The second, updated and expanded edition of this volume offers a multi-perspective view of counselling and includes specialist and interdisciplinary contributions on the scientific foundations of counselling, while also developing the various formats and settings of psychosocial counselling between social work and therapy. The book is intended to both serve counsellors in their work and provide students of counselling with a stimulus for academic reflection on their subject.
To a large extent, counselling is designed for participation and involvement. This is especially true in situations where people seek counselling because they are experiencing crises which they cannot or can hardly find a way out of on their own. In these emergency situations, it can easily happen that those who receive counsel-ling attribute a kind of superiority to the counsellor. Then, it is part of a counsellor's professionalism to con-stantly reflect on his or her own effectiveness. Understood in this way, counselling makes a significant contri-bution to individuation, autonomy and the overall development of people.
With contributions by
Jörg Baur, Tanja Hoff, Rolf Jox, Rainer Krockauer, Andreas Reiners, Franz-Christian Schubert, Isabell Stobba, Armin G. Wildfeuer and Renate Zwicker-Pelzer.


In this paper, a novel hardware design for an Internet Protocol Version 6 router using field programmable gate arrays is proposed. A dataflow, parallel, pipelined and scalable architecture is presented that has the potential of matching the enormous communication bandwidths of transmission links. A ternary content addressable memory (CAM) in the form of cache is adopted as a routing table search engine. It can offer O(1) search time with just O(N) memory words. Adding a sorting (priority) mechanism by caching the routing table in CAM and using a modified form of sector mapping technique eliminates the slow insertion and deletion times without adding significant additional hardware costs.


We present the valid model semantics, a new approach to providing semantics for logic programs with negation, set-terms and grouping. The valid model semantics is a three-valued semantics, and is defined in terms of a 'normal form' computation. The valid model semantics also gives meaning to the generation and use of non-ground facts (i.e., facts with variables) in a computation.
The formulation of the semantics in terms of a normal form computation offers important insight not only into the valid model semantics, but also into other semantics proposed earlier. We show that the valid model semantics extends the well-founded semantics in a natural manner, and has several advantages over it. The well-founded semantics can also be undertood using a variant of the normal form computations that we use; the normal form computations used for valid semantics seem more natural than those used for well-founded semantics.
We also show that the valid model semantics has several other desirable properties: it is founded ([SZ90]), it is contained in every regular model ([YY90]), and it is contained in every two-valued stable model.


High precision coil current control, stability and ripple content are very important aspects for a stellarator design. The TJ-II coils will be supplied by network commutated current convertors and therefore the coil currents will contain harmonics which have to kept to a very low level. An analytical investigation as well as numerous simulations with EMTP, SABER(R) and other softwares, have been done in order to predict the harmonic currents and to verify the completion with the specified maximum levels. The calculations and the results are presented.


The contents of metal ions (Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb) in water, which had been used to rinse a volumetric flask, an iodine number flask or a test tube with bidistilled water, were calculated for successive rinsing steps


Magnets for medical Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) represent the first large scale commercial application of superconductivity. These devices have been in production in the U.S., the U.K., and Europe for several years and the basic designs have stabilized. Since the magnets operate at relatively low fields (generally < 2 Tesla), they have not required advances in basic superconducting materials or magnet technology. Progress has come rather in the areas of cryogen consumption, field homogeneity, transportability, shielding, reliability, and the user interface. This paper reviews the currently available devices and the areas presently under development.


The first order effects of family planning are those of reduction in family size or children born. The immediate consequences of this are the reduction in the mean age of childbearing and subsequent reduction in the frequency of disorders related to increasing parity and birth rank. There should also result a decrease in the frequency of twinning. The sex ratio will increase resulting in an excess of males 15-45. Family planning will liberate women from traditional domestic responsibility and make professional life possible for them. An evolutionary effect of family planning may be that human lineage will be propagated through younger oocytes which may be better for general welfare and disease resistance than those form older oocytes. Another effect might be that human fecundity will decline which would be a welcome adaptation to the environment.


Seems it was not all that long ago that a typical introductory course about mass media for undergraduates made use of a text that might feature a couple of crosscutting chapters on media effects and law, but which then devoted most of its pages to a medium-by-medium survey of print and electronic services past and present. This stovepipe approach dominated media teaching for decades, demonstrating just how unformed and immature the academic field of mass communication really was. Clearly, and for some time now, that outlook has been changing. Jim Potter offers a very useful take on that maturing view of media's multiple roles. A former editor of this journal, and long a member of the faculty at the University of California, Santa Barbara, Potter is best known for his books on media literacy and violence. Here, he reaches further to take on the challenging task of incorporating and integrating both specific and holistic analysis by many media scholars, in the United States and abroad. The result is a far more satisfying approach to perceiving and understanding the deep and changing impact of media on society. Potter arranges his material into four main ''facets'' or ways to attain a fuller understanding of mass communication—organizations, audiences, messages, and effects. Combined with an introduction and conclusion, and all in about 300 pages, he provides an explanatory road map to a fast-changing field of study. Along the way he introduces student readers to a wide variety of research terms, approaches, and findings from a broad menu of researchers. He sees the field as a wheel, describing in Chapter 2 the media research hub, spokes and rim, as well as the problems found in each sector. The ''organizations'' facet looks at the media organizations or institutions approach, and then more specifically at the defining business, marketing and employment strategies of media


This special issue of the journal is dedicated to some contemporary aspects of nondestructive evaluation applied to pipeline and vessel structures. This critical area of research, development, and application of nondestructive evaluation is essential from both a safety and economic point of view. We must avoid catastrophic failure and vessel leakage. We must also develop an appropriate maintenance, repair, and replacement strategy, as well as incorporate inspectability aspects into new vessel material development and design. All of these papers presented here have content that can potentially lead to significant safety and cost benefits to the pipeline and vessel industry. Some of the papers were presented at the 2003 ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Conference in Cleveland, the 2003 ASME Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering Conference in Cancun, Mexico, and the 2004 ASME International Pipeline Conference in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and, after review, were held to make this special issue. The first set of papers in this issue can be categorized as general with topics such as acoustic microscopy, ultrasonic properties of polyethylene materials, a sonic pressure vessel sensor, an acoustic emission condition monitoring system for power plant inspection, automated ultrasonic inspection, a technique for corrosion damage in risers, and an interesting approach to corrosion damage in steel reinforced mortar using waveguides. A paper on the time of flight diffraction for crack life defects in vessels is also included.


Joining government service led Daniel Donachie to international roles with the OIE, FAO and INTERPOL, working on animal health emergencies involving agro-crime and agro-terrorism.


The present work is devoted to the description of a nonperturbative treatment of anharmonic effect and mode-mode coupling taking place in molecular vibrational systems. The information is obtained from the four-wave-mixing signal detected in the usual photon-echo phase-matched direction, termed 4WM photon-echo, using heterodyne detection to test separately the real and the imaginary parts of the third-order polarization. This approach allows a complete redistribution of the relaxation, dephasing, and transition constants on account of the magnitude of the coupling strength. In addition, our analytical approach accounts for the contributions provided by the various possible chronological orderings of the field interactions. The high sensitivity of the signal with both the energy shifts induced by the internal couplings and off-resonant energy parameter of the laser excitation is properly analyzed in the framework of our analytical description.


A robotic gadget that is equipped with a movable weight inside its body is developed. By controlling the movement of the internal weight together with other robotic behaviors such as hand gestures or speech dialogues, it is expected that emotional and/or intentional messaging between users is enhanced. To gain knowledge for designing effective weight shifts, an elicitation study was conducted to investigate how users holding this gadget in their hand interpreted its 36 weight shift patterns generated by setting four basic movement parameters (target position, trajectory, speed, and repetition). Results present mappings between these parameters and the emotional perception of the users. Furthermore, specific weight shift patterns that can express certain human emotions and intentions are revealed. These findings will be useful for designing effective weight shifts to enhance emotional and intentional messaging between users. This study attempts to open a new dimension for the expression capability of robotic gadgets.


The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of mastery of the basic skills of playing volleyball in students of the Physical Education study program class of 2022 at PGRI Adi Buana University, Surabaya. The basic skills of playing volleyball include the basic techniques of passing, blocking, serving, and smashing. The research method uses a quantitative descriptive, the number of samples is 80 students of the Physical Education study program class of 2022 class C and D. The research location of the Adi Buana PGRI University Surabaya campus, data collection techniques through observation, and quantitative descriptive data analysis techniques. The results showed that students who were given basic volleyball playing activities without a net showed better mastery of basic volleyball skills, where the average score was 70. The conclusion of this study is that mastery of the basic skills of playing volleyball can be improved by playing volleyball without a net.


ABSTRACT Based on the sampling of 262 private domestic wells in Ireland, mainly located in High/Extreme vulnerability areas, a quantitative model was developed for prediction of gastrointestinal infection risk attributable to verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) contamination of private wells in Ireland. Models are based on maximum likelihoods and predict an overall crude incidence rate of 28.3/100,000 well users per annum; approximately 5-6 times higher than crude incidence rates reported within the Irish population and up to 40 times higher than the current EU mean. Predicted crude incidence rates (CIR) of 21.6/100,000 and 88.7/100,000 were associated with borehole and hand-dug wells users, respectively, with predicted annual probabilities of 0.1% and 0.17%, respectively. Predicted annual infection risks associated with both (untreated) well types exceed the USEPA acceptable target of <1 infection/10,000 consumers/year. Where treatment systems are employed, models predict that a relatively small pathogen log reduction is necessary to meet health targets. Sensitivity analyses indicate that pathogen loading and dose-response are the input variables with the greatest contribution to model outputs. Using a more conservative assumption for pathogen contribution ratio, models predict a lower annual CIR of 5.56/100,000. Due to limitations in inherent assumptions, model results, while useful, should be treated with caution.


