Mixed H₂/H ∞ robust control synthesis is considered for finite dimensional linear time-invariant systems under the presence of diagonal structured uncertainties. Such uncertainties arise for instance when there is real perturbation in the nominal model of the state space system or when modeling multiple (unstructured) uncertainty at different locations in the feedback loop. This synthesis problem is reduced to convex optimization problem over a bounded subset of matrices as well as diagonal matrix having certain structure. For computational purpose, this convex optimization problem is further reduced into Generalized Eigenvalue Minimization Problem where a powerful algorithm based on interior point method has been recently developed.


Daniel Guerin (1904-1988), a marxist intellectual and anarchist activist, is a central figure to understand some transformations of the social representations of homosexuality in France from the 1950s to the 1980s. Guerin embodies the passage of one universe of discourse (i.e patterns of communication) to another, from the Arcadian legalism to the revolutionary speech of the FHAR – in other words from discretion to politicization. He developed an original theory of homosexuality, referring to a primary bisexuality. His reflection on the social and historical transformations of the homosexual identity inscribed the question of sexual identities in a nominalist perspective. In the 1950s and 1960s, Guerin's writings dealt with the repression of homosexuality in France. He also gave his own analysis of the "sexual revolution" of the 1970s. His literary or public interventions, which form varied according to the contexts and times, encouraged the political demands of homosexuals, who were both stigmatized and repressed by the law and the police. Nevertheless, from the end of the 1970s to his death, he harshly criticized the progressive "essentialisation" of homosexuality, which was interpreted as a natural identity by activists.


The present study aims to reveal prospective teachers' cognitive structure about the Middle East through Word Association Technic (WAT). Research sample consisted of 420 prospective teachers studying at Omer Halisdemir University Education Faculty and Kilis 7 Aralik University Education Faculty. Data were collected through WAT. As result of WAT, frequency table including key concepts and answer words was prepared. According to this frequency table concept network were drawn by the researcher. Results indicated that the prospective teachers mostly associated the Middle East with oil and war. This finding is similar to previous studies conducted through prospective social studies teachers. Moreover perception of the Middle East among the participant prospective teachers varies between the universities. Prospective teachers from Omer Halisdemir University generally associate the Middle East with general words such as Saddam Hussain, Egypt, Turkey, weapon, Arab Spring, kingdom-sheikh while the participant prospective teachers from Kilis 7 Aralik University mostly associate the Middle East with death, massacre, bomb, rocket, poverty, section clashes, and dictator. In other words, it can be concluded that while the prospective teachers have general knowledge about the Middle East, the prospective teachers studying in Kilis 7 Aralik University have perception based on geography where they live, and experience that they underwent. This finding can be viewed as a proof that living place influence perception. Furthermore, it can be concluded that WAT is effective way in disclosing cognitive structure of individuals


Estimating weight based on 2D image is advantageous especially for contactless and rapid measurement. Several researches used additional thermal camera or Kinect camera, required subjects to do front and side pose and manually extract body measures. This research propose an algorithm to estimate body weight automatically using 2D visual image where subject only do front pose. This research studied 4 features of body measures which are: (F1) height, and width of (F2) shoulder, (F3) abdomen/waist plus arm, (F4) feet. Each feature was simply subtracted based on body proportion where normal body has 8 equal segments. Shoulder is in 2nd segment, abdomen/waist is in 4th segment and feet is in the last segment. Multiple Linear Regression is used to determine weight estimation formula of all combination of 4 features, 15 in total. The highest significance R2 (0.80) and RMSE 2.68 Kg is given when using all 4 features in the estimation formula.


Free space optical (FSO) communication involves the use of optical or laser beams to send the information through the atmosphere. The key towards our vision is the use of FSO technology which in contrast to traditional wireless of RF technologies has lower interference footprint, can support longer range and offers higher bandwidth. In this paper we review the recent advances made in the field of data security for the FSO link along with certain aspects of FSO which make this technology most secure than the other existing technologies and discuss future research direction needed to bring FSO to the realm of practice.


ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus (HSV) glycoproteins gE and gI form an immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc receptor (FcγR) that binds the Fc domain of human anti-HSV IgG and inhibits Fc-mediated immune functions in vitro. gE or gI deletion mutant viruses are avirulent, probably because gE and gI are also involved in cell-to-cell spread. In an effort to modify FcγR activity without affecting other gE functions, we constructed a mutant virus, NS-gE339, that has four amino acids inserted into gE within the domain homologous to mammalian IgG FcγRs. NS-gE339 expresses gE and gI, is FcγR−, and does not participate in antibody bipolar bridging since it does not block activities mediated by the Fc domain of anti-HSV IgG. In vivo studies were performed with mice because the HSV-1 FcγR does not bind murine IgG; therefore, the absence of an FcγR should not affect virulence in mice. NS-gE339 causes disease at the skin inoculation site comparably to wild-type and rescued viruses, indicating that the FcγR− mutant virus is pathogenic in animals. Mice were passively immunized with human anti-HSV IgG and then infected with mutant or wild-type virus. We postulated that the HSV-1 FcγR should protect wild-type virus from antibody attack. Human anti-HSV IgG greatly reduced viral titers and disease severity in NS-gE339-infected animals while having little effect on wild-type or rescued virus. We conclude that the HSV-1 FcγR enables the virus to evade antibody attack in vivo, which likely explains why antibodies are relatively ineffective against HSV infection.


Composition of a timer regulating temporal identity and fate of neural stem cells Neural stem cells often produce distinct neural progeny in an ordered temporal sequence during development, but the molecular composition of timers or clocks underlying temporal transitions of neural stem cell behavior have not been resolved. By examining a temporal lineage in the brainstem in which a defined population of neural stem cells sequentially generate motor neurons (MNs), serotonergic neurons (5HTNs) and oligodendrocyte precursors, we have characterized the activity of transcription factors and switch signals in this temporal patterning process. In my presentation I will provide evidence for a three-node timer network topology that determines the time period of MN-production and sets the time at which cells undergo a MN-to-5HTN fate switch. Brain development in health and disease Aberrant neuronal migration may result in devastating consequences, such as severe brain malformation, mental retardation, epileptic seizures and early death. Many of our studies have been devoted to a severe form of brain malformation, known as lissencephaly, which means "smooth brain ". Our presentation will be focused on new findings regarding the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of this disease.


During the summer of 2000 and 2002 (June–July) the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) was investigated by the Institute of Oceanology,Polish Academy of Sciences. CTD and current measurements by a vessel-mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) were performed along three transects perpendicular to the WSC main stream and covering the region from 76 ◦ 30 � Nt o 78 ◦ 20 � Na nd from 02 ◦ 30 � Et o 15 ◦ E. In general,the geostrophic,baroclinic flow patterns and the ADCP-measured currents were found to be in good agreement but measured current velocities were significantly higher than calculated values. This fact supports earlier observations that the barotropic component is dominant in the WSC. Since ADCP has a better spatial resolution than CTD records,the West Spitsbergen Current could be investigated and described in much greater detail than before. The main stream of Atlantic Water is topographically steered by the continental slope (isobars 800–2000 m) and the complex,multistream structure of the West Spitsbergen Current is clearly visible. The absolutely referenced total geostrophic transport is about three times higher than the estimated value assuming the level of no motion lies at 1000 m. The complete text of the paper is available in PDF format at http://www.iopan.gda.pl/ oceanologia/index.html


Settling solids upstream of a combined sewer overflow (CSO) have led to an undesirable odour issue in warm temperatures and elevated environment…


Abstract Some economic models like the cash-in-advance model of money, the overlapping generations model and a model of credit with limited commitment may have the property that the dynamical system characterizing equilibria in the model are multi-valued going forward in time, but single-valued going backward in time. Such models or dynamical systems are said to have backward dynamics. In such instances, what does it mean for a dynamical system (set-valued) to be chaotic? Furthermore, under what conditions are such dynamical systems chaotic? In this paper, I provide a definition of chaos that is in the spirit of Li and Yorke for a dynamical system with backward dynamics. I utilize the theory of inverse limits to provide sufficient conditions for such a dynamical system to be Li-Yorke chaotic.


The present, as a IT839 strategy, a field of information, electronics and communication is growing speedy and huge. For the rapid and accurate management of electric power network, we need to an electric power network system of ubiquitous environment based on IT technology. Moreover, we suggest effective management of electric power network. we have to fairly execute an estimate through rapid control and countermeasure. up to now, because KEPCO disappoint customer, it is necessary to improvement KEPCO's in quality of technology in this study. In this paper, we study a substation system perceived strange electric power by real-time using GIS Spatial analysis. At first, as to a extend of damage, we analyse a conditions, civilian list and restoration expenditure. Next step, we develop Electric Power Maintenance System(EPMS) which is simultaneously served maintenance team with an order using wireless communications in ubiquitous environment.


