s of Reviews: Should be divided into the following subsections: Background, Summary and Key Messages. The Background should provide a brief clinical context for the review and is followed by the Summary, which should include a concise description of the main topics covered in the text. The Key Messages encapsulate the main conclusions of the review. Footnotes: Avoid footnotes. Tables and illustrations: Tables and illustrations (both numbered in Arabic numerals) should be prepared on separate pages. Tables require a heading and figures a legend, also prepared on a separate page. Due to technical reasons, figures with a screen background should not be submitted. When possible, group several illustrations in one block for reproduction (max. size 180  223 mm) or provide crop marks. Each illustration must be labelled with its number and the first author's name. B/w half-tone and color illustrations must have a final resolution of 300 dpi after scaling, line drawings one of 800–1,200 dpi. Figure files must not be embedded in a document file but submitted separately (see detailed instructions on the Submission Website at www.karger. com/jnn). Color illustrations Online edition: Color illustrations are reproduced free of charge. In the print version, the illustrations are reproduced in black and white. Please avoid referring to the colors in the text and figure legends. Print edition: Up to 6 color illustrations per page can be integrated within the text at CHF 960.00 per page. References: In the text identify references by Arabic numerals [in square brackets]. Material submitted for publication but not yet accepted should be noted as [unpublished data] and not be included in the reference list. The list of references should include only those publications which are cited in the text. Do not alphabetize; number references in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text. The surnames of the authors followed by initials should be given. There should be no punctuation other than a comma to separate the authors. Preferably, please cite all authors. Abbreviate journal names according to the Index Medicus system. Also see International Committee of Medical Journal Editors: Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals (www.icmje.org). Examples (a) Papers published in periodicals: Chatel J-M, Bernard H, Orson FM: Isolation and characterization of two complete Ara h 2 isoforms cDNA. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2003;131:14–18. (b) Papers published only with DOI numbers: Theoharides TC, Boucher W, Spear K: Serum interleukin-6 reflects disease severity and osteoporosis in mastocytosis patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol DOI: 10.1159/000063858. (c) Monographs: Matthews DE, Farewell VT: Using and Understanding Medical Statistics, ed 3, revised. Basel, Karger, 1996. (d) Edited books: DuBois RN: Cyclooxygenase-2 and colorectal cancer; in Dannenberg AJ, Dubois RN (eds): COX-2. Prog Exp Tum Res. Basel, Karger, 2003, vol 37, pp 124–137. Obesity Facts publishes articles covering all aspects of obesity, in particular epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis, treatment, and the prevention of adiposity. As obesity is related to many disease processes, the journal is also dedicated to all topics pertaining to comorbidity and covers psychological and sociocultural aspects as well as influences of nutrition and exercise on body weight. The editors carefully select papers to present only the most recent findings in clinical practice and research. All professionals concerned with obesity issues will find this journal a most valuable update to keep them abreast of the latest scientific developments. Special sections comprising a variety of subspecialties reinforce the journal's value as an exhaustive record of recent progress for all internists, gastroenterologists, endocrinologists, pediatricians, dieticians, nutritionists, bariatric surgeons, psychologists and psychiatrists, occupational health practitioners, sports medicine specialists, ecotrophologists, sociologists, and biologists as well as prevention and public health researchers. In addition, Obesity Facts serves as an ideal information tool for the members of the pharmaceutical and food industry as well as those active in nutritional research and medicine.


This paper presents a model of usability evaluation based on fuzzy logic which results from a need to establish a common approach to deal with the usability evaluation of various kinds of systems. The model definition arises from the methodology of fuzzy usability evaluation that was presented in the previous research of the authors. As a result of a particular evaluation, usability score is obtained. The score combines various factors affecting the usability of target system. The authors demonstrate the model on the example of usability evaluation of Web portals. Paper also includes results and analysis of the case study and validation of the proposed model.


The issue of sources impedes a study of this phenomenon in early Judaism, and therefore also its significance for New Testament writings. Yet it appears that mysticism, particularly as embodied in the merkabah mysticism had quite a widespread influence. Apocalypticism and mysticism are not synonymous. It would appear that merkabah mysticism may have been strongly imbued with apocalyptic thinking. This elicits the interesting question of whether certain Old Testament passages such as Isaiah 6 and chapters from Ezekiel formed a possible interface between apocalyptic and early Jewish mysticism. It cannot be denied that apocalyptic thinking somehow had an influence in the shaping of New Testament writings. This opens up the possibility that early Jewish mysticism could have shaped New Testament thought structures.


The semiconductor memory test apparatus which is able to test in a test mode, a high rate of operation the semiconductor memory of high operating rate, and to test lower in a test mode of operation the semiconductor memory low operating rate, with a fault analysis memory (13) for storing error data, the test results of a tested semiconductor memory (15 ) representing said failure analysis memory (13) having a plurality of memory blocks (MBLK) whose number is equal to the number of semiconductor memories high operating rate, which can test the test apparatus in the test mode with a high rate of operation at the same time and one of which (each memory block MBLK) a plurality of memory banks (BNC # 1-BNC # n) whose number is equal to the interleaving of a Verschachtelungsbetriebs, and each of which memory bank (BNC # 1-BNC # n) is formed of a plurality of memory elements equal in number to the bit width of a memory to be tested corresponds to d ABy in that includes failure analysis memory (13) a plurality of memory control parts (MCON), each of which on the input side of a respective memory block (MBLK) is provided and comprises: a group of input terminals (IN


There are a number of reports concerning tumors of the breast. Especially since the establishment of the term " mastopathy," specificity of pathological changes in mamma and their connection with the development of mammary carcinoma are being investigated as urgent clinical problems. Detailed studies concerning the histogenesis, mode of development and secondary alterations of fibroadenoma, which is one of the three cardial diseases of the breast, are few in number perhaps owing to its least intimacy with the canceration problem. However, fibroadenoma of the breast should not be looked upon only as a specific tumor of benign nature. Its study bears an important aspect in the following two points. Firstly, the structure and function of the intralobular connective tissue of mamma possess such specificity that without its full knowledge it would be impossible to understand the physiology and pathology of the organ. In fibroadenoma cases, the said connective tissue always tends to suffer most profound alterations, which in turn very often provide a clue for elucidation of other morbid processes of the organ. Secondly, although the term " benign neoplasm " is clearly defined pathologically, an actual case-to-case observation of them always gives a lessex sharp-cut impression as with cases of malignant ones. Fibroadenoma of the breast, preserving its benign character to the end and occurring frequently, presents an ample material for the study of the character of benign tumors. The author sorted out from among 630 tumor cases of the breast excised surgically 114 cases of typical fibroadenoma beside 37 cases with other histories and partially demonstrating fibroadenomatous manifestations. These cases were studied in comparison with other diseases histopathologically with a means to contribute in clarifying the histogenesis and nature of this tumor sort.


FIELD: heating. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to heat and power engineering and can be used during the cleaning and recovery process of smoke fumes of heat and power installations for protection of ozone screen and reduction of greenhouse effect of ambient air. Cleaning method includes cooling of smoke fumes up to temperature lower the dew point, condensation of water vapor, release of carbon dioxide by absorption and withdrawal of cleaned smoke fumes into the atmosphere. Cleaning of smoke fumes includes absorption of nitric oxides, sulphur oxides, carbon dioxides, drips and water vapors by nontreated sludge of waste water with its simultaneous heating in absorption tower up to fermentation temperature 30-50°C, washing of waste and cooled gas against remains of nontreated sludge by raw water in flushing tower, separation of received mud mixture by means of sedimentation to muddy water and saturated raw sludge in settling tank, withdrawal of muddy water to irrigated fields, mixing of saturated heated raw sludge from absorption tower with sediment from settling tank, fermentation of saturated heated raw sludge in anaerobic digester with receiving of methane and digested sludge. Device for method implementation contains transit gas pipeline 1, heat exchanger 6, stripping 7 and flushing 15 towers, herewith transit gas pipeline 1 is branched to reserve gas pipeline 2 with slide valve 3, connected to smokestack and actuation gas pipeline 4 with slide valve 5, connected successively to heat exchanger 6, absorbing tower 7, inside which downright there are located transversal inclined interlocking partition 8 with aperture 9 in the form of segment in its bottom part, direction of inclination of which is in turn changes in opposing sides, herewith absorbing tower 7 in its top part is outfitted by feeding branch of raw sludge 10, located on inlet into the first from above interlocking partition 8 and build into in top cover by branch pipe of inlet of treated gas 11, connected to reverse actuation gas pipeline 12, and in its bottom part is outfitted by feeding branches of initial gas 13 and saturated raw sludge, agreeably. Reserve actuation gas pipeline 12 is connected also to flushing tower 15, in top part of which it is placed liquid 16, connected to pipeline of raw water 17, herewith its bottom part is connected by pipeline 18 to settling tank 19, top part of which is connected to pipeline of muddy water 20, and bottom part- to pipeline of raw sludge 21, which, in turn, is connected to anaerobic digester 22. EFFECT: increasing ecological and cost-effectiveness of cleaning process of smoke fumes of heat and power intallation. 2 cl, 2 dwg


It is still a challenge to generate the timely crop cover map at large geographic area due to the lack of reliable ground truths at early growing season. This paper introduces an efficient method to extract "trusted pixels" from the historical Cropland Data Layer (CDL) data using crop rotation patterns, which can be used to replace the actual ground truth in the crop mapping and other agricultural applications. A case study in the Nebraska state of USA is demonstrated. The common crop rotation patterns of four major crop types, corn, soybeans, winter wheat, and alfalfa, are compared and analyzed. The experiment results show a considerable number of pixels in CDL following the certain crop sequence during the past decade. Each observed crop type has at least one reliable crop rotation pattern. Based on the reliable crop rotation patterns, a great proportion of pixels can be correctly mapped a year ahead of the release of current-year CDL product. These trusted pixels can be potentially used to label training samples for crop type classification at early growing season.


