In the mid-1990s, new banana planting material was introduced into Tanzania in response to increased pest and disease pressures on banana production and the high levels of susceptibility of local endemic varieties, coupled with a lack of chemical inputs to combat these constraints. The formal introduction of new hybrid bananas into the region began in 1997 with the efforts of the Kagera Community Development Program (KCDP). The goal of the program was to increase farmers' food and income security by improving banana productivity. About a dozen new banana varieties were introduced to the Kagera region of Tanzania. Among them were the first banana hybrids, bred by the Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola (FHIA). New planting material was disseminated to farmers by KCDP and government extension agents through trials, demonstrations, and "mother gardens." In particular, farmers themselves played a major role in diffusing new planting material, as they have historically done in their search for disease-free, higher yielding bananas. On-farm testing of the new varieties commenced in 1997 and was conducted concurrently with their multiplication and the dissemination of planting materials to farmers in the region (Nkuba et al. 1999). The results of on-farm testing showed that on average, the new banana varieties yielded a bunch weight of 18.9 kg, compared with 9.7 kg for local varieties (Nkuba et al. 2002; Mgenzi et al. 1997). Initial assessment revealed that these varieties are acceptable to farmers for their multiple uses (consumption as fruit; preparation by cooking, roasting, or drying; and fermentation for the production of beverages) and good marketability. From 1997 to 2002, about 2.5 million suckers (banana planting material) from the new banana varieties had already been distributed to farmers. An initial adoption study conducted in 2002 indicated that 29 percent of 177 households surveyed from the five districts of the Kagera region had planted at least one new banana variety (Weerdt 2003). Rates of use were found to vary significantly among agroecological zones within Kagera region, reflecting the severity of banana production constraints. Before the introduction of the new banana types, the Bukoban high-rainfall zones were worst affected in terms of pest and disease pressure on both local and exotic bananas. At the time of the survey, 100 percent of farmers in the Bukoban high-rainfall zone used new planting material, compared with only 6 percent of farmers in the Karagwe–Ankolean medium-rainfall zone (Weerdt 2003). Statistical survey data from our research confirm that the use of banana hybrids is greater in Tanzania than in Uganda, predominantly in the lowlands, where biotic pressures are most severe. Although adoption rates in Tanzania are substantially higher than in Uganda—about 50 percent of farmers in the Kagera region during the survey year— About the Authors Jackson Nkuba is a doctoral student at the Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness at Sokoine University in Morogoro, Tanzania, and a researcher at the Lake Zone Agricultural Research and Development Institute (LZARDI-Maruku) in Tanzania.


The performance of the Au-Ge eutectic solder alloy and the Au-Si eutectic solder alloy at 300°C up to 500 h has been extensively reported. Coarsening of the dispersed (Ge) phase as well as the dissolution of the hard (Ge) phase into the soft (Au) matrix is observed during thermal aging. Shear testing and nano-indentation confirmed the loss of strength of the Au-Ge bulk solder during thermal aging at 300°C. However, a fraction of the lost strength was recovered during the final stages of thermal aging at 300°C for 500 h. The coarsening effect was more pre-dominant in the Au-Si eutectic alloy. The pace at which the Au-Si eutectic alloy loses its strength during aging at 300°C is significantly higher, when compared to Au-Ge eutectic alloy. The possibility of averting the grain coarsening in Au-Ge eutectic solder alloy by micro-alloying has also been explored. Among the low melting point metals, Sn has been identified as a potential candidate, since it can dissolve in the (Ge) phase. The reliability of the solder joint is also influenced by the intermetallic compounds (IMC) formed between the bulk solder and the solder wettable layer of the under-bump metallization (UBM). Hence, the interfacial reactions between the Au-Ge and Au-Si eutectic solder alloys and the electroless nickel immersion gold (ENIG) and Cu/Au UBMs have also been extensively studied. ENIG has been identified as a prospective UBM candidate for these eutectic alloys as their consumption during aging and wetting is minimal. Based on the present work's findings, it can be concluded that among the binary eutectic alloys, Au-Ge eutectic alloy is better suited for high-temperature applications.


Crosslinked poly[3-(methacryloylamino)propyl]dimethyl(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide-co-2-acrylamido glycolic acid [P(MAAPDSA-co-AGCO)] was synthesized by radical polymerization and tested as an adsorbent under competitive and noncompetitive conditions for Cu(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), Zn(II), Pb(II), and Cr(III) by batch and column equilibrium procedures. The resin–metal ion equilibrium was achieved before 1 h. The resin showed a maximum retention capacity value for Hg(II) at pH 2 of 1.084 meq/g. The recovery of the resin was investigated at 20°C under different concentrations of HNO3 and HClO4. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 3679–3685, 2004


We demonstrate a time-domain terahertz video captured at 16 fps using a plasmonic photoconductive terahertz focal-plane array that provides hyperspectral and spatial amplitude and phase information of the imaged object simultaneously.


In the coffee rooms of physics departments during this past year, few subjects have had the potential to arouse discussions as heated as those over cold fusion. In the UK, one such topic has been the concentration of university physics research. Until the Universities funding Council (UFC) decided not to implement the recommendations of physics subject review, there was a possibility that university research would be restructured as was Earth sciences before it. Although this prospect has receded somewhat (Physics World November p5), proposals to concentrate research are unlikely to evaporate completely. First, that the idea has been considered before, in the late 1960s, by what was the Science Research Council (SRC) indicates that it could well return in a few years' time. Secondly, the research councils and the universities themselves are by now well aware that small departments are out of favour and may incorporate this into their plans.


In this queueing model service process is split into two phases called first essential service and second essential service. Here the occurrence of breakdown during first essential service and second essential service are different. When the server got failure during first essential service, service process will be interrupted and sent to repair station immediately. On contrary during second essential service when the server got failure the service will not be interrupted, it performs continuously for current batch by doing some technical precaution arrangements. Server will be repaired after the service completion during renewal period. On service completion, if the queue length is less than 'a' then the server leaves for vacation. During vacation if the queue length reaches the value 'a' then the server breaks the vacation and performs preparatory work to start first essential service. Various performance measures and cost effective model with appropriate numerical solution of the model are presented.


As the project benefits is poor,Chongqing plans for welfare and medium-sized water conservancy construction in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period is facing serious financial difficulties.This paper analyzes the basic pattern of the medium-sized water conservancy construction in Chongqing,believing that conventional financing can not solve money problems and complete of construction.However,financial capital and future income of land Reserve will form a stable cash flow for Owners of units Chongqing Water Conservancy Investment Group Co.,Ltd.BOT and BT investment and financing methods can advance to the current use of future cash flow To solve the current financial difficulties and ensure the smooth construction of water conservancy.


Various armed forces come to the same conclusion: that stress management could be a key factor distinguishing winners from losers. Organizational, operational and combat stress management also plays a crucial role in the achievement of the efficiency of the Slovenian Armed Forces. A unique approach to this issue is offered by the Art of Living anti-stress programs created by one of the largest international non-governmental organisations in the world, the Art of Living Foundation, which are currently implemented in over 140 countries world-wide. Studies show that the Art of Living antistress programs have numerous positive psychological, psychosocially-rehabilitation, neurophysiologic, biochemical and biophysical effects, which may be directly relevant to operational, organizational and combat stress management of the armed forces. The paper focuses on the findings of certain foreign and Slovenian studies, including researches of the Art of Living anti-stress program's effectiveness in dealing with the consequences of combat stress on police officers in the U.S., its impacts on the post traumatic stress disorder on Australian war veterans, its effects on oxidative stress and biochemical indicators of stress in training of recruits of Police Academy in India, as well as its applicability as the anti-stress program in the Slovenian Police.


The solubilities of taurine in different solvents,such as water and water + sodium sulfate solution,were measured by using laser monitoring technique at atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of 294.07—339.72 K.The equation for solubility of ideal solution,Apelblat equation,and λh equation were used to correlate the solubility of taurine in the aqueous solutions of inorganic salts.The models are in good agreement with experimental data.The correlation results of Apelblat equation are better than those of λh equation and the ideal solution equation.The result provides thermodynamic data for new synthesis method,engineering design and industry production of taurine.


