Induction motor is a type of an AC motor and widely use because of its
simplicity and ease operation. There are 2 types of induction motor. Commonly use
in industry is squirrel - cage induction motor. Then the other one is wound-rotor
induction motor. It rarely use because more expansive, need more maintenance and
require a more complex automatic control circuit than squirrel-cage .In this project, it
more concentrate on the characteristic of an induction motor. The only important
thing that should be clear is about induced torque (stating current) and speed
(synchronous speed). From the characteristic, there are few way to find the perfect
induction motor with high starting torque, high starting current , low rotor resistance
and good efficiency. The software that will be used in this project is labview. In this
program it will show the voltage meter , current meter ,the flow of current ,the exact
waveform from the value inserted and the right calculation. For induction motor of
the project objective is to make the easier way for student to learn more about the
characteristic of induction motor rather than doing experiment in laboratory. The
expected result from this project is be able to create a program that can show all the
characteristic of the induction motor, the waveform and calculation of an induction.


The accuracy of finite element solutions is closely tied to the mesh quality. In particular, geometrically nonlinear problems involving large and strongly localized deformations often result in prohibitively large element distortions. In this work, we propose a novel mesh regularization approach allowing to restore a non-distorted high-quality mesh in an adaptive manner without the need for expensive re-meshing procedures. The core idea of this approach lies in the definition of a finite element distortion potential considering contributions from different distortion modes such as skewness and aspect ratio of the elements. The regularized mesh is found by minimization of this potential. Moreover, based on the concept of spatial localization functions, the method allows to specify tailored requirements on mesh resolution and quality for regions with strongly localized mechanical deformation and mesh distortion. In addition, while existing mesh regularization schemes often keep the boundary nodes of the discretization fixed, we propose a mesh-sliding algorithm based on variationally consistent mortar methods allowing for an unrestricted tangential motion of nodes along the problem boundary. Especially for problems involving significant surface deformation (e.g., frictional contact), this approach allows for an improved mesh relaxation as compared to schemes with fixed boundary nodes. To transfer data such as tensor-valued history variables of the material model from the old (distorted) to the new (regularized) mesh, a structure-preserving invariant interpolation scheme for second-order tensors is employed, which has been proposed in our previous work and is designed to preserve important mechanical properties of tensor-valued data such as objectivity and positive definiteness... {continued see pdf}


The forward calorimeters in CMS register anomalous large energy events when a charged particle interacts with the photo-multiplier tube's glass window. Several hardware solutions, which include placing a scintillating crystal in front of the window or a veto counter behind the photo-multiplier tube, or replacing the current photo-multiplier tubes with new generation tubes that have thinner and narrower glass windows, were investigated in a beam test at CERN H2 facility in Summer 2008 for identification and removal of these anomalous large energy events. The data taken with the proposed components were analyzed for pulse shape and energy response to study their potential to remove anomalous large energy events. We found that scintillating crystals can be used to define a discriminating parameter to reject such events with more than 95% efficiency. We observed that the signal from veto counters was uncorrelated with the signal from anomalous large energy events. The lack of correlation between veto counter and photo-multiplier tube signals prevented us from determining an identification method with veto counters. Test results showed that the new photo-multiplier tube reduces the rate and energy scale of the anomalous large energy events because of its window properties; therefore such new tubes are viable for the forward calorimeter upgrade in the Super LHC programme.


To promote the usability of CFD techniques for the basic hull form design, a hull surface mesh generating program, based on given station offsets and centerline profile, is developed. The new method employs non-uniform parametric splines with predetermined waterline end-shapes of natural spline, normal spline, ellipse, parabola hyperbola, and their combinations. Generated hull surface meshes can be utilized for potential panel method immediately and can be also used as a boundary grid surface for 3-D field grid system. Mesh topology chosen to represent hull surface can be transformed into a rectangle, which he1ps the flow solvers to transform surface meshes for the nonlinear free surface condition or to define the turbulence quantities. To prove the applicability, a container ship with bow and stem bulb is chosen, and the procedures generating hull surface meshes are described.


The source of the blue color of blue jay feathers has been attributed to scattering since the mid-nineteenth century after it was found that no pigments could be extracted from the feathers. The transmittance and scattering properties of blue jay feathers were measured as a function of wavelength between 0.36 and 0.74 μm. The transmittance in the red region of the spectrum was found to be considerably higher than the transmittance in the blue region. The peak transmittance occurs at a wavelength of 0.63 μm. Scattering measurements revealed an intensity maximum at shorter wavelengths and a minimum at longer wavelengths. A computer analysis of the scattered intensity yielded an exponential dependence on wavelength. The exponent ranged from −3.98 to −4.44 for diffuse scattering geometries and −2.67 for the specular scattering geometries compared with the value of −4.0 expected for Rayleigh scattering. The feathers used in this experiment were rectrices. The barbs have a transparent outer layer underlain by a layer of box cells or alveolar cells, beneath which there is a dark layer of melanin-containing cells. The alveolar cells contain irregularly shaped air cavities ranging in size from 0.03 to 0.3 μm. The air cavities are responsible for the scattering dependence.


Since the establishment of a responsible production system in the countryside, the living standard of the general public has risen constantly, but a new problem in family planning has also occurred. A great many people believe that more male children will eventually provide more labor and thus more income. Consequently, there has been a gradual rise in the birth rate. A crucial problem which needs an immediate solution is how to match the population growth and agricultural production. As a responsible production system is established, an appropriate family planning system should also be established. Married couples of childbearing age should sign contracts concerning family planning and should follow regulations outlined in the contract. Contract violators should be punished with fines, and thoas who follow the contract should be offered economic rewards. Cadres and responsible officials should take full responsibility for reaching the goals set for their respective county, district, commune or brigade, and their people should be rewarded or punished according to their performance. Special care should be given to the old, handicapped, orphans and widows and those who suffer from illness. Households with only one child should be awarded and encouraged with additional benefits. Taking full responsibility is a concept which should be used extensively in agricultural development, production management, and family planning.


This study deals with the improvement of the mechanical stability of oak, which belongs to the hardwoods, by radiation-induced in-situ copolymerization of certain monomers. Acrylonitrile (AN), methyl methacrylate (MMA), allyl glycidyl ether/acrylonitrile (AGE/AN), and allyl glycidyl ether/methyl methacrylate (AGE/MMA) monomers and monomer mixtures were employed to conserve and consolidate the wood. After impregnating oak with these monomer mixtures, polymerization was accomplished by γ-irradiation. The relationships between the mechanical properties of the wood/(co)polymer composites and the anatomic structure of the wood, the types and the quantity of the polymer and copolymer, the irradiation dose and the aging process were explored. The fine structure of the wood/(co)polymer composites and the compatibility of wood with polymer and copolymer were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The existence of polymer and copolymer in the wood enhanced the mechanical durability of the wood. The results of the hardness and the compressive strength tests applied in the parallel and perpendicular directions to the fibers of the wood/(co)polymer composites show that P(AGE/MMA), P(AGE/AN) copolymers are effective in raising the mechanical durability. In the case of P(AGE/MMA), the increase in the compressive strength perpendicular to the fibers in the oak wood is 179% at highest conversion. Similar results were also acquired from hardness tests. The decrease in the mechanical durability after aging for 28 d was very little.


Background In recent years, some cases of rhabdomyolysis after surgery have been reported. In this report, we present an adult patient with rhabdomyolysis after intracranial aneurysm surgery. Case Report A 59-year-old male suffered from a coma, fever, and soy sauce urine after intracranial aneurysm clipping. A routine blood examination showed that liver and kidney function were impaired, and creatine phosphokinase(CK) and creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme(CK-MB) levels increased. Therefore, we consider patients with rhabdomyolysis after intracranial aneurysm surgery. A series of treatment schemes, such as intravenous fluid infusion, alkalized urine, and hemodialysis, were adopted immediately, and finally the patient was discharged safely. Conclusion For some postoperative patients, once the level of CK/CK-MB increases, acute renal damage occurs, and the urine color turns soy sauce, we should be alert to postoperative rhabdomyolysis.For those patients who have been diagnosed with rhabdomyolysis, we need to take timely treatment measures to avoid an unfortunate occurrence.


Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) is a composite material consisting of at least two phases. A Matrix, generally it is an alloy and reinforcement, commonly represented by carbide, nitride or oxide ceramics. The main advantage of MMC compared to ceramics and metals is the combination of ceramic and metallic properties, such as e.g., reliability, fracture toughness, plastic deformation, failure tolerance for metals and high strength, low thermal expansion, wear and corrosion resistance for ceramics respectively. There is an increasing interest in using MMC in applications where materials must have properties common to both metals and ceramics. Fields of application can be found in the automotive, pharmaceutical and food industry or energy technology. This work aims at obtaining comprehension of the activation mechanism and infiltration kinetic that occur during the manufacturing of MMC when using the proposed material combination Ti-Al2O3/ Fe-based alloy.


We study the photo-excitation dynamics of correlated band insulators, using non-equilibrium dynamical mean-field theory for the ionic Hubbard model. We find two distinct behaviors, depending on the ratio of the on-site interaction $U$ and the bare band gap $\Delta$. For small interactions, the relaxation is characterized by intra-band carrier scattering in relatively rigid bands, leading to a non-thermal intermediate state with separate thermal distributions of electrons and holes. This behavior can be viewed as typical for a band insulator with weak interactions. For larger interaction, on the other hand, we observe a strong modification of the electronic spectrum and a filling-in of the gap after photo-excitation, along with a rapid thermalization of the system. The two behaviors therefore provide a dynamical distinction of a correlated band insulator and a band-insulator, which can differ even when the spectra of the two systems are similar in equilibrium. The crossover happens when the interaction $U$ is comparable to $\Delta$.


