Significance Immune checkpoint blockade therapy has become a critical pillar of cancer therapy. Here, we characterize the cellular mechanisms of monotherapy and combination anti–cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 plus anti–programmed cell death-1 therapy. Using high-dimensional single-cell profiling, we determine that combination therapy elicits cellular responses that are partially distinct from those induced by either monotherapy. In particular, combination therapy mediates a switch from expansion of phenotypically exhausted cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) T cells to expansion of activated effector CD8 T cells. In addition, we systematically compare T cell subsets present in matched peripheral blood and tumor tissues to define what aspects of antitumor responses can be observed peripherally. These findings have significant implications for both the cellular mechanisms of action and biomarkers of response to monotherapies and combination therapy. Immune checkpoint blockade therapy targets T cell-negative costimulatory molecules such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1). Combination anti–CTLA-4 and anti–PD-1 blockade therapy has enhanced efficacy, but it remains unclear through what mechanisms such effects are mediated. A critical question is whether combination therapy targets and modulates the same T cell populations as monotherapies. Using a mass cytometry-based systems approach, we comprehensively profiled the response of T cell populations to monotherapy and combination anti–CTLA-4 plus anti–PD-1 therapy in syngeneic murine tumors and clinical samples. Most effects of monotherapies were additive in the context of combination therapy; however, multiple combination therapy-specific effects were observed. Highly phenotypically exhausted cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) T cells expand in frequency following anti–PD-1 monotherapy but not combination therapy, while activated terminally differentiated effector CD8 T cells expand only following combination therapy. Combination therapy also led to further increased frequency of T helper type 1 (Th1)-like CD4 effector T cells even though anti–PD-1 monotherapy is not sufficient to do so. Mass cytometry analyses of peripheral blood from melanoma patients treated with immune checkpoint blockade therapies similarly revealed mostly additive effects on the frequencies of T cell subsets along with unique modulation of terminally differentiated effector CD8 T cells by combination ipilimumab plus nivolumab therapy. Together, these findings indicate that dual blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1 therapy is sufficient to induce unique cellular responses compared with either monotherapy.


We studied, at different temperatures, the stress development during the growth of Ag–Cu(111) multilayers. Multilayers, with a nanometric period, were UHV evaporated on Si(111) and stress was monitored in situ by measuring substrate bending. We show that whatever the evaporation temperature may be, the Ag on Cu(111) growth does not develop any representative stress. This quasi-unstressed Ag on Cu(111) growth could be consistent with an intrinsic relaxation resulting from a strong atomic reorganization during early stage (1 monolayer deposited) of interface formation. On the contrary, the Cu on Ag(111) growth develops a temperature-dependent tensile stress. The measured stress at room temperature is 1 GPa and decreases to 0.5 GPa at 110 °C for a 3 nm deposited thickness. This temperature-dependent stress could be related to a weak three-dimensional temperature-dependent growth mode during an early stage of film deposition. Our results also indicate, at 35 °C, a clear stress relaxation for thickness larger ...


MIMO communication in the multi-cell has some differences to the MIMO based on point to point. In the multi-cell MIMO downlink environment, if all cells share the same frequency band, the mobile station (MS) that is near the boundary between cells will receive the adjacent cells' interference. If the interference is disposed as Gaussian white noise by the detector and the received signal is detected by the linear MMSE algorithm, it must result in performance impairment. So the design of the detector must consider the interference of the adjacent cells besides the interference with multi-antennas of the intra-cell. But generally the mobile station cannot get the MIMO channel state information (CSI) in the adjacent cells. In this paper, we propose a partial zero-forcing (ZF) adaptive minimum mean square error (MMSE) detector with training data. This detector first removes the interference between multi-antennas within the local cell by using the ZF linear filter; the residual inter-cell interference can be greatly reduced by the adaptive MMSE filter vector. Compared with the conventional adaptive MMSE detector and linear MMSE detector, this proposed detector can speed up the convergence of adaptive filter weights and gain improved performance.


In zucchini, the use of row covers until flowering and the insect growth regulator (IGR) pyriproxyfen are effective methods of reducing the number of insects, especially silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Biotype B), on plants. We compared floating row covers (FRCs) up until flowering with silverleaf whitefly (SLW) introduced (FRC + SLW), or not introduced (FRC-only), or with introduction of SLW in open plots (SLW-only), or with introduction of SLW in open plots with IGR (SLW + IGR). FRC increased temperature and humidity compared with the uncovered treatments. Average fruit weight was less (P < 0.01) for the FRC + SLW treatment compared with the other treatments and the percentage of marketable fruit was less for the FRC + SLW than for the other three treatments. This result indicates that the use of either row covers or IGR controls whiteflies, reduces fruit damage and increases the size, weight, and quality of fruit, and may also control other sap-sucking insects. However, if SLW are already present on plants, the use of FRC may reduce predation and favour build up of SLW. Thus, FRC and IGR, if used judiciously, may provide an effective alternative to broad-spectrum pesticides in small-scale cucurbit production.


Optical scatterometry, as a fast, low-cost, and non-contact measurement instrument, is widely used in the profile characterization of nanostructure in the semiconductor manufacturing industry. In general, it involves two procedures, i.e. the forward optical modeling of sub-wavelength nanostructures and the reconstruction of structural profiles from the measured signatures. Here, the general term signature means the scattered light information from the diffractive grating structure, which can be in the form of reflectance, ellipsometric angles, Stokes vector elements, or Mueller matrix elements. The profile reconstruction process is an inverse problem with the objective of optimizing a set of floating profile parameters (e.g., critical dimension, sidewall angle, and height) whose theoretical signatures can best match the measured ones through regression analysis or library search. During solving the inverse problem, the refractive index and distinction coefficient of the material of nanostructure are assumed to be constants and they are generally fixed. This assumption is valid for most of the materials in semiconductor industry, but not for certain materials that are very photosensitive. That is, the optical constants of photosensitive materials may vary with the illumination time of the incident light beam in spectroscopic ellipsometer, and the error caused by the variation of optical constants propagates to the final extracted results of structural profiles, which should not be neglected, especially for high precision and accuracy metrology. Experiments performed on SiO2 and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) thin films are conducted and demonstrate that the extracted geometric parameters and optical constants of SiO2 film do not change with illumination time increasing, while the twenty groups of values of extracted refractive index n and distinction coefficient k of PMMA resist film vary obviously, and the difference between the extracted maximum and minimum film thickness has reached 40.5 nm, which to some extent illustrates that the above assumption is not valid for PMMA resist, so that the incident light beam of spectroscopic ellipsometer has a great influence on the extracted film thickness. Further, simulations based on a three-dimensional PMMA grating also indicate that the error of optical constant has considerably transferred to the extracted profile parameters. This finding is of significance for improving the accuracy of nanostructure characterization in optical scatterometry.


difference between the two can be illustrated by an ambiguous sentence with their different meanings represented by (5) and (6). In (5), when sesame-seed big is interpreted as a relative clause that modifies the head noun bun , both lexical items form its own TG. This is demonstrated by the faithful surfacing of the underlying tone in sesame-seed and big. In (6), when sesame-seed is a modifier for the adjective big , they together form a single TG. This is shown by the surface of the sandhi tone in seed. The final prosodic outputs for (5) and (6) are given in (7).


In article results of research of cognitive and valuable and behavioural components of installation of pupils of comprehensive schools in relation to the use of psychoactive agents (PAA) are described. More than for a half of respondents the use of PAA is a source of new unusual feelings. The most approved species of PAA is tobacco, the most negative is the relation of the drugs interrogated to the use. The acceptability of tobacco increases from the fifth class to the ninth. The negative relation to alcohol remains at pupils of 5-7 classes, however at teenagers it becomes positive. The most significant values for school students are entertainments, friendship and unusual feelings. These values increase risk of the use of psychoactive agents. In each age group of 7-26% of pupils we are ready to test of PAA. The anti-narcotic barrier, is created at 46% of the surveyed school students. There is no anti-narcotic barrier at 62% of girls and 41% of boys. The risk of familiarizing of these pupils to consumption of PAA is highest.


This paper analyzes the statistical problems existing in the papers published in China and the main reasons, and discusses the functions of the editor of medical journals in solving the statistical problems of the papers.


" if the distress from tension be not very great, we may fairly try the effect of time, absorbent doses of mercury, the application of poultices, iodine, blisters, etc.; but if the tension be considerable, and there is a sense of fluctuation in any parts within reach, it will surely be better to puncture by means of a fine trocar, and, if necessary, to enlarge the opening by the bistoury, so as to empty the sac of its fluid contents. I confess that I have grave doubts as to the propriety of injections. " If we are fortunate enough to be called to a case in process of formation, it will be well to try some hemostatic remedy in addition to cold applications and absolute rest. The succeeding monthly periods will of course require anxious care; absolute rest, quiet, laxatives, and, if necessary, a few leeches to the ovarian region, will probably be sufficient." At pages 526 and following, the operation of Ovariotomy receives a much fuller consideration than in former editions of the work. Dr. Churchill lays fairly before the reader the arguments for and against the operation, and gives his conclusions as to the circumstances under which it should be undertaken, deferred, or abandoned. As to the mode of operating, he adopts that of Mr. Spencer Wells, whose description he quotes. In the course of the remaining parts of the book, Dr. Churchill has made such additions as have seemed to him fitted to bring it up to the present state of knowledge of the subject; and he has increased the number of woodcuts from thirty-one to fifty-seven. The book is, in its present form, a complete practical treatise on diseases of women, wherein the reader may find a thorough digest of opinions and observations, made by men at home and abroad, connected and enriched from his own experience by one of the most worthy representatives of the Dublin school of obstetric medicine.


