Research on the community impacts of natural disasters has yielded a wide variety of findings, but no coherent model of the process by which hazard agent characteristics produce physical and social impacts. This article summarizes the principal features of this process and describes the ways in which hazard mitigation and emergency preparedness practices can limit the physical impacts and the ways in which community recovery resources and extra-community assistance can reduce social impacts.


The invention relates to a driving fall-prevention mechanism for a three-dimensional parking device, which comprises a bottom layer platform, a frame arranged on the bottom layer platform, and an uploading undercarriage which is arranged on the frame and can move up and down, wherein the bottom layer platform is provided with a guide rail; the guide rail is provided with a downloading undercarriage which can slide along the guide rail; the downloading undercarriage is provided with an n-shaped fall-prevention rack; the frame is provided with a swayable swing link through a hinge shaft; the mounting position of the swing link satisfies the following condition: the top end of the swing link is positioned on the movement path line of the fall-prevention rack and the fall-prevention rack can touch the top end of the swing link when downloading undercarriage restores; the swing link is connected with a connecting rod; the other end of the connecting rod is connected with a fall-prevention hook which is arranged on the frame through the hinge shaft; and the uploading undercarriage is fixedly provided with a locking buckle which is used together with the fall-prevention hook. The driving fall-protection mechanism has the advantages of simple structure, safety, reliability, and small damage to the device when a fault happens, and can restore quickly after the fault happens.


Deficiencies of each of the micronutrients, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese, decreased the activity of FDP-aldolase (D-fructose-1,6-biphosphate D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-lyase (EC 126.96.36.199)) in leaves of radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. All Season). The depression in the enzyme activity was overcome when deficient plants were supplied normal levels of the micronutrient in short supply. The depression in the enzyme activity could not be attributed to decreased protein levels in the deficient plants. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed only one form of FDP-aldolase in All Season radish leaves. Deficiencies of iron, zinc, copper, or manganese resulted in the appearance of two forms of aldolase.


The invention discloses an intelligent watch for measuring the heart rate and blood oxygen. The intelligent watch comprises a processor, a blood oxygen sensor, a heat rate sensor, a step calculation sensor, a communication module and a display device. The blood oxygen sensor, the heat rate sensor, the step calculation sensor, the communication module and the display device are all connected with the processor. The blood oxygen sensor and the heat rate sensor are located on the back face of a watch body, the display device is located on the front face of the watch body, and the blood oxygen sensor and the heat rate sensor are arranged on the back face of the watch body and can be in direct contact with the arm skin. The intelligent watch has the advantages that blood oxygen, the heart rate and electrocardio data of a user can be measured, and the functions of step counting, positioning, elevation measurement, data uploading and the like can be further achieved; the intelligent watch is reasonable in structure and convenient to operate, and standing pressure is not needed in the measurement process.


Portable isotope-source energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers can provide rapid on site screening for heavy metals in soils. Their use generally involves empirical calibration to a suite of representative soil samples spiked with a range of concentrations of the analytes of interest. In most cases, only a limited number of analytes can be measured with this approach, because of constraints imposed by the operational software and costs associated with preparing the calibration suite. A simple approach is described that provides a qualitative indication of anomalous concentrations of heavy metals based on numeric comparison of gross count rates to background values. This approach can rapidly identify contaminated soils and does not depend on a suite of calibration samples. Direct measurements can be made to rapidly map soil contamination without sample collection, and the method can also be applied to other surfaces such as concrete.


In this paper, the supervised nonparametric classifier proposed by Skidmore and Turner (1988) is discussed. Because the notation in the Skidmore and Turner paper is enigmatic with a published erratum (Skidmore, 1989), the algorithm has been restated in a consolidated form. The computational efficiency of the original algorithm is improved.


Abstract : This paper considered the fairness of mutual exclusion elements, the most important building block for any arbiter, A probabilistic choice set model was introduced to capture the choice behavior of such elements. Using this model on infinite sequences we defined a probabilistic notion of fairness, and shown that mutual exclusion elements are fair in general, provided that a simple assumption about their probabilistic behavior is satisfied. (Any well-designed mutual exclusion element does satisfy the assumption.) We extended this result to establish the fairness of a wide class of arbiters including virtually all known non-prioritized multi-input designs. This essentially settles the weak fairness question for non-prioritized arbiters; in general such arbiters are fair in a sense that is very close to the standard notion of weak fairness.


We report on the utilization of Laser-Induced Breakdown
Spectroscopy (LIBS) for determination of elements of interest
in minerals. LIBS is a simple atomic emission spectroscopy
technique capable of real-time, essentially nondestructive
determination of the elemental composition of any substance
(solid, liquid, or gas). This technique is presently undergoing
rapid research and development among others as the method for
geochemical analysis. LIBS has attractive potential as the
field tool for rapid man-portable and/or stand-off chemical
analysis. In this work we focused on the determination of the
spatial distribution of precious metals (Pt, Ni, etc.) in the
ore cross-section. As reference techniques for LIBS, Energy
dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and TESCAN Integrated
Mineral Analyzer (TIMA) were utilized. For localization of
metal structures inside the mineral sample microCT system was
used. The advantages and disadvantages of combining LIBS with
microCT will be detailed.


This paper reports an experimental study on children's relative scope interpretation of negation and because-clauses. Conducting an experiment with a truth-value judgment task, we found that both children and adults exhibit a bias to interpret because-clauses outside of negation. This pattern contrasts with children's non-adult-like biases in negative sentences involving covert scope-shifting operations (e.g., QR, reconstruction), which have been extensively reported in the literature. Children's adult-like behavior in sentences with negation and because-clauses indicates that these non-adult-like biases cannot solely be attributed to difficulties with negation.


In this paper, the control strategy of this kind of motor is expounded in detail for the out rotor bearingless brushless DC motor applied in flywheel energy storage. Flywheel energy storage has two kinds of way of working as an energy storage device. When working in the charging state, the motor as the motor used; when working in the discharge state when the motor as a generator to use. The control method of the suspension winding is the same as that of the electric power generation because the motor uses a dual winding configuration. Then the mathematical model of the motor is deduced. The simulation system is built using the obtained mathematical model. The simulation of two different states of electric motor and electric generator is carried out. From the Simulation results, it was confirmed that the rotor shaft was stably suspended in the absence of mechanical contact. The proposed control method has been found to be suitable for achieving stable suspension of a rotor in a bearingless brushless DC motor.


We consider a model d-wave superconductor in which the Y 2±2 states have the highest transition temperature and the Y 2±1 states have a slightly lower transition temperature and show that this model has a nonuniform phase just below the upper critical field in a wide temperature range. The nonuniform state is due to the mixing between the Y 2,±2 state and the Y 2,±1 state under magnetic field and has a spatially oscillating order parameter like the Fulde-Ferrell state but has a different character from the Fulde-Ferrell state because this nonuniform state is induced by the orbital magnetic effect. The relevance of the model to a heavy Fermion superconductor UPd 2 Al 3 is mentioned.


Clash circuit is an important part of electricity and electron circuit,which has significant meaning for improving working environment of apparatus and raising the stability and the reliability of system.No source RDC clash circuit named power loss clash circuit,which has excellent effect but power loss,is used extensively for its simply structure.For the relation between the effect and loss of the RDC power clash circuit,some papers have not deeply and concretely discussed,but have little directorial meaning for actual work.For breaking away from the relational method of experience and experiment,this paper analyses it's working process according to the point of view energy and voltage under ideal conditions,under the condition of power apparatus in break and dredge clash circuit,we get the power loss of power apparatus and cushion circuit at every circuit parameter we also confirm the component and apparatus of clash circuit under expected cushion affection.


AbstractHead-mounted display (HMD)–based virtual reality (VR) applications can potentially facilitate various visualization-intensive tasks in the construction industry, such as design and construc...


Counters in the washing machine according to the invention, the rotating shaft through holes are formed beuwa; A drum rotatably disposed within the tub and; Having a rotating shaft for transmitting rotating force of the motor to the drum, at least a portion positioned in the axis of rotation through hole is characterized in that comprises a rotary shaft assembly having a rotating shaft and a through hole interval. According to the present invention, the transmission of vibration from the drum or the rotating shaft of the emitter assembly can be prevented unlike a conventional blower as much as possible.


The objective of our study was to forecast the banana production in the world and some countries and regions and provide basal data for the decision-making of banana production.The forecasting during 2011 to 2035 was given in detail.The banana production in different countries and regions were compared and the status and characteristics of banana production in China were discussed.Some suggestions on the strategies and measures for banana production in China were proposed.


Real-time multimedia communication over PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) or wireless channel requires video signals to be encoded at the bit rate well below 64 kbits/second. Most of the current works on such very low bit rate video coding are based on H.261 or H.263 scheme. The H.263 encoding scheme, for example, consists mainly of motion estimation and compensation, discrete cosine transform, and run and variable/fixed length coding. Vector quantization (VQ) is an efficient and alternative scheme for coding at very low bit rate. One such VQ code applied to video coding is interframe hierarchical vector quantization (IHVQ). One problem of IHVQ, and VQ in general, is the computational complexity due to codebook search. A number of techniques have been proposed to reduce the search time which include tree-structured VQ, finite-state VQ, cache VQ, and hashing based codebook reorganization. In this paper, we present an IHVQ code with a hashing based scheme to reorganize the codebook so that codebook search time, and thus encoding time, can be significantly reduced. We applied the algorithm to the same test environment as in H.263 and evaluated coding performance. It turned out that the performance of the proposed scheme is significantly better than that of IHVQ without hashed codebook. Also, the performance of the proposed scheme was comparable to and often better than that of the H.263, due mainly to hashing based reorganized codebook.


This paper gives a development of the basic theory of Regge poles. The goal has been to give a self-contained discussion which can be easily read without prior background knowledge of the subject. Emphasis is on physical ideas and experimental consequences rather than on rigor. The attempt has been made to state explicitly the underlying assumptions behind the Regge pole hypothesis .


