Introduction. It is necessary to establish peculiarities and regularities of COVID-19 infection; this task requires further research on how to formalize and build spatial-temporal models of the infection spread. This article focuses on determining non-infectious factors that can modify the epidemic process caused by the COVID-19 coronavirus for further substantiation of integrated solutions that are necessary to ensure sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the RF population. Materials and methods. Our study involved analyzing regularities of regional differentiation in parameters introduced into mathematical models. These models described how the epidemic process developed in RF regions depending on modifying non-infectious factors identified by modelling the dynamics of spread of SARS-CoV-2 delta strain. These modifying factors included anti-epidemic activities; sanitary-epidemiological, sociodemographic, and economic conditions in a region; weather and climate; public healthcare systems and people's lifestyles in RF regions over 2020-2021. The dynamics of the epidemic process was modelled by using the conventional SIR-model. Relationships between parameters introduced into the model of the epidemic process and modifying regional conditions were examined by using correlation-regression analysis. Results. The modelling made it possible to identify priority risk factors that modified COVID-19 spread authentically (p<0.05) and explained regional differences in intensity of contagion, recovery and lethality. We established that population coverage with vaccination, especially among people aged 31-40 years, had the greatest authentic positive influence on the decline of reproduction index (R0) of the virus (r=-0.37). An increase in monthly average temperatures in autumn and winter as well as over a year made for people moving faster from the susceptible to infected category (r=0.21-0.22). Growing sun insolation over a year, especially in summer, resulted in slower movement of susceptible people into the infected category (r=-0.02-(-0.23)). Next, several sanitary-epidemiological indicators authentically made the infection spread faster; they were improper working conditions (not conforming to the safety standards as per physical indicators) and ambient air quality in settlement not corresponding to the hygienic standards as per chemical indicators and noise (r=0.29-0.24). Recovery took longer in regions where alcohol consumption was comparatively higher (r=-0.32). Limitations. The limitations of the study include modelling the epidemic process using the standard SIR model; limited set of indicators and period of analysis. Conclusions. The existing regional differentiation in development of specific stages in the epidemic process related to the COVID-19 delta strain occurs due to complex interactions and influence exerted by modifying factors that create a certain multi-level and multi-component system. This system is able to transform the epidemic process either potentiating it or slowing it down.


The effects of visuospatial selective attention on information processing have been investigated by means of high-density event-related brain potentials (ERP) while the subjects were instructed to covertly attend to one side of the visual field with fixation on the center of the screen. Previous studies have demonstrated the attention-related modulation of the P1 (scalp-positive waves from 90-130 ms) and N1 (scalp-negative waves from 160-200 ms) component of ERP recorded from the occipital scalp areas contralateral to the direction of attention. In our study, the additional modulation of the amplitude of P2 component (scalp-positive waves from 220-260 ms) indicates that not only the short-latency early ERP component was affected by spatial attention, but also the late component is modulated, thus it can serve as proof supporting late selection theory.


According to the water of air-conditioner water with serious scaling of Jiangnan Group of Wuhan,the paper adopts the experiment of the water quality stability by adopting the scale inhibitor,proves by the experiment results that the scaling problem can be solved when the density of the added scaling inhibitor sodium hexametaphosphate reaches 1.39 mg/L and the carbonate hardness in water can be stabilized around 570 mg/L(CaCO3).


In this paper, several kinds of virtual guides have been developed which aims at mitigating trajectory errors between real mobile manipulator and its virtual model, hence improving both the accuracy and the safety of teleoperation. By utilizing proposed virtual guide sphere, corresponding virtual guides have been constructed. Then geometric analysis is conducted since the position relation of manipulator and virtual guide determines their particular interactive states. The experiment is based on human-machine shared control platform, in which force feedback is provided to operators. The final results demonstrate that operators are able to track both force and position of end-effector, meanwhile stable force feedback is available.


Calorimetry is the most important single tool for electron, photon, and neutral pion measurements and still drives overall detector dimensions and cost. We report here on a development of a new Si detector with "integrated" readout which helps to keep calorimeter dimensions and cost under control simultaneously enhancing the multi-photon resolving power and implementing energy flow measurement capability in Si based calorimeter. The prototype electromagnetic Si-W calorimeter with high resolving power (FOCal) was recently built and tested 1 with funding provided by PHENIX and is now being upgraded to combine precision position measurements with energy flow measuring functionality (StriPad and MiniPad-structured sensors in every sampling layer). New sensors are made in p+/n/n+ configuration with segmented side being the p+. All devices are read by the 128 channels SVX4 strip readout chip developed at FNAL. Depending on the sensor layout the 128 readout channels are either (1) shared between 16 pixelated pads (15×15 mm2 each) overlapping with 112 pixelated strips (∼0.54×62mm2 each), or connected to (2) 128 strips (∼0.47×62mm2 each) or (3) 128 minipads (∼1.8×15mm2 each) implemented on a 62×62mm2 silicon substrate. The sensors are laminated with readout cards which carry one or two (dual gain readout) SVX4 chips to form pluggable micromodules. Thus built micromodules take only 2 mm of longitudinal space in detector leading to dramatic improvement in detector compactness (small Moliere radius). Novel sensors supported by low power, high density fully digital readout allows to upgrade silicon based calorimeter for energy flow measurements at essentially no extra cost.


Body moderately elongate, compressed behind; caudal peduncle deep, its depth fully half the length of the head; head depressed, broad and flat above, its width more than two-thirds of its length; eyes anterior, lateral; mouth somewhat inferior, su})terminal, with flesh}' lips, the lower jaw included, barbels 8, one pair nasal, one pair terminal on the maxillary, and two pairs on the muzzle anterior to the nasal and superior to the maxillar}^ pair. Scales very small, cycloid, none on the head; lateral line obsolete. Dorsal inserted slightly behind ventrals, the base of its first ray nearer to tip of caudal than to end of snout; anal wholly behind dorsal; caudal rounded, a low adipose membrane procurrent on the caudal peduncle dorsally and ventrally.


A particle therapy system (2) comprises an irradiation unit (16) having and about a rotational axis (D) rotatable gantry (4) which encloses a radiation chamber (6) with a movable bottom segment (22) in which the irradiation chamber (6) patient table (8) is positionable. In order to enable irradiation of a patient (12) from all angular positions, the ground segment (22) on the gantry (4) is mounted such that upon rotation of the gantry (4), the bottom segment (22) remains in a horizontal zero position and requires performs a movement about the rotational axis (D) of the gantry (4). For many angular positions thus remains the ground segment (22) in the null position, whereby a load-bearing floor in the irradiation chamber (6) is present during the treatment of the patient (12). For irradiation of the patient (12) from beneath the patient table (8), the bottom segment (22) about the rotational axis (D) is displaced to make room for the irradiation unit (16).


: Objective: To validate the appearance and content of an application for the prevention and control of syphilis in adolescents. Method: A methodological study was carried out from January to June 2020. Twenty-two judges with experience in syphilis control participated, with an emphasis on adolescent health promotion, educational technologies, and instrument validation. An instrument with variables related to content, structure, functionality, and relevance was used. The Content Validity Index, Cronbach's Alpha Test, and Flesch's Readability Index were used. Results: In the three dimensions, the average Content Validity Index was greater than 0.80, which validates the contents of the application. The overall Content Validity Index of the application was 0.86, which is satisfactory and makes it possible to consider the application valid in terms of content and appearance. Concerning the total Cronbach's Alpha of the application, a value of 0.94 was obtained, demonstrating excellent homogeneity between the participants' responses. The readability test revealed that the technology is easy for the user to understand. Conclusion: The mobile application proved valid in terms of content and appearance, demonstrating that this is a reliable technological tool that adolescents can use as a health education strategy for syphilis prevention and control


Present water quality throughout the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Suisun Bay in California was determined. Sources and amounts of wastes which could cause water-quality degradation were examined to evaluate present and future effects on receiving waters. Findings showed degradation of water quality to be caused by natural and man-made processes, including the life cycles of aquatic organisms, land-surface runoff, sediment transport by high water flows, biochemical cycles, and highly mineralized surface or ground waters. Fluorescent dye-tracer studies were conducted, using the prototype and a hydraulic model to investigate travel and residence time, flow distribution and circulation patterns, mixing and dispersion characteristics, and to estimate changes in constituent concentrations resulting from future discharge of municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastes. A mathematical model was used to simulate the hydraulic characteristics of the Delta, and solution of the model program by digital computer provided the hydraulic parameters for anticipated future flow conditions.


The study aimed to compare learning interests during the Covid-19 pandemic using the Google Meet and Zoom Meeting platforms in the distance learning process for PTKIN Sharia Banking Study Program students in East Java. The population in this study were students of the PTKIN Sharia Banking Study Program in East Java. The sampling method used is purposive sampling. This type of research is quantitative with an event study approach. The results of the comparison of student interest explained that the facility factor, economic factor, and convenience factor significantly differed from student learning interest using the Google Meet and Zoom Meeting platforms for PTKIN Islamic Banking Study Program students in East Java. In addition, the results of a comparison of students' interest in the Google Meet and Zoom Meeting platforms of PTKIN Islamic Banking Study Program students in East Java showed that students' interest in using the Google Meet platform was higher than that of students using the Zoom Meeting platform. That is because Google Meet is easy to access; when experiencing signal interruption, users can rejoin immediately and have no time limit during the learning process because it does not require a premium account.