The traditional retailer had to deal with stocking of inventory and merchandising based on raw estimates of his daily or weekly product sales to make available the right product at the right time for his customers. The modern retailer has to deal with same store operations such as inventory planning and merchandising but with several forecasting techniques at hand such as ARIMA, Holt-Winters, Exponential Smoothing, Neural Networks and Gradient Boosting Methods, he is efficiently and more accurately able to predict store-product sales to replenish inventory with minimum capital requirement. This paper aims at implementation and comparison of two popular and intriguing machine learning techniques, Deep Neural Network (DNN) and Gradient Boosting Method (GBM) for univariate time series sales data at store-day level of a German retail giant. Several studies have leveraged DNN and GBM techniques for forecasting but on a multivariate time series data, that is predicting with the help of causal factors (variables). The paper discusses the feasibility and application of both these techniques on a univariate time series because not every retailer may have access to adequate supply chain metrics to create a multivariate model. The data used for analysis has been picked up from Kaggle. Performance measures used are mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE). The DNN and GBM models have been developed in python using Keras and Ensemble packages.


Keel-bone damage and foot injuries have a negative impact on welfare in laying hens. The extent of the problems in Danish commercial flocks of layers is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the current prevalence of keel-bone damage and foot injuries in Danish commercial flocks of laying hens and to investigate the effects of production system, housing system, hybrid and age. The occurrences of keel-bone damage, hyperkeratosis and missing toes were higher at 62 compared to 32 weeks of age, while the reverse was found for toe wounds, foot-pad lesions and bumble feet. There was no difference between barn and organic production systems in the risk of having keel-bone fractures and foot injuries, except that barn hens were more likely to have foot-pad lesions than organic hens (32 weeks: 16.1 vs 3.1%). Hens in multi-tiered systems were more likely to have keel-bone fractures compared to hens in single-tiered systems (62 weeks: 11.6 vs 4.9%). Of the four hybrids, Lohmann Brown Lite had a higher risk of keel-bone fractures, whereas bumble feet were found more frequently in Lohmann LSL. Keel-bone damage and foot injuries are less common in Danish non-cage systems compared to most of the reporting presently available from other countries. We suggest transnational studies, aimed at identifying the causal factors of this discrepancy, to increase existing knowledge on how to reduce incidences of keel-bone damage and foot injuries.


: Patient identification is part of the goal of implementing patient safety. Identifying patients correctly can reduce errors in the delivery of health services. The title of this research is part of the activity of developing patient identification protocols in the implementation of patient safety by nurses in inpatient rooms at Medan City Hospital. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of knowledge with nurses' compliance in the implementation of patient identification. Six houses, selected as research locations, Methods: Descriptive research. Data analysis used chi-square statistical test ( α <0.05; CI = 95%). Sample 150 nurses. Results: 61.3% of categories of knowledge were not good and 38.7% were not good. there are still nurses who are not obedient. Observation results: protocol for identifying patients is not available at Nurse station, documents that have not been filled completely, there are patients who have not used identification bracelets, because they have not received recognition, there are nurses who do not mention the patient's name and date of birth, there are nurses still using the patient's room number as a marker. The nurse did not re-examine the patient's identity bracelet. The P value (p-value 0.015) showed there was a relationship of knowledge to nurses' compliance in the implementation of patient identification. Conclusion: there is a relationship between nurses' knowledge and compliance in the implementation of patient identification, Product Development can be continued. Suggestion: it is necessary to immediately prepare a Patient Identification Implementation Protocol, dissemination to nurses and health teams. Hospital Director's Policy, for implementation. Supervision and training are needed to oversee implementation. Daily reports of the entire room, to achieve health service indicators and to become a work cult.


Objectives Inter and intra observer variability in assessment of cervical cytology leads to discordance between categorised samples and histology. Biospectroscopy methods have been suggested as sensor-based tools to deliver objective assessments [1]. Categorisation of biological samples based on imperfect conventional screening can reduce the apparent diagnostic accuracy of biospectroscopy [2]. The aim of this study is to analyse the infrared spectra of cytology samples derived using biospectroscopy and compare the accuracy of biospectroscopy vs. conventional cytology to identify true atypia in light of the corresponding histology.


This paper studies the welfare and policy implications of o¤shoring when risk averse workers face the risk of unemployment. If o¤shored inputs can be easily substituted for domestic workers, then o¤shoring reduces wages and increases unemployment. In this situation, in the absence of any government intervention o¤shoring not only reduces the welfare of workers but could reduce aggregate welfare as well if workers are highly risk averse and the markets for insurance against unemployment risk are missing. In addition to unemployment insurance, the role of employment protection policiesseverance payments and administrative cost of …ring -in protecting workers against the adverse consequences of globalization is studied. An administrative cost of …ring reduces job destruction, however it ends up reducing the welfare of workers. Mandated severance payments and unemployment insurance can both protect workers against the adverse e¤ects of o¤shoring and have the potential to make o¤shoring aggregate welfare improving. When unemployment arises due to both job destruction and matching frictions, a combination of severance payments and unemployment bene…ts is a better policy to shield workers from the adverse consequences of o¤shoring than either of them alone. Keywords: o¤shoring, unemployment, endogenous job destruction, severance payments, unemployment bene…ts JEL Codes: F16, F66, F68


On December 12, 1925, the magazine Musical America initiated a historic $3,000 prize contest in search of the epic American symphony. "The time was ripe," proclaimed its editor, Milton Weil, to stimulate the composition of a work by an "authentic genius" in a nation he believed lacked a great musical culture. Accordingly, the winning score would be selected by the eminent conductors Walter Damrosch, Alfred Hertz, Serge Koussevitzky, Frederick A. Stock, and Leopold Stokowski, and performed at a later date by their respective orchestras in New York, San Francisco, Boston, Chicago, and Philadelphia. As Weil boasted, "Something never previously obtained for an American prize work is planned for the composition which wins the award."' More than two years later the Swiss-born Ernest Bloch, a naturalized citizen of the United States affiliated with the San Francisco Con-


In the article theoretical and methodical approach to diagnostics of economic stability of the agrarian and industrial complex enterprise with use of the cost theory of efficiency is presented. It is shown that basis of the cost theory is necessity of accounting of expenses on the capital in the conditions of limitation of traditional indicators of stability. Analytical focus concentrates on identification of the significant causal factors influencing permanence of the assessment process of the economic stability level of the agrarian and industrial complex enterprise.


The family of α-divergences including the oriented forward and reverse Kullback–Leibler divergences is often used in signal processing, pattern recognition, and machine learning, among others. Choosing a suitable α-divergence can either be done beforehand according to some prior knowledge of the application domains or directly learned from data sets. In this work, we generalize the α-divergences using a pair of strictly comparable weighted means. Our generalization allows us to obtain in the limit case α→1 the 1-divergence, which provides a generalization of the forward Kullback–Leibler divergence, and in the limit case α→0, the 0-divergence, which corresponds to a generalization of the reverse Kullback–Leibler divergence. We then analyze the condition for a pair of weighted quasi-arithmetic means to be strictly comparable and describe the family of quasi-arithmetic α-divergences including its subfamily of power homogeneous α-divergences. In particular, we study the generalized quasi-arithmetic 1-divergences and 0-divergences and show that these counterpart generalizations of the oriented Kullback–Leibler divergences can be rewritten as equivalent conformal Bregman divergences using strictly monotone embeddings. Finally, we discuss the applications of these novel divergences to k-means clustering by studying the robustness property of the centroids.


Arctic microphytobenthic in situ net community production (NCP) was measured via the oxygen exchange rate in benthic chambers equipped with optical sensor spots at 3 representative sandy sites in Kongsfjorden (Svalbard, 79° N, 12° E) at 3 to 11 m water depth during June 2008. No significant differences were detected between stations and depths in either photoautotrophic biomass or primary production. All sites showed low but variable rates of NCP, ranging from −0.3 to +0.6 mmol O2 m−2 h−1 (−9 to +18 mg O2 m−2 h−1). The numerical model of Walsby (1997) was applied to estimate seasonal and regional rates of nearshore NCP for 2008 using in situ P/E curve parameters, solar global radiation, wind data and satellite-derived sea surface temperatures. The highest daily NCP rates of 15 to 18 mmol O2 m−2 d−1 were found throughout the Arctic spring and summer seasons (1 April until 31 August 2008) at shallow depths <15 m. The differences between modelled stratified and fully mixed water column conditions were small and in the range of 10%. Depthand time-integrated NCP of the entire Kongsfjorden coastline during June 2008 yielded 9 t of O2. A predicted increase in the sea surface temperature by 2°C would have only a marginal impact on the NCP (<3%). Our model sensitivity analysis of the uncertainties associated with P/E curve parameters and Q10 values clearly showed a crucial dependence of NCP on the Q10 values. Thus, further studies on temperature dependence are required.


I work on a psychiatric intensive care unit (PICU) and have noticed a significant rise of patients being detained under Section 2 of the Mental Health Act. I recently had the dubious pleasure of being asked to do five hearings for tribunal and hospital managers in 5 working days. In our trust,


The accessibility of the highway network plays an important role in the process of spatial interaction among cities.First of all,the highway network accessibility in Jiangsu province is evaluated by the network analysis and spatial analysis functions of GIS.Then,based on gravity model,potential theory model and field spread model,the spatial interaction level among 13 cities is calculated,the potential value and the spread strength are measured.Through study,we find that the interaction among cities,the potential value and the spread strength of cities in southern zones in Jiangsu province are stronger than the other.Finally,the factors which effect the spatial interaction strength is analyzed briefly.