Image reconstruction is likely the most predominant auxiliary task for image classification. In this paper, we investigate "estimating the Fourier Transform of the input image" as a potential alternative auxiliary task, in the hope that it may further boost the performances on the primary task or introduce novel constraints not well covered by image reconstruction. We experimented with five popular classification architectures on the CIFAR-10 dataset, and the empirical results indicated that our proposed auxiliary task generally improves the classification accuracy. More notably, the results showed that in certain cases our proposed auxiliary task may enhance the classifiers' resistance to adversarial attacks generated using the fast gradient sign method.


Analysis the knowledge characteristics of mechanical parts, compare the advantages and disadvantages of existing knowledge representation method,and the ontology-based knowledge representation method is proposed. The implementation process of the ontologybased knowledge representation for mechanical parts is depicted. Finally take bolt representation as an example to illuminate the process.


BACKGROUND
Hallucinations and delusions are frequent in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and may have severe clinical consequences for those patients and their caregivers. However, the prevalence and clinical features of these symptoms have not been studied in a representative sample.

OBJECTIVE
To study the prevalence and clinical correlates of psychosis in a population-based sample of patients with PD.

METHOD
Total ascertainment of patients with PD in a defined geographical area in Norway was attempted through a detailed community study. Clinical evaluation consisted of a neurologic examination and assessments of depression and cognition. Psychosis was assessed with the thought disorder subscale of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.

RESULTS
A total of 245 patients with PD were identified, 235 (95.9%) of whom participated in this study. Twenty-three patients (9.8%) had hallucinations with insight retained, and another 14 patients (6.0%) had more severe hallucinations or delusions. Psychotic symptoms were associated with age, stage and diagnostic subgroup of PD, severity of depression, and cognitive impairment. Type, duration, and dose of antiparkinson drug therapy did not differ between those patients with PD who had or did not have psychosis. In a polychotomous logistic regression analysis, severity of depression, cognitive impairment, and impairment of activities of daily living were the only significant concomitants of psychosis.

CONCLUSIONS
Hallucinations and delusions are common in patients with PD. More advanced and widespread brain changes seem to increase the risk for developing psychosis in patients with PD receiving levodopa therapy.


Germany is a nation of readers. This was equally true in the nineteenth century, and immigrants from Germany to the United States carried this passion with them. For example, Das Arkansas Echo, a weekly Ger- man-language newspaper published out of Little Rock from 1891 until 1932, dedicated roughly a quarter of each issue to a serialized work of fiction. Germans in the nineteenth century were every bit as familiar with national literary heroes Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich von Schiller as Germans today, and the works of both were and are widely read. Given the German enthusiasm for great literature, it is fitting that Friedrich Gerstacker's novel based on his time in Arkansas shares some striking similarities to a classic drama of German literature. The Kerl, or impetuous yet well-meaning and often tragic hero of the Sturm und Drang, is absolutely recognizable as he strides through Gerstacker's Wild West version of Arkansas. Because not every reader of this journal is a student of German literature, this essay will begin with an overview of the texts to be discussed.Published in 1781, Schiller's Die Rauber [The Robbers] is one of the classic texts of the Sturm und Drang, or Storm and Stress, a literary peri- od that came at the end of the German Enlightenment. The watchword of the Enlightenment had been "Vernunft!" ["Reason!"], and the young men who made up the Sturm und Drang movement had had quite enough of it and wanted to express their passions and emotions fully. Particularly for Schiller, who saw himself languishing as a student in the military acad- emy of the Duke of Wurttemberg, the call to arms against authority and tyranny was a personal battle cry.Die Rauber is a tale of two brothers: Franz and Karl Moor. While Karl, the eldest, is away studying in Leipzig, Franz concocts an elaborate plot to have their father disinherit Karl based on false reports of Karl's scandalous activity. He later furthers the lie by arranging for his father and Karl's beloved, Amalia, to learn (erroneously) that Karl is dead. He imprisons his father, attempts and fails to secure Amalia for himself-first through a marriage offer, then by attempted rape-and proceeds to rule the estate as the worst sort of tyrant.Believing himself to be disinherited, Karl joins other disaffected stu- dents who abandon their university studies to form a band of robbers and make him their leader. While Karl attempts to steal from the rich and give to the poor and otherwise right injustices, his band has less noble aims and proceeds to murder with impunity, committing grave crimes against wom- en, children, and the elderly for which he is ultimately responsible as its leader. Eventually, a disillusioned Karl attempts to return home and dis- covers the crimes of his brother. Franz kills himself before Karl's robbers can bring him to sit before his brother's judgment. Karl frees his starving father from the tower in which Franz imprisoned him, but he dies after learning what his oldest son has become. Immediately thereafter, Karl kills his love Amalia, at her behest, since he cannot resume his formerly happy life with her, as he has sworn allegiance to his band. At the end of the play, in a small gesture of atonement for his crimes, he turns himself over to a poor man with eleven children, who will at least be able to col- lect the reward on Karl's head.Friedrich Gerstacker's Die Regulatoren in Arkansas [The Regulators or Vigilantes in Arkansas] is also a tale of crime, punishment, and redemp- tion, although with a happier ending. At 576 pages, the book features a detailed plot that can only be partially outlined here. At its heart, however, is a band of horse thieves, who commit several unplanned murders in the midst of their heist. Opposed to the horse thieves is the band of vigilantes that tracks them down and exacts justice for the crimes, since they believe a distant court system in Little Rock cannot serve as a deterrent in the backwoods of Arkansas. …


The TiO2 photoassisted degradation of the cationic dye rhodamine B (RhB) has been examined in aqueous dispersions under visible light irradiation at wavelengths longer than 470 nm in the presence and absence of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS). RhB degrades slowly via a pH-independent process in TiO2 dispersions containing no DBS. The surfactant DBS adsorbs strongly on the TiO2 particles and significantly accelerates RhB degradation with initial rates reaching maximal values at the critical micelle concentration of DBS (cmc = 1.2 mM). In the presence of DBS, rates decrease with increase in pH, an effect directly attributable to variations in the extent of adsorption of RhB with changes in the surface charge of TiO2 particles. The zeta (ζ)-potentials of TiO2 particles in RhB/DBS/TiO2 dispersions (pH 2.1) show that DBS significantly enhances RhB adsorption and correlates with an enhancement in the rate of photodegradation of RhB. The results confirm the heretofore presumed but val...


Using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, this article demonstrates that the intensity of interannual variability (IIV) of May drought in Northeast China has enhanced remarkably after entering into the 21st century. Relative to 1980–1999, the percentage increase of IIV reaches 70% during 2000–2016. Such an enhancement is well supported by the intensification of IIVs in the East Asian polar front jet stream (EAPJ), East Asian subtropical jet stream (EASJ), and lower‐level anticyclonic circulation anomaly over Northeast China. Remarkable impact from the Barents Sea ice in April is also highlighted. With respect to the former period, a substantial increase occurs as well in the IIV of April Barents Sea ice during 2000–2016. Due to larger IIV in the latter period, the decline of April Barents Sea ice can exert evident effects on heat fluxes, consequently resulting in a significant increase of surface air temperature (SAT) in situ in May. The increased SAT further induces a wave train propagating southeastward to the East Asian region from the Barents Sea, which leads to a strengthened EAPJ and a weakened EASJ in the upper level, concomitant with an anomalous anticyclonic circulation covering Northeast China in the lower level. These atmospheric circulation anomalies link to the drought variability over Northeast China. Thus, the increase in the IIV of April Barents Sea ice favors the enhanced IIV of May drought in Northeast China.


The purpose of this paper is to grasp the distribution characteristics of arable land quality. Methods employed are system analysis method and spatial analysis function of ArcGIS. The results show that the arable land quality is relatively higher compared to the national level. Differences of arable land grade were significant among different agricultural grading zones. The arable land grade of Han River plain area is the highest. The grades of irrigable land and paddy field are higher than dry land, and the irrigable land is the highest. Topography, soil, irrigation conditions, population density, economic development level are the main factors causing the difference of arable land grade spatial distribution. The research can provide a scientific basis for policies and measures making about arable land quality protection and grade improvement.


ABSTRACT We announce here the draft genome sequence of Arthrobacter sp. strain EpSL27, isolated from the stem and leaves of the medicinal plant Echinacea purpurea and able to inhibit human-pathogenic bacterial strains. The genome sequencing of this strain may lead to the identification of genes involved in the production of antimicrobial molecules.


This essay discusses the justice gap in the criminal justice system -- the difference between the promise of justice inherent in our formally democratic, legal institutions and the actual delivery of justice within these institutions. The author argues that criminologists are in a unique position to expose and study the justice gap in the American legal system by bringing methodologically rigorous empirical research skills and data-driven knowledge to bear on these problems. The essay details how empirical research has been instrumental in developing best practices to prevent wrongful convictions by improving the criminal justice system's reliability. The author describes several justice gaps in the American criminal justice system and traces the history of empirical scholarship in American police interrogation, false confessions, and wrongful convictions over the last two decades.