When resonant collisional energy transfer occurs in a radiation field of frequency comparable to the inverse of the collision time, Ramsey interference fringes are observed in the cross section. At low frequencies the fringes are phase dependent, but at high frequencies they are not. The fringes may be understood with a quasistatic field description, which ties together the low- and high-frequency regimes


The present invention can be obtained by oxidative decomposition of the nonaqueous electrolytic solution results in less performance degradation, excellent cycle life of lithium ion secondary battery. The lithium ion secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode having a lithium metal as a reference potential is above 4.5V presents positive electrode active material, a negative electrode, and a lithium ion secondary dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent, a lithium salt in a non-aqueous electrolyte solution battery, a non-aqueous solvent is a cyclic carbonate and chain carbonate as a main component, a non-aqueous electrolyte added with boron ethoxide.


The Qur'an as a miracle is not only a reading material although reading it will be rewarded, also to be understood, Dihayati, are, practiced and investigated the secrets of his patients. The implementation of the reading of the Qur'an is done using the method of shove, which is the student reading in front of the trainer who became the teacher and. As for the problem in the teaching of reading write Qur'an (BTQ) is all components of teaching itself covering the material that is less complete, the competence of the teaching less, the difference in the intelligence of participants, lack of teaching media. This activity was carried out with the following stages; 1) The recitation of the Qur'an, 2) practice guiding the Ordinances of prayer and Wudoo, and 3) the process of learning to teach through writing media and skills. As for the effort taken in the teaching of reading, Quran Qur'an includes trying to complement the facilities of infrastructure using a variety of methods.


Summary— Defects in ion channel activity have been linked to increased susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmia in congenital and acquired forms of heart disease. Over the past 20 years, gene variants in ion channels have been discovered that increase arrhythmia susceptibility by altering ion channel biophysics. Although these studies have generated insight into molecular mechanisms underlying human disease and have advanced our understanding of ion channel function, the mechanistic link between specific molecular defects and arrhythmias remains elusive in many cases. Membrane protein posttranslational modifications are an essential mechanism for regulating cell function in heart. Importantly, alterations in posttranslational modification of ion channel proteins have now been identified in heart disease. Our findings demonstrate that human variants that modify a validated phosphorylation motif for Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase in the cardiac sodium channel confer a proarrhythmic cellular phenotype by mimicking the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II–phosphorylated channel. Moreover, we provide data that a similar defect in posttranslational modification of Nav1.5 is present in a large-animal model of ischemic heart disease and human heart failure. We propose that the A572D and Q573E human arrhythmia variants belong to an emerging class of atypical ion channel mutations that confer arrhythmia susceptibility by affecting posttranslational modification. These studies add to mounting evidence that defects in local signaling and protein posttranslational modification help define disease phenotypes associated with a broad range of cardiac arrhythmia syndromes. Conclusions— We identify the mechanism for 2 human arrhythmia variants that affect Nav1.5 channel activity through direct effects on channel posttranslational modification. We propose that the CaMKII phosphorylation motif in the Nav1.5 DI-DII cytoplasmic loop is a critical nodal point for proarrhythmic changes to Nav1.5 Summary— Heterotaxy patients have some of the most complex congenital heart disease. Although surgical advances now allow palliation and repair of even the most complex structural heart defects, the clinical management of heterotaxy patients remains challenging. Heterotaxy patients have unexplained higher morbidity and mortality, often with long clinical courses and increased respiratory complications. Although this higher morbidity and mortality is usually attributed to the heart disease, the underlying cause remains largely unknown. Because motile cilia are required both for left-right patterning and for mucociliary clearance in the airway, we hypothesize that heterotaxy patients may have risk for airway clearance defects that overlap with that of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). PCD is a heritable disorder characterized by both laterality defects and also sinopulmonary disease arising from airway cilia motility defects that compromise mucus clearance. Using 2 simple tests normally used for PCD assessment, we showed that 42% of heterotaxy patients with CHD have airway ciliary dysfunction (CD). This included the observation of abnormal cilia motility by videomicroscopy of nasal scrapes, and also low nasal nitric oxide (NO) levels similar to the low NO levels seen with PCD. Furthermore, sequencing analysis showed that heterotaxy patients with CD are significantly enriched for novel coding variants in genes known to cause PCD. Together these findings suggest that CHD patients with heterotaxy may benefit from preoperative screening for CD, with pulmonary therapy to be provided prophylactically to enhance airway clearance in patients with CD. Such a change in the standard of care may improve outcome and reduce morbidity/mortality in CHD patients with heterotaxy. Conclusions— Our studies show that CHD patients with heterotaxy have substantial risk for CD and increased respiratory disease. Heterotaxy patients with CD were enriched for mutations in PCD genes. Future studies are needed to assess the potential benefit of prescreen-ing and prophylactically treating heterotaxy patients for CD. 3 13q34 (COL4A1/COL4A2 and 1p13 (SORT1 These findings reinforce the important role of variation at multiple genes in the pathogenesis of coronary atherosclerosis. Although the functional mechanism of many of these genetic associations remains to be determined, our comprehensive study lays the ground-work for future studies to determine the role of several genes in treatment, prediction, and prevention of coronary atherosclerosis and resulting myocardial infarction and other clinically apparent forms of coronary heart disease. Summary— Molecular research in heart failure points to the hypothesis that a generic cardiac genomic response is activated in the failing myocardium regardless of the original inciting cause. This cardiac genomic stress response is typified by the re-expression of fetal genes, upregulation of fibrosis-related genes, and others. It may also reflect unifying features of a failed myocardium such as fibrosis, altered energy use, vascular rarefaction, cell death, and altered contractility, all of which are features found in the failing myocardium again regardless of the inciting cause. The epigenome refers to "marks" on the genome, including DNA methylation and histone modification. The epigenome regulates the expression of underlying genes, and recent evidence suggests that part of the epigenome may be altered by diet and the environ-ment. In our research, we have examined the genome-wide landscape of the epigenome of healthy and end-stage cardiomyopathic human hearts. We have determined that distinct epigenomic patterns exist in important DNA elements of the human cardiac genome in the failing myocardium. Individually, sites of differential epigenomic patterns may control the expression of specific genes with critical functions in the progression of heart failure. However whether the altered epigenome is simply a consequence in end-stage disease or actually contributes to disease progression remains to be determined. This work now opens an important new avenue of research because the epigenome may represent a drug discovery target for novel heart failure therapy. Conclusions— Distinct epigenomic patterns exist in important DNA elements of the cardiac genome in human end-stage cardiomyopathy. The epigenome may control the expression of local or distal genes with critical functions in myocardial stress response. If epigenomic patterns track with disease progression, assays for the epigenome may be useful for assessing prognosis in heart failure. Further studies are needed to determine whether and how the epigenome contributes to the development of cardiomyopathy. 7 Summary— Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomy-opathy (ARVD/C) usually shows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, with incomplete penetrance and variable clinical expression. Classically, index patients present between the second and fourth decades of life with right ventricular tachycardia. However, sudden death can occur at adolescence, whereas mutation carriers may remain without signs and symptoms until old age. Previous geno-type-phenotype studies involved mainly overt index patients. Data on mainly asymptomatic relatives were scarce. To gain insight into the full spectrum of the disease, 149 ARVD/C index patients and 302 of their relatives were genotypically and phenotypically characterized. DNA analysis comprised sequencing of the desmosomal genes PKP2, DSC2, DSG2, DSP, and JUP and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification to identify large deletions in PKP2. Pathogenic mutations were identified in 87 of 149 ARVD/C index patients (58%), mainly truncating PKP2 mutations with multiple mutations in 2% of cases. Performing multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification also appeared to be important; its 2% mutational yield was compa-rable to the sequencing of DSG2 or DSC2. Identification of mutations in index patients had major consequences for the concurrent relatives. may not be sufficient to explain many cases of inherited cardiomyopathy. These findings highlight the continued importance of cosegregation and other supporting data in determining variant pathogenicity. Conclusions— Genes associated with cardiomyopathy carry very low rates of population variation. The existence in population data of variants with strong evidence for pathogenicity suggests that even for Mendelian disease genetics, a probabilistic weighting of multiple variants may be preferred over the single gene causality model. 9 tissue syndrome as Marfan, Loeys-Dietz, and Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, but nonsyndromic TAAs also occur as genetically triggered inherited disorders. Genetically triggered TAAs account for ≈ 20% of TAAs. Prior analyses of familial TAA in research cohorts have identified disease-causing mutations in genes encoding myosin heavy chain 11 (MYH11), α -smooth muscle actin (ACTA2), and transforming growth β receptors I and II (TGF β RI and TGF β RII). Mutational analyses of these 4 genes were now performed in a cohort of patients routinely presenting to cardiovascular clinics and suspected to have genetically mediated nonsyndromic aortic disease. Nine percent of patients had a mutation in one of the 4 genes analyzed. Three percent of patients had mutations in ACTA2, 3% in MYH11, and 3% in TGF β RII. TGF β RII mutations included ones identified in an alternatively spliced TGF β RII exon, exon 1a, that encodes the TGF β RIIb iso-form. These TGF β RII exon 1a mutations occurred in 2% of these TAA patients and suggest that altered TGF β 2 signaling contributes to aneurysm pathogenesis. This study's findings support the potential value to cardiovascular practitioners of genetic testing with a multigene aortic disease gene panel in the diagnostic workup of TAA patients. Conclusions— We propose that TGF β RIIb expression is a regula-tory mechanism for TGF β 2 signal tr