There are two main lacunae in recent work on modal logic: a lack of general results and a lack of negative results. This or that logic is shown to have such and such a desirable property, but very little is known about the scope or bounds of the property. Thus there are numerous particular results on completeness, decidability, finite model property, compactness, etc., but very few general or negative results. In these papers I hope to help fill these lacunae. This first part contains a very general completeness result. Let In be the axiom that says there are at most n incomparable points related to a given point. Then the result is that any logic containing K4 and In is complete. The first three sections provide background material for the rest of the papers. The fourth section shows that certain models contain no infinite ascending chains, and the fifth section shows how certain elements can be dropped from the canonical model. The sixth section brings the previous results together to establish completeness, and the seventh and last section establishes compactness, though of a weak kind. All of the results apply to the corresponding intermediate logics.


Every society aspires to develop, and create positive opportunities for her citizens to grow and prosper. Nigeria, since its independents in 1960 has not been able to grow and create opportunities for her citizens. One begins to wonder why Nigeria is divided and experiencing stunted growth. This paper, therefore sought to locate the problem in the social structure of Nigeria. Nigeria has been operating under imposed emergent migrant social structures. This new social structure brought to the fore what is referred to as the two publics: primordial and civic publics. The pluralism is arising from the 1914 amalgamation which brought difffferent groups together to compete for limited but essential resources leading to the adoption of prebendalism by various groups which in turn has led to corruption and misgovernance. These variables have kept the Nigerian society from growing in its development trajectory. This has occasioned lack of trust among the various groups and enhanced their desire to get their share of the national cake. To understand this behaviour, the paper was guided by the Attraction- Selection-Attrition theory that explains how and why people adopt allegiance to the primordial public instead of the civic public. This paper concludes that except prebendalism which gives rise to corruption and misgovernance is dealt with, Nigerians cannot benefifit from the expected ideal functions of the society.


This article examines the Japanese causative expression sasete itadaku and argues its function as a linguistic politeness strategy in communication. It further develops that sasete itadaku is a skillful and creative linguistic device used to promote "face" in not only interand intracompany business communications, but in everyday interpersonal communication, as well.


SummaryA method was developed to extract calcium from carefully sampled apples of the same diameter (7·00±0·15 cm) and leaves using solutions of different extraction strength. The correlation between the extracted quantities of Ca from these tissues and the occurrence of bitter pit was no better than the correlation between total Ca and the incidence of bitter pit. Bitter pit was significantly correlated (r=0-92) with both the K/Ca ratio and the (K+Mg)/Ca ratio (both in equivalents). The correlation coefficients for the relationships between bitter pit and the extracted quantities of Ca, total Ca, K/Ca and (K+Mg)/Ca in fruit tissue were much higher than those derived from leaf tissue.


The process of economic development can be seen as a process of expanding the capabilities of people. This process should include the notion of human development by means of capacity building and empowering the decisionmakers. Growth-enhancing policies should therefore be implemented and evaluated in terms of policy success. This paper has a contribution to make in terms of the existing literature on providing an economic measure of policy success by means of a quality of life index. Agents of government sometimes have limited authority and capacity and need guidelines to strengthen their competence to limit the potential dangers of resource wastage or misallocation. The decisions made by the authorities will inevitably affect the inhabitants of a specific area, the social order, environmental issues and economic activities. Authorities should be empowered to measure quality of life in order to evaluate their own policy outcomes. The purpose is to develop a single index that may be used as an instrument to measure quality of life over time. The main objective would be to develop a quality of life index which is comprehensive, yet simple to use and apply. Article The ESA accentuates the strengthening of organisational capacities of economic agents and views markets as interrelationships among these agents formed and shaped through their interactions. It also focuses its attention on the technological and managerial capabilities of economic subjects such as economic decision-makers or economic agents (Yanagihara, 1997: 11). Markets refer to the relational arrangements among these agents. The process of decision-making and actions taken by subjects to establish and change the interrelations between them leads to the creation and development of markets. It furthermore concerns the development of the institutional framework in which the subjects operate, which include both the physical and social infrastructures and the natural environment surrounding these. The process of production and employment is enhanced in this way and the subjects therefore consider themselves active participants and not merely spectators or recipients. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS APPROACH The Economic System Approach as a theoretical framework highlights the importance of investment in human ability to participate in economic growth and development (Schoeman & Blignaut, 1998). This is also in line with the reasoning of Solow (1957) and Romer (1994) and again emphasises the importance of human capital investment. The latter is of great importance as the demand for labour is related to the required level of production and people thus act as catalysts for economic activity. This view as to what stimulates economic growth has only recently been acknowledged by the introduction of endogenous growth models by Romer (Todaro, 1997: 90), and the work of the Institute of Developing Economies (IDE), on what is known as the ESA (Yanagihara & Sambommatsu, 1997). By contrast to the conventional neo-classical approach, the ESA focusses on the strengthening of organisational capabilities. It views the market not only as a pure mechanical process but also adds to the importance of inter-relationships among agents operating in the market. Markets are therefore shaped and reshaped by the interaction amongst these market participants. Furthermore, factorendowment is not perfectly malleable, but exists in distinctive forms and contexts which are embodied in, mediated and co-ordinated by expertise acquired through learning. This learning process occurs by experience within specific organisational setups and arrangements between firms (Yanagihara, 1997: 11). The radicalism of this process is accentuated as follows by Sen (1988: 47, 48): A major failing of traditional development economics has been its tendency to concentrate on the supply of goods rather than on ownership and entitlement. The process of economic development can be seen as a process of expanding the capabilities of people and the expansion of entitlements. 228 Journal of Public Administration • Vol 36 no 3 • September 2001 229 Journal of Public Administration • Vol 36 no 3 • September 2001 According to Sen (1988: 47, 48), the process of economic development can be seen as a process of expanding the capabilities of people. This view of Sen is proliferated by the ESA, which draws attention to the technological and managerial capabilities of economic agents (decision-makers). The ESA revolves around building the productive capacity of subjects by focussing on their personal capacities (education, training and health), and developing the infrastructure within which they operate. The infrastructure referred to comprises an institutional, physical and social framework, surrounded by the natural environment. These, the building blocks of the process, must be of a particular character and quality. The subjects, who drive the process and cause the changes to occur, must also possess particular capabilities. The productive capacities of the subjects and a smooth-running, production-enhancing process within a supporting institutional, physical, social and natural environment have to be developed. The ESA therefore focusses on the process of human development by means of capacity building, and the strengthening of relational arrangements among subjects. Human and infrastructural development as well as capacity building implies an improvement and upgrading of the socio-economic environment of a country. The ESA facilitates the integration of a multitude of processes and the diverse nature of human behaviour. It is descriptive and focusses on people and their capabilities in the interests of progress, rather than on techniques and models. The ESA recognises that the structure of society is complex a fact which development theory, policy and practice must take into account. It captures the diversity of the participants by postulating that markets are an integral part of the diverse economic and development process. Society and the economy are determined by relationships that can vary in all possible ways, allowing each society its unique features (De Wet, Harmse & Blignaut, 1997: 365). By recognising these complexities and diversities, it is possible to create an environment conducive to development. Markets are therefore not neutral. The government must provide the institutional, legal and policy frameworks for subject-driven development. There is little room for clear-cut, formal, and rigorous policies. An application of the ESA constitutes a decisive paradigm shift from past practices. The ESA moved away from the mechanistic and deterministic conception of economic growth and development (Yanagihara, 1997: 16-18). The question which the ESA poses, is how the capacity of, and relationship among economic agents can be strengthened and developed and their entitlement expanded. The development of an institutional environment as part of an infrastructural development programme can promote, and has indeed promoted, the process of building capacities and relationships, and enhances economic growth and development. Infrastructural development comprises both the physical infrastructure (eg. the sustainable use and development of natural resources and man-made capital) and a social infrastructure (eg. health, housing, financing and other institutions rendering services) (De Wet, Harmse & Blignaut, 1997: 366). Modern endogenous growth models accept that investment in private and human capital encourages external economies and productivity improvements, both of which offset the natural tendency towards diminishing returns. The implication is that investment in human capital could result in increasing returns to scale and therefore economic growth and employment (Yosida, 1998: 357; Todaro, 1997: 92). While the new growth theories stress the importance of the link between human development and growth, the United Nations equates human development with the improvement of the socio-economic environment (United Nations, 1996: 11-28). Furthermore, an improvement in the socio-economic environment improves productivity, which in turn promotes growth and employment (United Nations, 1996: 75; 86). QUALITY OF LIFE INDEX For the purpose of this paper, developing a quality of life index, national welfare is based on supply, demand and socio-economic factors. Increasingly, it is suggested that if national welfare or quality of life could be improved, economic growth and development would be enhanced. The quality of life index to be developed is based on the assumption that national welfare is equivalent to quality of life. Quality of life therefore, depends also on three main variables contributing equal amounts of weight capturing all three aspects of supply, demand and socio-economic factors. The fact that no one of these three main variables could be superior to the other, equal weights were attributed. The purpose of this paper was to construct a quality of life index and the effect of different weights can be investigated in future studies. The idea is thus to develop a system in which the quality of life, using several variables, can be structured. Agents of government sometimes have limited authority and capacity and need guidelines to strengthen their competence to limit the potential dangers of resource wastage or misallocation. The decisions made by the authorities will inevitably affect the inhabitants of a specific area, the social order, environmental issues and economic activities. This quality of life index could empower government authorities to evaluate their own economic, social and environmental policies introduced and implemented. One of the main problems in determining the quality of life within an area is the difficulty to quantify such a concept. There is no generally accepted measure of quality of life. Existing measures seem to focus on particular socio-economic variables only, allowing it to be narrowly focussed and bi


