TO THE EDITOR: Verwaal et al are to be congratulated for their efforts to evaluate in a phase III randomized trial the clinical utility of "aggressive surgical cytoreduction" followed by hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) as a management strategy for peritoneal carcinomatosis resulting from a colorectal malignancy. Unfortunately, a major conceptual flaw in the study's design prevents any meaningful conclusions to be drawn from the results of this otherwise interesting study. The investigators elected to compare a strategy that combined aggressive surgery with HIPEC versus standard intravenous chemotherapy plus palliative surgery (if necessary). However, if the aim of the study was to evaluate the highly experimental, complex, costly, and potentially very morbid regional chemotherapy strategy, this trial has failed to address this important question. A more appropriate trial design would have been to randomly assign patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis to aggressive surgical cytoreduction with or without HIPEC. With the present study design, the demonstrated survival benefit may have been due principally, if not totally, to the extensive surgery, with the regional chemotherapy only adding toxicity. The favorable impact on survival associated with an attempt at "interval surgical cytoreduction" (without the subsequent administration of intraperitoneal chemotherapy) has been documented in ovarian cancer, and the major influence of the volume of residual disease on survival has been clearly shown in the current study (median survival of 20 months v 5 months for patients with "limited" versus "extensive" residual cancer, respectively). As appropriately noted by the authors: "... it cannot be excluded that the observed effect was exclusively or mainly caused by the aggressive cytoreduction alone." In sum, this study fails to provide any support for the routine (as opposed to investigative) use of HIPEC in this clinical setting. It is hoped that these investigators will follow their important initial efforts with a phase III randomized trial that directly addresses the unique contribution (if any) of the regional chemotherapy component of this intensive management strategy.


The free-surface flows with particles are widely found in chemical engineering, and numerical modeling is a powerful tool to gain insight into local and macroscopic properties for the design and optimization of operating conditions. In this work, a DEM-VOF model is extended to turbulent free-surface flows with particles, by means of Reynolds stress model (RSM). Besides, we adopt a novel virtual dual-grid porosity model to calculate the fluid porosity. The simulated results of single particle sedimentation, the falling of sinking particles and the floating of buoyant particles agree well to analytical and literatures, which validate the proposed DEM-VOF model. Furthermore, the proposed DEM-VOF model is firstly involved to simulate the free-surface flows with particles in solid-liquid mixing system. It is found that elliptical-head vessel is preferred to a flat-bottomed vessel for solid–liquid mixing by comparing the simulation results of four different stirred tanks, which agrees well to the related conten...


Value dimensions are used widely to make distinctions between countries and also serve to explain behaviour of individuals within countries. There is a paradox: leading researchers (Hofstede, 1980; Schwartz, 1994) have been adamant that country-level value structures differ from those at individual level. A recent analysis has suggested that dimensional structures at the two levels show substantial overlap. The current multi-level study extends previous research by examining to what extent ratings of the values of others can serve as an intermediate structure to help determine the degree of isomorphism between individual and culture-level structures. The findings indicate that a single value structure across levels is most parsimonious. Implications for international business research are discussed.


⋆ Since the world (so far as we know) is quantum mechanical, "classical" information must be some sort of "quantum information." • The precise sense in which this is so remains a subject of investigation at the present time. Despite (or because of?) an enormous number of publications on the subject, the community has not arrived at any consensus. ◦ E.g., the term "classical information" is widely used in the literature by authors who would be embarrassed if asked to actually define what they are talking about. ⋆ The purpose of these notes is to indicate a scheme based on types or species of quantum information which represents at least one way of seeing how quantum information theory is connected to classical information theory as developed by Shannon and his successors, and in what way new phenomena arise when quantum effects are taken into account. • These new phenomena, which have no (direct, at least) classical analogs, include: teleportation, dense coding, quantum cryptography, quantum error correction, and, of course, quantum computing.


The project ¹Implementation of individualized psychiatric care" was integrated into a larger research network and was success− fully performed in several regions of Baden−Wuerttemberg. Se− veral authorities and districts have already decided to imple− ment an obligitory cooperation among care organisations, entit− led ¹Gemeindepsychiatrischer Verbund−GPV". Given fundamen− tal structural changes in the social security system as e


The clinical manifestations of the Schonlein-Henoch syndrome as described in articles by Gairdner (1948), Davis (1948) and other writers, are a typical exanthem, colic, haematuria, articular and periarticular swellings


Purpose – The purpose is to trace the revolution in information and communication technology (ICT) and changes in this wake such as globalization, digital divide, information society, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and e‐government and how these changes impact on the provision of library and information services.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is largely based on review of literature both online and print.Findings – The paper concludes that the paradigm shifts occurring in the information environment have affected the concept of library; the perception of ownership versus access of library resources; the nature of information resources and services; and the role of the information professional among others.Research limitations/implications – The paper advocates for a proactive strategy on the part of information professionals in order to re‐engineer and adapt the library to the volatile global information environment in order to remain relevant in the wake of new paradigm occurrences.Practica...


In this article the value of the authorized capital is defined, the features of formation of the authorized capital in economic organizations are investigated. The peculiarities and problems of forming the authorized capital of joint-stock companies and limited liability companies are considered. The procedure of documentary registration and accounting of the formation of the authorized capital of companies and the proposals for their improvement are explained. According to the generally accepted opinion of experts in the field of corporate law, the article identifies three main functions of share capital and their characteristics. The ways of making cash contributions, their combination and features are considered. The specificities of keeping records of accounting policies are discussed. The article identifies and analyzes the founder's contributions, determines the terms of formation of the authorized capital, the amount of unpaid authorized capital from an economic point of view is considered as a corrective article to the authorized capital and as an economic potential of the enterprise. The general procedure of organization of accounting of the authorized capital is carried out.
The article considers the accounting procedure for the formation of authorized capital. One of the main points of accounting organization at any enterprise is to keep certain records in accounting documents. The composition of accounting policy documents is analyzed in the article. The relationship between economic communities (limited liability companies and joint stock companies) regarding the existence of share capital, which is proportional to the stock, is considered.
Research shows how important the role of the authorized capital of economic organizations is when guaranteeing the interests of participants and creditors of economic organizations.
The main objective of creating an effective system of guarantees for the creditor's rights and to prevent the emergence of "day-to-day firms" is to increase the minimum amount of authorized capital to the level in European organizations.


The availability of jobs has been a great concern in developing countries like India, with exploding population, increasing urbanization rate and regional disparities in development. This results in migration from one to other cities, states in search of employment for improved livelihood. Migration has become essential, where population densities are high in relation to land. Frequent shortage of rainfall or suffer floods also forces people to move. Informality, circular migration, labor market and social discrimination, and segmentation go hand in hand. This puts these migrants vulnerable.

The announcement of stringent lock-down at a notice of about four hours on 24, March 2020 in India in response to the Corona pandemic intensified the feeling of insecurity among the migrant labourers across various parts of the country. The loss in employment and incomes of the workers in the informal economy, some 93 percent of all workers, was almost complete in the first phase of the lockdown. The loss in employment and incomes immediately threatened their access to food and non-food essential items, rented accommodation and shelter in many places.

The central government as well as many of the state governments failed to anticipate and understand the scale and nature of the problem faced by migrants. They chose to interpret and deal with the urgent issues as a law and order problem arising due to what it considered were planned spread of misinformation. With all forms of transport stopped completely at the initial stage of this lockdown, most of the immigrant laborer's had no choice but to walk miles to their homes. This paper confines the study to internal laborer's of India and uses secondary data sources and observations of the researchers during the lock down phase of COVID19.


Asceticism. Edited by Vincent L. Wimbush and Richard Valantasis (with Gay L. Byron and William S. Love). Pp. xxxiii + 638. New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. £87.50. 0 19 508535 3 This weighty symposium brings together a wide range of papers read at an international conference on the ascetic dimension in religious life and culture, held at Union Theological Seminary, New York, 25-9 August, 1993. It is an ambitious attempt to approach the protean phenomenon of asceticism from a perspective at once inter-religious, cross-cultural and multi-disciplinary. It proves a difficult assignment. The first problem is that of definition. Some contributors give their own working definition, but no generally accepted one emerges. Elizabeth A. Castelli admits that the group sponsoring the conference met for seven years, 'without coming to anything resembling a consensus on such a definition' (p. 183). William E. Deal usefully cites Professor Walter Kaelber's article on asceticism in the Encyclopedia of religion:


This study investigates the performance of UK Unit Trusts to examine the effect of fund managers' stock picking ability (selectivity) or ability to time the market (timing). Previous studies of fund performance have found no evidence of superior performance and in some cases, findings have indicated poor performance. (Byrne, Fletcher and Ntozi, 2006, Cuthbertson, Nitzsche and O'Sullivan, 2008 and Cuthbertson, Nitzsche and O'Sullivan, 2009). However, there are only a few studies that have attempted to explain factors that could have contributed to the poor performance of UK unit trusts. This study investigates the extent to which fund manager selectivity and timing as well as other factors such as business cycles may explain the performance of UK unit trusts. By splitting the sample we discover that poor performance is typical during recession periods. However, the non-recession periods show neutral results. The study of recessions and expansions continues to prevail in Finance research. (Kaushik et al, 2010, Kosowski, 2006) and Moskowitz, 2000).