We assume that those who make decisions understand and are interested in systemic or holistic assessments. But my experience in Brazil and my interpretation of what is happening in other countries reveals that this is not so. Unsustainable projects are being implemented everywhere as a joint effort of national governments and private enterprises. How is this possible? The answer is that decisions are based on a goal of maintaining control of the unfair exchange between world system center and periphery. This unethical behavior is based on a pragmaticallyoriented Eurocentric Philosophy that neglects other societies and destroys their cultural values and devastates their natural systems.


This study surveyed planting areas along streets in Gangwon-do to find out how to improve the planting and use of street trees and herbaceous plants. There were 301,491 trees of 41 species on the streets of Gangwon-do in 2004. The predominant species of street trees were Ginkgo biloba (), Prunus spp. (Prunus yedoensis and Prunus sargentii) (), Platanus occidentalis (), followed by Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Zelkova serrata, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu, Acer palmatum, and Pinus thunbergii. Eighty-four herbaceous plant species were found in the Youngseo district (the southern area of Gangwon-do); the ratio of native species to exotic was 51:33. The predominant species were Cosmos bipinnatus, Petunia hybrida, Tagetes spp., Aster koraiensis, and Fagopyrum esculentum. Eighty-nine herbaceous plant species were found in the Youngdong district (the eastern area of Gangwon-do); the ratio of native species to exotic was 55:33. The predominant herbaceous plants were Aster koraiensis, Tagetes spp., Petunia hybrida, Rudbeckia bicolor, Cosmos bipinnatus, Salvia splendens, Brassica oleraceae var. acephala, Aquilegia buergeriana var. oxysepala, Coreopsis drummondii, Viola tricolor, and Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus. Appropriate pruning adds to the aesthetic value of trees and prolongs their useful life; it also maintains good health and thereby reduces the need to control insects and diseases. Street trees had not been properly pruned due to the presence of power lines and a shortage of pruning information. The pruning was controlled by Korea Electric Power Company, which has no pruning information. Pruning must be maintained by a professional landscape company in order to maintain good shape, such as that which is done for bonsai. In order to improve the planting, use and maintenance of landscape plants in Gangwon-do, the following recommendations are made: street tree species should be diversified, suitable street trees should be selected for each space, native species should generally be used, trees should be appropriately pruned and properly fertilized, pests and diseases should be controlled, plantings should be done in multiple layers, spatial arrangements should be improved, larger trees should be planted, and drainage and underground electric wires should be considered when planting.


In this paper we build on work by Gallant and Golub (1984), Diewert and Wales (1987), and Barnett (2002) and provide a comparison among three different methods of imposing theoretical regularity on flexible functional forms—reparameterization using Cholesky factorization, constrained optimization, and Bayesian methodology. We apply the methodology to a translog cost and share equation system and make a distinction between local, regional, pointwise, and global regularity. We find that the imposition of curvature at a single point does not always assure regularity. We also find that the imposition of global concavity (at all possible, positive input prices), irrespective of the method used, exaggerates the elasticity estimates and rules out the possibility of a complementarity relationship among the inputs. Finally, we find that constrained optimization and the Bayesian methodology with regional (over a neighborhood of data points in the sample) or pointwise (at every data point in the sample) concavity imposed can guarantee inference consistent with neoclassical microeconomic theory, without compromising much of the flexibility of the functional form.


Abstract : The Microterminal/Microfiche system is the result of a three-phase effort toward establishing a stand-alone, testing device to complement technical training in a computer-based instructional (CBI) environment. The objectives in developing such a system were to interface existing Air Force microterminals with low-cost, commercially available microfiche readers via computer hardware and software in order to provide the capability for using microfiche as a testing medium; to develop computer hardware and software interfaces between a grading microterminal and a microcomputer; and to develop microcomputer software; all of which would facilitate test management and administrative functions. The system supports progression testing (i.e., the serial presentation of criterion-referenced test items), as well as selective testing (i.e., the ability to retest students over similar material with a different test algorithm). Because of the interfacing capability of the microterminal and its data-input characteristics, the system is flexible enough for consideration to be given to the microterminal's role as something other than a testing device. System configurations could include videodisk players, as well as filmstrips, slides, etc., for presentation media synchronized with the response handling capability of the microterminal and at considerable savings relative to other CBI systems. (Author)


In an increasingly interdependent and transnational world, the community interest of protecting human rights has led to the need to address human rights violations by private parties abroad through a range of state measures. The chapter seeks to analyze how states have resorted to extraterritorial measures when trying to control companies that may infringe the human rights entitlements of individuals or groups. At the same time, it seeks to move beyond the descriptive to a normative debate about the lawfulness and legitimacy of such attempts. It finally develops an argument for a rethinking of the traditional jurisdictional principles, toward a community obligation-driven, substantive justification for the exercise of jurisdiction. The exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction often leads to friction because it may infringe upon the territorial jurisdiction of another state. Where a state exercises extraterritorial jurisdiction over companies operating abroad, such jurisdiction appears justified as the enforcement of community values.


Abstract European monetary policymakers face tough choices regarding the inflation and uncertainty fuelled by the war in Ukraine. They need to bring an end to the large-scale asset purchases and negative interest rates that have been the bulwarks of monetary-policy accommodation since 2015. They must also ensure that European monetary policy can be applied across countries while holding down the differences in sovereign borrowing costs between those governments that are financially strong, such as Germany, and those that are in a weaker position, such as Italy. Any solution to the problem of widening borrowing costs that is consistent with fighting inflation will impose losses on the central banks of stronger countries, while making it cheaper for those governments that receive support to borrow. Whatever it decides, the European Central Banks's Governing Council does not have to be political to be perceived by the European public as making a political choice.


"Petropreneurs" have created almost all the market value in the past five years Deal-making skills have become more important than scale or technology Is it time the majors did something radical? "If integrated international oil companies did not already exist, there would be no reason to create new ones." A manager of institutional capital Herold Industry Insights, November 1994 The vertically integrated international oil company no longer represents the winning formula in the petroleum business. Instead, a new breed of tightly focused and vertically specialized "petropreneurs" are capturing most of the industry's growth and shareholder value. Consider the recent financial performance of the major oil companies. On aggregate, the shares of Exxon, Shell, Mobil, Chevron, Texaco, Amoco, and BP lagged the SP Fortune Oil's entry as an independent gasoline marketer and energy infrastructure provider in China; and the success of Reliance Industries in India, Seven Seas in Columbia, and Arakis in Sudan. Meanwhile, many of the US-based petropreneurs, including Enron, Koch Industries, and Apache, are strenuously pursuing international opportunities as a cornerstone of their long-term strategy. …


This article considers the period understood between 1990 and  2010, when the actions of armed groups in the high ground of  San Cristobal were clearer in order to keep territorial control,  especially over the routes of  communication with other municipalities. Here, elements that make possible the comprehension  of the current context of  the observed territory stand out, for  which a sketch of the history of  the locality was made, and three  key points in which the armed groups had an impact were developed: the configuration of the space, the social relations and the  political participation


Transformer with integrated inductor of the type comprising: a first core; a second core having at least one winding; and a third core having at least one winding; being said independent cores, wherein said first core is a core in the form of? I? and said second and third cores are shaped nuclei? E? They comprising: a core part; two substantially orthogonal to said trunk and disposed at the ends of said part trocal part end arms; and a substantially orthogonal to said trunk portion disposed between the end arms central arm; said cores being arranged in? E? facing each other with shaped core? I? among them.


