – more than fifteen years after the fall of the Berlin wall – appear to have finally overcome the Cold War paradigm that has been a staple of the series since it began in 1962. Admittedly, some of the challenges that Bond now faces – such as global terrorism, financial and economic instability, the effects of climate change and, in the last feature explicitly, the exacerbating tension over scarce water resources – are not entirely new to the series. But, crucially, such themes are no longer linked to the geopolitics of the Cold War and the franchise is now set within a new world order of asymmetrical threats. As well as reacting to the ne...


Abstract In this work, surface-modifying amphiphilic additives (SMAAs) were synthesized via hydrosilylation using various polymethylhydrosiloxanes (PMHS) and allyl-terminated polyethylene glycol monomethyl ethers (APEG) of varying molecular weights. The additives synthesized were incorporated into a hydrophobic, self-stratifying siloxane-polyurethane (SiPU) coating system to produce an amphiphilic surface. Contact angle experiments and atomic force microscopy (AFM), in a dry and hydrated state, were performed to assess changes in surface wettability and morphology. The antifouling and fouling-release (AF/FR) performances were evaluated by performing laboratory biological assays using the marine bacterium Cellulophaga lytica, the microalga Navicula incerta, the macroalga Ulva linza, the barnacle Amphibalanus amphitrite, and the marine mussel, Geukensia demissa. Several of the formulations showed improved AF/FR performance vs the base SiPU and performed better than some of the commercial standard marine coatings. Formulations containing SMAAs with a low grafting density of relatively high molecular weight PEG chains showed the best performance overall.


In this paper, a study is reported in which the radiant energy projected on more than 36,000 patients undergoing diagnostic x-ray examination at the Johns Hopkins Hospital was measured. These data appear to be quite useful in the evaluation of the levels of unnecessary exposure prevailing in diagnostic radiology, particularly when such unnecessary exposure is due to excessive field size in radiography. Such measurements may also be used effectively to estimate the annual genetic dose due to diagnostic x-ray methods. The relative ease with which such measurements may be collected permits the study of annual genetic dose on a continuing basis, thereby making possible an evaluation of the trends in this dose arising from an increased application of x-rays in medical practice and from the institution of techniques to reduce patient exposure.


Abstract Most studies of later life cognitive functioning have focused on individual-level variables. While some studies have examined neighborhood-level variables as influences upon older adults' cognitive functioning, this scholarship has neglected to consider neighborhoods in a dynamic context. The present study helps fill this research gap by considering how changing extents of neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage cause changes in older residents' cognitive functioning. We employ waves 2 (2010-2011) and 3 (2015-2016) of the National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) as our source of individual-level variables and the American Community Survey as our source of neighborhood-level variables. Our analytical sample includes 1,989 respondents who participated in both waves and were 50 to 90 years in age at wave 2 of the NSHAP. Through structural equation modelling, we find that rising neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage significantly decreases older residents' cognitive functioning, both without and after controlling for baseline neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage and cognitive functioning. Furthermore, approximately 7.2% of this effect is mediated through decreases in the sizes of networks of close confidants, and roughly 8.5% of this effect occurs through increased depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that older adults' cognitive decline can be slowed down or prevented through improvements in their living environments. In particular, policies and programs that improve living spaces while also facilitating older residents' development of close and supportive confidant ties are likely to be particularly effective. Our study encourages further research on how neighborhood dynamics affect older persons' cognitive functioning.


In recent years, the Czech part of the Silesian Beskids has been affected by strong yellowing of Norway spruce stands and gradual decline of individual trees. Similar damage has also been observed in the neighbouring parts of Poland and Slovakia. The article presents the results of an investigation in the Forest district Jablunkov - part Nýdek. To evaluate the situation, monitoring plots were established and a regional survey was carried out together with tree-ring analysis. The results show a mosaic distribution of damage in the region studied, independent of the altitude and forest type. efoliation was lower in 20-40 years old stands. Even these young classes, however, show yellowing symptoms. The decline of stands started to be visible at the end of the 1990s; significant loss of vitality was observed in the most affected stands in 2003, after an extremely hot and dry vegetation period. Actual development of meteorological conditions plays an important role in the stand damage. Lastly, possible causes of damage and further development are discussed.


The paper presents a software which comes as a helping tool to structural engineers who deals with evaluating existing structures. Existing structures often need to be redesigned in order to satisfy the conditions provided by the real codes. The program has a data base with the most used strengthening solutions for steel elements and the requirements regarding the technological process. It can also provide geometric properties for modified cross sections and compare the strengthening solutions having the material consumption as reference value.


With the publication of the inaugural issue of the Learning Disability Quarterly it is appropriate that some comment be offered about the journal's expectations, views, and policies. The Quarterly initially will be designed to disseminate information and present issues about learning disabilities from an applied educational focus. This focus, except in unusual circumstances, precludes publication of articles not directly pertinent to educational endeavors such as medical reports or laboratory studies. It is anticipated, however, that their implications and contributions will be presented in the Quarterly in proper perspective for its purposes. The Quarterly is not intended to duplicate the services provided by other journals in the field today; instead, it is intended to present information on learning disabilities from a different dimension than existing publications devoted to learning disabilities. Since its inception, a goal of D.C.L.D. has been to provide opportunities for information dissemination through regional and national meetings for the following purposes: improving special education programs for learning disabled children and youth; resolving important research issues; improving teacher education; establishing liaison with other divisions of the Council for Exceptional Children and other professional organizations. The Quarterly is designed as another method of facilitating the realization of that goal.