The utility model relates to a sliding liner ring connecting structure of a welding seam of steel pipes, and belongs to the technical field of steel structure construction. The sliding liner ring connecting structure of the welding seam of the steel pipes comprises a to-be-welded steel pipe (1), a welding steel pipe (2) of a to-be-mounted sliding liner ring, and a sliding liner ring body (3). The sliding liner ring body (3) is arranged on the lower portion of the welding seam of the to-be-welded steel pipe (1) and the welding steel pipe (2) of the to-be-mounted sliding liner ring, handles (4) are welded on two sides of the sliding liner ring body, two grooves are arranged on two sides of the welding steel pipe (2) of the to-be-mounted sliding liner ring, the handles (4) are arranged in the two grooves, and the to-be-welded steel pipe (1) and the welding steel pipe (2) of the to-be-mounted sliding liner ring are welded in a butt weld mode. The sliding liner ring connecting structure of the welding seam of the steel pipes has the advantages that a manufacturing method is simple, in the assembly process of a pipe truss, the condition that a chord member can not be in position due to a liner plate does not need to be considered, construction speed is improved, construction difficulty is lowered, and the welding quality of the welding seam of the steel pipes can be well guaranteed.


This paper proposes a distributed estimation and control strategy for cooperative monitoring by swarms of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) modeled as constant-speed unicycles. The geometric moments, encoding an abstraction of the swarm, are controlled via a nonlinear gradient descent to match those of a discrete set of particles describing the occurrence of some event of interest to be monitored. Because of its limited sensing capabilities, each agent can measure the position of only a subset of the overall particles, from which it locally estimates the desired moments of the swarm running a proportional-integral (PI) average consensus estimator. The closed-loop stability of the system arising from the combination of the gradient-descent controllers and the consensus estimators is studied and simulation results are provided to illustrate the proposed theory.


The effect of recycled acylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBRr) content and PPMAH as a compatibilizer on the properties of PP/NBRr/RHP composites were examined using a Haake Rheomix at 180°C, 60 rpm for 9 min. Results showed that higher stabilization torque, Young's modulus and tensile strength were obtained for PPMAH compatibilized composite as compared to uncompatibilized composites. However, for elongation at break (Eb) and swelling percentage of compatibilized composites exhibited lower values than uncompatibilized composites. The increase of NBRr content in both compatibilized and uncompatibilized composites resulted in higher stabilization torques, swelling percentage and elongation at break but lower tensile strength and Young modulus. Tensile fractured surfaces observed by scanning electron microscopy showed good adhesion between NBRr and PP matrix and better dispersion of RHP for the compatibilized composites.


The present invention, various tetrafluoroethylene structure - and aims to permit the synthesis of the fluorine-containing compound having an organic groups at both ends of the (-CF The present invention has the formula (1a): [In the formula, M ] In the fluorine-containing organometallic compound represented, and compounds having a pyridine ring, and provides a fluorine-containing complex compound comprising a ligand selected from the group consisting of phosphine.


The aim of this study was to better understand and characterize left atrial appendage flow in atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation and flutter are the most common cardiac arrhythmias affecting 15% of the older population. The pulsed Doppler velocity profile data was recorded from the left atrial appendage of patients using transesophageal echocardiography. The data was analyzed using Fourier analysis and nonlinear dynamical tools. Fourier analysis showed that appendage mechanical frequency (ff) for patients in sinus rhythm was always lower (around 1 Hz) than that in atrial fibrillation (5 to 8 Hz). Among patients with atrial fibrillation spectral power below ff was significantly different suggesting variability within this group of patients. Results that suggested the presence of nonlinear dynamics were: a) the existence of two arbitrary peak frequencies f1, f2, and other peak frequencies as linear combinations thereof (mf1±nf2), and b) the similarity between the spectrum of patient data and that obta...


has largesse; that of Krupnick is more restrained. In Defense of Winters devotes some 200 pages to the poetry and is a determined effort to bring Winters back to serious critical attention. But while I concede that he is a major critic I find it hard to see him as a major poet. Lionel Trilling and the Fate of Cultural Criticism gives a chapter over to the fiction, the chief virtue of which is the brief but informed account of Trilling's early short stories. The section on Trilling's one novel, The Middle of the journey (1947), suffers from the weakness of the study as a whole, that of thinking that the claims of a text are bound up with its influences and allusions. The links of both Winters and Trilling with Matthew Arnold are instructive. Where Trilling took from Arnold the idea that literature, and with it criticism, can act as a form of social analysis and commentary, Winters was more narrowly concerned with the discrimination of the great from the good and the bad. As Professor Krupnick rightly tells us the influence of Arnold led Trilling down the ambitious path of cultural criticism where literary judgements engage with political and ideological matters. If Winters is the greater critic it is because he proceeded with far less ambition, knew the proper limits of critical inquiry, and thus walked a narrower path with a surer step.


This study investigated the differences in communication orientations between Taiwanese and Americans. To this end, a total of 615 undergraduates studying in Taiwan (n = 311) and the United States (n = 304) participated in this study. Participants filled out a battery of questionnaires, including the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension, Willingness to Communicate scale, Self-Perceived Communication Competence scale, Argumentativeness scale, and General Disclosiveness scale. The results indicated that Taiwanese are more apprehensive and less willing to communicate, and have lower self-perceived competence in communication and argumentativeness than Americans. The amount and depth of self-disclosure are higher among Taiwanese than Americans. The largest communication difference between these two groups concerns willingness to communicate. In addition, the magnitude of gender differences in communication is slightly higher among Americans than Taiwanese. The implications of these findings were further discussed.


. Ensuring the financial security of a country is one of the main tasks in formulating strategic objectives for the development of the financial system. Given that each country has its own characteristics in terms of the financial architecture, which manifests itself in its model, in the state of public finances and their importance for the economic development of a country, etc., the assessment of the financial security status will have its differences not only in the list of indicators, but also in the structural relations among them. Therefore, this study assessed the level of financial security, carried out its structural analysis, and identified the factors influencing it, using the case of Poland and Ukraine. Based on data for 2007–2018, the countries' financial security is analyzed by four indicator groups that characterize the development level of financial institutions, monetary market, stock market and public finance. Using Harrington's Desirability Function, an integrated financial security indicator was created for each country. Both countries showed a positive trend to increase the level of financial security, while the value of the financial security indicator corresponds to the desired, satisfactory, level. At the end of the analyzed period, Poland showed a high level of financial security. For factor analysis, the factors were selected that characterized Freedom from corruption, Property rights, Fiscal freedom, Business freedom, Labor freedom, Trade freedom, and Investment freedom. As a result, it was found that, Freedom from corruption and Business freedom had the greatest impact on the level of financial security in Poland, while Business freedom and Trade freedom were the most influential on the financial security of Ukraine.


Micro-metering valve for metering of smallest quantities of gas in a batching plant for a portable gas metabolic system for measuring the CO l (1) screwed upper part (2) continues, that at the inner end of the valve rod (12) to the axial ...


ISSN: 1538-4047 (Print) 1555-8576 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/kcbt20 John Mendelsohn's journey in cancer biology and therapy Rakesh Kumar To cite this article: Rakesh Kumar (2020) John Mendelsohn's journey in cancer biology and therapy, Cancer Biology & Therapy, 21:5, 389-390, DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2020.1712829 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15384047.2020.1712829


A class of Eacherichia coli mutants called tolO are specifically tolerant to bacteriocin JF246. Cell envelopes were prepared from three independent spontaneous E. co&. toEG mutants and the parental strain (toZG+). Electrophoresis of these preparations in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecyl sulfate showed that the lolG strains lacked a cell envelope protein found in the tolG+ strain. It was estimated that this protein accounted for 10% of the total cell envelope proteins by densitometer tracings of gels stained with Fast Green. Membrane fractionation by isopycnic centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient showed that this protein was located in the outer membrane of MC+ cells. Genetic studies using conjugation, transduction and reversion showed that, in the limited number of recombinants or revertants studied, strains exhibiting the tolerant phenotype lacked the outer membrane protein, whereas the protein was present in bacteriocin-sensitive strains.


Barry E. Hawk reviews Giuliano Amato, Antitrust and the Bounds of Power. This Book Review states that Professor Giuliano Amato has successfully written a refreshing and insightful book on antitrust policy after more than a century of US debate and almost half a century of European debate. In his highly enlightening opus on Antitrust and the Bounds of Power, Professor Amato writes from the Olympian heights as the former head of the well respected Italian Antitrust Authority, a former Prime Minister of Italy, and a present professor at the European University Institute in Florence. The book places antitrust law in the broader context of political theory and history. Although the author modestly states that the book is written for young people embarking on an immersion in antitrust law, seasoned antitrust veterans will greatly benefit from Professor Amato's measured wisdom. GIULIANO AMATO, ANTITRUST AND THE BOUNDS OF POWER Reviewed by Barry E. Hawk* It is a difficult challenge to write a refreshing and insightful book on antitrust policy after more than a century of U.S. debate and almost half a century of European debate. Professor Giuliano Amato successfully has met that challenge in his highly enlightening opus on Antitrust and the Bounds of Power. 1 Professor Amato writes from the Olympian heights as the former head of the well respected Italian Antitrust Authority, a former Prime Minister of Italy, and the present professor at the European University Institute in Florence. As might be expected from an author with such broad public experience, Antitrust and the Bounds of Power places antitrust law in the broader context of political theory and history. Although the author modestly states that the book is written for young people embarking on an immersion in antitrust law, seasoned antitrust veterans will greatly benefit from Professor Amato's measured wisdom. Professor Amato begins with the judgment that the desirable introduction of increasingly sophisticated economic analysis into antitrust law has obscured some of the problems and policy goals that antitrust law was born to deal with. He persuasively places the genesis of antitrust both in the United States and in Europe in politics, notably the political values underlying liberal democracy. According to Professor Amato, liberal democracy faces the following dilemma: the fundamental freedom of individuals to trade can lead to the opposite phenomenon of private power that is capable of infringing not just the economic freedom of other individuals but also the balance of public decisions. In a democratic society two boundaries should never be crossed: one beyond which the unlegitimated power of individuals arises, the other beyond which legitimate public power becomes illegitimate. Antitrust law is relevant to understanding both sides of the divide and to deciding where the boundaries should be set. Professor's Amato's book is devoted to this gen* Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, New York; Director, Fordham Corporate


While many conferences this spring had to rapidly pivot to online, giving them little time to innovate, the ACM International Computing Education Research (ICER) conference announced 6 months before our conference. This was a blessing, in that we had the time to try to design an outstanding conference experience. But it was also a curse. Is an outstanding conference experience even possible? By August, will anyone want to be online at all? We set out to try to design a great experience, learning from every past online conference organizer we could find, and from our community.