culture of communitarian experimentation found in nineteenth-century America, It is his examination of the interplay of Victorian culture and Theosophical belief and practice, however, that makes this book a worthwhile read. The Dawn of the New Cycle illustrates the cultural tensions that buffet any sectarian community that sets itself apart from the dominant culture while attempting to speak to the culture in a new religious language. In order to appeal to American society, Point Loma Theosophists unconsciously adopted the outlook of Victorian society while attempting to work against it, but by infusing such cultural visions with divine meaning, they held on to their outmoded Victorian mores and conventions even as the changing tide of modern American culture moved past them into the twentieth century. Such cultural ossification contributed to the community's slow but steady decline after World War I. Ashcraft analyzes the Point Loma Theosophists using a variety of categories drawn from the sociology of religion, particularly the works of Weber, Stark, and Geertz. He backs this up with commendable historical research; a bibliography rich in primary source material runs nearly twenty-two pages. He briefly mentions the continuing legacy of Point Loma Theosophy, particularly its role in opening up America to new forms of Eastern spirituality. Such brevity on this topic is unfortunate; a more extensive discussion would have allowed Ashcraft to show how the interplay between sectarian religion and the dominant culture can be a two-way street, one in which the minority religious community can influence the culture as much as the culture influences it.


The cellular dynamics and related morphology in the mid-gut epithelium of Tigriopus japonicus were studied. Colchicine administration at concentrations above 2 ug/ml resulted in a marked decrease in number of the eplthelial cells, dysfunction in the faecal pellet production, and death of the test animals, At a lowered temperature, the survival time of colchicine-treated animals was markedly prolonged. The estimated turnover time of the glandular and absorptive cells in the metasome at 20°C was 9.6 to 10.2 days and 13.6 to 15.7 days respectively. Electron microscopic examination revealed that the epithelial cells arise from undifferentiated cells scattered on the basal lamina of the epithelium, grow in size and abundance of cellular components as maturation pro-gresses, become smaller with age on account of condensation involving the nucleus and cytoplasm, and finally liverate the mselves from the epithe lium.


The zero of potential of the electrical field produced by the heart beat is defined and measured as the average value over the surface of a large spherical, integrating electrode which contains the subject and a homogeneous conducting medium. The Zero of potential thus defined is apparently free of assumptions of any kind and is used to evaluate the error on the three-branch and the four-branch central terminal with equal resistances. The latter may, in certain instances, be brought to zero by using unequal resistances. The potential function at its electrodes is that of an unweighted resultant vector or a point dipole. The electrodes which contribute to its potential are remote.


There are a few fundamental problems still unsolved up to date, in spite of the intensive and multidisciplinary researches with modern/highly developed means of investigation in biological structures, and of the great advances concerning especially the study of the mechanisms involved in the micro-structuration from the simplest to the more complex organism, that of the human. One of these major problems is to answer the question "what is life" [1]. This concise question, as simple as it is comprehensive in terms of the broad spectrum of scientific branches involved, lanced in the first half of the last century, remains a great challenge even today. Another fundamental question remained since millennia on the working table of scientists and philosophers refers to the understanding of consciousness, which however received recently an informational response [2]. And more than that, an immediate derived question is if the subhuman species could have consciousness.


Abstract This is the first issue in which the Family Measurement Techniques section appears in The American Journal of Family Therapy. I hope that you, the readers of the journal. will find it helpful in your clinical work with couples and families. In each issue, instruments, procedures and assessment techniques will be reviewed by clinicians who have expertise in the areas of marital/family measurement and evaluation. Reviewers have been asked to consider two issues: instrument construction and clinical utility. Instrument construction deals with the theoretical underpinnings of the technique or procedure, the adequacy with which major theoretical concepts and constructs have been operationalized, the sampling procedures used in instrument construction, and the reliability and validity of the measurement technique. Clinical utility deals with issues of importance for practicing therapists, for example, length of time required for administration and scoring, degree of expertise or training needed for adm...


Architecture stems from a sapient working together of writing, drawing, and construction lines. The critical study of genetic architectural representations by examination of the sedimentation of architectural materiality inscribed in weathered boards, papers and models develops the ability of architects to become architecturally conscious. Architectural lines are material, spatial, cultural and temporal occurrences of refined multi-sensorial and emotional understandings of architecture. Architectural lines create a graphesis , a course of actions based on factures by which architects actualize future and past architecture into representations. Architectural drawings must not be understood as visualizations of building, but as essential architectural factures. Leon Battista Alberti's term lineamenta carries embedded in itself the idea of facture since Alberti's understanding of lineamenta derives from the use of tracing lines, ropes, ribbons, strings or threads mostly made with flax fibres and used by the builder on construction sites during the facture of buildings. "Tota res aedificatoria lineamentis et structura constituta est." Leon Battista Alberti, De re aedificatoria


The growing development of unobtrusive0 wearable devices measuring physiological signs is favoring breathing monitoring in applied sports settings. Respiratory frequency $(f_{\mathrm{R}})$ is attracting particular attention as a marker of physical effort and as a variable that can be easily monitored with sensors detecting chest-wall movements (e.g., strain sensors) integrated into straps or textiles. However, the algorithms used to extract $f_{\mathrm{R}}$ values often do not take into account the specific needs of exercise monitoring. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance of a commercial wearable device (i.e., Bioharness™) embedding a strain sensor measuring chest-wall movements. The performance of the Bioharness™ in estimating $f_{\mathrm{R}}$ was evaluated by comparison with an airflow signal registered with a reference flowmeter. This comparison was made after having extracted $f_{\mathrm{R}}$ from the raw respiratory signal using both time domain and frequency domain algorithms and by evaluating the performance of the manufacturer algorithm. Five volunteers were enrolled to perform both a ramp incremental respiratory frequency (henceforth reported as Incremental) test and a High Intensity Interval Training (henceforth reported as HIIT) test. The performance of the Bioharness™ was good when $f_{\mathrm{R}}$ was extracted from the raw respiratory signal, and lower mean absolute error (MAE) values were found when using frequency domain algorithms compared to time domain algorithms. MAE and mean absolute percentage error values generally decreased with the increase in the length of the window used to estimate $f_{\mathrm{R}}$. However, the manufacturer algorithm underestimated fR in all the conditions (Incremental and HIIT), especially at $f_{\mathrm{R}}$ values above 40 bpm. Hence, the algorithms estimating fR for exercise monitoring should carefully consider the specific needs of the activity recorded.


Objective To explore the way of inducing mesenchymai stem cells(MSCs) from human umibilical cord blood(UCB) to differentiate into neural cells. Methods The UCB mononuclearcells were isolated by Ficoll - Paque density gradient centrifugation (1.077 g/mL), and expanded inexpansion medium. β - mercaptoethanol (BME), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were utilized as the neuronal induction media. Cells were observed under microscope and fixed for immunocytochemistry at before and post induction. Results After induction, UBC MSCs were differentiated into cells with a typical neuronal morphology, expressing high level of NF-M. Almost (81.864±4.060)% of cells expressed NF- M and (39. 994± 4. 60)% of cells expressed Nestin. Conclusion MSCs can be isolated from human cord blood andinduced to differentiate into neuron - like cells.


Feature selection is designed to eliminate redundant attributes and improve classification accuracy. This is a challenging problem, especially in the case of imbalanced data. The traditional feature selection methods ignores the problem of class imbalance, making the selected features biased towards the majority class and neglecting the significant features for the minority class. Due to the advantage of F-measure in imbalanced data classification, we propose to use F-measure rather than accuracy as the optimization target in feature selection algorithm. This paper introduces a novel feature selection method SSVM-FS which is based on an optimal F-measure structural support vector machine classifier. Features will be selected according to the weight vector of SSVM which takes class imbalance problem into account. Based on this, we developed a comprehensive feature ranking method which integrate weight vector of SSVM and symmetric uncertainty. We use the comprehensive score to reduce the features to a suitable size and then use a harmony search to find the optimal combination of features to predict the target class label. The feature subset selected by the proposed method can represent both majority and minority class, in addition, it is less redundant. The experimental results on six high dimensional class imbalanced microarray data sets show that this method is a better method to solve the unbalanced classification.


Many coffee producers in Indonesia carry on organic certification to warrant their production and processing standards. One of them is Nunggal Roso Farmers Group Association (Gapoktan) which performs state-financed organic certification on their robusta coffee products. This research aims to describe farm activities and organic certification applications on Gapoktan Nunggal Roso and analyze its income and profit in 2020. As many as 60 randomly selected respondents consist of 30 organic coffee farmers and 30 non-organic coffee farmers. The organic certification impacts were analyzed using income and profit analysis and then tested for their differences statistically. These research results signify that coffee farms in the research location which has been undertaken in polyculture with shading trees and intercropping plants do not change considerably by the presence of certification. Besides, also known from the research that the return to family labor in each working person-day of organic coffee farmers is lower than that of non-organic coffee farmers.