The purposes of this study were (1) to determine if certain variables differentiate between occupationally mobile and non‐mobile superintendents, (2) to determine if differences exist in the leadership behaviour characteristics between these groups, and (3) to determine if there are differences in the leadership behaviour charac‐teristics of superintendents as perceived by their own groups and by their subordinates. The study revealed significant differences in six categories: Mobile superintendents (1) held more positions; (2) spent a fewer number of years in each position; (3) were more often tenured; (4) had a higher level of education; (5) held higher status in the profession; and (6) felt a deadline was a challenge rather than a nuisance. There were no significant differences in the leadership behaviour variables.


Everyone who decides how to present choices to others is a choice architect, with the power to potentially influence others decisions, and yet surprisingly little is known about choice architect behavior. We consider a theory of how individuals ("Choice Architects," or CAs) use decision biases to build choice environments for other individuals ("Decision Makers," or DMs). In the theory, CAs have sophisticated beliefs about the effects of DM biases on DM behavior, but CA decisions also reveal valence distortions (a CA bias towards choice environments with "positive" and "safe" options) and complexity distortions (a CA bias towards randomness). We test this theorys predictions in six experiments. In Experiments 1-3, we find that CA decisions are often optimal in their strategic use of the endowment effect, but often suboptimal in their strategic use of the default effect, reflection effect, and certainty effect. Additionally, CAs are willing to pay for the power to use biases for strategic influence, even when they have mispredicted the direction of the bias and are thus paying for the ability to reduce their own payoffs. In Experiments 4-6, we evaluate the effectiveness of three methods for improving CA decisions. In line with the theory, complexity distortions are significantly reduced when choice environments are simpler, and valence distortions completely vanish when individuals make incentivized predictions about DM behavior within a single choice environment.


Aiming at the problem that the leakage impedance measurement results are easily affected by the harmonics of the power grid, a leakage current and leakage impedance observation technology based on a high-order generalized second-order integrator (SOGI) is proposed in this paper. The high-order SOGI observer is designed to observe the amplitude, phase angle and frequency information of the grid voltage and the leakage current, effectively filter out the influence of harmonics, and then the leakage loop impedance can be calculated by the instantaneous amplitude, phase angle of the voltage and leakage current. Finally, it is verified by simulation that the proposed leakage impedance estimation technology is of high accuracy and strong anti-harmonic ability.


In this study, the total coumarins content in extracts roots and leaves Angelica archangelica Hoffm. were determined. Leaf and roots material was collected in august 2012 in the Republic of Bashkortostan Karmaskaly area. Vegetable raw materials dried at 40 oC with forced ventilation for 3 days before being powdered, sieved (only particles with 0.5–1.0 mm were utilized) and extracted with 96% ethanol. After evaporation of the solvent, the gummy residue (crude extract) was re-extracted with chloroform (chloroform extract) and the residue was dissolved in the methanol. Coumarins compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). High-resolution mass spectra were recorded on a ThermoFinnigan MAT95XP instrument. Identification was carried out on a full mass spectra using the program "Data System" part of the system gas chromatography-mass spectrometer and a library containing (Database "NIST02") in the amount of 250.000 mass spectra. Similarity indices for the library and the spectra were not lower than 89%. The total content coumarins of the leaves angelica was 3 times greater than in the roots, respectively, 2.96% and 1.09%. In leaf extract identified seven coumarins compounds – psoralen derivatives, of which the largest pharmacological interest: prangenin (imperatorin epoxide ), prangenin isomers, bergapten, methoxsalen, osthol. About half of coumarins represented imperatorin derivatives. Roots contain angelicin (isopsoralen), methoxsalen, bergapten, osthol and oroselone (kvannin) with antiviral and antitumor activity. The high content of coumarins and more diverse range of their leaves in A. archangelica above-ground mass can be considered as a source of coumarin compounds having antiviral, antiplatelet, antiischemic and tumor preventing activity.


2137-Symp Transforming Yeast from Moonshiners into Oil Barons Timothy Gardner. Amyris, Inc., Emeryville, CA, USA. Amyris has transformed ethanologenic baker's yeast into farnesene oil producers. Farnesene is a 15-carbon hydrocarbon derived from the sterol synthesis pathway (the same root pathway that make cholesterol). Its branched structure makes it ideal for processing into base-oils for cosmetics (replacing shark liver oil), synthetic engine lubricants, diesel fuel, and high-performing polymers for tires. In four years, Amyris has improved its yeast from producing only a single microliter in a test tube, to making thousands of liters in a full-scale fermentations at unprecedented yields and productivities. I will share lessons learned from the challenges of strain development and scale-up at Amyris, and how those lessons might be applied to accelerate and empower research in Industrial Biotechnology.


Campbell's method for measuring the critical current in superconductors has been used to obtain the critical current density and the pinning strength in Bi1.7Pb0.3Sr2Ca2Cu3O10−y ceramics synthesized by a vitreous route. The intragrain critical current is much higher than 105 A/cm2 at 40 K in zero dc magnetic field. A large increase of the pinning strength is observed near the grain surface. The decrease with depth is hyperbolic. The role of the precursors in the synthesis route is emphasized for introducing specific pinning centers. The analysis takes into consideration the ceramics granular nature, i.e., the existence of intergrain and intragrain currents.


The RELIEF algorithm is a popular approach for feature weight estimation. Many extensions of the RELIEF algorithm are developed. However, an essential defect in the original RELIEF algorithm has been ignored for years. Because of the randomicity and the uncertainty of the instances used for calculating the feature weight vector in the RELEIF algorithm, the results will fluctuate with the instances, which lead to poor evaluation accuracy. To solve this problem, a novel feature selection algorithm based on Mean-Variance model is proposed. It takes both the mean and the variance of the discrimination among instances into account as the criterion of feature weight estimation, which makes the result more stable and accurate. Based on real seismic signals of ground targets, experiment results indicate that the subsets of feature generated by proposed algorithm have better performance.


The smart grid advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is vulnerable to electricity theft cyber-attacks in which malicious smart meters report low readings to reduce the consumers' bills. To avoid this problem, several machine-learning-based detectors have been proposed to detect electricity theft. Most of these detectors are global in the sense that they are trained on different consumption levels, including low and high consumptions, to be used for all consumers. In this article, we introduce a novel type of evasion attacks against global detectors as follows. A malicious consumer who has high consumption level can send false readings for a low-consumption profile (that resembles the profiles the detector is trained on) to evade the detector, i.e., steal electricity without being detected. We first conduct experiments to prove that the existing global detectors are vulnerable to this new kind of evasion attacks. To launch this attack, we train a generative adversarial network (GAN) on a real data set to generate fake low-consumption readings that can evade the detector. The given results indicate that the success rate of the attack is between 82% and 97%. To thwart this attack, we divide the consumers into clusters of close electricity consumption levels and train one detector for each cluster. Therefore, if a malicious consumer in any cluster tries to imitate the consumption profiles of consumers in other clusters, he/she will be detected. On the other hand, it is not profitable to imitate the electricity consumption profiles of consumers in his/her cluster to evade detection. To prove the effectiveness of our countermeasure, extensive experiments are conducted and the results indicate that our countermeasure can successfully thwart the attack.


Disclosed is a lithographic process of semiconductor device fabrication, is coated on a semiconductor substrate, an antireflection when exposing a high energy beam resist layer, antistatic, development defects, high-energy beam resist used to suppress the outgassing to provide a lower layer film. An aromatic ring structure or a high-energy beam resist underlayer film forming composition containing a heterocyclic structure as a membrane component. The aromatic ring or heterocyclic structure as membrane components, contained in the film at a ratio of 5 to 85 wt%. Comprising a compound having an aromatic ring structure or a heterocyclic structure. Compounds polymers comprising repeating units, or a polymer precursor compound. Aromatic ring is a benzene ring or a fused benzene ring. Heterocycle is a triazine trione ring. .BACKGROUND


The number of homeless in Kuala Lumpur has increased ten-fold over the past few years. Over the years, awareness about the welfare of the street peoples has been on the rise. Although the intention of the groups is good, the overflow of this charity movement proved to create another issue, over-giving. The lack of effective intervention from the government agencies also has been blamed for worsening the issue further. Hence, the paper intends to come out with a long term programme that aids the homeless of Kuala Lumpur beyond the basic need and to be independent and out of the street. To archive, the aim is by identifying a set of objectives which are: to categorise the homeless into several groups, to analyse the current policies and initiative programmes in Malaysia, and lastly to compare the existing strategies and aids for the homeless in Malaysia with others countries. A qualitative content analysis method is used in this study by summarizing literature review on the programmes that aid the homeless to come out of homelessness in Malaysia and other countries. Comparison is focusing on government intervention programmes as well as national policies regarding the homeless issue. This paper will hopefully bring significant changes to the way we design and execute homeless intervention programmes in the future.


Dense vegetation areas are traditionally considered as homogeneous random scattering media. In the current paper we argue that this may not be the case when looking at the receiving radio wave with high resolution in angular domain. The identification of clusters of received multipath for the data collected in the measurement with double-directional channel sounder indicates that other than forward scattering by the foliage obstructing the line-of-sight-normally used as the main mechanism in different approaches - there can be other significant propagation mechanisms. It seems airy spaces in the vegetated area can have crucial influence in directing the radio signal toward specific directions, to be redirected to the receiver by a foliage with the line-of-sight toward the receiver.