We develop a simulation model explaining the accrual of retirement wealth gained from working one year beyond retirement and from this calculate an implicit tax rate on the additional year's work. We find that the pre-July 2007 Australian tax on retirement benefits was biased in favour of ages 59 and less, while the implicit rate was positive on retirement past 59. We also use the results of a national survey of 2,500 households (ASRAM SURVEY) to determine the likely response to the tax changes implemented in July 2007 and find that half those sampled are either very likely or likely to change their expected retirement dates in response to the tax changes.


Information and life-style that modern society overflows are various consumer because of change and interaction form between company brand. This is changing form and function of consumption along with sense of values of daily life as a consumer and consumer's desire is various. Hereupon, thought importantly that company will do as was hard to satisfy by the price of product or advertisement, quality simply and how experiences brand and goods. Experience has many influence in purchasing decision in mutual understanding of brand and goods and customer. Contacting with consumer through Papeopseutoeo space is efficient design strategy that customer and interaction are possible. Brand need to communicate brand sensitivity differentiating through Papeopseutoeo space that set in stream of new consumption life culture and is strategic communication resource. When applied Experiential maketing to Popupstore space consumer tries to search for space study that can say emotion through experience and brand value.


This paper focuses on design of microstrip uniplanar mixers suited for Ku band satellite repeaters where conversions from the 14 or 18 GHz receive ranges to the 12 GHz transmit range is required with suppression of spurious mixing products and local oscillator harmonics which may fall inside or close to the transmit frequency range. A simple principle circuit scheme is used with success in several specific applications and is suited for Schottky diode or FET resistive mixing.


In nurses, the approach to and fear of death can affect their attitude to dying patients and thus, in the course of the education in nursing, it is suitable to discuss problems of the death and fear of the death. The target of the present research was to find the measure of the anxiety and fear of death in nursing students depending on the year of study, age and experience with the death of a close relative or friend. The measurements were based on the scale of anxiety and fear of death (The Revised Collet-Lester Fear of Death Scale – FODS) by Collett and Lester (1969) measuring the fear in four categories: fear of one ́s own death, fear of dying, fear of death of other people and of dying of other persons, with the help of a five-degree Likert scale. In the interpretation of the data, the average value within the scale of 1–5 is presented here, where 1 means no fear and 5 stands for very strong fear. The Student t-test was employed to compare the parameters examined. The research included 73 students of nursing at the FZS OU in the academic year 2009/2010. It was found that the students are most afraid of their own dying (4.04 in average). Fifty-two percent of the students expressed a very strong fear of the process of their own dying, particularly fear of restricting the selfsufficiency in dying, decrease in physical forces and slow dying. The fear of the dying process itself was smaller in students under 25 years of age (p = 0.017). The respondents exert the smallest fear of their own death (2.52 in average). In terms of the death of close persons (3.52 in average), the students were most afraid of a loss of a close human and loneliness. As to the process of dying (3.34), there was the largest fear of seeing a close human suffering from pain. The education and aimed training in the field of the death and dying in university students of health branches can reduce the anxiety and fear of the death and thus, teaching the palliative care for general nurses should include an analysis of problems of one ́s own death and dying and fear of the death. The scale for the quantification of the anxiety and fear of death CL-FODS could become a suitable tool for determining the efficacy of teaching and courses in this field.


In an Euclidean $d$-space, the container problem asks to pack $n$ equally sized spheres into a minimal dilate of a fixed container. If the container is a smooth convex body and $d\geq 2$ we show that solutions to the container problem can not have a ``simple structure'' for large $n$. By this we in particular find that there exist arbitrary small $r>0$, such that packings in a smooth, 3-dimensional convex body, with a maximum number of spheres of radius $r$, are necessarily not hexagonal close packings. This contradicts Kepler's famous statement that the cubic or hexagonal close packing ``will be the tightest possible, so that in no other arrangement more spheres could be packed into the same container''.


At the occasion of the 3rd IWEGA Advisory Board meeting, an international workshop was organized by IWEGA in Maputo in June 2011. This workshop provided the arena to discuss research and development issues related to water economics and governance in Africa. The IWEGA Advisory Board members analyzed and discussed current issues related to human and socio-economic aspects of water management and proposed tools, methods, strategies for research and development programs in Africa. This policy brief summarizes the presentations of the workshop and provides the main conclusions and the results of the discussions. (Resume d'auteur)


Object‐oriented programming languages have always distinguished between 'primitive' and 'user‐defined' data types, and in the case of languages like C++ and Java the primitives are not even treated as objects, further fragmenting the programming model. The distinction is especially problematic when a particular programming community requires primitive‐level support for a new data type, as for complex, intervals, fixed‐point numbers, and so on.


This article contains the first draft of the envisaged African Principles on the Law Applicable to International Commercial Contracts. The drafting of various sets of African Principles of Commercial Private International Law is a project of the Research Centre for Private International Law at the University of Johannesburg. The future sets of principles, in the form of model laws, could be used by national legislators on the continent and African economic integration organisations, particularly the African Union, in, respectively, domestic legislation and regional or supranational laws of a soft or binding nature. The existence of a reliable transnational legal infrastructure in respect of international commercial law, including commercial private international law, is a prerequisite for investor confidence, inclusive economic growth, sustainable development, and the ultimate alleviation of poverty on the African continent. The proposed sets of African Principles may contribute to sustainable growth on a long-term basis. The regulation of private international law of contract is essential in the further development of the African Continental Free Trade Area, which was established in 2018. Academics and other interested parties are invited to provide comments on the draft below before the end of June 2021.


On the 4th of July, 2006, the 6th International Workshop on Worst-Case Execution Time Analysis (WCET'06)
was held in Dresden, Germany, co-located with the 18th Euromicro International Conference on Real-Time
Systems (ECRTS'06), both with support of Euromicro Technical Committee. The goal of the workshop was
to bring together people from academia, tool vendors and users in industry that are interested in all aspects
of timing analysis for real-time systems. The workshop provided a relaxed forum to present and discuss
new ideas, new research directions, and to review current trends in this area. The workshop was based
on short presentations that encouraged discussion by the attendees. Abstracts of
the presentations are put together in this paper. Links to extended abstracts or full papers are provided.
The first section directs to the preface of the proceedings.


Stress on the bottom horizontal shaft of the bottom hinged steel gate is complicated,which makes the calculation process extremely tedious.Based on the calculation model of the design of section size,the sensitivity analysis and curve fitting of the influence factors of the external diameter,the main section size,is done;the impact factor which showed a linear positive correlation with the diameter is identified;fitting formula of the external diameter with the impact factor is also obtained,which greatly simplifies calculation process of the design of bottom horizontal shaft.According to the practical situation,the fitting formula is modified and verified;the reliability of formula in practice and the feasibility of using the fitting formula on design is also proved.


Cellular interactions and thus organ function and anatomy are inherently of a threedimensional nature. Knowledge of the cellular distribution patterns in organs in health and disease is key to understand ongoing microscopic processes on a mesoscopic organwide scale. However, until recently, no imaging modalities capable of imaging entire organs with cellular resolution were available. Magnetic resonance or ultrasound imaging lack resolution, whereas fluorescence-based imaging approaches typically lack tissue penetration depth. To unlock the mesoscopic scale, tissue clearing can be used to render samples optically transparent, literally allowing to see through entire intact organs. The combination of tissue clearing with specific fluorophore-conjugated antibody labeling and light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) delivers organ models with cellular resolution. In this thesis, multiple LSFM-based approaches were developed assessing various organs and models in order to characterize and explore i) anatomical alterations and the early immune response after myocardial infarction in mice, ii) the distribution patterns and role of tumor associated neutrophil granulocytes in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and iii) the diagnostic potential of LSFM in staging melanoma patients via sentinel lymph node biopsy. In summary, this showed the vast potential of LSFM to visualize cellular distribution patterns in the context of whole organs and to extract quantitative data from the 3-D space. Furthermore, we showed the applicability of LSFM in answering both clinically and diagnostically relevant questions. In fact, LSFM analysis did not only match to 100% with gold standard histopathology but even allowed one melanoma patient to gain access to therapeutic options, which would have been denied based on gold standard histopathological analysis alone.


The formation mechanisms of the three basic types of photorefractive spatial solitons, quasi-steady-state, screen and photovoltaic solitons, are shown with some simple physical pictures. With these pictures, the space- charge field and refractive index perturbation, which are consistent with the results got by theoretic analysis, are obtained.