The structure of the title compound, C11H12N2S, established by an X-ray crystallographic study, shows that the molecule is composed of three cycles: bicyclic benzimidazole and the thiazepine ring which is bent.


A mathematical model for computation of parameters of eyesafe lidar for detection of forest fire smoke has been developed. It is assumed that the lidar uses a wavelength of 1.54 micrometer. This wavelength can be obtained from Er:glass lasers, from Nd:YAG lasers with an optical parametric oscillator, or from Nd:YAG lasers with a Raman cell. It is assumed that receiver optics of 20 cm diameter and an avalanche photodiode are used. Particle size distributions in the smoke from experiments in the literature are utilized for calculation of backscattering efficiency. The backscattering cross section is calculated on the basis of Mie formulae. Diffusion of the smoke plume is estimated on the basis of an analytical solution of the relevant hydrodynamics equations. Results of the calculations show that for detection of forest fires with fuel mass burned in unit time 2 kg/s at a distance of 10 km it is necessary to have a laser pulse energy of 120 mJ.


The Argonne Fragment Mass Analyzer (FMA) is designed to separate and identify evaporation residues according to their mass-to-charge ratio. The FMA in combination with GAMMASPHERE—an array of 100 compton-suppressed germanium detectors—allowed for a number of very interesting in-beam gamma-spectroscopy studies, as the FMA provided a very clean trigger on evaporation residues to obtain extremely background-free gamma-spectra. This setup was used to measure the total gamma-energy and multiplicity after particle evaporation—the so-called entry distribution—by exploiting the calorimetric properties of GAMMASPHERE, using its germanium detectors as well as its BGO shields for a maximum gamma efficiency. The entry distribution can be used to estimate the height of the fission barrier as a function of angular momentum. This method is especially favorable for unstable nuclei, for which the fission barrier is otherwise very difficult to measure. Here, the entry distributions of 220Th at beam energies of 206 MeV and ...


Aim: To study the clinical and biochemical outcomes of total parathyroidectomy without auto-transplantation versus partial parathyroidectomy in patients suffering from secondary hyperparathyroidism. Methods: 49 patients who had undergone parathyroidectomy (PTX) for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism from 1997 to 2004 in Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong were recruited in the study (40 total PTX vs 8 partial PTX vs 1 total PTX with auto-transplantation). Demographic data, details of renal replacement therapy, results of imaging and biochemical tests, operative details of PTX, details of medications, any recurrence of hyperparathyroidism and any kidney transplantation were included and analyzed. Results: The mode of PTX had no statistically significant relationship with the incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia, lowest calcium level within 30 days of operation, postoperative use of intravenous calcium or oral vitamin D supplements and other operative complications. While patients having total PTX required a higher dosage of oral calcium carbonate supplement upon discharge (mean difference 7300 mg daily, 95% CI from 502 mg to 14098 mg daily, p < 0.05), there was no such difference on the dosage upon 1-year and latest FU. Our study showed no statistically significant difference between the mode of PTX and the recurrence of hyperparathyroidism (7.5% in total PTX vs 33.3% in partial PTX, p = 0.67). Conclusion: Total PTX did not induce significant effect concerning postoperative hypocalcemia, operative complications and use of long-term calcium and vitamin D supplement. Previous reports had shown that partial PTX may lead to more recurrence of hyperparathyroidism, especially in patients without renal transplant. Our study showed that total PTX can be performed safely and could be considered as the surgical treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism refractory to medical treatment. EFP2


School nurses were central to the UK schools' BCG vaccination programme. Its re-structuring in 2005 from a universal to a targeted, risk-based one caused confusion as well as concern that their role would be eroded. This article outlines the changing epidemiology of TB in the UK that led to the shift in BCG policy and clarifies the eligibility criteria for vaccination.


This paper surveys the theoretical and empirical literature on the role of state-owned banks and also presents some new results and a robustness analysis. After having discussed whether there is a theoretical justification for the presence of state-owned banks, the paper focuses on their performance. Three basic facts emerge: (i) state-owned banks located in developing countries are characterized by lower profitability than comparable privately owned banks; (ii) there is no evidence that the presence of state-owned banks promotes economic growth or financial development; and (iii) the evidence that state-owned banks lead to lower growth and financial development is not as strong as previously thought. The paper concludes that we still do not know enough to pass a final judgment on the role of state-owned banks and hence more research is needed.


Abstract : Numerical solutions in the stagnation region of a spherically blunted body are obtained by using the full and thin layer version of the viscous shock layer equations. The numerical system utilizes an implicit finite difference scheme combined with a relaxation technique for determining the bow shock shape. Comparisons with experimental data are made for shock Reynolds numbers, Re sub s, of 20 to 2000 and Mach numbers of 4 to 20. Both the surface heating levels as well as the shock layer density profiles are presented. It is found that with the inclusion of the shock and body slip, the full viscous shock layer model apparently enjoys a range of validity down to Re sub s of 20 to 30. The thin layer version of these equations are shown to be inadequate for such low Reynolds numbers.


As recently as two years ago, the heads of American science funding agencies spoke of their budgets in tones of gloom and doom. The effort to cut government spending, agreed by both the Clinton administration and the Republicans who controlled Congress, threatened to reduce spending on discretionary items such as RD which begins this October, contains an increase of 8% for civilian research (see table).


Abstract : In an effort to study the effect of replacing the traditional flat- rate, meal priced system in Air Force food service with an item-priced A La Carte system, but without making any systematic changes in the ration status of individuals, Air Force enlisted personnel at Barksdale AFB, LA, were surveyed and interviewed both before and after conversion to an item-priced A La Carte food service system. Generally, item pricing was preferred over flat-rate, meal pricing by a majority of consumer respondents both before and after the A La Carte conversion, but to a greater extent after consumer experience with the new system than before. Better food preparation, increased food variety, and reduced waiting time in line were the three most salient factors contributing to a significant improvement in consumer attitudes toward the dining facilities from pre- to post-A La Carte. A La Carte did not save the consumers any money, on the average, and was not perceived by them as an economic advantage. Surveys and interviews were also administered to the food service workers both before and after the A La Carte conversion. The workers were initially more skeptical of the new system than the consumers, but after experiencing it came to prefer A La Carte even more strongly than did the consumers. The three most positive effects of A La Carte cited by the worker sample were better quality food, more food variety, and much reduced plate waste, largely corroborating the consumer opinions. Although A La Carte reportedly made their jobs harder, most workers reported greater job satisfaction under the A La Carte system.


Confucius is a great educationist and moralist and formed his moral education thought on the core of benevolence in the practice of moral education during his life.This paper want to Enhance effectiveness of modern moral education by generalizing,explaining and evaluating Confucius' moral education thought.


The Tonghuai mine case took place in 1902.The businessman RUAN Yu-chang changed the government-running mines like Tonghua and Huairen into merchant-running ones.Moreover,he absorbed capital stocks from Japan and Britain,and signed contracts privately with Japanese and English men.The Chinese stocks were in falsehood and could not play their roles,so the right of running these mines was very easy to lose.Afterward,RUAN applied to Qing Government to open these mines,attempting to get the running right of them.With the change of polices for the running of mines with foreign capital,the government paid more attention to the prevention of deception,and found the various drawbacks of these joint ventures together with local officials.Fortunately,these joint ventures were banned in time,which had crashed the Anglo-Japanese plot to grab these mines in the name of joint ventures.


A special test fixture has been developed for fracture mechanical testing of brittle materials inside an environmental scanning electron microscope. The fixture loads a double cantilever beam specimen with pure bending moments and provides stable crack growth. Crack growth is detected by in situ observation and acoustic emission. As an example, crack growth in a cubic-phase yttria-stabilized zirconia is detected easily by in situ observation of the crack-tip region. Many fracture toughness measurements are obtained for each specimen, giving high confidence in the measured fracture toughness value. In situ observation is useful for the study of toughening mechanisms and subcritical crack-growth behavior and to sort out erroneous measurements (e.g., due to crack branching).


The objective of this study was to describe attitudes, opinions, and perceived health needs of HIV-infected women in the United States. In this cross-sectional study, women were invited to participate in the Women Living Positive survey, a structured interview instrument with 45 questions. Collected data were deidentified and the margin of error was calculated as four percentage points. Incoming toll-free phone interviews were conducted from December 21, 2006, through March 14, 2007 among subjects recruited from a U.S. national network of AIDS counseling centers. Seven hundred HIV-infected women (43% African American, 28.5% Hispanic, 28.5% Caucasian; median age, 42.5 years) receiving combination antiretroviral therapy for 3 years or more replied to recruitment flyers. Overall, 55% of survey participants had never discussed gender-specific HIV treatment issues with their HIV care providers. Of the 45% who did discuss these issues, almost all (96%) were satisfied. On average, one-third of the women had seen three or more providers since beginning HIV treatment; 43% indicated they had switched providers because of communication issues. Among women who had been or were pregnant at the time of the survey ( n = 159), more than half (57%) had not had pre-pregnancy discussions with their HIV provider about the most appropriate HIV regimens for women attempting to become pregnant. Significant communication gaps exist between HIV-infected women and their providers when discussing gen-der-specific treatment issues. These data highlight a need for U.S. health care providers to incorporate discussion of gender-specific issues, including preconception and reproductive counseling, into management strategies for HIV-infected women.


OBJECTIVES
It is underweight, rather than overweight or obesity, that has been a pressing public health concern in Japan. This study examines the impact of being underweight on the health of older Japanese men and women, measured by active life expectancy (ALE) at age 65. Following the Japanese government's guideline, underweight in this study is defined using the body mass index (BMI) value of 20.