China's urbanization level is much lower than the average level of that in the worldCompared with the economic development and the industrialization level, the situation is more seriousIt is not only due to historic reasons, but also due to realistic reasonsAs a whole, it can be summed up to these aspects: "urbancountry divided" dualistic management institution of registered residence, the industry developing policy which emphasizes heavy industry,the lagged agricultural development level, scalecontroll oriented guideline of city planning,increment of laid off workers during the economic system reform, and the differentiated family planning policyToday, the fundamental driving force of the urbanization is the tremendous real income disparity between urban and countryWith the entry of WTO, the relationship between China and world is more and more intimateThe universal law of urbanization begins to react on ChinaFrom 1999, the accelerating period of urbanization has been comingAs the economic system reform goes deeply, the urbanization level in China will be bound to have a big leap in the next ten to twenty yearsBased on the detailed analysis of the urbanization actuality and the corresponding reasons, this paper makes a primary prospect of China's urbanization in the future


The common mode to differential mode transformation of rail currents and voltages normally present in double track railway systems is considered. Differential mode signals are a potential threat for a broad range of signalling circuits based on the track circuit principle. Operators' and manufacturers' attention is normally on exceptional losses of symmetry of the traction return circuit under fault or failure condition, but it is shown that a theoretical 9% transfer of the traction return current can occur on the opposite track under normal conditions.


Based on survey data of enterprises in Hubei province, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore the relationship between technological innovation activity, technological innovation risk perception, S&T insurance policy perception, executive risk appetite and science and technology insurance (S&T insurance) purchase willingness. The result indicates that: (1) there is a positive correlation between technological innovation activity, S&T insurance policy perception and S&T insurance purchase willingness. (2) technological innovation risk perception has a positive impact on S&T insurance purchase willingness, and technological innovation activity also indirectly affects the S&T insurance purchase willingness through the technological innovation risk perception. (3) executive risk appetite has a negative impact on the S&T insurance purchase willingness. And executive risk appetite regulates the relationship between technological innovation activity and S&T insurance purchase willingness. Keywords—S&T insurance; Insurance Purchase Willingness; SEM; Risk perception; Risk appetite


The present study records and evaluates science-teaching interventions for students with intellectual disability (ID) or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) at all education levels, for better access to the general curriculum. We conducted a systematic review of the primary research literature published from 2008 to 2018. A total of 24 single-case designs were identified through determined inclusion criteria. The articles were coded based on specific variables, and they were analyzed as a descriptive synthesis. A synthesis was then approached and the PND effect size was calculated. The study concludes that using systematic instruction with supplemental practices and technology support in teaching science to students with ID or ASD will allow them to make more meaningful natural-world connections through their learning. In addition, designing postsecondary programs for this population will contribute to building a society with equal participation and progress. The necessity for continuous research in teaching science to students with ID or ASD is also emphasized.


This paper presents the Rankine source panel method for the hydrodynamic analysis of two dimensional submerged body moving with a constant speed beneath a free surface. The free surface condition is linearised by the systematic perturbation method about the mean free surface and the Neumann boundary condition is used. The two dimensional body is approximated by line panels on which there are only constant source distributions. The method of image is used for satisfying the linearised free surface condition and all the terms in the fundamental solution of the strength of the sources are integrated over a line panel. The pressure distribution on the circular cylinder as well as on a number of hydrofoils is calculated and then compared with the analytical and the experimental results to check the validity of the numerical results.


A total of 62 Pseudomonas isolates were selected from a contaminated site at Sohag district and tested for their resistance to cadmium metal. Isolate no. 22 was found to be the most resistant one and has a plasmid with molecular wt 27.491 Kbp. The minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) for the resistant (R) and adopted sensitive (S) isolates were 1.0 and 0.119 mmol L-1, respectively. The growth, protein content and maximum specific growth rate (k) decreased with increasing concentrations of heavy metal. The generation time (T) increased with the addition of divalent cations (Fe2+, Mg2+ and Ca2+) plus cadmium. Under cadmium stress, three proteins of high molecular weights (208, 78 and 33.5 KD) were lost while one protein with low molecular weight (2.5 KD) was induced. LPS profile was modified under stress of CdCl2. Absence of bands in region I, which represents the O-specific antigen, and region II (core-oligosaccharide linked to lipid A) were recorded at high concentrations of CdCl2.


Vehicular network architectures are being reviewed and re-designed to meet requirements for increasing data rates and flexibility driven in part by the adoption of Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAV) strategies. A progressive move from traditional bus based networks, such as CAN, to Ethernet-based network architectures is being considered across the automotive industry. In this paper we advocate for an in-vehicle Software-Defined Network architecture and discuss benefits that such a shift in the architectural paradigm will bring by strengthening cyber-security defences and enabling a fail-operational capability through network programmability and provably correct networks.