This paper contributes to an understanding of pharmacogenomics-in-the-making by foregrounding a regulatory setting in which these technologies must be situated: decision-making about pharmaceutical reimbursement. Health care assessment organizations have been introduced in many countries to systematically address the issue of health care coverage. Using the example of Sweden, the process of deciding reimbursement status is shown to hinge on the creation of stable and clinically feasible categories of patients, diseases and drug responses. Through a series of analogous examples concerning conventional pharmaceuticals, it is argued that current mechanisms for categorizing reimbursable drugs could be upset when pharmacogenomic advances provide a means of making patients more specific objects of regulatory intervention. By extension, this has implications for the form of solidarity that is produced.


This article deals with optimizing problems classified by the kinds of restrictions as required in differential geometry and in mechanics: holonomic and nonholonomic. The central issue relates to dual nonholonomic programs (what they mean and how they are solved?) when the nonholonomic constraints are given by Pfaff equations. The original results are surprising and include aspects derived from the Vranceanu theory of nonholonomic manifolds, from the geometric distributions theory and from Darboux's theorem on canonical coordinates in which we can express a Pfaff form. On these ways we get also an original Riemannian geometry attached to a given constrained optimization problem.


No doubt Aristotle considered Euripides' Iphigenia in Tauris among his favorite plays. He was impressed by its complex recognition scene to such a degree that he offered it several times in the Poetics as an example of how playwrights should compose such scenes. Nonetheless, he must have also admired Polyidus' variant of the recognition between Iphigenia and Orestes, since he mentions it as a valid alternative to the Euripidean version:


Pneumothorax is said to be spontaneous or natural when there is no evident external or internal cause. There must be a cause, but in many cases it is difficult to find and impossible to prove. The report of the following case very well illustrates these points: History. —The patient is a man, aged 25, who has been under my observation for three years with several routine physical examinations. Nothing abnormal has been detected in heart or lungs. He was always considered a healthy, active young man. His father died of heart trouble several years ago; his mother is living and well. He has no brothers or sisters. There has been no tuberculosis or cancer in the family. His habits are good. He has never had syphilis. He smokes a pipe four or five times daily and takes an occasional glass of beer. There has been no recent change in weight


Problems involving highway bridge approach settlement have been observed at many sites in Louisiana. In southeastern Louisiana, where subsoil settlement potential is the greatest, the bridge structures are usually lengthened in order to reduce the height of the approach embankment. On some major structures, pile supported approach slabs have been used to improve the settlement profile of the approach slab. However, during the years, many pile supported approach slabs have performed well, while others have settled enough to create bumps at the interface with the bridge or roadway. In many other areas of the state, the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (DOTD) has implemented accelerated settlement techniques such as preloading in association with wick drains, with some promising results. This research study has identified the factors that contribute to total approach settlement in pile supported approach slabs in southeastern Louisiana. The study involved examination of over 100 pile supported bridge approach slabs. Results of the study indicated that the main parameters that influence the performance of pile supported approach slabs are the height of embankment, subsoil conditions, surcharge height and duration and the length of the piles used for support. The main factor affecting slab settlement is downdrag, or negative skin friction, load imposed on the pile due to the weight of the roadway embankment. Therefore, settlement performance of a pile supported approach slab could be mitigated by selecting the length of piles along the approach slab to yield an "ideal" settlement profile. The study has developed a database (LAPS) and a spreadsheet program (TU-DRAG) which may be used by DOTD road and bridge engineers for design of approach slabs. In addition, a rating system was developed for assessment of the conditions of the interfaces along the approach slab based on the International Roughness Index (IRI).


Christology is the discipline of theology that examines the personality, nature and message of Jesus Christ in a doctrinal sense. The feminist Christology in the modern era, based on the fact that the image of God in the New Testament is the male "father", brings a criticism of the masculine interpretation of God as "God must not always be a man?" There is no doubt that women were also in the immediate vicinity of Jesus Christ. Among the women mentioned in the New Testament texts are Virgin Mary who the mother of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene. However, women mentioned in the New Testament texts are not limited to these. The women who were in the close vicinity of Jesus and who were the servants are always in favor of Jesus throughout the course of his activities. Because Jesus was talking to people from all walks of society, eating without separating women. In fact, according to the gospels, Jesus was the first witnesses of the empty tomb three days after the crucifixion. However, the lack of women among the twelve whom Jesus had chosen as the apostle, the attitude of the Catholic Church to the outside of women, and the hostile attitude to the burning of women in Medieval Europe led to feminist movements in modern times. Moreover, Christian theology were criticized by liberal theologians and feminists because of women were part of the original sin and the source of evil. Feminist Christology emerged in theology as a result of the feminist movements in the 1960s. In this study, the roles of women in the New Testament texts, the status of women in the communication activity and historical life of Jesus Christ, and the approach of Jesus towards women will be examined in the context of feminist Christology. In this study, where we examine both the positions and roles of women in the New Testament, women have important roles in Jesus' activities in the Galilee region and in Jerusalem. First of all, In the Jewish tradition, where masculinity is an honor and femininity is a shame, the fact that Jesus communicates, heals, and allows twelve apostles of men to travel, regardless of whether or not Jesus is Jewish is contrary to the sexist approach in the current Jewish tradition. Secondly, the miraculous birth of Jesus 'mother, Mary, is one of the most faithful followers of Mary Magdalene, and is the first witness after the resurrection to deliver Jesus' message to the apostles (John 20:18). It is valuable and meaningful for feminist theology that women both serve in the service of the church like men in the example of Mary Magdalene and engage in worldly works in the case of Lazar's sister Marta. Because, for feminist theology, a free woman who expresses herself as an indicator that women are not excluded is the desired goal. It is an indication that Jesus has an understanding that glorifies women, both in addressing women in communal activities and in an inclusive approach that is far from a sexist attitude in their social relations.


Teenage pregnancy is an alarming issue globally. It is defined as pregnancies in which the mother's age is between 13 and 19 (WHO). As much as it affects the nations as a whole, it is a challenge towards the teen mothers themselves. To this date, this predicament is still not discussed publicly as the social stigma cannot be rid yet. This research was conducted to summarize the published research on social acceptance, psychosocial implications and coping mechanisms of teenage mothers. To aid future research, 63 articles were selected and reviewed based on relevance. This review paper is divided into 4 main categories: teenage pregnancy, risk factors, social acceptance, psychosocial implications and coping mechanisms of teenage mothers. Research findings show that it is estimated every year, 21 million girls aged 15 to 19 years old and 2 million girls aged under 15 years old become pregnant in developing regions. Risk factors for teenage pregnancy were found to be similar to those published in global studies such as poverty and lack of parental supervision. The levels of social acceptance of teenage mothers are still low and there are certain psychosocial implications on teenage mothers. These teenagers have certain coping mechanisms (i.e.: hiding the pregnancy from their parents, opting to abort the baby) to cope with the stressful situations they are in. In conclusion, more research is required to encourage a better understanding of this issue. Respective parties are required to carry out their obligation to curb this concerning problem.