METHOD
Data came from five waves (1999-2009) of the Nihon University Japanese Longitudinal Study of Aging (NUJLSOA). We used the Interpolation of Markov Chains (IMaCh) approach to estimate the number of years underweight (BMI<20), normal weight (20<BMI<25), and overweight (25<BMI) individuals were expected to live without difficulty in activities of daily living (ADLs) or instrumental ADLs (IADLs).

RESULTS
We found differences in life and health expectancies across the three weight categories. Underweight people were expected to live the shortest lives and spend the fewest years in an active state compared to normal and overweight individuals. Results remained unchanged even when accounting for educational attainment, smoking history, and a count of existing chronic conditions.

DISCUSSION
Being underweight is associated with poor quality of life lived among Japanese elders. This finding suggests the importance of maintaining proper weight and avoid nutritional risks at advanced ages.


To overcome the disadvantage of non-convergence or convergence to a local optimal point obtained by the first-order reliability method(FOSM) and the low efficiency problem related to the current genetic algorithm,a new method to compute the structural reliability index is proposed that combines the genetic algorithm and the simulated annealing algorithm.First the genetic algorithm was used to produce a new population by selection,crossover,and mutation.Then the individual of the population was simulated annealing respectively and the resultant new individuals were passed to the next generation.Formulas related to the function of a spatial girder element and panel element for a ship structure were given combining the finite element method(FEM),and the reliability index was obtained by a genetic simulated annealing algorithm.The example shows that this new method of structural reliability analysis is more precise than traditional methods.


In this work we investigate the response on THz radiation of a FET device based on an individual carbon nanotube conductance channel. It was already shown, that the response of such devices can be either of diode rectification origin or of thermoelectric effect origin or of their combination. In this work we demonstrate that at 77K and 8K temperatures strong bolometric effect also makes a significant contribution to the response.


Silicon is known to ameliorate the deleterious effects of drought on plant growth. We evaluated growth of wheat (Triticumaestivum L. CV. Chamran) under Water-Deficit Stress Induced by Polyethylene Glycol as affected by Si application. In this article, the effects of Si (as potassium silicate) on some parameters related to soluble protein concentration, electrolyte leakage (EL), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and siliconand potassium concentration leaves of wheat under 20% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) simulative drought stress are investigated. PEG stress decreased the soluble protein, SOD activity and K concentration and increased El. Addition of 1.0 mM Si could partially improve the protein, electrolyte leakage and SOD activity of stressed plants. The electrolyte leakage of the leaves was markedly increased under PEG stress, whereas added silicon partially reversed this. There were significant negative regressions between electrolyte leakage and Shoot dry weight. Addition of Si obviously increased Si accumulation in the shoot. Analyses of Kconcentration, showed no accumulation of these ion in the shoot under water stress, and added Si even increased their concentrations under water stress. These results suggest that under PEG-induced water stress conditions, increase soluble protein and SOD and decrease electrolyte leakage, contributed to the improved wheat growth by silicon.


The article entitled "Effects of heart rate reduction with ivabradine on the international index of erectile function (IIEF-5) in patients with heart failure" by Mert et al. [1] reported that IIEF-...


The European Union permanently relies on import of lamb and goat. More than90% of the Hungarian sheep meat export goes to the Italian market, while themajority of the rest to Greece. More than 90% of the turnover of sheep sector (12-13billion HUF) is from lamb sales. Based on the data of Hungarian lamb export, itcan be stated that farmers achieve the highest and lowest prices at Christmas and inMay, respectively. Prices fluctuate the most in the Easter period, since the supply isthe greatest at this time. The average selling weight at Easter and at Christmas is 1-2 kg lower than the 21 kg average weight of eight years.


We prove the existence and uniqueness of a global solution of a damped quasilineat hyperbolic equatiion. We apply a method based on a special integral inequality, to show that the solution decays exponentially, and to obtain precise estimates of the constants in estimates.


This research aimed to analyze the contribution of reading motivation in social collaboration dimension to students' reading comprehension. Reading motivation is conceptualized as "the individual's goals, values, and beliefs with regard to the topics, processes, and outcomes of reading" (Guthrie & Wigfield, [15], p. 405). Social Collaboration is one of the dimensions of reading motivation that can support students in reading comprehension. The method of this research was quantitative by applying a random sampling technique (120 samples) from 300 students of Muhammadiyah Makassar University, Indonesia. The data were collected using the questionnaire of Motivation Reading Questionnaire (MRQ), and assessment. The result revealed that there was a positive effect on students' reading motivation toward social collaboration dimension. It also can be indicated that reading motivation contributes to their learning outcome. Social collaboration showed indicator construction with value 0.222=0.04. It can also be revealed that reading motivation builds social collaboration dimension which supports or give a positive contribution toward the motivation itself toward the students' reading comprehension


["DNA Barcoding the Native Flowering Plants and Conifers of Wales has been one of the most popular new", nil, "papers in June. In the paper Natasha de Vere", "describe a DNA barcode resource that covers the 1143 native Welsh flowering ..."]


Unexpected differential tidal pressures occurred during construction of a 62 Ha reclamation area at Townsville Port. The reduction in tidal flows through a new rock wall structure was in conjunction with installation of a geotextile membrane. Tidal pressures began to displace the geotextile and cover rock. This paper discusses tide data collected during various stages of construction and how it was used for estimating progressive tide differentials. These estimates assisted with forecasting potential issues.


Background: Ramp lesions of the medial meniscus have an impact on joint stability in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)–deficient knees, but the impact of lesion length and repair is unclear. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this cadaveric study was to evaluate the effect of medial meniscal ramp lesion repair on the biomechanics of ACL-deficient knee joints. It was hypothesized that (1) ramp lesions will increase the anterior tibial translation (ATT), internal rotation (IR), and external rotation (ER) in ACL-deficient knee joints; (2) increasing the length of the ramp lesion will further increase the ATT, IR, and ER; and (3) repairing the ramp lesion will reduce the ATT, IR, and ER after ACL reconstruction. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Included were 9 fresh-frozen cadaveric specimens (4 left knees, 5 right knees; 6 males and 3 females; mean age, 60 years [range, 40-73 years]). The specimens were tested on a biomechanical rig. Two external loading conditions were applied: a 134-N anterior tibial load and 5-N·m internal/external tibial torque with the knee at full extension and at 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. ATT was tracked via a high-speed video camera. The following knee states were tested: intact; ACL-deficient; ACL-deficient combined with a 5-, 10-, 15-, or 20 mm–long ramp lesion of the medial meniscus; ACL reconstruction; and ACL reconstruction combined with ramp lesion repair. The ATT, IR, and ER at all knee angles were analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance. Results: The ATT, IR, and ER were significantly increased after cutting of the ACL (P < .05). The ATT, IR, and ER continued to increase when ACL deficiency was combined with ramp lesions of 5 to 20 mm in length (P < .05). The ATT, IR, and ER significantly decreased after ACL reconstruction and ACL reconstruction combined with ramp lesion repair (P < .05). Conclusion: The laxity of knees with ACL deficiency combined with a ramp lesion of the medial meniscus increased more obviously as the ramp lesion increased in length. In a cadaveric model, ACL reconstruction combined with ramp repair improved knee joint stability.


Cognitive access is growing in importance in radio frequency wireless applications for occupying spectrum holes leaved free by licensed and unlicensed primary services. Recently the cognitive paradigm involved underwater communications aspects since this propagation scenario is, generally, rich of acoustic sources. This justifies the curiosity of the scientific community to investigate the possibility of using some of the concept borrowed by the cognitive paradigm. Specifically, we consider an underwater active sensor network where each cognitive node applies a Wigner-Ville image processing based pattern analysis procedure not only for evaluating the presence of interference but also its nature. In fact, if the source of interference is a network node, coexistence issues should be taken into account, while, when the interference source is external (mammals, bubbles or ship engines), in principle the transmission is possible in the interfered bands, provided the presence of the interference does not affect the overall transmission quality.


tetraphenylporphyrin and its iron (III) compound are synthesized and characterized by IR spectrum. The effect of heat-treatment on the structure of the metallic porphyryin was investigated by using XPS. Cathodic polarization curves of the air electrode loaded with the metallic porphyrin were measured to evaluate the performance of the heat-treated catalysts. The results showed that FeTPP-Cl has good catalytic activity for oxygen reduction. The catalytic activity and stability of the compounds were enhanced by the heat-treatment. Porphyrin heat-treated at 600℃ had the best catalytic activity but less stable than the catalyst heat-treated at 800℃.


Based on the vortex lattice method and nonlinear programming, the problem for predicting optimum propeller blade twist has been formulated and solved to maximize the propulsive efficiency under the constraint of constant power consumption. The propeller is represented by a curved lifting line and a number of control points. The optimum twist distribution can be determined for a specified geometry of the lifting line. The method can be applied to complex blade shapes (swept, bent, propletted, and biblades). To demonstrate the method, the geometry of the lifting line of a straight blade and a propletted blade has been employed. The twist distribution and the ideal efficiency for the optimized and unoptimized blades are compared. The predicted improvement in ideal efficiency is about 1-6% for the optimized blade with proplet over that of the original propeller.


A main goal in SBSL remains the ability to form a bright and hot bubble. One recent postulate suggests that lowering the resonance frequency should favor a stronger luminescing bubble. It is also theorized that the chemical composition of the bubble can be streamlined to induce a more violent collapse. The water vapor content inside the bubble is considered. The premise of this conjecture is that water vapor molecules, present beyond equilibrium concentrations, act to siphon energy from the bubble, and in the process undergo thermal decomposition. Hence, reducing the water vapor content should eliminate such energy loss. The current study focuses on this issue. Keeping similar driving conditions, there is interest in using aqueous salts to depress the vapor pressure of the water in tandem with a reduction in the water temperature. A series of alkali metal halides will be examined. In a preliminary investigation, a 9% lithium chloride solution saturated with 1% argon gave stable SL at room conditions. With...