Advances in the study of the staphylococcus and infections caused by this micro-organism include the development of biological and serological methods for differentiating various strains of staphylococci. Numerous investigators have concluded that the coagulase reaction is one of the most practical and simple methods for differentiating pathogenic from non-pathogenic strains (1 to 7). We have arrived at similar conclusions, but it should be emphasized that the use of the terms, "pathogenic", and "non-pathogenic", express only a relative relationship. As will be pointed out, non-pathogenic strains may in rare instances, cause serious and even fatal infections. The purpose of this report is to correlate the coagulase reaction with the resistance of staphylococci to the bactericidal action of human blood. This work is an outgrowth of a previous study in which it was shown that pathogenic strains of staphylococci were highly resistant to the antibacterial action of human bloods from healthy controls and from those recovering from severe staphylococcal infections (8). As far as we can ascertain from a review of the literature, no comprehensive reports are available concerning the relationship of coagulase production to the growth of staphylococci in human blood. In this connection, Thompson and Khorazo (9) stated that Type A strains of staphylococci grew better in human defibrinated blood than non-Type A strains.


Aim: Aqueous extract of the seed of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) is used in Nigerian alternative medicine for the treatment of high blood pressure. Therefore the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Sphenostylis stenocarpa seed extract on some electrolyte and lipid profiles of Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 wistar rats were used for this research. The rats were arranged in 4 groups and these groups had 3 subgroups containing 3 rats each. Varying doses of the aqueous extract of the Sphenostylis stenocarpa, were administered to the rats for a period of ten days and the biochemical parameters; cholesterol, triglycerides, sodium and potassium levels were determined. Results: There was a significant decrease p≤ 0.05 in the sodium (Na) concentration in the serum when compared to the control. Furthermore, the potassium (K) concentration in the serum of the Original Research Article Franca and Isioma; JAMPS, 14(4): 1-8, 2017; Article no.JAMPS.34369 2 experimental animals showed a significant p≤ 0.05increase. The study also showed that the aqueous extract of Sphenostylis stenocarpa had a lowering effect on the lipid profiles of the experimental rats. The highest decrease of cholesterol (2.11 ± 0.01 vs control 2.20 ± 0.12 mmol/l) was obtained on the tenth day with the highest dose of 3 ml of aqueous extract of Sphenostylis stenocarpa. Also the highest decrease in the level of triglyceride (0.40 ± 0.01 vs control 0.46 ± 0.11 mmol/l) was obtained at the tenth day with the highest dose of 3 ml of the extract. Conclusion: The lowering effect on the lipid profiles studied and the decrease in sodium Na+ and increase in K+ may be contributing to the reduction in high blood pressure in the individuals taking this aqueous extract.


The business of changing jobs is fraught with pitfalls for the unwary. The aim of this article is to provide you with some useful ideas when you next decide to plunge into the job market. A new job is not just an exciting challenge; it can mean a major change in lifestyle—so choose carefully.


Aim: This prospective study aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness of aetiological and risk factors as determinants of the health-seeking pattern of parents of children with epistaxis in a tertiary health institution. Materials and Methods: This was a 7-year cross-sectional prospective study where copies of the questionnaire were distributed to consenting parents whose children presented to our institution with epistaxis between January 2015 and December 2021. A total of 570 parents were enrolled in the study in the research time period. Results: Out of 570 patients, majority (39%) were aged between 11 and 15 years, followed by 35% aged between 6 and 10 years, 17% aged between 1 and 5 years and 11% aged between 16 and 18 years. Three hundred and eighty (66.67%) were male and 190 (33.33%) were female. Two hundred and ninety-five (51.75%) patients had primary education, followed by 189 (33.16%) patients with secondary education and 86 (15.09%) patients with preschool education. Three hundred and seventy-three (65.44%) patients had anterior bleeding and 107 (18.77%) patients had posterior bleeding while 90 (15.79%) patients had both anterior and posterior bleeding. The majority of the parents, 399 (70%), were aware about the epistaxis while 171 (30%) parents were unaware about the epistaxis. Conclusion: A significant number of parents are unaware of the epistaxis and also unaware of the various aetiological and risk factors of the epistaxis and these issues need a more nuanced analysis in light of Africa's rich cultural diversity.


The design and validation of a wireless monitoring system for dealing with wildlife road crossing problems is addressed. The wildlife detection procedure is based on the Doppler radar technology integrated in wireless sensor network devices. Such a solution tries to overcome the so-called habit effect arising with standard alert road-systems (e.g., static or flashing road signs) introducing the principle of real-time and event-based driver notification. To this end, the radar signal is locally processed by the wireless node to infer the target presence close to roadsides. In case of radar detection, the wireless node promptly transmits the collected information to the control unit, for data storage and further statistics. A prototype of the system has been deployed in a real test-site in Alps region for performance assessment. A selected set of preliminary results are here presented and discussed to show the capabilities of the proposed solution.


Objective Using dual nuclide renal dynamic imaging to evaluate renal function. Methods There were 13 normal subjects and 83 cases involved in this study, all of the study population were studied with dual nuclide renal dynamic imaging. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were analyzed. Results GFR of normal group was (130.35±18.71) mL/min, ERPF (600.86±123.44) mL/min, GFR/ERPF 0.225 7±0.055. GFR of bilateral kidney disease group was (49.71±32.79) mL/min, ERPF (214.34±145.25) mL/min, GFR/ERPF 0.248 1±0.095. GFR of left kidney disease was (98.76±21.19) mL/min, ERPF (433.45±168.10) mL/min, GFR/ERPF 0.257 7±0.109 3. GFR of right kidney disease was (107.55±23.61) mL/min, ERPF (418.45±121.79) mL/min, GFR/ERPF 0.266 8±0.050. GFR of transplanted kidney was (46.45±28.01) mL/min, ERPF (156.77±67.27) mL/min, GFR/ERPF 0.282 3±0.115 4. Conclusions Dual nuclide renal dynamic imaging can give the data of GFR and ERPF. It provides a good test for kidney function.


This paper compares the impact of financial development on economic growth in the Union Economique et Monetaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) and non‐UEMOA countries. It also examines the finance‐growth nexus before and after the formation of UEMOA, as well as the indirect effect of economic union on economic growth through the financial sector. The study reveals a significant difference in the finance‐growth nexus between UEMOA and non‐UEMOA countries. Specifically, financial development has a robust positive impact on growth in UEMOA countries, while the impact is tenuous in non‐UEMOA countries. However, we find no remarkable difference in the finance‐growth nexus before and after the formation of UEMOA. We also reveal that economic union has no robust indirect effect on economic growth via the financial sector. The economic implication is that UEMOA could have economic benefits, but financial development is not a channel through which it influences growth. Therefore, it is necessary to reposition the union so that it can enhance the impact of finance on growth.


Despite the fact that the greater part of ingredients, such as dairy products or alcoholic drinks, was known already in the Neolithic, food technology of the Bronze Age changed significantly. This ...


The sulfate-methane interface (SMI) is an important biogeochemical indication for the area with high methane flux and gas hydrate occurrence. The geochemistry analysis of sediments pore water in typical gas hydrate distribution area shows that the methane flux of upward diffusion in sediments can be controlled sulfate changes gradients of pore water and sulfate methane interface (SMI) depth in sediment, therefore, the change characteristic of sulfate and methane concentration above or below the SMI depth can be used to indicate methane flux below SMI in sediments, and determine the possibility of underlying gas hydrate occurrence. The Dongsha Area is in northeast continental slope of the South China Sea, developing the Southwest Taiwan Basin region. Variety of evidences for the existence of gas hydrate have been obtained in the Dongsha Area by years of research. In this paper 37 surface cores were collected in the Dongsha Area of northern South China Sea, and the change characteristics of SO4 and H2S concentrations of the pore water and CH4 concentration of the headspaces in the sediments were analysed. Further more, the SMI distribution characteristics were discussed and the methane fluxes were calculated using the sulfate change grades in the Dongsha Area of northern South China Sea. The results show that there are two gas hydrate potential area in the study area. One is the Haiyang-4 sedimentary body in the southern deep water area, and the other is the Jiulong Methane Reef in the northern shallow water area. The relatively shallow SMI distribution and high methane flux 3.8~5.9×10 mmol/(cm·a) are similar to geochemical characteristics in the world where the gas hydrate occurs in the Dongsha Area, northern South China Sea. It is considered that the high methane flux is most probably caused by the occurrence of gas hydrate deposit below the seafloor, and indicated that there are gas hydrate reservoirs underneath in the Dongsha Area, northern South China Sea.


This study in conducted in selected educational institutions in the state of Assam, considering the large amount of energy consumption in public establishments exceeding 20KW. With an addition of few high capacity of solar installation to an extent of even 5 MW, the load on the state supplied electricity will have a big relaxation. Replacement of conventional energy source by solar will also have the bigger social impact, with such pilot projects increasing the visibility of solar installations and knowledge of the importance of renewable energy among masses. A systematic cost benefit analysis with data from selected 12 institutions in Kamrup district of Assam is carried out to show the economic feasibility of such a project in replacing the existing source of state supplied electricity with a payback period of 5 years. Also a study to understand the challenges faced on ground are studied to come up with practical implementation strategies. The recommendations would be submitted to Assam Energy Development Authority to handle the problem of power deficit and action points to be adopted. A renewable source of energy like solar installation also ensures reduction in emission of pollutants and a sustainable source of power adding to infrastructure development.