Prior research shows that people who are in neutral emotional states underestimate the impact of emotional arousal on their own and others' behavior, an emotional empathy gap. I investigated empathy gaps in judgments of and behavior regarding painful experiences, for both oneself and another person. In two studies, participants completed a sample experience of a Cold Pressor Test (CPT), submerging their hand in ice-cold water for 0, 5, 30, or 90 seconds. Participants in Study 1 then predicted the pain they or others would feel during future CPTs of varying intervals (from 15-sec to 3-min) and indicated how much money they (or others) would have to be paid to complete each interval of a CPT. In study 2, participants made a series of behavioral decisions about completing a 2 minute CPT for $10. Study 1 provided evidence for both interpersonal (by comparing self and other ratings) and intrapersonal (by comparing 30-sec experience ratings and 0-sec experience ratings) empathy gaps in that participants rated a future CPT as more painful and requiring more compensation for themselves or when they had previously completed a 30sec sample experience. In Study 2, participants who attempted a 90-second CPT sample experience were able to make more rational choices about a future CPT, demonstrating smaller intrapersonal empathy gaps after a highly salient pain experience. These results suggest that people experience emotional empathy gaps in predictions of pain and in their behavioral choices about a future painful experience. Perception of Pain 4 Perception of Pain In Self and Others Empathy gaps occur when people make judgments about a different affective state than the state they are currently in. The focus of this paper will be on 'cold' to 'hot' empathy gaps, which occur when people in a neutral or 'cold' emotional state underestimate how they would feel in a 'hot' emotional state, an affectively aroused state (i.e. mad, hungry or anxious etc.). For example, people who have just eaten would likely underestimate the impact of being hungry in the future because they are satiated in the present. Empathy gaps have been illustrated in many domains such as thirst (Van Boven & Loewenstein, 2003), fear (Van Boven, Loewenstein, & Dunning, 2005), hunger (Nordgreen, van der Pligt, & van Harreveld, 2007), embarrassment (Van Boven, Loewenstein, Welch, & Dunning, 2010), and addiction (Giordano et al., 2002). In one demonstration of empathy gaps, Van Boven and Loewenstein (2003) recruited participants at a gym who were just beginning their work out or just ending their work out, asking them a set of questions about being lost in the woods without food or water. Participants were asked if lack of food or water would be more unpleasant to the stranded hikers and if the hikers likely regretted not bringing extra food or extra water. The participants who had just finished working out (and were likely in a 'hot' emotional state of thirst) said that lack of water would be more unpleasant and regrettable than participants who were just beginning their workout and were in a colder emotional state with regard to thirst. Pre-workout participants underestimated how they would feel if they were stranded and thirsty in the woods. This could have negative consequences if when packing for a hiking trip (in a cool, non-thirsty emotional state) a person makes a decision to bring less water due to the inability to appropriately simulate future feelings of thirst. It would be advantageous to be able to accurately predict one's judgments and behavior in an emotional situation and to be able to plan accordingly. Perception of Pain 5 Degree of Exposure to an Emotional State It is important to consider how prior exposure to an emotional state changes future judgments about that state. Minimal exposure to an emotional state likely has some impact on future judgments for that emotional state, over and above no exposure. On the other hand, more salient or extensive exposure to an emotional state may be necessary to significantly affect judgmental outcomes. I was interested in learning how the degree of exposure to an emotional state affects judgments and behaviors. A hiker who forgets to bring water on a 3-hour hike would be likely act differently on a future hike than a hiker who forgets to bring water on a 30-minute hike. The first experience of being without water for a 3-hour hike is more emotionally salient. I would hypothesize that the hiker who was without water for 3-hours would be more likely to bring water on a future hike because of a greater degree of exposure to the emotional state of thirst. Why Is Understanding Pain Perception Important? People are often required to make judgments and predictions about their own and others' physical pain. For example, when visiting the emergency room after breaking a bone one must accurately describe the pain when the injury happened, and describe current levels pain to a doctor in order to receive appropriate medical attention. Likewise, a doctor has to judge the pain of a patient in order to prescribe appropriate pain medication and proceed with the appropriate treatment. One is also required to make judgments about the future effects of pain, such as deciding whether or not to go skiing soon after breaking a bone. However, it is difficult to simulate feelings of pain when one is not in that state, making judgments about pain harder than they may seem. Another reason empathy gaps are of interest is because of their potential impact in the medical community. Doctors are usually in unemotional or 'cool' states when they treat Perception of Pain 6 their patients. Empathy gaps could be one contributing factor to why pain medication is often under prescribed and doctors and patients disagree about their judgments of pain (Bernabei et al., 1998; Cleeland, 1998; Kenny, Trevorrow, Heard, & Faunce, 2006; Staton et al., 2007). Past Research Although empathy gaps have been demonstrated in many domains they have received less attention in the domain of pain perception (Loewenstein, 1996). One study by Read and Loewenstein (1999) has demonstrated empathy gaps in pain perception. In this study, some participants experienced a sample cold pressor test (submerging non-dominant hand in 32°F water) for 30-seconds while other participants did not experience the cold pressor test. This experience with the cold pressor test induced the 30-sec participants to be an affectively 'hot' state, while the 0-sec participants where in an affectively 'cold' state. Participants reported how much they would have to be paid ($1, $3, or $5) to complete a future cold pressor test ranging in length from 1 minute to 9 minutes, referred to as WTA ratings. Participants reported declining WTA (requiring more money to complete a cold pressor test) as the duration of the future cold pressor test increased, with 0-sec participants reporting greater WTA ratings. This suggests evidence of an intrapersonal empathy gaps because participants in a 'hot' affective state were better able to appreciate the future effect of a cold pressor test resulting in lower WTA ratings. Furthermore, past research has not looked directly at any behavioral decisions about a painful experience. Many behavioral decisions are made about pain, such as choosing a level of insurance coverage. When weighing the merits of future protection from health and pain risks empathy gaps could have an effect. These decisions are most often made before needing to use health insurance when one is healthy. It is not hard to imagine that one might underestimate the need for coverage because of a failure to appreciate the future effects of poor pain and health. Perception of Pain 7 The Present Research The goal of this research is to investigate empathy gaps in the domain of pain. I am interested in exploring the way people judge their own pain in comparison with the way they judge the pain of others. Additionally, I am interested in learning the effect of varying exposure to pain on judgments about pain. I set out to determine whether minimal exposure to pain can give people enough information to understand what a future painful experience will be like, or if it is necessary for them to have more extensive exposure to pain. Furthermore, this research also aims to look at behavioral choices around a painful experience and how exposure to pain affects these behavioral choices. The goal of study one was to replicate and broaden the work of Read and Loewenstein (1999), by demonstrating interpersonal as well as intrapersonal empathy gaps. Additionally, I was interested in learning if having a minimal or more extensive experience with the painful task changes judgments about pain. To explore this, I varied experience with a painful task by having participants complete different samples of a pain experience and make judgments about themselves or another person. I hypothesized that the more exposure participants have about the painful task the more painful it will be judged to be. Thus, participants who have more extensive exposure to the painful task will judge a future task as more painful than participants who simply read a description of the painful task. I also predicted that one's own experience with the painful task would be judged to be more painful, and require more compensation, than the experience of another person. The goal of study two was to further examine empathy gaps by investigating a behavioral paradigm for pain perception, in this case with regard to intrapersonal empathy gaps only. I hypothesized that I would find similar results as in study one, with participants rating that a Perception of Pain 8 future painful experience would be more painful and would require more money in compensation if they had themselves had more extensive exposure to the painful task. In addition, I predicted that participants who had an experience that aligned more closely with the future judgment state w


In recent years the US fleet of passenger vehicles has seen a large increase in light trucks. This has led to concerns for occupant safety in crashes between vehicles of greatly varying size and mass. Research is ongoing in the government, industry and academic sectors to quantify a vehicle's structural performance through testing and associated evaluation criteria to ensure a balance between a vehicle's aggressivity and vulnerability in various impact scenarios. This balance is known as a vehicle's crash compatibility. In response to vehicle compatibility concerns, NHTSA is reviewing performance tests and criteria. One performance metric under investigation is known as the Average Height of Force (AHOF). AHOF is a measure of the average height from the ground that a vehicle applies force to a load cell wall in a frontal impact. NHTSA has plans underway for physical tests and computer simulations to review the robustness of AHOF when calculated after varying test parameters such as load cell wall resolution, vehicle velocity, and vehicle alignment with the load cell wall. This paper presents the computer simulation analysis and results. NOMENCLATURE AHOF average height of force HOF(t) height of force at each time step F force H height above ground N number of load cells t time step COMPATIBILITY CHALLENGES Creating performance tests and performance test criteria to evaluate an automobile's ability to withstand crashes from other vehicles as well as monitoring the damage the striking vehicle imposes to the struck vehicle in a crash is not a trivial task and has spurred much debate. NHTSA along with global partners through IHRA [1] has ongoing research of test and test criteria using a global perspective in hopes of creating tests that can be used worldwide [2,3,4]. In the United States the vehicle fleet has changed in recent years with the growth of sales of light trucks over passenger cars [5]. Concern arises when such vehicles of varying mass and size interact in a crash. Research has shown that the compatibility of these vehicles to protect their occupants as well as limiting damage to the other vehicle can be controlled by a vehicle's mass, geometry, and structural interaction [6]. NHTSA is investigating a number of performance criteria as a way to improve structural interaction. One such performance criterion is known as average height of force or AHOF [7]. AHOF is calculated from a load cell wall struck by a vehicle in a full frontal impact. Each of the forces from the load cell wall is multiplied by its respective height from ground, summed, and then averaged. Figure 1 illustrates the summation of each of the load cells at each respective height. Figure 1. Average Height of Force Diagram. The summation is calculated for each time step.


A new generation of sensitive X-ray measurements are indicating that the existence of X-ray attenuation column densities, NH > 1024 cm-2, is quite common among broad absorption line quasars (BALQSOs). This is significant to the geometry of the broad absorption line (BAL) outflow. In particular, such an X-ray shield also shields equatorial accretion disk winds from the UV, thereby preventing high-velocity equatorial outflows from being launched. By contrast, bipolar winds initiated by continuum radiation pressure from the funnel of a slim accretion disk flare outward (like a trumpet) and offer vastly different absorbing columns to the X-ray and UV emission that are emitted from distinct regions of the disk, ~6M and ~10M-40M, respectively (where M is the radius of the black hole). Recent numerical work indicates that it is also possible to launch bipolar outflows from the inner regions of a thin disk. The recent discovery with VLBI that the Galactic analog of a BALQSO, the X-ray binary Circinus X-1 (with high-velocity P Cygni X-ray absorption lines), is viewed virtually along the radio jet axis (and therefore along the spin axis of the black hole and the normal to the accretion disk) has rekindled interest in the bipolar models of BALQSOs. We explore this possibility by studying the nearest BALQSO, Mrk 231. High-resolution two-dimensional optical spectroscopy and VLBI mappings of the radio jet axis indicate that the BAL outflow is parallel to the parsec-scale radio jet.


The In and Out management of the Secret Network must be fit for the standard, the control must be strict by the measures. According to the actual state of all applied software system, analyse the basic, include the pattern, the form, the flow, the In and Out site, the manage duty, etc. On the basis of the analysis, this paper described a technical method that is using.


Five leading biomedical researchers from the University of Colorado are among the latest class of Boettcher Investigators, announced earlier this week by the Boettcher Foundation. The 2021 Boettcher Investigators are the newest recipients of grant funding through the Webb-Waring Biomedical Research Awards Program, which supports promising, early career scientific researchers by helping them to advance their independent research and compete for major federal and private awards in the future. Each researcher receives $235,000 in grant funding to support up to three years of biomedical research. CU's new Boettcher Investigators and their research topics are: CU Anschutz Medical Campus


The present invention relates to the prevention and decrease of osteolysis produced by wear of the ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Methods are disclosed for the isolation of wear particles, preparation of implants exhibiting decreased wear in comparison to conventional UHMWPE and preparation of implants that cause decreased biological response in comparison to conventional UHMWPE. The implants created by these methods are also included in the present invention.