This paper describes a composite pressure vessel(COPV) development program which have been finished by Lanzhou Institute of Physics (LIP). In order to dramatically improve reliability and safety of COPV applied in military aircraft, this COPV(L376-COPV) design relies partly on the heritage of mature technologies and was developed in combination with existing and new technologies, Unlike traditional COPV, the impact resistant capability from high energy bullet of L376-COPV is improved greatly by liner material heart treatment and T800/K49 fiber hybrids over-wrap. L376-COPV design, analysis, manufacturing, testing and results was introduced.


Thecontemporary art world, trends, and schools with their own aesthetic values may be an important source of creativity in the arts, especially in the field of clothing design and fashion, where it is characterized by the diversity of methods of art, and as a result of variety of styles and movements the abstract school has appeared. The current research aims to identify the abstract school (expressive - Geometric) as vocabularies and variety ways of expressing to discover diverse artistic styles in the work of artists of abstract movement, which was characterized by its unique style and new visions, and employ them in fashion design. Spotlight on a new global art movements (abstract school) interested in studying design and fashion creative visions to become a source for arts students by usedDescriptivemethodology and Experimentalmethodology to investigatedresearchhypotheses. The study showed that the diverse artistic styles in the abstract movement characterized by the global vocabulary. The abstract movement focused on building design and diversity with very different styles, from artist to another. Diverse artistic styles of the works of the abstract movement characterized by its unique style and new insights helped achieving innovation and globalization in the field of fashion design. There is rarity of research on the abstract movement in field of fashion design


Background: Massage therapy is a non-invasive procedure that has positive effect on weight gain the study aimed to evaluate the effect of massage therapy on weight gain and hospital stay for premature neonates. Design: A quasi-experimental research design was used Subjects and Settings: A convenient sample of forty four premature neonates were chosen from the (NICU) at Assiut University Children Hospital and Assiut General Hospital, according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Tool: A structural questionnaire sheet was developed and divided into three parts: Part 1: Socio-demographic characteristics of premature neonates. Part IIClinical data of premature neonates which includes medical diagnosis and types of feeding . Part IIIAssessment of weight before intervention, after five days and on discharge. Results: The majority of premature neonates of the interventional group had weight gain after five days from application of massage therapy and on discharge compared to those in the control group. The premature neonates in the interventional group had a short period of hospitalization in comparison to the control group. Conclusion: Applying of massage therapy had a positive significant effect on premature neonates' weight gain in addition to decreasing their length of hospital stay. Recommendations: Massage therapy should be included in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), as standard of care for stable premature neonates, training programs should be provided to health care professional , especially pediatric nurses.


An advanced persistent threat (APT) is a highly targeted and sophisticated attack directed at the internetworked computer user at the workplace. They typically employ zero-day malware, stealth, and multiple advanced techniques to gain entry and maintain presence undetected inside the network. As a result, preventing their ingress at the network perimeter and detection once infiltration occurs, continues to be a challenge. In this respect, the major objective of this research is to propose a classification schema for the APT technical countermeasures. We interviewed senior managers working in government and private organizations in the United Arab Emirates over a period of four years (2014 to 2017) to gain their perspective of the threat and elicit technical countermeasures. We anticipate the proposed methods and practices can assist organizations, not only in the UAE but also in the wider global context, to implement an appropriate mix of countermeasures for APT threats from a multi-dimensional perspective.


Three recent volumes indicate a growing appreciation of the significance and complexity of Plato's account of mousikē in the Laws. Anastasia-Erasmia Peponi's edited work, Performance and Culture in Plato's Laws, collects fifteen diverse chapters by prominent scholars in Greek literature, philosophy, and culture to produce an immensely rewarding and original range of perspectives on Plato's treatment of performance and poetics in the Laws. As Peponi notes in her brief introduction, the complexity of the cultural background that Plato manipulates and appropriates in the Laws, as well as the intricacy of the Platonic appropriation itself, combine to present a very real challenge to any scholar seeking to understand them. In addition, it is hard to see that any robust treatment of the Laws' political theory can avoid getting to grips with the fundamental connections between politics and performance established within the dialogue. Any reader with an interest in either Plato's political philosophy or his poetics will be well rewarded by time spent with this volume. The chapters are divided into four sections, which focus in turn on issues of cultural identity ('Geopolitics of Performance'), the role of the choruses in Magnesia ('Conceptualising Chorality'), the Laws' treatment of genre ('Redefining Genre'), and the later reception of the Laws' poetics ('Poetry and Music in the Afterlife of the Laws'). In the second of the volume's two chapters on cultural identity, Ian Rutherford considers the Laws' representation of Egypt as a culture that successfully resists political and moral decline via a commitment to stability in mousikē. Setting Plato's account against the external evidence, Rutherford suggests that the Laws offers a partial fiction of stable Egyptian mousikē, useful not least for the implications of its possible critical connection to Dorian culture. In the last of five chapters on the Laws' interest in the civic apparatus of choral performance, Peponi demonstrates the singularity of choral performance in the work. Whereas the Laws treats most types of performance as producing pleasure in the spectator, in the case of choruses, the emphasis is on the pleasure and experience of the performers. Peponi argues that this shift in focus represents a Platonic attempt to 'de-aestheticize' the chorus. In this way, Plato seeks to rehabilitate mousikē by divesting it of the psychological and aesthetic flaws identified in the Republic's extended critique. However, as Peponi notes in conclusion, the Laws is not altogether comfortable with this sort of performative pleasure. In the first of five chapters on genre, Andrea Nightingale discusses the Laws' manipulation of generic diversity in service of the unified truth represented by the law code at its heart. Nightingale presents a fascinating and original analysis of the law code as a written text rather different in character from that criticized in the Phaedrus as a pharmakon that destroys our memory of truth. Rather, it serves to encourage the internalization of truths by obliterating the citizens' memories of previous unwanted cultural norms. In the volume's final chapter, Andrew Barker turns to Aristoxenus for help in making sense of Plato's suggestion that music can be assessed as 'correct' or 'incorrect', or as 'good' or 'bad'. Contrasting the Platonic focus on mimesis and ethical correctness with Aristoxenus' assessment of music 'by the standard of its own intrinsic values' (413), Barker suggests that, of the two treatments, Plato's is the furthest removed from general Greek opinion. These varied and illuminating chapters are representative of the scope and quality of the volume, which not only serves to open up new directions for research on the Laws but also makes plain that the Laws is at least as important as the Republic for a thorough understanding of Plato's views on art and culture, and their relation to politics.


Basic trend and train of thought was described through analysic of the social environment and internal factors of the ideological and political work in college and university.


ABSTRACT In this paper, we offer a brief overview of the debate between realism and anti-realism in the philosophy of science. On the background of that debate, we consider two recently developed approaches aimed at vindicating realist intuitions while acknowledging the limitations of scientific knowledge. Perspectivalists explain disagreement in science without giving up the idea that currently accepted scientific theories describe reality largely accurately: they posit the existence of different perspectives within which scientific claims can be produced and tested. The integrative approach instead encourages researchers to embrace pluralism: conflicting frameworks and methodologies can be integrated when new knowledge is gained. In the natural and human sciences, researchers sometimes behave as if perspectivism is true; at other times, they hope for a reconciliation between conflicting frameworks and believe that this can be achieved by progressively filling knowledge gaps.


Statistics are increasingly important in today's society. However few people understand its signification and implication. For decades researchers have looked at statistics education, but many questions remain unanswered. The present text provide an overview of those questions and some potential line of research.


We present the IBM Research Scenario Planning Advisor (SPA), a decision support system that allows users to generate diverse alternate scenarios of the future and enhance their ability to imagine the different possible outcomes, including unlikely but potentially impactful futures. The system includes tooling for experts to intuitively encode their domain knowledge, and uses AI Planning to reason about this knowledge and the current state of the world, including news and social media, when generating scenarios.


As it is generally known, diesel engines operate with air excess, i.e. lean mixtures. Intake resistances in intake manifolds of diesel engines negatively influence their ecological parameters. Based on these facts, we may conclude that less air in the intake manifold causes increased production of exhaust fumes and fuel consumption. One of the reasons of increased intake resistance is a blocked air filter. In the experiment, we have simulated the increased intake resistance and wished to point out possible consequences of pressure drop at the end of the compression stroke. The choking effect was realized by means of a throttle and scale, which was mounted on the air filter position. By using the dynamic method and obtained results, we found that choking at the rotation angle of 90° and 45° caused the difference of 0.16 MPa of the measured quantity during the maximum revs set on 2000 min-1. The difference in pressure at the end of the compression stroke with the rotation angle of 30° and 90° was by 0.86 MPa higher. Pressure drop in manifold showed the value 0.15 MPa. Manufacturers recommend regular replacement of air cleaners of combustion engines in service intervals; however, we must also keep in mind the environment in which the engine operates. In excessively dusty and otherwise polluted areas, it is necessary to replace cleaners a bit earlier.


Rationale: Previous clinical reports of patients with blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) in pregnancy are rare. Patient concerns: The present study presents the case of 37-year-old women exhibiting third trimester with progressive painless, abdominal skin nodules. Interventions and outcomes: A 37-year-old pregnant woman with BPDCN and partial placenta previa and racket-shaped placenta. After comprehensive evaluation, the pregnancy status ends at 37 weeks and 6 days by cesarean section of lower uterus and no abnormality in the newborn. Lessons: Pregnant women diagnosed with BPDCN in the third trimester should terminate the pregnancy promptly for further treatment.