Routine screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy in an asymptomatic woman over 40 years of age revealed a small submucosal tumor with a yellowish appearance in the antrum (Picture 1, 2). On endoscopic ultrasonography, a lowechoic mass with a clear border involving the deeper side of the mucosa to the submucosa was visualized. In the differential diagnosis, the possibility of a neuroendocrine tumor was considered (Picture 3). The tumor diameter was <10 mm, therefore, for a total biopsy, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) was performed after obtaining informed consent (1). The pathological findings suggested an eosinophilic granuloma related to gastric anisakiasis (Picture 4). Chronic anisakiasis is considered to be a topical change in the response to foreign bodies at the time of initial infection and is asymptomatic in most cases (2). This is a rare case of ESD for a submucosal tumor related to a gastric eosinophilic granuloma required for distinguishing a neuroendocrine tumor.


Growing demand for energy and care about natural environment is the motivation to find alternative sources of energy. One of them is biomass from cherry and morello cherry stones, which is food processing industry waste. Stones have fairly good physical properties regarding material for combustion. Cherry and morello cherry crop in Poland is at the level of 200 thousand tons yearly, and processing them generates a considerable amount of waste that consists of stones, which may be used for energy purposes. In the work, the initial water content (u), curves of combustion in different temperatures, percentage ash content, heat of combustion and percentage share of stone in the whole fruit were determined.


During the Anti-Japanese War,the division and reunion of the middle forces as well as its respective relationships with the KMT and the CPC were not as simple as showed in the existed researches but full of twists and turns.In the early stage of the Anti-Japanese War,cooperation,divergence and even struggle coexisted between the middle forces and the KMT,and between the middle forces and the CPC.As the war went to the middle stage,the middle forces resorted to uniting together to coordinate the conflicts between the KMT and the CPC as well as to increase their importance.A loosely administrated organization——the Reunification Companion firstly came into being and then came a better united organization——the China Democratic Political League.However,two members of the founding committee——the Third Party and the Organization of Saving Nation had once been somewhat alienated to the new organization.The Kuomingtang offered zero trust and support to the middle forces' reunion,but prevented and suppressed it with utmost ability,which resulted to gradual alienation to the middle forces.The attitude of the CPC was from suspicion to encouragement,support and help,gradually pulling the middle forces close.Despite the contradictions and different positions and choices among the middle forces,they gradually inclined to the Communist Party,which was undoubtedly the most important political change in the middle stage of the Anti-Japanese War,and had far-reaching effect on the later political situation in China.


The merit of the two methods of approximation described is that they enable the investigator to decide whether exact values are worth obtaining and to select certain variables which may be given an exact solution by the more laborious techniques. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights re


Parallel (or block) FIR digital filters can be used either for high-speed or low-power (with reduced supply voltage) applications. Traditional parallel filter implementations cause linear increase in the hardware cost with respect to the block size. Recently, an efficient parallel FIR filter implementation technique requiring a less-than linear increase in the hardware cost was proposed. This paper makes two contributions. First the filter spectrum characteristics are exploited to select the best fast filter structures. Second, a novel block filter quantization algorithm is introduced. Using filter benchmarks, it is shown that the use of the appropriate fast FIR filter structures and the proposed quantization scheme can result in reduction in the number of binary adders ranging from 4% to 24% and an average reduction of about 10%. Furthermore, the power consumption of these filters is reduced by 14.8% on average and ranges from 10% to 20%.


The invention discloses a hot pipe radiator and a manufacturing method thereof. The hot pipe radiator comprises at least two hot pipes and two bases supporting the hot pipes; the hot pipe is provided with a heat absorbing part and an radiating part connected with the heat absorbing part in a bent manner; the bottom surface of the base is provided with a trough; and the heat absorbing parts of the two hot pipes are arranged in the trough side by side, are extruded to deform, and are clamped in the trough in a pressing and leaning manner. By the above structure and method, a plurality of hot pipes are extruded and fixed in the trough of the base, thus simplifying the production process of the radiator, improving the radiating efficiency, and lowering the production cost.


Abstract Mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumor is a rare entity that is histologically characterized by spindle-shaped histiocytes with acid-fast bacilli. It is primarily reported in immunocompromised patient in various body sites. We present a case of mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumor in an abdominal wall mass from an immunosuppressed patient and discuss the characteristic findings.


In this article, the authors review the current status of biomarker research in the adjuvant treatment of colon cancer, drawing on their experiences and considering future strategies for biomarker discovery in the postgenomic era.


In drying process, drying temperature and final moisture content of grain are important factors that affect grain strength and consequently the waste of rice milling. In this research, effects of drying temperature in five levels (33, 38, 43, 48 and 53˚c) and ultimate moisture content of in five levels (8, 10, 12, 14 and 16% w.b.) on the milling waste of three common rice varieties in Gillan province includingand Ali Kazemi, Hashemi and Hasani. Laboratory oven were used for drying samples have been studyed.Initial seed moisture comtent was 24% w.b. Digital moisture content (model GMK-303) is used for determing grain moisture content.In this study were analyzed using completely randomized design with factorial experiment and to compare the means of main effects and interaction effects was used the duncans multiple range test was used. Milling of samples was performed by rubber roller huller and laboratory abrasive whiteing. Results of the data analysis showed that variety of Hasani (with average of 14.25%) had the minimum skinning waste among three mentioned varieties. Increasing of drying temperature (from 33 to 53˚c) increased average hulling waste significantly from 14.100 to 20.926%. On the other hand, increasing of moisture content of grain (from 8 to 16% w.b.) decreased significantly mean hulling waste from 22.016 to 14.605%. Moreover, in this study was determined that variety of Ali Kazemi had the minimum whiteing waste among three mentioned varieties. Increasing the ultimate moisture content of kernel and drying temperature affected significantly whiteing waste.With increasing drying temperature and reducing the final moisture content of grain amount of waste resulting from the mill in whiteing at significantly increased.