Abstract: A study was conducted in 1993 to estimate the unmet need for family planning service in Addis Ababa. The city was categorized for the purpose of the study, based on population density. Five kebeles were
selected from each category and one hundred households from each kebele and a total of seven hundred fifty women were included. Among the interviewed, the total unmet need was 49% (368), of which 43.7% (328) want to limit and 5.3% (40) want to space. The prevalence of contraceptive use (met need) was 21.6% (162), indicating a great deal of potential users and the need for appropriate method to reach them. It was found that age, knowledge about contraception and level of education of respondents were the most important factors affecting unmet need and there was no significant interactive effect. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 1995;9(1):41-45]


Existing wireless sensor network are developing rapidly and soon will occupy a dominant place among the data collection and communication. The remote location of the sensors and automatic operation increases their vulnerability to outside intrusions and attacks. Because of out of constant sensor supply the providing of authentication is quite challenging whereas the best protocols is negotiated sensor capabilities. The method of sensor authentication in the wireless sensor networks, which is based on a model of trust, is proposed.


Richard Moran defends the irreducible authority of the first-person in a deliberative perspective. This article argues that authority of self-reflection is best understood as a relation of mutual recognition between self and others, hence from a second-person stance.


A clinical trial of enflurane with paediatric patients is reported and confirms that it is a satisfactory inhalational anaesthetic agent without serious adverse effects.


The manager of the Philadelphia Museum of Arts accessible programs gives a history of the institution's services for people with disabilities, with particular attention to services for the blind and visually impaired.  These include descriptive tours, touch tours, three-dimensional tactile interpretations of two-dimensional works, and a long standing art history and art making class for blind and visually impaired students, Form in Art.   Key words: Philadelphia Museum of Art, museum accessibility, touch tours, descriptive tours, audio description, blind artists, art education for the blind and visually impaired.


In order to build multistory residence buildings with good seismic performance and low cost,the RC shear wall with bi-directional single row of steel bars are proposed to be used.For the purpose of knowing the seismic performance of this shear wall with different format of boundary element and comparing with traditional masonry shear wall,a low-frequency quasi-static cyclic loading experimental study on three low-rise RC shear walls with low reinforcement ratio and one masonry shear wall made of confined shale bricks was carried out.The shear-span ratio of four specimens was 1.0.Based upon the experimental study,load-carrying capacity,ductility,stiffness and its degradation,hysteretic behavior,energy dissipation and failure phenomena of each shear wall were analyzed.A simplified mechanical model and calculative formulas for the load-carrying capacity of low-rise RC shear walls with bi-directional single row of steel bars were established.The calculating results of the load-carrying capacity agreed well with the experimental results.Experiments study has indicated that the seismic performance of low-rise RC shear wall with bi-directional single row of steel bars is better than that of masonry shear wall and it satisfied the requirements of seismic design for multistory residence buildings.


Model metadata are the important information in spatial model sharing, which would promote model utilization much more. In object-oriented model base management system, properties, method, data interface and metadata of model are encapsulated as model object. Model metadata are used to assist model management. In the experimentation of model metadata management, we build a model metadata database and develop a web-based model metadata management system. The common user of Internet can access model information that has been built by using the model management system. It could be avoided to repeatedly construct the same model. At present, researches on model metadata have to resolve two primal problems: ①developing the national standard of spatial model metadata; and ②establishing standards of object-oriented spatial model representation.


A source localization problem which is nonlinear is converted to a structured-noise linear problem. An algorithm is proposed and its convergence has been established.


The publication of the  Indian Journal of Spatial Science (IJSS) is based on the 'Indian Society of Spatial Scientists' (ISSS) aim to make 'Research in Spatial Science' of global standard with worldwide reference. It is concerned with all fields of Geography, Geology, Geoinformatics, Social Science and other spatial sciences as well. Basically, it is intended for the publication of research by the young scholars of Geography and allied disciplines all over the world. The  IJSS is a peer-reviewed open access journal with all the content published under free licenses, and anyone is allowed to read, download, copy, and distribute them. Contributions to the IJSS are always welcome. However, they should conform to the Instructions for Authors. The content of this journal does not necessarily represent the views or policies of the ISSS except where explicitly identified as such. Hence, the editor or the ISSS shall in no way be responsible for the views expressed by the authors in their articles.


Abstract Introduction Complementary and alternative medicine/therapy (CAM) use is common in the U.S. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Health Statistics Survey of...


Two federal judges now tell us that the federal health law's individual mandate is unconstitutional. Three others disagree, and soon we will start to hear from appellate courts. But what if we put the legal arguments aside for the moment and focus on the real question: what happens to health reform if the individual mandate is ultimately struck down?


The study examines the current policy of intangible cultural properties in Gyeongsangnam-do and suggest a positive intangible cultural policy in Gyeongnam with the background. The intangible cultural property policy faced a major change with the implementation of the Intangible Cultural Property Act in 2016. However, Gyeongnam cannot keep up with the changing trend of the times, but is settled for the Cultural Heritage Protection Act in the past. In this situation, the researcher mentions the Gyeongnam Intangible Cultural Property Policy based on the work of the National Heritage Center, which implements the national intangible cultural property policy. Researchers have investigated the site of intangible cultural properties in Gyeongnam since 2000, and they have been constantly colliding due to differences in perspective between the site of intangible cultural properties and the administrative agency that carries out policies. This is because there is distrust in each other.
Currently, the state operates intangible cultural properties, which are largely divided into transmission support, research, research records, exhibitions, performances, and education. The transmission support focuses on transferring skills such as screening for graduates, opening events once a year, bank operation of transmission crafts, and support for revitalizing traditional crafts. On the other hand, in the research records, intangible cultural properties are investigated, recorded, and academic research are conducted. Also, the exhibitions, performances, and education focus on transferring and distributing intangible cultural properties. While maintaining the basic principles of intangible cultural properties by transferring, distributing, and recording intangible cultural properties, the state is focusing on converting them into cultural contents that can be enjoyed by all people.
However, intangible cultural properties in Gyeongsangnam-do are complacent in the framework of original preservation, but sharing with local residents are overlooked. It is also questionable whether the original form of intangible cultural properties is properly descended.
Currently, Gyeongnam is trying to lay the foundation for the administrative system of intangible cultural properties under the Intangible Cultural Properties Act through a legislative notice of the Gyeongsangnamdo Ordinance on the Preservation and Promotion of Intangible Cultural Properties on September 9, 2012. In fact, the policy of intangible cultural properties in Gyeongnam has been implemented in accordance with the Cultural Properties Protection Act. Therefore, Gyeongnam's intangible cultural property policy was not implemented in line with the operation, management, support, and transfer system such as the Cultural Heritage Administration or the National Intangible Heritage Center. The paper discusses the positive direction of Gyeongnam intangible cultural property policy, focusing on the work of the National Intangible Heritage Institute, an institution that systematically implements the intangible cultural property policy.


Purpose – Physiotherapists throughout the UK have a professional obligation to keep up to date and practice effectively. The Scottish Physiotherapists Clinical Effectiveness Network (SPCEN) was established in 1999 with the aim of providing a mechanism through which physiotherapists could share and learn from experiences, avoid duplication of effort and undertake proactive activities. The purpose of this paper is to report on the experience of the SPCEN and provide an evaluation of the impact the network has made on the clinical effectiveness activities of physiotherapists throughout Scotland.Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire survey was distributed to 2,118 physiotherapists across Scotland (response rate of 54.5 per cent). It aimed to determine the level of clinical effectiveness activity, the confidence of physiotherapists in engaging in these activities and the extent of involvement with clinical guideline implementation.Findings – Results were analysed in two groups. Group 1 consisted of tho...


E-learning is proven a successful online-based education mechanism implemented in higher learning institutions especially to cater the rapid increase in the number of enrolled students each year. This paper concerns with the student's readiness for the introduction of e-learning as a new learning methodology in teaching and learning environment at Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia
(UPNM). Data collection is completed by distributing questionnaires among 197 respondents and descriptive analysis using the data is performed using SPSS 11. Discussions on several selfassessment factors influencing e-learning readiness based on students' academic profiles are
included.


Cross sections for proton-induced fission of {sup 238}U have been measured at seven proton energies ranging from 3.0 to 4.45 MeV using two position sensitive parallel-grid avalanche counters in a kinematic coincidence. In addition, an upper limit for the fission cross section was established at extreme sub-barrier energies down to a level of {approx equal}20 pb at 3 MeV. This result is in contradiction to recent findings of Ajitanand et al., who found that the fission excitation function exhibited a plateaux at about 1000 pb in the energy range from 1.0 to 3.5 MeV. 7 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.


The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for the treatment of Geothermalfluid- or formation water flow rates prior to their energy use or shipment to the environment by continuous electrochemical separation of radioactive, toxic and Scales-forming reducible metal and / or metalloid ions from the conveying stream by means of a comprising, each segment each comprises apparatus for electroplating at least one reaction space each have at least one or more substituents independently through which segments an electrolytic cell which is formed from the anode chamber with the anode and cathode chamber with the cathode, wherein the polarity of the anode and cathode are each reversible wherein the at least one reaction space with existing another identical reaction chambers is fluidly parallel switched. wherein the device above ground or under day is switched into the conveying stream, wherein anode and cathode compartments are each separated by an anion or cation exchange membrane or a porous separator, and wherein provided an anolyte consisting of an aqueous solution of inorganic and / or organic oxidizable compounds in the anode chamber is.