Introduction: Unplanned pregnancy is a major public health problem with psychological and economic repercussion for the unprepared individual. In spite of availability of several contraceptive methods 75% of pregnancy is unplanned. Aim: To ascertain the level of awareness of emergency contraceptive and assess the effect of health education in improving its awareness in women of reproductive age at a military station in India. Material and methods: Four hundred female were selected and their awareness about contraceptive methods was assessed with help of questionnaire, data were collected from the subjects by trained health assistants and held talk on contraceptive method and pamphlets containing details of emergency hormonal contraceptives were distributed. Following the health education their awareness was assessed with the help of questionnaire given at 3 months, 6 months and 9 months. The data were analyzed using statistical methods. Result: Only 27(7.3%) respondents were aware of EHC methods. Among 27 women who were aware of EHC, the majority (73%) knew that EHC were in the form of pills. Most women were unaware of the exact time frame in which these pills had to be used. Only 4 women 14.8% knew that women should take the ECP within 72 h of uprooted sex. While many (47%) women felt that it had to be used immediately after unprotected sex, 9 (35.2%) thought that the pills had to be used within 12 h of unprotected sex and 2 (7.4%) did not know about this aspect. Of the 27 women who knew about ECP, 6 (22.2%) did not know about the contra indications and side effects. After the provision of health education by health workers, the awareness of EHC Levonorgestrel by women has increased to 32% , 53% and 67% after three months, six months and nine months respectively. EHC were used by women 18 (5%), 32 (9%) and 84 (23%) after three, six and nine months respectively. Conclusion: The targeted, sustained contraceptive education of eligible couple, especially husb-and regarding use of EHC may gradually increase in awareness and usage of it. The health professionals can play a stronger role in informing women and spouse about EHC for its appropriate utility.


Industrial dust sources are often sucked up through a fan-like branched piping system, using a central blower preceded by a dust separator. With continuous air suction through all pipes equal velocities of flow can only be reached, if in «subcritical» ducts throttling orifices are added so that parallel ducts preceding a junction attain equal flow resistances. The following report describes how air velocities in branched ducts can be equalized and how the total pressure loss and the equation of the resistance curve of a branched piping system can be determined


Of the various culture systems, cage culture is very important and interesting like pond and pen cultures. Cage culture is considered as the proper technology to maximize the sustainable biomass production in a unit area. The cage culture accounts for a very high production of the present day production of many fishes and crustaceans. Thus in this study the groupers were cage cultured for a period of six months in Gulf of Mannar coastal waters and the parameters like body weight and length, biochemical studies and economic analysis were done. The results were showed potential. The average length and weight yield of E. malabaricus harvested at the end of the culture period of 184 days were found to be 3l9.lmm and 332.8mm length and 646.5gm to 740.5gm weight respectively. The total survival rate of all experimental compartments was 88.66%. The muscle region showed the maximum protein content of 81.6% in compartment ~, and minimum content of 14.4% and 24% in compartment As&A3. The maximum carbohydrate level was recorded in compartment As (7.5%) and the minimum (2.90% & 3.42%) in compartment Al andA2• The maximum lipid content of 4.75% was recorded in compartment As, and minimum of 2.25% & 2.75% in the Al compartment. The total net income earned was 2849.97 INR The results are discussed in detail in the text. The entry of other invasive macro and micro organisms posed a drawback in the culture of this type of experiments which has to be minimized. For a country like India with enormous population, cage culture is most needed intensively in order to meet the future food demands and also to improve the aquaculture business.


We examined the effect of UV-C irradiation on the reduction of decay caused by gray mold (Botrytis cinerea Persoon), as well as on the accumulation of scoparone, an important defensive secondary metabolite, in the flavedo (exocarp) of four different Citrus species. Fruits were inoculated with gray mold 4 days after UV-C irradiation. In irradiated Satsuma mandarin and Hyuganatsu fruits let to a delay of disease incidence, and the reduction of the decay radius in Satsuma mandarin, 'Kiyomi' tangor, and Hyuganatsu fruits. In contrast, control fruits of Satsuma mandarin, 'Kiyomi' tangor, and Hyuganatsu, which had been inoculated with gray mold but had not been subjected to irradiation, showed a pronounced fungal penetration at 7 days post-inoculation. The amount of scoparone accumulation in the inoculated flavedo varied among species and with the irradiation treatment. Scoparone accumulated more rapidly and reached higher levels in irradiated 'Kiyomi' tangor and Hyuganatsu than in the control fruits. Interestingly, the disease incidence in the irradiated 'Eureka' lemon fruits was considerably lower than that in the other species. However the average radius of decay in the lemon fruits showed no decease and the levels of scoparone were far lower in both irradiated and non-irradiated fruits. We concluded that UV-C irradiation enhanced the accumulation of scoparone and increased resistance to gray mold in the other three Citrus species. These findings contribute to the decrease of the postharvest disease caused by the fungus in some Citrus species.


Objective
To investigate the characteristics of quality of life (QoL) and self-awareness in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) and the correlation between QoL and the self-awareness.

Methods
The inventory of subjective life quality (ISLQ) and Children's self-concept scale (PHCSS) were employed to evaluate the level of QoL and self-awareness in 24 ICPP girls with ICPP (ICPP group) and 24 normal control girls (control group), and the correlation analysis between QoL and the self-awareness in the ICPP group was made.

Results
The score of overall (70.85±14.11 vs 80.21±6.07) and emotion component satisfaction (62.61±12.91 vs 73.74±5.02), dimensions satisfaction on school life (5.80±1.44 vs 6.69±0.65), depression experience (6.55±1.14 vs 7.29±0.45), anxiety experience (5.93±1.35 vs 6.96±0. 82) and physical emotion (6.33±1.17 vs 7.12±0.83) in ICPP group was respectively lower than control group (P<0.05). There was no difference in cognitive component between control group and ICPP group, as well as for other dimension satisfaction. Moreover, the score in total self-awareness, physical appearance and anxiety in ICPP group was respectively lower than those in control group (P<0.05). In addition, a positive correlation was found between the subjective QoL and the children self-concept in ICPP group (P<0.01).

Conclusion
The girls with ICPP show a lower subjective QoL and self assessment than normal girls. It is important to take care of the psychological feature of the girls with ICPP to improve the self-assessment and overall QoL during the medication.

Key words:
Idiopathic central precocious puberty; Girls; Quality of life; Self awareness


Big Yinchuan Tour Region is the primary region of Ningxia hui autonomy region. This paper analyses the central city of the region and the resource advantage, market resource. Basing on it ,the author bring forward a model to optimize the industrial of Big Yinchuan Tour Region.


With the development of power engineering, higher requirements are put forward for construction period, project investment and social environment. Traditional wet operation methods restrict the rapid development of power engineering construction. The use of prefabricated foundations in the design of substations can effectively reduce on-site wet operations, reduce construction cycles, save labor costs and increase assembly rates. This article takes the prefabricated foundation design in substation as the research object, combines actual engineering and existing construction technology, explores the technical application of the prefabricated foundation design in substation and provides a reference for the future development direction of prefabricated buildings (structures).


The paper presents the results of an analysis of the influence of the presence of the metabolic syndrome (MS) on the myocardial dysfunction. More marked signs of a remodelling of the left ventricle (LV) have been established in patients with a combination of stable angina (SA) and MS, irrespective of the state of the global contractility of the LV. We haven't detected a correlation between the indices of the intracardiac hemodynamics and the markers of the atherosclerotic process, namely, the level of total cholesterol (TCS) and C-reactive protein (CRP).


The zone method is widely used in the design of reinforced soil slopes, where the total reinforcement force required for slope stabilization is calculated using a design factor of safety. The reinforcement layers in different zones of the slope make different contributions to the total required reinforcing force. To determine the tension distribution in the reinforcement layers and the size of the zones, the finite element method is used in this paper to study such factors as slope angle, slope height, soil properties, and others that may affect the tension distribution in the reinforcement layers. It was found that, for reinforced cohesionless soil slopes, the nominal factor of safety of the unreinforced slope, that is, the ratio of the tangent values of soil friction angle to the slope angle, is the main factor affecting the peak tension distribution in the reinforcement layers. An updated zone method for reinforced cohesionless soil slopes is proposed based on the results from numerical modelling in th...