Background: To compare Intubating condition, hemodynamic parameters and post operative outcome between Rocuronium as an Intubating agent followed by Atracurium as a maintenance and Vecuronium as Intubating and maintenance agent.Material and Methods: 50 patients posted for elective Off Pump CABG were divided into two groups. They were premedicated with Inj. Glycopyrrolate 5mcg/kg and Inj. Ondansetron 0.1 mg/kg. They were all preoxygenated with 100% O2 for 5 minutes. All patients were induced with Inj. Fentanyl 5mcg/kg and Inj. Midazolam 0.15 mg/kg IV. Group RA (n=25)patients were induced with Inj. Rocuronium 1mg/kg and in Group VV (n=25) were induced with Inj. Vecuronium 0.2mg/kg. They were all maintained with O2, Air, Isoflurane (0.2-0.6%), In RA group, anesthesia maintenance include infusion of Atracurium 0.5mg/kg/hr, Fentanyl 2mcg/kg/hr and Midazolam 5mcg/kg/hr. In VV group, Anesthesia was maintained by Intermittant bolus doses of Vecuronium 0.02 mg/kg, Fentanyl 2mcg/kg and Midazolam 0.02 mg/kg every hour. Observation and Results: Patients were monitored for Intubating condition/ time of onset of muscle relaxant, hemodynamic parameters such as HR, MAP, SPO2, SVO2, PVR, PAP, SV, CO. Patients were observed for BIS and Neuromuscular monitoring (Train of Four). Intraoperative fluid and blood requirement, urine output and need of Inhalational agent requirement were compared. Extubation time, complications, length of ICU stay and cost were compared, Rocuronium has less time of onset with hemodynamic stability. In Group RA, hemodynamic stability was well maintained throughout the surgery, extubation time and complication rate were significantly lower than group VV.Conclusion: Rocuronium was superior as Intubating agent. Combined use of Rocuronium followed by Atracurium provided more hemodynamic stability intraoperatively with better postoperative outcome.


The purpose of this paper is to locate and estimate the eigenvalues of stochastic matrices. We present several estimation theorems about the eigenvalues of stochastic matrices. Meanwhile, we obtain the distribution theorem for the eigenvalues of tensor product of two stochastic matrices. We will conclude the paper with the distribution for the eigenvalues of generalized stochastic matrices.


A high‐affinity calcium‐stimulated ATPase (Ca‐ATPase) was identified in a plasma membrane subcellular fraction from human liver. The subcellular distribution of the enzyme corresponds to that of classical plasma membrane markers, and its kinetic parameters are identical to those of the Ca‐ATPase identified in rat liver plasma membranes in that: (i) calcium activation of ATPase activity followed a cooperative mechanism (Hill number = 1.2), half‐maximal activation occurring at 4.5 ± 2.0 nm free calcium; (ii) K0.5 of the enzyme for ATP was 54 ± 5 μM, and kinetic studies indicated that two interacting sites were involved; (iii) micromolar concentrations of MgCl2 had an inhibitory effect on enzyme activity, and (iv) the enzyme did not require potassium for activation by calcium and was not sensitive to ouabain or oligomycin. These properties are characteristic of Ca‐ATPases coupled to calcium pumps in plasma membranes. The effects of the local anesthetic, tetracaine, and three calcium antagonists bepridil, verapamil, nifedipine, were investigated. Bepridil at 50 μM caused 75% inhibition of Ca‐ATPase activity by decreasing the maximal velocity of the enzyme reaction; its action was immediate and reversible. Verapamil (0.5 μM) also induced 75% inhibition of the Ca‐ATPase, but its affinity for the system was a third of that of bepridil. The enzyme was much less sensitive to nifedipine and tetracaine. The method described in the present paper for measuring Ca‐ATPase activity in small human liver biopsies will permit the study of this enzyme during the course of hepatic disorders.


LED light sources having multiple independently controllable color channels allow tuning of both the intensity and color output. Consequently, highly tailored lighting can be applied according to instantaneous user needs and preferences. Besides improving lighting performance, energy use can also be reduced since the brightest illumination is applied only when necessary. In an example application, low activity or vacant areas of a multi-zone office are lit by low power illumination, including colored light options, which can reduce energy consumption to 20-45% of typical full-time, fullbrightness, office-wide illumination. The availability of color also allows communication functions and additional aesthetic design possibilities. To reduce user burden in frequent switching between various illumination settings, an activity recognition sensor network is used to identify selected office activities. The illumination is then adjusted automatically to satisfy the needs of the occupants. A handheld mobile device provides an interactive interface for gathering user feedback regarding impressions and illumination preferences. The activity-triggered queries collect contemporaneous feedback that reduces reliance on memory; immediate previews of illumination options are also provided. Through mobile queries and post-experience interviews, user feedback was gathered regarding automation, colored lighting, and illumination preferences. Overall reaction was indicated by a range of response words such as fun, stimulating, very cool, very pleasant, enjoyed, good, comfortable, satisfactory, fine, energy saving, interesting, curious, dim, cave, isolated, distracting, and unfamiliar. Positive reaction from a meaningful, though not universal, fraction of users indicates reasonable application potential, particularly as personal preferences and control are accommodated.


This study has two objectives: to examine the influence of the five HR practices (job characteristics, training, performance appraisal, career development and compensation) on turnover intention in Palestine, to test the mediating effect of perceived organizational support in the relationship between the five HR practices and turnover intention. The data gathered from 504 nurses from 12 Palestinian Public Hospitals. Correlation and hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine the hypotheses of the study as well as mediating hypothesis was tested by using Baron and Kenny's recommendations. This study showed that job characteristics, training, performance appraisal, career development and compensation were negatively influence turnover intention. Moreover, perceived organizational support (POS) was found to play a partial role in mediating the influence of the five practices of human resource management on turnover intention. The theoretical and practical implications of this study are discussed in the paper. Recommendations are provided to managers in Palestinian Public Hospitals to enhance human resource management practices in the workplace.


In our previous paper as partⅠ,a new self trigger ultrasonic passive localization system for partial discharges and its hardware and software realization had been described. Either the principle of ultrasonic trigger and on line test, or the useful algorithm of time delay estimation and passive localization is discussed theoretically. At last, by means of experimental and industrial operation, the system has been proved to have many special advantages, especially the important practical value in examination of electrical equipment. The system characteristics and practicable experiment results are introduced in this paper as partⅡ


Multi-disciplinary professional practices (MOPs) involving lawyers, accountants and other professionals, have been the subject of considerable industry study and controversy in Canada and abroad. In this article, the authors evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of MOPs strictly from a consumer welfare perspective. They argue that, although MOP critics' concerns surrounding such issues as solicitor-client privilege, independence, conflicts of interest, and unauthorized practice are valid, they are often overstated and are, in many cases, encountered even today by professionals outside the MDP context. The advantages to consumers of permitting the evolution of such practices would, in any event, significantly outweigh such disadvantages. The authors' analysis provides the background for their specific proposals to facilitate the creation and proliferation of fully-integrated MOPs and an appropriate regulatory framework for such firms emphasizing inter-professional cooperation rather than competition and including inter-professional coordination committees with consumer representation.


We investigate how the antiferromagnetic Mott insulator evolves into the $d$-wave BCS superconductor through hole doping. Allowing spin fluctuations in the strong-coupling approach, we find a spin-gapped incoherent metal with preformed pairing as an intermediate phase between the antiferromagnetic Mott insulator and $d$-wave superconductor. This non-Fermi-liquid metal is identified with an infrared stable fixed point in the spin-decomposition gauge theory, analogous to the spin liquid insulator in the slave-boson gauge theory. We consider the single particle spectrum and dynamical spin susceptibility in the anomalous metallic phase, and discuss physical implications.


The global economic crisis in 1997 significantly impacted all corporate firms. Measuring valuation is becoming increasingly important in corporate firm analysis. Transparency in disclosures enables a company to meet market expectations while also adhering to regulatory requirements. The study's primary purpose is to measure the impact of transparency and disclosures on the valuation of non-financial firms in India and explore the role of Environmental, social and Governance (ESG) as a moderator variable in determining the firm's value. Panel data regression is the methodology adopted for the data analysis in the study. Panel Data of seventy-six non-financial firms was collected for ten years (2011–2020). Market capitalization is considered as a proxy variable for the valuation. The study results indicate that transparency and disclosures (TD) have a negative and significant influence on the value of the firms. Inferring that a higher degree of TD reduces the firm value. At the same time, the interaction term of TD and ESG show a positive significant association. This finding implies that high ESG reduces the negative impact of high TD on the valuation.


A firm's marketing efficiency, the ability to optimally deploy and integrate different marketing inputs to achieve high sales revenue at low cost, is persistent. High marketing efficiency predicts better future operating performance and stock returns, especially in competitive industries. A marketing efficiency-based long-short portfolio strategy earns an average annual return of 5.16%, a substantial portion of which is earned over subsequent earnings announcements. The return predictability is stronger in stocks with higher valuation uncertainty and lower investor attention. The evidence suggests that investors underreact to the value-relevant, but hard to process, information embedded in marketing efficiency.


First published in 2001, this revised article extended and updated 2006-04 offers evidence and hypotheses for a short cultural history of deaf people, culture and sign language in South Asia and South West Asia, using documents from antiquity through 2005. A new appendix shows 110 items on deafness and sign language in the Arab countries of the Eastern Mediterranean and South West Asia. This is a further revised, extended and updated version of a chapter first published in: Alison Callaway (ed) Deafness and Development, University of Bristol, Centre for Deaf Studies, 2001. It is here republished with kind permission. Internet publication URL: www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles200604.html M. Miles (West Midlands, UK)


Natural language is complicated and full of fuzziness, so the semantic meaning should be determined by the context. This article explores with examples the interrelationship between context and verbal communication: the understanding of utterances is determined by the context and the context in turn influences the verbal communication between people.