The invention discloses a wormwood and brown sugar health-care product. The health-care product is characterized by being prepared from the following raw materials with effective components in parts by weight: 5 to 10 parts of wormwood powder, and 80 to 100 parts of brown sugar. The wormwood and brown sugar health-care product has the functions of nourishing yin and blood, strengthening spleen and warming stomach, aromatic warming and expelling, dispelling dampness and removing coldness, warming channel for arresting bleeding, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, invigorating stomach and strengthening and the like, can reinforce human immunity and plays a role in preventing diseases and building body, and has good popularization and application values.


Abstract EBSD observations were conducted on the damaged materials obtained by interrupted creep tests and interrupted creep-fatigue tests for 304 austenitic stainless steel for boiler tube use in fossil power plants, and the shapes of crystal grains extracted from KAM maps and GOS maps were approximated by ellipses. Furthermore, a damage evaluation system has been developed with a neural network, which uses the information obtained by elliptic approximation as parameters. As a result, it was quantitatively found that as creep and creep-fatigue damage progress, crystal grains become elongated toward the load axis direction. Ensemble learning showed the best classification accuracy using the 20 learners obtained by changing the rank of the relative frequency of KAM. The damage evaluation system in this study was able to estimate the damage rates with a classification accuracy of 98.33% for creep test materials and 97.50% for creep-fatigue test materials using information from one of crystal grains in the EBSD image. Therefore, the system with the neural network developed in this study is effective for evaluating creep and creep-fatigue damage for 304 austenitic stainless steel.


Since the beginning of the economic crisis, nearby feeder markets have become increasingly important for Hungary's tourism sector with cross-border cooperation schemes playing an ever increasing role. This also holds true for Hungary's Southern Great Plain Region when viewed in its relationship with neighbouring Serbia. This paper examines tourism flow changes in the Southern Hungarian Great Plain Region during the period of the economic crisis especially as far as tourism flows from Serbia are concerned. The analysis is based on official statistical data available in respect of commercial accommodation facilities, analyses on tourism trends carried out at the European level, and regional development documents drawn up for the Hungarian–Serbian cross border region. The economic crisis caused a significant downturn in tourism flows in the Southern Great Plain Region. However, the number of tourists arriving from Serbia to the Southern Great Plain and the number of nights they spent there increased even during the crisis partly because of the favourable geographical location of the region, partly because of the intensive cooperation schemes implemented in the tourism sector, and partly because of organised marketing campaigns.


I develop a theory to account for the cosmic ray spectrum. The essential assumption is that, due to fast convective motions, the free mean path perpendicular to the magnetic field is independent of energy and has the scale of the thickness of the shocked layer. I use the basic concept, that the energetic Cosmic Ray particles are accelerated in a Supernova shock that travels down a stellar wind. Discussion gives a knee energy expression, which leads to a suggestion on the physical origin of the mechanical energy of Supernova explosions, the gravitational potential energy mediated by the angular momentum and the magnetic field. The spectrum below the knee is $E^{-8/3}$. At the knee the particles segregate with particle energy according to their charge. The spectrum beyond the knee is very close to $E^{-3}$. The theory has been checked successfully against air shower data in two subsequent papers (Stanev, Biermann, Gaisser, 1992 preprint; Rachen, Stanev, Biermann, 1992 preprint).


The purpose of this study iss to describe the factors causing students do not apply to the practices of personal hygiene, describe factor cause students do not aply to the practices of completeness work clothes. Type of study is a qualitative research. Object of research are all students of grade two culinary skills program amounting to 20 students. Sampling technique by means of snowball sampling. Technigues of collecting data trough observation, interviews and documentasi. Field data anakysis techniques that include the reducation, display, conclusions or verifikasi. The result of this study indicate that the cleanliness of hair, hands and nose are not awake while physical fitness has been applied. Hygiene hats, work clothes, apron during the practices of students using white and clean, pants and shoes for the practice of students using black and baggy pants while students do not wear a tie.Keyword: Aplication of personal hygiene


In order to reveal the influence of working medium parameters upon economic behavior and environmental indices of the powergenerating unit, and to discuss the technical and economical basis for developing supercritical units in our country, the coal consumption rate of powergeneration(g/kWh), pollutant emission rate of SO2 and CO2 (g/KWh) of supercritical, subcritical (imported), superhigh pressure, high presurre, and medium pressure powergenerating units, which are operating in China at present, have been calculated by using unit consumption theory and exergy analysis method; the technical and economical evaluation for supercritical and subcritical units have been carried out from aspects, such as coal consumption rate of powergeneration, emission rate of pollutants, and construction cost per kW, by using stratification analysis method of the comprehensive evaluation theory. Results show that the energetic development of supercritical units claims localization to be realized as quickly as possible to reduce unit construction cost on the one hand, and guiding function to be strengthened for environmental protection policy (or marketoriented mecbanism) on the other hand.