Molecular orientation distributions in both the crystalline and amorphous regions of uniaxially oriented isotactic polypropylene (it.PP) films were determined by polarized Raman spectroscopy. By comparing polarized Raman scattering intensities of a highly oriented film for different polarization scattering geometries, the form of Raman tensor was determined for the Raman bands of it.PP. Orientation distribution coefficients, P l00, for the Raman bands were combined with the results of wide angle x‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and birefringence measurements in order to determine their tilt angle, Ω, which is the angle between the principal axis of a Raman tensor and the molecular chain axis. The angles, Ω, were determined for the first time for Raman bands assigned to both the crystalline and amorphous regions. It was shown that the molecular orientation distributions in the crystalline regions and in the amorphous regions can be determined fully by polarized Raman spectroscopy, once the tilt angle, Ω, was obtained first for a Raman band assigned to the crystalline regions only and then for one assigned to both the crystalline and amorphous regions. The study of uniaxially oriented it.PP films with different sample draw ratios (DR) revealed that the development of high molecular orientation in the crystalline regions took place up to DR=7.5. Compared to the crystalline regions, a lower degree of molecular orientation was observed in the amorphous regions, and there was a slight increase of molecular orientation above DR=7.5. Dedicated to Professor John L. Stanford on the occasion of his 60th birthday.


Animal models are essential for basic and clinical research on virus diseases. Humanized mice (mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic cells) have been effectively used for various virus studies as small animal models. Studies on human-tropic HIV-1 have also been performed using different humanized mouse models. Various humanized mice have been generated using distinct mouse strains and engraftment methods. These different techniques affect the reconstitution of human hematopoietic cells in individual mice, and in turn the HIV-1 replication in vivo. In this report, we describe the details of the generation method of humanized mice, i.e., severely immunodeficient mice (NSG mice) transplanted with human CD133-positive cells via intra-bone marrow injection (IBMI). It has been shown that the CD133-positive cells are highly capable to generate CD34-positive cells in vivo and IBMI is an excellent methodology for lymphoid and myeloid cell repopulation. In humanized mice transplanted with CD133-positive cells into the bone marrow, human lymphocytes were increased 3 months after the transplantation and a steady increase in CD4-positive cells was observed until 6–8 months after the transplantation. In order to test the utility of our system, CXCR4-tropic and CCR5-tropic HIV-1 clones were intraperitoneally inoculated into the resultant humanized mice 6–8 months after the transplantation. Upon inoculation at the same dose of viruses, the plasma viral load in CCR5-tropic HIV-1-inoculated mice peaked earlier than that in CXCR4-tropic HIV-1-inoculated mice (2–3 weeks vs 5–10 weeks post-inoculation). While a rapid decrease in CD4-positive cells was observed at the peak or prior to the peak of viremia for CXCR4-tropic HIV-1-inoculated mice, CD4-positive cells were gradually decreased in CCR5-tropic HIV-1-inoculated mice. Upon inoculation at the same dose of viruses, a Nef-deleted R5-tropic HIV-1 exhibited retarded growth kinetics in the inoculated mice compared to the parental virus (around 8 weeks vs 2–3 weeks post-inoculation), which appears to reflect the decrease in replication potential in primary cells. Taken all together, in addition to the humanized mice reported so far, our humanized mice generated by transplanting CD133-positive cells with the IBMI method would be an appropriate prototype model for understanding HIV-1 biology in vivo.


Personality disorders (categorical approach) and the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality (continuous trait approach) need to be reconciled over various PDs. This paper attempts to relate the FFM and-borderline personality across instruments. A sample of 246 (153 females and 93 males) participants responded to NEO-FFI, Big Five Mini-Markers, MCMI-III Borderline Scale and BPI-Cul-20. The correlations bolween NEO FFI and Mini Markers and their factor analysis provided concurrent validity evidence and constnlct validity across instnlments evidence respectively, for the FFM. The correlations between FFM scales and borderline personality yielded FFM Nellroticism as an important correlate. The strength of association was more for NEO-FFI N than Mini-Markers' emotional stability. Similar findings were obtained in canonical correlation analysis between sets of neuroticism and borderline personality (canonical correlation =.58). The obtained findings and their implications for further research and practitioners are discussed.


Effects of different Al contents (1%~9%) on the microstructure and properties of Mg-Al binary alloys were investigated. The results showed that when the Al content was less than 5%, the grain size of Mg-Al binary alloys decreased dramatically from 3 097 μm to 151 μm with increasing Al content, further addition of Al to 9% made the grain size decrease slowly to 111 μm. Secondary dendrite arms of α-Mg were also refined. Increasing Al content decreased the hot tearing susceptibility of Mg-Al binary alloys remarkably and enhanced the microhardness of α-Mg matrix.


A system for a baseband near field magnetic stripe data transmitter includes a mobile phone and a magnetic stripe transmission (MST) device. The mobile phone transmits a stream of pulses including magnetic stripe data of a payment card. The magnetic stripe transmission (MST) device includes a wave shaper, a driver and an induction device. The MST device receives the stream of pulses from the mobile phone, shapes and amplifies the received stream of pulses and generates and emits high energy magnetic pulses including the magnetic stripe data. The emitted high energy magnetic pulses are picked up remotely by a magnetic read head. The MST device shapes the stream of pulses to compensate for shielding, eddy current losses and limited inductance value of the magnetic read head.


"Preventive treatment" is a concept with which the Traditional Chinese Medicine constantly implies in the procession of treating diseases for two thousands years.The concept is significant on clinical practice of Traditional Chinese Medicine.The experts of Traditional Chinese Medicine pay more attention on the concept at the conference of Traditional Chinese Medicine in January 2007.Subsequently,some medical institutes have been set up to prevent diseases with effort of the national bureau of Traditional Chinese Medicine.It will produce an important effect on the prevention and treatment of diseases to advocate "preventive treatment".The authors reviews the theory and practice development of "preventive treatment".Furthermore,the authors sums up the innovation of "preventive treatment" on the practical application in medical field and expect to make people understand what is an ideal health care method.The concept of "preventive treatment" will lead the development of human health to right direction in the future.


A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and O are the currently known subtypes of HIV-1. The biology of these various subtypes may explain the variation in the mode of transmission of AIDS in different parts of the world. Max Essex and his group reported at the Eighth Annual Meeting of the National Cooperative Vaccine Development Group for AIDS during February 11-15 that, in purified epithelial Langerhans cells (LCs), subtype E virus grows better than subtype B. Essex also found that subtype C replicates well in LCs. These results were also recently described in Science. LCs are antigen-presenting cells found in epidermis and in oral and genital mucosal epithelium, but absent from rectal mucosa. Almost all HIV-1 in the US and Europe is subtype B, while non-B subtypes prevail in Asia and Africa. In Thailand, both B and E subtypes are found. Although the B subtype was known in Thailand before the E subtype, subtype E has overtaken B in prevalence, especially among those who contract it via vaginal intercourse. Previous work suggests that the heterosexual transmission of E is far more efficient than B, and the LC has long been suspected of being the cell through which vaginal infection occurs. Beatrice Hahn reported identifying hybrid HIV-1 strains in high-risk individuals in Asia and Africa, with many of the hybrids showing multiple crossovers in their genomes. The observed subtype mixing is most likely a recent result of the growth of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Most vaccines in development contain subtype B antigens. Non-B viruses, however, cause the overwhelming majority of HIV infections in Asia and Africa, and therefore the world. Vaccine trial host countries will clearly be interested in testing the vaccines which are most relevant to the greatest number of their citizens.


(57) Abstract: The present invention catalase, on the effects of these in the H 2 O 2 and H 2 other reactive oxygen species derived from the O 2 and the immune response of the plant.


Abstract MEMA'S HOUSE, MEXICO CITY: ON TRANSVESTITES, QUEENS, AND MACHOS. Prieur, Annick.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998, 293 pp. Reviewed by Joseph Carrier. FROM TOADS TO QUEENS: TRANSVESTISM IN A LATIN AMERICAN SETTING. Schifter, Jacobo. New York: The Haworth Press, Inc., 1999, 156 pp. Reviewed by Joseph Carrier. TRAVESTI: SEX, GENDER AND CULTURE AMONG BRAZILIAN TRANSGENDERED PROSTITUTES. Kulick, Don. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998, 269 pp. Reviewed by Joseph Carrier. DE LOS OTROS: INTIMACY AND HOMOSEXUALITY AMONG MEXICAN MEN. Carrier, Joseph. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995, 231 pp. Reviewed by Carter Wilson.


This paper takes advantages of the measurement of solar array that samples the signal of voltage and cur-rent continually during capacitor charging by solar array,combined with high-speed A/D sampling and data process-ing.This method can test I-V characteristic of solar array safely and high precision with low cost and small size.Fur-ther more,this method can be used in high-power solar array.This paper details architecture principles of this system and testing methods,and a solar array tester for practice is developing successfully.The experimental results show that the method meet the engineering requirements.


The Objective of this researh is to identify The Attitude and
Behavavior of the Student to protect the nature base on Islamic value at Several
Campus in Yogyakarta with factors influence. This Researh use descriptive
quantitative Methode with totats of 100 respondents are chosen by Purposive
technique. Data Analyze is conducted by Person Correlation, Coefisien Regresion,
Coefisien Determination and Hipotesis Test.
The Result of this research are: (1) The awarness of the student at
campus have negative corelation to attitude of the Student with person corelation -0,085 or 11,0 % and coefisien regresi -0,176. (2) The Belief of the student at campus
have positif corelation to attitude of the student with person corelation 0,110, or
and coefisien regresi 0,159 or 15,9% the the belief influenching the attitude of the
student at campus to protect the nature base in Islamic value. (3) The Atitude of
the student at campus have negatif corelation to behavior of the Student with
person corelation -0,074 or -7.4%, and coefisien regresi -0,020 atau sekitar -2 % the
Atitude influenching the Behavior of the Student at Campus to protect the nature
base in Islamic value


This papers discusses various numerical techniques for the simulation of strain localization based on the nonlocal damage theory. After a brief introduction into isotropic and anisotropic damage models and their nonlocal formulations, the properties of the consistent nonlocal tangent stiffness matrix are discussed, and its application in structural simulations is demonstrated. Mesh-adaptive techniques based on an error indicator and suitable mapping algorithms for internal variables are described. To improve the resolution of highly localized strain by the finite element method, special interpolation enrichment are proposed. All these developments are illustrated by examples.