String matching is a useful concept in pattern recognition that is constantly receiving attention from both theoretical and practical points of view. The authors propose a generalized version of the string matching algorithm by Wagner and Fischer (1974). It is based on a parametrization of the edit cost. The authors assume constant cost for any delete and insert operation, but the cost for replacing a symbol is given as a parameter r. For any two given strings A and B, the algorithm computes the edit distance of A and B in terms of the parameter r. The authors give the new algorithm and study some of its properties. Its time complexity is O(n/sup 2/.m), where n and m are the lengths of the two strings to be compared and n<or=m. The authors also discuss potential applications of the new string distance to pattern recognition. Finally, some experimental results are presented.<<ETX>>


We measure absolute methylidyne (CH) radical concentrations in a series of rich 3 1.O-Torr (4. 13 kl?a) methane-oxygen-argon flames using cavity ringdown spectroscopy. Probing via the CH A'A-X21_Itransition near 430 nm gives a sensitivity of 3x1O' cm-3 for our experimental conditions, yielding a signal-to-noise ratio greater than 1000 for the strongest transitions observed. We measure profiles of CH mole fraction-as a function of height above a flat-flame burner for rich flames with equivalence ratios of 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, and 1.6. These flames are modeled using the following mechanisms: 1) the GRI Mech 2.11, 2) a mechanism by Prada and MNer, 3) a modified GRI 2.11 mechanism, which employs a more realistic increased CH + Oz rate coefficient, and 4) the new GRI Mech 3.0. Generally good agreement between the models and the data is found, with the GRI 3.0 and modified 2.11 mechanism best reproducing the data. The greatest discrepancies are observed at the richest stoichiometry, where all of the models predict a wider CH profile shifted further from the burner than experimentally observed. These are for the JWT-Knight paper, check them if submitting to IAP journal: PACS: 82.40.Py, 07.20.Dt, 42.62.Fi, 82.20.Rp


Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) seedlings were grown for one year in 10-in. pots containing 6400 grams of soil. Two soils were studied, one of which was phosphate deficient and the other was deficient and phosphate-fixing according to standard pot tests with lettuce and barley, and P diagnosis by the Truog chemical test. The pine seedlings showed a slight P response on the deficient soil and a moderate response on the P-fixing soil. The needles and stems were analyzed for total P and for P soluble in 2 percent acetic acid. For total P the critical concentration in the needles was .09 percent and in the stems .08 percent. For the P soluble in acetic acid the critical P values were just under .03 percent in both needles and stems. These values were considered useful for diagnostic purposes in determining P status of ponderosa pine seedlings. It was suggested that the ratio of acid-soluble P in needles to that in stems approached a value of one in P-deficient seedlings and that this ratio could be more useful than single values of either total P or acid-soluble P.


This paper focuses on the institution of inheritance in Islam as a mechanism for redistribution of wealth with the goal of improving the welfare and or economic efficiency of society. It should to be understood that implementation of inheritance law antler' Islam" does not' violate any of the existing relaxation of the assumptions of the welfare functions such as the efficiency Criterion. Constant Proportional Shares, ParetoSafety, and Maximum Social well-being. It is in this regard that this paper considered the institution of Inheritance, as spelt out in Islam as a manifestation, of how to improve societal welfare and at the same time receive the blessings of Allah (SWT). It therefore urges the Ummah to see to the. rightful implementation of this institution within the framework of their respective State's Social Welfare Programs. In the next section, the paper defines inheritance in a broad sense and in relation to Islam. This is followed by identifying eligible candidates for inheritance with some accompanying illustration where' possible. Finally, the paper rounded, MP with concluding, summary.


Improved techniques for BER (Bit-Error-Rate) reduction at receivers are much needed in digital communications, in order to make it possible to transmit bit streams effectively at lower SNRs (Signal-to-Noise-Ratio) and for other advantages. This paper proposes and evaluates a new scheme for BER reduction applicable to a large class of correlated digital signals. Substantial improvements over classical method are realized and demonstrated. Its impact on telecommunications performance measures is analyzed.


This letter describes the design of a uniplanar parallel‐series‐fed linear array of Vivaldi antennas. Matching conditions have been optimized with an equivalent‐circuit model. The array exhibits 12dBi gain in the substrate plane, 80% radiation efficiency, and low cross polarization over 5% bandwidth centered at 4.2GHz. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 30: 60–62, 2001.


Estimating activity of natural radionuclides in agricultural soil is very important for the protection of public health because the released radioactivity can enter the food chain. Radioactivity measurements were carried out in two different dates (winter and summer) in agricultural soil using a GRM-260 gamma-ray spectrometer. The study area (100 m x 100 m) was an olive orchard in southern Italy. Measurements were carried out at 361 locations in January and July 2011. At the same locations, soil water content was measured to take into account the effect of soil moisture on radioactivity. A multi-Gaussian approach was used to explore and map the activity of naturally occurring radionuclides and soil water content for both seasons of measurements. The minimum radioactivity values were recorded in winter and the maximum values in summer, probably as a consequence of changes in weather and soil conditions (rainfall, soil moisture, temperature).


The invention discloses a transmitting and receiving circuit for a two-channel high-frequency ultrasonic probe, which is used for ultrasonic high-precision nondestructive testing. The transmitting and receiving circuit comprises a functional and time sequence control circuit, a high-voltage pulse drive circuit and an ultrasonic echo receiving and amplifying circuit; the control circuit and the high-voltage pulse drive circuit can be used for driving an ultrasonic probe with central frequency of 20-60MHz, and an adjustable range of the ultrasonic pulse repetition frequency is 0-100KHz; the trigger mode of the ultrasonic probe comprises various modes such as external trigger, inner trigger as well as upper computer programming. The isolating, the filtering and the amplifying of the ultrasonic probe can be realized through an ultrasonic echo circuit, wherein the amplifying multiple is adjustable (-4.5dB to 55.5dB). According to the ultrasonic transmitting and receiving circuit designed by the invention, the high-frequency ultrasonic probe is combined, so that the high-precision high-speed nondestructive testing of an interface contact state and a lubricating state under a practical condition can be realized, and thus, foundation is provided for follow-up performance and service life estimation as well as theoretical research.


In some applications objects are known to have non-smooth or "jagged" edges, which are not well approximated by smooth curves. We use subdivision curves as a simple but flexible curve representation, which allows tagging corners to model non-smooth features along otherwise smooth curves. A Markov chain Monte Carlo approach yields an approximate posterior distribution over tags, while Rao-Blackwellization allows us to integrate out the control point locations by an approximation. We apply this general methodology to multi-view reconstruction of piecewise smooth curves from multiple calibrated views in which the object has been segmented from the background. Results are shown for multiple images of two pot shards as would be encountered in archaeological applications.


The results of FE simulations are presented, correlating the continuum and mesoscale shock response of a particulate system with particle surface stresses-strains. The objective of this work is to gain insight into how the complex responses at the meso/sub-mesoscale manifest to quantities that could be experimentally measured without perturbing the material, informing the design of possible mesoscale diagnostics. Three simulation setups were analyzed. First, the normal plate impact of monolithic silica quartz for continuum comparison purposes. Second, the normal plate impact of a 2D representative volume element (RVE) of randomly packed disks. Third, the normal plate impact of a 3D RVE of randomly packed spheres. In each of the RVEs a small coupon corresponding to an assumed mesoscale "sensor" was attached to the surface of a particle in the center of the RVE. Stress quantities from the sensor and existing continuum diagnostics were analyzed. The mesoscale quantities are highly heterogeneous and differ significantly from the continuum quantities. Difficulties regarding correlation of surface quantities to the average particle and system response are also discussed.


This study focuses on defining compositional and structural characteristics, identifying raw materials and production technology, and validating the archaeological hypothesis of a local production of thin-walled pottery (2nd cent. BC–3rd cent. AD) in the Vesuvian area. Samples investigated were analysed using OM, SEM-EDS, XRD and LA-ICPMS supported by a statistical multivariate treatment of the compositional data of the ceramic bodies. The results obtained show how an integrated approach of analytical techniques can provide answers to archaeological questions and also give a valuable insight into the exchange of raw materials and/or finished products between sites. The paper also discloses how a combined analytical methodology represents a positive step in answering the one question which remains unsolved concerning the entire ceramic production in the Vesuvian area: the provenance of the clayey raw materials used. Indeed, the massive pottery production in the Bay of Naples down the ages contrasts with the unavailability of the necessary clayey local resources.


In this chapter we investigate how Kant's philosophy contributes universalistic arguments in favor of a humanistic ethics. Kant moved the idea of freedom to the center of his philosophy, arguing that from a reflection on the nature of human freedom a self- critical assessment of its morally appropriate use could be gleaned. Therein, that is, in construing his ethics from (subjective) self- reflection rather than from presumed (objective) values, and in construing norms of interpersonal validity from the individual perspective ("bottom- up") rather than from ("top- down") references to prearranged ethical or metaphysical orders, lies Kant's innovation in ethics theory. For Kant, our knowledge of human nature does not precede the search for moral truth but results from our quest for a life of integrity. His is a procedural humanism, a philosophy whose humanistic ethics arises from the ways and procedures by which persons seek the good. Thus Kant steered clear both of the Scylla of moral relativism and of the Charybdis of a "one- size- fitsall" ethics, which threaten all materialistic approaches to ethical theory. Recognizing that context affects content, Kant decided instead in favor of a formal approach to ethics, universalistic in procedures and structures but open to differentiation as to the regional and temporal specificities of its application. This is what makes his ethics relevant beyond the historical settings and confines of his works. After introducing into the context the anthropological basis and methodology of Kant's ethics (in sections 1–3), we discuss its moral and legal dimensions (4), his theory of politics (5), and the applicability of his ethics to contemporary business (6).


In this paper, we attempt to characterize the low-frequency (LF) drain noise characteristics of 0.25- μ m ultra-short gate length GaN HEMT devices fabricated using different transistor technology. LF drain noise characteristics have been measured using the dedicated test-bench over the frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz and for varying chuck temperatures (Tchuck) ranging between 25 ° C and 125 ° C. The measurement characteristics demonstrate the existence of two traps in both the AlN/GaN and AlGaN/GaN HEMT transistor technologies grown on SiC substrate. Interestingly, no signature of trapping mechanism has been observed in InAlN/GaN HEMT transistor technology.


Optical absorption and emission of the F B centers were investigated for KCl, KBr and RbCl crystals heavily doped with sodium. A new emission band was discovered at 0.49 eV and 0.42 eV with narrow band-width in KCl and RbCl, respectively. By comparing the optical absorption energies as inferred from the excitation spectra with those predicted by Wong and Wang, the center responsible for the emission is considered to be a new type of the F B center consisting of a triangular configuration of an F center and two Na + ions. The emission behavior suggests that the emission may occur from the saddle configuration as has as been proposed for the type I- F A center by Luty. The properties of F C centers are also given briefly.