LEONARDO, Vol. 40, No. 5, pp. 460–461, 2007 ©2007 ISAST These two papers were originally given as presentations at the Refresh! First International Conference on the Histories of Media Art, Science and Technology, at the Banff New Media Institute in Banff, Canada, 30 September–1 October 2005. For the title of the event, the conference organizers clearly had in mind the multiple senses of the word "refresh." Refresh, as in the refresh rate of visual displays; refresh, as in recall and make new; refresh, then, as a way of understanding how we might retrieve the first generations of new media arts for archival, curatorial and scholarly purposes at a moment when, sadly, many of the pioneers—and even many of those who experienced their works when they were fresh— are dead or elderly. At the same time, how might we recover that freshness for a new generation of artists, scientists, technologists and audiences? That similar projects in new-media art history are under way in several countries through such well known agencies as ZKM in Karlsruhe, Germany and the Fondation Daniel Langlois in Montreal, Canada was an inspiration for the event. So, too, are the multiple projects under way in the United Kingdom, Sweden, New Zealand and elsewhere to archive, document and provide living histories of the first generation of film, video and television arts and artists. The challenges of this undertaking encompass issues of the instability of electronic media, not just as storage formats but also as machines that have staggeringly brief shelf lives compared with older mechanical media such as film or print. These challenges include the difficulties of restoration and emulation, as older works are migrated to new platforms, the response times and general look and feel of which are quite different from those of the original platforms. Emulations and reconstructions in particular ask us to consider not only such technical issues as the changing color gamuts of different systems but also the changing aesthetic and cultural landscapes inhabited by these pioneers: still in living memory, but colored by all the controversies that always surround remembering. The two essays in this sample reflect a particular set of emphases and methods. Ryszard Kluszczynski undertakes a historical survey of both familiar and (in the English-speaking world) unfamiliar exemplars of media arts practice, which he reads, as it were, in reverse, seeking among the earliest pioneers evidence of what he considers the most characteristic attribute of contemporary media arts: the social, collaborative and in many instances interactive quality of works that displace the Romantic and even Modernist concepts of the artist as sublime individual. In his essay, Chris Meigh-Andrews traces the history of the technical and artistic project of Peter Donebauer, a British pioneer of analog video synthesis who would later helm one of the country's leading independent television companies and who now is returning to art practice. Meigh-Andrews bases his research on extensive interviews with Donebauer, documentation and the background of his own use of the Videokalos synthesizer as an emergent artist in the 1980s. These modes of research share a concern for the continuities of media art history and in particular for the ways in which the recent past, which in its own way is an even stranger country than the deep reaches of history, can inform current and, more importantly, future creative and intellectual work. Each in its own way emphasizes the significance of sheer newness in artworks and art practices that at first glance from a contemporary eye seem either Special Section Introduction


Key goals in assuring information system quality are continual improvement of IT performance, to deliver optimum business value and ensure regulatory compliance. Practices that support these goals are strategic alignment, asset and resource management, investment and portfolio management, risk management and sustained operational excellence. These are all about governance. While most organizations select a specific framework and apply it on the existing architecture, this may hinder them in taking a more holistic approach to IT governance. This paper discusses governance reference model and frameworks, and proposes a holistic approach in which prerequisites for quality assurance are built-in into information system architecture.


Gene therapy holds potential for the treatment of geneti-cally-based diseases by the introduction of exogenous nucleic acids to alter existing protein expression profiles. [1] However, the development of delivery vehicles that can successfully and efficiently deliver gene therapeutics is a key technology required for widespread application of gene therapy. Non-viral gene delivery (NVGD) vehicles, including cationic polymers and lipids, offer several advantages to viral gene delivery, including lower immunogenicity and better safety profiles. However, the efficiency of NVGD is significantly lower than viral delivery. Therefore, methods to improve delivery to cells and intracellular transport to the nucleus are key aspects in the development of the next generation of NVGD carriers. [2,3] In this work


Goffinet et al. (1992) derived the limiting distribution of the likelihood ratio test statistic (LRTS) when testing between a normal distribution and a mixture of two normal distributions with known proportion p. This distribution depends discontinuously on values of p.. Simulations performed by the above authors have shown a very slow convergence towards the theoretical results in the case that p. is close to 0.5. In this paper we shall study the distribution of the LRTS for reasonable sample sizes, and give a heuristic explanation that accounts for the slow convergence.


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November 24 to 29, 2008, will mark the College of Family Physicians of Canada's (CFPC's) fifth annual Family Doctor Week in Canada—a special time set aside each year to recognize the achievements of the thousands of family physicians practising throughout our nation. In


An in-situ self-aware adaptive power control (APC) system is presented in this paper. This APC system consists of a voltage sensor, a variable threshold comparator, slack detection circuits and control signal generators to control a set of bi-directional shift registers. The values stored in bi-directional shift registers are used to control the status of multi-mode power gating network. This APC system can suppress power consumption aggressively under different operating speeds. A 16-bit multiplier is implemented as a test bench along with the APC system in UMC 90 nm CMOS technology. It exhibits more than 20% overall power reduction under the same speed criteria. The power and area overheads are only 3.64% and 7.36% respectively.


The paper presents the solution methodology of a multi-objective probabilistic fractional programming problem, where the parameters of the right hand side constraints follow Cauchy distribution. The proposed mathematical model can not be solved directly. The solution procedure is completed in three steps. In first step, multi-objective probabilistic fractional programming problem is converted to deterministic multi-objective fractional mathematical programming problem. In the second step, it is converted to its equivalent multi-objective mathematical programming problem. Finally, ε -constraint method is applied to find the best compromise solution. A numerical example and application are presented to demonstrate the procedure of proposed mathematical model.


This article deals with the question of what opportunities the modern hermeneutical philosophy gives for theming the nature of social cognition. The article deals with the question of what comes in place of the "model subject'' of the Cartesian type in modern philosophy, moreover, the question of how to solve the problem of the conditions of social cognition. It is revealed that modern hermeneutical philosophy allows going beyond the traditional conceptual framework in understanding the nature of social cognition and refer to it as a form of social practice that is associated with the translation and rationalization of meanings that constitute the essence of social matter. Within contemporary hermeneutic philosophy there is a transition from the "model of the subject'' of the Cartesian type to the "medial model'' of the subject. In modern communicative philosophy "subjectivity" and "consciousness" are not primary, subjectivity is de-transcendentalized. It is no longer interpreted as a necessary condition of being and knowing. Thinking is essentially connected with the social and cultural context it occurs in. In epistemological terms, this means that any theoretical activity is always marked by the situation in which it is performed. De-transcendentalization of subjectivity is accompanied by ontologization of the temporal dimension and the world of everyday practices. Different subjectless instances (tradition, life world, communicative community) come instead of the transcendental cogito. They form the medial dimension of our theoretical and practical experience. The specificity of these instances is that they, on the one hand, found our cognitive activity and shape our consciousness, but, on the other hand, they are also subject to change in the process of our historical practice. Language and communication are given the status of transcendental conditions, conditions necessary for cognition. This transcendental status has a pragmatic dimension, the language in its real communicative use. Language is the transcendental condition of the possibility of obtaining universally valid knowledge. Communication reveals structures that generate intersubjective significance of knowledge. Formal pragmatics shows that communication inherits claims that provide the rational basis of consensus. Transcendental pragmatics introduces the concept of "transcendental language game". Thus, it can be argued that the "communicative turn'' shifts the transcendental dimension. The instance providing universal validity of knowledge is language and communication. Significance of contemporary hermeneutics for methodology of social cognition is that it allows going beyond the traditional conceptual framework in understanding the nature of social cognition and presenting social cognition as a form of social practice that is associated with the translation and rationalization of meanings that constitute the essence of social matter.


High temperature ion implantation was investigated as a possible solution to reduce the thermal budget in doping processes. Pre‐doped Si and Ge 200 mm wafers were used as substrates for implantation of 33As and 5B. Different heating methods were used. This includes the use of thermal transfer from a hot plate on the backside of the wafer or the thermal energy deposited by a high current density beam. An appropriate model was used to evaluate the wafer temperature when a direct measurement was not possible. We studied the efficiency of different configurations to maximise the thermal transfer to the wafer. The maximum temperature reached on the implanted substrate was calculated at 550 °C. Four‐point resistivity measurements and spectroscopic ellipsometry were used to understand the influence of the in situ heating on the implanted materials properties. Interestingly, self‐annealing resulting in activation and consequent re‐crystallization is observed at a much lower temperature than what is usually requir...


OBJECTIVE
Stool samples sent to the parasitology laboratory for parasite examination were examined by the native-Lugol method and the samples sent with cellophane tape were examined microscopically for parasite examination. In addition, modified acid-fast and trichrome staining methods were used to identify protozoan.

METHODS
Stool samples sent to the parasitology laboratory for parasite examination were examined by the native-Lugol method and the samples sent with cellophane tape were examined microscopically for parasite examination. In addition, modified acid-fast and trichrome staining methods were used to identify protozoan.

RESULTS
Parasites were detected in 5.99% of 60.501 stool samples sent to the parasitology laboratory. Blastocystis spp. (57.62%) was detected with the highest rate among positive samples, followed by 31.93% Giardia intestinalis, 3.75% Entamoeba histolytica/dispar, 2.37% Hymenolepis nana, 1.57% Fasciola spp., 0.91% Taenia saginata, 0.72% Enterobius vermicularis, 0.52% Cryptosporidium spp., 0.42% Cyclospora cayetanensis, 0.19 Ascaris lumbricoides were detected.

CONCLUSION
Although the incidence of intestinal parasite infections in our study decreased over a ten-year period, it continues to maintain its importance. Therefore, to reduce the prevalence of intestinal parasites; It is important to safeguarding clean water resources, solve infrastructure problems, and inform the public about sanitation rules.


Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is a heterogeneous group of diseases of various etiologies based on the defeat of all components of the joint. OA is one of the main causes of disability in older people. To date, joint replacement is the most clinical and cost-effective method of the terminal stage treatment. The short and long-term success of total joint replacement is closely related to the accuracy of the prosthesis implantation. Published studies show that the accuracy of prosthesis implantation can be intraoperatively controlled by computed navigation and robotic systems better than by traditional methods. Methods In order to assess the clinical effectiveness of the technologies, we have conducted a literature search in the MEDLINE database. We included studies that reported a comparison of outcomes between conventional methods, computer navigation and robot-assisted surgery. Results The results of this literature review are based on six systematic reviews with meta-analyses (101 studies representing 482,367 cases) and one national joint replacement registry. The outcomes compared included Knee Society Score (KSS)-function, alignment correction, mechanical axis (varus and vagus deviance >3°), prosthesis positioning, soft tissues balancing and functional outcomes. Thus, the cumulative success rate in the computed navigation and robotic systems group was reported to be 86.7 percent, which is crucial considering its lowered rate of revision (3%), correct mechanical axis (≤3%) and functional status. Conclusions The literature review demonstrates a high potential of the computed navigation and robotics systems in the intraoperative monitoring of important surgical parameters for achieving the best intervention outcomes. All the clinical endpoints were significantly better by comparison with conventional method.


PURPOSE: To provide an improved electric heating device where a heat transfer efficiency is improved and operation costs are reduced in a cooking stove. CONSTITUTION: An electric heating device converts electrical energy to thermal energy by an electrical heating element. The generated electrical energy is transferred to a heat sink disk 18 by such material as aluminum nitride by heat conduction and is diffused to a heating region A1 from the heat sink disk 18 by heat conduction. The electrical heating element and the heat sink disk are protected by an electrically and thermally insulated insulation cake 20 and is supported by a dish 24 at the lower side of the heating region.


Response times to left and right directional street signs, embedded in photographic street scenes, were measured. Department of Transportation directional signs were photographically inserted on both the left and right side of the road. Both permissive and prohibitive street signs were used. The effect of field dependence, sex, street scene background complexity, and sign type were of interest. The street scene stimuli were presented briefly (180 ms) using a tachistoscope; subjects' verbal response times were measured. Mean response times for men and women did not differ significantly. Field dependence was significantly correlated with response time. Response times increased significantly as the street scene background was made more complex. Prohibitive word signs resulted in the fastest response times.


An artificial gizzard was developed to investigate the functional basis of the asymmetry of the gizzard muscles of herbivorous birds, such as the domestic goose ( Anser anser ). Two types of gizzard muscle morphology were modelled: asymmetric muscles that generated a translational movement; and symmetric muscles that generated a compressional movement. The extent of breakdown of grass in the artificial gizzard was estimated by measuring nitrogen loss from blades of wheat ( Triticum aestivum ). The effect of grit and its interaction with the two types of gizzard muscle movement were also explored. In the artificial gizzard, translational movements caused more damage to grass than compressional movements and the damaging effect of grit was greatest when there was a translational movement. This type of movement was found to be particularly important as it prepares plant material for subsequent processing by stripping the matrix cells from the fibre bundles. Without such preparation, the breakdown of grass is limited.


A series of five national instructor training institutes were planned for each of three emerging highway safety technician areas for which curriculum packages have been prepared (Driver Improvement Analysis; Driver License Examiner-Supervisor; and Traffic Record Analysis). Technical Education Research Centers and Dunlap & Associates collaborated to conduct the institutes from October 15 to December 14, 1973. The report contains detailed information on successful operation of Manpower Training Institutes for NHTSA.


It is necessary to monitor the system of the materials conduct and welded joints in service of power and processing plants in order to avoid damage and damage to equipment. Therefore, it is recommended to establish a system for monitoring of material conduct in long term service as a convenient method for continuously monitoring of the inevitable changes in material properties and damages. So, lets take timely measures for reliable, safe durable and economical plant operation. Maintenance of steam locomotives is a complex process and their boilers are exposed to elevated temperatures and pressures leading to premature degradation of the material. This paper describes the testing stress states of boiler steam locomotives wich is a long term exploatation of brown coal mine in Banovici.


An interesting problem concerning traffic noise measurements in town streets is how much the measured sound levels and more generally, the statistical noise distributions, are influenced by reflections from street buildings. These reflections build up a reverberant sound field in addition to the direct field from the vehicle sources. The amount of reverberation in a street depends on its size, the nature of the facades, the vegetation etc. In order to evaluate this an attempt is made to measure the reverberation times of town streets. /TRRL/


We present in this document a tool for automatic clustering of repositories of tagged media items (images, videos) and a 3D visualization interface to enable interactive browsing of repository contents based on the generated clusters.


The aim of the research was to analyze whether Hamburger strategy was effective to be used in teaching writing recount text at the first grade of MAN 4 Kediri. This research was quantitative research approach, whereas the research design used was posttest-only control-design. This research used two classes which became experimental group (X MIA 2) and control group (X MIA 1). In experimental group was taught by using Hmaburger strategy, whereas control group was taught without Hamburger strategy. The instruments used in the research was written test. The procedure lasted 6 meetings and 1 meeting to do test. The result of t-test showed that: the mean score of experimental group (M = 74.1) was higher than control group (M = 69.12), and independent-samples t-test which values of the sig. 2-tailed was 0.3% or 0.003 and 0.003 < 0,05. Thus, it could be concluded that Hamburger strategy was effective in teaching and learning of English writing recount text. This result suggests that the writing aspects which the students significantly outperformed were content, organization, vocabulary, language use, and mechanics. Key word: effectiveness, hamburger, recount text. INTRODUCTION Writing is one of the most important skills in learning English, which is close relationship with learning process. It is important for every student at each level. By writing, students can develop and express their ideas, feelings and thoughts. Almost every aspect of the students' life is carried out into writing forms such as doing assignments, reports, and even final exams. To write well, students should know the fundamentals of writing and its components. Providing students with the opportunity to engage a variety of writing experiences can enhance their ability to learn the subject matter of a course and to communicate their knowledge to others In addition, writing is the expression of idea, the conveying of a message to the reader, so the ideas themselves should arguably be seen as the most important aspect of the writing (Ur, 1991:163). It means that writing is a way to express/share thought and idea from the writer to the reader by a text. The writer also pays attention for the using of grammar, punctuation, and vocabulary when writing. Related to the concept above, there are some purposes that the students gain in writing. First, teaching writing reinforces the student's ability in grammatical structures, idioms, and vocabularies that the teacher has taught. Second, when the


Objective To understand the distribution of the behavior related risk factors for chronic diseases among residents of Anhui Province.Methods The method of four-step random sampling was adopted in 12 model cities and regions. This survey included the questionnaire investigation and health examination.Results The prevalence of risk factors for chronic diseases was high among adults of Anhui Province. The overall prevalence rates of smoking, passive smoking, lack of athletic sports, overweight and obesity at present were 31.9%, 56.8%, 83.7%, 28.0% and 8.5%, respectively. The rates of hypertension awareness and hypertension under control were 34.9% and 11.2% respectively. 22.0% rural residents ate pickles everyday. The rates of smoking and drinking among males were 62.7% and 79.0% respectively.Conclusions Healthy lifestyle, rational dietary pattern could reduce the risks of chronic diseases. The prevention education and intervention measures should be stressed in young people. We should intensify chronic diseases prevention and control.


The Monte Carlo technique of random sampling was reviewed in this work. It plays an important role in Statistical Mechanics as well as in scientific computation especially when problems have a vast phase space. The purpose of this paper is to review a general method, suitable to fast electronic computing machines, for calculating the properties of any system which may be considered as composed of interacting particles. Concepts such as phase transition, the Ising model,ergodicity, simple sampling, Metropolis algorithm, quantum Monte Carlo and Non-Boltzmann sampling were discussed. The applications of Monte Carlo method in other areas of study aside Statistical Physics werealso mentioned.


Background: Primary hypophysitis (PH) is most commonly treated with glucocorticoids. But there is considerable variation in the treatment regimens. Aims and Objectives: We aimed to compare the outcomes of therapeutic versus replacement glucocorticoid regimens in PH. Therapeutic regimen (TR) comprised oral prednisolone (1mg/kg/d) for 6-12 weeks followed by tapering. Replacement regimen (RR) comprised standard hydrocortisone. Response was defined as complete recovery of all pituitary axes, without any requirement of hormonal replacement. Results: Mean age of the cohort (n=30) was 37.8 ± 10.4 years with a female preponderance (79.3%). Response to glucocorticoids was present in 23.3% of the cohort, all on TR. There was no difference between responders and non-responders in terms of age, gender, duration of symptoms or follow-up (p>0.05). Headache was more frequent in responders than non-responders (100% vs 57.1%, p<0.05). Secondary hypocortisolism (100% vs 71.4%), hypothyroidism (71.4% vs 52.4%), hypogonadism (71.4% vs 42.8%), hyposomatotropism (57.1% vs 25%) and hyperprolactinemia (85.7 vs 57.1%) were more common among responders (p<0.05). Diabetes insipidus was not different (42.3% vs 38%, p=0.56). Pituitary enlargement (100% vs 76.2%) and absent posterior pituitary bright spot (PPBS) (71.4% vs 57.1%) were more frequent among responders (p<0.05). Asymmetric enlargement was more common in non-responders (23.8% vs 0, p<0.05). Stalk thickening (80.9% vs 85.7%) and T2 parasellar dark intensity (28.5% each) were not different (p>0.05). The mass regressed in 85.7% in responders and 57.1% of non-responders at a mean follow-up duration of 4.6 ± 2.7 years. Conclusion: Response in PH is optimal with TR. Multiple hormone deficiencies, hyperprolactinemia, symmetric pituitary enlargement and absent PPBS portend favourable response, whereas asymmetric pituitary enlargement is more common among non-responders.