Laboratory feeding trials confirmed that leaves from little-leaf linden treated with imidacloprid were eaten by Japanese beetles far less than those from untreated trees. Field studies revealed that soil applications of imidacloprid significantly reduced the degree of severe defoliation caused by Japanese beetles in the year that the insecticide was applied and also in the next year. These findings indicate that imidacloprid is a useful tool for arborists in reducing defoliation by this important pest.


It seems that, currently, patent information is not fully utilized for academic research at university. What kind of consciousness do university researchers have about patent information? In response to this question, we designed a questionnaire aimed at clarifying its actual condition and consciousness based on preliminary hearing to university researchers. This questionnaire was sent totally to 319 laboratories of the top 35 Japanese universities, where their number of patent applications are positioned as top ranking. In addition to clarifying the situation of utilization of patent information for their own science and technology research, we visualized the consciousness of university researchers concerning basic research and commercial research, also extracted the issues in patent information utilization, finally we suggested important factors to utilize patent information for science and technology researches. Also, we suggested the transition of basic research to commercial researches along with the processes of research progress. This paper aims to derive hints for science and technology researches at universities to be able to more efficiently contribute to society launching a startup company or a venture company utilizing patent information in the future. We expect to be an important message in the field of managing technological entrepreneurship.


In this research, the practical check of regression equation to calculate the prognostic root mean square error (RMSE) of
 the final point position of the base line in relation to the initial one has been executed. For the investigation, experimental data from three
 satellite receivers within two days on 5 points have been used. According to the received results, the regression equation to calculate the RMSE
 of spatial, planned and height position of the final point of the base line in relation to the initial value has been made. These equations allow
 executing the prognostic evaluation of accuracy for conducting satellite calculations based on data about available obstacles. The dependencies
 received for the duration of observations sessions for 1 hour, the vectors with the length of 4 km, and the coefficient value of openness from
 5.17 to 10.31 have been presented.


In recent years the information about relevance of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in complex assessment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) patients have been accumulating. Parameters of CPET, such as peak oxygen consumption (Vo2 peak) and ventilation equivalents (VE/Vco2) are very important in risk stratification in patients with PAH, also as distance in 6-minute walking test, the echocardiography and right heart catheterization results, N-terminal prohormone of natriuretic peptide according to the European Society of Cardiology and European Respiratory Society guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. However, there are no parameters, which can be used in clinical practice to reflect the risk of mortality during 1 year in patients with CTEPH. The aim of our study was to assess the role of CPET in risk stratification, achieving therapy goals and making decision about therapy escalation in patients with PAH and CTEPH. Results of our pilot study demonstrated, that CPET parameters are the reliable markers to reflect the PAH and CTEPH progression. The CPET is necessary for pathogenic therapy efficacy assessment and for making decision of therapy escalation in patients with PAH, also as in CTEPH patients. The critical role of CPET in risk stratification in PAH and CTEPH patients should be emphasized.


PURPOSEBreast cancer (BC) incidence is rising in sub-Saharan Africa, and approximately 75% of cases are diagnosed at stages III and IV. Women living with HIV, who are surviving longer with antiretr...


In this paper a robust k-order Recursive Quadratic algorithm for a large class of linear-in-the-parametes models is introduced to enhance Recursive Quadratic algorithm's robustness. The features of the algorithm are discussed and the convergence of the algorithm has been proven in this paper. Several examples are included to demonstrate the efficiency by comparing the result with the conventional least square algorithm and the effectiveness of the robust Recursive Quadratic algorithm.


A kind of bulk metallic glass composites (BMGCs) with ex situ tungsten (W) particles and in situ dendrites were designed and successfully prepared through infiltrating Ti_40.9Zr_30.4Nb_4.2Cu_7Ni_1.7Be_15.8 (at.%) melt into the W preforms at different temperatures of 1103-1243 K. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements show the dendrites change from single bcc phase to the mixture crystals along with the significant increase in the volume fraction due to the more W dissolution when the casting temperature increases over 1183 K. With such the microstructural evolution, the mechanical properties change significantly from high strength and ductility along with work hardening capacity to the reduced strength and ductility along with work softening capacity. The samples prepared at 1123 K exhibit the optimal mechanical properties including the yield strength of ~ 1670 MPa, the maximum fracture strength of ~ 2080 MPa and the plastic strain of ~ 26%, which is attribute to the cooperative deformation mechanism between W particles and in situ BMGC matrix. These findings deepen the understanding of the cooperative deformation of composites containing the multiple phases and shed light on design BMGCs for specific application.


Development course,conductive principle,conductive token and production method of conductive fiber,and production flow process of conductive fiver are introduced in the paper.Aiming at composite conductive fiber characteristics,its application field and development prospect in textiles are explored.


Abstract:During World War II, about 70,000 Finnish children were evacuated to Sweden and other Nordic countries to stay in foster homes to ease the situation of Finnish families. In this article, I analyze narratives of a former Finnish child evacuee who was evacuated to Sweden and who lived in Swedish foster homes during two different periods. I scrutinize her experiences, stories, and personal documents about evacuation and everyday life in foster homes from the perspective of affective and material memories. I approach the retrospective reminiscence of displacement as a mixture of a child's perspective and an adult's reflection. During the interview, the narrator read letters she had written to her mother, which bring out everyday life experiences in the midst of conflict that anchor in the material world. The written documents, as well as the sensory and material elements of the oral storytelling, function as keys for rendering complex affective experiences. In this text, I analyze the process of reconstructing narratives of displaced childhood and transnational family history as part of personal memory work.


An entity relationship diagram (ERD) shows the cardinality of each entity in a relationship. In an ERD, minimum cardinalities can be either 0 or 1, and maximum cardinalities can be 1 or infinity. Bounded cardinality occurs when a relationship between entities has cardinality within a specified range. Problems displaying bounded cardinality might include team rosters that must have exactly 5, 9, 11, or some other number of players. Figure 1 illustrates how UML (unified modeling language) provides for modeling specified-range relationships in a class diagram (Dennis, Wixom, & Tegarden, 2005). ERD, as described by Chen (1976), does not, although there are extensions to the ERD model that do (Webre, 1981). The SQL-92 standard provides for such constraints, but many relational database management systems (RDBMSs) do not support these features, and consequently do not allow for easy implementation of such a constraint (Lewis, Bernstein, & Kifer, 2002). Bounded cardinality presents some interesting problems. For example, Boufares and Kraïem (2001) point out that cardinality constraints may result in conflicts. Figure 2 illustrates one of their examples. In Figure 2, if we let ei be the number of instances of entity Ei and ri be the number of instances of relationship Ri, then we get the following constraints.


This paper focuses on long-run estimation of the price equation in the United States for the period of 1973Q1-2011Q3. It was found the Sargent and Wallace view that an easy monetary policy today will result in a lower price level over the long run when debt and deficit exist is true for the United Sates. Furthermore, it was found that, over the long run, a higher real exchange rate, government expenditures, deficit per GDP as well as debt per GDP lead to a higher price level. Finally, it was found neither monetary policy dominates the fiscal policy nor the opposite is true.


The invention relates to a method and device for reducing a quantization at an inverse quantization of a quantized coefficient in the context of a compression method, the quantization error describes a difference between the quantized coefficients to the inverse quantization and an associated coefficient before quantization, wherein the at least one is selected for the compression of the quantized coefficients, of characteristic parameter, wherein at least two characteristic parameters are selected, if one of the characteristic parameters corresponding to a temporal prediction mode, depending on the selected at least one characteristic parameter of a correction value is selected and the inverse quantization by adding the correction value and the quantized coefficients is performed.


A three-dimensional nonlinear toroidal full MHD code, MH3D, has been used to study sawtooth oscillations in tokamaks. The profile evolution during the sawtooth crash phase compares well with experiment, but only if neoclassical resistivity is used in the rise phase. (Classical resistivity has been used in most of the previous theoretical sawtooth studies.) With neoclassical resistivity, the q value at the axis drops from 1 to about 0.8 before the crash phase, and then resets to 1 through a Kadomtsev-type complete reconnection process. This ..delta..q/sub 0/ approx. = 0.2 is much larger than ..delta..q/sub o/ approx. = 0.01, which is obtained if classical resistivity is used. The current profile is strongly peaked at the axis with a flat region around the singular surface, and is similar to the Textor profile. To understand this behavior, approximate formulas for the time behavior of current and q values are derived. A functional dependence of sawtooth period scaling is also derived. A semi-empirical scaling is found which fits the experimental data from various tokamaks. Some evidence is presented which indicates that the fast crash time is due to enhanced effective resistivity inside the singular current sheet, generated by, e.g., microinstability and electron parallel viscositymore » with stochastic fields at the x-point. 16 refs., 5 figs.« less