In a multiproduct, discrete-item manufacturing environment, it is often more economical to have one "flexible" machine to produce several products rather than to have a dedicated machine for the production of each product. We consider the problem of scheduling multiple products on a single-finite-capacity resource when faced with product-dependent, but sequence-independent, changeover costs and times. The problem horizon is assumed finite and the demand time-varying and known over this horizon. The objective is to find a feasible schedule that meets all demand on time and minimizes the total changeover cost. With the "delivery-on-time-or-else" mentality and the trend toward shorter order-to-delivery lead times, scheduling and managing changeovers has become just that much more important. We first present analytical results to reduce the feasible solution space and then develop a branch-and-bound algorithm to solve this NP-complete problem. Computational results are presented that show that the algorithm can solve realistic size problems in a reasonable amount of time.


The study sought to find out whether Senior High School students in Kwabre East District make rational choices of academic programmes in school. The population of the study was all students in the six Senior High Schools in Kwabre East District. However, the Form 3 students were purposively sampled for the study. Stratified random sampling technique with proportional allocation was used to sample 331 Form 3 students from the various programmes in each school for the study. A self-made questionnaire was used to gather data from the 331 respondents. A total of 320 copies of the questionnaire were obtained from the respondents. Statistical Product for Service Solutions was used to analyze the data. Frequencies and percentages were analyzed to answer all the research questions.It was found out that generally Senior High School students in Kwabre East District make rational choices of their programmes of study. This is because most of them assessed their strengths and weaknesses and sought information on their programmes before choosing them. Again, most of them chose their programmes based on their abilities or interests. However, few of them sought counselling from qualified counsellors before choosing their programmes. It was recommended that school counsellors should reinforce students' rational programme choice behaviour by intensifying counselling in schools so that students will continue to make rational choices of programmes in school. Keywords: career choice, rational choice, academic programmes, Senior High Schools.


Open quantum walks (OQWs) describe a quantum walker on an underlying graph whose dynamics is purely driven by dissipation and decoherence. Mathematically, they are formulated as completely positive trace preserving (CPTP) maps on the space of density matrices for the walker on the graph. Any microscopically derived OQW must include the possibility of remaining on the same site on the graph when the map is applied. We extend the CPTP map to describe a lazy OQW. We derive a central limit theorem for lazy OQWs on a $d$-dimensional lattice, where the distribution converges to a Gaussian. We show that the properties of this Gaussian computed using conventional methods agree with the general formulas derived from our central limit theorem.


to Quantum Trajectories.- The Bohmian Route to the Hydrodynamic Equations.- The Phase Space Route to the Hydrodynamic Equations.- The Dynamics and Properties of Quantum Trajectories.- Function and Derivative Approximation on Unstructured Grids.- Applications of the Quantum Trajectory Method.- Adaptive Methods for Trajectory Dynamics.- Quantum Trajectories for Multidimensional Dynamics.- Approximations to the Quantum Force.- Derivative Propagation Along Quantum Trajectories.- Quantum Trajectories in Phase Space.- Mixed Quantum-Classical Dynamics.- Topics in Quantum Hydrodynamics: The Stress Tensor and Vorticity.- Quantum Trajectories for Stationary States.- Challenges and Opportunities.


In the 21 st century, sensors have become common and part of everyday life. Such as touch-sensitive cell phones, computer monitors, elevator buttons, lamps that automatically dim or brighten, and even cars that park themselves. In addition, there are many applications of sensors that are hidden but control many facets of modern life such as in cars, airplanes, medical imaging, satellite communications and navigation. This research effort examines three sensor types, their data, and how to integrate it with a single microcontroller to accomplish simple tasks – dimming a light, sounding an alarm and showing a temperature rise. Three sensor types were used in this effort. First, an ultrasonic sensor was used to measure the distance from an object. A temperature sensor was used for monitoring temperature change from a human touch. Third, a Light Depending Resistor (LDR) sensor was used to detect different levels of light in a room. The goal of this research was to make a smart device that can be used to solve simple problems. Further applications could be applied to perform tasks such as controlling the temperature of a room or controlling the level of water in a meter. Also, robotics could be improved by providing information about distance to an object. Many applications can be enhanced based on this research.


Summary.--The present study was designed to determine the effects that various cognicive strategies had on the tennis serves of advanced and beginning tennis players. 20 male and 20 female players of high and low ability performed a standard serving test under four different cognitive strategies in a 2 X 2 X 4 (sex by ability level by cognitive strategy) repeated-measures design. The four cognitive strategies included imagery, positive self-efficacy statements, attentional focus, and a control condition in which the subjects prepared as they normally would. The results showed that none of the cognitive strategies facilitated performance; only the main effect of ability reached significance. The lack of any significant cognicive strategy effects is discussed in terms of the nature of the task and the need to examine the possibility of prior training in using cognitive strategies.


A research and development program is described that reduced smoke emissions from the Allison T56 turbo prop gas turbine engine by up to 80 percent and reduced specific fuel consumption by up to 1 percent. The program included water tunnel, studies of the combustion system, combustion rig tests and operating engine tests both on the ground and in flight.


The sense of dynamic nature of a metabolic pathway, particularly in its steady state, is the most difficult to convey to the student. Such insights into metabolism have come from extensive and cumulative experimental data. These are not easily amenable to laboratory demonstrations. A working model is described here to illustrate metabolic concepts in a laboratory and to complement classroom teaching. © 2000 IUBMB. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


The system of coal mine rehabilitation bond is an effective economical measure that can protect mine environment and guard against geological disaster caused in exploiting mine following coal ecological compensation tax.But in Shaanxi this system is not perfect and fall short of marketing economy,which has many problems,such as incomplete marketability of both principal parts related with rehabilitation bond,low standard and weak consciousness of protecting environment,etc.Therefore it is suggested that the government should enhance supervision and punishment and strengthen market mechanism to let the third party rehabilitate coal mine environment.


Big data is a hot topic that is regularly discussed in the computer science field for the past year. Big data provides numerous benefits for the development of technologies, such as business intelligence and deep learning. Processing big data requires specialized tools and environment, ranging from a commodity-clustered workstation to high performance computing server, especially in big data clustering where unsupervised learning takes place. In this paper, we conduct time analysis of commodity-clustered workstation equipped with Spark as a baseline for multi-CPU big data clustering and TensorFlow installed in a high-performance computing workstation as a baseline for multi-GPU big data clustering. Based on the analysis, it shows that TensorFlow performs have around 5 to 12 times faster computation time than Spark.


Defending the proposed mental patient in civil commitment hearings forces the attorney to choose between two conflicting roles–-guardian ad litem versus adversary counsel. This article explores why the attorney must choose the adversary counsel position. In addition it lists a compilation of duties and responsibilities of counsel to assist him in his effective representation of the proposed mentally ill individual in civil commitment hearings.


Introduction. The family archive of the Kalmyk writer Mikhail V. Khoninov (1919–1981) contains unpublished works of various genres, both in the original and in translations. The latter comprise his satirical heritage represented by fables, feuilletons, apologues, couplets, quatrains, etc. Goals. The article introduces into scientific circulation Russian translations of some unpublished satirical poems and a feuilleton of the poet which for various reasons were never included in the author's lifetime books, nor printed in magazine and newspaper versions. Materials and methods. The study explores the satirist's fables and one feuilleton created in the 1970s and translated into Russian for a book in the Crocodile Library series. The historical literary, comparative, and descriptive methods made it possible to identify genre features, poetics of texts, and a tradition of laughter culture. Results. The analysis of the texts defines their satirical orientation characteristic of one part of the writer's artistic heritage, variability of plots and motifs, stable images, allegorism, and connection with contemporaneity. Conclusions. Russian translations of the fables ('Oh, Sanzhi ...', 'The Skillful Thief', 'Literary Horse Thief', 'Coryphaeus', 'Editing') and one feuilleton ('The Fraudsters') by A. Vnukov, L. Shereshevsky, A. Nikolaev, M. Semenov, and A. Krongauz demonstrate a variety of themes and characters addressed by the poet. The to be introduced unpublished fables and one feuilleton by M. Khoninov shall be instrumental in supplementing book editions, reconstructing a creative history of the poet's works and translation practices of ethnic poetry.


Cordless power tools 25 may be powered by batteries having a lithium-based chemistry, which require precise charging schemes and controlled discharge. A battery charger of the invention is operable to charge a first battery having a lithium-based chemistry and having a first nominal voltage in a nominal voltage range, and a second battery having a lithium-based chemistry and having a second nominal voltage outside the nominal voltage range. The batteries may have identification components having values representing battery voltage and chemistry, which the charger may identify. The charger may also monitor battery voltage during charging. The charger uses the identified battery voltage to select a battery voltage threshold for the charging function. Also claimed is a method of charging a first battery having a lithium-based chemistry and having a first nominal voltage in a nominal voltage range, and a second battery having a lithium-based chemistry and having a second nominal voltage outside the nominal voltage range.


Electric power networks are large and highly nonlinear dynamical systems that present unique challenges to control design. Though there is a large number of dynamic models for power system stability and control, many models are only useful with right assumptions and wrong for other tasks. Moreover, the dynamic behavior of the grid is increasingly complex under the banner of smart grids. These lead to the difficulty of developing appropriate dynamic modeling, and thus an efficient control strategy. To avoid such modeling challenges, this work presents a novel dynamic voltage control strategy based on a model-free control (MFC) approach, requiring no modeling procedure. In particular, it focuses on fault-induced delayed voltage recovery (FIDVR) events, which require complex and accurate dynamic load models to replicate such events. This work utilizes MFC as an online controller to achieve the desired voltage stability under the FIDVR event. The proposed MFC strategy allows simple implementation and low computational cost for efficient mitigation of FIDVR. For benchmarking, a reasonably accurate dynamic performance model is explored. Simulation results with the IEEE 57 bus test network demonstrate the enhanced dynamic voltage profile for load buses having induction motors with the support of reactive power resources.