Thermogravimetric analysis of karanja (Pongamia glabra) and neem seeds (Azadirachta Indica) at 20°C/min, 25°C/min in the air, and 25°C/min in N2 atmosphere was studied and kinetic parameter (activation energy) was determined by using thermogravimetric curves. The results showed that karanja and neem seeds can be characterized as high calorific value and high volatile matter content biomass materials. Kinetic analysis of karanja and neem seeds was also given meticulous attention. Karanja and neem seeds have the potential either to be converted into bio-fuels, useful chemicals feedstock, or used as fuel for energy.


—We propose a technique to transform event logs of any size into compact visualizations that we call VisuELs (Visualization of Event Logs). VisuELs are particularly useful in the exploratory phase of a process mining project to extract key insights about an event log (e.g., average length, top activities, patterns of behaviours). New VisuELs can be generated using Python or a web-based tool without fine-tuning any parameter.


Endovascular aortic repair has become the main therapeutic means of abdominal aortic aneurysm gradually. It has many advantages, such as lower requirements on the patient's general condition, less blood loss and trauma, faster postoperative recovery and shorter hospitalization time, widen the scope of operation and solved a lot of problems that they were still difficulties originally. However, it still needs reasonable choice of the indications, the investigation of contraindication, and focusing on the patient's wishes. Along with the increasing in the number of clinical cases of endovascular surgery, some practical difficult problems have been encountered to solve, which need to accumulate experiences continuously, understand the technical points, through material improvements and technological advances to be perfect.


Several prior research contributions [15, 9] have explored the problem of distinguishing "benign" and harmful data races to make it easier for programmers to focus on a subset of the output from a data race detector. Here we argue that, although such a distinction makes sense at the machine code level, it does not make sense at the C or C++ source code level.

n one sense, this is obvious: The upcoming thread specifications for both languages [6, 7] treat all data races as errors, as does the current Posix threads specification. And experience has shown that it is difficult or impossible to specify anything else. [1, 2]

Nonetheless many programmers clearly believe, along with [15] that certain kinds of data races can be safely ignored in practice because they will produce expected results with all reasonable implementations. Here we show that all kinds of C or C++ source-level "benign" races discussed in the literature can in fact lead to incorrect execution as a result of perfectly reasonable compiler transformations, or when the program is moved to a different hardware platform. Thus there is no reason to believe that a currently working program with "benign races" will continue to work when it is recompiled. Perhaps most surprisingly, this includes even the case of potentially concurrent writes of the same value by different threads.


The shape of a droplet moving on a solid substrate is largely determined by the mobility of its contact line. Above a certain critical velocity, the droplet typically disintegrates and leaves residual liquid behind. We studied experimentally how localized infrared laserillumination can stabilize it against the progressive loss of liquid. We systematically varied the substrate velocity, the laser power, and the laser spot position and found that the critical velocity of the droplet can be substantially increased. These results are potentially important for increasing throughput in immersion lithography systems.


Horses, horse-breeding and horse-keeping, as well as the trade in these animals played an important role in the history of Asia´s pre- and early modern civilisations. However, horses were unequally distributed over the Asian continent and their acquisition was usually associated with different expectations. When the knowledge spread that horses could be profitably used in warfare as well as for overland transportation and for agriculture, this did not only promote trade relations, but also led to the emergence of new cultural links, often between distant sites, both by land and by sea. The contributions to this volume, twenty-one articles in all, are based on a conference entitled "Horses in Asia" that was organised by the Institute of Iranian Studies of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in October 2006.The articles are arranged into four regional sections: (1) Iran and West Asia, (2) Central Asia, (3) the Indian Ocean, (4) and China. They are complemented by a preface and two introductory essays.Each article takes its own approach, while, at the same time, opening doors to related academic fields, the main interest lying in the transfer of horses between different regions.


This article tries to explore an objective and useful assessment methodology to evaluate the development of Civic Scientific Literacy Construction (CSLC) among different provinces in China, and promote the improvement of CSLC. This paper puts forward a fair view on CSLC, builds the Index of Scientific Literacy Construction (ISLC) to evaluate the disparity among regions in China. This assessment methodology can provide the credible reference to allocate Science Popularization (SP) resources more fairly.


The subject of the present paper is the following. Suppose that "W" is a class of adapted, right-continuous processes on the continuous time horizon [0, 1], and for every stopping time and "W", () is bounded below. A necessary and sufficient condition will be given for the existence of a probability measure "Q" which is equivalent to the original measure and such that each process in "W" is a martingale under "Q". If the processes in "W" represent the discounted prices of available securities, then the condition given here for the existence of a martingale measure can be interpreted as absence of "free lunch" in the securities market. This is a familiar kind of theorem from the finance literature; the novelty of this paper is that the security prices are not required to be in "LP" for some 1 "p", nor are they assumed to be continuous. Also, the concept of free lunch is invariant under the substitution of the original probability measure by an equivalent probability measure. the assumption that () is bounded below for every "W" and stopping time is quite natural since prices are nonnegative. Copyright 1993 Blackwell Publishers.


In modern pediatrics, the problem of early diagnosis of purulent-septic complications in critically ill newborns is complicated due to the development of a systemic inflammatory response immediately after the birth manifested by progressive respiratory insufficiency, increasing haemodynamics disturbance and multiple organ failure. The immune system is sure to play a leading role in the development, clinical course and outcome of inflammatory diseases in children. Therefore, the research of objective, highly sensitive and specific markers for the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis remains to be actual. (Cytokines and Inflammation. 2011. Vol. 10. No 4. P. 101–104.)


Atomistic structures of Ba1−xSrxTiO3 (x ≤ 0.5) determined by molecular-dynamics simulations are compared with five types of experimental structural data and with the results of multiple-technique Reverse Monte Carlo refinements. The simulations and experimental studies agree on many fundamental aspects of the local atomic displacements; in some cases, this agreement is quantitative, in others only semi-quantitative. Key local-structure characteristics of the solid solutions are identified along with a possible mechanism of dielectric relaxation.


Lack of security awareness amongst end users when dealing with online banking and electronic commerce leave many client side application vulnerabilities open. Thus, this is enables attackers to exploit the vulnerabilities and launch client-side attacks such as man-in-the-browser attack. The attack is designed to manipulate sensitive information via client's application such as internet browser by taking advantage of the browser's extension vulnerabilities. This attack exists due to lack of preventive measurement to detect any malicious changes on the client side platform. Therefore, in this paper we are proposing an enhanced remote authentication protocol with hardware based attestation and pseudonym identity enhancement to mitigate man-in-the-browser attacks as well as improving user identity privacy. 204 International Journal of Cyber-Security and Digital Forensics (IJCSDF) 1(3): 204-210 The Society of Digital Information and Wireless Communications (SDIWC) 2012 (ISSN: 2305-0012)


This study attempts to improve the forecasting accuracy of rolling grey model by applying Gaussian bare-bones differential evolution (GBDE) to optimize the weight of background value and number of data points used to construct a rolling-GM(1,1). Experimental results on two real time series forecasting problems show that the proposed GBDE-based rolling-GM(l,l) outperforms the traditional rolling-GM(l,l) in terms of fitting accuracy and forecasting accuracy.


A short formal synthesis of squalamine is described, utilizing the biotransformation product 2, which is available in one step from commercially available 3-keto-23,24-bisnorchol-4-en-22-ol (1). Regioselective C-22 oxidation and C-24 sulfation of the corresponding alcohols in the presence of a free C-7 alcohol make for an efficient preparation of squalamine intermediate 11.


List of Figures Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations Introduction: Lines of Hygiene, Boundaries of Rule Vaccination: Foreign Bodies, Contagion and Colonialism Smallpox: The Spaces and Subjects of Public Health Tuberculosis: Governing Healthy Citizens Leprosy: Segregation and Imperial Hygiene Quarantine: Imagining the Geo-Body of a Nation Foreign Bodies: Immigration, International Hygiene and White Australia Sex: Public Health, Social Hygiene and Eugenics Conclusion Notes Select Bibliography


G.E.P. Box's seminal suggestions for Evolutionary Operation led other statisticians to propose algorithms for numerical optimization that rely exclusively on the direct comparison of function values. These contributions culminated in the development of the widely used sim-plex algorithm of Nelder and Mead. Recent examination of these popular methods by the numerical optimization community has produced new insights. Numerical experiments and carefully constructed examples have revealed that the Nelder-Mead algorithm may be unreliable even in fairly simple situations. In contrast, many of the original methods, which we collectively describe as pattern searches, are guaranteed to converge to a stationary point of the objective function under conventional nonlinear programming assumptions. In addition, the structure of these algorithms is such that they are easily parallelized. We will briefly survey the history of pattern search methods and explicate their common structure, pointing out the key features that the Nelder-Mead simplex algorithm lacks. We will close with some practical suggestions for using pattern searches in serial and in distributed computing environments.