In stand-alone microgrids based on voltage source inverters state feedback coupling between the capacitor voltage and inductor current degrades significantly the dynamics performance of voltage and current regulators. The decoupling of the controlled states is proposed, considering the limitations introduced by system delays. Moreover, a proportional resonant voltage controller is designed according to Nyquist criterion taking into account application requirements. Experimental tests performed in compliance with the UPS standards verify the theoretical analysis.


A novel surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) refractive index sensor based on the coupling of a split waveguide mode with a cavity mode in the metal is proposed and studied in this paper. Both analytic and simulated results show that the resonant wavelength of the sensor has a linear relationship with the refractive index of materials under sensing. Based on the relationship, the refractive index of the material can be obtained from the detection of the resonant wavelength. The resolution of refractive index of the nanometeric sensor can reach as high as 10-6, given the wavelength resolution of 0.01 nm. It can be applied to high-resolution biosensor.


Based on the use of fiber grating to achieve picosecond-level delay, a microsecond-level cascade structure combining fiber grating and single-mode fiber is proposed, this structure can realize 1~0.5*(n+1) μs, a total of n different lime delays. The fiber grating and the single-mode fiber are connected to form a delay unit, and then n delay units are cascaded using an optical circulator. With the help of the mirror function of the fiber grating, the optical signals of different wavelengths are controlled to pass through different transmission distances, so as to achieve the purpose of corresponding time delay. The fiber grating reflection spectrum is simulated and analyzed, and two apodization functions are used to filter out the side lobes. The results show that the Cauchy function can completely filter the side lobes, so that the optical signals of different wavelengths are in the range of 1nm corresponding to the center wavelength. The internal reflectance reaches 1, and the reflectance in other ranges is 0.


Computer graphics is enormously used in newspapers, magazines, advertisements, video games, architecture design and modeling, satellite images, maps and many more fields. Recent developments in information technology enable the user to produce, modify and distribute the graphics content more easily. Nowadays, protection of graphics content from being illegal usage by the unauthorized users has become a major concern. Various watermarking techniques have been proposed by the researchers for copyright protection and authentication of graphics content by embedding the secret information into it which is imperceptible to the users. This paper presents an overview of existing watermarking schemes used for copyright protection and to verify the authenticity and integrity of the graphic contents.


Many epistemological changes in social and biological sciences have taken place since 1970 and some of these are taken up in this paper. These are: (a) the shift from mono-epistemologism to poly-epistemologism; (b) the shift of conceptual focus front standardized procedurism for robot-like efficiency to cultivation of craftsmen's pride for enjoyment of creativity (c) the shift from collectivistic individual identity by ingroup homogenization and self-stereotyping to identity creation by selective combination of heterogeneous elements including foreign elements which are congruent with one's own epistemological type; (d) shift from redundant complexity to nonredundant complexity, especially in aesthetics, urban planning and environmental design ; (e) the shift from the fallacious assumption that it is scientific to compare groups (for example cultural, social. gender, professional groups) in terms of the average of each group (averagism) to identification of individual types which cut across boundaries between groups (transgroupism).


The increasing demand for carbon neutral energy in a challenging economic environment is a driving factor for erecting ever larger wind turbines in harsh environments using novel wind turbine blade (WTBs) designs characterized by high flexibilities and lower buckling capacities. To counteract resulting increasing of operation and maintenance costs, efficient structural health monitoring systems can be employed to prevent dramatic failures and to schedule maintenance actions according to the true structural state. This paper presents a novel methodology for classifying structural damages using vibrational responses from a single sensor. The method is based on statistical classification using Bayes' theorem and an advanced statistic, which allows controlling the performance by varying the number of samples which represent the current state. This is done for multivariate damage sensitive features defined as partial autocorrelation coefficients (PACCs) estimated from vibrational responses and principal component analysis scores from PACCs. Additionally, optimal DSFs are composed not only for damage classification but also for damage detection based on binary statistical hypothesis testing, where features selections are found with a fast forward procedure. The method is applied to laboratory experiments with a small scale WTB with wind-like excitation and non-destructive damage scenarios. The obtained results demonstrate the advantages of the proposed procedure and are promising for future applications of vibration-based structural health monitoring in WTBs.


The use of broviac catheters (B) for parenteral alimentation of very low birth weight infants is increasing. Thrombosis (T) and sepsis (S) are life-threatening complications of B use. 57B were inserted in the last year. Echocardiogram (Echo) and if necessary venograms were done for evidence of T. Blood cultures through the B and peripheral vein were done if there was clinical suspicion of S. Of the 57B inserted there were 8(14%) T episodes and 18(31%) S episodes. Mean catheter days (MCD) before T was noted were 47.5 days.Four patients developed right atrial T one of whom had repeated episodes of severe bradycardia which resolved as T improved. Another had significant superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome related to a large T. Two patients had T limited to the SVC and were diagnosed by venograms. Symptomatic T was treated with urokinase (1500-20,000U/kg/hour for 1 hr to 10 days, n=7), heparinized (n=3) and/or removal of B(n=1). In one infant on urokinase, T embolized causing pulmonary infarction. S was treated with appropriate antibiotics and/or removal of B. As shown B are associate with significant morbidity and should be used with caution. If B are used serial Echo are recommended to monitor for T episodes. Urokinase can be used to successfully treat T episodes.


Report presenting a wind-tunnel investigation at low speeds to determine the flight characteristics of a model of a sweptback-wing jet-transport airplane equipped with an external-flow jet-augmented slotted flap. Results regarding the longitudinal stability characteristics, longitudinal control characteristics, lateral stability characteristics, and lateral control characteristics are provided.


With the university student who work in enterprise of mould designing and manufacturing,student graduated in high vocational school has 35% around.Among them,about 65% makes in the molding tool post,25% is in the molding tool design post,8% in production control post,and 2% in other posts.After demonstrating period,we should tally up experience,teach combine on a higher point of departure after strengthen professional construction and reform.Proposals are elaborated.


The present invention provides a high sensitivity even when a photosensitive layer can be excellent in both developing properties and tack, and can be formed efficiently and with suitable for producing a printed substrate comprising the package by suppressing deformation of the image imaged on the photosensitive layer with high definition graphics line substrate or the like, a high-definition pattern of permanent field pattern of the semiconductor material and the pattern forming method and pattern formation. Accordingly, a pattern forming material, the pattern forming material has at least a photosensitive layer using the photosensitive composition obtained, the photosensitive composition comprising at least: at least one acryloyl group and a side chain having an epoxy acrylate compound and at least one kind of vinyl copolymer binder acidic groups, a polymerizable compound, a photopolymerization initiator and a thermal crosslinking agent, exposure of the photosensitive layer, when the imaging, the exposure and development the minimum energy of light used in exposure of the photosensitive layer is not exposed after the portion of the thickness change of 0.1 ~ 80mJ / cm2.


In recent years, with the development of intelligent control theory, neural network theory is applied in various fields. It expands the concept of the calculating content so that the neural computation and evolutionary computation become new subjects. In this paper, RBF neural networks is mainly studied, the recursive least squares method is used to solute the question and several typical input and output control systems are simulated, the error of produced by RBF neural network is obtained and the error factors are analyzed and the system is in the optimal state.


Objective
To investigate the correlation between cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and vaginal Microecology.

Methods
A total of 160 patients with CIN from October 2015 to September 2016 in the Central Hospital of Longhua District were selected as research objects, and they were divided into CIN I group and CIN Ⅱ/Ⅲ group according to the classification of CIN; meanwhile 160 married women without CIN determined by pathological examination were selected as control group. The cervical exfoliated cells and vaginal secretions of the three groups were collected for HPV typing test and vaginal microecology test to analyze the relationship between vaginal microecology and CIN.

Results
The detection rate of high-risk HPV in CIN group I and CIN Ⅱ/Ⅲ group was significantly higher than that in control group (64% vs. 3.1%, 78.3% vs. 3.1%), the difference was statistically significant (P 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that median and large quantity of Lactobacillus were the protective factors of CIN (OR=0.843, P 4.6, increase of white blood cells, Candida positive were the risk factors of CIN (OR=1.924, 1.457, 1.588, 1.339, P<0.05).

Conclusions
The pH value increasing, Lactobacillus content decreasing, white blood cell increasing, Candida infection and high-risk HPV infection are closely correlated to CIN.

Key words:
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; Human papillomavirus; Vaginal microecology; Lactobacillus; Leukocytes


In the recent decade, the application of information communication technology (ICT) among governments, companies and individuals has kept forward at an accelerating speed. Furthermore, innovation enhances the implementation of new strategies and ideas. Hence, a healthy ecosystem with information communication technology and innovation are the key catalysts for improving economic growth. However, innovation is usually created by bounded exploration of new technologies through a trial-and-error procedure that causes substantial uncertainty. The objective of this study is to examine the impacts of ICT and innovation on growth in advanced countries. This study employs a comprehensive dataset that includes five sub-components for ICT indicator and six sub-components for innovation indicator. By using panel regression random effect model and the data from 27 advanced countries spanning from 2001 to 2018, the robust results showed that the overall impacts of ICT and innovation are positive and statistically related to economic growth. Nevertheless, the sub-indicators, namely individuals using the internet (-0.077) and patent applications from residents (-0.088) exert negative and significant relationship with economic growth. The implication of the present study highlights that the internet may harm economic development, possibly due to cybersecurity risk. Besides, patent applications are usually filed by the wealthiest individuals and the benefits are concentrated in the hands of capitalists, it may cause unequal sharing of national wealth that hampers economic development. Therefore, the policymaker should ensure the effective usage of these contemporary ICT applications and equal sharing of opportunities for innovation in improving sustainable economic growth.