This study was carried out to investigate the oil potential of peanuts for domestic and commercial uses. Peanut oil yield and the physico-chemical properties of extracted oil were investigated on different temperatures (50, 55, 60 and 65 °C) and sun drying. Results showed maximum oil yield of 47.2 % at sun drying and lowest values of 37.0 % at 65 °C. Highest and lowest acid values are 25.52 and 5.89 mg/KOH/g at 60 °C and 50 °C respectively. The Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content were obtained 12.76 and 2.94 mg/g at 60 °C and 50 °C, while saponification values were 61.71 and 32.25 mg/KOH/g at 60 °C and 50 °C respectively. The highest Peroxide value of 92 mg/KOH/g was recorded at 55 °C which dropped to 43.4 mg/KOH/g at 65 °C. Refractive index (RI) and density were not changed significantly (p≤0.05) on all temperatures, while pH was somewhat higher on 50 °C. The moisture content was found lowest up to 3.0 % on 65 °C while highest was 5 % on 50 °C.


We developed the self-propelling capsule endoscope (SPCE), a modified capsule endoscope that can be controlled from outside the patient's body and enables real-time observation. We tested retrograde colon capsule endoscopy with the SPCE in a human volunteer. We used the New MiniMermaid System (Mu Ltd., Shiga, Japan) reported previously. The SPCE was created by connecting a dedicated fin made of silicon resin (19 mm long) with a micro-magnet to the PillCam SB2 video capsule (Covidien, Dublin, Ireland). The length and width of the entire SPCE are 45 mm and 11 mm, respectively (Fig. 1). When the micro-magnet is placed in an alternating magnetic field, it vibrates. When the vibration is transmitted to the fin, it is converted to a propelling force if submerged in water. Three-dimensional control of the SPCE can be achieved (Video S1). In our experiment, an examiner controlled the SPCE with a dedicated controller while making observations using a real-time monitoring system (RAPID Access; Covidien). The subject, who was a 37-year-old healthy man, drank 2 L of a polyethylene glycol solution for bowel preparation. He was placed in the left lateral decubitus position, and we inserted the SPCE from his anus into the rectum. One liter of water was injected into the rectum using an enema catheter. The SPCE could swim smoothly (Video S2). We transported the SPCE to the descending colon by grasping it using endoscopic forceps because it had difficulty passing through the bend of the sigmoid colon. No concerns were noted while carrying out observation using the SPCE, although a small amount of residue was found in the colon. Through colonoscopy using the SPCE, we confirmed that it is possible for the SPCE to swim in the colon lumen in antegrade and retrograde directions, and the colonic mucosa was not damaged by the SPCE (Video S3). Authors declare no conflicts of interest for this article.


In this paper, an automatic algorithm for detecting the number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is presented from the AFB smear image on I and V-shaped colonies, by applying fuzzy Intuitionistic based on the auto-thresholding segmentation method. Acid-fast bacteria, hereinafter referred to as AFB, are a group of bacteria that have unique characteristics, namely that they can prevent acid decolorization during the staining process, so that when sputum preparations are given a blue color, the AFB will retain its red color. One of the main problems in detecting the number of bacteria based on AFB segmentation is due to differences in light intensity and contrast (due to different lighting distributions). This study aims to segment the AFB images data as a whole, without dividing 1 bacterium into several parts. The segmentation process uses the stages of patch preparation, mask preparation and UNet Architecture. In mask preparation process, it is compare 3 color threshold models (grayscale then black and white - Adaptive Histogram then black and white - Fuzzy Intuitionistic- then black and white), all three are then segmented using the UNet method. The novelty of this paper is the creation of an input image mask. In this research, an optimization method is used with a maximal entropy approach. The idea is to find the maximum degree of disorder by calculating the entropy on the modified input image matrix. From the experimental results, it was found that the method that has high accuracy in segmenting AFB on I and V-shaped colonie is the fuzzy intuitionistic method, with an accuracy rate of 94.78%.


The invention relates to the technical field of packing conveying equipment, in particular to a steering conveying system. The steering conveying system is characterized by comprising a packing material conveying line (1), a guide guardrail (2) and a steering mechanism (3), wherein the packing material conveying line (1) comprises a driving device, a conveying roller line and connecting side plates; the driving device is used for driving the conveying roller line to move; multiple conical power rollers are arranged in the middle of the conveying roller line, and the rest are common power rollers; the connecting side plates are positioned at the two sides of the conveying roller line; the guide guardrail (2) is positioned in front of the area of the conical power rollers, and is used for adjusting the position of a packing material; and the steering mechanism (3) is mounted on the connecting side plate at the side b of the packing material conveying line (1), and is positioned in the area of the conical power rollers. The steering conveying system has the beneficial effects of fully using the differential function of the conical rollers for realizing the steering of the packing material, designing an adjusting handle for conveniently adjusting and fixing the position and designing a spring buffer device for protecting the steering conveying system and the packing material from being intensely collided.


This study employs GARCH-ARJI and GARCH-CJ models to examine jump frequency and risk of Taiwan stock and foreign exchange markets during Asia Finance Crisis period. Empirical results show that the returns of Taiwan stock and foreign exchange markets exist jump behavior resulting from unexpected events, no matter which GARCH-ARJI and GARCH-CJ models applied. Second, this study finds that the GARCH-ARJI model better than GARCH-CJ model, using Schwarz Criterion and LR test. Finally, considering Asia Finance Crisis events in GARCH-ARJI-D model, the returns of Taiwan stock and foreign exchange markets also exist jump behavior resulting from unexpected events; and further, their jump risk and frequency have enhance during Asia Finance Crisis event. Furthermore, during Asia Finance Crisis period the jump-induced variances are higher than diffusion-induced variance except Taiwan stock index; and further, they increase 15% to 30% more than non-Asia Finance Crisis period.


WHEN the eye is struck by a nonpenetratinghydraulic forces generated are often sufficient to cause fracture of the thin orbital floor with herniation of the orbital contents into the maxillary sinus. This frequently occurs without fracture of the orbital rim. The thin posterior two thirds of the orbital floor which is further weakened by the passage of the infraorbital nerve and artery is the area of predilection for fracture (Fig 1). Edema and hemorrhage may compensate for the displaced tissue, and it may be only after the acute phase has subsided that the injury becomes apparent by enophthalmos and limitation of eye movement. By this time repair becomes difficult with complete correction often impossible. Consequently, every physician treating injuries of the face and eye, even the common black eye, should be aware of this problem. The prime disability that may occur as a result of the injury is to the


After the Second World War Italy�s international position was very weak, sharply contrasting her aspirations. For
a few years, Italy�s European choice was largely influenced by the belief that it would strengthen Italy�s
international status and would favour the revision of the peace treaty. Such a choice was also part of a wider
Western alignment which would offer the Italian moderate political forces a further boost to impose themselves
as the leaders of the country and to win the harsh contest with the powerful forces of the Left. The real turning
point in Italy�s European choice was the emerging functionalist approach advocated by Monnet, and the
launching of the Schuman Plan in 1950. While Italy was sceptical of the EDC, she could not contradict her
Europeanist commitment. Therefore in 1951, Prime Minister De Gasperi launched an ambitious scheme for a
European Political Community. This period can be regarded as the climax in both De Gasperi�s and Italy�s
federalist choice. Through the participation to the EEC, Italy experienced a process of economic and social
modernization that contributed to the radical transformation of the country. Later, in spite of these achievements,
Italy�s position in the integration process was severely hampered by her internal political and social crisis and by
the mid-70s she was perceived as one of the weakest links in the Western European system. In the 1980s Italy
experienced a period of apparent economic recovery, political stability and social modernization. The period
between 1992 and 1996 was characterised by a series of weak governments having as a main goal the recovery
of the Italian economic and financial system to comply with the demanding economic clauses of the Maastricht
Treaty. In this connection, Italy�s faithfulness to the European integration was a vital factor as the country�s
future was closely tied to the EU and its developments. The majority of the Italian public opinion was mobilized
through the catchword of �Italy must join Europe�, but some forms of euro-scepticism began to surface in the
centre-right parties. The European choice is still a paramount aspect of Italy�s foreign policy and the country�s
international role is still linked to the developments in the European construction.


the 1996 census) about 4 million individuals (2.55 million men and 1.4 million women) were eligible for statin therapy. With respect to the urban population growth from the 1996 to the 2011 census (about 2.5 percent increases) the number of individuals for receiving statin in-creased by 50% (5 million men and 3 million women). Also, the risk in non-diabetic men with calculated risk of 5-7.5% and diabetic women with calculated risk of <5% for hard CVD was lower than 0.2. By removing these people from total eligible population, the burden of statin therapy will reduced about 8% which is about 540.752 persons, ac-cording to the Census 1996 and 1.155.079 individuals based on the census 2011. Conclusion: The new guideline of ACC/AHA for statin therapy is relatively reasonable except for some subgroups. To reduce the burden of medical expenses, statin prescrip-tion can be ignored by physicians in these subgroups. Of course further research is re-quired to calculate the net benefit for estimating the clinical usefulness of statin therapy in recommended guideline subgroups. Abstract u s . a c . i r a t : I T on r A r il


The strong strain-rate dependence, neck propagation and craze evolution characterize the large plastic deformation and fracture behavior of polymer. In the latest study, Kobayashi, Tomii and Shizawa suggested the elastoviscoplastic constitutive equation based on craze evolution and annihilation and then applied it to the plane strain issue of polymer. In the previous study, the author applied their suggested elastoviscoplastic constitutive equation with craze effect to the three dimensional shell and then showed that the load displacement history was in good agreement with the experimental result including only microscopic crack such as crazes. For the future industrial applications, the macroscopic crack has to be taken into account. Thus, the main objective of this study is to propose the tensile softening equation and then add it to the elastoviscoplastic constitutive equation with craze effect so that the load displacement history can be roughly simulated during the macroscopic crack propagation. The tested material in this study is the elastomer blended polypropylene used in the interior and exterior of automobiles. First, the material properties are obtained based on the tensile test results at wide range of strain rates: 10 -4 -10 2 (1/sec). Next, the compact tension test is conducted and then the tensile softening parameters are fixed. Then, the dart impact test is carried out in order to obtain the load displacement history and also observe the macroscopic crack propagation at high strain rate. Finally, the fracture behavior is simulated and then compared with the experimental results. It is shown that the predictions of the constitutive equation with the proposed tensile softening equation are in good agreement with the experimental results for the future industrial applications.