Objective: The incidence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection was studied among infants and young children admitted to hospital for the management of lower respiratory tract infections, over a 12 month period.


Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon neoplasm derived from olfactory neuroepithelium. The reported incidence of esthesioneuroblastoma is 0.4 cases per million. Its rarity and varied clinical presentations have contributed to difficulties in its diagnosis and management. In our review of current published literature, there has only been one reported case of a similar pattern of distant spread to the ovary by Khosla et al. in 2018.


Abstract:In Deformity: An Essay (1754), William Hay offers an autobiographical account of his life as a hunchbacked member of the House of Commons, followed by an appendix, titled "My Case," which details an experimental health regimen he adopted to treat the more quotidian ailment of chronic bladder stones. In an apparent disjunction with the preceding philosophical essay, "My Case" brings deformity into a medicalized, rather than humanized, register, crediting Joanna Stephens's controversial domestic remedy—and Hay's subsequent adjustment of it—with allowing him to write the text. This article compares the reception history of Stephens's recipe and Deformity: An Essay, examining why Stephens attracted censure whereas Hay garnered approval for endorsing the same basic treatment. Focusing on both Stephens's and Hay's gender-fluid personae, I argue that Hay, unlike Stephens, was able to demonstrate an unusually nimble approach to the eighteenth century's emergent categories of gender, because his deformity, gender, and class helped, rather than hindered, such persona making.


This investigation of the catalytic properties of noble metal nanoparticles stabilized in hypercrosslinked polystyrene (HPS) matrix shows the prospect for their application in regioselective oxidation and hydrogenation, which represent key stages for the synthesis of the intermediates and final products of pharmaceutical industry. Commercial use of nanosized catalysts allows shortening the synthetic stages, increasing product yields, and improving the environmental safety of the existing industrial processes. In this review, the synthesis, structure and catalytic properties of Pt, Ru, Pd - nanoparticles stabilized in the pores of a polymeric HPS matrix are discussed. Physicochemical investigations have shown that the formation of metalcontaining nanoparticles depends on the properties of the porous polymeric structure, the nature of the initial metal precursor, and the synthesis conditions. The use of nanosized catalysts is revealed to be effective in the most important field of fine organic synthesis: preparation of materials for medicine, vitamins, and food additives (e.g., in the food and pharmaceutical industry).


We employ an original dataset of primary fund information to examine the performance of 162 global private equity real estate investment funds across the core, value-add and opportunistic investment style categories over the most recent property cycle (2001-2011). We employ a multi-factor asset pricing model to measure the impact on the funds' total excess returns of the underlying real estate market, broad managerial skill captured by 'alpha', overall financial leverage and, for the first time, specific managerial skill as it relates to timing leverage decisions to anticipated market and economic trends.We find evidence consistent with the hypotheses that i) fund performance is almost directly proportional to the return on the underlying real estate market, ii) managerial skill as measured by 'alpha' can be virtually fully explained by fund style, leverage, sector and geography, iii) leverage cannot be viewed as a long-term strategy to enhance performance, and iii) even in the short term, managers do not seem to add value by timing leverage choices to the market and economic environment.


This paper proposes an adaptive PID controller based on linear extended state observer (LESO) for the two-degree-of-freedom joint servomechanism of industrial robot with time-varying load, uncertainties of parameters and disturbance. The third-order extended state space equations of the system approximate model is established to obtain LESO which is applied to estimate the state values and the total disturbance. The model reference adaptive algorithm is used to estimate the variable moment of inertia to design the controller parameter for control law which is designed with disturbance compensation. By appropriately selecting the adaptive gain coefficient of model reference adaptive algorithm and the bandwidth of LESO, the influences of parameter uncertainty, unknown dynamics and disturbances are effectively attenuated. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed method achieves both satisfactory disturbance rejection and tracking performances of the two-degree-of-freedom joint servomechanism.


In many countries, translation training is provided in the form of certificate and degree programs. Those who do not choose to pursue a degree (but are interested in translation as a source of income) enroll in certificate programs and acquire the fundamentals of translation in a rather shorter amount of time. Compared to degree programs, certificate programs have the great advantage of meeting market needs where an unlimited number of pages are waiting to be translated by a limited number of (human) translators. Iran is a country that, despite its great potential to recruit many translators, lacks such certificate programs. To fill the gap, a modular curriculum for translation training in Iran was designed. As learning and translation are intertwined cognitive processes, the researchers chose to link Bloom's learning objectives with Chesterman's domains of translation skill development. Finally, a modular curriculum was proposed to be tested in the context of Iran. The researchers believe that, with a few adaptations, this curriculum can be used in different contexts. Keywords: translation, training, Bloom, curriculum, competence, Iran


Inadequacy of nutrients in the soil and sufficient inaccessibility to nutrients is caused by factors that affect production and productivity of spring oat varieties. Exogenous application of nutrient and real time nutrient assessment can therefore reverse these associated negative consequences. A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of spring oat varieties to sulphur and silicon based fertilisation. Eight spring oat varieties, four level of nutrient application was arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. The obtained results showed that foliar application of sulphur improves the grain yield of most nutrients responsive varieties by about 34.7%. However, application of silicon had shown a diminishing return association to grain yield of variety GK Kormorán, GK Pillangó, Lota, Panni. LAI, thousands grain weight, SPAD, NDVI was significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by genetic difference of the tested varieties, developmental plasticity, and nutrient application. Significantly higher grain yield was obtained from the variety Mv Pehely than the other tested varieties. Therefore, it could be inferred that a combined use of nutrient responsive spring oat varieties and sulphur containing fertilisers could be important agronomic practice to improve grain yield and to develop climate resilient oat varieties.


A broad literature suggests that political regime affects the country's ability to effectively use its resources to stimulate economic growth. However, while several studies have concentrated on the difference between democracies and autocracies in this respect, an important topic overlooked so far is how different types of non-democratic regimes manage resource curse. This study uses the political variation across sub-national regions of the Russian Federation under Vladimir Putin to examine the differences between competitive and hegemonic authoritarian regimes in this respect. We find that hegemonic authoritarian regimes show better performance than competitive authoritarian regimes in terms of managing the resource wealth.


We develop a numerical scheme for solving fully special relativistic, resistive radiation magnetohydrodynamics. Our code guarantees conservation of total mass, momentum, and energy. The radiation energy density and the radiation flux are consistently updated using the M-1 closure method, which can resolve an anisotropic radiation field, in contrast to the Eddington approximation, as well as the flux-limited diffusion approximation. For the resistive part, we adopt a simple form of Ohm's law. The advection terms are explicitly solved with an approximate Riemann solver, mainly the Harten–Lax–van Leer scheme; the HLLC and HLLD schemes are also solved for some tests. The source terms, which describe the gas–radiation interaction and the magnetic energy dissipation, are implicitly integrated, relaxing the Courant–Friedrichs–Lewy condition even in an optically thick regime or a large magnetic Reynolds number regime. Although we need to invert 4 × 4 matrices (for the gas–radiation interaction) and 3 × 3 matrices (for the magnetic energy dissipation) at each grid point for implicit integration, they are obtained analytically without preventing massive parallel computing. We show that our code gives reasonable outcomes in numerical tests for ideal magnetohydrodynamics, propagating radiation, and radiation hydrodynamics. We also applied our resistive code to the relativistic Petschek-type magnetic reconnection, revealing the reduction of the reconnection rate via radiation drag.


Frequency tuning capability was studied for two varieties of pulsed gigawatt relativistic backward- wave oscillator (BWO): the resonant BWO and the BWO with increased cross- section having a resonant reflector. The tuning assumed adjustment of the tube's electrodynamics only, with no variation of electron beam parameters. The studies demonstrated that frequency tuning of as wide as 10–20% is achievable, depending on the tube's design peculiarities.


Summary 1. It is shown that a single intravenous injection of BCG in mice induces a state of hyperreactivity to bacterial endotoxin. The LD50 for E. coli lipopolysaccharide is decreased from 357 μg in controls to 6 or 7 μg in BCG vaccinated animals. This change appears around the 5th day after vaccination. 2. Trehalose dimycolate, a component derived from virulent tubercle bacilli induces a similar state of hyperreactivity to endotoxin upon single or repeated injections.


The invention relates to a method for discriminating a living cell of a dead cell. According to this process, is acquired using an imaging device lens without a diffraction pattern corresponding to a cell. then determining a light intensity on a central surface (46) of an elementary diffraction pattern associated with said cell. One can thus determine whether the cell under study is a living cell or a dead cell. The invention also relates to a device for implementing this method.


MUCH interest is now centred in the treatment of influenza. If this epidemic follows the general pattern of most others, we must expect a second and perhaps a third wave of cases; such secondary waves are usually less wide spread than the original but are more virulent and carry more complications. Before this is upon us it is well to consider the best means of treatment. There is a common impression that sulfapyridine or sulfathiazole are of definite benefit. For any one who treats occasional cases and gives one of the drugs to all of them, such an impression is inevitable. The patient usually consults his physician on the second day of his illness, the drug is immediately given, and on the third or fourth day the temperature is normal. In the present epidemic there were but few exceptions to this course. But the sequence of events in untreated cases is not dissimilar and the exact effect of drug therapy can only be judged by comparing an untreated and a treated group. The result of such a comparison is herewith submitted. Material.-Sixty-eight cases were treated, 42 with sulfapyridine and 26 without. They were all from the active service forces and admitted to the Department of Pensions and National Health hospital at Deer Lodge, Winnipeg. The cases all arose during a period of nine days (December 1 to December 9, 1940), and 75 per cent arose during a period of four days (December 4th to December 7th). Full bed care and treatment was started` on the first day in 6 cases; on the second day in 30 cases, and on the third day in the remaining 32 cases.