Suprascapular neuropathy (SSN) is often missed or neglected. Although the occurrence is rare, it is for this reason that one needs to be aware of the correct clinical skill sets and investigations to nail the diagnosis. SSN pathologies are being diagnosed with increasing frequency in high probability groups like athletes, massive rotator cuff tear with fatty infiltration, labral tear and subsequent cyst formation. With better understanding of the pathology, management of SSN has also improved in recent decades. With the advancement in electrodiagnostic modalities, SSN can be more reliably diagnosed now. The article highlights the aetiology and the points of compression, clinical picture to trigger the need for an EMG and the results of Arthroscopic decompression


A low cost seismic field station with crystal reference and self calibration features has been designed and deployed by the U.S. Geological Survey in southern Alaska. The unit consists of an amplifier, calibrator and voltage controlled oscillator. Power consumption is less than 500 microamperes at 7 volts so long-term operation from batteries is possible. The crystal reference insures a stable frequency and calibration cycle, with each calibration containing information on gain settings, geophone parameters, overall system response, battery voltage and temperature. Various operational modes are selectable by means of jumper wires and rotary digital switches. An automatic gain ranging mode increases the normal system dynamic range of 40 dB by an additional 20 dB. The unit is packaged in a water-tight box which allows operation in wet climates. Output is an analog modulated FM carrier suitable for transmission over phone circuits or radio. INTRODUCTION The desire to monitor seismic activity in southern Alaska for the purpose of earthquake hazard evaluation led the Office of Earthquake Studies to establish the Southern Alaskan Seismic Network. The geographical extent of this network is from Cook Inlet to Yakutat, extending from the coast to as much as 200 km inland as indicated in the station map of Appendix 9. The electronic equipment used in California by the U.S.G.S. (model J202 VCOPreamplifier) was originally installed in Alaska without modification. This equipment, however, did not operate well under Alaska's severe weather conditions. Instead of attempting to modify these electronics, it was decided to redesign the unit completely so that several new features could be incorporated, in addition to eliminating the electronic problems which had hampered earthquake analysis in the past. Data from each seismic station are transmitted over analog phone circuits using FM modulation of audio carriers. Eight channels are frequency multiplexed onto a single 3000 Hz phone line so frequency stability of the carriers is important. Adequate stability is difficult to obtain in the midst of large temperature fluctuations when the carrier frequency is generated by an unstabilized R-C oscillator. With previous VCO designs drifts of tens of Hertz was common and even with compensation, the drift problem remained unsolved. The new voltage controlled oscillator electronics (AlVCO)l deployed during the summer of 1978 us.es a crystal reference to obtain a stable frequency. Since crystal oscillators are not very sensitive to supply voltage variation, operation from ultra stable but very expensive batteries is no longer necessary. In addition, the A1VCO uses digital techniques to synthesize and shape the carrier wave form; this eliminates lengthy tuning procedures as well as allowing for easy selection of channels. An automatic calibration cycle periodically transmits station information in place of the normal seismic signal. This information includes geophone response, system (geophone and amplifier combined) response, gain setting, station identification, temperature, reference voltage (see below) and battery voltage. The system has a gain range feature which allows signals ten times larger than normal to be transmitted on scale. An indication of whether the system is in gain range is also part of the calibration. A detailed description of system operation is provided in the next section. The three sections following it contain circuit level descriptions of the electronics of the three printed circuit boards. The Appendices at the report's end contain information of a very detailed nature which, if presented in the text, would probably risk obscuring the main features of operation. It is for this reason that they are included at the end. Appendices 10-14 contain parts lists for all boards and hardware, while Appendix 8 gives the test procedure used in screening the A1VCO, with Appendix 15 containing pinout information. The time span from conceptualization of the VCO through actual deployment in Alaska was about 3 years. Initially John Lahr and Sam Maslak came up with a list of operational features and specifications they considered desirable in a new VCO. Sam Maslak then designed a unit which met these specifications and produced a prototype. The special test equipment (except for the discriminator) used in evaluating the prototype was designed by John Rogers. The tests of the prototype resulted in several design changes which were incorporated in the production runs.* In addition to these modifications, other features are currently being considered. For example, John Rogers designed an EPROM-based calibrator board which will be introduced in place of the present hardwired calibrator. Also a fourth printed circuit card which would automatically switch sensors is being designed. For example, at those sites where a strong motion event recorder is present, an event of sufficient magnitude could be used to transmit data from the strong motion accelerometer instead of the geophone which is normally transmitted. These features may be incorporated in 1980, at least in a portion of the network. *Cost estimates from the 1980 production run are given in Appendix 18. OPERATION The AlVCO consists of three printed circuit boards with a fourth slot available for future multi-channel applications. The three cards now in service are the preamplifier, calibrator and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). Power The AlVCO requires a single-voltage power source of 6 8.5 volts. The unit generates its own centered ground so only 2 wires for power are needed. The ground wire (zero volts) is an output and may be used externally for a reference. Current drain varies directly with frequency and supply voltage. Typically, the unit will draw less than 600 microamperes at 7.2 volts and 3060 Hz center frequency. High current diodes provide some degree of protection to the circuitry against reverse polarity connections. Sensory Input The intended input source is from a seismometer with a 5500 ohm coil resistance and 1 Hz natural frequency. The seismometer is connected to a differential low noise input stage with a 9.28 KQ impedance for 0.7 of critical damping. This differential input also provides about 60 dB common mode noise rejection. For additional noise immunity the input signal shield can be connected to system ground. The frequency response of the system is from 0.1 Hz to 30 Hz at which points the amplitude is down 3dB from its amplitude at 5 Hz. Audio Output The output is a digitally synthesized sine wave whose frequency is selectable by means of a digital rotary switch on the VCO board. Frequencies from 340 Hz to 5100 Hz in steps of 340 Hertz can be obtained, but only the lowest 9 channels (340 Hz-3060 Hz) are suitable for transmission on phone circuits and most radios used by the USGS. Normally this output (4 volts peak-to-peak, fixed) is not suited for direct connection to phone lines without a resistive divider or active summingattenuation network. The circuit diagram of a low power summing amplifier attenuator currently in use in Alaska is given in Appendix 6. The amplitude spectrum of the signal output has been optimized via Fourier analysis techniques for minimum harmonic distortion. All harmonics inside the passband of phone circuits or radios are down at least 60 dB from the fundamental. The Fourier and experimental results of the spectral analysis are given in Appendix 1. Calibration The AlVCO calibrator produces a complete system calibration every 24 or 12 hours. The interval between calibrations is selectable by means of a jumper wire on the calibrator card. The calibration lasts about 144 seconds during which time the sequence of events as shown in Figure 1 occurs. Figure 1 is an actual calibration of the station Harlequin (HQN) located about 25 miles east of Yakutat, Alaska. The station has a VHF radio which transmits to a receiver located in Yakutat. The signal is transmitted via satellite to the Tsunami Warning Center in Palmer, Alaska, where it is recorded on magnetic tape. The tape was digitized on the Data General Eclipse computer at Menlo Park, California using ISDS (unpublished computer program, P. R. Stevenson) and then written onto a digital tape. The digital tape was written to a file on the USGS Multics computer and plotted (using Geolab Manual; J. Herriot; P. Ward, Preprint). These plots, along with explanations, comprise Figure 1. Table 1 annotates this calibration sequence. Also, since the calibration starts at t = 28 seconds, the table can be used to locate the various portions of the calibration cycle in the figure. The calibration consists of two parts: chopped and unchopped. Chopping is a periodic 180o phase reversal of the input signal. Chopping is necessary to pass low frequency or d.c. signals. The first 24 seconds of each calibration is the reference voltage chopped at 21 Hz. Later in the calibration cycle the same signal is chopped at 5.3 Hz. Because the 21 Hz signal is nearer the high frequency cut off of the system response, its amplitude is attenuated compared to the 5.3 Hz signal. The amplitudes of these two signals provide two points on the frequency response curve of the A1VCO system. This reference voltage (stable to 1 mv) also is used to calculate parameters such as deviation sensitivity, temperature and battery level. The next 12 seconds consists of the chopped calibration bits. The 180o phase change which occurs when a calibration bit goes from logic level "0" to "1" (or vice versa) indicates the changes in logic levels. The first four bits of the calibration code are hard wired to a set code (0011) to allow for syncronization with the timing of the entire bit stream. The next three bits indicate the system gain setting. A gain range bit follows which is high only if the system is in gain range at the time of calibration. The remaining 8 bits give the station (identification) ID expressed in two hexidecimal


The operation of induction motors under unbalanced supply conditions is well documented. Because of the resulting unbalanced currents, there is an increase in losses and consequent overheating of the windings. IEC Standard 34-1-1996 and NEMA Standard MG-1-1993 stipulate that a motor should be able to withstand continuous operation with 1% negative sequence voltage without derating. Where motors are continuously subjected to unbalance beyond this, the effects become significant and derating the motor becomes essential. Where an unbalance in the supply cannot be easily corrected, the general method adopted is to use a motor of larger rating. Although this solves the problem of the motor getting overheated, the performance parameters of the motor (viz., power factor, efficiency, starting current, etc.) deteriorate. In fact, the negative sequence currents in the supply lines increase, causing additional losses and requiring larger capacity supply cables. Thus, although simpler to implement, use of a larger size motor does not lead to the desirable solution (viz., reduction of unbalance in the motor winding currents). This letter studies the feasibility of modifying the machine in order to minimize the unbalance in the currents of a motor subjected to unbalanced supply voltages.