This invention relates to the purification of terephthalic acid and more specifically pertains to the purification of crude terephthalic acids to obtain highly pure terephthalic acid having little or no color-imparting impurities. One of the principal uses for terephthalic acid is in the manufacture of polyester films and fibers such as prepared from polyethylene terephthalate. Polyethylene tereph thalates to be suitable for fiber and film manufacture must be of exceptionally high purity. It follows that the terephthalic acid from which such polyesters are prepared must also be of exceptionally high purity. At present terephthalic acid which is used commercially for the preparation of polyester films and fibers is purified by converting it to its dimethyl ester, and the dimethyl ester is purified by any one of several known methods. The dimethyl terephthalate is then transesterified with ethylene glycol or other glycols to obtain a bis-glycol terephthal ate. The bis-glycol terephthalate is then subjected to polycondensation forming a high molecular weight poly ester by splitting out one mol of glycol for each 2 mols of bis-glycol terephthalate. As it will be appreciated, such a route to the polyethylene terephthalates and other poly esters is costly and tedious. By the purification process of the present invention there is provided a method for obtaining terephthalic acid of sufficiently high purity to prepare bis-glycol terephthalates directly from tereph thalic acid without first converting a terephthalic acid to a lower dialkyl ester such as dimethyl terephthalate. Terephthalic acids produced by the catalytic liquid phase oxidation of para dialkylbenzenes, especially para xylene, are rather dark in color. One method for deter mining the color of terephthalic acid is to dissolve 5 grams of terephthalic acid in 100 milliliters of dimethyl form amide. The resulting solution is then compared with APHA standards by means of a Nesslerimeter. The color comparison, so obtained is referred to herein as "DMF color.' Another method for determining the color of tereph thalic acid is to combine 4 grams of terephthalic acid "with about 28 milliliters of triethylene glycol in a glass tube which is heated in an aluminum block at 500 F. With nitrogen purge for about 1 hour. The tube is re moved and cooled to room temperature in about 30 min utes. The solution is diluted with isopropyl alcohol 1:1, and the color of the resulting diluted solution is com pared to standard APHA colors (platinic cobalt chloride solutions) by measuring absorbance with a Fisher elec trophotometer using a 650 red filter and a 425 blue filter. This evaluation of the aromatic polycarboxylic acid color is reported herein as "TEG color." To be considered sufficiently pure for direct conversion to an ester of high purity, terephthalic acid should have O


Purpose: Investigate the hydrophobic, superhydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of
Alumina (Al2O3) and Magnesium (Mg) nanoparticles.
Design/methodology/approach: This research was conducted by SEM-EDX analysis
of Magnesium and Alumina nanoparticles, observation of gas bubbles when droplets of
water contact with membrane surfaces, measurement of surface roughness and detection
of Hydrogen gas production using Gas Chromatography. There are eleven compositions
(Al2O3:Mg) membranes used in this study, namely: (0:100; 10:90; 20:80; 30:70; 40:60; 50:50;
60:40; 70:30; 80:20; 90:10; and 100:0).
Findings: Successfully found an alloy membrane between Alumina (Al2O3) and Magnesium
(Mg) nanoparticles in the composition of Mg:Al2O3 (0:100%) having Hydrophobic properties;
Mg:Al2O3 (50:50%) has Superhydrophobic properties and Mg:Al2O3 (100:0%) has hydrophilic
properties. Three conditions occur when H2O droplets come in contact with the membrane
layer, namely: hydrophobic conditions when the trapped gas pressure is smaller than the
droplet pressure. Superhydrophobic conditions when the trapped gas pressure is equal to
the droplet pressure. Hydrophilic conditions occur when the trapped gas pressure is greater
than the droplet pressure.
Research limitations/implications: This research is limited to the hydrophobic nature
of Nano Alumina (Al2O3) and Magnesium (Mg) membrane particles.
Practical implications: Superhydrophobic properties are very suitable to be applied to
membranes that are useful for destiny.
Originality/value: The novelty of this study is to find the right mixture of nanoparticles
of Alumina and Magnesium in a composition that is capable of creating hydrophobic,
superhydrophobic and hydrophilic properties.


The present invention addresses the problem of finding a new substance capable of maintaining stem cells in an undifferentiated state while efficiently promoting the growth thereof, and providing said substance as an agent for maintaining stem cells in an undifferentiated state or as an agent for promoting the growth thereof. The present invention also addresses the problem of providing an inexpensive and highly safe wound healing agent that has a skin wound healing effect, and can be easily utilized in the fields of skin regeneration medicine and beauty care. The present invention is an agent for maintaining stem cells in an undifferentiated state, an agent for promoting the growth thereof, or a wound healing agent, and contains, as an active ingredient, a mixture of one or more fatty acid glycerides represented by general formula (I) (in the formula, at least one of R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 is an acyl group derived from a C16-22 unsaturated fatty acid, and the remainder are a hydrogen atom or an acyl group derived from a saturated fatty acid).


Objective Through to the Inner Mongolia autonomous region health economics evaluation of tuberculosis control project, as input and provide a scientific basis for the rational use of health resources. Methods The cost-effectiveness analysis, cost-utility analysis, cost-benefit analysis method for the Inner Mongolia autonomous region in 2005-2012 of tuberculosis control project funds investment and effect evaluation of health economics. Results Tuberculosis control project in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region in 2005-2012 were retrieved DALY 1 555 672.3 years after the DOTS, received 22 003 full life; Reduce new infectious tuberculosis patients from 73 805 to 110 708 example, DALY new cases to avoid the loss of 777 836.16 ~ 1 166 751.61 years. DOTS per cure 1 case of tuberculosis person will cost 1 825.72 yuan, save cost 4 574.28 yuan, total saving cost 67 521.28 million yuan. Conclusion DOTS strategy to reduce the economic burden of the tuberculosis patients, it is a low input and high benefit, high strategy.


The innovation system theory has to deal with climate change as it generates the intellectual tools to promote development. A unified innovation system theory that integrates the eradication of threats to nature with the promotion of development is critically important to advance an original pedigree and trajectory of epistemology. Africa must learn and appreciate the costs to itself from the way Europe industrialised. It can neither follow nor imitate the European pattern of industrialisation. It has to include in its own development agenda both the meeting of social needs and choosing a path of development that would not bring ecological harm in the process. The African innovation system has to evolve in a nature protecting – rather than hurting – system; in addition, social needs must be met rather than exacerbating the social inequalities path of development.


ABSTRACT In the United States, millions of university students drive alone to school. Therefore, decreasing driving alone and related car dependence among university students is as important as doing that among the general population. But how can we prioritize resources allocated to different possible and alternative actions? This article completes a case study to systematically single out different factors that influence university students' mode choice and quantify their marginal effects, which are regarded as important references for prioritizing actions. Los Angeles, a place notorious for its car dominance, is chosen as the site of the case study. It is argued that if we could succeed in promoting non-driving-alone (NDA) modes there, we should be able to do it elsewhere, at least in the US context. Based on statistical analyses and multinomial logit models, we find that (a) access to bus services and a subsidized transit pass can boost the usage of NDA modes; (b) commute time is significantly associated with the probability of using transit and a long commute time by transit does not necessarily reduce transit's utilities or intrinsic values; (c) male and/or undergraduate students are more likely to bike or walk to the campus than other students; (d) the top three factors that have the greatest marginal effects on mode choice are ownership of a subsidized transit pass, status (graduate vs. undergraduate), and gender. These results have important policy implications for designing and prioritizing mode-sensitive programs to promote the usage of NDA modes among university students.


Location
Yunnan province, southwest China.

Methods
We used the homogeneous Poisson, homogeneous Thomas, inhomogeneous Poisson, and inhomogeneous Thomas point process models to predict the effect of stochastic, dispersal and/or environmental processes respectively on the distribution of trees across ontogeny in tropical, subtropical and subalpine forests. To evaluate the relative importance of models, we compared the observed and simulated patterns of species‐area relationship and g(r) at community and species level, respectively.

Results
Homogeneous Thomas model was the model with the lowest AIC scores across ontogeny and forest types at community level. At species level, however, homogeneous Thomas, and inhomogeneous Thomas predicted the distribution of large and small trees respectively with lower AIC values in ALS and LJ plots. In BB plot, homogeneous Thomas model is dominant across ontogeny at the species level.

Conclusions
The tree communities are assembled mainly by dispersal process at community level. The relative importance of ecological processes for species distribution varied across life stages at species level suggesting that there is ontogenetic shift of ecological processes in shaping tree distribution. Using different summary statistics at both community and species levels helps to discern the different spatial structure of species and increase our appreciation of the processes underpin community assembly.