The distribution and movement of chloropigments (chlorophylls and associated degradation products) in the bottom boundary layer near Duck, North Carolina, were examined during July and August 1994. Time series of chloropigment fluorescence, current velocity, and surface wave properties were acquired from instruments mounted on a bottom tripod set at 20 m depth. These data were combined with moored current meter measurements, meteorological data, and shipboard surveys in a comparative assessment of physical processes and chloropigment distribution over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales. Two dominant scales of chloropigment variation were observed. On numerous occasions, small-scale (order m) structure in the near-bottom fluorescence field was observed, even in the absence of identifiable structure in the temperature and salinity fields. Over larger time-scales and space scales, variations in fluorescence were related to changes in water mass properties that could be attributed to alternating events of upwelling and downwelling. This view was reinforced by shipboard measurements that revealed correlations between fluorescence and hydrographic fields, both of which were modified by wind-forced upwelling and downwelling and by the advection of low-salinity water from Chesapeake Bay. Local resuspension of sediments did not contribute appreciably to the near-bottom pigment load seen at the tripod, because of low bottom stress. Estimates of chloropigment flux indicated a net shoreward transport of chloropigments in the lower boundary layer. However, the rapid fluctuations of currents and pigment concentrations gave rise to large and frequent variations in chloropigment fluxes, generating uncertainty in extrapolations of this finding to longer timescales.


The International Diabetes Federation report indicates that the prevalence of diabetes has reached epidemic levels globally. Comorbid depression often occurs with diabetes, although often not recognized and did not get therapy. The prevalence of depression in women with diabetes is higher than men. Ironically, treatment of depression seems less attention. The self help group therapy is expected to be one form of diabetes management more holistically. This study aim is to identify the effectiveness of group of self help therapy to type 2 diabetic women with comorbid depression. This research is a quasi-experimental study with untreated control group design with pre-test and post- test study. Research subjects were women with type 2 diabetes in public health center Yogyakarta, Indonesia; Aged over 18 who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria totaling 65 people. The results of this study showed the prevalence of depression in this study is 64,7%. Statistical analysis of the influence of self help group therapy between treatment and control groups showed there were significant differences in changes in Becks Depression Inventory score (p=0.001), and the changes in fasting blood glucose (p=0.002). While the changes in cholesterol levels found no significant difference (p=0.207). Contingency table analysis showed the influence of self help group therapy with improvement of depression with a value of relative risk = 2.08 in the determination of cut-off value of Beck Depression Inventory depression scores < 10 (p=0.003). The results from multivariate analysis showed that variable influences in changing depression scores is self help group therapy (p=0.008). Self help group therapy improves depression and reducing fasting blood glucose levels of type 2 diabetic woman with comorbid depression. Self help group therapy reduces depression 2-fold.


To check the quality of oxytocin and tranexamic acid—two recommended products for prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH)—used in facilities taking part in an implementation research project to improve PPH diagnosis and management.


A problem arising in studies on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection relate to one‐sided tests with ordered alternatives as opposed to the more classical two‐sided tests. Patients not having a resistance mutation may have a better virologic response to treatment than patients with a single mutation. In turn, those with a single mutation may have a better response to treatment than those patients having two mutations, and so on. In the presence of a continuous outcome, Jonckheere's test for ordered alternatives is well adapted to this situation. Such an analysis does not provide any measure of prediction or explained variation which can complement these results. A measure of strength of effect would be helpful in quantifying the degree of association between the genotypic score (number of mutations) and some continuous virological response. We suggest a simple measure of 'goodness of split' for Jonckheere's test for trend. Interestingly, the measure can be related to the non‐parametric measure of association known as gamma. The variance formula for the measure studied here can be seen to differ from the known variance estimate of the gamma measure, and simulations show it to be more accurate. Expectation and variance under H0 of the measure are provided and a large simulation study is presented. Methods are applied to a recent clinical data set involving HIV‐1 infected patients where the number of resistance mutations are investigated as potential predictors of the amount of HIV‐1 RNA reduction at week 4. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


We present the first observations of a vortex street in an atmosphere other than that of the Earth made from a sequence of images of Saturn taken by Voyager 2 in August 1981. The analysis of these images shows that the feature sits at the maximum of the westward jet and suggests that it may be produced by material rising up from below the level of the visible clouds.


In a multi-carrier CDMA system, in order to improve reception performance in reducing the amount of computation while receiving apparatus, in addition to the weighting for each sub-carrier, also for each different spreading code (chip) for each subcarrier included weighted.