Background. The incidence of type 2 diabetes is increasing in Ukraine and worldwide. The severity of this disease is determined by the number of complications, with lipid peroxidation (LPO) underlying. The aim of the study was to study the intensification of LPO and antioxidant systems (AOS) in 88 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and 50 people without the disease, depending on the duration of the illness and gander. Results. Our data indicate that the maximum intensification of LPO (blood levels of conjugated dienes and malondialdehyde) occurs within the first 5 years after diagnosis of T2DM. AOS activity (blood activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase and alfa-tocopherol blood level) reaches maximum values within the first 5 years of disease, and in 5–10 and more than 10 years significantly reduced at rather high intensity of LPO. Conclusions. Women with disease duration more than 10 years had significant reduction in the formation of malondialdehyde as compared to men, while dynamics of AOC activity did not significantly differ depending on the gender.


Synopsis An examination was made of urinary catecholamine and metabolite outputs in 28 unipolar depressed patients and 25 normal controls. The total group of depressed patients had significantly higher urinary outputs of norepinephrine (NE) and its metabolite normetanephrine (NM), and significantly lower urinary outputs of the dopamine metabolite dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), than controls. Patients who met DSM-III criteria for a major depressive episode with melancholia (N = 8) had significantly higher urinary outputs of normetanephrine than controls, whereas patients with a major depressive episode without melancholia (N = 7) and dysthymic disorder patients (N = 8) had levels comparable with controls. We postulate that the higher urinary outputs of norepinephrine and its metabolite, normetanephrine, reflect dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system in depression.


We examine the reliability of lattice energies (and by inference, intermolecular interaction energies) estimated from experimental electron densities. Based on the modest number of results published to date, lattice energies obtained in this fashion typically overestimate more reliable values, sometimes by hundreds of kJ mol−1. The causes of this behaviour are explored in detail, and include a misunderstanding of the contribution of the polarization energy, the failure to recognise the important link to a sublimation process, and the use of inappropriate atom–atom potentials to estimate dispersion and exchange-repulsion energies. It is hoped that this contribution will encourage further research of this nature, and a more critical evaluation of energies derived from high-quality diffraction experiments on molecular crystals.


Background. The aim was to systematically integrate the available evidence on psychosocial and demographic factors associated with response prediction to prophylactic lithium. Method. Each psychosocial or demographic variable that was related to lithium response in at least one study was examined with respect to response prediction. If several studies were located for the same variable results were integrated using a meta-analytical approach. To account for heterogeneity of primary studies aggregation of results was based on a random-effects model. Results. Out of 27 psychosocial and demographic variables investigated in this review, nine variables were identified as significantly related to outcome under to prophylactic lithium: (1) high social status, (2) social support, (3) good compliance, and (4) dominance may be protective against a recurrence under lithium. In contrast, (5) stress, (6) high expressed emotions, (7) neurotic personality traits, (8) unemployment, and (9) a high number of life events were identified as possible risk factors for poor response. Conclusions. This systematic review shows a surprisingly high number of psychosocial variables to be related to lithium response. Effect sizes were, however, small to moderate. Many variables should, therefore, be considered simultaneously to predict response.


The problem with this research is whether a display interface and quality of services to depend on the interest of the purchase by go-food application and is a display interface to depend on the quality of services to apliaksi go-food.The methodology used is primary data used for the withdrawal of the questionnaire and processed by using simple. linear regression analysis. The result of this research is the interface between the face of significant impact on buying interest on the application go-food, quality of services significant impact on buying interest on the application go-food and a display interface significant impact on quality of services on the application go-food.


Field studies were carried out during the April-November period of 2018-2019 in order to determine the phytophagous and predatory insect species living on ornamental trees and shrubs in Burdur city center parks. 15 parks located in the city center were chosen as the study area. The parks were visited three-four times throughout the year and specimens of insects and host plants were collected and brought to the laboratory for preparation and diagnosis. A total of 34 plant taxa were examined throughout the study. As a result, totally 55 phytophagous insect species were identified from three orders and 19 families [Pseudococcidae 1, Diaspididae 4, Marchalinidae 1, Tingidae 3, Psyllidae 2, Cicadellidae 3, Miridae 7, Lygaeidae 6, Coreidae 2, Rhapolidae 2, Pentatomidae 4, Cixidae 1 (Hemiptera), Apionidae 3, Chrysomelidae 4, Curculionidae 8, Malachiidae 1, Elateridae 1 (Coleoptera), Tortricidae 1, and Notodontidae 1 (Lepidoptera)]. Among them, the most common and abundant species was Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius, 1883) from the Marchalinidae family. We report Anthocomus equestris (Fabricius, 1781) from the Malachiidae family as a new record from Turkey. Totally 18 predator species were identified from seven families [Nabidae 1, Miridae 1, Anthocoridae 2, Coccinellidae 10, Cantharidae 2, Srypidae 1, and Forficulidae 1]. We identified 83 interactions between phytophagous insects and host plants, and 26 interactions among phytophagous insects, host plants, and predator species.


As is well known, the word "chromosphere" was coined to denote the bright, thin, colored ring seen as the solar limb was obscured by the Moon at the time of a total eclipse. This region of the Sun's atmosphere was found to be the source of many strong emission lines — the flash spectrum — some persisting to such heights as to leave no doubt that their cores originated quite high in the chromosphere. The presence of such an emission line region is not unexpected; however, what gives the solar chromosphere special interest is the fact that its observed spectroscopic properties cannot be explained on the basis that it is a simple extension of a "classical" atmosphere for which radiative, hydrostatic, and local thermodynamic equilibrium all apply. Thus, the height above the limb to which most eclipse lines persist is inconsistent with the predicted density scale height. The observation of neutral and ionized helium lines in the flash spectrum demands temperatures far in excess of those predicted for a radiative equilibrium model. Further difficulty is encountered in attempting to explain in classical terms the shapes and strengths of certain chromospheric lines in the disk spectrum, notably the self reversals in the cores of H and K. Such observations, coupled with the recognition that the coronal temperature is in the range of millions of degrees and the discovery of the peculiar inhomogeneities in the chromospheric gas, e.g., the spicules and the supergranular flow pattern and such transitory phenomena as surges, flares and prominences, all contributed to the recognition that the properties of the chromosphere are controlled by factors that lie outside the scope of a classical atmosphere. Thus, the partitioning of the Sun into photosphere, chromosphere, and corona is seen to be far more fundamental than the simple geometrical division based on eclipse observation. It appears that there are different mechanisms at work in these layers, especially in the way energy is transferred.


Classroom management and organization curricular responsibilities pastoral care making and managing resources assessment and record keeping supporting learning professional duties being an effective colleague taking up a new post professional development.


This resource is designed to support the Legend of Sugar Girl exhibit and upcoming events in the UFV Chilliwack library. Resources in this guide reflect themes from author Joseph Boyden's short story, which is available to read in the Chilliwack library.


This paper reports insights into the nature and practices of inclusive schools in India using a case study methodology. Being a signatory of the Salamanca Statement, the Government of India has undertaken to implement an inclusive system of education in schools. An initial survey conducted to identify sample inclusive schools showed that inclusive education is being adopted by many schools on a superficial level. In fact, it was found that the term 'inclusive school' was more of an ornamental name used to create an impression of inclusion. Deliberations with the managements and teachers of these schools revealed that the concept was being adopted and implemented in Indian mainstream schools albeit in the absence of any clearly defined ideas on the subject. An in-depth exploration was undertaken into the inclusive practices followed in two case-study schools. Interviews were conducted with the school heads, class teachers, students and their parents. This was accompanied by observations of the practices followed by the so-called inclusive schools. Data thus collected were analysed using qualitative analysis. Results of the study demonstrate lack of resources, infrastructure, teaching practices, curricular and co-curricular activities which if incorporated would actually bring about inclusive practices beneficial to students of diverse needs. The paper concludes with policy proposals with respect to a clear definition of the concept of inclusive education and the various provisions that should be made available in the inclusive schools.


Abstract The structure of an isolated Ag+(benzylamine) complex is investigated by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy complemented with quantum chemical calculations of candidate geometries and their vibrational spectra, aiming to ascertain the role of competing cation‐N and cation‐π interactions potentially offered by the polyfunctional ligand. The IRMPD spectrum has been recorded in the 800–1800 cm−1 fingerprint range using the IR free electron laser beamline coupled with an FT‐ICR mass spectrometer at the Centre Laser Infrarouge d'Orsay (CLIO). The resulting IRMPD pattern points toward a chelate coordination (N‐Ag+‐π) involving both the amino nitrogen atom and the aromatic π‐system of the phenyl ring. The gas‐phase reactivity of Ag+(benzylamine) with a neutral molecular ligand (L) possessing either an amino/aza functionality or an aryl group confirms N‐ and π‐binding affinity and suggests an augmented silver coordination in the product adduct ion Ag+(benzylamine)(L) .


The topic of beats is often discussed with reference to sound in high school or introductory college physics. Beats are easy to hear but a demonstration of a mechanical analog is rarely, if ever, presented. This paper describes a straightforward demonstration to produce low-frequency beats in a mechanical system. In this system, students can observe beats and the means by which they are created. This demonstration can also be adapted to the student laboratory where quantitative measurements are possible.


A composite masking system and method for improving the invisibility of high-definition video watermarking. The composite masking system includes a watermark generation module, a mask generation module, and watermark embedment means. The watermark generation module generates a basic watermark pattern using a private key, and generate a watermark pattern by repeatedly extending the basic watermark pattern. The mask generation module generates a Noise Visibility Function (NVF) mask using NVF masking means, an adaptive dithering mask using adaptive dithering masking means, and a contour mask using contour masking means. The watermark embedment means generates a composite mask by multiplying the NVF mask, the adaptive dithering mask and the contour mask together, multiplying the composite mask and the extended watermark pattern together, and embedding the result of the second multiplication in the luminance channel of an original image.