To obtain the shrinkage and creep development law of high strength concrete in bridge engineering,reinforced concrete cross beams were used as creep samples for biaxial creep test.Normal stress condition(14 MPa plus 2 MPa,6 MPa plus 2 MPa) with two combinations were considered.The comparison between creep with single stress and biaxial stress were analyzed.It is indicated that the creep of high strength concrete is highly affected by stress combination.Creep coefficient of biaxial stress is 75% of that of single stress.Accuracy of exiting creep prediction models is unsatisfactory to predict the development of concrete creep with biaxial stress status.Exponential function creep model has higher prediction accuracy.Since vertical stress distribution in box beam is highly effected on concrete creep,it is suggested that vertical prestressing for web plate must be controlled during designing and construction.


KANGASHARJU A. (1999) Relative economic performance in Finland; regional convergence, 1934-1993, Reg. Studies 33 , 207-217. This paper analyses the convergence behaviour of the 88 Finnish subregions from 1934 to 1993 by examining the development of relative income levels. Convergence was studied both for the whole 59-year period as well as for two 30-year and three 10-year sub-periods. Convergence was found across the subregions. Moreover, convergence was found to be nonlinear, in that during growth periods the poorer subregions catch up with the richest one at a rate which is faster the smaller their initial income level. Catching up was found to be stronger from 1964 onwards than from 1934 to 1964. No inferior convergence club was found. KANGASHARJU A. (1999) La performance economique relative en Finlande: la convergence regionale de 1934 a 1993, Reg. Studies 33 , 207-217. Cet article cherche a analyser le comportement des 88 sous-regions de la Finlande quant a leur convergence entre 1934 et 1993 en exa...


This article examines the workplace rights and anti-discrimination protections available for Australian workers who experience family violence. Despite the significance of family violence as a workplace issue, federal anti-discrimination law and, until recently, the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth) have failed to provide adequate protection to such employees. The author considers two recent developments in Australian law which may provide more comprehensive rights and protections for family violence victims. Namely, the introduction of domestic violence leave by the Fair Work Amendment (Family and Domestic Violence Leave) Act 2018 (Cth) and the family violence attribute under the ACT Discrimination Act 1991.


Rapid globalization and industrialization is witnessed across the globe. This has led to a rapid increase in energy demand. In India, it is found that energy consumption is growing exponentially. A sustainable energy model that helps in optimizing the energy consumption is the need of the hour. The model should help policymakers to put proactive plans in place. A two-step process has been carried out. A demand prediction model is proposed to forecast the fossil based energy demand for India upto 2040-41. 92 econometric models have been were developed and the best fit was found. The requirement was found to be coal and lignite = 32203.42 pJ oil = 20396.92 PJ, natural gas = 3460.77 pJ and electricity = 9887.71 pJ. The total energy requirement in 2040-41 will be 65948 pJ in 2040-41. Using constraints such as energy return on investment, acceptability, reliability and CO2 emissions a multi-objective optimization model that maximizes efficiency and minimizes cost is developed. Renewable energy substitution scenarios are developed. Solar energy is expected to dominate and polices have to designed to ensure that the naturally available solar energy is being utilized to a larger extent. Smart grid technology is at its nascent stage of development in India. Research and development has to be done to enhance the use of smart grid so that decentralized energy generation from renewable energy can be increased.


This chapter brings together several themes and perspectives by exploring them in quantum-confined conditions or in monolayer crystals. In it, confinement of electrons and holes at heterostructure interfaces, in inversion layers, in quantum wells and in superlattices is analyzed using the envelope function to illustrate the variety of interactions that must be properly accounted for. The formation of subbands in confinement, minibands in superlattices, and transmission, reflection and resonance at confined barriers and wells is discussed. Propagation, screening, scattering and the behavior of shallow dopants are discussed to illustrate changes with reduction of dimensions. Particular emphasis is placed on optical transitions to illustrate the changes in selection rules for interband and intraband transitions. Confined semiconductors are contrasted with monolayer semiconductors, using graphene and nanotubes as examples whose analysis and electronic properties are discussed, to compare them with the semiconductor discussions in earlier chapters.


Suspended shadow-mask evaporation is a simple, robust technique for fabricating Josephson-junction structures using scanning electron-beam lithography. The basic process entails the fabrication of an undercut structure in a resist bilayer to form a suspended "bridge," followed by two angle evaporations of superconducting material with a brief oxidation step in between. The result is two overlapping wires separated by a thin layer of oxide. Josephson junctions with sub-50-nm diameters are of particular interest in quantum computing research. Unfortunately, standard shadow-mask fabrication techniques are highly variable at linewidths below 100nm, due to the difficulty of simultaneously fabricating a narrow line and a large undercut region. While most previous processes used poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) for the top (imaging)layer and either lower-molecular-weight PMMA or a PMMA/methacrylic acid copolymer for the bottom (support) layer, the authors' process uses a PMMA/poly(methylglutarimide) (PMGI) bilaye...


The theory of electric charges and magnetic monopoles has been set up by Dirac by expressing the electromagnetic field tensor in terms of one four-potential and of the variables describing the strings attached to each magnetic mono-pole. In this reformulation of Dirac's theory the field tensor is expressed in terms of two four-potentials, one corresponding to charges and the other to monopoles, and the action principle for the equations of motion is set up in terms of the two four-potentials and of the tensors dual to them. Thus there is formal symmetry as far as is possible in the treatment of the charges and the monopoles. Also the mathematics is direct and neat. Though the physical content is the same as that of Dirac, a natural generalization of the Fermi form of electrodynamics subject to the restriction that the same particle cannot have both charge and monopole is obtained here.


This paper presents an inductor-less injection-locked PLL (IL-PLL) using capacitive coupled multi-ring oscillator (MRO) implemented in a 0.13 um CMOS technology. The multi-ring coupled oscillator with capacitive coupling achieves improved phase noise by minimizing noise injection from tail current sources and adjacent rings. The 1.1 GHz triple-ring coupled ring oscillator (TRO) achieved measured phase noise of − 110.4 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz offset, showing 7 dB phase noise reduction comparing to its single-ring oscillator (SRO) counterpart. When a reference signal is injected into the main ring, the output signals in auxiliary rings maintain the same low phase noise, yet achieve 12 dB lower reference spur. With a 50MHz reference, the MRO based IL-PLL generates 24 multi-phase outputs covering 800 MHz to 1.3 GHz with reference spur reaching −63 dBc. The proposed IL-PLL achieves an in-band phase noise of −121 dBc/Hz @ 1MHz offset and 513fs jitter at 1.1 GHz output frequency with 13.5 mW power.


Rates of early mortality, within the first week after the onset of illness, have remained high for over 40 years, suggesting that, despite the availability of potent antimicrobials and intensive care support, prevention must be the keystone of the effective control of pneumococcal disease. A multivariate analysis of 129 adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia in Edmonton, Canada, identified a history of smoking, fever, myalgia, chest pain, altered mental state, abdominal pain, and tachycardia as significant predictors of bacteremia. The presence of radiographic findings is key in establishing the diagnosis of pneumonia. Physicians may overdiagnose pneumonia based on patient histories and physical findings alone. With Gram staining and culture of expectorated sputum, rates of pathogen detection in comprehensive epidemiologic studies of CAP are only 30 to 50%, often with paired acute and convalescent serology for atypical organisms. The isolation of Streptococcus pneumoniae from cultures of specimens from normally sterile sites is relatively insensitive. Pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) is a conserved and highly immunogenic protein of S. pneumoniae expressed at the cell surface in all 90 pneumococcal serotypes. Underlying malignancy (both pulmonary and extrapulmonary) and the absence of fever also predicted lethal infection in most of the studies in which the variables were examined. The goal for clinicians and patients is improved survival, the more rapid resolution of disease and thus decreased need for admission and decreased length of hospital stays, and decreased cost.


The question of whether psyehotropic drugs have effeets on speeifie emotions, e. g. anxiety, cannot be answered since empirical data are laeking. Forthis reason aseries ofexperiments was planned. A contribution to this question could be performed by studies in which the effeets ofdistinct drug c\asses, e. g. CNSor VNS-drugs, are compared in different situations. These situations should differ to the extent in which a speeifie emotional state is induced, e. g. anxiety, or an unspeeifie emotional state, e. g. exeitement or dysphoria. One experiment of this project by Erdmann and Janke with diazepam and oxprenolol was published by Erdmannet aI. (1984). They used publie speaking to induce anxiety. The main questions of the experiment reported in this paper were: would a tranquilizer and/or two beta-bloeking agents reduce an unspeeifie emotional state of exeitement and tension induced by intermittent white noise of high level? Would this effect depend on different noise levels? Referring to the results ofprevious studies (Janke, 1986; Janke et aI., 1979) an emotional stabilization effect was expected for the tranquilizer. Up to now the question has been open for betabloeking agents.


Meeting the increased demand for dairy products will require careful management of soils to minimise land degradation and sustain increased production. Key to providing farmers with the tools to manage their soils sustainably, is firstly understanding the soil types currently managed by dairy farmers, and secondly quantifying changes in soil properties in response to management. The Victorian Land Use Information System was interrogated to identify dairy land parcels and these data overlaid on soil survey information to identify the dominant soil orders managed by dairy farmers in the three dairy regions of Victoria. Of the approximately 590,000 hectares of dairy land identified across the state, Sodosols (33%), Chromosols (20%), Dermosols (16%), and Vertosols (11%) are the major soil Orders represented, although the dominant soil Orders vary for each region. Legacy data from research and extension activities undertaken between 1995 and 2010 were collated to understand regional differences in dairy soil properties. All soil properties were significantly and positively skewed with higher median pH, EC and available K in northern Victorian soils. Further analysis compared the 1995 to 2010 data with data from samples analysed by the government analytical laboratory between 1973 and 1980 to assess any differences over 38 years. The older soil chemical data were also positively skewed but had lower median soil pH, Olsen P and available K, consistent with the greater use of inputs by the industry in more recent years.