The invention relates to a method and device for detecting internal pressure of a lithium ion cell, which are characterized in that: formula (P0*V0=P1*(V0+deltaV), temperature is constant) is enacted on the basis of Boyle law, wherein P0 is internal gas pressure of the cell, V0 is volume of internal gas of the cell under pressure P0, P1 is atmospheric pressure, and deltaV is change quantity of internal gas volume of the cell under atmospheric pressure. The detecting method includes steps: 1. measuring the change quantity deltaV of the internal gas volume of the cell; 2. measuring the internal gas volume V0 of the cell; 3. calculating the internal gas pressure P0 of the cell. A device for detecting deltaV is constituted of a gas discharge pipeline with a cell clip, a gas transmission pipe, a glass burette with scale, a three-valve rubber pipette bulb, a water tank and an iron support. The method and the device realize real time, effective and accurate measurement for internal pressure of the cell, instruct improvement of cell body structure and safety valve design, and ensure elimination of safety hidden trouble.


The invention discloses a plastic steel coated type ultrasonic detection pipe for a bridge foundation pile, and belongs to the technical field of auxiliary equipment for buildings. The plastic steel coated type ultrasonic detection pipe comprises a bottom pipe with a sealing cover at the bottom end, at least one hollow middle pipe, a top pipe and a top cover, wherein a first pipe sleeve is additionally arranged on the outer wall of the top pipe; a second pipe sleeve is additionally arranged on the outer wall of the bottom pipe; one end of the middle pipe is hermetically connected with that of the top pipe; the other end of the middle pipe is hermetically connected with the opening end of the bottom pipe; and the top cover is arranged at the other end of the top pipe. The plastic steel coated type ultrasonic detection pipe has the advantages as follows: the ultrasonic detection pipe has the strength of a steel pipe and corrosion resistance and wear resistance of a plastic pipe, and the sealing performance of the whole pipeline is guaranteed as the plastic pipe with a coating layer adopts a seamless structure; as the pipe wall of the integrated detection pipe coated with a plastic layer is thicker, the detection pipe is not easily damaged by a guide pipe so as to avoid slurry leakage, and the detection pipe is quick and convenient for field construction installation due to the adoption of non-welding connection; and the specific gravity of plastic is small, so that a compound pipe of the plastic and the steel pipe with the same wall thickness is low in cost and safer and more reliable to use.


The brevity of this note by Paul Ricoeur belies its impact, as a version of the famous challenge he delivered to Heidegger upon his first arrival in France at the Cerisy-la-Salle conference in 1955. Why has Heidegger passed over the Judaic tradition? He pays such close attention to the Greeks and their questioning of being, and yet what about the prophetic tradition and the ethical dimensions it inspires? Are these not an essential part of the Western tradition? Heidegger dismissed Ricoeur's challenge at the time and never arrived at any answers in his later career. And yet this step is absolutely necessary, claims Ricoeur, if one hopes to rethink the Christian tradition, and indeed, Western philosophy.


Considers the issue of transforming motor plans into control parameters as a field-approximation problem. The authors focus on the problem of trajectory formation within cluttered environments. On one hand, the planner represents obstacles and targets as patterns of force vectors over the manipulator's workspace. On the other hand, the manipulator is operated by a distributed system of controllers and spring-like actuators. Each controller modulates a field of end-point forces according to a predefined law. The problem of setting the controller parameters with such a system is solved as a least-square approximation of the planned force vectors. The authors discuss the relevance of this approach to robotics and to biological motor control.<<ETX>>


The terminal Wiener index of a tree is the sum of distances for all pairs of pendent vertices, which recently arises in the study of phylogenetic tree reconstruction and the neighborhood of trees. This paper presents a sharp upper and lower bounds for the terminal Wiener index in terms of its order and diameter and characterizes all extremal trees which attain these bounds. In addition, we investigate the properties of extremal trees which attain the maximum terminal Wiener index among all trees of order $n$ with fixed maximum degree.


Objective To investigate the influence of atorvastatin on tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF- α) of sepsis rats.Methods Sepsis models were established using male SD rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP).A total of 100 healthy rats were divided into 4 groups ( n =25) randomly ( random number):sham- operation group,CLP group,low- dose atorvastatin group and high -dose Atorvastatin group.Blood samples of 5 rats in each group were collected at postoperative 0,3,6,12 and 24 hours,to detect tumor necrosis factor - α (TNF - α) levels in plasma.Observe and compare the mobility of rats in each group and specimens of small intestine were taken for histopathological examination by optical microscope.Results At 0 hour,plasmic TNF - α levels in 4 groups were statistically equal (P > 0.05 ).In plasma of sham - operation group,changes of TNF - α levels were not obvious.Compared with CLP group,TNF - α levels in low - dose and high - dose Atorvastatin groups were both significantly lower ( P <0.01 ) at postoperative 3,6,12 and 24 hours.And TNF-α levels in high -dose Atorvastatin group were significantly lower than those in low - dose group ( P < 0.01 ) at the 4 time points.The mortality of sepsis was higher in CLP model group than other groups,That of Atorvastatin group was significantly lower than CLP model group but higher than control group and high - dose group was lower than low - dose group.Conclusions Atorvastatin can inhibit the expression of TNF - α in blood plasma of sepsis rats and reduce inflammatory reaction.

Key words:
Sepsis;  Atorvastatin;  Tumor necrosis factor-α;  Rat


A team of operators and engineers can quickly select the right level of interlock protection by following a simple approach and using a predefined matrix.


In this paper, we report the synthesis of well defined nanocomposite particles of polypyrrole (PPy) coated γ-Fe2O3. The nanocomposites with different γ-Fe2O3 contents are generated by microemulsion polymerization of pyrrole by dispersing γ-Fe2O3 in the oil phase. The structural properties of the nanocomposite particles thus obtained are characterized by FT-IR, thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, which shows the size of the γ-Fe2O3–PPy nanocomposite particles is in the range of 10–20 nm. The magnetic and electrical properties of these particles are measured by vibrating sample magnetometry, Mössbauer spectroscopy and the four-point probe method which indicate that the nanocomposite particles are superparamagnetic and electrically conducting. The conductivity of the composite is independent of γ-Fe2O3 content.


From its earliest days, photography was linked to material remains of the past. Western pioneers of the medium were attracted to photographing Ottoman lands, especially the land of the Pharaohs, and the Holy Land. The Ottomans also seized upon photography themselves, turning the lens upon monuments and artefacts within their own Empire. The literature on archaeological photography in the region has focused on European travel photography, and on the upper echelons of state officialdom. This article shifts attention to Ottoman bureaucracy, and to the societal level. It discusses the relationship between photography and the daily tasks associated with the Ottoman administration of antiquities. Additionally, it looks at the ways that an important learned society, the Hellenic Literary Society at Constantinople, used photography. The article treats Ottoman archaeological photography in its own right, largely on the basis of primary material in Ottoman Turkish and Greek. The article argues that photography was a new, technologically advanced medium that - in tandem with other visual reproduction techniques - was instrumental in promoting visions of modernisation. Photography, and other visual media, helped the Ottoman state promote state centralisation and modernisation, while enhancing the Hellenic Literary Society's civilising mission.


In order to solve when using guided image filter algorithms for image matting,the parameters need to manually adjust according to the different image.A method was proposed to adaptive parameters.This approach draws on the idea of image evaluation,after divided image with different radius,using the average gradient value of each block to determine the radius,so as to achieve the purpose of automatically generated reasonable parameters.While matting experiments,using this adaptive filter optimization masking value in the digital image matting.Experimental results show that the adaptive filtering algorithm can capture the image detail very well,reached adaptation purpose.


The UK which had been one of the major members of the EU, currently has been holding the status of an 'ex-member' following almost a four years of a rocky withdrawal process that took place for the first time ever in the EU history. This unprecedented withdrawal is likely to come up with severe negative outcomes particularly for the UK side in comparison to remaining in the Union. This study seeks to demonstrate the likely legal, political and economic ramifications of the British withdrawal by particularly concentrating on the highly critical and debated issues bargained during the withdrawal negotiations as well as to draw a detailed comparison of the outcomes of an exit under the framework of a withdrawal agreement and a no-deal scenario. Yet, the paper concludes that the second round of negotiations for determining on the terms of a future relationship might not be as less difficult than the first round examined in this study.


The influence of yttria purity level on hardness and fracture toughness of TZP ceramics was investigated. Terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium and ytterbium were the heavy rare earths evaluated as impurities. Samples were prepared employing zirconia powders doped with 3 mol% of high purity yttria or concentrates containing 85 and 95 wt% of this oxide. Two procedures were used to obtain the concentrates: solvent extraction and mixture of purified heavy rare earth oxides. These powders were synthesized by the coprecipitation route, pressed by uniaxial compaction (100 MPa) and sintered at 1500 °C for 1 hour. Gas adsorption (BET), laser diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were the techniques used for powder characterization. The sintered pellets were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Apparent density values were determined by the Archimedes method. Hardness and fracture toughness were evaluated by Vickers indentation technique. It was verified that the presence of heavy rare earth oxides in yttria concentrates has no significant effect on mechanical properties of zirconia ceramics. These samples have uniform microstructure, composed by tetragonal grains smaller than 0.5 μm. Hardness and fracture toughness are around 13 GPa and 6 MPa.m 1/2 , respectively.