We propose a resonance damping mechanism to explain the disappearance of the peaks around the position of the resonances higher than the ∆ resonance in the nuclear photoabsorption. This phenomenon is understood by taking into account the cooperative effect of the collision broadening of ∆ and N * , the pion distortion and the interference in the two-pion photoproduction processes in the nuclear medium. The data show that the excitation peaks around the position of the D 13 (1520) and F 15 (1680) resonances disappear and above 600 MeV there is a reduction of the absolute value of the cross section per nucleon compared with the data for hydrogen [4,5] and deuteron [6]. These experimental findings have been confirmed by the contemporary data on the photofission cross section of 238 U [7] and 235 U [8] obtained at Mainz up to 800 MeV. Some theoretical calculations based on simplified models have been attempted to explain the strong damping of the peaks around the location of the D 13 and F 15 resonances [9,10]. In both of attempts, the collision broadening of the resonances has been assumed to be dominant damping mechanism and very large resonance widths compared with the free ones were found to be needed to reproduce the experimental data. However, the collision broadening has been estimated using the interaction of the resonance with the nucleon in Ref. [11] where it has been claimed that such significantly increasing resonance widths were hardly justified. These theoretical analyses must miss some important effects other than the collision broadening. The purpose of this letter is to discuss a mechanism for the damping phenomena from a qualitative point of view. Here we focus only on the D 13 (N *) resonance region. In order to get an idea what is going on in this energy region, it is necessary to know the details of the elementary process in the nuclear photoabsorption. The dominant reactions on a nucleon over the photon energy range from 500 to 850 MeV are the one-pion and two-pion photo-production [12]. The peak of the D 13 resonance region shows up clearly by the combined effect of these reactions as can be seen in Fig. 1 where the cross section of the one-pion photoproduction has a small peak at around 720 MeV and the cross section of the two-pion photoproduction starts to grow from around 400 MeV photon energy and …


Clinicians and researchers have long sought conservative treatment approaches to restore anterior teeth with long- lasting and esthetic materials. This endeavor led to the development of ceramic systems that wed aesthetics with function. Accordingly, fabricating porcelain veneers without or with minimal tooth preparation became possible reinforcing the concept that the noninvasive porcelain laminate veneers can become versatile and conservative allies of the esthetic dentistry. However, even though noninvasive veneers can serve as an alternative to classic and extended veneers or even to full crown preparations, they are not the best choice for all clinical situations. Therefore, choosing the most adequate restorative approach when restoring the anterior dentition is crucial to achieving a conservative and long-lasting treatment. This article addresses key evidence-based considerations regarding the rehabilitation of the anterior dentition using porcelain crowns, traditional, extended and noninvasive veneers.


Excerpts are provided here from a forthcoming book to mark the centenary of the poet Isaac Rosenberg, who died in France on the Western Front in 1918. The author, who was able to interview Rosenberg's contemporary Joseph Leftwich, explains Rosenberg's experiences of anti-Semitism, including in the army, and his roots in London's working-class, Jewish East End.


The objective of the Sensor for Control of Arterials and Networks (SCAN) Project previously known as Wide Area Detection System (WADS), is to determine the technical feasibility of using state of the art imaging (such as television) and processor (such as microprocessor) technology to build an integrated sensor for traffic surveillance on mainline section of urban freeways. This sensor would be capable of automatically making "area" measurements, i.e. across several lanes as well as along the traffic stream in each line. These measurements such as lane density, speed, and volume, would be transmitted back to the central control facility by conventional means and a set of SCAN sensors would thus be deployed to cover the entire length of the freeway. The freeway image would also be used for surveillance and incident diagnosis. The WADS project consists of two phases: first, a conceptual design study and second, building a "breadboard" operating sensor. This volume documents the results of the breadboard design, fabrication and checkout phase. Details of the study phase were previously documented in the interim report No. FHWA-RD-77-85, "Wide Area Detection System Conceptual Design Study," February 1978. (FHWA)


A kind of active balancer using planetary gear train was developed as a solution for dynamic balancing, aiming to balance the mechanisms actively and bring little changes to their original structure and motion. It consists of a two-DOF planetary gear train and a controllable motor. One of the two inputs doubles as the output, connected to the machine to be balanced. The other input is driven by the control motor. The conceptual design of the proposed balancer was discussed. Taking one scheme as example, design procedure of the balancer was introduced. Numerical examples were given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed balancer. The results showed that much more flexibility on the dynamic performance under different working conditions were achieved by selecting suitable input speed trajectories and structural parameters of the planetary gear train of the active balancer.


Sambiloto ( Andrographispaniculata Ness) is one of the folk remedies that are expected to be a herbal anti fertility. Chemically this plant contain diterpenoid lactones do. On the components of diterpenoid lactones do contains andrografolid which is the main active substances from the plant that acts as an anti fertility. Andrografolid function to prevent cell division (cytokinesis). this research aims to know the influence of the giving of the extract (Andrographispaniculata Ness.) against the appearance of the reproduction of Mice (Musmusculus l. Switzerland Webster). This research is a research experiment with a random Design method complete (RAL) that use animal testing mice are females (Musmusculus l.) by as much as 4 treatments and 4 replicates. The treatment given is the extract of Sambiloto with various doses, IE: A is the control treatment, without given extract, sambiloto treatments 1, 2 and 3 is the treatment given the extract of sambiloto orally (gavage) for 24 days with each dose is 1. 0.2 g/head/day, 2. 0.4 g/head/day, 3. 0.6 g/head/day. The parameters observed were stem weight, number of corpus luteum, implantation, resorpsi, dead fetus, fetus alive and the average weight of the fetus. The data are tested with the parametric ANOVA (analysis of Variance) and then in the advanced test BNT on drajat α 5%. The results showed that the extract of sambiloto ((Andrographispaniculata Ness.) effect on the amount of the foetus is born where every real different treatment when compared to controls. as well as the number of implantation and the number of corpus luteum that has decreased when compared with controls. Stem weight added on P1, P2 and P3 are experiencing the decline in when compared with controls. Foetus alive decline on P1, P2 and P3 if compared to the control. Then it can be inferred that the extract of sambiloto given orally during the 24 days led to a decrease in the number of corpus luteum, decline  number of fetus born and decreased the number of implantation.


This article provides an overview of recent proposals for reform of the US tax system, focusing on the potential implications for the rest of the world if these proposals were to be enacted. The most widely discussed recent proposal is related to an idea the destination-based cash flow tax (DBCFT) that has been prominent in academic discussions of business tax reform. While it has many important virtues in terms of promoting economic efficiency, its political appeal is more likely to be due to specific features of Congressional budget rules and to misconceptions among politicians about the trade effects of foreign countries' VAT border adjustments. This article discusses the international spillovers that this and related proposals would create, involving profit shifting into the US and changes to the location of economic activity. The article also presents a critical evaluation of these proposals from the standpoint of widely accepted principles of tax policy, and draws some lessons from the US debate that may be relevant for other countries contemplating company tax reform. An important general theme of this discussion is that business taxation helps shape households' tax planning opportunities, and thereby constrains the types of personal taxes that can be imposed. The future of the company tax, both in the US and elsewhere, is thus inextricably linked to the future of income taxation more generally.


The thermal conductivity of partially dissociated and ionised water is calculated in a large-scale study using density functional theory (DFT)-based molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In doing so, the required heat current of the nuclei is calculated by mapping the effective particle interactions from the DFT-MD simulations onto classical pair potentials. It is demonstrated that experimental and theoretical thermal conductivity data for liquid heavy water and for ice VII are well reproduced with this efficient procedure. Moreover, the approach also allows for an illustrative interpretation of the characteristics of the thermal conductivity in the dense chemically reacting fluid. The thermodynamic conditions investigated here range from densities between 0.2 and 6 g cm−3 and temperatures between 600 and 50 000 K, which includes states highly relevant for understanding the interiors of water-rich planets like Uranus and Neptune and exoplanets of similar composition.


• Myelofibrosis (MF), parꢀcularly Intermediate-2 (Int-2) or High-Risk disease per Dynamic Internaꢀonal Prognosꢀc Scoring System (DIPSS) criteria, is a life-threatening disease for which the Janus Kinase inhibitor (JAKi), ruxoliꢀnib, is currently the only approved therapy. o Currently, there is no approved or effecꢀve therapy for paꢀents who lack or lose response to ruxoliꢀnib. o These relapsed/refractory (R/R) paꢀents have a notably poor prognosis, with median overall survival (OS) of 12-14 months.1,2 • Imetelstat, a 13-mer oligonucleoꢀde that specifically targets the RNA template of human telomerase, is a potent compeꢀꢀve inhibitor of telomerase enzymaꢀc acꢀvity (Figure 1). • A Phase 2 study, MYF2001 (NCT02426086), evaluated 2 doses of imetelstat in JAKi-R/R Int-2 or High-Risk MF.3 o Encouraging total symptom score improvements were observed in the 9.4 mg/kg arm (no appreciable efficacy signal was observed in the 4.7 mg/kg arm). o Median OS was 29.9 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.8, NE) in the 9.4 mg/kg arm, with clinical cut-off of 22 Oct 2018. Goal of the Study • To further assess the potenꢀal OS benefit of imetelstat, R/R MF paꢀents treated with 9.4 mg/kg in MYF2001 were compared to a closely matched paꢀent populaꢀon from real-world data (RWD), treated with best available therapy (BAT).


Abstract Suppose that in regression problems the simultaneous confidence intervals of the S-method are used only when a preliminary F-test rejects the null hypothesis that the regression parameters are zero. (Some of Scheffe's work emphasizes this usage [12, p. 87; 13, p. 66].) The probability of coverage should then be conditioned on the rejection. That for sufficiently large critical values and at least two degrees of freedom for error the conditional probability of simultaneous coverage is always smaller than the unconditional probability is established in this article. Also included are Monte Carlo studies of the discrepancy and interpretation.


A large-scale optical tracking system is proposed in this paper. It uses synchronous laser coding to realize optical locating. Inertial sensors are integrated to assist the calculation of 6-DOF pose. The encoding of the base station in the system can be customized and we designed a specific layout of base stations to prevent signal interference. Based on the above layout scheme, the tracking range of the system can be expanded to hundreds of square meters. The tracking system proposed in this paper benefits promoting the development of large scale optical tracking equipment with low cost and high precision.