Magnetic flux emergence into the outer layers of the Sun is a fundamental mechanism for releasing energy into the chromosphere and the corona. In this paper, we study the emergence of granular-sized flux concentrations and the structuring of the corresponding physical parameters and atmospheric diagnostics in the upper photosphere and in the chromosphere. We make use of a realistic 3D MHD simulation of the outer layers of the Sun to study the formation of the Ca II 8542 line. We also derive semi-empirical 3D models from non-LTE inversions of our observations. These models contain depth-dependent information of the temperature and lineof-sight stratification. Our analysis explains the peculiar Ca II 8542 Å profiles observed in the flux-emerging region. In addition, we derive detailed temperature and velocity maps describing the ascent of magnetic bubbles from the photosphere to the chromosphere. The inversions suggest that, in active regions, granular-sized bubbles emerge up to the lower-chromosphere where the existing large-scale field hinders their ascent. We report hints of heating when the field reaches the chromosphere. Subject headings: Sun: chromosphere – Sun: magnetic fields – Radiative transfer – Line: formation – Polarization


Forest fires are one of the most impressive forces of nature. Large amounts of gases and particles are emitted to the atmosphere, with significant impacts on operational safety, air quality, human health and climate change. In the European context, Portugal, together with other south European countries, has a dark record concerning forest fires, with alarming statistics, concerning occurrences, burnt areas, economic and ecological losses and human casualties. Due to the frequency, magnitude and effects on the environment, health, economy and security, forest fires have increasingly become a major subject of concern for decision-makers, firefighters, scientists and citizens in general. The GEMAC (Group of Emissions, Modelling and Climate Change) research team, at the University of Aveiro in Portugal, completed 20 years of experience in dealing with the effects of forest fires on the atmosphere, working on the monitoring and modelling of the impacts on the environment and human health, together with national and international teams, through the participation in numerous national and international projects. This research team has been involved in several experimental fires performed since 1998 in the GESTOSA experiments, at Serra da Lousã, Central Portugal. GEMAC has collected a large quantity of experimental data, used to support the development of new methods and models, aiming to estimate the effects of forest fires on the atmosphere. The work presented summarizes GEMAC's most relevant research in what respects the integrated and multi-scale analysis of the interrelations between forest fires and air quality, human safety and health, suppression and climate change.


To solve the problems of mode collapse and training instability in generative adversarial networks (GANs), a framework simulating the complementary structure of DNA is proposed, in which a complementary unit and a generalization unit are added. Four latent vectors representing four bases of A, T,C and G are obtained from the complementary unit. Through the combination of latent vectors, the generalization unit avoids the fitting of high-dimensional data distribution and obtains a more comprehensive vector space. Experimental results show that the problems of model collapse and training instability are effectively solved, compared with state-of-the-art VAE-GAN, the FID score increases 52.2%, indicating that the quality and diversity of images generated by the model are improved.


Epidemiological studies have pointed out vitamin D as one of the main suspects in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), along with Epstein–Barr virus infection and smoking [1]. There is a plausible biological rationale for a clinically relevant antiinflammatory effect of vitamin D in MS. Vitamin D exerts antiinflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo, including in the experimental autoimmune encephalitis model that reflects many inflammatory aspects of MS. Experimental evidence also suggest that vitamin D could affect remyelination, independent of its effect on inflammation [2]. From a clinical point of view, the evidence linking vitamin D with disease activity is even more intriguing, as it indicates that relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) could be treated by a cheap and safe intervention. This evidence primarily comprises several studies showing a quite consistent association between vitamin D status and inflammatory disease activity, as measured by relapses [3] and by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [4,5]. Most association studies show approximately 10% reduction of MRI and relapse rate for each 10 nmol/l increment in the serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). Thus, given that these associations reflects causality, raising the concentration of 25(OH)D from 50 nmol/l to 125 nmol/l should have an effect on disease activity in the same range as conventional disease-modifying drugs. So why is not the role of vitamin D in MS settled – why do we still ask whether vitamin D exert relevant anti-inflammatory effects in MS? No suspect – not even vitamin D – should be deemed guilty based on association alone. Although experimental studies support an anti-inflammatory effect and possibly also an effect on remyelination, the interpretation of such studies are limited by constraints such as the frequent use of supraphysiological doses of hormonal 1,25(OH)2D. One illustrative example is that although 1,25(OH)2D has been shown to inhibit B cell proliferation and isotype switching in vitro, vitamin D3 supplementation in MS patients did not have corresponding effects [6]. The most obvious potential confounding factor in association studies of vitamin D and RRMS is that 25(OH)D is a proxy for UVB radiation from sunshine, which can induce other immunological effects than synthesis of vitamin D [7]. One possibility is UV-mediated induction of cis-uranoic acid, which was recently demonstrated to induce CD4CD25FoxP3 regulatory T cells and to reduce antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells [8]. It was earlier reported that both MRI activity in RRMS patients and serum levels of 25(OH)D display opposite sinusoidal seasonal fluctuation [9]. Accordingly, we found that the association between 25(OH)D and inflammatory MRI activity was entirely attributable to seasonal fluctuation [5]. It could thus in theory be explained by any factor with the same seasonal fluctuation as vitamin D. Another example illustrating what could be called an 'association/causation paradox' is that whereas an observational study showed a significant association between serum levels of 25(OH)D and the inflammation markers interleukin 1 receptor agonist and secreted frizzle-like protein [10], neither of these was affected by vitamin D3 supplementation in a randomized placebo-controlled trial [11]. Sufficiently powered randomized clinical trials are the obvious answer to these concerns. It is generally accepted that the trials published so far have been too small and methodologically divergent to be conclusive [12]. Thus, one study comprising 68 patients randomized to placebo or 20,000 IU vitamin D3 per week for 2 years were completely negative, although mean serum 25(OH)D more than doubled to 121 nmol/l in the intervention group [13]. Conversely, another study of comparable size showed a significant and pronounced effect of 14,000 IU vitamin D3 per week on new gadolinium-enhancing lesions after 1 year [14]. The first study included only clinical end points, and the pre-study relapse rate was only 0.11 [13]. The study was therefore obviously underpowered to detect any realistic effect on relapses of any intervention, including vitamin D. How should a future study on vitamin D supplementation in RRMS be designed? One lesson from previous studies, and from the emerging evidence of other immunomodulatory effects of UVB than induction of vitamin D synthesis, is that the effect size of vitamin D might be smaller than indicated in association studies. Moreover, any intervention study of vitamin D in RRMS will have to be an add-on to a conventional immunomodulatory drug with a proven effect on the outcome measures that are relevant for vitamin D. A brief look at observational studies in patients treated with interferons underscores the need for large sample sizes. Thus, one study of 1482 RRMS patients followed for 2 years found lower rates EXPERT REVIEW OF NEUROTHERAPEUTICS, 2016 VOL. 16, NO. 3, 233–235 http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737175.2016.1146134


ExTEndEd AbsTrACT We often describe people who do the "right" thing as being "on a moral high ground", or we say that they are "taking the high road". There are also other similar sayings that refer to people behaving morally as "high-minded" or "upstanding" individuals. All of these images suggest a metaphorical connection between the concept of morality and the spatial orientation of vertical height. Specifically, they suggest that people who behave morally hold a position that is higher above ground than those who behave less morally. But are there cognitive consequences of being so high above ground – and thus, so distant to the world "down below" – that they would process their world differently? Recent research on metaphorical thinking adopts an embodied cognition view, suggesting that people use their concrete physical sensations to describe abstract psychological experiences (Bargh 2006; Boroditsky and Ramscar 2002). For example, metaphors involving vertical height often have an embodied basis. In contexts of social power, powerful people are said to be "up high", such that individuals with social authority attend to high spatial locations quicker than low ones (Moeller, Robinson and Zabelina 2008). In many religions, "God is most high", and people perceive others as being more religious when their pictures are displayed at the top of a page rather than the bottom (Chasteen, Burdzy, and Pratt 2009). And people often give "thumbs up" to communicate positive feedback, stemming from the perception that anything "up" is good but "down" is bad (Meier and Robinson 2004). These findings suggest that moral metaphors referring to vertical height or the physical sensation of being high above ground may also have a similar embodied basis. We posit that a consequence of behaving morally is that the vertical height increases the distance to the world down below, affecting how people high above ground would cognitively process their world. According construal level theory, as distance (vs. closeness) increases, so does abstract processing (Trope and Liberman 2003). Consider spectators sitting in the highest rows of a sports stadium, and hence are vertically high from where the main action is located. They describe their experiences as "squinting to see ant-sized players", and only see the broader aspects of the game, not its finer details. Building on these links between metaphorical thinking, embodied cognition, and construal level theory, we thus hypothesize and find in four experiments that people who do the right thing process their world abstractly. Experiment 1 demonstrated the main effect that moral thinking leads to abstract processing. To prime moral or less moral thinking, we had undergraduate students write about an instance in their lives in which they did the "right" or "wrong" thing, respectively. They then completed the Behavioral Identification Form (BIF; Vallacher and Wegner 1989). As predicted, participants who recalled behaving morally selected more abstract descriptions on the BIF than those who recalled behaving less morally. We also ruled out mood as an alternative explanation for our findings. Experiments 2 and 3 aimed to explore how moral thinking may influence specific cognitive consequences of abstract thinking. In Experiment 2, we reason that people who process abstractly pay little attention to details, and so they should be worse at analytical reasoning than those who process concretely (Friedman and Forster 2011). To prime moral or less moral thinking, we had undergraduates write stories about themselves using either positivelyor negatively-valenced words, such as kind or greedy, respectively. They then completed the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT; Frederick 2005). As expected, participants in the moral prime scored lower on the CRT than those in the less moral prime. Mood had no effect. Meanwhile, in Experiment 3, we hypothesized that people who do the right thing are more creative than those who do the wrong thing (Forster, Epstude, and Ozelsel 2009). Undergraduates received the same prime as Experiment 1, in addition to a control condition. They then generated as many creative ways of using a brick as possible. Planned contrasts revealed that participants in the moral prime generated more ways to use a brick creatively than those in the control, who generated more than those in the less moral prime. Finally, Experiment 4 examined how moral thinking may influence consumer preferences. Mechanical Turk participants received the same moral or less prime as Experiment 1. They then saw an ad for the "Simply Orange" brand of orange juice that emphasized either the brand's abstract, future benefits or its concrete, immediate benefits. Participants who recalled behaving morally had more favourable attitudes toward Simply Orange when the ad was in an abstract than a concrete frame. Conversely, participants who recalled behaving less morally had more favourable attitudes toward the ad in a concrete than an abstract frame. Across four experiments, this research demonstrates that metaphors like "on a high ground" and "taking the high road" are linked to embodied cognitions. More specifically, this link can cause people doing the right thing to subsequently process their world abstractly. Our findings may also offer another explanation for other consequences of moral thinking, such as licensing. Furthermore, our present findings encourage future research to understand morality not in isolation, but in terms of physically-grounded concepts.