The purified technological parameters of polysaccharide extract from Lophatherum gracile Brongn was optimized, and its effect on athletic endurance was observed. The best type of macroporous resin was selected through performance comparison of static adsorption and elution experiments, then the effects of sample solution pH, sample concentration, loading speed, sample volume, volume fraction of eluent, dosage of eluent and flow rate of elution on the dynamic purification effect were analyzed. Meanwhile, purified product on the influence of athletic endurance of mice was investigated by loading swimming test and related biochemical index detection. The results showed that the optimum purification process parameters were as follows: The initial concentration of sample solution was 5 mg/mL, the sample volume was 60 mL with loading speed of 2.0 mL/min, the pH value of sample solution was 5.0, and the volume fraction of ethanol was 80%, the eluent volume was 160 mL with flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The purity of polysaccharide in product increased from 16.39% to 57.35%. Compared with the blank control group, the purified product groups at middle and high doses significantly prolonged exhaustive swimming time (P<0.05, P<0.01), enhanced activity of lactic dehydrogenase(P<0.05, P<0.01), decreased lactic acid and urea nitrogen content (P<0.05, P<0.01) after exercise. Therefore, polysaccharide of Lophatherum gracile Brongn. could preferably improve athletic endurance in body.


Uiaxial penetration test and direct shear test are used to evaluate the shear behavior of compacted loess under different water content and different dry weight density.Through massive analysis of test data,it is found that the values of c determined by uniaxial penetration test can be characterized to the cohesion of soil,but the values of φ determined by uniaxial penetration test can not be characterized to the internal friction angle.


Background:Patients admitted to the intensive care units (ICUs) are generally confined to bed, this leading to limited mobility. Because of this situation, patients may have detrimental effects on their different body systems. Early mobilization (EM) can prevent or reduce these effects and improve outcomes in critically ill patients (CIPs). Purpose:This study aims to assess the effect of early mobilization on nursing sensitive quality indicators among mechanically ventilated obese patients. Methods: A Quasi-experimental research design was utilized.Also, data was collected cross a period of 6 months from the intensive care units at the University Hospital. A convenient sample of 100 adults were divided randomly for both study and control groups (50 for each). Results:52% of control group suffered from ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) compared to 24% of study group with a high statistically significant difference at p value <0.01. 64% of control group suffered from decubitus ulcer compared to 36% of study group with slight significant difference at p value <0.05. While 32% of control group suffered from delirium compared to 18% of study group with a slight significant difference at p value <0.05. Length of stay (LOS) of control group was 13.96±4.62 days compared to 10.64±2.60 days of the study group. Conclusion:Based on the study findings, early mobilization decreasing occurrence of VAP, decubitus ulcer, delirium and length of stay at ICU. Also, early mobilization of obese mechanical ventilated patient (OMVPs) had positive effect on respiratory rate, heart rate, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure and O2 saturation.


Recent studies show a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in COPD patients. Optimal vitamin D levels may differ for different physiological processes. There is no current consensus on the optimal level for respiratory health and lung function.

Methods: Serum 25(OH)D in 426 COPD patients, GOLD stage II-IV, aged 40-76, from the Bergen COPD Cohort study, were determined by liquid chromatography double mass spectrometry. Examined explanatory variables were sex, age, body mass index (BMI), smoking habits, FEV1, exacerbation frequency, PaO2, respiratory symptoms, use of inhaled steroids, CRP, total white blood (WBC) count and seasonality. Vitamin D levels were categorised into 5 groups (A,B,C,D,E): A: <10ng/ml; B: 10-20ng/ml; C: 20-30ng/ml; D: 30-40ng/ml; and E: 40-52ng/ml. Associations were tested with chi-square and Kruskal Wallis.

Results: The prevalence of subjects in vitamin D categories, A to E, were 6.8%, 26.5%, 33.1%, 27.0%, and 6.6% respectively.

The percentage of daily smokers in group A through E: 58.6%, 53.1%, 39.7%, 38.3%, and 58.6% (p=0.046).

Mean FEV1 was 42%, 43%, 51%, 51%, and 56% in group A through E (p<0.001).

Resting PaO2 varied between 8.9kPa in group B to 9.7kPa in group E (p=0.008).

Mean WBC counts were 8.5, 8.3, 7.5, 7.6, and 7.1 in group A through E (p=0.017). In group A, 24.1% were obese compared with 3.6% in group E (p=0.14). 27.6% of subjects in group A had high exacerbation frequency (>2/year) compared with 13.5% in group C (p=0.21).

Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency (<20ng/ml) was common in COPD patients and significantly related to important disease phenotypes, but the critical cutoff level of vitamin D varied between the different respiratory health variables.


This paper presents a method of using pole analysis by HSPICE software to set the oscillator circuit parameter values.By using the relationship between the poles and system stability,combining with the oscillator work process,as long as the appropriate circuit parameters were selected for the circuit system to an appropriate pole position.The final transient simulation results for oscillator parameters will be ideal.This method has the advantage of avoiding the repeated transient simulation,and saving the transient simulation time.The pole analysis method can also be suitable for stability analysis of other complex circuit.


Austroads (2013) Guide to Traffic Management details warrants for the selection of turn treatments (i.e. basic, auxiliary lane and channelised) on the major road at unsignalised intersections. The methodology behind these warrants was first presented in Arndt & Troutbeck (2006) and is based on an economic comparison of the turn treatment upgrade cost and the relative crash benefits of an increased level of protection for turning vehicles. The use of these warrants for a number of years has inevitably led to queries regarding application in situations not explicitly discussed in Austroads (2013). Arising from these, the QLD Department of Transport and Main Roads (TMR) identified the need for additional warrants to address some of the more common queries. This paper provides a summary of the development of additional warrants for a range of situations and makes recommendations on these for inclusion in future versions of Austroads (2013). TMR has already adopted these warrants in the Road Planning and Design Manual (Transport and Main Roads 2014).


Overpack, a container of high-level radioactive waste for Japan's geological disposal program, is required to prevent the sealed vitrified waste from coming into contact with groundwater for 1,000 years. This means that the same duration and function arerequired for the weld joint between the body and lid of the overpack. The authors have initiated studies on a methodology evaluating the long-term integrity of the lid closure, including welding tests and non-destructive examination tests, and proposed a structural integrity evaluation model for the lid closure as a basis for fracture mechanics assessment. The model makes two main assumptions consistent with six prerequisites. Thisarticle examines the consistency of the mechanical strength of the lid closure (one of the two assumptions) with its prerequisites, through a review of the test results of corrosion behavior and numerical calculations of neutron irradiation embrittlement for weld joints. Furthermore, a comparison of the critical crack lengths at different penetration depths was conducted, and an estimation of the maximum tolerable flaw size, which serves as a form of an acceptance criterion after adding a safety factor for the size of the weld flaw, was made. Based on these results, the consistency of the proposed evaluation model was discussed and identified.


The purpose of this study was to explore how science docents developed their expertise in the context of situated learning where two experienced docents played roles of mentors. Two experienced docents as mentors and six participating docents as mentees interacted in the community to develop exhibition interpretation strategies to be more professional in interacting with visitors through the workshops developed by the researcher. To figure out how docents developed their expertise in exhibit interpretation, the researcher collected the data from docents through observation, artifacts, and interviews as well as surveys. The result of this study included that participating docents formed new perception about scientific inquiry as well as scientific literacy and they developed professional skills of planning, implementing, and reflecting of exhibition interpretation in the context of situated learning, where docents formed alliance one another. It is recognized that participating docents` passions to be professional in exhibition interpretation and two experienced docents` wills as mentors made dynamic interaction in pursuing the same aim of docents` expertise in exhibition interpretation.


Psalm cxliv, which according to many scholars is a "royal psalm," begins with a prayer for assistance in battle (verses 1-11) followed by a description of prosperity (verses 12-15). The combination of these two parts parallels several examples from Mesopotamian royal literature in which the king is depicted both as a heroic warrior and as a provider of prosperity. In light of the Mesopotamian parallels, Psalm cxliv is an expression of a similar Israelite royal ideology.


We are all, of course, constrained by the social structures that surround us, but this does not mean we are powerless to change them. Paradigms change for a number of reasons (for a more detailed explanation, readers are directed to Kuhn). Two processes that can effect change are challenge and debate. Medical Education should be praised for publishing papers that make us think. But it is incumbent on us as a community of educators to then do more. We need to reflect on what we do and, if it does not make sense, to challenge it. This process has already gained traction and there is appreciation of the fact that the randomised controlled trial may not necessarily represent the best way of evaluating many interventions in medical education. Undertaking such actions can be a lonely and even unrewarding venture that may sometimes resemble a fight between David (the challenger) and Goliath (the paradigm). Of course, structural changes are also required in terms of, for example, the endeavours that are rewarded in institutions, but we must also act as individuals. We owe this not only to ourselves, but also to our students.


River health has become one of hot topics on water issues in recent decades,and the corresponding evaluation index systems are becoming the objectives of river basin management in some countries and regions in the world.Most of the existing evaluation index systems on river health have not been widely used due to their complex and more professional indexes involved.The authors consider that some major evaluation/important indicators can be selected to show the status and developing tendency of river health.Around 150 research papers,documents and standards on river/river system health in 1972-2010 were reviewed,and 45 evaluation systems with 902 indicators were obtained.According to the river characteristics described in this study,the indicators were identified into four types: habitat physical index,water environmental index,biotic index and water utilization index.By the statistical method,the adopted number and the adopted rate for each indicator were calculated,and 26 indicators with higher adopted rate which can show the characteristics of river/river system from various aspects were selected as the candidates.Then,in order to make further selection of the more important,more universal,easily quantized and obtained ones from the above candidates,the methods of hierarchy analysis and correlation analysis of the indicators were used based on the conclusions of the relevant researches and the relevant concepts,and some of the candidates were incorporated into one if the means or characters of them were similar or overlapped or covered each other.Finally,8 indicators were determined as the major indicators for evaluating river health condition,which were: coverage rate of riparian vegetation,the changes of wetland extent,river continuity,the changing rate of water flow,the ratio of reaching water quality standard,fish index of biotic integrity,the ratio of water utilization and the coverage of natural vegetation in the watershed.