Synthesis of hydrogel was developed by using keratin protein extracted from a chicken feather. Further, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and starch have been commonly using for biomedical applications hydrogels due to their non-toxicity and, water solubility. The first sample, (KS-50) was mixed keratin, PVA/PVP and starch, the second sample, (K-50) was mixed the total weight of the (KS-50) without starch. KS-50 and K-50 were synthesized through cyclic freezing/thawing technique. Moreover, characteristics of the hydrogels, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examined clearly exhibited porous structures, and the chemical structure of the compound was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The swelling degree of KS-50 exhibited slightly more pore size compared with K-50 hydrogels.


testinal duplication in adults ranges from chronic nonspecific gastrointestinal discomfort to one of acute abdominal pain. Although several series of these lesions have been described in children, there have been few descriptions in adults. We present the cases of 3 adults who presented recently with duplication of the foregut, midgut and hindgut. These lesions are important because these duplications share patterns of presentation common to many nonspecific intra-abdominal diseases, yet are readily managed by a combined radiologic and surgical approach. The cases provide an opportunity to review the spectrum of presentations associated with enteric duplication in adults and the current literature on this topic.


This paper presents a short history of the appraisal of laser scanner technolo- gies in geosciences used for imaging relief by high-resolution digital elevation models (HRDEMs) or 3D models. A general overview of light detection and ranging (LIDAR) techniques applied to landslides is given, followed by a review of different applications of LIDAR for landslide, rockfall and debris-flow. These applications are classified as: (1) Detection and characterization of mass movements; (2) Hazard assessment and suscepti- bility mapping; (3) Modelling; (4) Monitoring. This review emphasizes how LIDAR- derived HRDEMs can be used to investigate any type of landslides. It is clear that such HRDEMs are not yet a common tool for landslides investigations, but this technique has opened new domains of applications that still have to be developed.


A Medipix2 device was exposed to radioactive sources (241Am, 137Cs and 106Ru). To test the reliability of track recognition with this device, the activities of the radioactive sources were extracted from the experimental data and compared to the expected activities.


Pelvic girdle pain (PGP) is a disabling condition affecting 30% of pregnant women. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of craniosacral therapy as an adjunct to standard treatment compared with standard treatment alone for PGP during pregnancy.


Abstract From the mid-twelfth century to the first half of the thirteenth century, Norman Sicily was one of the main centres of ivory work activity in the Western Mediterranean. Its workshops specialized in the crafting of ivory objects painted in various typologies according to manufacture techniques, and they are a splendid specimen of medieval quantity production. The extensive range of these pieces indicates the development of an almost industrialized manufacture whose products massively expanded and circulated throughout the Mediterranean region during the Late Middle Ages. Early on, al-Andalus received copies bearing these characteristics through the art trade and, once the Norman workshops ceased to exist, kept painted ivory production alive during the Naṣrid period by establishing its own manufacturing techniques that assimilated the techniques from the island while creating a thematic repertoire and some clearly personal aesthetic models.


This piece by Professor Bettelheim and the one that follows by George Shaw Wheeler continue a discussion which began with our comments on recent economic reforms in the Soviet Union in the Review of the Month for December, 1964, and continued in the issues of April and September, 1965. —The EditorsThis article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


Properties of liquids on border of the unit can differ essentially from properties inside it. Definition of properties of a liquid on borders of the unit is necessary for a different sort of physical, chemical and biological researches. For applied and scientific researches the direct estimation of factor of a superficial tension from known potential of interaction between molecules of a liquid, for example, potential Lennard-Johnes is desirable. In article the theoretical estimation of factor of a superficial tension of water on known molecular potential of interaction Lennard-Johnes is resulted.


The objective of this research was to determine the correlation among hormone levels at 2- and 6-month of age and diameter and histology of the testis in Angus x Charolais young bulls at 6 months (n= 15). At two months, two basal blood samples were collected at 1-h intervals. After the last collection, the animals received 5 mg of GnRH and 1.5 and 3.0 h later, new samples were collected. At 6 months, the young bulls were treated with 1 mg of estradiol benzoate (E) and received 10 mg GnRH twelve hours later. After five days, the young bulls received 10 mg GnRH, but without pre-treatment with estradiol. In both cases, blood samples were collected 1.5 and 3.0 h after GnRH injection. Immediately before the GnRH and estradiol treatments, two basal samples were collected. The animals were surgically castrated at six months. Concentrations of GnRH-stimulated FSH at two months were related to testis diameter, number of Sertoli cells and A1 spermatogonia per testis (r=.65 to .80). The associations between FSH at two months and number of seminiferous tubule sections without germ cells (r=.59) and tubules with round spermatids (r= -.55) were also significant. The correlations between the basal LH and steroids and testis parameters were not significant. At 6 months, the basal levels of FSH did not alter 12 h after estradiol, but the FSH concentrations stimulated with GnRH were 2.5-fold higher when estradiol was used than when GnRH was used. Regression models with Sertoli cell numbers in function of FSH after GnRH showed that when GnRH + estradiol was used, a greater R2 (.43) was obtained in comparison to GnRH injection only (.30). Thus, peripheral concentrations of FSH are potential indicators of testicular development at the prepubertal phase.


The article compares the changes in population size and the structure of nesting birds in deciduous and pine forests, altered by recreation. We identified The common and specific features of forming nesting avifauna in deciduous and pine forests, trends in dynamic of the structure of avifauna through the stages of recreational digression. The significant stages of recreational digression have been also determined.


An electrochemical three-component transformation between N-cyanamide alkene, Na2S2O5 and sulfonyl hydrazide was described, in which various sulfonylated fused sultams were prepared in a sustainable and modular fashion. In this process,...


Strontium (Sr) isotope analyses of barite and associated pyrite-bearing carbonaceous tuff are carried out to understand the nature of mineralizing fluids for Mangampeta barite deposit, which is one of the largest barite deposits in the world. 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios of barite and pyrite-bearing carbonaceous tuff range from 0.70754 to 0.728951 and 0.72969 to 0.819633 respectively. These ratios, high compared to the Proterozoic sea water, preclude the well-mixed sea water or mantle to be the immediate source of Sr, and by association of barium (Ba). We infer that Sr and Ba were derived from the Cuddapah sediments by a sedimentary exhalative process. This is further substantiated by the fluid inclusions in the barites which yield a limited range of salinity, but a wide range of homogenization temperatures (from 300 C to 120 C), indicating that ore deposition took place due to cooling of hydrothermal fluid with limited mixing of ambient sea water, thereby preserving the salinity as well as Sr isotope ratios of the ore fluid. The relative sulphur isotope ratios ( 34 S) reported from the barites of Mangampeta fall in a narrow range 41.3–45.5‰, whereas the 34 S of pyrites falls in two distinct categories. Pyrites with 34 S close to 0‰ are interpreted to have formed by magmatic S acquired by the hydrothermal fluid, whereas pyrites with 34 S values ranging from 8.1‰ to 38.8‰ are the result of biogenic reduction of sea-water sulphate.


The conventional wastewater treatments are inadequate for emerging contaminants detoxification. Photocatalytic ozonation with suitable catalyst can be considered as a suitable solution on the removal of these compounds. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of Ag, Pd and Pt with different loadings (0.1, 0.5 and 1% wt %) onto TiO2 surface for the degradation of a mixture of parabens (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and benzyl) through photocatalytic ozonation. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) was also analyzed after treatments, as well as the effect of the treatment on the samples toxicity over different species, including bacteria, clams and plants. The effect of metal loading on the parabens degradation; COD and TOC removal is very dependent upon the type of noble metal used. This can be related with the different pathways influenced by the metal load. On the one hand, it can be related with the reduction of electron–hole recombination phenomenon, and, on the other hand, the trapping of electrons by the metals reduces the amount of ozonide and hydroxyl radicals produced. In terms of toxicity, apparently the best results were achieved with the intermediate noble metal load. However, the effect of noble metal load must be analyzed case to case.


precis:This essay explores the contributions of the late Lutheran bishop and New Testament scholar, Krister Stendahl, to the church's rethinking of problematic readings of its sacred texts, particularly with regard to women and Judaism. Stendahl's pastoral sensitivities gave rise to four phrases that serve as widely accessible hermeneutical "principles": (1) "It's not about me." (2) "Words that grow legs and walk out of their context." (3) "Christianity as a construct." (4) "Leave room for holy envy." Stendahl's way of articulating brilliant exegetical insights in simple terminology reveals how someone who wrote relatively little made an enormous impact on both biblical scholarship and the church.


In this paper, we use Neo4j, a popular graph database, to store a version of the Internet Movie Database (IMDB) dataset, which is a real-world dataset. The graph database provides persistent availability for users to retrieve data using Neo4j Graph Query Language called cypher, for many applications. Users can use Neo4j clients such as Python and R together with cypher and server plugins such as APOC and graph algorithm library to explore the dataset. We explain the basic concepts and applications of cypher graph pattern language to measure the impact of people, title, and TV episodes.


New insights into the energy efficiency of reactions in a microwave field and the development of a concept to transfer thermally heated reactions to microwave-assisted reactions are reported utilizing commercial modular microwave systems. Particularly, questions on the qualification of technical microwave systems and their measurement and monitoring technology as well as on the validation of chemical reactions and processes are discussed. For that purpose, some technical microwave systems of different manufacturers were tested. The applicability for the implementation of chemical reactions and processes was determined. Conversions and yields of some reactions were compared by the dependence of irradiation modus, temperature and temperature measurement method.