Abstract Aims: To explore how older Norwegian women living at home experience ageing, and how their everyday life has been influenced by their encounters with the challenges of life. Methods: A qualitative design, interviewing ten women age 90 or older, was employed. Results: The overall theme of the findings is how everyday life in old age is influenced by past, present and future. The subcategories focus on (a) changes in daily life, (b) giving an account of life as it is, (c) various perceptions of experienced loss, and finally, (d) thoughts about the future. Conclusions: Older women need the opportunity to reflect upon their past, present and future existence to have a good everyday life in old age. Our findings might be important in shaping health promotion interventions for older people.


In this paper, a mid-infrared coding engineered metasurface with beam switching is presented. The proposed rectangle coded metasurface consists of a periodically patterned graphene monolayer. Phase difference of 180° between adjacent cells causes interference cancellation of scattered waves in the mirror reflection direction. By controlling the chemical potential of the continuous grapheme layer through electrostatic biasing, the reflection phase of each unit cells can be controlled. Therefore, it is possible to control the direction and shape of the reflected beam by control the reflective phase distribution.


Getting the right precipitation probability density function in the Mediterranean area is a challenge for most global and regional climate models with parametrized convection. Over land in particular, the intensity of heavy‐precipitating events is often underestimated. In the present study, we provide a process‐based analysis of the representation by the CNRM‐ALADIN63 regional climate model of one of these events, which occurred in the southeast of France on November 1–2, 2008. The CNRM‐ALADIN63 model, when run in a configuration where the large‐scale dynamics is nudged towards that of the ERA‐Interim reanalysis, is first shown to capture the location and intensity of the heavy‐precipitating event appropriately. Then, using a reference convection‐permitting simulation of the same event and a conditional sampling approach to identify and characterize convective updraughts, the ability of the model convection parametrization to capture further convective details is assessed. The model misses the occurrence of the updraught mass flux largest values, despite a significant and systematic overestimation of the updraught vertical velocity. The area covered by the convective updraught is in fact found to be severely underestimated, suggesting an inappropriate approach for convective closure: the event occurred along the foothills of the Massif Central, where the subgrid‐scale features of the topography interact strongly with the impinging large‐scale flow and thereby drive the position and large area fractions of convective updraughts, at least during the mature phase of the event. A preliminary topography‐based convective closure is proposed and implemented in the model to assess this hypothesis further. The results confirm that the parametrization deficiencies can be significantly reduced with a proper inclusion of subgrid‐scale topographic features.


We present strong gravitational lensing models for 37 galaxy clusters from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Giant Arcs Survey. We combine data from multi-band Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) imaging, with ground-based imaging and spectroscopy from Magellan, Gemini, Apache Point Observatory, and the Multiple Mirror Telescope, in order to detect and spectroscopically confirm new multiply imaged lensed background sources behind the clusters. We report spectroscopic or photometric redshifts of sources in these fields, including cluster galaxies and background sources. Based on all available lensing evidence, we construct and present strong-lensing mass models for these galaxy clusters. The clusters span a redshift range of 0.176 < z < 0.66 with a median redshift of z = 0.45, and sample a wide range of dynamical masses, 1.5 < M200 < 35 × 1014 , as estimated from their velocity dispersions. As these clusters were selected as lenses primarily owing to a fortuitous alignment with background galaxies that results in giant arcs, they exhibit a wide range in Einstein radii, 1.″3 < θE < 23.″1 for a source at z = 2, with a median θE = 10.″8. The reduced HST images and lens model outputs are made available to the scientific community as high-level data products with this publication.


Summary In field experiments with spring barley (Conchita, Mauritia and Sebastian cultivars) carried out in 2010–2011, the effect of fungicides Alert 375 SC (flusilazole, carbendazym), Artea 330 EC (propiconazole, cyproconazole) and Capalo 337,5 SE (fenpropimorph, metrafenone, epoxyconazole) on grain yield, yield components, diseases occurrence, grain filling and protein content in grain of spring barley cultivars were studied. All fungicides affected the increase in grain yield of spring barley cultivars, and reduced the intensity of fungal diseases caused by Pyrenophora tere, Rhynchosporium secalis and P. graminea. Yield increase was related to the increase of grain mass per ear and 1000 seed weight. The effect of applied fungicides on protein content in grain of spring barley cultivars was small. The positive effect of the applied fungicides on grain filling of spring barley was also stated.


BERGAN, JOHN R.; KARP, CHERYL L.; and NEUMANN, ALBERT J., II. Effects of Prerequisite-Skill Acquisition and Child Characteristics on Hierarchical Learning. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1979, 50, 251-253. The present investigation examined the effects of child prerequisite-skill acquisition and child characteristics on the hiearchical learning of cognitive skills. 49 parents and their 3-5-yearold children participated. A structural analysis of skills taught indicated that individual characteristics affect initial prerequisite-skill performance directly and superordinate-skill learning indirectly through their impact on prerequisite skills. The findings provided tentative support for the hypotheses that prerequisite-skill performance depends to a significant degree on variations in individual characteristics and that superordinate-skill learning depends largely on past prerequisiteskill learning.


Though the English subdomain of Wikipedia is ranked #1 in page counts with 2.1 million articles, this represents only 22% of Wikipedia. The remaining 78% of effort is distributed among over 250 languges (though principally in the top 50 or so). As Wikipedians rush to create new content and translate and fill in the gaps in various languages there is a tremendous opportunity to apply automated extraction techniques in the space. In particular, many topics are maintained more effectively by editors in one language over all others. This may be because a particularly motivated editor only writes in one language and not another. It may also be do due to distribution and availability of certain expertise and information. For example, a French rock-star may have more loyal fans updating the star's page in French giving it a more up-to-date and a more complete article than the page in another language. The differences in the amount, quality, and recency of information in Wikipedia depending on language represents a particular problem for its users, but is also an interesting opportunity and challenge for us.


The acoustic and elastic characteristics of zinc tungstate crystals are determined. It is found that ZnWO4 has a considerable elastic anisotropy and large mechanical impedance.

[Russian Text Ignored]


Gloriosa superba L. is an important medicinal plant species found in tropical and subtropical regions of India. Seeds and tubers contain colchicine which is used for treating gout, rheumatism and for producing polyploides. Due to diverse use, the species has been largely exploited from natural habitat leading to its threatened status. A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of organic and inorganic fertilizers on its growth and seed yield. Eight treatments including Control (T1), NPK at 120:50:75 kg/ha (recommended dose) (T2), FYM at 20 t/ha (T3), Vermicompost(VC) at 6 t/ha (T4), FYM at 10 t/ha + ½ T2 (T5), VC at 3 t/ha + ½ T2 (T6), FYM at 13.3 t/ha + ⅓T2 (T7), VC at 4 t/ha + ⅓T2 (T8) were followed to find their effect on growth and yield. The treatments were significantly different from each other and higher values were recorded for plant height (144.96 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (172.03), number of branches plant-1 (4.35), number of flowers plant-1 (30.50), number of fruits plant-1 (10.10), seed yield plant-1 (4.47 g) and estimated seed yield hectare-1 (197.50 kg) in the treatment VC at 4 t/ha + ⅓T2. Available major nutrients (NPK) in soil also recorded higher after harvesting the crop in the treatment VC at 4 t/ha + ⅓T2.

 Key words: Glory lily, inorganic fertilizers, organic manures, Gloriosa, seed yield.


Based on the design conditions of a fixed tubesheet heat exchanger,such as pressure,temperature and their fluctuations, the finite element model for thermal and structural analysis was established.After the temperature field had been derived,the stress analysis and fatigue analysis were carried out.


Lan Samantha Chang's novella Hunger observes an immigrant family's adaptation to their new American environment. The narration focuses on conflicts both within oneself and between two or more persons in the family. In these conflicts, the narrator sends double messages. In some cases it is a "both-and" message, with others it presents an "either-or" choice. 1 The more often one reads the novella, the more difficult it becomes to account for the personality of the protagonists. Simple words, whether general or specific, fail to describe their characteristics. Their mental world is not as it first seemed to be. Each protagonist shows a double personality of eagerness and indifference, calm and turbulence. There seem to be two selves coexisting in one person, two truths in one fact. The satiated protagonists are hungry. Under their quietness, torrential streams of impulse surge. The dual selves scattered in the narration break the unity of human mentality. It seems that a primary function of the polarities in Hunger allows one to explore the protagonists' two-sided personalities against their twofold background. The polarities that compose Chang's narration distinguish Hunger from her peers' and predecessors' works. Another important polarity is the novel's title. "Hunger" is literally "a compelling need or desire for food" ("Hunger"). However, as the reader realizes at the end of the text, there is no physical hunger depicted. On the contrary, the characters are taken good care of in their diet. They are either physically satisfied or have little appetite. When they are offered food or drink, they either have it casually or just refuse it. Indeed, Chang transforms a physical conception of hunger into a spiritual


General — This 2nd Saxon Symposium on Inverse Problems Mathematical Methods and Applications was held in Oybin, Germany, September 24 26, 1997. The organizing committee for this Symposium series consists of B. Hofmann (Chemnitz), U. Tautenhahn (Zittau) and L.v. Wolfersdorf (Freiberg). We intend to organize the 3rd Saxon Symposium on Inverse Problems in September 1999 at the TU Mining Academy in Freiberg.


Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish versionof the Compliance Questionnaire on Rheumatology (CQR-T) for patients with Behçet's disease (BD). Method:A sample of 105 Turkish patients with BD participated in this study. The scale was cross-culturally adapted through a process including translation, comparison with versions in other languages, back translation, and pretesting. Construct validity was evaluated by factor analysis, and criterion validity was evaluated using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale. Results: The CQR-T demonstrated acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .832), adequate test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .630), and correlations with Morisky Medication Adherence Scale scores (r = −.389, p< .001), indicating convergent validity. Conclusion:The CQR-T was found to be a valid and reliable instrument for evaluating the compliance of Turkish BD patients with prescribed medications. Implications for Practice: The CQR-T might be a helpful tool in two ways: for determining the level of compliance of patients with BD and for adjusting their management and follow-up based on the results.


The debate surrounding sustainable development in the mining industry is a drawn-out one, which has long gained considerable attention from a wide range of parties. Minimizing adverse environmental impacts is an important goal for all industries keen on contributing to sustainable development. The realization of sustainable development requires the use of different disciplinary approaches to the impact assessment of development proposals. This paper examines sustainable development in the corporate mining context, and provides some guidelines for mining companies seeking to operate more sustainably. Since mining processes have the potential to impact a diverse group of environmental entities, and are of interest to a wide range of stakeholder groups, there is ample opportunity for the industry to operate more sustainably. The present study proposes an integrated and hybrid approach based on SWOT Analysis and Analytic Network Process (ANP). The analysis prescribes policy recommendations both for the government and industry which, if adopted, could facilitate improving of environmental performance developing a framework for sustainable development indicators for the mining industry. In fact the combined use of ANP method and SWOT analysis is a promising approach in supporting strategic decision-making processes.


In a previous work we proposed a state-space model to study sequences of earthquake occurrences in a region where the observations come from different point processes driven by a finite-state homogeneous Markov process.
By following the literature in statistical seismology we used point processes to model the observations; moreover we deduced at least three states corresponding respectively to periods of low, medium and high seismic activity (e.g. seismic quiescence, foreshocks and aftershocks). But the choice of the state process was mainly due to the need of an easy-to-handle model and to the difficult information retrieval on the transition probabilities of the states.
In this work we define the state process to be a non-homogeneous process after careful considerations about some features suggested by geophysical and geological findings and by direct observation of the seismic events.
We tackle the inferential problem of a state-space model with point process observations and non-homogeneous state process by using MCMC and particle filtering methods.


This study examines how highly disruptive issues cause profound dissonance in societal members that are cognitively and emotionally invested in existing institutions. The authors use PETA's (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals) entrepreneurial advocacy for animal rights to show how this highly disruptive issue interrupted and violated taken-for-granted interpretations of institutions and institutional life. The authors compare 30 YouTube videos of PETA's advocacy to explore pathways to effective sensegiving and sensemaking of highly disruptive issues. The findings augment the analytical synergy that exists between sensemaking and institutional analysis by unpacking the micro-level dynamics that may facilitate transformational institutional change.


This work examines the course "Law Office Management" and its place in the legal education curriculum. In discussing expert resources on law curriculum development as the MacCrate report and the Carnegie Foundation, the clear message emerges that practical skills of all types should be taught to law students. The article examines these skills and offers solutions as to how this education can be accomplished.


Light from a super continuum source is dispersed into a number of wavelength bands, coded using a spatial light modulator and recombined into an optical fiber that delivers it to living tissue. Diffuse light emanating from the tissue is detected efficiently using an array of high numerical aperture, single-element photo detectors and spectrally resolved by demodulation. This method allows spectral changes in tissues to be imaged with high speed and sensitivity.


The Eye is a vital sense organ and much like any other organ in the body can be afflicted by HIV. An ophthalmic referral at the time of presentation must be ensured by the treating physician. The ophthalmologist must take utmost care while examining and treating such patients to avoid patient to patient and patient to healthcare provider spread of HIV. A detailed ophthalmic examination for the various manifestations must be done and timely intervention for the same must be carried out which is critical to prevent ocular morbidity. Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy (HAART) is safe and has been instrumental in lowering sight threatening complications of HIV such as CMV retinitis.


Wheat straw, as a secondary waste agricultural product, presents a potential renewable source of energy. It is necessary to design simple heat sources to achieve better usage. As part of an analysis of heat sources, a tubular type of heat exchanger was reviewed. The design of the exchanger was focused on the smallest possible dimensional requirements, low costs, high reliability and easy maintenance. We chose a tubular type of heat exchanger. In our case, flue gas flows through the tubes, and water flows outside of the tubes. This type of exchanger allows for continuous cleaning, but also simple maintenance, even in case of equipment failure. It is possible to replace individual parts (pipes) of equipment that are exposed to the adverse corrosive effects of biomass flue gases. A mathematical model was composed to compute the construction of a heat source. The model was verified by CFD simulation. The main idea of this design is modularity. The composed model can be used to design a series of similar heat sources with different levels of power, and which, as it is of maximal availability for this type of construction, increase use of waste straw as fuel by small farms.


A fluorescent diffuse optical tomography instrument has been developed in our laboratory. Taking into account in-homogeneities, it allows whole body examination. Experimental results obtained with this system on mice deep lung tumours examination are presented.


This paper provides an overview of the various human factors and ergonomics (HF/E) resources on the World Wide Web (WWW). A list of the most popular and useful HF/E sites will be provided, along with several critical guidelines relevant to using the WWW. The reader will gain a clear understanding of how to find HF/E information on the Web and how to successfully use the Web towards various HF/E professional consulting activities. Finally, we consider the ergonomic implications of surfing the Web.


Efficient algorithms for mining frequent itemsets are crucial for mining association rules and for other data mining tasks. FP-growth algorithm has been implemented using a prefix-tree structure, known as a FP-tree, for storing compressed frequency information. Numerous experimental results have demonstrated that the algorithm perform extremely well. But In FP-growth algorithm, two traversals of FP-tree are needed for constructing the new conditional FP-tree. In this paper we present a novel FP-array technique that greatly reduces the need to traverse FP-trees, thus obtaining significantly improved performance for FP-tree based algorithms. We then present a very effective closed frequent pattern algorithm which uses a variation of the FP-tree data structure in combination with the FP-array technique efficiently. In the algorithm, an efficient closeness-testing approach is also given for mining closed frequent itemsets. Experimental results show that the new algorithm outperform other algorithm in not only the speed of algorithms, but also their scalability.


We are presenting a more secured and nonspecifically dependent on image formats steganography technique for any bmp or JPEG digital images, based on clustering technique. It is a new color image clustering technique used for robust steganography. It can be defined as the persistence of the embedded steganography under image unrests resulting from attacks. Firstly, the image under consideration is divided into 8x8 blocks and then the clusters of blocks, using the Content Addressable Method (CAM). The cluster of blocks is divided into sub-clusters and Payload data are embedded into next level of cluster i.e. sub clusters. Duplication of the same payload data has been achieved through these sub-clusters which prove the robustness of our proposed steganography technique. Moreover, the distribution rate of image sub-clusters over a cluster it is another parameter that can be tuned to improve this robustness. We used this technique and proved with bmp images in previous works and it showed promised results. In the presented work, this technique has been applied on JPEG image coefficient level. Experimental results indicate that if we have more rate of dispersal of clusters on the image with Block/pixels more uniformly distributed of throughout the clusters, the best robustness of steganography we could obtain. This result comes from the fact that the proposed technique resists to geometric attacks like cropping of stego image. Key-Words: Steganography, Distribution Rate, Color Images, Content Addressable Method. Cluster Dispersal Rate


The purpose of this paper is to show that the problem of computing minimum cost index (MCI), which is proposed by Dean and Martin (2010, 2015) as a goodness-of-fit measure of GARP, is NP- hard. We show the result by using a reduction from maximum acyclic subgraph problem (MASP) which is a traditional decision problem known to be NP-complete.


The invention discloses an encrypted anti-counterfeit printing technology for modulating shape of a printed matter amplitude-modulation screen dot by a dual-encrypted signal; the anti-counterfeit printing technology can digitalize anti-counterfeit information to generate an octonary information table with eight bits in one group, and generate an octonary modulation signal by encrypting and channel coding, and embeds the anti-counterfeit information in the orderly change of the shape of the amplitude-modulation screen dot in the whole page by modulating the amplitude-modulation screen dot by a circular look-up table; the anti-counterfeit information can be recognized from any fragment when recognizing the printed matter; the encrypted anti-counterfeit printing technology has strong fragment-resistance so as to effectively resist illegal copying based on a camera, a canner and an electronic document, and can be widely applied to the printed matter anti-counterfeit field.


Objective To compare the therapeutic efficacy between extern al fixation therapy and anterior operation in treatment of cervical vertebra ins tability bending fracture. Methods Of 45 cases of cervical vertebra instability bending fracture, 24 cases were treated by external fixation therapy, and 21case s by anterior operation. They were followed up for 2 to 3 years. The therapeutic efficacy was investigated and analyzed through a specially designed questionnai re, the items of which included post-treatment symptoms and physical signs of t he patients. The fracture healing and the angle of kyphosis deformity were exami ned by radiograph. Results There were no significant differences between the ext ernal fixation therapy and the anterior operation in post-treatment symptoms an d physical signs except in the angle of kyphosis deformity. The mean angles of k yphosis deformity in the external fixation group and in the anterior operation g roup were 12.6 and 4.2 degrees respectively. Conclusions The anterior operation is superior to external fixation therapy in treating cervical vertebra instabili ty bending fracture.