LDPC lattices were the first family of lattices that equipped with iterative decoding algorithms under which they perform very well in high dimensions. In this paper, we introduce quasi cyclic low density parity check (QC-LDPC) lattices as a special case of LDPC lattices with one binary QC-LDPC code as their underlying code. These lattices are obtained from Construction A of lattices providing us to encode them efficiently using shift registers. To benefit from an encoder with linear complexity in dimension of the lattice, we obtain the generator matrix of these lattices in "quasi cyclic" form. We provide a low-complexity decoding algorithm of QC-LDPC lattices based on sum product algorithm. To design lattice codes, QC-LDPC lattices are combined with nested lattice shaping that uses the Voronoi region of a sublattice for code shaping. The shaping gain and shaping loss of our lattice codes with dimensions $40$, $50$ and $60$ using an optimal quantizer, are presented. Consequently, we establish a family of lattice codes that perform practically close to the sphere bound.


AbstractThe effect of vibratory compaction on a sandy deposit was investigated using different types of in situ methods. An important objective was to determine the change in soil resistance and ho...


Different weed managements in coffee have led to structural changes, affecting the soil physical quality. Therefore, information on the load bearing capacity of the soil under different weed managements is essential to establish a sustainable soil management under coffee. The objectives of this study were to: (a) assess the influence of different weed managements over three decades on the load bearing capacity of a Dystroferric Red Latosol (LVdf) cultivated with coffee on the Epamig Farm in Sao Sebastiao do Paraiso, Minas Gerais State (Latitude de 20 o 55 ' 00 " S and Longitude 47 o 07 ' 10 " W); (b) determine the maximum stress (σmax) exerted by a tractor; (c) establish the critical water content (θcritica) for tractor traffic. The following weed managements were assessed: no weeding (SCAP); hand weeding (CAPM); post-emergence herbicide (HPOS); mowing (ROCA); rotary tiller (ENRT); tandem disk harrow (GRAD) and pre-emergence herbicide (HPRE). In each management system 15 undisturbed soil samples were collected randomly in the coffee inter-rows in the layers 0-3, 10-13 and 25-28 cm, totaling 315 soil samples. Additionally, 15 samples per layer were collected in a native forest (MATA). The equipment used in coffee management was coupled to a Valmet® model 68 tractor for coffee. To determine θcritica for tractor traffic, only the stress was considered that did not exceed the internal strength of the soil expressed as precompression stress. The undisturbed soil samples were used to determine precompression stress (σp) at different volumetric water contents (θ) and then bulk density (Bd). Disturbed samples were used to analyze particle size distribution, organic carbon (OC) and total oxides. Load bearing capacity (LBC) between precompression stress and volumetric water content was calculated (σp = 10(a+bq)) to assess the possible effects of weed management systems on soil structure. The maximum stress caused by the Valmet® tractor (inflation pressure of the front tires 6-16 of 172 kPa) was 220 kPa. The lowest critical water content was 0.27 cm3 cm-3 for the Dystroferric Red Latosol under no weeding in the 0-3 cm layer and the highest 0.48 cm3 cm-3 for the soil managed with pre-emergence herbicide in the 0-3 cm layer. The weed management with disk harrow and pre-emergence herbicide led to crusting on the soil surface and increased bulk density and precompression stress. The load bearing capacity of the soil under native forest was lower in the three layers studied compared to the soil under coffee and different weed managements. The different weed managements used in the interrows did not influence soil bulk density and organic carbon content of Latossol, in the 25-28 cm layer, compared to the soil under native forest (MATA).


Acousto Optic Tunable Filters (AOTFs) are solid-state, electronically addressable random-access optical pass-band filters, they are also inherently polarisation-selective. Devices with apertures larger than 10mm×10mm suitable for imaging applications are now routinely manufactured. The access time of less than 20μs gives rise to operational speeds significantly faster than is achievable with alternative technologies. These factors can be exploited to realise a polarimetric spectral-imaging system capable of flexible operation at high-speed. Additionally the band-sequential operation with the ability of random access can further increase the operational speed since it is not necessary to sweep continuously across the spectrum and so acquire unwanted data. The addition of further polarising components such as retardation plates further enhance the performance as a polarimeter, with the potential of acquiring the full Stokes parameters. By exploiting the undiffracted 0-order output an RGB image of the scene as viewed through a common objective may be captured, delivering a detailed real-time image to the operator. Any areas of interest identified by the HSI may be highlighted in false-colour on the display.


A structure theorem for regular pure projective modules over any associative ring with identity is given. This extends an earlier result for regular projective modules, which in turn extended a theorem of Kaplansky on the structure of projective modules over regular rings.


Birnbaum and Quispe-Torreblanca (2018) evaluated a set of six models developed under true-and-error theory against data in which people made choices in repeated gambles. They concluded the three models based on expected utility theory were inadequate accounts of the behavioral data, and argued in favor of the simplest of the remaining three more general models. To reach these conclusions, they used non-Bayesian statistical methods: frequentist point estimation of parameters, bootstrapped confidence intervals of parameters, and null hypothesis significance testing of models. We address the same research goals, based on the same models and the same data, using Bayesian methods. We implement the models as graphical models in JAGS to allow for computational Bayesian analysis. Our results are based on posterior distribution of parameters, posterior predictive checks of descriptive adequacy, and Bayes factors for model comparison. We compare the Bayesian results with those of Birnbaum and Quispe-Torreblanca (2018). We conclude that, while the very general conclusions of the two approaches agree, the Bayesian approach offers better detailed answers, especially for the key question of the evidence the data provide for and against the competing models. Finally, we discuss the conceptual and practical advantages of using Bayesian methods in judgment and decision making research highlighted by this case study.


1. Howard CS, Teitelbaum I. Renal replacement therapy in patients with chronic liver disease. Semin Dial 2005; 18:212–16. 2. Arbeiter AK, Kranz B, Wingen AM, Bonzel KE, Dohna– Schwake C, Hanssler L, et al. Continuous venovenous haemodialysis (CVVHD) and continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD) in the acute management of 21 children with inborn errors of metabolism. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:1257–65. 3. Batshaw ML, Brusilow SW. Treatment of hyperammonemic coma caused by inborn errors of urea synthesis. J Pediatr 1980; 97:893–900. 4. Selgas R, Bajo MA, Del Peso G, Sanchez–Villanueva R, Gonzalez E, Romero S, et al. Peritoneal dialysis in the comprehensive management of end-stage renal disease patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites: practical aspects and review of the literature. Perit Dial Int 2008; 28:118–22. 5. Afsar B, Elsurer R, Bilgic A, Sezer S, Ozdemir F. Regular lactulose use is associated with lower peritonitis rates: an observational study. Perit Dial Int 2010; 30:243–6. 6. Chaudhary K, Khanna R. Renal replacement therapy in end-stage renal disease patients with chronic liver disease and ascites: role of peritoneal dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2008;28:113–17. 7. Morgan AG, Terry SI. Impaired peritoneal fluid drainage in nephrogenic ascites. clin Nephrol 1981; 15:61–5. 8. Tarao K, So K, Moroi T, Ikeuchi T, Suyama T. Detection of endotoxin in plasma and ascitic fluid of patients with cirrhosis: its clinical significance. Gastroenterology 1977; 73:539–42. doi:10.3747/pdi.2011.00271 Diagnosis of Aspergillus niger Peritonitis in a Peritoneal Dialysis Patient by Peritoneal Galactomannan and β-d-Glucan Detection


Multi-electrode arc welding method is applied to the high speed one-side welding of 1mm thick SUS 304 sheets.Under welding speed lower than 6.5m/min, fine one-side welding joints are obtained by setting the final preheating electrode close to the penetration bead forming electrode so that the arc blow occurs by magnetic interaction between double electrodes. But, stable penetration bead can not be formed by the same condition under higher welding speed. So, in the case of very high speed one-side welding, by setting the distance between both electrodes about 50mm and forming the final preheating bead to gouging type, favorable welding results are established.


An Experimental investigation was carried out of the properties of quenched and tempered steel 42CrMo subjected to proportional cyclic loadings and biaxially nonproportional circular strain paths. The corresponding angles,θ1 between plastic strain rate and deviatoric stress and θ2 between plastic strain rate and deviatoric stress rate, and the plastic modulus fluctuate periodically in a cycle, and their fluctuating amplitudes decrease significantly with increasing equivalent strain amplitude under circular strain paths. At the same equivalent strain amplitude, the average plastic modulus under circular strain path is more than the modulus under torsional cycling, and the difference of them is larger with the smaller equivalent strain amplitude. At small equivalent strain amplitude , the equivalence between the response of equivalent shear strain and the one of axial strain is very poor.