Abstract The present study aims to register the production of scientific articles about dance in national Physical Education journals. For this, we carried out a content analysis of articles published in 26 selected journals between 1987 and August 2020. We found 363 articles published in the proposed period, focusing on subjects, webqualis, and varied bibliographic references. Thus, it is possible to see where the national dance productions are, their highlights, and their main bibliographic references. In the end, we found that the discussions about dance and educational aspects are predominant, as well as the use of bibliographic references with a certain theoretical and practical proximity to dancing activities.


COLD injury of the newborn is a well described entity in the European literature,1 2 3 4 but there are only scattered case reports of this problem in the United States, and then only in the immediate newborn period.5 , 6 In this country, hospital delivery and central heating probably prevent the immediate newborn and later neonatal environmental cold stress that appears to be the major cause of this syndrome. Nevertheless, recognition of cold stress as the major insult in infants usually thought to be suffering from sepsis can be extremely important in the choice of specific treatment directed at the severe hypothermia. Three cases . . .


In a decision making and assessment, a lot of data is needed as a reference, the data needed can be obtained through filling out a questionnaire distributed to the community. With the rapid development of technology in the IT field, it is necessary to create a questionnaire application that is based online so that it can be accessed anywhere and anytime through the current mobile device. Online-based data storage needs are also important in a questionnaire, if all this time a questionnaire was made in paper form, in this paper we will discuss how to create an online questionnaire application. With the location of data storage also in online servers that can facilitate data processing. Application design is adapted to mobile devices that are currently owned by everyone. This paper aims to provide an effective and efficient solution for researchers, companies or individuals who want to use questionnaires as a method of data collection.


Synthetic antioxidant such as BHA (butylated-hydroxyanisole), BHT (butylated-hydroxytoluene) and TBHQ (tertiary-butyl-hydroquinone) are usually added into frying oil to prolong its shelf life and reusability. However, its utilization has become more obsolete. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a tropical plant which has been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-tumor and antihyperlipemic activities that was suspected to be contributed by its phenolic anthocyanins compound. This study was aimed to study the effect of the addition of roselle extract as a natural antioxidant in bulk frying oil (BFO). Central composite design of Response Surface Methodology was employed to measure the trend of roselle extract utilization in open frying and deep frying practice. The results showed that the addition of roselle extract could retard the formation of free fatty acids (FFA) to maximum 0.1226 mg KOH/g oil (4% addition) and lowered hydroperoxide formation as low as 7.47 MeqO2/kg oil after treated with 20 times of successive frying. The trend study showed that the addition of 0.04% of roselle extract could prolong the usage of oil up to 6 times in the open frying treatment. On the other hand, only 0.01% of the roselle extract was needed to prolong the oil usage up to 20 times in deep frying practice. This result showed that the roselle extract can be used as a substitute for synthetic antioxidant to prolong the shelf life and reusability of BFO.


The lockdown suffered in spring 2020 involved, among other changes, the widespread application of online training at all educational levels, highlighting not only problems related to technological resources and connectivity but also to students' formative deficiencies, such as a level development of the digital competence (DC) too limited to fulfil the ongoing challenges. In this context, we present the results of a study carried out in Galicia during the 2018-2019 academic year in order to delve into 6th-grade students' digital competence; a mixed methods research composed of a first qualitative phase, a multiple-case study, and a second one, quantitative, in which an assessment test of the DC was applied. The results attained show an average level of 5.96 out of 10 in DC, with an important difference between the two components of this punctuation; namely, knowledge and skills (M=5.10) and attitude (M=8.04). The case studies also allow us to observe: information-search processes carried out unsystematically and whose results are not adequately contrasted; differences between genders in the communicative area; scarce problem-solving skills; too basic content-creation strategies, and differences between teenagers' attitude towards security and their actual behaviours. The conclusions stress the role of school in the development of DC in a digitalised future.


Clinicians applying nonpharmacological approaches in the treatment of hypertension and formulating health care policy must be confident that these interventions are effective and safe.


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Beginnings European Ambitions by Timothy Walker Document 1: Spain and Portugal divide the world at the Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Document 2: The Spanish way of announcing their intention to take control, 1512 Document 3: Queen Elizabeth issues a patent to Humphrey Gilbert, 1579 Document 4: Sir Walter Ralegh receives the Roanoke patent, 1584 Document 5: The States General of the Netherlands establishes the Dutch West India Company, 1621 Tentative Testimonies by Heather McCrea Document 1: Bartolome de las Casas decries the "Destruction of the Indies," 1542 Document 2: Spain enrages colonists with "new laws" that protect Indians, 1542 Document 3: Bernal Diaz remembers the Conquest Document 4: Florentine Codex account of the Massacre at Cholula First Contacts by Michael Oberg Document 1: Thomas Harriot reports on the native people at Roanoke, 1588 Document 2: Henry Hudson arrives at Manhattan, 1609 Document 3: William Bradford comments on an epidemic among native peoples of New England, 1634 Regions Chesapeake by L.H. Roper Document 1: A Jamestown planter asks permission to marry a native woman, 1614 Document 2: An Englishman writes the Virginia Company with news of Jamestown, 1620 Document 3: Charles I takes the Governor and Council of Virginia to task, 1637 Document 4: Virginians complain about the founding of Maryland and the actions of their governor, 1635 Document 5: A rebellious colonist denounces William Berkeley, 1676 Document 6: Virginians develop laws on slavery, 1661-1705 New England by Richard Gildrie Document 1: John Winthrop instructs and encourages colonists traveling to New England, 1630 Document 2: A minister warns against the dangers of religious toleration, 1647 Document 3: A militia officer envisions Pequot women captured in war as servants, 1637 Document 4: The Narragansett sachem Miantonomi tries to create a pan-Indian union, early 1640s Document 5: An English war captive recalls her suffering and the workings of providence during King Philip's War, 1682 Document 6: The Massachusetts General Court legislates against the immoral behaviors thought to have "provoked" God to allow New Englanders to suffer Indian violence, 1675 Document 7: An Englishman voices sympathy for the suffering of Indians during King Philip's War, 1677 Caribbean by James Robertson Document 1: Barbadians discover and punish a plotted slave rebellion, 1675 Document 2: A ship master complains of being robbed by Spanish sloops, 1730 Document 3: A patriot planter from Georgia advises his son to leave Jamaica, 1776 Document 4: The governor of Jamaica sympathizes with the plight of his counterpart in Virginia, 1776 Middle Colonies by Wayne Bodle Document 1 The Half Moon crew explores the future New Netherland while seeking a route to Asia, 1609 Document 2 : Early colonists recall the geographical extent of Dutch holdings Document 3: The Mohawk Iroquois and representatives from the Chesapeake engage in diplomacy under the Covenant Chain, 1677-79 Document 4: William Penn proposes a scheme for intercolonial cooperation, 1697 Carolinas by Noeleen McIlvanna Document 1: An Anglican missionary proclaims the evils of the Albemarle during Cary's Rebellion, 1711 Document 2: A South Carolina official describes the Stono Rebellion, 1739 Document 3: Josiah Quincy of Massachusetts visits South Carolina, 1773 Themes Salem Witchcraft by Louise Breen Document 1: A Boston merchant denounces witchcraft beliefs and the Salem trials Document 2: Magistrates interrogate Tituba, 1692 Document 3: A Boston sea captain and merchant remembers being accused as a witch, 1700 Document 4: Cotton Mather's advice to two witchcraft judges, 1692 Purgatory - Christian Missions by David J. Silverman Document 1: Puritan Thomas Shepard describes the first encounter between the Wampanoags and John Eliot, 1647 Document 2: Jesuit missionary Paul LeJeune writes of the hardships of life with the Montagnais, mid 1630s Slave Trade and Slavery by Ty Reese Document 1: A former slave ship surgeon reveals the horrors of the Middle Passage Document 2: An English traveler comments on the rape of a slave in Massachusetts, 1638 Document 3: Virginia owners advertise for help recovering runaway slaves, 1761-66 Women by Linda Sturtz Document 1: William Bradford describes communal and church obligations using familial and gender metaphors, 1644 Document 2: A Marblehead fisherman describes how a crowd of women killed his two Indian prisoners, 1677 Document 3: An African woman, "prophetess," and freedom fighter in Jamaica, 1732 Document 4: A slave woman pleads with the Archbishop of Canterbury for religious liberty and protests her sale to the West Indies, 1760 Document 5: Georgia's founder extols the importance of women in ensuring order and productivity during a time of chaos and war, 1742 Document 6: A war captive from Pennsylvania recalls how she made a new life among the Indians Document 7: Advice from 18th century almanacs on family, women and marriage, 1736-1760 Transformations Backcountries by Warren Hofstra Document 1 German explorer John Lederer reports on the Shenandoah Valley, 1669-70 Document 2: Moravian missionaries trek through western Virginia, 1749 Document 3: Ohio Company agent Christopher Gist scouts for land and trade opportunities, early 1750s Document 4: An English traveler presents an idyllic view of the Shenandoah Valley, 1759-60 Document 5: Ben Franklin condemns the "Paxton Boys" as barbaric, 1764 Document 6: The "Paxton Boys" defend their actions and express their frustrations, 1764 Document 7: An Englishman travels the backcountry, 1774 Spiritual Awakenings by Kenneth Minkema Document 1: Johann Arndt on "Dying to the World," 1606 Document 2: George Whitefield proclaims the necessity of the New Birth, 1737 Document 3: John Marrant narrates the "Lord's Wonderful dealings" following his conversion, 1785 Document 4: Handsome Lake calls for a hybridized nativism, 1799 Document 5: Joanne Southcott's dispute with Satan, 1802 Document 6: Pierre Cholenec praises Catherine (Kateri) Tekakwitha, ca. 1700 Document 7: An account of the first sighting of the Virgin of Guadalupe Enlightenment by Ned Landsman Document 1: Women correspond in efforts to help one another "improve" Document 2: Benjamin Franklin networks and experiments with a secular way of inculcating virtue Document 3: A Virginia planter expounded on the characteristics of native peoples and Africans New France by Robert Morissey Document 1: A Jesuit explains the "Polity of the Hurons, and Their Government," 1636 Document 2: A French negotiator works to establish unity among Menominee (Malhominis) and Potawatomi refuses at Chequamegon Bay. 1660s Document 3: A French ceremony asserting possession at Sault Ste. Marie, 1671 Document 4: Grand Treaty establishes peace with the Iroquois, 1701 French and Indian War by James Piecuch Document 1 Virginia governor instructs George Washington to assess French strength in the Ohio Country, 1753 Document 2 George Washington describes defeat, 1755 Document 3: The colonies contemplate union, 1754 Document 4 A French officer reflects on the direction of the war, 1758 Document 5 Indian Superintendent William Johnson explains the strategic importance of the Iroquois, 1763