Russia's most recent energy initiatives, the construction of the Nord Stream pipeline across the Baltic and the South Stream pipeline across the Black Sea, have prompted a great deal of questions as to the economic viability of the two ventures and the real intentions behind them. The European Union's difficulties in bringing to life its Nabucco project, which has been in the works since 2002, shows how difficult building a pipeline several thousands of miles long can be without centralized state support. Even while the international legal regime for overland and underwater pipelines covers much ground, the complexities and spy-novel-like intrigues surrounding the implementation of Europe's rival pipeline systems cannot be adequately accounted for under the existing framework. The objective of this article is to analyse the different political and legal controversies surrounding the construction of gas pipelines in Europe.


Implant-related infections (IRIs) Recently, antimicrobial therapies based on reactive species (ROS) or developed to effectively destroy bio�lms. on the immunosuppressive microenvironment of bio�lms and caused by Herein, we proposed a one-arrow-three-hawks strategy to orchestrate hyperthermia/ROS antibio�lm therapy, toxin neutralization and immunomodulatory therapies through engineering a bioinspired erythrocyte membrane-enveloped molybdenum disul�de nanodots (EM@MoS 2 ) nanoplatform. In bio�lm microenvironment, pore-forming toxins actively attack the erythrocyte membranes on the nanodots and be detained, thus keeping toxins away from their targets and mitigating tissue damage. Under near-infrared laser irradiation, MoS 2 nanodots, with superb photothermal and peroxidase-like properties, exert a powerful synergistic antibio�lm effect. More intriguingly, we initially identi�ed that they possess the ability to reverse the immunosuppressive microenvironment through skewing the macrophages from an anti-in�ammatory phenotype to a proin�ammatory phenotype, which would promote the elimination of bio�lm debris and prevention of infection relapse. Systematic in vitro and in vivo evaluations have demonstrated that EM@MoS 2 achieves remarkable antibio�lm effect.


Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Abstract The prevalence of children exhibiting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with digestive system involvement remains unknown. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the impact of COVID-19 on the digestive system of children. In this meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from January 1, 2020, to June 31, 2020. We also searched for COVID-19 publications in specific journals for more comprehensive results. We included studies that reported the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19, and we excluded duplicate publications, reviews, animal studies, case reports, publications without the full text, studies with incomplete information, and studies from which data extraction was impossible. We conducted a meta-analysis of the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms and changes in liver function involving 19 studies. The pooled prevalence of diarrhea was 10% (95% CI: 7–14; I2 = 84%), that of nausea or vomiting was 7% (95% CI: 5–11; I2 = 77%), and that of abdominal pain was 4% (95% CI: 2–9; I2 = 79%). In addition, the pooled incidence of increased alanine aminotransferase was 8% (95% CI: 5–15; I2 = 46%), and the pooled incidence of increased AST was 15% (95% CI: 9–26; I2 = 66%). The pooled rate of recovery was 97% (95% CI: 94–100; I2 = 86%), and the pooled rate of death, which was 1% (95% CI: 1–4; I2 = 48%), was much smaller than the recovery rate. Our research shows that digestive system symptoms and function in children with COVID-19 are not uncommon. More attention should be paid to this unique group of patients.


Low‐slip‐rate regions often represent under‐recognized hazards, and understanding the progression of seismicity when faults in such areas rupture will help us to better understand earthquake rupture patterns. The 3 September 2010 (UTC) Mw 7.1 Darfield earthquake revealed a formerly unrecognized set of faults in the Canterbury region of New Zealand, an area that had previously been mapped as one of the lower‐hazard areas in the country. In this study, we analyze the first four months of its aftershock sequence to identify active faults and temporal changes in seismicity along them. We jointly invert for three‐dimensional P wave and S wave velocities and hypocentral locations, using data for 2840 aftershocks recorded at 36 temporary and permanent seismic stations within 70 km of the main shock epicenter. These relocations delineate eight individual faults active prior to the 22 February 2011 Mw 6.3 Christchurch earthquake, the largest aftershock of the Darfield earthquake. Two of these faults are in the Christchurch region, one of which corresponds to geodetically determined rupture planes of the Christchurch earthquake. Using focal mechanisms calculated from first‐motion polarities, we find mainly strike‐slip faulting events, with some reverse and normal faulting events as well. We compare the orientations of these faults to the prevailing regional stress directions to identify which faults may have been active prior to the Darfield earthquake and which may be newly developed.


Pawn broking services in Indonesia, in addition to impose a conventional mortgage system set out in PP 103 2000 On Pawnshop, also impose sharia pawning system based on the provisions of Islamic law which is based on the Qur'an. In the conventional mortgage loan bears an interest rate that is accumulative and double for its services, while at the syariah pawn does not bear interest. Customer charged deposit money services, maintenance, preservation and biay assessment specified in the initial agreement. Keywords: Conventional Pawn, Pawn sharia


How can CPAs help their companies gain a marketing advantage? One CPA uses his technology expertise to bring his employer into the age of electronic commerce, giving it a distinct edge among retailers in the highly competitive fashion industry. His experience in automating many of his business's most important functions and in decentralizing computer responsibility throughout the organization can serve as a model for other CPAs striving to derive the most value from information technology opportunities. A PRACTICE NICHE Michael Cangemi started out in public practice, where he developed a specialty in electronic data processing auditing, the use of computer resources in the audit process. He later used this knowledge overseeing financial auditing and management information systems for a Fortune 500 company and then moved to the position of director of EDP auditing with a large accounting firm when the corporation relocated. One of the firm's clients, the Hartstone Group, a British company that was looking to acquire fashion businesses in the United States, called in Cangemi to review the computer systems of an acquisition prospect, the Etienne Aigner Group, during the due diligence process. Because company managers were looking for a computer-literate chief financial officer and executive vice-president, they offered Cangemi the job. His first challenge at Aigner was to bring the business up to speed technologically. The company, which designs and distributes women's quality footwear and accessories to major department stores, had a mainframe computer and a lot of internal complaints about its computer system. Cangemi knew that some giant retailers, such as Wal-Mart, had computerized their supply chains. "I saw a huge opportunity for a fashion company to get its computer operations in shape and use them to gain a competitive advantage," Cangemi says. QUICK RESPONSE To that end, the company sought faster communications with its customers through electronic data interchange (EDI) to allow Aigner and its customers to swap information, such as orders, electronically. In the retail industry, this is part of the quick response process, a relative of just-in-time inventory control that uses EDI and automatic inventory replenishment programs. But introducing the required systems can be time-consuming and complicated, which in 1993, when Cangemi started at Aigner, made the process seem daunting to all but the largest companies. To expedite the process, Cangemi created a start-up system that allowed the company to receive purchase orders (POs) from various retailers on a PC and then print them out for the customer service department. A more sophisticated version of the system would have transferred all of the information electronically, rather than sending a printout to customer service. But Cangemi knew it would take a great deal of time and money to bring his company up to the state of the art, so he installed this interim step to get it started. While his first system was a very primitive version of quick response, it made the process much easier for Aigner's retail customers, who had no idea how their orders were handled once received. During his first year on the job, Cangemi's division brought the company's system up to speed by upgrading its internal computer operations and by building the necessary connections in its computer system to allow it to dial into the two major national EDI networks, run by GE and IBM, and to pull down orders from the major department stores that are its customers. Once Aigner began receiving POs electronically, the company moved on to electronic disbursement of items called advance ship notices. " When a customer buys a pair of shoes," Cangemi explains, "a store such as Macy's checks its inventory level and submits an order to us electronically; we process it in our computer system. When we are ready to ship, we send the store an advance ship notice. …


In this scientific article, the author considers the main problems, concluding in following: in the course of realization of the checking and control not to leave for determined limit, ungrounded not to limit remedial independence of investigator. After all public prosecutor, chief of the subdivision inquiry, court, realizing remedial checking and control, simultaneously must work out beside investigator independence, professionalism, skills to take the faithful decisions on base of the analysis to investigation situation


When choosing partners, virtual enterprise always fixes attribute weights for every potential partner, and evolutionists have certain subjectivity and vagueness, which bring much trouble to the evaluation. To conquer this disadvantage, LWM Algorithm can be applied to converge the evaluation information to get complex-attribute evaluation and then choose the best partner eventually.


1. Scotopic luminosity and fundus spectral reflexion in the protanomalous fail to confirm predictions made from the hypothesis that protanomalous photopic luminosity loss is due to an inert red‐absorbing filter in his ocular media.


Abstract Haploidentical Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Haplo-HSCT) has provided an alternative option since virtually all patients have an immediately available donor. Here, we report the results of Haplo-HSCT with granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilized bone marrow grafts plus peripheral blood stem cells as the grafts without T-cell depletion. Twenty-nine patients with the mean age of 27.27 years (ranging from 15 to 51 years) were enrolled in this study, and 10 cases were in high risk status. The patients received myeloablative preconditioning with or without total body irradiation and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis consisting of basiliximab, cyclosporine A, methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil and a rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin. All the patients attained successful neutrophil and platelet recovery. The mean times for neutrophil and platelet recovery were 17.1 and 20.9 days, respectively. During the follow-up at a median time of 30.69 months (ranging from 3 to 76 months), nine patients developed aGVHD grade II–IV, including two developed grade III–IV GVHD after donor lymphocyte infusion. The incidence of cGVHD was 48.3%. 13 patients died within the first two years after transplantation, and the total disease-free survival rate longer than 2 years was 55.2%. These results suggest that G-CSF-primed bone marrow plus peripheral blood stem cell grafts are an appropriate stem cell source for Haplo-HSCT and large scale investigations are needed to confirm this protocol.