In stating that "learners could and should be able to bring new perspectives and determine more adapted solutions to current educational realities," these authors go directly to the crux of the argument for greater student involvement that has been a driving force beyond this collection of papers. [...]a school catering for these two groups of young people was characterised by low expectations and poor academic outcomes, an example that the authors McGinley and Keane argue of an increasingly segregated system of provision for Travelers and recent migrants. [...]despite the evident success of these initiatives, the authors make the pertinent observation that both initiatives operate outside the mainstream education system and as a result have little impact or influence in addressing student disengagement and early school leaving within the broader context of mainstream schools. Evidence suggests that incidents of domestic violence have increased significantly through the period of the COVID-19 pandemic [1,2] and this has inevitably impacted the mental health of both adults and children.


Editura Academiei Republicii Populare Romine, Burcharest, Rumania, 1962. This well-documented study by a leading Rumanian neurologist includes a good English summary and a translation for all 49 figures. Varieties of aphasia are described in terms of macroscopic localization. The evolution of the aphasic syndrome was assessed by repeated clinical examinations in 133 patients with expanding intracranial lesions. Semeiological contributions to the problems of aphasia are discussed in the first part (four chapters). Chapter 2 analyzes coexisting psychic and aphasic disturbances in temporal lobe tumors. The second part of the book (chapters V-VII) discusses clinical and pathological aspects in tumors producing aphasic syndromes. Instances are also presented where the gross and microscopic lesions do not adequately explain the appearance of aphasia. The final part of the book discusses the close interdependence between thought and speech in the sphere of clinical neurology. Besides the excellent


The following work presents the general conceptions of Donald Meltzer towards the grid created by Wilfred Bion. The reception and following modifications in ...


1. The technique of arthrography in congenital displacement of the hip is described. No complications have been encountered in a series of over 200 examinations. The interpretation of the arthrographs is discussed. 2. It is suggested that the abnormal hips may be classified in three degrees: 1) Primary instability; 2) partial displacement without interposition of soft tissue; 3) complete displacement with interposition of soft tissue between head and socket. 3. Two types of complete displacement or dislocation are recognised: 1) the "tight" dislocation; 2) the "loose" dislocation. In the latter there is marked displacement of the femoral head, and arthrography done before reduction demonstrates interposition of a fold of capsule lying in front of the inverted limbus. 4. Arthrography is of special help in making the diagnosis between partial displacement with eversion of the labrum and "tight" dislocation with an interposed limbus. It is helpful too in establishing the cause of failure of reduction.


Abstract With use of multimillicurie amounts of technetium-99tn colloid and the Anger camera, anterior views of the liver can be produced with about 100,000 counts in twenty seconds or less. If obtained in full expiration and inspiration, these show change in hepatic shape or pliability. Among the authors' series of 75 proved cases, lack of pliability reliably indicated abnormality.


What is liberalism? In what ways does liberalism differ from
conservatism? These are important and interesting questions, worthy of further
discussions. This paper addressed the first question; it described liberalism as a
secular worldview in two sections. Section one delineated the meaning, history and
objective of liberalism. Section two provided an elucidation of the values or
principles of liberalism, namely, moral worth of individuals, private property and
limited government. Both liberalism and conservatism aim to promote a good life for
individuals but they differ in their conceptions of a good life. The earmark of
liberalism is that individual autonomy is the basis of a good life. Moreover,
conservatives believe that social authority is key to a good life. Much of this study
has focused on autonomy. It is made clear that autonomy is a condition of being
legislated by reason. Opposed to autonomy is heteronomy, i.e. a condition of being
legislated by God. The study has contended that liberalism is a secular worldview
because: (1) it detaches individuals from the Holy Scriptures or spiritual sources, and
(2) it places man over God and reason over revelation. This work is intended to serve
as a basis for evaluating liberal Islam which will be undertaken in my next work
entitled Understanding the Islamic Worldview. It is hoped that this study will deepen
the understanding of liberalism as a secular worldview.


A b s t r a c t: Today we are involved in the fourth industrial revolution which aims towards autonomous working smart factories operating in smart manufacturing of smart industry. In this paper is discussed about Industry 4.0 and the influence of this new technological revolution in welding engineering. Smart factories are aiming for smart production using humanles and paperless technologies and accordance to that is analyzed the influence on welding engineering. Interconnectivity among welding power sources, software, and manufacturing decision-makers makes possible the integration of Industry 4.0 in welding environment. Working together with the "Internet of Things" and "Industry 4.0" the possibility for implementing sensor technology to provide real-time welding process monitoring and high-quality production has been met


Pile dikes in the Columbia River are approaching the end of their expected service life. Two replacement options have been suggested: similarly shaped pile dikes and conventional rock dikes. A three-dimensional numerical model study has been conducted to provide flow information to support a decision between the two replacement options. This study focuses on the Cottonwood Island site on the Columbia River. The primary interest is determining the potential navigation impacts of changing from the pile dikes to the conventional rock dikes. The results of this model will also be used to study the secondary interests of effects to fish habitat and the possible operation concerns of scour potential and sediment deposition between the dikes. This report contains a discussion of the geometry and computational mesh development and flow solver used. The flow solutions are presented as contour plots in multiple areas of the flow domain. General trends among the flow solutions between the two types of dikes are evaluated and discussed. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents. DESTROY THIS REPORT WHEN NO LONGER NEEDED. DO NOT RETURN IT TO THE ORIGINATOR. ERDC/CHL TR-19-3 iii


In clause the place and a role of counteraction of corruption of enforcement authorities in system of forecasting of social and economic development of a society (region) for the longterm period is certain. Methodical approaches to revealing and elimination of factors promoting are offered to corruption in normative legal certificates of enforcement authorities. Recommendations on increase of efficiency of counteraction of corruption in enforcement authorities are given.


The oceans cover over 70% of the Earth's surface. Along with the atmosphere, they redistribute the energy that our planet receives from the sun. Figure credit: A. Biastoch GEOMAR-Kiel The joint action of winds and the Coriolis force induce surface currents, most of which have been known to sailors for centuries. However, sailors did not suspect the existence of a much larger system, on a global scale, linked to the circulation of the intermediate and deep layers of the ocean. The ocean can t...


The color-change sapphire occurs in sillimanite-biotite gneiss in Fuping County Hebei province, China, is one of most famous sapphire deposits in China. However, the color genesis, mechanisms of color changing and compositional characteristics of the sapphire remain enigmatic. In this contribution, the coloration in the Fuping sapphire, color changing mechanisms and, compositional characteristics were studied by conventional gemological instruments in conjunction with ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The results show that the Fuping sapphire is characterized by purple-blue-to-purple-red changed effect and column-shaped, waist drum-shaped with higher degree of euhedral crystal. Reddish brown rutile inclusions with 120° crossed cleavage are commonly observed. The dominant coloring element of the Fuping sapphire is Fe3+, and subordinate elements are Fe2+, Cr3+ and V3+. The color-change effect is caused by trace elements Cr3+ and V3+. The chemical compositions of Fuping color-change sapphires are analogous to those of metamorphic blue sapphires. When geochemically compared with sapphires from Isalo/Ilakaka deposit in Madagascar, Ratnapura deposit in Sri Lanka and Mogok in Myanmar, the Fuping color-change sapphires have distinctly higher rare element contents of Fe, Cr and Ga.


A Long-term Composition Service (LCS) is a dynamic collaboration between autonomous web services that collectively provide a value-added service. LCS has a long-term commitment to its users. Earlier technologies proposed various integrated framework that are managed changes of long term composed services. The frameworks are also used for some techniques to handle the change reaction of LCS. But, the earlier frameworks cannot be effectively process the most challenging issues of change management such as how to automate the process of change reaction. To overcome this issue, evolution of Long-term Composed Services (Ev-LCS) has been proposed. This system provides the grounding semantics to support the automation of change management and it is offered a set of change operators that is allowed to specify a change in a specific and formal manner. After that, it is proposed a change enactment strategy that actually implements the changes. Finally, develop a prototype system such as travel agency for the proposed Ev-LCS to demonstrate its effectiveness. Further, enhance our proposed system that works on multiple concurrent changes in the LCS.


This study examines the various physical processes involved in water transport particularly the hydraulic geometry - within the channel at a reach of one of the rivers in south eastern Nigeria, the Ikpa River. Velocity measurements at a section were carried out with a computerized velocity meter; average values ranged from 0.37 m/s to 0.53m/s. Discharge measurementsof7 to 27 m3/s were recorded at different stages up to the bank full stage. Power functions define the relationship between the discharge as independent variable with width, depth and velocity as dependent variables. The hydraulic geometry of the river is consistent with the pattern which studies have revealed for other rivers around the world. The exponents obtained were b(0.4066), f (0.3173), m(0.276); b being higher than f indicates that erosion of the banks occurred at a faster rate than that of the bed to accommodate increasing discharge. It also suggests a non -cohesive bank material. It was observed that the river did overflow its banks during the flood period. Further studies on the hydraulic geometry of other sections on the river may provide insight as to whether the higher rate of width increase is indicative of the reach's inability to accommodate the flow. The research work set out to determine how the discharges in Ikpa River channel relate with its other features. In many cases, effective water resources and environmental management as well as solutions to geo-technical problems along river channels are contingent on proper understanding and application of these flow relationships. The research has provided useful tools for the planning of new structures and assessment of exist in gones, and identifies some areas for further studies.