AMOR-MATHIEU, L.B., Les televisions hispaniques aux Etats-unis, Paris, France: CRNS Editions, 2000, 288 pp., ISBN 2-271-05714-0 (pb). Not known. ANDERSON, M., States and Nationalism in Europe since 1945 London: Routledge, 2000, 109 pp., ISBN 0-415-19558-6 (pb), 0-415-19557-8 (hb) £9.99 (pb). ARNESEN, E., Brotherhoods of Color: Black Railroad Workers and the Struggle for Equality, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001, 332 pp., ISBN 0-674-003195 (hb), £27.50 (hb). ARRIGHI, B.A., Understanding Inequality: the Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, Class and Gender, Lanham, MD: Rowman & LittleŽeld Publishing group Inc., 2001, 352 pp., ISBN 0-8476-9914-5 (hb), 0-8476-9915-3 (pb), $69.00 (hb), $26.95 (pb). ASANTE, M.K., Socio-Cultural Conict between African American and Korean American, Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2000, 248 pp., ISBN 0-7618-1838-3, $39.00. BAILEY, J., Organized Crime and Democratic Governability: Mexico and the U.S.Mexican Borderlands, Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001, 261 pp., ISBN 0-8229-5758-2 (pb) $22.95 (pb). BEARY, M.J., BlackBishop: Edward T. Demby and the Struggle for Racial Equality in the Episcopal Church, Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2001, 305 pp., ISBN 0-25202618-7 (hb), $34.95 (hb). BENNETT, M., Recovering the Black Female Body: Self-representations by African American Women, Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2001, 304 pp., ISBN 0-81352838-0, 0-8135-2839-9 (pb), $52.00, $22.00 (pb). BEST, JOEL Damned Lies and Statistics: Disentangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians and Activists Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 2001, 191 pp., ISBN 0 52


Mural cycles in the churches of Plešivec, Čhyžné, and Štitnik from around 1400 were studied from the material and technical point of view. Stylistically, they show a mixture of Northern and Southern European stylistic currents, which were characteristic for the time around 1400 in East Central Europe. After a precise study in situ, an analysis of extracted samples was conducted by OM, SEM-EDX, and XRD. The plasters used for these murals were all made of lime and sand with different impurities; importantly, they different among each other in terms of their quality and stability. The pigments that were used in these murals were natural and organic: lime white, yellow and red earths, malachite, and azurite were identified, and some pigment degradations were also pointed out. The principal technique is a fresco, but all murals were finished a secco in different proportions, using an organic binder. Painting procedures and modelling were also studied, revealing a strong difference among all three cycles. The painting technique does not always correspond to the style.


Effective interprofessional teamwork is regarded as essential to improving communication, reducing error, and enhancing the delivery of patient/client care (Department of Health, [2000]; Health Can...


This paper analyzes the impact of inflation on rates of return on taxable corporate bonds and tax-exempt municipal bonds. The paper considers a differential tax system, where the tax rate depen ds on both the identity of the investor and the source of income. It also consid ers the possibility that inflation may induce investors to switch from holding one asset to holding another. It is demonstrated that while inflation should increase the (pre-personal tax) real rate of interest on taxable bonds, it should reduce the real rate of interest on tax-exempt bonds. Copyright 1987 by Ohio State University Press.


The platinum group metals (PGM: platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, and osmium) are widely used in electrical devices and in catalysts. It is important that sustainable methods of recycling PGMs in waste electrical devices and catalysts are developed because PGMs are expensive and new sources in the Earth's crust are limited. In this work, processes for recycling ruthenium, platinum, palladium, and rhodium based on chlorination in molten chloride flux are investigated. Scrap containing ruthenium was chlorinated using Cl2 at 873 K in molten LiCl–NaCl, then the ruthenium was reduced using flowing H2 in molten salt. As a result 99.96 mass% Ru powder was obtained. Platinum, palladium, or rhodium was chlorinated using Cl2 at 973 K in molten NaCl– CsCl. The chloride complex containing Pt, Pd, and Rh at the desired composition was then treated using one of two processes. In one, the complex was oxidized using Na2CO3 and then reduced on granular CaCO3 in flowing H2 at 1473 K. In the other, the complex in the solid state was directly reduced using flowing H2. Both processes gave PGM–alloy powder products with the desired compositions. The morphologies of the PGM powders could be controlled in recycling process. [doi:10.2320/jinstmet.JE201602]


The canonical realization of general time systems by dynamical systems is discussed employing the notation and definitions of Takahara and Mesarovic. Previous results are extended to the case of causal, but not necessarily stationary, systems and to stationary, strongly connected systems. Conditions are provided under which a time system is guaranteed to have a canonical representation from within a class of possible realizations.


signrank tests the equality of matched pairs of observations by using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test (Wilcoxon 1945). The null hypothesis is that both distributions are the same. signtest also tests the equality of matched pairs of observations (Arbuthnott [1710], but better explained by Snedecor and Cochran [1989]) by calculating the differences between varname and the expression. The null hypothesis is that the median of the differences is zero; no further assumptions are made about the distributions. This, in turn, is equivalent to the hypothesis that the true proportion of positive (negative) signs is one-half. For equality tests on unmatched data, see [R] ranksum.


This study investigates the discrepancy between 40 a § URL and 3 § 2 st LAU. The two sections can produce contradictory situations for employers and employees when both copyright and patent law can be given a computer program. The subject is mainly linked to intellectual property law, but is viewed from a labor law perspective. This type of study is interesting, because the different fields of law, have different ideas of who is the correct owner to someone's performances. Under labor law, it is natural that the employer has the right to the material that his workers produces. It is equally important in the intellectual property law, that the creator gets all rights to his or her performances. A conflict can arise when performances, protected by IPR, is made by an employee - who is then be correct owner to the IPR rights? The purpose of this study is to critically examine the discrepancy between mentioned laws. The question is what the reason for the inherent conflict is and how it can be eliminated. The discrepancy is already known, but sparsely annotated. The investigation is therefore needed, particularly for future revisions of the laws. The study makes a comparison between the laws, based on an interpretation of their meaning, and discuss future law, de lege ferenda. The study concludes that the special rule contained in § 40 a URL should be removed. The reason is that the rule is outdated and create an unfair settlement. Instead, the so-called tumregeln should be consolidated in URL, where computer programs also can be covered.


Multiprocessor architecture becomes increasingly common on real-time systems as computer hardware technology rapidly progresses and the workload of real-time systems increases. However, efficient solutions for many real-time multiprocessor scheduling problems are not known. Hence many researchers apply uniprocessor scheduling algorithms to multiprocessor scheduling or devise new algorithms based on these algorithms. Such algorithms are EDF (Earliest Deadline First), LLF (Least Laxity First), EDF-US[m/(2m-1)], and EDZL (Earliest Deadline Zero Laxity), and comparative studies on them are necessary. In this paper, we show the dominance relation of these algorithms with respect to schedulability, and we prove EDZL strictly dominates EDF. The simulation results show that EDZL has high processor utilization and it causes a small number of preemptions.


Water-soluble zinc pyruvates or their hydrates of the formula I DOLLAR F1 are described with x = 1.8 to 2.2 and n = 0 to 5. The zinc pyruvates according to the invention are notable for high purity and excellent storage and thermal stability and can be used in particular for use as a therapeutic agent for diabetes treatment, cold prophylaxis, virus inhibition, cytoprotection, as a microbiocid and as a radical scavenger, and as a food supplement or supplement for the prophylaxis and prevention of zinc deficiency symptoms become.


The current global economic crisis has actualized the problem of studying non-equilibrium processes in the economy. To approach the problem, a discrete dynamic model (DDM) was developed that describes the dynamics of the rate of change in the global GDP for the period 1961-2021. This paper publishes the results of studies of two types of stability. The first is connected with the global economic system stability, which can be described by a DDM in different time periods. The second studies sensitivity of the DDM to the annual GDP growth values that were used to construct it (sensitivity analysis). The conducted research depicted the various periods of development of the global economic system, characterized by varying degrees of stability. The DDM determined that during periods of crises, the stability of the global economic system decreases. Our studies have shown that at present the world economic system is on the verge of a complete loss of stability. To assess the sensitivity of the DDM to the input data, a sensitivity indicator was introduced. It was found that the DDM is insensitive to input data during periods of crisis, i.e., the results obtained are reliable. In turn, periods of stable development of the global economic system are characterized by less reliability in the DDM results.


PURPOSE: A system and a method for providing a medical tour service are provided to supply domestic/international medical service information and tour service information to overseas clients in a corresponding country language, thereby introducing good medical staff and medial level to the overseas clients. CONSTITUTION: A medical tour service device(300) generates a medical tour schedule and transmits reservation information of the medical tour schedule. A guide terminal(100) offers information according to the medical tour schedule. A kiosk(200) checks a user corresponding to identification information through the medical tour service device. The kiosk provides guide information about a medical service of the user in language corresponding to the nationality of the user.


In the study, a new species of the genus Leptobium Casey from central northern Anatolia in Turkey is described, illustrated, and distinguished from congeners: Leptobium orgeli sp. n. (Çorum province). Distributions of the endemic Leptobium species in central northern Anatolia are mapped. Additional records of five species of Leptobium from Turkey are presented. A total of 21 species is now known from Turkey.


Aqueous emulsions of styrene, methyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, and ethyl acrylate were polymerized with gamma radiation from a Co⁶⁰ source in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium laurate. The continuous measurement of conversion and reaction rate was carried out dilatometrically. The acrylates polymerized fastest and the overall polymerization rate increased as follows: styrene < methyl methacrylate < ethyl acrylate < methyl acrylate. The effects of radiation dose, temperature, and original monomer and emulsifier concentrations were studied with respect to the following factors: properties of polymer dispersions, number and size of polymer particles, viscometrically determined molecular weights, monomer-water ratio, and kinetic constants. (auth)


This work was supported in part by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, Projects No. TEC2009-11995 and No. CSD2008-00066, and by the NSF Contract No. ECCS-1126572.