This article outlines an approach that can be used at conferences and other events to generate debate around leadership for social and environmental change. The paper focuses on two main practices - 'crowd sourcing' and 'keynote listening' – that were recently trialled at a major international leadership conference. It is well recognised that in order to make the transition to a sustainable, green economy we need to bring about wide scale organisational, social, political and cultural change. We need to find ways of engaging as citizens – recognising both our rights and responsibilities to developing a more inclusive and sustainable society. We need to foster emergent and collective action that draws upon diversity of expertise and knowledge rather than depending on a few nominated, or self-elected, 'leaders' to find the solutions and lead the way. To move forward with integrity, humility and courage we must hone our ability to listen – to truly embrace the wisdom of others – and to facilitate action through dialogue and collaborative enquiry. In this article we describe an approach that can be used at conferences and other events to generate debate around issues of social and environmental significance. The paper focuses on two main practices - 'crowd sourcing' and 'keynote listening' – that were recently trialled at a major international leadership conference.


The content of nitrite and nitrate in cured meat products has been monitored in Denmark seven times between 1995 and 2006. The maximum permitted added amounts of sodium nitrite in Denmark (60 mg kg−1 for most products up to 150 mg kg−1 for special products) have not been exceeded, except for a few samples back in 2002. The intake, mean and intake distribution of sodium nitrite have been calculated from 1998 to 2006 with data from the Danish dietary survey conducted in 2000–02 on Danes from four to 75 years of age. The amounts used by industry have been relatively stable through the whole period with levels varying between 6 and 20 mg sodium nitrite kg−1 with sausages, meat for open sandwiches and salami-type sausages being the greatest contributors. The mean intake of sodium nitrate was around 1 mg day−1, which is very low compared with the total intake of 61 mg day−1. The mean intake of sodium nitrite was 0.017 and 0.014, 0.009 and 0.008, and 0.007 and 0.003 mg kg−1 body weight day−1 for men and women in the age groups 4–5, 6–14 and 15–75 years, respectively, which was much lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 0.09 mg kg−1 body weight day−1. The 99th percentile for the group of 4-year-olds was 0.107 and 0.123 mg kg−1 body weight day−1 for boys and girls, respectively, and the 95th percentile was 0.057 and 0.073 mg kg−1 body weight day−1 for boys and girls, respectively, highest for the girls. With fewer than 100 boys and girls in the 4–5-year age group, only very few persons were responsible for the high intake. The conversion of nitrate to nitrite in the saliva and the degradation of nitrite during production and storage must also be considered when evaluating the intake of nitrite.


We have developed a teaching system based on the assumption that the assembly task is a series of operations for achieving a target contact state among objects through changing their contact states. The features of our system are as follows: 1) teaching data for fine motion is extracted from a demonstration by an operator in a virtual world, 2) the operator can edit intermediate expressions on a display, 3) intermediate expressions can be used by any robot system with a skill library which has the ability to achieve the corresponding contact states. This paper describes the configuration of the system, program generation using intermediate expressions and a skill library to achieve each contact state.


NK cells. Moreover, a similar population of macrophages was also recruited to the lung during the formation of a premeta-static niche. Anticoagulation inhibited their accumulation and prevented the enhanced metastasis associated with the formation of the niche. Our study, for the first time, links TF induced coagulation to macrophage recruitment in the meta-static process. Introduction Clinical and experimental studies over the past 30 years have established that the coagulation system actively supports tumor progression and metastasis. Consistent with these observations, expression of procoagulants by tumor cells, among them tissue factor (TF), cancer procoagulant, 1 and selectin ligands, correlates with advanced disease and poor outcome for multiple cancer types. 2,3 TF (also known as coagulation factor III or CD142) is the protease receptor that initiates coagulation after injury through the extrinsic pathway. Under normal physiologic conditions, TF expression is limited to extravascular sites that only become exposed to blood after trauma. In this case, the exposed TF binds to and activates the blood-borne coagulation factor FVII, triggering clot formation through a cascade of proteolytic events that results in thrombin formation, activation of platelets, and fibrin deposition. 4 In addition to triggering coagulation, the binding of FVIIa to TF activates intracellular signaling pathways through the TF cytoplas-mic domain, by activating G-protein-coupled protease activated receptors (PARs), especially PAR2. 4 These signaling pathways support tumor angiogenesis 5,6 and regulate tumor progression. 7 Intracellular signaling pathways can be distinguished experimentally from the extracellular coagulative roles of TF by specific antibodies 7 or deletion of the cytoplasmic domain that eliminates many forms of TF signaling but still triggers coagulation. 6,8,9 TF enhances tumor growth and angiogenesis, 4-7,10 and specifically plays an important role in some experimental models of hematogenous metastasis. In mice, inhibition of TF reduces metastasis. Conversely, TF expression by tumor cells may result in increased metastatic potential. 11-17 Indeed, metastatic cancer cells can express as much as 1000-fold higher levels of TF than their corresponding nonmetastatic cancer cells, 14 and cancer stem cells may also express higher levels of TF. 18 In some experimental settings, the cytoplasmic domain of TF has been proven to be required for maximal metastatic potential, 12,15,17,19 whereas in others it was dispensable. 20 Thrombin activation is a critical common step in the coagula-tion cascade and an important determinant of metastasis. 21 The metastatic potential of tumor cells in murine models can be decreased by direct 22,23 or indirect inhibition …


The recent impressive technological advancement in information technology (IT) and as well as in Communication have resulted the drastically improved developments in present systems. Most routine tasks have been automated with the support of advanced technologies. Multi-agent systems (MAS) play a major role in automating the tasks in wide range. In this sense current Ocean-Transportation and Traffic Management (OTTM) requires the support of artificial intelligence through MAS, transformation and evolution of ocean-transportation leads to a well-organized automated coordination. Currently the system has a limited capacity and cannot handle the increasing future ocean traffic demands. The proposed Agent based Ocean-Transport and Traffic Management (A-OTTM) concepts are deployed and thoroughly evaluated under realistic conditions with certain circumstances. Through this paper we present an agent based management system which is an emerging Multiagent A-OTTM simulator. It is developed with fairly accurate emulation of A-OTTM which is based on the human-controller-operation (HCO) workload model and human-computer interaction. We present preliminary as well as intermediary results of A-OTTM focusing on the efficiency and accuracy of the simulated controllers.


Introduction §1. General summary for non-specialists §1.1. Publication of [IUTchI-IV] §1.2. Redundancy assertions of the "redundant copies school" (RCS) §1.3. Qualitative assessment of assertions of the RCS §1.4. The importance of extensive, long-term interaction §1.5. The historical significance of detailed, explicit, accessible records §1.6. The importance of further dissemination §1.7. The notion of an "expert" §1.8. Fabricated versions spawn fabricated dramas §1.9. Geographical vs. mathematical proximity §1.10. Mathematical intellectual property rights §1.11. Social mirroring of mathematical logical structure §2. Elementary mathematical aspects of "redundant copies" §2.1. The history of limits and integration §2.2. Derivatives and integrals §2.3. Line segments vs. loops §2.4. Logical AND "∧" vs. logical OR "∨" §3. The logical structure of inter-universal Teichmüller theory §3.1. One-dimensionality via identification of RCS-redundant copies §3.2. RCS-redundancy of Frobenius-like/étale-like versions of objects §3.3. RCS-redundant copies in the domain/codomain of the log-link §3.4. RCS-redundant copies in the domain/codomain of the Θ-link §3.5. Gluings, indeterminacies, and pilot discrepancy §3.6. Chains of logical AND relations §3.7. Poly-morphisms and logical AND relations §3.8. Inter-universality and logical AND relations


Nowadays, in the modern optical communications systems, channel waveguides represent the core of many active and passive integrated devices, such as amplifiers, lasers, couplers and splitters. Different materials and fabrication processes were investigated in order to achieve the aforementioned optoelectronic circuits with low costs and high performance and reproducibility. Nevertheless, the 2D guiding structures fabrication continues to be a challenging task in some of optical materials due to their susceptibility to mechanical and/or chemical damages which can occur during the different steps of the fabrication process. Here we report on channel waveguides demonstration in erbium doped Tungsten – Tellurite (Er3+:TeO2-WO3) glasses and BGO crystals by means of a masked ion beam and/or direct writing processes performed at different energy MeV and ions species. The evidence of the waveguides formation was investigated by microscopy techniques and micro Raman spectroscopy.


Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a congenital heart disease that can be associated with aortic and/or valve complications. Although most BAV are predisposed to progressive calcification, little is known on variables related to significant valvular dysfunction. BAV is a heterogeneous disease, therefore it is important to identify high-risk groups for a closer follow- up and timely intervention.

 Identify the main determinants of primary cardiovascular events (aortic valve replacement, aortic surgery and death) in a cohort of adults with BAV.

 We included 325 consecutive patients with non-syndromatic BAV (2010–2019) referred to our hospital (3rd level). Clinical information was prospectively collected. All patients underwent serial echocardiograms and Cardiac CT was available in 125 patients (38%). We performed univariate and multivariate analyses and Kaplan-Meyer survival analysis with log-rank test. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant.

 325 patients (44.4±15.3 years, 73% men), right–left coronary cusp fusion (RL) in 79%,and presence of raphe in 77%. 100 patients (31.2%) had significant aortic valve dysfunction and 103 (31.7%) had aortic dialatation (>40mm) at the onset of the follow-up. Twenty-nine patients required cardiac surgery (8.9%, mainly symptomatic severe aortic stenosis with aortic valve replacement)and 3 died (1%) during a follow-up of 6.3±1.2 years. Patients with at least 2 of the following determinants at baseline: aortic valve prolapse, aortic valve calcification >1, age >50 years and/or aorta >45mm had higher risk of major cardiovascular events during follow-up (Chi2 for log rank test=27,229 p=0,000005).

 In this study population of young adults with BAV we observed a high incidence of events related to the BAV. Age>50 years, aortic valve calcification, aortic valve prolapse and aortic dilatation were independently associated with primary cardiac events. Despite significant BAV heterogeneity, the identification of risk factors may help to stratify the risk of valvular dysfunction, aortic dilatation and major cardiovascular events.
 BAV: Risk factors for cardiac surgery

 Type of funding source: None


Abstract: The English language has enjoyed a privileged status in Philippine formal education since US President McKinley declared it the medium of instruction of the Philippine public educational system in 1900. But the pre-eminence of English has been vigorously called to question since then. This paper traces the changing status of English in Philippine education from the establishment of the American colonial government to the current implementation of the Bilingual Education Policy. It then discusses five dominant themes in the competing discourses regarding the role of English in Philippine education. Finally, the emerging prospects for English in Philippine education are described.


Float Zone growth of silicon crystals is known as the method for providing excellent material properties. Basic principle of this technique is the radiofrequency induction heating, main aspects of this method will be discussed in this article. In contrast to other methods, one of the advantages of the Float Zone technique is the possibility for in-situ doping via gas phase. Experimental results on this topic will be shown and discussed.


The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the accuracy of treatment decisions in proximal sites using three intra–oral radiographic systems. Additionally, the impact of an automated non–linear grey–level display was evaluated. Ten observers assessed 84 surfaces on bitewing radiographs for their requirement of restorative treatment using a 6–rank confidence scale. Radiographs were taken with conventional film images (Ultraspeed), a storage phosphor plate (Digora) and a CCD system (Dexis). Additionally, the Dexis software was expanded by a contrast enhancement routine (Dexis+). The restorative treatment threshold was defined as presence of macroscopic cavitation. Regarding the areas below mean ROC curves no significant differences were detected between the groups (p>0.05). Likelihood ratios for positive test results were: 5.29 (Ultraspeed), 8.14 (Digora), 9.67 (Dexis) and 11.37 (Dexis+). The accuracy of restorative treatment decisions based on digital and conventional radiographs is comparable. If a dichotomous treatment decision was requested, the digital systems demonstrated a notable tendency towards higher likelihood of true–positive decisions.


Abstract Three homologous series of 4-(5-alkyl-2-pyridinyl)phenyl alkanoates have been prepared. The synthesis and the liquid crystal transition temperatures of these esters are reported. Many members of these three ester series exhibit enantiotropic, wide range smectic F mesophases and some narrow range smectic C mesophases. However, in admixture with a chiral smectic C base mixture, the esters often induce a substantial increase in the chiral smectic C–smectic A transition temperature and, at the same time, decrease the temperature of crystallization. Thus, the temperature range of the chiral smectic C mesophase is substantially extended at both high and low temperatures. Ordered smectic mesophases are only observed at very low temperatures, if at all. These chiral smectic C mixtures are characterized by short switching times in surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal displays (SSFLCD). These novel esters are of especial interest for short-pitch chiral smectic C mixtures for short pitch bistable...


Heart disease is a common group of circulatory diseases, but it seriously affects people's life and health. Among many heart diseases, ventricular tachycardia (VT) is the most common cause of death. The current clinical treatment plan is to treat ventricular tachycardia by finding the origin of ventricular activation and then ablating it with an invasive catheter. However, the longer the catheter remains in the body, the more dangerous it is for the patient, so it is of interest to achieve noninvasive assisted localization of the origin site. To solve this problem, we propose an end-to-end neural network structure, Densefomer (DenseNet-Transformer Network), in a data-driven manner. This simple and effective model can localize origin of ventricular activation using only 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Densefomer introduces Transformer and DenseNet to obtain global and local feature information, respectively. Our model finally achieved a localization error of 10.79 mm and a classification accuracy of 58.16% on real clinical data.


The present invention relates to a device for collecting a sample of the sample liquid retaining member, wherein the sample through a capillary channel transmitted from the active position to the measurement position of the sample analysis. Capillary active channel substantially from the carrier, an optional cover layer and the intermediate layer positioned between the cover layer and the carrier is formed, on the edge of the test element analysis, on one of the surfaces constituting the capillary channels can be transmitted to the liquid, a recess formed at an edge of the test sample was added element opening, so that one side edge of the test element forming the sample application opening is at least partially disconnected, and the exposed surface against the groove. The present invention further relates to an apparatus according to the present invention by means of a method of analysis of a liquid sample suction element.


Summary form only given. The article presents a review of European programmes and plans in the fields of broadcast, mobile, multimedia and broadband satellite communications as well as navigation, data relay, meteorology and Earth resources. In particular, in the area of telecommunications, the present developments leading to advanced multimedia and broadband systems are described, as well as the deployment of the Advanced Technology and Data Relay Satellite, ARTEMIS, undertaken in cooperation with Canada. The contribution of Europe to the present worldwide space navigation infrastructure, GNSS-1, is highlighted as well as the preparation of the future evolution, GNSS-2. With respect to Earth observation, the new generation of geostationary meteorological satellites as well as the major Envisat LEO system endeavour is detailed, together with the new polar observation system, a cooperation undertaken with the Eumetsat organisation. National initiatives, which complete the programmes financed at European level, are also presented so as to identify the overall spectrum of industrial activities. Emphasis is placed on some of the advanced technologies promoted within these systems.


Background: Sports have become very popular among people today, someone who exercising can experience muscle injuries that will cause pain. Actions to deal with pain in muscle injury is one of them is cutaneous stimulation by providing cold compress therapy. The benefits of giving cold compresses are to reduce inflammation, reduce bleeding into the tissue, and reduce muscle spasms and pain. Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of giving cold compresses on pain in muscle injury after weight training. Methods: The research design used was quasi-experimental with a sample of 40 respondents divided into two groups, the control group and the intervention group in the JM Fitness Center, Kapas Madya Village, Kenjeran Sub-District, Surabaya, which was taken by total sampling technique . Scale measurements use the Numeric rating scale (NRS). Results: The Wilcoxon test results obtained p = 0.000, which indicates there is an influence of cold compresses on pain in muscle injury after exercising weight. Conclusion: The implication of the results of this study is that giving cold compresses on a regular basis can have a significant effect on reducing pain in muscle injury after weight training.


The aim of this study was to examine the level of prospective teachers of Computer Education and Instructional Technology (CEIT) to integrate web 2.0 tools into the learning environment (course). In this study, case study method is used with 47 prospective teachers studying at Computer and Instructional Technologies (CEIT) department.As data collection tool, information form was used. . In this form, web 2.0 tools are classified in 35 categories, and students were asked to explain how they can integrate tools into their courses with an example. The explanations made by prospective teachers about integration were analyzed by content analysis by using sufficient, partially sufficient, and insufficient categories. The analysis was conducted separately by three researchers, then the analyzes were checked and a consensus was reached. When the distribution of scores of prospective teachers for the categories related to the levels of integration of web 2.0 tools into the learning environment (lesson) is examined, 12.77% of the prospective teachers' information are sufficient; 72.34% of them were found to be partially sufficient and 14.89% of them were insufficient. As a result, although it was known that the prospective teachers have information about web 2.0 tools, they have difficulties in integrating these tools into their learning environments (courses). Therefore, it was recommended to organize activities that will increase the experience of web 2.0 tools for pre-service and in-service training applications. In addition, it wasnot enough to teach the prospective teachers the current web 2.0 tools that can be used in the teaching process, but they should also gain experience in the appropriate teaching approaches and effective use of these tools.