Collaboration DESPITE A short life and numerous problems, Project ENABLE produced some positive and lasting effects on the policies, programs, board members, and staff personnel of Family Service agencies and of Urban Leagues. These voluntary agencies underwent several major changes as a result of the ENABLE experience. The changes resulted primarily from (1) a comprehensive team effort that grew out of the collaborative partnership of several agencies; (2) the use of the group educational method, with the additional component of social action; (3) the special use of the indigenous aide in a clearly defined role of nonprofessional worker with the status of team member; and (4) the new roles for professional staff members as group leaders and community organizers. Alline del Valle was Area Supervisor and Felton Alexander was Area Co-ordinator, Project ENABLE. Mrs. del Valle is now Consultant, Family Life Education Services, Family Service Center, Houston, Texas. Mr. Alexander is Executive Director, Dallas Urban League, Dallas, Texas.


A number of issues are explored concerning the notion that a data type is a set of values together with a set of primitive operations on those values. Among these are the need for a notation for it...


The effect of cold stress and ether stress on mixed function oxidase activity in vivo has been studied using the aminopyrine‐−14CO2 exhalation rate (CER) method. Cold stress following both acute and chronic exposure resulted in enhanced rate of demethylation of both aminopyrine (CER α half‐life) and its monomethyl metabolite (CER β half‐life). However the time course of the response to cold stress differs for the two demethylations. The characteristics of the cold‐induced enhancement of aminopyrine‐CER would appear to differ in several aspects from that reported for phenobarbitone pretreatment. In contrast, ether exposure did not produce any consistent effect on drug metabolizing status of the rat.


The invention relates to a Fourier infrared automobile exhaust evaluation system. The Fourier infrared automobile exhaust evaluation system is characterized by comprising a gas control part, a gas reaction part, an exhaust detection part and a data processing and outputting part, wherein the gas control part comprises an evaluation gas mixing cabinet, a thermostatic water bath, a first mixing tank and a second mixing tank, a gas inlet line of the evaluation gas mixing cabinet is connected with a simulated exhaust source, a gas outlet of the evaluation gas mixing cabinet is connected to the first mixing tank, an outlet of the first mixing tank is connected to the second mixing tank, the thermostatic water bath is connected to the second mixing tank through a steam line, and an outlet of the second mixing tank is connected with the gas reaction part; the gas reaction part comprises a tubular furnace, a reaction tube is arranged in the tubular furnace, and a catalyst sample is placed in the reaction tube; the exhaust detection part adopts an infrared analysis instrument, and a gas pool of the infrared analysis instrument is connected with a gas outlet end of the reaction tube. With the adoption of the Fourier infrared automobile exhaust evaluation system, the concentration of each gas component can be accurately detected in the combustion process of fuel.


Purpose
This paper aims to study the Gramian solutions and solitonic interactions of a (2 + 1)-dimensional Broer–Kaup–Kupershmidt (BKK) system, which models the nonlinear and dispersive long gravity waves traveling along two horizontal directions in the shallow water of uniform depth.

Design/methodology/approach
Pfaffian technique is used to construct the Gramian solutions of the (2 + 1)-dimensional BKK system. Asymptotic analysis is applied on the two-soliton solutions to study the interaction properties.

Findings
N-soliton solutions in the Gramian with a real function ζ(y) of the (2 + 1)-dimensional BKK system are constructed and proved, where N is a positive integer and y is the scaled space variable. Conditions of elastic and inelastic interactions between the two solitons are revealed asymptotically. For the three and four solitons, elastic, inelastic interactions and soliton resonances are discussed graphically. Effect of the wave numbers, initial phases and ζ(y) on the solitonic interactions is also studied.

Originality/value
Shallow water waves are studied for the applications in environmental engineering and hydraulic engineering. This paper studies the shallow water waves through the Gramian solutions of a (2 + 1)-dimensional BKK system and provides some phenomena that have not been studied.


Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) is a powerful UV/visible/near-infrared camera that has just completed development for installation into the Hubble Space Telescope during upcoming Servicing Mission 4. WFC3 provides two imaging channels. The UVIS channel incorporates a 4102 × 4096 pixel CCD focal plane with sensitivity from 200 to 1000 nm and a 162 × 162 arcsec field of view. The UVIS channel features unprecedented sensitivity and field of view in the near ultraviolet for HST, as well as a rich filter set that complements the visible capabilities of the HST/Advanced Camera for Surveys, whose repair will be attempted in the Servicing Mission. The IR channel features a 1024 × 1024 pixel HgCdTe focal plane covering 850 to 1700 nm with a 136 × 123 arcsec field of view, providing a major advance in IR survey efficiency for HST. We report here on the design of the instrument, on recent activities that have completed the integration of the instrument for flight, and on results of the ground test and calibration program.


Recently, significant advances have been made in ROBOTICS, ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE and other COGNITIVE related fields, allowing to make much sophisticated biomimetic robotics systems. In addition, enormous number of robots have been designed and assembled, explicitly realize biological oriented behaviors. Towards much skill behaviors and adequate grasping abilities (i.e. ARTICULATION and DEXTEROUS MANIPULATION), a new phase of dexterous hands have been developed recently with biomimetically oriented and bio-inspired functionalities. In this respect, this manuscript brings a detailed survey of biomimetic based dexterous robotics multi-fingered hands. The aim of this survey, is to find out the state of the art on dexterous robotics end-effectors, known in literature as (ROBOTIC HANDS) or (DEXTEROUS MULTI-FINGERED) robot hands. Hence, this review finds such biomimetic approaches using a framework that permits for a common description of biological and technical based hand manipulation behavior. In particular, the manuscript focuses on a number of developments that have been taking place over the past two decades, and some recent developments related to this biomimetic field of research. In conclusions, the study found that, there are rich research efforts in terms of KINEMATICS, DYNAMICS, MODELING and CONTROL methodologies. The survey is also indicating that, the topic of biomimetic inspired robotics systems make significant contributions to robotics hand design, in four main directions for future research. First, they provide a genuine world test of models of biologically inspired hand designs and dexterous manipulation behaviors. Second, they provide novel manipulation articulations and mechanisms available for industrial and domestic uses, most notably in the field of human like hand design and real world applications. Third, this survey has also indicated that, there are quite large number of attempts to acquire biologically inspired hands. These attempts were almost successful, where they exposed more novel ideas for further developments. Such inspirations were directed towards a number of topics related (HAND MECHANICS AND DESIGN), (HAND TACTILE SENSING), (HAND FORCE SENSING), (HAND SOFT ACTUATION) and (HAND CONFIGURATION AND TOPOLOGY). FOURTH, in terms of employing AI related sciences and cognitive thinking, it was also found that, rare and exceptional research attempts were directed towards the employment of biologically inspired thinking, i.e. (AI, BRAIN AND COGNITIVE SCIENCES) for hand upper control and towards much sophisticated dexterous movements. Throughout the study, it has been found there are number of efforts in terms of mechanics and hand designs, tactical sensing, however, for hand soft actuation, it seems this area of research …


Abstract : The governing equations of solid propellant ignition in one space dimension are derived from conservation and transport considerations. The resulting mathematical model contains as subcases the existing gas phase, solid phase, and surface ignition theories. More important, it allows the effect of the site of chemical reaction on the ignition transient to be examined with consistent and compatible boundary conditions. Surface regression and the first order effect of nonunity Lewis number are retained to allow examination of the effect of these phenomena which are often neglected. Several second order terms are dropped from the more general equations in the interest of mathematical tractability; these include variable specific heat and transport coefficients. Finally, the physical equations are transformed for computer coding.


In the interest of further clarification of the interaction of the multiple causative factors of upper incisor retroclination, the development of Class II Division 2 occlusion is contrasted to that of Class I. The patients whose records were used had not received orthodontic treatment. It was found that upper incisor retroclination in Class II Division 2 occurred after their emergence into the oral cavity. The effect is attributed to the upper incisors being able to erupt well within the cover of the lower lip through a combination of circumstances related to the proportional balance of the patient's facial structures in the vertical dimension. The lower lip would guide the upper incisors into retroclined positions, only if the latter were unobstructed by digit, tongue or other teeth of either arch. This implied not only a critical balance in size and relationship of the facial structures in the vertical dimension but also equally critical balances in the antero-posterior and lateral dimensions, without which the lower lip factor alone would be ineffective.


The 'Animal symbol' symbolizes the primitive and instinctive nature of human beings, and has been psychologically important since ancient times. Among many animals, dogs, in particular, were originally wolves, but were the first to be domesticated by humans. It is an animal that people attach to and regard as a family member because it is absolutely obedient to and dependent on humans when they perceive humans as the leader. However, in most countries, the dog is an animal that has been recognized not only as a loyal, home-keeper, but also as a guide between the dead and the underworld and as a human companion. The reason is that although dogs have been domesticated and become new animals, they still have the instinctive characteristics of wolves. Infants in the early stages of their lives also have a time when they rely entirely on their mothers, similar to the characteristics of domesticated dogs. However, when a healthy attachment is formed, the baby is psychologically separated from the mother and self-development begins toward independence. However, if psychological independence is not achieved for some reason, similar to a domesticated dog, they become completely dependent on their mother and are swallowed up by their maternal mother, and they may become stuck in childhood dependence, causing difficulties in interpersonal relationships. In this case, our reason, guided by the instinctive energy of our inner dog, begins a healing journey towards independence. In this paper, among the many symbols of dogs, the dog as a symbol of loyalty, the dog as a healing animal, the dog as a guide to the unconscious, and the dog as a symbol of instinct and intuition were examined. In addition, the symbolic meaning of the dog discussed above was confirmed through the case where a high school client who was psychologically dependent on his mother while having sandplay therapy started a healing journey by using a dog symbolically to achieve attachment and independence.