With the continuous increase in network capacities, video transmissions in medicine are becoming an effective tool for second-opinion diagnosis, archiving and teaching environments. This study investigates video compression delay times and transmission impairments for different compression formats and describes the resulting picture qualities. For the evaluation, endoscopic video sequences were produced with different compression formats and bandwidth requirements. In a second step, an impairment tool was used to introduce error rates to the video material to simulate network behavior. A group of medical experts evaluated the video sequences, rating the visibility of errors, artifacts, sharpness, overall picture quality and suitability for medical diagnosis. The results clearly establish lower bounds for picture quality deteriorated by compression and network impairments, and introduce limits for medical assessments.


The semeiology's effect on the design of the product interface is labored according to the origin of the semeiology. This paper research on Industrial Design Materials with Effect of Symbol on Product Interface Design. From lots of points of view, which are including graph, character, sound, material, color and so on, the semeiology's effect on the design of the product interface is stated in the article.


Abstract: The androgen milieu plays an important role in the control of immunity, and melatonin (MLT) is known to modulate the immune response as well. Our recent studies have focused on the role of MLT in controlling androgen secretion from rat testis. The presence of MLT receptors, their modulation, and the effect of MLT on steroidogenesis have been studied on Percoll‐purified rat Leydig cells (LCs) cultured in vitro. MLT receptors present in adult rat LCs (Bmax= 46.7 ± 3.5 fmol/mg protein; Kd= 88.7 ± 6.2 pmol/l) are coupled through a pertussis toxin‐sensitive G‐protein and are downregulated by prolonged exposure to MLT itself. When acutely added for three hours, MLT (0.4‐400 nM) inhibits T secretion in response to LH, forskolin, and GnRH, but sensitizes cAMP‐dependent T secretion when present in the preincubation media (16 h). The acute inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and the block of 17‐20‐desmolase (with increased 17‐OH‐progesterone) and of calcium release from the intracellular stores, followed by sensitization of the adenylyl cyclase activity in the long term, are described as mechanisms of MLT action. Ultimately, our studies suggest that MLT is likely to control the immune response not only through its direct effects, but also by finely modulating the androgen milieu.


In this paper, the influence of packaging on the high speed performance of photodetector (PD) is systematically and comprehensively studied. Combined with the equivalent circuit, the RF attenuation induced by packaging in PD module is investigated in detail. The microwave transmission performance of the PD module has been analyzed and optimized in three regions: the RF substrate, the connection between the coaxial connector and the substrate, and the parasitic parameters introduced by packaging. With the optimized scheme, a packaged PD module with a 3dB bandwidth of 23GHz is fabricated and its bandwidth has no degradation compared to the photodiode chip. The results indicate that the performance of the PD module can be compensated by optimizing the packaging design and the optimized scheme can be used for PD module which has a higher response speed.


The automotive repair industry was perceived by the American customers as an industry with high cost and low customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the level of total quality management (TQM) implementation and the level of customer satisfaction in the general automotive repair shops in Iowa. This information promised to enable the general automotive repair shops to increase service quality and customer satisfaction. A Total Quality System Implementation Assessment Instrument (TQSIAI) with 35 items was developed to measure the level of TQM implementation in the general automotive repair shops. A Customer Satisfaction Assessment Instrument (CS AI) with 25 items was developed to measure the level of satisfaction regarding the customers' automotive repair experience. A census of 834 Iowa general automotive repair shop service managers was conducted. Each service manager was asked to select ten randomly chosen customers and have them respond to the CSAI. A total of 31 usable TQSIAI and 107 usable CSAI were returned and coded. The findings of this study revealed that the total hours of service managers' quality management training had a positive relationship with the level of TQM implementation, while the years of service managers' managerial experience had a negative correlation with the level of TQM implementation in the general automotive repair shops. The number of full-time employees in the general automotive repair shops had a positive relationship with the level of customer satisfaction, while the cost of the repair service and the ages of serviced vehicles had a negative relationship with the level of customer satisfaction. In addition, there was a


The kinetics and mechanism of the electrogenic exchange of external glutamate with intramitochondrial aspartate have been investigated using aspartateloaded rat liver mitochondria in the absence of metabolism. Apparent kinetic constants were calculated from measured decreases of the mitochondrial matrix aspartate content after glutamate addition by a computer curve fitting procedure and by graphical analysis. An increase of external glutamate concentration caused an increase of V',,, but only small changes of the K', for matrix aspartate. The decrease of the K',/V',,, ratio with increasing glutamate concentratior. rules out a ping-pong mechanism for the translocator, and indicates a ternary complex between the carrier, glutamate and aspartate. The dependencies of aspartate efflux kinetics on the mitochondrial membrane potential (A*) and ApH were also investigated in aspartate-loaded mitochondria. The V&,, of aspartate efflux was not affected by changes of the external pH over the range from 6.5 to 7.6 or by changes of the internal pH over the range of 6.8 to 9.0. However, the V',,, of aspartate efflux was linearly dependent on A\k over the range from 70 to 160 mV. Under all conditions investigated, including the de-energized state, the K', of the glutamate-aspartate translocator for matrix aspartate remained approximately constant. These data indicate (a) binding of uncharged glutamate to the carrier, and (b) that the translocation of a negatively charged carrier l aspartate complex across the mitochondrial membrane is the rate-limiting step of the reaction sequence. Glutamate-independent kinetic constants were calculated from the apparent kinetic constants obtained from the computer and graphical fitting procedures. Average values were 3.9 nmol/mg for the matrix aspartate K,,,, 5.8 InM for the external glutamate K,,,, and 21.2 nmol/mg/min for the Vmax at 10°C. Using these constants, together with a Ki for external aspartate of 4 InM, and a temperature coefficient of 15.1 kcal/mol, the aspartate translocator kinetics were described in terms of a rate equation. Values of mitochondrial aspartate efflux in isolated hepatocytes calculated using this rate equation were in approximate agreement with measured rates. It is concluded that no significant mi-


In this work a two dimensional finite element model is developed to simulate the fully exfoliated Polymer/Clay nanocomposite behavior and evaluate its' elastic modulus. The influence of elastic moduls of matrix and clay on the elastic modulus of exfoliated Nylon 66 /clay nanocomposite is investigated with the aid of numerical simulations. Results show good agreement with experimental data from literature.


Fraud detection systems support advanced detection techniques based on complex rules, statistical modelling and machine learning. However, alerts triggered by these systems still require expert judgement to either confirm a fraud case or discard a false positive. Reducing the number of false positives that fraud analysts investigate, by automating their detection with computer-assisted techniques, can lead to significant cost efficiencies. Alert reduction has been achieved with different techniques in related fields like intrusion detection. Furthermore, deep learning has been used to accomplish this task in other fields. In our paper, a set of deep neural networks have been tested to measure their ability to detect false positives, by processing alerts triggered by a fraud detection system. The performance achieved by each neural network setting is presented and discussed. The optimal setting allowed to capture 91.79% of total fraud cases with 35.16% less alerts. Obtained alert reduction rate would entail a significant reduction in cost of human labor, because alerts classified as false positives by the neural network wouldn't require human inspection.


The tendency to improve the properties of insulating materials by incorporating inorganic nanoparticles has become necessary in order to design new insulation systems. In this study, PVC/TiO2-based...


Maintaining a proper temperature and humidity in a living space is very important for the health and comfort of apartment residents. Poor residential thermal conditions are recognized as a potential risk to the overall physical health. Thus, building development criteria that maintain an indoor environment separate from the outside environment have been continuously strengthened. However, this has not been the case in Korea, with regards to design criteria for the prevention of indoor condensation. In Korea, condensation occurs indoors frequently, during the winter season. When the outside temperature is low during the winter, a high indoor temperature and humidity would affect the indoor building materials and cause condensation. This study investigated and analyzed the indoor temperature and humidity during winter—when there is a significant difference in the outdoor and indoor temperatures—and conducted a survey on the residents' lifestyles. Construction design criteria were found to be different from those of the past, and possible causes of changes in temperature and humidity were examined. We intended to establish enhanced design criteria that would prevent indoor condensation, by comparing our results to that of a study conducted in 2003.


A re-emerging snail habitat was found in the suburbs of Huishan District in the City of Wuxi in April 2006,with a snail area of 87 580 m2.The highest density of snails was 60 snails/0.11 m2,and the mean density was 1.27 snails/0.11 m2.Various snail control strategies were used in accordance with different environments inside and outside of peach gardens.A strategy of "protecting peaches and controlling snails" was used in peach gardens in combination with irrigation and regular peach production.In comparison to the normal snail control strategy,this new strategy produced savings of 83.06% of the costs of snail control in the first year.After 3 years,no living snails were found,and the rates of reductions in both snail areas and density of living snails were 100%.


Indrani Gupta (firstname.lastname@example.com) and Samik Chowdhury (firstname.lastname@example.com) are with the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi. Any discussion on universal health coverage in India is premature without a comprehensive understanding of public financing of health coverage in the country. This article analyses the government's share of financial resources for health across different agents, with particular focus on resources for health coverage. An attempt is made to separate spending for health in general and health coverage in particular, and to examine the issue of equity. The analysis indicates that the present health coverage system is inadequate and iniquitous, with various systems running at different costs. It suggests consolidating finances and moving towards a more unified system to realise the benefits of efficiency gains.