We argue that the "reduced wave function", proposed recently [Phys.Rev.Lett. {\bf 75}, 2255 (1995)], contains conditional and restricted information on the reduced system. The concept of "reduced wave function" can thus not represent a relevant alternative to the common reduced dynamics methods.


AbstractWe explore the macroeconomic implications of the inverse relation-ship between firing costs and labor market tightness, evaluating its ef-fects on labor market performance in a matching model `alaMortensenand Pissarides (1994). Results are clear cut and generalizes our previ-ous work. First, different configurations of the labor market structurederiving from the optimal behavior of the economic agents give rise tomultiple equilibria: high average duration of unemployment will pro-duce a labor market with low flows and wage and high strictness ofemployment protection. Vice versa, short duration in the unemploy-ment status will produce high flows and wage and low level of firingcosts. Furthermore, the endogeneity of firing costs and the positive ex-ternality they produce in the market is able to modify the nature of thesteady state equilibrium. When the firing costs externality dominatesthe search costs externality, we show that the equilibrium is charac-terized by indeterminacy. Otherwise, when search costs are relevant,the equilibrium is a saddle point. Finally, endogenous firing costs alsoaffect the determination of the social optimum, since it requires to in-ternalize two kinds of externalities.Keywords: Firing Costs, Multiple Equilibria, Efficiency.JEL classification: J41, J63, J64.


Abstract : Providing security in embedded systems is in urgent needs while there are many challenges in both software and hardware sides that require further research to understand their implications. This paper discusses microarchitectural and compiler support to address a variety of vulnerabilities due to physical tampering, program behavior exploits, and digital rights management issues. We also advocate the need for protecting intellectual properties programmed in the growing number of FPGA-based embedded systems.


In r-neighbour bootstrap percolation on a graph G, a set of initially infected vertices A ⊂ V(G) is chosen independently at random, with density p, and new vertices are subsequently infected if they have at least r infected neighbours. The set A is said to percolate if eventually all vertices are infected. Our aim is to understand this process on the grid, [n]d, for arbitrary functions n = n(t), d = d(t) and r = r(t), as t → ∞. The main question is to determine the critical probability pc([n]d, r) at which percolation becomes likely, and to give bounds on the size of the critical window. In this paper we study this problem when r = 2, for all functions n and d satisfying d ≫ log n. The bootstrap process has been extensively studied on [n]d when d is a fixed constant and 2 ⩽ r ⩽ d, and in these cases pc([n]d, r) has recently been determined up to a factor of 1 + o(1) as n → ∞. At the other end of the scale, Balogh and Bollobás determined pc([2]d, 2) up to a constant factor, and Balogh, Bollobás and Morris determined pc([n]d, d) asymptotically if d ≥ (log log n)2+ϵ, and gave much sharper bounds for the hypercube. Here we prove the following result. Let λ be the smallest positive root of the equation \[\sum_{k=0}^\infty \frac{(-1)^k \lambda^k}{2^{k^2-k} k!} = 0,\] so λ ≈ 1.166. Then \[ \frac{16\lambda}{d^2} \biggl(1 + \frac{\log d}{\sqrt{d}} \biggr)\: 2^{-2\sqrt{d}} \leq p_c([2]^d,2) \leq \frac{16\lambda}{d^2} \biggl(1 + \frac{5(\log d)^2}{\sqrt{d}} \biggr) \: 2^{-2\sqrt{d}}\] if d is sufficiently large, and moreover \[p_c\bigl([n]^d,2 \bigr) = \bigl(4\lambda + o(1) \bigr) \biggl(\frac{n}{n-1} \biggr)^2 \, \frac{1}{d^2} \, 2^{-2\sqrt{d \log_2 n}}\] as d → ∞, for every function n = n(d) with d ≫ log n.


The increasing interest in the object tracking is motivated by a huge number of promising applications that can now be tackled in real-time applications. These applications include performance analysis, surveillance, video-indexing, smart interfaces, teleconferencing and video compression and so on. However, object tracking can be extremely complex and timeconsuming especially when it is done in outdoor environments. Here, we can mention some problems of object tracking in outdoor environments such as fake-motion background, illumination changes, shadows and presence of clutter. A variety of tracking algorithms have been proposed and implemented to overcome these difficulties. They can be roughly classified into two categories: deterministic methods and stochastic methods. Deterministic methods typically track the object by performing an iterative search for a similarity between the template image and the current one. The algorithms which utilize the deterministic method are background subtraction (Heikkila & Silven, 1999; Stauffer & Grimson, 1999; McIvor, 2000; Liu et al., 2001), inter-frame difference (Lipton et al., 1998; Collins et al., 2000), optical flow (Meyer et al., 1998), skin color extraction (Cho et al., 2001; Phung et al., 2003) and so on. On the other hand, the stochastic methods use the state space to model the underlying dynamics of the tracking system such as Kalman filter (Broida & Chellappa, 1986; Arulampalam et al., 2002) and particle filter (Isard & Black, 1998; Kitagawa, 1996; Gordon et al., 1993; Ristic et al., 2004). Kalman filter is a common approach for dealing with target tracking in the probabilistic framework. In a linear-Gaussian model with linear measurement, there is always only one mode in the posterior probability density function (pdf). The Kalman filter can be used to propagate and update the mean and covariance of the distribution of this model (Arulampalam et al., 2002). But it cannot resolve the tracking problem when the model is nonlinear and non-Gaussian (Tanizaki, 1987). For nonlinear or non-Gaussian problems, it is impossible to evaluate the distributions analytically and many algorithms have been proposed to approximate them. The extended Kalman filter can deal to this problem, but still has a problem when the nonlinearity and non-Gaussian cannot be approximated accurately. To overcome those problems, particle filter has been introduced by many researchers and become popular algorithm to estimate the problem of nonlinear and non-Gaussian estimation framework. The particle filter, also known as sequential Monte Carlo (Kitagawa, 1996), is the most popular approach which recursively constructs the posterior pdf of the state space using Monte Carlo integration. It approximates a posterior probability density of the state such as the object position by using samples or


ABSTRACT This article explores Christian–Muslim relations in East Asia during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries through a description of the lives and journeys of three Roman Catholics – Petro Kasui Kibe (Jesuit), Nicholas the Iruman (Augustinian), and Bento de Góis (Jesuit) – to predominantly Muslim lands. Their journeys display the different ways in which Christian–Muslim relations and communication were viewed at that time, and the varying levels of impact that inter-religious dialogue had. Kibe appears to have placed little importance on Christian–Muslim relations and his journey to Jerusalem remains little more than an interesting historical footnote. Nicholas played a background role in the tale of his superiors and travel partners who helped to establish European–Persian relations. And de Góis, through his journey and interactions with Muslims, was able to contribute to a paradigmal shift in European geographical knowledge that changed contemporary understandings of East Asia. The article illustrates that, although Christian–Muslim relations at that time took an array of forms and had a variety of results, episodes from the East Asian mission field that have often been overlooked were highly influential in shaping the early modern world on a regional and global level.


A general method for optical flow computation is presented that uses an affine model for the flow field. The method uses a hierarchy of filters and it is stable. It can work with or without stabilizers like smoothness terms. An extreme variety of filters can be used but we found the Gabor filters to be particularly good. Care has been taken to address the issue of the differentiation and preconditioning. The method was tested on real and synthetic images and compared with other methods. The performance was excellent for images with or without discontinuities, large or subpixel flow and rotating or dilating image sequences.


Chlorophyll a fluorescence has the potential to become a valuable ecotoxicological endpoint, which could be used with a range of aquatic phototrophs. Chlorophyll a fluorescence bioassays have been applied in the assessment of heavy metals, herbicides, petrochemicals and nutrients. The strengths of this endpoint are that it is rapid, non-invasive and non-destructive, while the major weakness is the lack of clear ecological relevance. We provide an overview of chlorophyll a fluorescence applications in ecotoxicology. We reviewed test conditions, parameters and protocols used to date and found standardised protocols to be lacking. The most favoured fluorescence parameters were maximum quantum yield (F v /F m) and effective quantum yield (ΦPSII); microalgae were the most widely used tested organism, herbicides the most commonly tested toxicant, while most studies lacked a summary statistic (such as EC50). We recommend that future research in aquatic chlorophyll a fluorescence ecotoxicology focus on standardisation of test protocols and statistical techniques.


We have previously shown that tonsil tissue both from children with tonsillar hypertrophy and recurrent tonsillitis is colonized and invaded by Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pyogenes group A. In order to evaluate if these bacteria are involved in the immunopathogenesis of these two conditions, tonsillar cells from both groups were stimulated in vitro with intact, heat-inactivated H. influenzae or S. pyogenes A. The immunoreactivity was evaluated by assessing the induction of cytokine production (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, TNF-β and IL-10), which was detected at the single-cell level. All cytokines studied except IL-4 were induced in both groups after stimulation with H. influenzae or S. pyogenes A. The dominating cytokines were IL-1β, IFN-γ and TNF-β. No major differences in the cytokine pattern or number of cytokine-producing cells were noticed between the two patient cohorts after H. influenzae stimulation. Activation by S. pyogenes A bacteria gave rise to higher frequencies of IFN-γ- and TNF-β-synthesizing cells in the recurrent tonsillitis group. The incidence of CD4-, CD8-positive T cells and CD40-positive B cells was comparable between the two groups while the MAC-387-positive macrophages were significantly higher in the recurrent tonsillitis groups. In conclusion, a Th1 type of cytokine response was found in both groups following stimulation with H. influenzae or S. pyogenes A.