A diverse range of in-space propulsion requirements has rekindled interest in the development and deployment of high power electromagnetic thrusters. Magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thrusters can effectively process megawatts of electrical power, providing several newtons of thrust over a broad range of specific impulse values. As the lead NASA center for electric propulsion, the Glenn Research Center has established a MW-class pulsed thruster test facility to improve the performance of high power MPD thrusters. Thruster simulations using the state-of-the-art MACH2 code provide a well-balanced program of numerical analysis and experimental validation that is expected to lead to improved high power thruster performance. This paper provides an overview of the pulsed power facility at NASA GRC, describes the MACH2 code and recent numerical results, and outlines current GRC plans for high power MPD thruster testing and simulation.


Most of the production in preindustrial European villages and towns was organized in family enterprises. This organization and the marriage system in these families resulted in a fertility rate that was low enough and a rate of savings that was high enough to secure the amount of investment necessary to accommodate the increasing population. Concentration of specialized producers and the intellectual elite in towns facilitated technology transfer from more advanced regions and later the invention of new technologies. Because of these developments the large demographic setbacks were not as often assumed subsistence crises due to population pressure on land; rather they were the result of internecine warfare and epidemics which were endemic in preindustrial Europe. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)


The article is devoted to the socio-psychological analysis of the image of a political leader in the space of thinking of Ukrainian student youth. The problems of the implementation of the political choice of student youth in the process of socio-political changes are revealed. As politics began to be perceived as personalized, through the prism of personal characteristics of particular political figures, it is relevant to study the role of the image of a political leader, which is characterized by the transformation of personal and professional qualities. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the results of an empirical study of the image of a political leader in the space of thinking of student youth conducted at the Nizhyn Mykola Gogol State University and Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University in 2011-2019. The article presents that formed image of the politician determines the level of political activity during elections. A comparative analysis of the results obtained concerning the priorities of student youth reveals the most important political quality of the political leader for student youth – his social orientation and concern for the people. The results of the comparative analysis indicate an increase in the political subjectivity of youth, but negative emotions (disappointment) impede the willingness for responsible participation in political life. Three groups of factors are identified that mediate the process of perception by the electorate of a political leader. Features of vertical and horizontal involvement of a citizen in political activity are revealed. The peculiarities of changing attitudes and the value-normative orientation of the political consciousness of modern students are demonstrated.


PURPOSE: To provide the process for removal of silanes which contain hydrogen atoms directly bonded to silicon from silanes. CONSTITUTION: This is the process for removing silanes containing hydrogen atoms directly bonded to silicon from silanes represented by formula R x Cl 3-x Si-[SiR y Cl 2-y ] n -A or mixtures thereof, which is characterized in that silanes having hydrogen atoms directly bonded to silicon are, by allowing them to react with hydrogen chloride in the presence of silver or gold as a catalyst and thus converting them to corresponding chlorosilanes. In the formula, R is a non-substituted or halogen-substituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms and having no ethylenic double bond; A is a chlorine atom or a group R; (x) is 0,1,2 or 3; (y) is 0,1 or 2; (n) is 0 or 1. COPYRIGHT: (C)1994,JPO


The intention of this paper is to survey dust in atmosphere of Beijing City.The purpose of this research is figuring out the relation of the dust and soil around Beijing.The dust samples of different height at 325m Meteorological Tower of Institute of Atmospheric Physics(IAP) were collected in two time period(2007.6.7-2007.11.6 and 2007.11.6-2008.6.12).The characters of physical and chemical analysis indicated that the primary factor of influence dust is wind power which has perfectly mixed the matter of local place and far off place.The matters of far off place are much more than local place with height increasing.It has a linear relation between ratio of Si/Al and heigth of dust sample.From the relation,we can imprecisely figure out the approximate heigth of the equal proportion mix matter in local place and far off place.


Purpose – In the present study, an attempt has been made to examine friction and wear behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V alloy sliding against EN-31 steel under lubricative media of common commercial grade oil (hydrol-68). The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Tribological properties of Ti-6Al-4V under hydrol-68 as lubricative media are measured using multi-tribo tester. Lubricating oil samples at different normal loads have also been analysed with the help of laser net fines (LNF) as per ISO 4406:1999. Experiments have been designed by two level full factorial method. Findings – Experimental results indicate that the wear rate of Ti-6Al-4V alloy decreases as sliding speed increases. But it shows typical transition characteristics as the normal load increases; till 30 N wear rate decreases then it increases from 30 to 50 N. Also for all loads and at every speed, the average wear increases as the sliding distance increases. The average coefficient of friction of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy decr...


Insect pest management is facing the economic and ecological challenge worldwide due to the environmental hazards caused by the synthetic pesticides. A search for alternate techniques for the insect pests' management arises in recent years. Botanicals act not only as insecticides but also function as antifeedants, oviposition deterrents and ovicides. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antifeedant activity of Costunolide which was isolated from root extract of Saussurea lappa to citrus pest Papilio demoleus by non choice bioassay method. The test compound dissolved in acetone was separately tested at 200, 150, 100, 50ppm concentration continuously for 24 and 48 hours. The result showed that presence of antifeedant effect was maximum at 200ppm and least at 50ppm Costunolide influence on feeding activity of fourth instar larvae significantly reduced the food consumption, growth rate and utilization of the ingested food and reduced digestibility. Thus the feeding deterrence was markedly influenced when larvae fed on Costunolide sprayed leaves which caused more than 80% of antifeeding effect.


The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of a smart dance education program that responds to the changing times and to focus on the development of general dance education course in college applying "flipped-learning." Looking at the concept of "flipped-learning" through literature research, a general dance education course is developed based on the ADDIE model. The result of this study is a dance class applying "flipped-learning" that focuses on general college students, not dance major students, and develops a class model that can enhance interest and interaction. Since it is possible to share and communicate with others with various viewpoints and interpretations, it has a positive aspect that it can bring educational effects to help communicate with others and express one's thoughts.


Luminescence concentration quenching and upconversion have been quantitatively investigated in neodymium-doped LaSc3(BO3)4 (LSB) and GdVO4 (GVO) laser crystals. The microparameter of cross relaxation (self-quenching) was determined in Nd:GVO as 3.6×10-40 cm6/s. It is shown that, in Nd:LSB, upconversion is static, with the upconversion microparameter Cda=(0.5–1.1)×10-37 cm6/s. In Nd:GVO, upconversion is migration accelerated, with the upconversion macroparameter α≈1.2×10-15 cm3/s. The influence of upconversion on laser operation is discussed.


Right‐lateral shear between central Iran and Afghanistan is accommodated on N–S right‐lateral strike‐slip faults surrounding the aseismic Dasht‐e‐Lut. North of ∼34°N, the right‐lateral shear is accommodated on left‐lateral faults that rotate clockwise about vertical axes. Little is known of the late Tertiary and younger offsets and slip rates on the active fault systems, results that are important for understanding the regional tectonics. We use observations from satellite imagery to identify displaced geological and geomorphological markers, which we use in conjunction with the overall morphology and orientation of the active fault systems to estimate the total cumulative right‐lateral shear. Estimates of cumulative fault movements from offset features and inferred vertical axis rotation of fault‐bounded blocks suggest that the late Cenozoic strain is concentrated toward the eastern margin of Iran, along the Sistan shear zone, where bedrock offsets of at least 70 km are observed across the active faults. The geomorphology of the Deh Shir, Anar, and Great Kavir strike‐slip faults in central Iran suggest that although little shortening is accommodated across this region, they might still be active, and hence capable of producing earthquakes. Present‐day activity on these faults in central Iran would not be expected from distributions of instrumental and historical earthquakes. Although speculative, the late Tertiary strain distribution described in this paper is consistent with what we know of the present‐day rates of shear in eastern Iran and provides a framework to which later, more detailed, work can be added.


Empowerment in the area of poverty alleviation, beyond being a partnership for improvement or progress of the performance, means accountability for the prioritized needs. As to empowerment, the approaches are mostly confined to motivational level or organizational and institutional reform. Based on this general approach, Iran has also drawn up many empowerment programs and implemented them through Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation (IKRF), the main supporting organization of the country. Pursuing the empowerment projects on the basis of this limited approach has been the source of instability for such projects. Evaluating the empowerment projects of Iran focused on poverty alleviation, developed and embedded in the broad programs of the IKRF, the study aims to identify the components of a pattern of empowerment for poverty alleviation through a social approach. Finally the proposed strategies are formulated based on three centers of active participation of the poor, strengthening inter-organizational relationships and defining an advisory role for supporting organizations to decision-making bodies. The methodology was descriptive-analytical and the data collected through direct observation and interviews with experts and academic elites and collecting questionnaires. Delphi Questionnaire was filled by the sample population in two categories of managers and experts of the IKRF and the clients. The Snowball technique was applied for identifying the size of the sample. The research questions were responded through SWOT analysis.