PurposeIn this study, the authors identify how formal institutional environments in destination countries matter to franchise chains as they internationalize. The institutional environment of the destination countries of franchise chains is characterized according to three institutional dimensions necessary to attract international investment – public governance, ease of doing business and legal processes – and analyzed in the context of regional and global franchise expansion.Design/methodology/approachThe descriptive quantitative study involved 625 franchise chains from Australia, Brazil, Germany, India, Russia, South Africa and the United States, with a total of 2,939 observations.FindingsResults suggest that franchise chains from emerging markets are guided by the institutional conditions of ease of doing business and the quality of legal processes in global expansion and guided by ease of doing business, quality of legal processes and governance in regional expansion. On the other hand, franchise chains from developed markets are guided by the ease of doing business, quality of legal processes and governance in global expansion and governance and ease of doing business in regional expansion.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample included only franchise chains associated with organizations that represent franchises in their countries of origin, and the study does not analyze the effect of institutional distance between countries of origin and destination.Originality/valueThis study identifies the formal institutional characteristics that explain selection and commitment in international markets by franchise chains from different countries. The contribution is in analyzing the phenomenon through the lens of institutional theory and showing, through a global sample, that institutions matter to franchise chains from different types of countries (developed and emerging) and with different strategies for internationalization (global and regional).


ABSTRACT Wole Soyinka (Akinwande Oluwole Soyinka 1934-) is the most prolific and the Africa's best known dramatist and one of its most illustrious personalities. He is the first black African writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1986. He deserves special consideration for making the efforts to revive the Nigerian Theatre much on the same lines as Yeats and Synge did for the revival of the Irish theatre at the beginning of the 20 th century. His plays, ranging from comedy to tragedy and from political satire to the theatre of the absurd, unfold one after another, involving religion, traditionalism, myth, politics, education, economics, social taboos and so on.In the present paper a study is made on Wole Soyinka's Kongi's Harvest . It is a satire on the contemporary political scene prevailing at that time, attacking directly the politicians who have shaped the present direction of modern Africa. It cleverly portrays both the traditional rulers and the new political leaders.


Employee ownership is one of the less analyzed forms of privatization in central and east European countries (CEECs). To die "surprise" of the editors, they find the creation of "employee capitalism" advancing in CEECs more rapidly than in the west. Employee ownership in CEECs emerged in die context of privatizing state-owned enterprises. Initially there was little official support for this privatization method, which was reminiscent of die social and cooperative forms of ownership of centrally planned economies. Employee ownership emerged mosdy when odier forms were eidier not feasible or publicly unacceptable. One may add, however, that in many of the post-Soviet republics political leaders never really tried to introduce standard privatization methods; employee ownership emerged directly from the ruins of central planning. The introductory paper gives a valuable overview of this privatization method up to 1995 or mid-1996. Tables compare the legal environment and the achieved size of employee ownership in fifteen countries. As in most books describing various issues of CEEC transformation, the complexity of legal provisions, policies, and emerging structures necessitates a country-by-country approach. Nine papers cover the main issues related to employee ownership: the Baltic countries are discussed by Niels Mygind, Bulgaria by Charles Rock and Mark Klinedienst, the Czech Republic by Josef Kotrba, Hungary by Gyorgy Lajtai, Poland by Domenico Mario Nuti, Romania by Costea Munteanu, Russia by Bogdan Lissovolik, Ukraine by Daniel Vaughan-Whitehead, and the Yugoslav successor states by Milica Uvalic. All nine country papers give a legal and historic overview, describe some case studies, and offer conclusions (and sometimes recommendations). These informative papers give qualified insight into the history of privatization in the individual countries. As they discuss in the introduction, die editors' purpose is more ambitious than to simply describe a peculiar feature of CEEC transition. Right at the outset they state that capitalism in the west has to cope with "sustained economic crisis" (1). They maintain that employees' motivation can be restored dirough ownership participation as well as through profit-sharing schemes. "This form of employment capitalism would make sure that economic objectives continue to be pursued alongside the preservation of basic social protection and decent working conditions and living standards" (44). Most authors of the country studies do not find evidence to support this expectation. It would be difficult to argue that Russian workers who are co-owners of their factories but have not received wages for months are better off than their Polish colleagues who are receiving unemployment benefits. How lasting employee ownership will be and to what economic and social consequences it will lead remain mainly beyond die scope of diis book. General conclusions emerging in different country chapters suggest that democracy at the workplace hardly improved. Even in Russia, where employee ownership is most widespread, companies are controlled by die management. In some other countries there is a process of the effective concentration of shares in the hands of the management. Neither a strong owner nor the stock market has control over management, and employees as co-owners remain weak, the long-term performance of die company depends solely on the quality and skills of the owner-manager—a highly risky but not necessarily bad prospect. This book can be of benefit to all students of privatization and transformation, not only economists, but also political scientists and sociologists.


The rainfall distribution in southwest China is uneven, and the rainstorm threshold cannot use in a unified standard. This paper synthesizes a calculation method for the extremely heavy precipitation threshold and the provision of the rainstorm threshold in meteorological operation. It calculates the daily precipitation rainstorm threshold at 400 national ground stations in southwest China. The rainstorm events from 1961 to 2021 were statistically analyzed using the rainstorm threshold and analyzing the spatial-temporal variation characteristics. The results show that the number of single-station rainstorm events and the average precipitation of single-station rainstorm events in southwest China decreased from east to west. The number and frequency of single-station rainstorm events in Guizhou, Sichuan, Tibet, and Chongqing are increasing, while the number of single-station rainstorm events in Yunnan is decreasing. There is no apparent spatial distribution pattern for the continuous rainstorm events in the southwest region. From 1961 to 2021, the number and frequency of rainstorm events at a single station in southwest China followed an upward trend. The number of rainstorm events at a single station increased by 16.7 times · (10a)−1, and the frequency of rainstorms increased by 9.9% · (10a)−1. The continuous rainstorm events show an increasing trend, with an increase of 0.1 times · (10a)−1. Using the rainstorm threshold in southwest China, the early warning threshold for rainstorm disasters can be adjusted. The temporal and spatial characteristics of rainstorm events since 1961 can analyze the changes occurring in rainstorm events under global warming and provide data to support the response of southwest China to climate change.


Food packaging is an important thing that is used to protect food from damage. Almost all food packaging materials are currently using plastic. However, the use of plastic as packaging material face a variety of environmental problems that nature  that  can not  be  naturally (nonbiodegradable) so that  can pollute  the environment. Along with the increasing awareness of the human will this problem, then alternative solutions needed to reduce the environmental pollution caused by the use of plastics as food packaging is to use biodegradable packaging. Biodegradable packaging used in this study consists of the main material in the form of starch and additional materials in the form chitosan and sorbitol as a plasticizer. This study aims to determine the effect of plasticizer sorbitol on the characteristics (thickness, tensile strength, and percent elongation) produced biodegradable packaging and to know the volume of sorbitol best plasticizer for biodegradable packaging produced. This study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments and five replications. The treatments used in this study were sorbitol volume 0.5 ml; 1.5 ml; and 2 ml. Based on the research that has been done, the value of an average thickness between 0.15 mm-0.25 mm, tensile strength between 21.55 MPa-32.63 MPa, and the percent elongation between 2.50%-3.67%. The best sorbitol volume addition treatment for the thickness characteristic of biodegradable packaging in this study is treatment C (sorbitol volume 1,5 ml).


The treatment of refractory OAB symptoms with anticholinergics, can be optimized by adding mirabegron in a flexible dose scheme. This has been nicely shown in a Japanese population by Yamaguchi et al. [1]. Despite the fact that Japanese health authorities recommend starting with a lower dose of 2.5 mg of solifenacin or 25 mg of mirabegron, these data can be extrapolated to other populations as well, where 5 mg of solifenacin and 50 mg of mirabegron are used as standard doses.


In the present work, bioethanol production through VHb expressing Escherichia coli TS3 and TS4 strains from sugar-beet molasses hydrolysate containing media was investigated. The highest growth and ethanol production were obtained in MB2 (contains about 4% sugar) medium. In MB2 medium, bioethanol production was enhanced by E. coli TS3 and TS4 strains from small scale to big scale fermentation. The highest ethanol productions by TS3 and TS4 strains were determined as 2.49% and 2.62% (v/v) respectively, with the largest volume of fermentation medium. It was shown that scaling up process had positive effect on bioethanol production from sugar beet molasses through VHb expressing strains.


The graph isomorphism problem is considered. We assign modified characteristic polynomials for graphs and reduce the graph isomorphism problem to the following one. It is required to find out, is there such an enumeration of the graphs vertices that the polynomials of the graphs are equal. We present algorithms for the graph isomorphism problem that use the reduction. We prove the propositions that justify the possibility of a numerical realization of the algorithms for the general case of the graph isomorphism problem. The algorithms perform equality checking of graphs modified $n$-variables characteristic polynomials. We show that probability of obtaining a wrong solution of the graph isomorphism problem using recursive modification of the algorithm is negligible if the algorithm parameter is sufficiently large. In the course of its implementation, the algorithm checks the equality of the graphs modified characteristic polynomials in predefined points. For $n$-vertices graph, the polynomial has $2^n$ coefficients so its value in some point cannot be evaluated directly for large enough $n$. We show that we may check the equality of the polynomials in predefined points without direct evaluation of the polynomials values in these points. We prove that, for the graphs on $n$ vertices, it is required $O(n^4)$ elementary machine operations and it is requred machine numbers with mantissa's length $O(n^2)$ to check equality of the graphs polynomials values in predefined points. In general, it needs an exponential time to solve the $GI$ instance using the presented approach, but in practice, it is efficient even for compuationally hard instances of the graph isomorphism problem.


Discussed is a solar cell measuring apparatus to measure a current of a solar cell having a photoelectric converter and first and second electrodes electrically insulated from each other, both the first and second electrodes being located at one surface of the photoelectric converter. The solar cell measuring apparatus includes a measuring unit which includes a first measuring member corresponding to the first electrode and a second measuring member corresponding to the second electrode, wherein the first and second measuring members comes into close contact with the solar cell at the surface of the photoelectric converter to measure the current of the solar cell.