Recently the UICC‐TNM classification for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) was changed neglecting the special circumstances for children affected by the disease. While the 1997 TNM classification grouped tumours ≤1 cm as T1, the 2002 system changed this to a margin of ≤2 cm. The consequences of this change were evaluated by analysing patients enrolled in the multicentre interdisciplinary therapy study of the German Society of Paediatric Oncology and Haematology (GPOH) on malignant endocrine tumours in children and adolescents, GPOH‐MET 97.


Active microwave imaging techniques are aimed at reconstructing an unknown region under test by means of suitable inversion algorithms starting from the measurement of the scattered electromagnetic field. Within such a framework, this paper focuses on an innovative strategy that fully exploits the information arising from the illumination of the investigation domain with different configurations as well as radiation patterns of the probing sources. The proposed approach can be easily integrated with multiview techniques and, unlike multifrequency methods, it does not require additive a-priori information on the dielectric nature of the scatterer under test. A large number of numerical simulations concerned with 2D geometries confirms the effectiveness of the inversion strategy as well as its robustness with respect to noise on data. Moreover, the results of a comparative study with single-source methodologies further point out the advantages and potentialities of the new approach. "(c) The Electromagnetics Academy - The final version of this article is available at the url of the journal PIER (Progress In Electromagnetics Research): http://www.jpier.org/PIER/pier.php?paper=09120803


Postcolonial theory and criticism have tended to ignore the specificity of Latin American experiences of decolonization, which are largely early-nineteenth-century phenomena. Using Slavoj Žižek's Marxist and psychoanalytic theory of ideology, I highlight the particularities of the poetry of independence in the 1820s and the political and cultural discourses of the Cuban Revolution of 1959. From these instances, I elaborate a concept of Latin American postcoloniality as the recurring product of an intellectual and political elite driven by an unconscious desire for the persistence of external and internal colonial relations, and I argue that the practice of Latin American studies in the United States should be related to this concept.


The development of a methodology for the effective assimilation of various information is one of the urgent problems of scientific and pedagogical activity. The course of anatomy, due to its specificity, is one of the most time-consuming subjects in medical education. In the preparation of first-year students at the Department of Human Anatomy, a phased level of education is used with a gradual complication of the information received. The use of mnemonics is impossible without certain knowledge about the features of memory, its forms and types, as well as the processes underlying memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval. There are very few mnemonics available for studying human anatomy in the medical literature. The purpose of the study was to offer mnemonics, especially rhymed, to improve students' memorization of human anatomy and thus to improve the knowledge of the subject. Results and discussion. The article presents the results of the study of mnemonics (rhymed, alliteration and visual schemes) and explains the features of their use for encoding, storage, and retrieval of educational material from different sections of human anatomy by students. Basic principles of mnemonics, such as the use of associations, elaborative encoding and creating the emotional bonds can be successfully integrated into the study of anatomy. One of the most effective methods in teaching human anatomy is schematization, that is a conditionally simplified image of the structure of morphological formations. While preparing for lectures and practical classes, anatomical drawings and diagrams are selected and adapted. The scheme allows to imagine and to understand the anatomical structures in various projections and different sections, to trace the topographic and functional connections of individual organs and systems as a whole. Thus students form a certain anatomical image as the basis for future clinical thinking. It is noted that memorizing the right terms, words, concepts, and explanation of some anatomical facts is much easier in the poetic form. Conclusion. By transforming anatomy teaching material into the form of visual image or by comparing it with existing knowledge using associations and rhyming provides more consistency, involvement in obtaining new knowledge, interest in classes. Association formation has a positive effect on the brain, helps to improve student's skills of synthesis, analysis and the ability to systematize knowledge, helps to memorize large amounts of information faster and more efficiently. The use of mnemonics, especially the method of rhyming, visual mnemonics, acronyms for human anatomy makes it possible to improve the quality of knowledge of the subject


The invention discloses a method for making an open steel drum and a special warp mould. The method comprises the following steps of: 1, making a steel plate into a drum body according to a preset dimension; 2, warping one end of the drum body by using the special warp mould; 3, performing internal spraying on the warped drum body; 4, baking the sprayed drum body at the temperature of 270 to 280 DEG C; 5, sealing the bottom of the baked steel drum; and 6, conveying the steel drum with the bottom to external spraying equipment to perform external spraying so as to obtain the open steel drum. The special warp mould comprises a template, wherein a positioning hole is formed in the center of the template; an internal ring pressing plate, an external ring pressing plate, an elastic wear-resisting plate are arranged at one side of the template; and the internal and external ring pressing plates press the elastic wear-resisting plate on the template tightly. The method has the advantages of saving labor force, material resources and time, reducing production cost and improving the production capacity of equipment by saving secondary high-temperature baking in the traditional process.


Background: Breast cancer has increased universally. Angiogenesis is an essential step for cancer growth, progression and metastasis. Recent studies have focused on Angiopoietin-2 as a promising biomarker in prospecting the prognosis of the cancer. Objective: Determine the relation between serum concentrations of Angiopoietin-2 and clinicopathological data in breast cancer patients. Methodology: This study is prospective, cohort type. It includes 30 women with breast cancer, who met the study criteria. The serum Ang-2 value was calibrated using ELISA technique. The data was processed using SPSS program. Results: Ang-2 serum levels were statistically significant associated with ER status (P = 0.036). However, no signifi¬cant correlation was observed between serum Ang-2 level and the other clinicopathologic param¬eters tested, including Histological type (P = 0.417), Clinical grade G (P = 0.91), Clinical stage T (P = 0.913), Clinical stage N (P = 0.086), PR status (P = 0.467), and HER-2 status (P = 0.791). Serum levels of Ang-2 for breast cancer patients was significantly higher than healthy control (20411.33± 6283.19 vs 1731.70± 368.35 pg/ml, P< 0.000). our data indicates that serum levels of Ang-2 has no correlation between the tumor grade and stage in breast cancer patients.


This paper presents the design of a low-cost programmable controller integrated circuit (IC) for general power electronics applications. The architecture of the programmable controller IC consists of 10-bit ADC and DAC, programmable counter array (PCA), which is configured to function as PWM, and a control unit (processor) for regulation. The processor unit is configured as digital compensator, through fewer program steps to perform accurate compensation on the voltage control loop of the converter system. Limit-cycle oscillation is minimized through inclusion of a sufficiently low integral gain term in the control law. A hybrid control method is first used to control the input voltage and current waveforms to achieve a unity power factor correction. It is observed that the programmable converter achieves the high efficiency power conversion. The conversion efficiency of the digital controlled boost converter is 91% with a 0.8% ripple voltage performance. While in power factor correction (PFC) circuit application, the power factor and output ripple voltage of converter are 0.995 and 0.93%, respectively. The chip is implemented with TSMC 0.25 um CMOS process.


Abstract. We have proposed reticulated photonic crystals (PhCs) on the top surface of conventional light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to increase the light extraction efficiency (LEE). The rigorous electromagnetic simulations based on the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method were carried out to investigate the optical properties of reticulated PhCs LEDs and mechanisms of reticulated PhCs improving the LEE of LEDs. Results from these simulations showed that more than 115% enhancement of LEE had been achieved for LEDs with reticulated PhCs period of 200 nm and depth of 200 nm. This study provides an innovative approach to the creation of high-efficiency LEDs of the upcoming generation.


The aim of adaptive hypermedia systems is to present personalized information for the users which are relevant and the way, which is the most suitable for them. In the article we analyse the usage of adaptive techniques Direct Guidance and Links Annotation for e-course personalization. The aim of the analysis is to find out which technique is more effective in meaning of didactic efficiency. We focused on the analysis of suitability of each adaptive technique depending on the type of educational material. In the experiment, we evaluated whether using of direct adaptive technique (e.g. technique of Direct Guidance, Hiding Links) is preferable in the lessons which are aimed at modification of the previous students' knowledge as in the lesson aimed at acquiring new knowledge.