Osteoclasts (OCs), the multinucleated cells derived from the monocyte/macrophage haematopoietic lineage, are responsible degrading bone during skeletal remodeling. OC differentiation, also called osteoclastogenesis, originates from an interaction between the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) and its RANK receptor in OC precursors [1]. Following this interaction, six core signaling cascades including (1) nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic-1 (NFATc-1); (2) nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB); (3) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K/Akt); (4) Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK); (5) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk); and (6) p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are activated, which is prerequisite for OC differentiation [2]. Once formed, mature OCs secrete lytic enzymes such as tartrateresistant acid phosphatase 5 (ACP5/TRAP) [3], Cathepsin K (CTSK) [4] and Metalloproteinases (MMP9 and MMP14) [5] to resorb bone. Besides, binding of monocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCS-F) to its c-fms receptor is also required for OC survival and differentiation [6].


Fourteen experimental populations of the almond moth, Ephestia cautella, were maintained in cages for 1 year, with a regular supply of food. In the first 3 months, groups of population were treated differently. Six were selected weekly for malathion resistance. Two were given, twice weekly, infusions of adult males from a malathion‐sensitive laboratory strain. Three were given both treatments; and 3 were untreated controls. In the last 9 months, the selection treatments were discontinued, and immigrants were given to only 2 populations.


Introduction / Eric A. Eliason -- Soaring with the gods : early Mormons and the eclipse of religious pluralism / Richard T. Hughes -- Mormons / Dean L. May -- "Is Mormonism Christian?" : reflections on a complicated question / Jan Shipps -- "This great modern abomination" : orthodoxy and heresy in American religion / Terryl L. Givens -- The populist view of Joseph Smith / Nathan O. Hatch -- Modern heaven--and a theology / Colleen McDannell and Bernhard Lang -- Beyond the stereotypes : Mormon and non-Mormon communities in twentieth-century Mormondom / Jan Shipps -- Utah and the Mormons : a symbiotic relationship / Richard D. Poll -- Noble savages / Michael Hicks -- Mormonism, millenarianism, and modernity / Grant Underwood -- The basis of Mormon success :a theoretical application / Rodney Stark.


This article attempts to analyze potentials and prescribe conditions under which it is advisable for an organization (environmental NGO or economic groups like landowner associations, etc.) to join an environmental policy network. This work is based on empirical material obtained from expert interviews. Models of power theory and theory of organized interests are used. These potentials are described through the following variables: a) compatibility of the program, guidelines, personnel and activities of an organization with the socio–political conditions of the network, b) influence evolved from internal organizational potentials and structures and expressed through specific exchange relations (trust, obedience, commitment and information) and c) cost effectiveness of joining (internal regulations, external rearrangements and surveillance). Compatibility factors should be examined before joining. These relations are determined by certain potentials and structures (expertise, financing resources, centralization, etc.). The most influential organization gains trust, obedience and commitment and can provide the less influential organizations with information. The influence position of an organization in a network is conditioned by these exchange relations. A policy maker can evaluate the status of an organization through these and assess its chances. Cost effectiveness can be evaluated in each particular case through empirical analysis.


Objective: To understand the disposal attitudes towards forensic patients in different types of population.Methods: Four group of population were selected,including general population(n=65),family members of patients with mental illness(n=54),psychiatrists(n=50),and polices(n=52).They were asked to finish a self-made questionnaire of disposal attitudes towards forensic patients by interview or by email.Result: In four groups,94%-98% of respondents thought patients with mental disorder could be treated;70.4%-94.2% thought patients were more violent than general population,and the proportion was higher in police group than in family members group(P=0.001).For the question of "how we should dispose those offenders found no guilty by reason of insanity",most of respondents in the four groups were more in favor of "imprisoning and treating them in the institute administered by government such as Ankang Hospital(82.1%,75.5%,78.0%,and 94.1%),then "forcibly sending the offenders to mental health institutes".When asked "who has the adjudication to criminals with mental illness",respondents in four groups were more in favor of "the rights should belong to forensic psychiatrists(80.6%,94.2%,78.0%,90.0%),then "the judge".Meanwhile,only 38.0% of polices thought that the rights should belong to judge,which is lower than general population significantly(P=0.001).Conclusion: This study suggests that the public have gradually recognized the social prejudice on patients with mental disorder.However,they still know little about the rules and regulations.The situation of disposal methods on forensic patients is not optimistic.So it is necessary to promote legislation,reinforce popularizing related legal knowledge,and implement feasible methods on disposing forensic patients.


Knowledge transfer is often likened to acts of translation. It is argued that translation is a very robust analogue of knowledge transfer and that theory provides insight into cross-cultural sharing processes. Three issues which affect the quality of translation and, hence, knowledge transfer are highlighted: ambiguity, interference (intrusion from one's own cultural background) and lack of equivalence. Other terms from translation science, which can serve as a useful reference for knowledge management experts, are discussed: translation as a networking activity, process and end-product quality, levels of accuracy and constraints on the production of good translations. A new concept is introduced to the knowledge management community; namely convertibility, which refers to the perceived utility of a knowledge source and the availability of domain experts to reveal its import to final users. Two models representing knowledge transfer as translation are presented, the second of which incorporates Nonaka's SECI model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Ductile iron is a special type of cast iron family which differs from other cast iron in the manner of ductility since others are brittle in nature. Ductile iron (DI) is gaining its popularity in many industrial applications due to its strength and considerable amount of ductility which is because of the presence of spheroidal graphite in microstructure. Fracture is very common in almost every industry and field of application and analysis of fracture now-a-days has become essential for optimizing the product life span. The current study is focused no investigating the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of ductile iron subjected to various heat treatment processes. Tensile and impact specimens are machined from a test block according to ASTM E8 and ASTM D256 standards respectively. Specimens are austenitized at 1000°C, followed by different rate of cooling and quenching. The austenitizing time being 90minutes and quenching media are mineral oil, air and salt bath for tempering, normalizing and austempering processes respectively. Isothermal annealing is also carried out in some specimens to have comparison between mechanical properties and behaviour of the material. The tempering and austempering temperature is 500°C and time being 2hrs and 4hrs respectively. Tensile test has been performed using INSTRON-1195 and Izod Impact test is performed using Izod impact tester. Vickers's hardness is determined by application of 20 kg with 10sec. dwell time using Vickers's Hardness Tester. Fracture surfaces of each heat treated and as-cast specimens, after tension and impact test are observed under Scanning Electron Microscope. Tensile strength is found to be maximum for tempered and hardened specimen whereas annealed specimen is having more ductility at the expense of strength. The annealed specimen is found to be ductile in nature whereas the tempered and hardened and normalized specimens have showed mixed mode of failure.


Recent and ongoing technological advancement has resulted in omnipresence of technology everywhere. More importantly, the use of technology has become characteristic of today's education. Pedagogy as it is traditionally understood is now changing more swiftly than ever before. Scholars suggest that such shift is natural and needed because Industry 4.0 requires the type of education that anticipates and meets its demands or helps to solve its challenges. Even though technology-enhanced learning (TEL) promises positive changes, the lifetime of the smaller TEL units, namely digital learning objects (DLOs), is not necessarily a long one. In scientific discourse, there is considerable criticism towards unsustainable use of technology and innovative teachers' practices. The main research question focuses on what peculiarities and, especially barriers, occur when teachers implement DLOs and what aspects should be highlighted in teacher training programs for the adaptation to be implemented successfully.


Near 20.48K and in the temperature range 60--70K, anomalous behavior of thermodynamic, spectral, plastic, elastic and other properties of solid methane is observed. The anomalies in the vicinity of 20.48K are due to the phase $\alpha-\beta$ transition. Anomalies in a relatively wide range of 60--70K are shown to be related to the essentially quantum nature of the collective rotation of methane molecules. The provided analysis of the high-temperature anomalies encompasses a more extensive set of phenomena in comparison with the low-temperature ones.
Key words: solid methane, anomalies of physical properties, phase transition, rotational temperature, quantum-classical transition.


There are many ways to make a program run faster. Previous columns have discussed such techniques as problem definition, algorithms, data structures, and code tuning. In this column we'll see how those parts fit together into a whole: each technique is applicable to one of several design levels at which computer systems are built. There are at least two good reasons for programmers to study run-time efficiency. The first is pragmatic: while a program's performance is often unimportant, every now and then it matters a great deal. The second reason for studying performance is educational. While many qualities of software are as important as efficiency (if not more so), they are harder to discuss. Anybody can measure that a program is five times faster than another or uses half as much space, but I have to resort to more subjective terms to describe functionality, maintainability, or robustness. Because performance can be quantified and is intellectually challenging, it's a fine training ground for software engineers. This column is about the opportunities for efficiency at various design levels of a computer system. We'll first study one particular program, and then turn to a more systematic view of design levels.


Metrology as a science covers range of problems connected to measurements including the food production industry. Currently food production faces the problem. In particular, water, raw materials and measuring instruments often do not meet the requirements for the accuracy and reliability of measurement results, which often requires additional verification. With the current development of science it is impossible to manage work without measurements. During the food production specialists almost daily encounter with the basics of metrology, standardization and company's certification. When buying imported equipment from known companies they believe that there is no need in its metrological control.


We examine the problem of classifying biological sequences, and in particular the challenge of generalizing results to novel input data. We observe that the high-dimensionality of sequence data representations results in an extremely sparsely populated input space. This motivates a need for regularization (a form of inductive bias), in order to achieve generalization. We discuss regularization in the context of regular neural networks, deep belief networks and support vector machines, and provide experimental results for these architectures. Our results support the importance of using an effective regularization method and identify which methods work well on a real-world dataset.