Summary: Selected serum biochemical parameters and plasma oxidative status were evaluated in Lacaune ewes on a diet supplemented with extruded linseed, verbascoside and vitamin E. A 98 day-trial was conducted on 44 ewes and started 40 ± 2 days post partum. The animals were divided into four homogeneous groups of eleven animals each; one control group (CON) with a basal diet, and the other three experimental groups supplemented with extruded linseed (L group), extruded linseed-verbascoside (LVB group) and extruded linseed-verbascoside-vitamin E (LVBE group). All animals individually received an isoproteic and isoenergetic diet, consisting of 700g of concentrated feed and meadow hay ad libitum. Blood sampling of the ewes was performed three times: at the beginning (0 d), midway (49 d) and end of the trial (98 d). The following parameters were determined: triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), vitamin A and vitamin E. Dietary integration in the LVB and LVBE groups resulted in an improvement in the blood profile, characterized by a significant (P=0.001) increase in HDL cholesterol and a marked decrease in triglycerides (P=0.001), total cholesterol (P=0.017), LDL cholesterol (P=0.001) and bilirubin (P=0.035), due to the verbascoside supplementation. In the same groups, there was an increase in blood vitamin A (P=0.002) and vitamin E (P=0.001), and a reduction (P=0.001) in ROMs and TBARS, with an improved plasma oxidative status. The dietary vitamin E integration did not produce a significant improvement in the parameters studied, with no statistical differences between LVB and LVBE groups. Animal feed containing extruded flaxseed, might therefore benefit from the addition of a verbascoside supplement, because of the positive effect showed by this molecule on the blood parameters.


A sixty-eight-year-old man was in a motor vehicle accident and sustained a left hip fracture. He has no significant past medical history and presents in stable condition and has no wounds.


ABSTRACT Dynamic headspace (DHS), steam distillation (SD) and simultaneous distillation-solvent extraction (SDE) methods were compared as to recovery and other criteria in the isolation of propolis volatiles. Concentrates of these volatiles were analyzed by GC/MS. High yield, short experimental time, minimal solvent use for routine work, strong representative odor and small concentration factor proved the SDE as the most suitable method.


It will be provided to the manufacturing radiation hardened transistor devices based on graphene and / or carbon nanotubes and techniques. In one aspect, a method of manufacturing a radiation resistant transistor is provided. The method includes the following steps. A radiation-resistant substrate is provided. It is formed on the basis of carbon on the substrate a material with a portion of the material is based on carbon as a channel region of the transistor and serve other portions of the material based on carbon as the source and drain regions of the transistor. At the portions of the material on the basis of carbon, which serve as source and drain regions of the transistor, contacts are formed. Over the portion of the material on the basis of carbon, which serves as a channel region of the transistor, a gate dielectric is deposited. On said gate dielectric, a top-gate contact is formed.


Isoprene is the most abundant volatile organic compound in the atmosphere after methane. While gas-phase processes have been widely studied, the chemistry of isoprene in aqueous environments is less well known. Nevertheless, some experiments have reported unexpected reactivity at the air-water interface. In this work, we have carried out combined quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulations of isoprene at the air-water interface, as well as ab initio and density functional theory calculations on isoprene-water complexes. We report the first calculation of the thermodynamics of adsorption of isoprene at the water surface, examine how hydration influences its electronic properties and reactivity indices, and estimate the OH-initiated oxidation rate. Our study indicates that isoprene interacts with the water surface mainly through H-p bonding. This primary interaction mode produces strong fluctuations of the p and p* bond stabilities, and therefore of isoprene's chemical potential, nucleophilicity and ionization potential, anticipating significant dynamical effects on its reactivity at the air-water interface. Using data from the literature and free energies reported in our work, we have estimated the rate of the OH-initiated oxidation process at the air-water interface (5.0 x 1012 molecule·cm-3·s-1) to be about 7 orders of magnitude larger that the corresponding rate in gas-phase (8.2 x 105 molecule·cm-3·s-1). Atmospheric implications of this result are discussed.


So you got your new iPhone 5s? Are your Android or iPhone 5 friends teasing you for the wasteful purchase? These apps can help you. Load up any one of these and just ask, "Can your phone do that?". Here, I have discussed three games with spectacular...


Many factors affect how difficult a sentence is to read. Gibson (2006; 1998) proposed that people combine (a) context-dependent syntactic expectations (top–down statistical information) and (b) context-independent lexical-category frequencies of words (bottom–up statistical information) in order to resolve ambiguities in the lexical categories of words. It is well known that Garden Path (GP) sentences cause significantly longer reading time at the point of ambiguity. Similarly, Code-Switching (CS) in a sentence causes longer reading times, as words are easier to access in a context and code switching temporarily creates a change in lexical context. These phenomena can be used to explore how lexical access and sentence processing interact. I tested this with a self-paced reading (SPR) test of GP and CS sentences compared to a baseline, with an added test of balanced bilingualism in working memory. Will the code switch affect how fast the GP sentence is read and understood? A SPR-test with sentences presented in halves (pilot study, autumn 2014) found a significant main effect of GP (p<0.05) and a weakly significant CS effect (p<0.06). The interesting finding was that when the sentence was both GP and CS there was no additive effect and the combination was faster than the sum of GP and CS (p<0.15). The lack of extra processing time with the added difficulty was surprising: the sentence is not built up incrementally guided by the lexical content. Therefore, CS might even prepare the reparse of the sentence. New data from a word-by-word moving window SPR (jan 2016) shows the same result: RT = 459.2 ms + 16.1 ms (GP) + 15.2 ms (CS) – 19.4 ms (GP + CS). The new data collected confirm the interaction of CS and GP in a more detailed and controlled experiment. The new data collection also introduces a bilingual verbal memory task that will allow us to grade the level of bilingualism of our subjects. Language comprehension and processing depends in part on working memory capacity (Just and Carpenter, 1992), and first and second languages may differ in how efficiently they represent words. I developed a test that may detect an imbalance in workingmemory capacity between L1 and L2. The hypothesis is that when we get close to the working memory limit there will be differential effects for L1 and L2, and L2 will be both slower to decide and less accurate at the limit. Just and Carpenter (1992) allow for individual variance in verbal memory, and assert that


This article describes an efficient method for distalizing maxillary molars using fixed intra-arch Nickel Titanium open coil spring loaded appliance--the Modified Greenfield Appliance. After adequate space has been created, the Modified Nance Anchorage Appliance is cemented to prevent any loss of the gained space. The author's Case Study guides the reader step by step to a successful result of the difficult orthodontic case.


Recent measurements at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, appear to indicate a marked increase in the concentration of NO2 over that measured 11 years ago.


The mechanism and characteristics of acoustic emission(AE) signals in the cutting process of NC tool are investigated.Based on the technologies of wavelet decomposition and wavelet packet decomposition,the methods of monitoring the wear state of NC tools with the characteristics parameters of AE signals are presented.Applying the methods to sample signals,results show that the methods are feasible.


Chile's main electricity supply has been carried out until recently by two independent power systems: SING (northern) and SIC (central + southern). Now, both grids operate as one National Electric System (SEN), feeding a peak load of nearly 11GW. Conventional generation is performed through hydraulic units placed in the southern region and thermal power plants mainly located in the central and northern region. The highest concentrations of loads are located in the central zone, while in the northern region there is an important mining demand. The transmission network is composed of 500kV, 220kV and 154kV lines; mainly double circuit.


The E1Σ+–X1Σ+ system attributed to the SiO molecule has been obtained in absorption in flash discharges through SiH4 containing traces of oxygen. The region from 1 650 Å to 2 000 Å has been studied. The fifteen deepest vibrational levels of the E state have been analysed. The following molecular constants have been derived: T0 = 52 578.31 cm-1 ω'e = 675.52 cm-1 ω'eχ'e = 4.204 cm-1 B'e = 0.54727 cm-1 r'e = 1.7399 Å D'e = 1.43 × 10-6 cm-1


Highly-resolved data on water balance components (such as runoff or storage) are crucial to improve water management, for example, in drought or flood situations. As regional observations of these components cannot be acquired adequately, a feasible solution is to apply water balance models. We developed an innovative approach using the physically-based lumped-parameter water balance model BROOK90 (R version) integrated into a sensor network platform to derive daily water budget components for catchments in the Free State of Saxony. The model is not calibrated, but rather uses available information on soil, land use, and precipitation only. We applied the hydro response units (HRUs) approach for 6175 small and medium-sized catchments. For the evaluation, model output was cross-evaluated in ten selected head catchments in a low mountain range in Saxony. The mean values of Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) for the period 2005–2019 to these catchments are 0.63 and 0.75, for daily and monthly discharge simulations, respectively. The simulated evapotranspiration and soil wetness are in good agreement with the SMAP_L4_GPH product in April 2015–2018. The study can be enhanced by using different data platforms as well as available information on study sites.


there have been several experimental investigations in strengthening reinforced concrete members in torsion. However, available tools for torsion design of FRP plated reinforced concrete members are limited and unproven. A database of previous experimental data available in literature was compiled and compared against fib Bulletin 14. Modifications consistent with the space truss model were proposed to correct the poor accuracy in predictions of CFRP contribution to strength. Subsequently, a design tool consistent with several national design codes to analyze the full torsional capacity of CFRP plated reinforced concrete beams was validated against the experimental database.