Background : Childhood vitiligo is a distinct subset of vitiligo and somewhat different from adulthood vitiligo. However, there are a few published studies that have investigated the clinical aspects of childhood vitiligo in Korea. Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical aspects of childhood vitiligo in Korea. Methods : This clinical investigation was made on 134 outpatients with childhood vitiligo who had visited Department of Dermatology, Our Lady of Mercy Hospital, from January 1992 to December 1999. Results : The results are summarized as follows ; 1. Male to female ratio was approximately 1:1. The mean ages of onset and first visiting were 5 and 6.7 years respectively, and the mean duration of disease was 1.7 years. 2. Only seven patients had vitiligo and one patient had premature graying of hairs among their parents and siblings. 3. There was no known precipitating factor in most cases(93.3%) except in 9 patients. 4. The associated skin diseases were atopic dermatitis(20.9%), poliosis(6.0%), alopecia areata(1.5%), halo nevus(1.5%), and so on. 5. The most common clinical type was localized(51.5%), and ten generalized(26.1%), segmental(20.9%), and acrofacial(1.5%) in decreasing order. 6. The sites of frequent involvement were head and neck(56.7%), trunk(42.5%), upper extremity(17.2%), and lower extremity(17.9%). 7. The average 4% of body surface area was involved. During recent 3 months the lesions increased in number and size in 66 patients(49.3%), whereas the lesions were stable in 57 patients(42.5%). 8. The most common clinical differential diagnosis of childhood vitiligo is nevus depigmentosus in 47 patients(35.1%). 9. Twenty-seven patients had past history of previous treatment including topical application of steroid and topical PUVA. Conclusion : Based on these clinical findings, childhood vitiligo seems different from adult vitiligo clinically.


In this work, an implementation of a high resolution phase shift beamformer on FPGA is presented. This implementation is based on the angle recording (AR) CORDIC algorithm and uses a fine precision 2-path floating point adder for an accurate computation of the phase shifts. A pipelined architecture is used to decrease the chip area requirements and to increase the throughput of the beamformer. The proposed approach is quantitatively evaluated by performing a comparison with am approach based on the Xilinx core generator modules. The results show that the proposed implementation outperforms the latter technique in terms of speed and area. The implemented beamformer could be used for acquiring 2D and 3D ultrasound medical images in real time.


Modern rainwater harvesting technology has been endowed with scientific connotation of engineering and technicalization and scale by comparison with traditional rainwater harvesting.Modern rainwater harvesting technology is not only important research content for modern water saving agriculture,but also one of effective channel for relieving drought and water shortage,and reducing conventional agriculture water consumption in China.The paper summarized the research progress and development trend for modern rainwater harvesting technology,pointed out that the modern rainwater harvesting technology is the result of combing the traditional rainwater harvesting technology with modern material,biology,computer simulation technology,modern water saving irrigation technology etc.,technology with the characteristic of inter-overlap among many courses of study and inter-infiltration among each single technology.The focal point and contents for the study of the modern rainwater harvesting technology,namely basing on the study of significant technology,studying and development important and key technology related to rainwater harvesting,exploring and establishing a technical system of modern rainwater harvesting technology was put forward on the basis of that.


The PRC's surface-to-surface missile forces would be a major factor in an invasion scenario, such as the one we assess in the main body of this report. China's missiles would also be at the heart of many other coercive strategies aimed at Taiwan, ranging from the kinds of exercises held in 1995 and 1996 to actual employment against military, political, and economic targets in an attempt to use limited force to compel Taiwanese concessions. Indeed, it is widely believed that missile attack represents the greatest strategic threat currently confronted by Taiwan.1


Two potential sources of systematic variation in output from Mefar dosimeters, the system used in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) study have been evaluated: individual nebulizer characteristics and dosimeter driving pressure. Output variation from 366 new nebulizers produced in two batches for the second ECRHS were evaluated, using a solute tracer method, at a fixed driving pressure. The relationship between dosimeter driving pressure was then characterized and between-centre variation in dosimeter driving pressure was evaluated in an Internet-based survey. A systematic difference between nebulizers manufactured in the two batches was identified. Batch one had a mean±sd output of 7.0±0.8 mg·s−1 and batch two, 6.3±0.7 mg·s−1 (p<0.005). There was a wide range of driving pressures generated by Mefar dosimeters as set, ranging between 70–245 kPa, with most outside the quoted manufacturer's specification of 180±5%. Nebulizer output was confirmed as linearly related to dosimeter driving pressure (coefficient of determination (R2)=0.99, output=0.0377×driving pressure–0.4151). The range in driving pressures observed was estimated as consistent with a variation of about one doubling in the provocative dose causing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second. Systematic variation has been identified that constitutes potentially significant confounders for between-centre comparisons of airway responsiveness in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey, with the dosimeter driving pressure representing the most serious issue. This work confirms the need for appropriate quality control of both nebulizer output and dosimeter driving pressure, in laboratories undertaking field measurements of airway responsiveness. In particular, appropriate data on driving pressures need to be collected and factored into between-centre comparisons. Comprehensive collection of such data to optimize quality control is practicable and has been instigated by the organizing committee for the European Community Respiratory Health Survey II.


This paper reports the main findings of a national survey designed to empirically establish a set of weighting factors on product violation that could be used as input in the allocation of resources by the Consumer Product Branch of Consumers and Corporate Affairs Canada. A conceptual framework is presented describing the method used to derive these weights. It was found that violations were perceived to occur more frequently for clothing and accessories, fresh fruits and vegetables, and cleaning and paper products. These ratings were shown to be related to purchasing behavior and quality violations were perceived much more serious than quantity violations and labelling violations, in that order.