Today, there are lots of enthusiasms on Education quality because every body knows that the total quality management Education TQME in a community is the education quality. This research which is done through a surveying method, has been done to find the education quality, dimensions in 6 area of the Islamic Azad university units through comparing samples. The data has been collected using a questionaire with sixty questions, at the end, suggestions No, 51, 33 and 14 were questioned.


The article is devoted to the analysis of energy, economic and environmental efficiency, which are achieved by using indirect adiabatic cooling of air in the central air conditioner instead of direct cooling. Two corresponding schematic diagrams of air conditioning systems are considered. As a result of the calculations, it was found that indirect adiabatic cooling of the air makes it possible to reduce the consumption of cold and electricity by 65%. The monetary equivalent of reducing energy consumption can reach UAH 14,760 for 4 months of operation of the air conditioning system in cooling mode. Also, the use of this mode of operation of climatic equipment makes it possible to obtain a certain environmental effect in the form of reducing carbon dioxide emissions at the level of 5.15 tons per season. Keywords: indirect evaporative cooling, refrigeration capacity, irrigation chamber, economic efficiency, ecological effect


Abstract. The Bermuda High (BH) quasi-permanent pressure system is the key large-scale circulation pattern influencing summertime weather over the eastern and southern US. Here we developed a multiple linear regression (MLR) model to characterize the effect of the BH on year-to-year changes in monthly-mean maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) ozone in the Houston–Galveston–Brazoria (HGB) metropolitan region during June, July, and August (JJA). The BH indicators include the longitude of the BH western edge (BH-Lon) and the BH intensity index (BHI) defined as the pressure gradient along its western edge. Both BH-Lon and BHI are selected by MLR as significant predictors (p


The influence of correlation between thermal displacements of atoms in string on the calculated Rutherford backscattering spectra under channelling conditions was studied. This correlation was incorporated into the existing Monte Carlo computer code by means of sampling the displacements from distribution transformed by the variance-covariance matrix. Various methods of implementing the correlation into calculation were used. As a result the deformation of energy spectrum was obtained. The explicit decrease in surface peak due to the correlation was observed. The significance of this effect decreases with increasing temperature. Calculation were performed in a wide region of temperatures, up to the melting point. PACS numbers: 61.80.Mk, 63.20.—e


Founded in theory and empirical research, we developed the Sexual Values and Behaviors Discrepancy Model (SVBDM) as reflective model for counselors to follow in order to assist their clients in safely reducing discrepancies between their ideal and practiced sexual beliefs, values, and behaviors. The SVBDM is a wellness-informed and sex-positive approach to working with clients and is comprised of three steps: Identification and Operationalization of Potential Sexual Issues, Counselor's Self-Assessment, and Reducing Discrepancies and Maintaining Safety. We note practical implications and potential limitations of this model as well as recommendations for future research.


Reactions of β-acids in wort and in mineral acids and alkali have been investigated. Under acidic conditions colupulone lost isopentenyl side chains forming two isomeric butenols. Under alkaline conditions two after-bitter compounds were formed, the structures of which were elucidated. They were also found in an isomerized hop extract.


Recently, the polyphenols and theobromine present in cocoa beans have shown to exhibit anti-cariogenic and remineralization effect. The studies have been demonstrated that cocoa polyphenols inhibit the enzyme dextransucrase, cellular growth and acid production by cariogenic microorganisms which are responsible for caries formation. The reports suggest that theobromine readily available in cocoa displays enhanced surface recrystallization, increased resistance to acid dissolution by enamel crystals and increased surface enamel microhardness in comparison to commercially available fluoride agent. However, literature search on isolated components of cocoa bean in a drug delivery system is not been reported. Hence the isolated compounds of cocoa beans such as theobromine, catechin, and epicatechin were coupled with benzoin powder and agarose in the dental varnish formulation. The novelty of this new dental varnish lies in its ability to possess sustained drug release potential which is suitable for oral conditions, and it can eliminate the adverse effect of dental fluorosis associated with commercially available fluoride varnish since it is composed of natural compounds. This novel varnish possesses both antibacterial and remineralizing effect with increased patient compliance.


Synthesis methods of dihydropyridines, tetrahydropirimido[4,5-b]quinolines and thiazolidinones with arylfurane fragments based on the use of 5-aryl-2-furancarbaldehydes are developed. Key words: furan derivatives, 5-arylfuran-2-carbaldehydes, cyclizations, dihydropyridines, pyrimido[4,5-b]quinolines, thiazolidinones.


In order to study heavy metal pollution of surface sediments in Shahu Lake,the pollution degree of heavy metal in the surface sediments was evaluated by the geological acumination index (Igeo) and the potential ecological risk index(RI) respectively. The following results were: mercury and cadmium were the main heavy metal pollution in the surface sediments. The Shahu Lake could be divided into three sections according to the potential ecological risk index: medium pollution area in the birdland and major fairway part of Shahu Lake; strong pollution area in dock and central part of Shahu Lake; very strong pollution area in breeding part the surface sediments in Shahu Lake.


Upon its identification in 1989, mutations in the gene encoding the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) were conclusively linked to cystic fibrosis. Many of the resultant mutant proteins were shown to misfold during synthesis and be selected for degradation by protein quality control machinery. However, small molecule "corrector" compounds help shield some variants from recognition by degradative machinery, improving protein trafficking in cell culture. Although some of these correctors have received FDA approval, their use in patients has had limited and variable efficacy. Based on emerging data, I propose that inhibition of certain E3 ubiquitin ligases— the enzymes ultimately responsible for committing CFTR to degradation— could synergize with corrector treatment to favor enhanced CFTR maturation and function. Specifically, I propose that the ubiquitin ligase CHIP is among the most attractive candidates for chemical inhibition because it is so broadly involved in the triage of misfolded CFTR substrates, contributing to the turnover of CFTR both at the endoplasmic reticulum as it is synthesized and at the cell surface where it functions. As a first step toward this goal, I have developed assays to measure ubiquitin conjugation and CHIP activity in a variety of conditions, and most notably in the presence of misfolded CFTR variants. In this thesis, I present my findings from these assays and discuss how these results further our understanding of the degradation of misfolded, disease-causing CFTR variants.


Catfish farming is one of the businesses that is very much in demand by the community, because it can improve the community's economy. However, not all catfish farming businesses can produce maximum results. This can be caused by several factors, both from feed, management and water quality. Decrease in water quality can be caused by feces and fish feed residue. Poor water quality can cause the growth process, physiology and level of fish behavior to be disturbed. Efforts that can be done is to use aquatic plants as phytoremediation. The plants used in this study were Azolla sp, Eichhornia crassipes, Lemna sp, Ipomoea aquatic. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The parameters observed in this study were ammonia levels, pH, and plant population. The results showed that Eichhornia crassipes and Lemna sp were able to reduce ammonia levels in catfish cultured water by 0.01 mg/l at the end of the study.Keywords:AmmoniaWater plantsCatfish


nomena, or fufceptible of alteration by fea-> fon, conftitution, &c. Thus, the fpecific exanthemata, for example, bear an analogy, ho thinks, to a vegetable produced from feed. The varieties occafioned by heat, putrid dia-> thefis, &c., vanifh, when planted in a good foil; and hence, the fpecies, he infers may be afcertained in the very way the botanift would diftinguifh the fpecies of his plant. Admitting variola to be a fpecies, tertian and palfy muft be alfo claffed as fuch. In fhort, every diforder, fo conftant in its phenomena as to admit of fteady diftin&ion, and however oc? cafionally varied, returning again to its ori-


Case Pompeli was introduced at the Helsinki airport's extended international terminal in December 2009 and draws on the assumption that in order for tourism communication and user experiences to be interesting, multiple senses should be activated and aroused. Case Pompeli is a multidisciplinary and multisensory project developed at Laurea University of Applied Sciences (Laurea) Kerava unit involving students, working life representatives, and lecturers from different fields of study (i.e. business information technology, tourism and business management). Hence, while videos are playing, the colors, sounds, scents, and wind effects change accordingly, to support content and to arouse interest towards Finland. There are many studies showing that congruent multisensory stimuli can have a positive impact on sales, behavior, brand perception, mood, emotions, interaction, and ambience. This article discusses and shows through Case Pompeli's different development and research phases how students are integrated in a multisensory tourism market research and development-project applying Laurea University of Applied Science's pedagogical model addressing TEFI values.