ObjectiveTo investigate the pharmacognosy of Euchresta japonica Hook.f.ex Regel.MethodsTrait identification and microscopic identification were adopted.ResultsThe main trait identification and microscopic identification characteristics were obtained.ConclusionIt has obvious microscopic identification characteristics.


The aim of this paper is to offer some possible ways of solving linear equations, using manipulative tools, in which the "−" sign is found in front of an algebraic fraction which has a binomial as a numerator. It is used at 8 grade.


Abstract It has been traditional in meteorology to divide the velocity field up into rotational and divergent components, but not the geopotential field. Yet any balance condition, such as the geostrophic relation or linear balance equation, is a diagnostic relation which states that not only can the balanced velocity field be computed from the geopotential field, but also that the geopotential can be derived from the velocity field. If the latter approach is adopted, then the difference between the observed and computed geopotential is the quantity we refer to as the divergent, or in some cases, ageostrophic, geopotential. In fact, for any balance set of equations, it is essential to partition the geopotential in such a way in order to derive an equivalent set of momentum equations. The momentum equations equivalent to the linear balance set of equations are given. The linear balance equation is integrated to give a diagnostic relation between the rotational wind components and the gradient of the rotati...


The emulsifying properties of six commercial milk protein products were studied. The products were separated into one of two groups depending on whether they contained aggregated (micellar) casein or disordered protein (casein or whey protein). Disordered proteins had a greater emulsifying ability than aggregated proteins. Dispersion of aggregated protein in dissociating buffer improved the emulsifying ability. Comparison of emulsion properties in simple oil-in-water emulsions with those in a model coffee whitener formulation showed that the lower emulsifying ability of aggregated protein could be partially compensated by other ingredients.


Identifying the language of an unknown text is not a new problem but what is new is the task of identifying close languages. Malay and Indonesian as many other languages are very similar, and therefore it is a real difficulty to search, retrieve, classify, and above all translate texts written in one of the two languages. We have built a language identifier to determine whether the text is written in Malay or Indonesian which could be used in any similar situation. It uses the frequency and rank of trigrams of characters, the lists of exclusive words, and the format of numbers. The trigrams are derived from the most frequent words in each language. The current program contains as language models: Malay/Indonesian (661 trigrams), Dutch (826 trigrams), English (652 trigrams), French (579 trigrams), and German (482 trigrams). The trigrams of an unknown text are searched in each language model. The language of the input text is the language having the highest ratio in "number of shared trigrams / total number of trigrams" and "number of winner trigrams / number of shared trigrams". If the language found at trigram search level is 'Malay or Indonesian', the text is then scanned by searching the format of numbers and of some exclusive words.


Shopping statistics indicate that online shoppers prefer purchasing products using the desktop website of the retailer, rather than using the mobile website on a mobile phone to purchase products (mobile website purchasing). Therefore, using status quo bias theory, this study aims to investigate mobile website purchasing resistance of those customers using only desktop website purchasing.,To test the conceptual model an online questionnaire was used to collect data from customers purchasing products using only the desktop website on a computer (n = 484) and not the retailer's mobile website.,Due to cognitive dissonance, customers using only desktop purchasing trivialize mobile website purchasing perceived attractiveness while perceiving more cognitive effort in mobile website purchasing to maintain consonance with their inertia. Further, relative advantage perceptions of mobile website purchasing lead to more trivialization of mobile website purchasing attractiveness perceptions. Desktop purchasing inertia enhances resistance through alternative attractiveness and cognitive effort perceptions, respectively, and cognitive effort and alternative attractiveness perceptions in serial. Desktop purchasing habit has the strongest positive influence on desktop purchasing inertia.,This study was conducted in a high-involvement product context. Replication in a low-involvement product context is necessary to confirm the robustness of the results.,Retailers can use the findings to develop strategies to lower mobile website purchasing resistance in an online-mobile concurrent channel environment.,The study provides novel insights into mobile website purchasing resistance in an online-mobile concurrent channel environment. Further, the study addresses the gap in research on inertia and switching costs in the adoption of concurrent channels.


The publication of Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture by Brevard S. Childs (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1979) has produced considerable reaction. It has occasioned symposia both at professional meetings and in printed form and prompted longer than usual book reviews. The attention is merited because of the magnitude of the challenge it presents to the way the study of the Old Testament is commonly undertaken. Childs asserts,


This paper describes a two stage control system based on an optimal control system with the feedback of difference between the controlled plant output and the plant model output. It is combined a speed control system and a position control system. The speed control system controls the speed before a changeover point, and the position control system controls the position after the changeover point. To change the control system continually, the changeover point has to be determined pertinently. The position control system controls the position from changeover point to set-point, so that the overshoot is irrespective of the set-point. Although the two stage control system without the feedback of the difference between the controlled plant output and the plant model output is remained the steady-state error in the disturbance response, the proposed method does not have it.


Up to now, eighteen Target Ion Source Systems (TISSs) have been built and used for the production of radioactive ion beams on SPIRAL 1 facility, based on the IsotopeSeparator-On-Line (ISOL) method. The TISSs are composed of thick carbon targets and of fully permanentmagnet Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources (ECRISs) of the Nanogan III type. After irradiation and a decay period of two years, the irradiated TISSs are dismounted and if their magnetic fields are still suitable, the ECRIS are used with a new target. Thereby thirty-two runs have been performed using new or renewed TISSs. , After irradiation, the measured magnetic field sometimes reveals magnet damage. Our experience is reported here. In the second section, we present the progress on the NanoNaKE setup, which aims to extend the radioactive ion beams in SPIRAL 1 to the alkali elements, by connecting a surface-ionization source to the Nanogan III ECRIS via a compact 1+ ion beam line. The main issues and difficulties are discussed and the preliminary solutions are described. INTRODUCTION The use of high-energy fragmentation as well as the ISOL methods for exploring the structure of nuclei far from the stability has become one of the major activities at GANIL (Grand Accelerateur National d'Ions Lourds). The ISOL method, used in SPIRAL, provides radioactive ion beams, with subsequent acceleration by a K=265 cyclotron CIME, (Cyclotron d' Ions à Moyenne Energie). Three cyclotrons are used to produce the primary beam which bombards the target of the TISS (Figure 1) placed in a heavily shielded cave. Exotic nuclei produced by nuclear reactions are released from the high temperature target (2000°C), effuse through a cold transfer tube up to a multi-charged ECR ion source. After extraction from the ECRIS at low energy (≤ 34 q.keV), the beam of interest is selected by a magnetic spectrometer (m /Δm = 250) and injected into CIME. The exotic beams can be accelerated in an energy range of 1.7 to 25 MeV/u and, after extraction, the proper magnetic rigidity is selected by GANIL's modified alpha spectrometer and directed to one of the existing experimental areas. Two kinds of carbon target are used for the radioactive ion beam production, one dedicated to the production of He isotopes, the other to heavier gaseous element up to Krypton. The restriction to gaseous elements is provided by a cold transfer tube, situated between the target cavity and the source chamber. Available intensities are given on the GANIL web site [1] PERMANENT MAGNETS UNDER IRRADIATION Figure 1: angular distribution of neutrons downstream from the target The carbon target is placed close to the permanent magnets of the ion source (Nanogan III), which can then be damaged by neutron irradiation, leading to losses in axial and radial confinement of the source. For this reason, after a radioactive decay period of some years, the irradiated TISSs are placed in a glove box and dismounted. The target part is discarded as nuclear waste, and the magnetic field of the ion source is measured: if it is still acceptable, the ion source is reassembled with a new target. During recent years, magnetic measurements have revealed more and more damage. Among the eighteen TISSs constructed since 2001, two types of degradation have been observed: (a) Degradation of the injection magnet (close to the target): Figure 2 shows an example of the decrease of the axial magnetic field on the injection side, with no modification at the opposite (or extraction) side. Measurements all around the injection magnet (Figure 3) show an average loss of magnetic field of about 20%, with a maximum of 40% on the target side. MOPO-15 Proceedings of ECRIS08, Chicago, IL USA Radioactive Ion Beams


The feasibility and efficiency of wet-nanogrinding of three drug substances (miconazole, itraconazole, etravirine) with similar elastic and plastic properties proved to depend primarily on the adequate electrostatic and steric stabilization of the nanoparticles and the specific energy input. Particle stabilization was provided by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and hydroxypropylcellulose. The specific energy input was defined by the grinding time, grinding bead size, and stirrer tip speed. Miconazole and itraconazole exhibited similar milling behavior, whereas etravirine nanosuspensions revealed agglomerates and increasing viscosity with increasing specific energy input. Agglomeration and viscosity increase were successfully counteracted by increasing the SDS concentration in the nanosuspension from 0 to 0.125 %. Under the provision of proper particle stabilization, the three drug substances could be nanosized to a mean size of ∼ 130 nm, with 90 % of all particles being smaller than ∼ 250 nm.


Secular cycles are 2-3 century oscillations in population associated with periodic state breakdown. Turchin and Nefedov (2009) find two secular cycles in England: the Plantagenet (1150–1485) and Tudor-Stuart (1485–1730). This paper proposes modified dating for these cycles (1070–1485 and 1485–1690) and two adjacent cycles: Anglo-Saxon (ca. 880–1070) and mercantile (1690–undetermined). Several mathematical models for secular cycles were investigated for their ability to model trends in population, state strength, elite number and internal instability during the Plantagenet and Tudor-Stuart cycles with the modified dating. The demographic-fiscal model (Turchin 2003) uses just six adjustable parameters and gave as good a fit to the population data as a polynomial model with ten parameters. Sociopolitical instability has been proposed as the primary factor in delayed population recovery following secular decline. This did not seem to be the case for England, at least when instability was measured in terms of large-scale events. For such events the dominant pattern was the fathers and sons cycle, not the much longer secular cycle.