The paper that we propose aims a constructivist analysis about persuasive effects that media can cause in the public space by interpreting and reconstructing of the social events. The analysis is based on a triangular grille, where the structural, communicational and interactional dimensions contribute to illustrate the ways in which media facilitate the formation of social representations, creating certain types of behaviour and determining specific actions. Moreover talk about a media representation of certain events that generate criteria to assess situations, determine judgments to be applied to these events and contribute to create collective action. The applied part of the paper aims to analyse the social context in which had held the fall of Ponta Government, on November 4, 2015, in the context in which a few days had gone from the drama which happened in the Club "Colectiv", on October 30, 2015. The analysis focuses on the effects of framing and those of priming on the means of mass communication have produced by the coverage of events related to this collective drama. © 2016 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.uk


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the ways in which narratives of collaborations tagged as successful may be constructed around common characterizations of participants, in order to provide insights to the ways in which stories may be constructed as vehicles for the adoption or adaptation of good or promising practices.Design/methodology/approach – Qualitative interview data from three collaborative situations are analysed through a narrative‐centred procedure with a particular focus on micro‐stories.Findings – The paper provides a set of recurring characterizations observed within narratives of successful collaboration and their employment within the stories offered by collaborating partners. It also suggests the relationship that these characterizations might have to the stimulation or retardation of good collaborative practices.Research limitations/implications – The paper is derived from interviews in the UK context and extrapolation to other contexts seems plausible but should be cond...


We report the observation of polaritonic bistability in semiconductor microcavities in the strong coupling regime. The origin of bistability is the polariton-polariton interaction, which gives rise to a Kerr-like nonlinearity. The experimental results are in good agreement with a simple model taking transverse effects into account.


Southeast Asian peatlands, one-third of global tropical peatlands, have sequestered and preserved gigatons of carbon in the past thousands of year. Rainfall fluctuation on yearly and even hourly timescales plays an important role that defines peat carbon accumulation or loss from tropical peatlands. Notably, research related to the ecosystem-scale carbon exchange, including methane (CH4), over tropical peatland ecosystems remains limited. Given their significant carbon stocks, the fate of natural tropical peatlands under current and future climate is unknown.

We performed a study in Kampar Peninsula, a coastal tropical peatland of around 700,000 ha, in Sumatra, Indonesia. This ombrotrophic (acidic and nutrient-poor) peatland largely formed within the past 8000 years. The peninsula is characterized by a large, relatively intact central forest area surrounded by a mosaic of smallholder agricultural land, and industrial fiber wood plantation, smaller secondary forest areas, and undeveloped open and degraded land. We measured the net ecosystem CO2 and CH4 exchanges between natural peatland and the atmosphere using the eddy covariance technique over two years (June 2017-May 2019). In addition, peat subsidence rates were measured using polyvinyl chloride poles at every 1 km along 35 km long transect across the natural forest in the peninsula. In the natural forest, groundwater level shows periodic sharp rises and steady decreases corresponding to rain events. The groundwater level can rise up to 20 cm above the peat surface in the wet season, and then in the late dry season can reach -70 cm.

Our measurements indicate that the natural tropical peatland functioned as a significant source of CO2 (410±60 g CO2-C m-2 year-1) and CH4 (6.8±0.7 g CH4-C m-2 year-1) to the atmosphere. If we follow IPCC global warming potential (GWP) accounting methodology and apply a 100-year GWP of 34 for CH4, this implies that CH4 emissions contributed ~35% of the 100-year net warming impact. Carbon emissions (due to oxidation of peat, litterfall and coarse wood debris) contributed ~30-35% of the observed subsidence rates. The CO2 exchanges increased linearly as groundwater level declined. Lower groundwater level enhances peat aeration and potentially increases oxidative peat decomposition, which results in higher CO2 emissions. The CH4 exchanges decreased exponentially as groundwater level declined.

The results indicate that tropical peatland ecosystems are no longer a carbon sink under the current climate. Our results, which are among the first eddy covariance exchange data reported for any tropical peatland, should help to reduce the uncertainty in the estimation of CO2 and CH4 emissions from a globally important ecosystem and improve our understanding of the role of natural tropical peatlands under current and future climate.


This paper presents the pile forming principle and technique of a new type pile,which is called dry bored composite pile under groundwater. Through field experiments, the bearing capacity and load transfer behaviour, the side resistance and failure characteristic of cement soil ring pile and the effect of strengthening by air for cement soil ring pile after boring of soil core have been described.


This study demonstrated the enhancement of biogenic coal conversion to methane in a bioelectrochemical anaerobic reactor with polarized electrodes. The electrode with 1.0 V polarization increased the methane yield of coal to 52.5 mL/g lignite, which is the highest value reported to the best of our knowledge. The electrode with 2.0 V polarization shortened the adaptation time for methane production from coal, although the methane yield was slightly less than that of the 1.0 V electrode. After the methane production from coal in the bioelectrochemical reactor, the hydrolysis product, soluble organic residue, was still above 3600 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L. The hydrolysis product has a substrate inhibition effect and inhibited further conversion of coal to methane. The dilution of the hydrolysis product mitigates the substrate inhibition to methane production, and a 5.7-fold dilution inhibited the methane conversion rate by 50%. An additional methane yield of 55.3 mL/g lignite was obtained when the hydrolysis product was diluted 10-fold in the anaerobic toxicity test. The biogenic conversion of coal to methane was significantly improved by the polarization of the electrode in the bioelectrochemical anaerobic reactor, and the dilution of the hydrolysis product further improved the methane yield.


In Chile, in the 80's and 90's, a strong development of the real estate sector was generated that focused its opportunity on the production of social exclusivity; Under a semi-agricultural land acquisition model, of a rural-urban poverty. Then sell urban land built at prices well above families of higher social class, obtaining high returns.  There is thus a rapprochement of social classes, limited with an enclosure of these walled condominiums and controlled and supervised access. However, the urban and architectural sociology of the last decades has conceptualized this fact, as an element that reinforces segregation and exclusion.  The study revealed immanent meanings of the wall over residents of these walled condos, and identified how representative are symbolic meanings and values.


Effects of exogenous NO3-on sucrose,glucose,fructose and starch contents as well as sucrose synthase(SS)disassemble activity,sucrose synthase synthesis activity,neutral invertase activity(NI)and acid invertase activity(AI)in roots of sweet cherry(Prunus avium 'Daihong')with P.pseudocerasus var.'Daqingye' as rootstock under waterlogging condition were studied.The results showed that under water-logging condition,sucrose,glucose,fructose and starch in roots of sweet cherry increased significantly in the early period and then decreased in the later period in both treatment and control.Exogenous NO3-enhanced the contents of sucrose,glucose,fructose and starch,which were higher than control,while to the maximum,which were 18.02%,21.97%,25.27% and 11.41% higher than that of control respectively when reached to the maximum.The sucrose synthase disassemble activity in roots of sweet cherry increased to the highest level and then declined gradually in both treatment and control.Meanwhile,the sucrose synthase synthesis,NI and AI activities decreased gradually,but four enzymes activities of treatment were higher than that of control after using exogenous NO3-.We conclude that the addition of NO3-can enhance the tolerance of the roots of sweet cherry to hypoxia through regulation of sugar metabolism.


Learn about ACO formation, rules, contract pitfalls, and physician participation from an expert before you commit to joining a new group.


The mathematical model of high speed processing servo feed system has been established,and the reverse gap has been analyzed according to the model. Through the analysis found that the reverse gap might cause the electrical machinery rotational speed and the feed rate lag. Along with gap enlargement,the work table output displacement's position error increased. Pointed out that the reverse gap is the question which in the precision work urgently to be solved.


The undergraduate degree in Aquatic Sciences was reformulated recently according to the Bologna Process. As in any other degree in applied biology, students are required to satisfy a biostatistics requirement. New educational technologies such as Moodle are available in the University of Porto as a tool to promote the blended learning experience among the academic community. This was an excellent opportunity to change the learning process. In redesigning this course, the classical programme in basic biostatistics was maintained but emphasis was given to the problem solving component. The exposition to small biological problems explored both theoretical and practical aspects of biostatistics, including verbal and written communication. A final assignment with the collaboration of researchers from the Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR) gave them a first insight into the professional world in the Aquatic Sciences area. A Forum gave the opportunity to contact the teacher whenever necessary, to ask questions about the assignments and exam, but was also a way to involve students in the learning process. The success achieved with this experience of blended learning has shown its potential in teaching different biostatistics courses. Index Terms — Aquatic sciences, Biostatistics, Blended learning, Bologna process, Learning process —————————— ——————————


OVERVIEW In education, programs and practices often gain and lose popularity over time, with little regard to evidence. As a result, important decisions about educational programs are frequently made primarily based on marketing, word of mouth, tradition, and politics. However, there is a movement in education toward evidence-based reform and at the forefront is Success for All, the most extensively and successfully evaluated of all reading reform models.


This study examines one of the most important factors due to organizations' efficiency. The purpose of this paper: To explain significant relationship between university services and students' satisfaction and to explain significant relationship between sex, age and students' satisfaction of university services. Research method is survey. Ratio and multi-stage random sampling was used as a technique. Findings showed most students are satisfied with welfare services, although students' dissatisfaction of educational services is obvious. The relation of four factors including management-educational-cultural and welfare with students' satisfaction was significant and robust (r=84%) but it wasn't correlation between age and sex with students' satisfaction. The result indicates the students' satisfactions with the services are ranked lower. Keywords: Satisfaction of university, management services, educational services, welfare services, cultural services


The effects of carrageenans (CGNs) on the host defense mechanisms of macrophages against Salmonella infection were examined in vitro by using macrophage-like J774.1 cells. Iota-CGN reduced the Salmonella-binding and phagocytotic activities of J774.1 cells, but it increased the killing activity of the cells. Kappa-CGN increased the binding activity, but reduced the killing ability. CGNs would affect the host defense mechanisms by modulating the macrophage functions.