Remote sensing technology plays an important role in mine production and management, and can provide comprehensive, accurate, rich and reliable information sources for geological prospecting, regional environmental monitoring, mine mapping and other basic work[1]. In particular, remote sensing technology has the advantages of macroscopic, rapid and dynamic technology, which can meet the requirements of mine geological environment survey and monitoring. With the improvement of satellite remote sensing in spatial resolution, temporal resolution and spectral resolution, remote sensing technology has developed rapidly in recent years; Remote sensing plays a more and more important role in mine geological environment investigation[2].


In this work, for the given adjacency matrix of a graph, we present an algorithm which checks the connectivity of a graph and computes all of its connected components. Also, it is mathematically proved that the algorithm presents all the desired results.


Since we live in a world of dwindling resources, of all types it is essential that road engineers in their design and construction activities, provide infrastructure in a sustainable fashion. This paper examines some of the factors influencing the sustainability of roads in the South African context, of which perhaps the four most important are: • Appropriate and efficient institutional arrangements including sound governance • Sound management of the road network – from planning through to eventual operation • Availability of adequate resources – especially financial and personnel • Conservation of natural resources and of the environment The paper concludes that a paradigm shift in road provision together with strong leadership within road authorities is needed to begin to provide long term sustainability of road infrastructure in South Africa. INTRODUCTION Vast sums of money have historically been, and are currently on an annual basis, being invested in the South African road network – an asset of some R1trillion in extent. Additionally roads are a very significant catalyst for economic and social development in any country. For these reasons at least it is essential that the road network should be provided in a sustainable manner. We live in a world which is rapidly outgrowing its resources of all types, primarily because of the inexorable growth in population and the consequent deleterious effects on our living patterns. It behoves us therefore as professional engineers, and in this context road engineers, to provide infrastructure which makes least demand on these resources and which is also provided in a sustainable, efficient and effective fashion. Unfortunately evidence exists that this is not universally the case in South Africa. In most countries throughout the world investment in roads accounts for a major part of governments' stock of capital and constitutes the dominant means of transportation; However despite their importance many road networks throughout the world, especially in Africa, are poorly managed and badly maintained, and thus not sustainable. "Almost without exception they (roads in Africa) are managed by bureaucratic roads departments", who have in general mismanaged the road assets under their control". (Heggie and Vickers1998:7-16). Calvo (1998:10) lists five closely related symptoms which she suggests are the cause of this lack of sustainability viz., unclear responsibilities, the lack of an adequate and comprehensive integrated planning systems, insufficient and uncertain funding, inadequate capacity and inappropriate design standards and methods. To an extent these match the issues which detract from the sustainability of much of the primary road system in South Africa. South Africa has a road network approaching three quarters of a million kilometres in extent, with an asset value exceeding one trillion rand with an annual budgetary allocation Abstracts of the 32nd Southern African Transport Conference (SATC 2013) Proceedings ISBN Number: 978-1-920017-62-0 Produced by: Document Transformation Technologies cc 103 8-11 July 2013 Pretoria, South Africa Conference organised by: Jacqui Oosthuyzens of the 32nd Southern African Transport Conference (SATC 2013) Proceedings ISBN Number: 978-1-920017-62-0 Produced by: Document Transformation Technologies cc 103 8-11 July 2013 Pretoria, South Africa Conference organised by: Jacqui Oosthuyzen of some R46 billion to develop and maintain it (Kannemeyer, 2012) .Roads are indisputably "big business" and as such deserve sound and effective management to ensure sustainability of the network. Twenty, or so years ago, it was pointed out that if road authorities in South Africa were to be successful in meeting the challenges facing them in the light of the limited resources pertaining at that time "it would be necessary to pay greater attention to the concepts of strategic management and road management systems in order to ensure sustainability of the road network (Mitchell, 1991:32). Unfortunately, judging by the condition of much of the network, this message does not appear to have been heeded by some of the road authorities in South Africa. Another reason for ensuring that our road networks remain sustainable is that roads play a significant role in the economic and social development in any country. Perkins et al (2005:218) have shown that over a fifty year period the development of (good) roads has exhibited a strong "forcing effect" on GDP growth in South Africa. Added to this the Moving South Africa strategic framework for transport in South Africa has stressed the need for good roads as a catalyst for the much needed social development in the country (Department of Transport, 1999). This points to the need for sustainability in the provision of road networks, especially in the African continent where excess road user costs because of the poor conditions of the roads amounted to some 12 billion Rand per annum at the turn of the century (Heggie and Vickers, 1998:1). This paper examines some factors which need to be addressed to ensure that roads are provided in a sustainable manner THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY The concept of sustainability is very closely linked to the preservation of the environment – however it embraces a wider concept than this. Reference to dictionaries elicits statements such as: "keep going over time", "maintain and prolong", "avoidance of the depletion of natural resources", and "meet the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs". Insofar as it applies to roads the International Road Federation suggests that it relates to the effective planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of (good) roads to conserve resources (IRF, 2012). This paper adopts the IRF philosophy and suggests that the prime factors influencing the sustainability of roads in South Africa are, • Appropriate institutional arrangements for the execution of the roads programme, • Sound management of the road network to facilitate sustainability of our roads, • Sustainable and adequate resources, especially financial and personnel, and • Preservation of the environment in the construction and maintenance of roads. In short, the concept of sustainability insofar as roads are concerned is that of effective road network management within appropriate institutional arrangements for their provision, utilising adequate resources effectively and embracing sound and perceptive engineering practices in sympathy with the environment. APPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROAD SUSTAINABILITY Over time there have worldwide been various approaches to appropriate institutional arrangements for the provision of a country's road network. In South Africa the matter is made more complicated because of the fact that at two significant times in our country's history, 1910 and 1994, political compromise lead to the creation of three levels of government all with strong "original powers" insofar as the provision of roads is concerned – most, if not all other countries have only two (Mitchell, 2009:170-174) . In addition South Africa has a large number of second tier government authorities administering a relatively small inter-city surfaced secondary road network, in comparison with similarly developed countries. Abstracts of the 32nd Southern African Transport Conference (SATC 2013) Proceedings ISBN Number: 978-1-920017-62-0 Produced by: Document Transformation Technologies cc 104 8-11 July 2013 Pretoria, South Africa Conference organised by: Jacqui Oosthuyzens of the 32nd Southern African Transport Conference (SATC 2013) Proceedings ISBN Number: 978-1-920017-62-0 Produced by: Document Transformation Technologies cc 104 8-11 July 2013 Pretoria, South Africa Conference organised by: Jacqui Oosthuyzen The consequences of this are a reduction in institutional memory and wisdom (defined as knowledge plus experience) within many road authorities in creating a sustainable road network. An informal structured qualitative analysis of the opinions of 20 very experienced roads engineers in the country, conducted by the author, indicates that there exists: • poor overall network performance, the inability, with some exceptions, to deliver the road programme effectively, • poor intergovernmental relations, particularly between levels of government, • lack of professional capacity and expertise, • inappropriate interference by politicians in executive functions, • poor financial management of road funds (once again with some exceptions), • ineffectiveness in addressing the country's overall goals, • a lack of a concentrated thrust in managing the total intercity road network, • an "uncomfortable" relationship between the provinces and local road authorities in metropolitan areas and • the lack of a adequately dominant role in the roads sector by the Department of Transport. Reform in government, which is sweeping many countries is also apparent in the roads sector worldwide (TRB, 1999:11) where new institutions are being considered which: • Explicitly define the agency's responsibilities, • Separate policy and management from the delivery of the road programme, • Reduce public sector employment, and • Incorporate performance monitoring. With this a background (or perhaps baggage in the South African context) where do we start in determining appropriate institutional arrangements for promoting road sustainability (as defined above), in the country? It is suggested that the principles for achieving this are: • There should be a minimum number of road administrative units, • Road programme delivery needs to be improved and optimised, • Cost effective road administration should be pursued – this is an essential, • The most effective distribution of resources and jurisdictions is a prerequisite, • Responsibilities need to be clearly defined and performance accounted for, • Government should play a strategic ro