To study the relationship between parathyroid hormone and nutrition of patients with uraemia in order to delay the progress of chronic renal function failure which can provide clinic gists for curing the patients with nutri- tion method.Methods The patients'serum PTH,ALB,Hb were detected.The nutritional status of the patients were eval- uated with modified quantitative subjective global assessment.The relation between PTH and nutritional status were analysed with correlation and regression.Results There were correlations between PTH and MQSGA,ALB;There was significant correlation between PHT and Hb;Logistics analysis showed there were regression relations between PTH and MQSGA,Hb( P0.05).Conclusion PTH can impact nutritional status of uraemia patients;To rise the clearance of PTH might improve its nutritional status.


This paper explores the link between contextual innovation, business growth and income for garment micro-businesses based on survey data collected from Dar es Salaam, Morogoro, Iringa and Mbeya Regions. The survey (on which the paper is based ) intended to find out the role of information in the promotion of micro- businesses in the carpentry and garment sub sectors. The research was important because some studies (Rogers, 1995, Kibera, 1997) show that availability of information could explain why urban-based micro enterprises perform better than semi-urban and rural ones, which suggests that purposeful interventions in the supply of information could promote micro-enterprises.
The purpose of this paper it to refocus on the limitations of linking contextual innovation with growth and income of micro-businesses involved in the garment sub sector. Knowledge on the link between innovation, growth and income is useful for indicating areas of innovation in micro-enterprises that can provide better push in business growth and income necessary for poverty alleviation. The findings suggest that there are many dimensions of innovations and factors that determine business growth and in come. It becomes even more problematic to measure growth or income. African Journal of Finance and Management Vol.13(1) 2004: 38-47


AbstractThe growth of technology in the field of computer science & the popularity of information technology has changed the means of information exchange from letters to electronic messages. Security became a major concern with the advent of electronic messages as it led to higher possibilities of information attacks. One of the proposed solutions to this problem is the usage of passwords to protect the information. Password is a string of characters used for user authentication to prove identity or approval to gain access to a resource, which should be unknown to or kept secretive from unauthorized users. The most common types of passwords are Numeric Passcodes, Textual Passcodes or Alpha numeric Passcodes. These types of passwords are vulnerable to various kinds of attacks, such as eaves dropping, shoulder surfing, dictionary attack, spyware attack etc. This paper proposes a unique idea of AUTHENTICATING PASSWORDS using CLICK BASED GRAPHICAL PASSWORDS AND COLOR-LOGIN SCHEMES. These authentication mechanisms generate stronger passwords & hence present a more feasible way of making variation in the security level of an application depending upon the user's requirement.


This chapter evaluates Japan's nuclear energy policies and explores the potential cooperation these may have with China's energy market. The first part of the chapter explores how Japan's nuclear strategy is designed to achieve energy security, exploring the main gains and limitations impacting policy implementation and the extent to which Japan's approach to nuclear energy is dictated exclusively by energy dependency. The second part evaluates China's present nuclear energy situation and highlights potential trends and prospect in this field. The third and final part assesses the circumstances and conditions that will incline Japan and China to engage in, develop and deepen their nuclear energy cooperation. It investigates whether nuclear energy cooperation can significantly improve the two countries' energy security equation, and in what way nuclear energy cooperation influences the political frameworks within which these two states operate. Keywords: China's nuclear energy; energy security; Japan's nuclear strategy


In clamping chuck for a container transport system, the clamping chuck has two chuck arms, the chuck arm opposite direction between the position and an open position gripping around a common axis or separate two shafts in a swingable and is pushed against a spring resistance by accumulating mechanism acting directly between chuck gripping direction towards or open position the arm, at least one pair accumulating mechanism to repel one another and it has a permanent magnet.


Conditional estimates of the standard error of measurement (SEM) are necessary for conveying precision at a given score level. The reported metric for score level SEMs is almost always the raw score scale; however, test interpretation typically centers on derived scores. A further hindrance for utilizing the reported error information is the nonlinear relation between raw scores and derived scores. To overcome these limitations, 2 relatively simple methods for estimating the conditional SEM for nonlinearly derived score scales are proposed. Empirical applications of these methods indicate the derived score level SEM, like its raw score counterpart, varies across the score scales. However, unlike the raw score scale SEMs, the variation displayed in derived score units tends to be erratic. The irregularity appears to be a consequence of integer conversions. The 2 proposed procedures produced fairly consistent estimates that tended to peak near the high end of the scale and reach a minimum in the middle of t...


Subsoils play an important role within the global C cycle, since they have high soil organic carbon (SOC) storage capacity due to generally low SOC concentrations. However, measures for enhancing SOC storage commonly focus on topsoils. This study assessed the long‐term storage and stability of SOC in topsoils buried in arable subsoils by deep ploughing, a globally applied method for breaking up hard pans and improving soil structure to optimize crop growing conditions. One effect of deep ploughing is translocation of SOC formed near the surface into the subsoil, with concomitant mixing of SOC‐poor subsoil material into the 'new' topsoil. Deep‐ploughed croplands represent unique long‐term in situ incubations of SOC‐rich material in subsoils. In this study, we sampled five loamy and five sandy soils that were ploughed to 55–90 cm depth 35–50 years ago. Adjacent, similarly managed but conventionally ploughed subplots were sampled as reference. The deep‐ploughed soils contained on average 42 ± 13% more SOC than the reference subplots. On average, 45 years after deep ploughing, the 'new' topsoil still contained 15% less SOC than the reference topsoil, indicating long‐term SOC accumulation potential in the topsoil. In vitro incubation experiments on the buried sandy soils revealed 63 ± 6% lower potential SOC mineralisation rates and also 67 ± 2% lower SOC mineralisation per unit SOC in the buried topsoils than in the reference topsoils. Wider C/N ratio in the buried sandy topsoils than in the reference topsoils indicates that deep ploughing preserved SOC. The SOC mineralisation per unit SOC in the buried loamy topsoils was not significantly different from that in the reference topsoils. However, 56 ± 4% of the initial SOC was preserved in the buried topsoils. It can be concluded that deep ploughing contributes to SOC sequestration by enlarging the storage space for SOC‐rich material.