Most of the European countries experienced significant mortality decrease from the cardiovascular diseases. The reasons could be found in changes in the lifestyle of the population (better food, more physical activities) as well as more efficient methods of health care (better prevention, treatment, efficient cardio-surgery, availability of cardiovascular health care, etc.). Such a positive development could be observed during the second half of the 20 century in Western and Northern European countries, from the last decades of the 20 century also in the Central European countries. This is expressed also by the term "cardiovascular revolution" (Meslé, Vallin, 2000).


FLC/VLSI spatial light modulators (SLMs) offer a means of implementing programmable holograms. The pixel described here offers advantages over those previously used and has the potential to be implemented in a large array. We give an initial description of a pixel which allows one of four levels of (highly stable) voltage to be driven onto the pixel mirror thus allowing four els of phase to be generated. This provides the advantages of static memory drive with those of four level phase modulation, albeit at the expense of circuit complexity.


There has in the past been no method of thermometry that is considered by patients and clinicians to be comfortable, convenient, and accurate. Rectal, oral, axilla, and ear thermometry all have either significant discomfort due to the use of a body cavity, artifactual inaccuracies due to physiological/device phenomena, or both, thus making them less than desirable for the needs of both patient and clinician. The exposed skin eliminates the use of a body cavity, but an accurate method using the skin has heretofore not been demonstrated. The superficial temporal artery demonstrates the necessary requirements for the skin thermometry method: it is easily accessible, contains no mucous membranes, and notably, it has no or very few arteriovenous anastomoses (AVA). 1,2 Lack of AVA's means that perfusion rate is reliable under essentially all conditions, and the blood flow is relatively free of vasomotor control in response to thermomoregulatory stimuli. This property is unique to the temporal artery when considering all accessible cutaneous blood vessels. The high and reliable perfusion allows accurate mathematical computations of the heat lost to the environment due to the cutaneous flow, and thus an accurate calculation of the source arterial temperature at the heart. As a site for temperature measurement, the temporal artery presents many benefits: it poses no risk of injury for patient or clinician, eliminates any need for disrobing or unbundling, and is suitable for all ages. Accordingly, Exergen, incorporating a patented and well-proven arterial heat balance method, developed instrumentation for non-invasive arterial temperature assessment on the skin over temporal artery. This report presents a validation of accuracy of the arterial heat balance method and of three new infrared devices, one a professional model for clinical use, one a consumer model for home use, and the other a professional model for use in neonatal intensive care.


Objective To investigate the value of CT virtual colonoscopy (CTVC) and Electronic colonoscopy (EC) in examining the colon tumors.Methods Twenty two cases were examed by EC and CTVC,images were contrasted.Results Sixty cases of colon carcinomas and 4 metastasis lesions were found by CT contrasted with operation.The diagnosis coincidence of colon tumor by EE and CTVC was 100%.11 (in 6 cases) were found by EC,and 8 (in 5 cases) lesions were found by CTVC.The diagnose accordance rate was 83%,the detection rate was 73%.Conclusion CTVC is an noninvasive,safe,reliable technique.Its sensitive to colon tumor is same as EE in finding epicolic lesions.But the sensitivity of small colonic polyps is not high.


To differentiate characters such as the José Arcadios and the Aurelianos, we took into account the context given by the other characters with whom they frequently interact. Time can be cut with a knife in One Hundred Years of Solitude. Critics and readers have referred to the density of time in this world created by Marquez. In light of this density, is One Hundred Years of Solitude based on a cyclical narrative?


In order to make the existing flow calibration facilities more suitable to the requirements of the national defense measurement work.The principle,structure and working conditions of the COX311-AHT fuel flow calibration facilities are analyzed.Based on these,the master-slave control system which is consisting of wincon-8000 embedded controller and PLC is proposed to achieve the automation of the equipment.The digital signals,analog signals and temperature signals are acquired by PLC.The wincon-8000 is responsible for the data processing and human-computer interaction.The communication between Wincon-8000 and the PLC is achieved by using Modbus protocol.The system is effective in the practice.


With the popularization of opening community, it turns that the closed community is transformed into an open one, which has aroused wide attention and discussion. In this paper, we propose a model of influence on traffic after opening community. In model, dynamic weighting method is used to quantify the impact of traffic before opening community. Also, the ant colony algorithm is used to plan the route of vehicles in community. Though simulation experiments, the proposed algorithm is analyzed and evaluated. Simulation results illustrate the feasibility and rationality of our model.


Thermodynamic properties (density and sound velocity) of liquid GeSb2 Te4 and Ge2 Sb2 Te5 alloys have been measured and compared with previously published data on Ge0.075 Te0.925 and Ge0.15 Te0.85 alloys that display a negative thermal expansion (NTE) in the liquid state. This comparison is extended to the analysis of their structural and dynamical properties investigated by neutron scattering measurements performed on the D4 and IN6 spectrometers at the ILL (Grenoble). These experimental results, complemented by First Principles Molecular Dynamics simulations of the liquids, lead us to propose a model for the density anomaly observed in some of these tellurium based systems, when they are not too dense: it corresponds to a structural change between a low temperature liquid, characterized by a low density and an octahedral local order distorted by a Peierls-like distortion mechanism, and a high temperature liquid in which the vibrational entropy gain favors a more symmetric (less distorted) octahedral local order.


How about you just roll that computer over here and type that in my face? Ok, cheesy intro lines aside, a rolling computer desk is pretty awesome for ...


Significance Using a combination of field data and global modeling, we demonstrate a mechanism in which a mix of Sahara dust and sea spray aerosol activated by sunlight produces large amounts of active chlorine. This mechanism resolves a number of unexplained observations and significantly revises our understanding of atmospheric chlorine, reducing uncertainties in the source budget. The chlorine formed by this mechanism impacts two important greenhouse gasses, methane and tropospheric ozone, with an estimated catalytic efficiency of removing ca. 45 methane molecules per iron atom per day. The inclusion of Cl. made from the photocatalytic oxidation of ocean chloride in models will reduce critical uncertainties in estimates of methane emissions and improve our ability to predict future climate change.


Background/Aims Identifying and preventing 30-day readmissions has become a national focus. There have been attempts at developing all-cause predictive models to identify 'high risk' readmission patients such as LACE. Historically, in-hospital severity predictive models have been developed for various services and disease states. Some of the most widely used severity measures are the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Acute Physiology, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Score. We wish to compare in-hospital severity scores to predict 30 day readmission. Methods A retrospective a cohort of patients was assembled who were admitted to two Geisinger hospitals during calendar year 2012. Admissions related to a child's birth, unknown acuity, and in-hospital deaths. Data was obtained during the year preceding the admission and outcomes were assessed up to 30 days post-discharge. Additional data including initial laboratory results, comorbidities, length of stay, and discharge disposition was obtained. For severity scores measured longitudinally during the admission, we selected the initial, last, and worse. A base model of known readmission predictors was built using logistic regression with a flexible specification of continuous measures, and the severity scores were considered individually by forcing them into the model. The net reclassification index (NRI) was used to quantify improvement in prediction. Results A total of 41,413 admissions met cohort entry criteria (mean age 58.5 y, 45% (18,628) male). Readmissions within 30 days occurred 13.3% (5,502) during 2012 with another 2.9% (1,217) that died without a readmission. The base model consisting of demographics, comorbidities, discharge disposition, and utilization in past year resulted in an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.710. LACE significantly contributed to the model (AUC = 0.715, NRI = 2.0%, OR = 1.12 [1.10, 1.13], P <0.001). The last reported GCS was significantly associated with 30-day readmission (OR = 1.05 [1.02, 1.09]), however there was no increase in the AUC and the NRI was non-significant. The MEWS was not significantly associated with readmission. Conclusions The usefulness of in-hospital severity scores was not consistent in their association with readmission. Additional research is needed to understand performance in subgroups and to utilize serial measurements when available.