The invention discloses a method for measurement of peptidic degradation products of a proteolytic cascade (for example, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the bradykinin system) in biological samples, especially blood samples, wherein the sample is incubated until a steady state equilibrium is reached for at least one peptidic degradation product involved in said proteolytic cascade and wherein said at least one peptidic degradation product in steady state equilibrium of the proteolytic cascade is quantified in the sample.


Introduction: The hemoglobinopathies are a group of genetic disorders in which there is alteration of hemoglobin structure. These hematologic disorders of the skeleton produce radiologic appearances related to marrow infiltration and/or replacement. Common findings are in place of such as osteopenia with trabecular prominence, growth disturbances, and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Conventional Radiography is required for knowing the imaging appearances of sickle cell disease, thalassemia, and other rare causes of anemia. Objectives: To study the role of conventional imaging in detecting various radiological manifestations of hemaglobinopathies. Materials & Methods: An observational descriptive study of 21 cases with hemaglobinopathies was done by conventional radiography & its varied musculoskeletal manifestations were studied. Result: Most common site of involvement was head of femur which was seen in 16 cases out of which isolated involvement was seen in 10 cases. Rest of the cases was associated with spine, skull and upper limb manifestations. Conclusion: Knowledge of the distribution and site of involvement and its musculoskeletal features is of considerable diagnostic importance in the evaluation and treatment of hemoglobinopathies. Conventional Radiography is required and its primary investigation modality It is important to know the extent of the range of radiologic appearances in order to accurately diagnose complications and to provide appropriate treatment.


The present invention provides a very excellent anti-production method of the titanium oxide BiVO The method of manufacturing a titanium oxide-supported BiVO Antiviral composition of the present invention of a second for the BiVO


Verification and Validation (V&V) is a critical phase in the development cycle of any scientific code. The aim of the V&V process is to determine whether or not the code fulfills and complies with the requirements that were defined prior to the start of the development process. While code V&V can take many forms, this paper concentrates on validation of the results obtained from a modern code against those produced by a validated, legacy code. In particular, the neutron transport capabilities of the modern Monte Carlo code MERCURY are validated against those in the legacy Monte Carlo code TART. The results from each code are compared for a series of basic transport and criticality calculations which are designed to check a variety of code modules. These include the definition of the problem geometry, particle tracking, collisional kinematics, sampling of secondary particle distri butions, and nuclear data. The metrics that form the basis for comparison of the codes include both integral quantities and particle spectra. The use of integral results, such as eigenvalues obtained from criticality calculations, is shown to be necessary, but not sufficient, for a comprehensive validation of the code. This process has uncovered problems in both the transport code and the nuclear data processing codes which have since been rectified.


At present,China has become the largest trade partner,the largest export market,the largest target country for foreign investment and the largest origin of surplus of South Korea.South Korea is the sixth largest trade partner,the sixth largest export market and the fourth largest source of import of China.With the rapid rise of China economy,structure and competitiveness of bilateral trade,as well as the status of international market change accordingly,bringing a lot of problems that cannot be evaded.Therefore,in-depth study on changes of trade structure and situation of competitiveness between China and South Korea has important practical significance on prospect of bilateral trade relations.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the quality and sustainability of dietetic practice in the scope of anthropometry for adolescents at Jeddah hospitals care setting. Design/methodology/approach – An evaluation survey to define and critic dietetic practice concerning anthropometric assessment for adolescent group in Jeddah governmental and private operating hospitals with bed capacity of more than 150 beds and has at least four employed dietitians. Findings – Only 10 percent of dietitians in Jeddah hospitals are members with the National Saudi Dietetic Association (SDA). Hospitals were mostly following international Standards of Practice (SOP) for anthropometry (60 percent), compared to national standards (10 percent). SOP is not unified or governed by the national organization body. Regularly (80 percent) of the practicing dietitians identify their individual scope of practice, the use of growth charts and reference data in assessing the growth status of their young clients. Similarly to o...


Electrolytic hydrogen generation needs efficient and durable electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction. In this Letter, for the first time, we report on the development of P-doped Ag nanoparticles embedded in N-doped carbon nanoflake (denoted as "P-Ag@NC") for effective hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis. When tested in 0.5 M H2SO4, such P-Ag@NC demands overpotential of only 78 mV to drive a catalytic current density of 10 mA cm–2, which is 198 mV less than that of Ag@NC counterpart. Remarkably, this catalyst also shows strong long-term electrochemical durability with the preservation of its catalytic activity for at least 85 h. Density functional theory calculations suggest that P doping brings the optimization of hydrogen adsorption free energy to a more thermo-neutral value.


A 29-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of swelling, erythema, and pain of the hand at the site of a cat bite. Despite treatment with amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, her symptoms worsened and fever, chills, headache, and arthralgias developed.


In this survey we illustrate how the matching distance between reduced size functions can be applied for shape comparison. We assume that each shape can be thought of as a compact connected manifold with a real continuous function defined on it, that is a pair (ℳ,φ : ℳ → ℝ), called size pair. In some sense, the function φ focuses on the properties and the invariance of the problem at hand. In this context, matching two size pairs (ℳ, φ) and (𝒩, ψ) means looking for a homeomorphism between ℳ and 𝒩 that minimizes the difference of values taken by φ and ψ on the two manifolds. Measuring the dissimilarity between two shapes amounts to the difficult task of computing the value δ = inff maxP∈ℳ |φ(P) − ψ(f(P))|, where f varies among all the homeomorphisms from ℳ to 𝒩. From another point of view, shapes can be described by reduced size functions associated with size pairs. The matching distance between reduced size functions allows for a robust to perturbations comparison of shapes. The link between reduced size functions and the dissimilarity measure δ is established by a theorem, stating that the matching distance provides an easily computable lower bound for δ. Throughout this paper we illustrate this approach to shape comparison by means of examples and experiments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 16, 154–161, 2006


[Hypertriglyceridemia has been recognized as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Increased plasma remnant lipoproteins underlie ypertriglyceridemia. Remnant lipoproteins are atherogenic since they are TG-rich and cholesterol-rich, and therefore cause cholesterol accumulation in the plaque of artery. Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients is characterized by increased plasma triglyceride(TG), remnant lipoprotein and LDL. The correction of increased plasma levels of both TG and LDL is very important to prevent atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. Fibrate decreases mainly plasma TG and renmnat lipoproteins, whereas statin decreases mainly plasma LDL. The combination therapy of fibrate and statin is therefore thought to be very effective for the correction, but little information is available in Japan. In this study we investigated the effect of the combination therapy on dyslipidemia, glycemic control and adverse reactions in diabetic patients with typeⅡb hyperlipidemia(hypertriglyceridemia plus hypercholesterolemia). Twenty two diabetic patients were studied. They were under 65 years old. They had type Ⅱb hyperlipidemia, i. e. increased plasma levels of TG(≧150 mg/dL)and LDL-cholesterol (≧120 mg/dL). They had normal renal function(plasma creatinine level<1.1 mg/dL)and normal liver function. Plasma lipid and remnant cholesterol were measured before and after the treatment. Plasma remnant cholesterol was determined as RLP-cholesterol(normal range <5.2 mg/dL)by the method of Nakajima et al. The combination therapy of fenofibrate and low dose statin over 10 months significantly reduced plasma TG by 62.3%(281→106 mg/dL), plasma LDL-cholesterol by 35.5%(166→107 mg/dL), and plasma remnant cholesterol by 60.1% (11.2→4.7 mg/dL), and raised plasma HDL-cholesterol by 15.0%(46→53 mg/dL). The combination therapy tended to reduce HbA1c(6.9→6.6%). Plasma CPK and creatinine levels were not changed before and after the treatment and no adverse reaction were observed over the study period. It is concluded that combination therapy of fenofibrate and low dose statin is very effective to reduce particularly plasma TG and remnant cholesterol as well as plasma LDL-cholesterol in diabetic patients. The combination therapy should be positively considered in diabetic patients with typeⅡb hyperlipidemia(hypertriglyceridemia plus hypercholesterolemia)if they have normal renal function., Hypertriglyceridemia has been recognized as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Increased plasma remnant lipoproteins underlie ypertriglyceridemia. Remnant lipoproteins are atherogenic since they are TG-rich and cholesterol-rich, and therefore cause cholesterol accumulation in the plaque of artery. Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients is characterized by increased plasma triglyceride(TG), remnant lipoprotein and LDL. The correction of increased plasma levels of both TG and LDL is very important to prevent atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients. Fibrate decreases mainly plasma TG and renmnat lipoproteins, whereas statin decreases mainly plasma LDL. The combination therapy of fibrate and statin is therefore thought to be very effective for the correction, but little information is available in Japan. In this study we investigated the effect of the combination therapy on dyslipidemia, glycemic control and adverse reactions in diabetic patients with typeⅡb hyperlipidemia(hypertriglyceridemia plus hypercholesterolemia). Twenty two diabetic patients were studied. They were under 65 years old. They had type Ⅱb hyperlipidemia, i. e. increased plasma levels of TG(≧150 mg/dL)and LDL-cholesterol (≧120 mg/dL). They had normal renal function(plasma creatinine level<1.1 mg/dL)and normal liver function. Plasma lipid and remnant cholesterol were measured before and after the treatment. Plasma remnant cholesterol was determined as RLP-cholesterol(normal range <5.2 mg/dL)by the method of Nakajima et al. The combination therapy of fenofibrate and low dose statin over 10 months significantly reduced plasma TG by 62.3%(281→106 mg/dL), plasma LDL-cholesterol by 35.5%(166→107 mg/dL), and plasma remnant cholesterol by 60.1% (11.2→4.7 mg/dL), and raised plasma HDL-cholesterol by 15.0%(46→53 mg/dL). The combination therapy tended to reduce HbA1c(6.9→6.6%). Plasma CPK and creatinine levels were not changed before and after the treatment and no adverse reaction were observed over the study period. It is concluded that combination therapy of fenofibrate and low dose statin is very effective to reduce particularly plasma TG and remnant cholesterol as well as plasma LDL-cholesterol in diabetic patients. The combination therapy should be positively considered in diabetic patients with typeⅡb hyperlipidemia(hypertriglyceridemia plus hypercholesterolemia)if they have normal renal function.]