Grid event analysis at the Load Dispatch Centers in India is done with the help of synchrophasor data, SCADA Sequence of Events records, analogue data from SCADA/EMS and information from Operator log book records. Protection relay flags, Station Disturbance record and Event logger data record forwarded by the respective transmission substations are used for detailed analysis of an event. This paper discusses a few case studies wherein multiple tripping, complete outage of grid sub-station/ power station which had occurred in southern grid were analysed and remedial actions were proposed to overcome the shortcoming found during analysis.


EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY: LEARNING IN A COMPUTER-MEDIATED ENVIRONMENT SEPTEMBER 2005 KARIN MOYANO CAMIHORT B . A . GALVAN MORENO CORDOBA ARGENTINA M.ED. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST ED.D. UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST Directed by: Professor David Evans This study investigates the impact of online versus pen and paper homework on college students' learning and performance, and explores their experiences in each modality. After familiarizing students with two different homework modalities, students' decision to work in the online versus the traditional environment was utilized as the student preference indicator. Students' gender and computer comfort levels were also recorded. Although differences were found on the computer comfort levels of male and female students, there were no significant differences on learning outcomes. The findings suggest that students can learn equally well in either modality, regardless of their preference, gender or computer comfort


A seven-year-old, castrated male Basset hound weighing 21.1 ㎏ was presented for investigation of anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, melena and vomiting for 4 months. In laboratory findings, microcytic hypochromic anemia was identified, and other results were within a normal reference range. On the plain radiographs, soft tissue opacity was increased in the descending duodenal region; and on the contrast radiographs, ulcerative changes were identified in the entire segment of descending duodenum. Ultrasonographic findings included increased duodenal wall thickness and duodenal wall layering was lost. Endoscopy revealed irregular mucosal surface and luminal narrowing of the descending duodenum. There was concentrically thickened descending duodenum on the computed tomography. And the wall of the descending duodenum showed heterogenous enhancement after contrast agent injection. On histopathological findings, both chronic inflammation with mucosal proliferation and neoplastic changes with multiple small glandslike structures invading into the submucosa were identified. Based on these findings, presented case was diagnosed as an annular form duodenal adenocarcinoma. After 13 months of supportive medical treatment, the patient was expired. The purpose of this case report was to describe the duodenal adenocarcinoma in a dog.


Direct legislation has returned to excite considerable interest after a quiet period of a few years in which the traditional legislative processes were allowed to operate undisturbed in the states and cities. Old age pension plans put before the voters by initiative petitions in Colorado, California, and Ohio have excited more inspection of direct legislation procedures than at any time in their history. Several studies have been made of the laws governing the initiative and referendum, and also of their operation in the states. No less significant than state-wide initiatives and referenda have been the anti-picketing and labor regulating initiatives in Los Angeles; ordinances in San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Oakland, California, requiring two operators on street cars; attacks upon proportional representation in New York by petitions; attempts by labor organizations in Detroit to set policies regarding working conditions on the city's street railways by initiative ordinances; or the attempts by firemen and police in many cities to obtain civil service and pension systems through the same device. Several of these cities now have approximately thirty-five years of experience with municipal direct legislation. Numerous factors in American municipal politics have combined within the past fifty years to develop a sentiment for laying upon the electorate a portion of the responsibility for determining local policy. The idea that the voters of the municipality should be allowed, to decide certain policies was developed chiefly by the home rule movement.


An implicit algorithm is developed for the twodimensional, compressible, Favxe-averaged NavierStokes equations. It incorporates the standard k — e turbulence model of Launder and Spalding and the low Reynolds number correction of Chien. The equations are solved using an unstructured grid of triangles with the flow variables stored at the centroids of the cells. The inviscid fluxes are obtained from Roe's flux difference split method. Linear reconstruction of the flow variables to the cell faces provides second-order spatial accuracy. Turbulent and viscous stresses as well as heat transfer are obtained from a discrete representation of Gauss's theorem. Interpolation of the flow variables to the nodes is achieved using a second-order accurate method. Temporal discretization employs Euler, Trapezoidal or 3-Point Backward differencing. An incomplete LU factorization of the Jacobian matrix is implemented as a preconditioning method. Results for three test cases are presented : a supersonic turbulent mixing layer, a supersonic laminar compression corner and a supersonic turbulent compression corner.


Data replication is effective for improving data availability in ad hoc networks. In an environment where data updates occur, replicas of a data item may be inconsistent. To solve this problem, quorum based consistency management is a promising approach. To reduce communication overhead, it is better to make the number of mobile hosts in each quorum small. In this paper, we propose a consistency management method that constructs quorums with fewer mobile hosts.