As system dynamicists, we spend our days finding and patching up faulty policies, giving surprisingly little thought to the origin of these poor decision rules. And yet, if we understood their origin, we might be able to attack the problem of faulty policy at its source. This article presents a theory of policy formation that is consistent with what is known about evolutionary processes and human psychology. The theory is translated into a computer simulation model, which is used to illuminate several ''handles'' on policy creation. The handles influence two potential failure modes in policy creation: (1) ''learning drift'', a process in which people learn unselectively and, hence, learn without improving; and/or (2) ''premature consensus'', a process in which managers agree on a policy before the "best"one has emerged. Copyright  2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Syst. Dyn. Rev.17, 3‐32, (2001)


In this paper, N-Methylmorpholine-N-Oxide (NMMO) was used as solvent for regenerated silk fibroin (RSF). Concentrated solutions with RSF content from 10 to 25 wt% were obtained by dissolving RSF film into NMMO monohydrate. The spinning and rheological properties of RSF/NMMO·H2O solutions were studied by a simple piston type single filament spinning apparatus and HAAKE RS150L rheometer, respectively. The results are discussed to understand the influences of shear rate, temperature and RSF concentration on the rheological behaviors of RSF/NMMO·H2O and to choose appropriate process condition for spinning. Spinning was performed using a dry-wet spinning process. The regenerated silk fibre was prepared successfully and the tenacity can reach to 3.07cN/dtex. C


This paper describes a battery of tests, and related results, that were performed under normal and severe conditions designed to demonstrate that hydraulic fluids formulated with Lubrizol' s high quality anti - wear hydraulic fluid technology can stand up to today's increasing demands for longer life and provide excellent performance under higher operating temperatures and pressures.


The scientific work is a synthesis of the experimental laboratory researches for generating "master masks" for the photoelectrical incremental lasers by elaborating and integrating the procedures and the technologies of special determination of the geometrical configuration by establishing the aligning reticules and the technological routes, of technological quotation, of applying the chemical processing technologies in enabling conditions and in conditions of high accuracy, of control of tracing quality and technological processing and ultra-precise measurement of the obtained measured masks.


In this paper, we study the secrecy throughput in millimeter wave systems under slow fading channels considering multipath propagation. For the specific propagation characteristics of millimeter wave, we provide transmission scheme designs and a comprehensive secrecy performance analysis. Specifically, we maximize the secrecy throughput under a secrecy outage probability (SOP) constraint through a dynamic parameter transmission scheme, and provide the optimal solution to transmission parameters, including the codeword rate and the power allocation ratio of the information signal power to the total transmit power. We find that the secrecy performance of the millimeter wave system under investigation is significantly influenced by the relationship between spatially resolvable paths of the legitimate user and those of the eavesdropper, which differs from those wireless systems with statistically independent channel. Numerical results are provided to verify our theoretical analysis.


Equivalent lateral force and modal analysis procedures for yielding buildings with damping systems were developed, validated, and incorporated in the 2000 NEHRP Provisions. Key to the implementation of the procedures was the validation process that demonstrated the accuracy of the proposed procedures. The procedures for implementing yielding, viscoelastic, linear viscous, and nonlinear viscous dampers were tested using the results of nonlinear response-history analysis on sample three- and six-story frames and were found to be robust.


Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) has been recognized as a dominant freshwater aquaculture species in the United States. It is also a suitable model for studying the mechanisms of sex determination and differentiation as its sexual plasticity and exhibition of both genetic and environmental sex determination. The testicular differentiation in male channel catfish normally starts between 90 and 102 day postfertilization (dpf), while the ovarian differentiation starts early from 19 dpf. As such, efforts to better understand the postponed testicular development at the molecular level are needed. Toward that end, we conducted transcriptomic comparison of gene expression of male and female gonads at 90 dpf, 100 dpf and 110 dpf using high-throughput RNA-Seq. Transcriptomic profiles of male gonads on 90 dpf and 100 dpf exhibited high similarities, except a small number of significantly up-regulated genes that were involved in development of germ cell supporting somatic cells, while drastic changes were observed during 100-110 dpf, with a group of highly up-regulated genes that were involved in germ cells development, including nanog and pou5f1. Transcriptomic comparison between testes and ovaries identified male-preferential genes, such as gsdf, cxcl12, as well as other cytokines mediated the development of gonad into a testis. Co-expression analysis revealed highly correlated genes and potential pathways underlying germ cell differentiation and spermatogonia stem cell development. The candidate genes and pathways identified in this study set the foundation for further studies on sex determination and differentiation in catfish as well as other teleosts. Summary sentence: Transcriptomic analyses of gonads during 90-110 days post fertilization provide clues on testicular differentiation in catfish.


McLane Large Volume Water Transfer System (WTS-LV) oceanographic pumps are single-sample instruments normally deployed from the hydrowire of a research vessel. In the standard configuration, samples are acquired on 142 mm filters. 293 mm filters, adsorption cartridge filters, and extraction columns are available options. The disk filter holders were designed at McLane to ensure even distribution of collected material over the entire face of the filter. Flow rates from 1 lpm (liters/minute) to 50 lpm are programmed by the operator to match both the type of filter and the capacity of the modular pump head installed on the system. Sample volumes as large as 45000 liters can be filtered in a single cast with a volumetric error less than 5%. When equipped with appropriate filters, the WTS-LV can be used to collect suspended particles, particulate trace metals, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. Equipped with extraction columns, the system can be used to collect dissolved compounds, dissolved radio-nucleides, and dissolved trace metals.


There have been approached the isomorphy relationships, very frequent among the oxide compounds, underlining the importance of knowing and using them for a rational elaboration of the make recipes. In the paper there are given some examples of isomorphy relationships, which represent the starting point in obtaining some thermoresistant pigments based on different structures: spinel (ZnAl 2 - x Cr x O 4 ), baddelayite (Zr 1 - 2 x V 5 + x R 3 + x O 2 where R 3 + =Y 3 + , In 3 + , Ga 3 + , Bi 3 + ), zircon(Zr 1 - x V 4 + x SiO 4 respectively Zr 1 - x Pr 4 + x SiO 4 ), malayaite (CaSn 1 - x Cr 4 + x SiO 5 ) and some perovskite compounds. The isomorphous substitutions represent the basis of the obtainment of oxide compounds with tailored properties.


This work describes the recommendations proposed by RILEM to assess, by experimental approach, the bending behavior of the steel fiber reinforced concrete. Based on the force-deflection relationship recorded from experiments, concepts of equivalent and residual flexural stress are proposed to represent the resistance of cracked SFRC.


The aim of the present research was to evaluate a computerized version of the Trust game as amethod for studying real-life decisions and discriminatory behavior towards the poor. The stereotype of the poor typically consists of low perceived competence and medium/high perceived warmth. According to the BIAS map (Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes), this should trigger behavioral tendencies of passive harm towards the poor, as compared to the 'average man' which served as our control condition, and could be expected to receive facilitatory behavior. The participants (n = 210) played a trust game online with someone portrayed to have either low or medium-high socio-economic status – while they in fact played with the computer. Their task was to decide to what extent they could trust the other player: if both collaborated they would receive the maximum reward. The results indicate that very few participants suspected that they were not playing with an actual person. Some of their responses in the trust game can be interpreted as being in line with the BIAS map, i.e. tendencies of passive harm towards the player with low SES and passive facilitation towards the player with medium-high SES. This suggests that a computerized trust game with a simulated other player may be a viable method for investigating real-life collaboative behavior. Remaining psychometric challenges are discussed.


Abstract This paper presents immunocytochemical, freeze-fracture, and fine-structural evidence for the hypothesis that the precursors of the rhabdomeric membranes are vesicles in the photoreceptors of the crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus. The number of vesicles starts to increase in the photoreceptor cell body at midday and peaks at approximately one hour before light-off. The vesicles move toward the rhabdom: they almost disappear from the cell body within the first hour after light-off. As they move, the rhabdom area increases. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry and freeze-fracture EM revealed that the vesicles contain the visual pigment opsin as an integral membrane protein. Based on detailed observation at the microvillar base by conventional electron microscopy, we present a model of how the vesicles are incorporated into the rhabdom to elongate the rhabdomeric microvilli.


The strains of

 Pseudomonas aeruginosa

 exhibit considerable differences in their genotypic and pathogenic properties. To clarify their evolutionary/taxonomic relationships, comprehensive phylogenomic and comparative genomic studies were conducted on the genome sequences of 212

 P

 .

 aeruginosa

 strains covering their genetic diversity. In a phylogenomic tree based on 118 conserved proteins, the analysed strains formed two distinct clades. One of these clades, Clade-1, encompassing >70 % of the strains including the type strain DSM 50071T, represents the species P. aeruginosa sensu stricto. Clade-2, referred to in earlier work as the outlier group, with NCTC 13628T as its type strain, constitutes a novel species level lineage. The average nucleotide identity, average amino acid identity and digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between the strains from Clade-1 and Clade-2 are in the range of 93.4–93.7, 95.1–95.3 and 52–53 %, respectively. The 16S rRNA gene of

 P. aeruginosa

 DSM 50071T also shows 98.3 % similarity to that of NCTC 13628T. These values are lower than the suggested cut-off values for species distinction, indicating that the Clade-2 strains (NCTC 13628T) constitute a new species. We also report the identification of 12 conserved signature indels in different proteins and 24 conserved signature proteins that are exclusively found in either Clade-1 or Clade-2, providing a reliable means for distinguishing these clades. Additionally, in contrast to swimming motility, twitching motility is only present in Clade-1 strains. Based on earlier work, the strains from these two clades also differ in their pathogenic mechanisms (presence/absence of Type III secretion system), production of biosurfactants, phenazines and siderophores, and several other genomic characteristics. Based on the evidence from different studies, we propose that the Clade-2 strains constitute a novel species for which the name Pseudomonas paraeruginosa is proposed. The type strain is NCTC 13628T (=PA7T=ATCC 9027T). The description of

 Pseudomonas aeruginosa

 is also emended to include information for different molecular markers specific for this species.