For each k-dimensional complete minimal submanifold M of Sn we construct a (k + 1)-dimensional complete minimal immersion of M × R into Rn+2 and (k + 1)dimensional minimal immersions of M × R into R2n+3,H2n+3 and S2n+3. Also from the Clifford torus M = Sk(1/√2) × Sk(1/√2) we construct a (2k + 2)-dimensional complete minimal helicoid in R2k+3. Introduction. A submanifold of R whose mean curvature vector vanishes everywhere is called minimal. The mean curvature vector of a submanifold points into the direction in which the volume decreases most rapidly. Therefore minimal submanifolds are the submanifolds which are stationary with respect to volume for all compactly supported variations. A minimal hypersurface in R, viewed as a graph, satisfies the quasilinear elliptic partial differential equation: (1 + |Du|2) u−DiuDjuDij u = 0 . Simons [5] showed that no entire minimal graph other than hyperplanes exists in R for n < 9, and Bombieri, De Giorgi and Giusti [2] proved that in R, n ≥ 9, there exist entire minimal graphs which are not hyperplanes. In R3 the catenoid and helicoid had been known to be the only two complete embedded nonplanar minimal surfaces with finite topology for two hundred years. It was in 1982 that Costa [4] surprisingly found a new complete embedded minimal surface in R3. From then on, tens of new complete minimal surfaces have been found in R3 from suitable data for the representation formula obtained by Weierstrass. The minimal surface with the simplest Weierstrass data is the Enneper surface. It has the same total curvature of −4π as the catenoid and has self intersection. One quarter of the Enneper surface can be seen as a graph over a vertical half plane. By extending this property to higher dimension, the first named author [3] constructed the higher dimensional Enneper surface in R, 4 ≤ n ≤ 7. The catenoid is a surface of revolution in R3. The higher dimensional catenoidΣ which is SO(n − 1)-invariant minimal hypersurface in R was found by solving the ODE for the 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 53A10; Secondary 49Q10.


PURPOSE: To determine the influence of exercise pace on individual performance during an annual five-week online fitness competition. METHODS: Competition pacing data was collected from individuals with more than six-months of experience during the first (16.1; n = 12) and last (16.5; n = 8) weeks of the competition. For 16.1, competitors completed as many repetitions as possible (AMRAP) in 20 minutes of a circuit that included: 25-ft. overhead walking lunges (L1), 8 barfacing burpees, 25-ft. overhead walking lunges (L2), and 8 chest-to-bar pull-ups (PU). For 16.5, competitors completed a workout with a 21-18-15-12-9-6-3 descending repetition scheme with barbell thrusters (BT) and bar-facing burpees (BB). Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were calculated between the average (AVG), fastest (FST), and slowest (SLW) times to complete each exercise and round (RD), in addition to the competitors' score for 16.1 (total repetitions) and 16.5 (time to completion). Significantly correlated variables were entered into a stepwise linear regression to determine the best indicator for success. RESULTS: Significant (p<0.05) relationships were observed between 16.1 score and PUAVG (r=-0.83), L1FST (r=-0.61), L2FST (r=-0.75), PUFST (r=-0.66), and PUSLW (r=-0.86). Of these, PUSLW was most influential of 16.1 score (r 2 =0.74, p=0.001). Significant (p<0.05) relationships were observed between 16.5 score and BTFST (r=-0.78), BBFST (r=0.78), RDFST (r=-0.88), BTSLW (r=-0.79), RDSLW (r=-0.93), BTAVG (-0.85), and RDAVG (r=-0.97). RDAVG was most influential of success for workout 16.5. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that pacing affected score during these two workouts. Specifically, for a 20-minute AMRAP that included pull-ups, lunges, and burpees, the pace of the pull-ups was most influential. However, maintaining a low average round time was most important during a workout with a descending repetition scheme. It is unknown whether these strategies would be consistent in other, similarly-designed workouts.


Composite to metal joints are gradually found in the marine industry for the attachment of lightweight components to metallic structures. The puropose of this study is to invistigate the composite sandwich to steel joint for naval ships. The main emphasis of the study was placed on the mechanical properties of a hybrid joint between a sandwich glass fibre reinforced plastic superstructure and a steel hull. Based on the experiments of a base joint, a new numerical simulation method was used to analyze the performance of the base joint and the optimized joint. The optimized joint was presented due to reducing weight and avoiding eccentric load. The numerical predictions of the base hybrid joint showed a very good correlation with the experiment results, which validated the reliability of the new numerical simulation method. The strength of the optimized hybrid joint was evaluated through static simulation. This phenomenon is similar to the base joint. But there is no additional stress concentration induced by load eccentricity and internal bending. The optimized joint has 11% lower weight than the base joint, and the stress of the optimized joint is only about 4% ~ 67% of the base one. The results of the present work imply that the change of geometry and material is an effective method to improve the performance of the composite sandwich to steel joint.


Recent microsurgical procedures such as the transplantation of nucleoli from one cell to the or nucleusG of another cell and chromosomal microsurgery' have highlighted the necessity of developing facilities for the precise control of four or more microneedles or micropipettes.8~~ To this end, two new multiunit micromanipulators and microinjectors were constructed (by Harris) .Io J* The first of these, shown in FIGURE 1, consists of 6 micromanipulators, with facilities for holding and controlling 10 microneedles and micropipettes.10 This is highly sophisticated instrumentation designed for solving several difficult microsurgical problems. One of these problems is to produce translocations in chromosomes and then to transplant the modified chromosome into the nucleus of another cell. For the microsurgery of chromosomes, the donor cell must be securely held by microelastimetry. Then the chromosome is cut a t the selected position. With one of the micropipettes, controlled by the submicrovolumetric unit, the cut fragment is brought in contact with the end of another chromosome whose telomere has been made "sticky" by the local application of radiomimetic drugs? After the cut fragment has fused with the chromosome, it is then transplanted into another cell, using the second volumetric submicromanipulator. The 2 units mounted in front, 2 in FIGURE 1, are the volumetric submicromanipulators,12 ,I3 equipped with Leitz double needle holders so that two micropipettes can be simultaneously positioned by each instrument. Volumes of the order of 1 micromicroliter can be measured with the volumetric submicromanipulator. One micropipette is connected to the volumetric controls provided by the instrument itself. The second micropipette is connected either to one of the coarse-fine microinjectors used for microelastimetry or to the differential piston microinjector designed for subcellular transplantation.6 The intentions in planning the volumetric submicromanipulators were to integrate the microinjector or submicrovolumetric controls with the micropositioner.1°J3 Ball-bearing slides were used to provide horizontal movements ments with spring loading to avoid backlash. Motion is imparted to the slides by metric screws equipped with large micrometer heads. These micrometers provide a fine screw with a pitch of 0.5 mm. and an adjustable nut that can be compensated for wear. The combination of micrometer-screw-driven, ballbearing slides with spring loading produces an extremely smooth movement. The instruments designated by 3 in FIGURE 1 are the Leitz 1959 lever con* The work described in this paper was supported in part by Grant DRG-271 from the Damon Runyon Memorial Fund for Cancer Research, Inc., New York, N.Y., and Grant C-2018 from the National Cancer Institute, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.


Deterioration of concrete structures in sulfate environments is a well-known phenomenon. Cement chemistry is an important parameter in coping with sulfate attack. C3A and CA (OH)2 lead to expansion, cracking and strength reduction. The use of rice husk ash (RHA) can improve the sulfate resistance of concrete. It was observed that the sulfate resistance of blended cements was significantly higher in sulfate environments. This study investigates the effect of RHA replaced by cement on the durability of concrete due to sulfate attack. Three RHA replacement levels were considered in the study which is 7%, 10% and 15% by the weight of cement. After the specified initial moist curing period (28 days), concrete specimens were immersed in sodium sulfate & magnesium sulfate solution. The degree of sulfate attack was evaluated by measuring the compressive strength reduction of concrete cubes and their weight losses in both continuous immersed and wetting-drying conditions. Expansion observed in the ordinary Portland cement mortar prisms was larger than expansion for the RHA mortar prisms. Moreover, microstructure of the mortar and concrete incorporating Rice Husk Ash were studied through SEM tests.


Based on the classical Thomson scattering theory, we theoretically study the electron trajectory and spectrum generated during the frontal collision of electrons with a tightly focused circularly polarized laser pulse. The results show that there is a linear relationship between the initial z-axis coordinate z0 of the electron and the collision center. The increase in the initial energy and the initial z-axis coordinate of the electron will cause the concentration of the longitudinal motion of the electron and the redshift of the spectrum. The difference between the two is that the higher the initial energy of the electron, the smaller the transverse motion of the electron, and the higher the maximum single harmonic energy of the spectrum, while the increase in the initial z-axis coordinate of the electron will cause the interference fringes of the spectrum to increase first and then decrease, and the maximum single harmonic energy will decrease overall, with a jump point at z0 = 15λ0.