[1] Large variations in surface temperature of sea ice occur on a seasonal scale, and spatial variations are also significant due to exposure of open water in leads and varying thickness of sea ice. In this paper we examine aircraft, ground-based, and satellite measurements of sea ice surface temperature over the region surrounding the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) ice station. Aircraft measurements from May and July demonstrate the spatial and temporal variability of surface temperature for the consolidated ice pack and for leads over the local area (which is defined here as the 30 × 30 km square observed by the aircraft). Data from May show a large increase in surface temperature during the month, but spatial variability of the thick ice temperature over the local area is not large with standard deviations on the order of 0.5 K. Surface temperatures during the melt season (July) were more uniform and near freezing as expected. Standard deviations during this period are smaller than in spring. Our analysis shows that surface temperature at a point (the SHEBA ice station) approximates the mean value over the local area during late spring and summer with an RMS error of 0.75 K. Lead temperatures cannot be reliably represented by the point measurements at the ice station. Surface temperature retrievals from advanced very high resolution radar (AVHRR) were compared with aircraft and ground-based measurements in late May. Mean surface temperature values over the local area as derived from AVHRR and aircraft measurements were within 1.5 K of each other. Mean surface temperatures over varying spatial scales were calculated and found to differ by as much as 1.3 K from local to regional scales (500 km) in late May.


The PCR method in the real-time mode helped to analyze the quantitative characteristics of the normal and conditionally pathogenic aerobic/optionally anaerobic, anaerobic biota, mycoplasmas and Candida fungi in the urethra, cervical channel and vagina in healthy women aged 18-45. The analysis revealed absence of any differences between the biotopes by the bacterial spectrum and quantity of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria with regard to Lactobacillus spp. The biota of all of the women who were younger than 40 and some of the women who were older than 40 had mostly lactobacilli. The microbial composition of the biocenosis in some women older than 40 is characterized by the reduction in the quantity of lactobacilli and their replacement with anaerobic microorganisms/groups of microorganisms, mainly such as Atopobium vaginae, Megasphaera spp./Veillonella spp./Dialister spp., Gardnerella vaginalis/Prevotella bivia/Porphyromonas spp. and Eubacterium spp. Any change in the microbial composition of the urogenital tract biota can serve as a marker of hypoestrogenia.


During the summers of 2011 and 2012, surface ozone concentrations were monitored using portable 2B Technologies ozone monitors throughout Yosemite National Park. In addition to the data from the portable monitors, historical and concurrent data for the Central Valley (Merced, Modesto, Turlock), Turtleback Dome, and Jerseydale were obtained from online sources. Meteorological data for Crane Flat Lookout and Turtleback Dome were also obtained from online sources to help explain the ozone data. The results for 2011 indicated that the Yosemite ozone concentrations showed greater variability between daytime and nighttime values in the west than in the east. The easternmost site (Tioga Pass) seemed to have lower ozone levels, but also a much more constant and linear trend in the average ozone diurnal cycle. Comparing the data from all the sites revealed that Crane Flat Lookout had an inverted average ozone diurnal cycle through July, August, and September. However, in October, Crane Flat Lookout reverted back to a typical low-high-low diurnal cycle. The temperature data suggested that the sites experienced similar weather conditions and the HYSPLT back-trajectory calculations showed that the sites were accessing similar samples of air (at least at the regional level). However, the wind direction data for July, August and September, indicates that Crane Flat Lookout receives nighttime air from the south (the highly polluted Fresno area); this may explain why Crane Flat Lookout has an inverted diurnal cycle during these months.


Purpose
This paper aims to present a proposal for evaluating the coefficient of friction (COF), under a reciprocating test that considers the energy dissipated by the friction force. In addition, this new parameter is compared to average COF, which is often used to evaluate COF in reciprocating tests.

Design/methodology/approach
Samples of compacted graphite iron were extracted directly from an internal combustion engine block. The piston ring used was a nitrided martensitic stainless steel with an asymmetrical profile, and the lubricant oil was the SAE 30 CF, controlled at 40°C. Different testing conditions were carried out in a CETR-UMT-Bruker tribometer, varying loads between 25-125 N, frequencies between 1-12.5 Hz and track length between 3-10 mm. Three maps comparing the average COF and the energetic definition were built, allowing to discuss their similarities.

Findings
In general, both parameters had similarities especially for low frequencies and small tracks. However, for test conditions that imposed higher accelerations (i.e. longer track lengths and higher frequencies), the energetic COF (COFe) was lower than the average COF (COFa) and presented better agreement in Stribeck-like curves – independent on the experienced lubrication regime along the stroke. As the COFe can be interpreted as a weighted average of instantaneous COF in relation to in-track displacements, an immediate consequence is that instantaneous COF closest to mid-stroke is considered more significant. Furthermore, perturbations associated with the intrinsic accelerations of the movement test are minimized in the COFe formulation.

Originality/value
The energetic COF parameter (COFe) is presented and compared to the average COF. The new parameter presented less data dispersion and is attractive to evaluate the COF behavior in reciprocating tests, as its formulation minimizes perturbations associated with the intrinsic accelerations of the movement (mainly in the initial and final part of the track where the acceleration has its greatest magnitude).

Peer review
The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-08-2019-0324


120 eighth grade students of two ethnic groups in South Texas, Mexican-American and Anglo-American, were administered an instrument to assess their achievement motivation and a measure of socioeconomic status. The former was designed to examine whether the students were motivated to achieve success or to avoid failure. Analysis indicated no significant differences between the two ethnic groups in achievement motivation, yet on socioeconomic status, differences were noted. Mexican-American students report the same motivation to succeed and to avoid failure as do Ango-American students.


Radioiodinated sheep red blood cells were deposited by catheter in bronchoalveolar spaces of normal dogs to investigate basic mechanisms of antigen processing by the lung and to characterize the tissue distribution of cells producing antibody against this organic particle. Histologically, instillation of sheep erythrocytes produced a localized, self-limited inflammatory consolidation. The mechanisms of disposal of the organic particle were complex. Most sheep erythrocytes were removed by phagocytosis and digestion. Initially alveolar macrophages and subsequently neutrophils and eosinophils participated in these processes. Radiotracer studies demonstrated rapid systemic release of soluble erythrocyte components from bronchoalveolar spaces. The soluble material was in macromolecular form, appeared immediately in the serum, and accumulated rapidly in the liver. The data suggested that only a tiny fraction of the released soluble material was related to the antigenic determinants of intact sheep erythrocytes....


Accuracy of satellite control for space investigation has priority during its mission. This study aims to design a controller for the satellite attitude control which carries scientific sensor package. The modeling of the satellite with its electronic device is carried out in order to capture the states of systems then the appropriate controller strategy is applied to keep the satellite at the fixed value. In addition, to satisfy the design characteristics two control schemes in comparative manner are discussed namely, state feed-back controller and linear quadratic regulator (LQR). The results show LQR helps satellite to follow its reference signal along with desired overshoot and settling time.


This chapter addresses the "question" of the death penalty in Jacques Derrida's The Death Penalty seminars: the question of the death penalty, if there is one, that is. For nothing is less certain. Not only must we speak of a proliferation of questions in both seminars, but we must also speak of Derrida's question about the question. How do the possibility and the reality of the death penalty, how does the question of the death penalty, force us to ask a question not only about what comes before the question but also about the future of the question—that is, about the future of reason, the principle of reason, and what is proper to man? In order to answer this question, this chapter turns to a "disseminal moment" in literature: the eccentric Mr. Dick (in Charles Dickens's David Copperfield) who literally suspends the question of the death penalty on the wings of a kite.


We present optical spectropolarimetric observations of three microquasars, Cyg X-1, LS 5039, and LS I +61° 303. Polarimetry can bring us geometrical information on the innermost part of the circumstellar media. For Cyg X-1, the observed continuum polarization shows sinusoidal time variation (Δ ∼ 0.2%) correlated with the orbital phase, as indicated by past studies. The constant component of the polarization has significantly changed (Δ ∼ 0.7%) within a few decades, indicating variation of scattering material surrounding the binary. There is no apparent change of polarization across the Hα emission line in Cyg X-1. For LS 5039, the observed polarization shows no significant orbital variation. The wavelength dependence is almost consistent with the typical interstellar polarization (ISP) and we conclude that the ISP is a dominant component of the observed polarization. For LS I +61° 303, the observed polarization is roughly consistent with our previous paper, except for a slight change in the intrinsic polarization and also in the equivalent width of the Hα emission line. These imply a long-term evolution of the Be disk around the mass donor. The position angle of intrinsic polarization at ≃25° was constant from 2005 through 2008. Our observations suggest that the optical polarization intrinsic to a microquasar with an high mass donor can be explained by the light scattering in the circumstellar matter around the mass donor. A polarization signal from the vicinity of the compact star (including jet and accretion disk) seems absent.


Most of reference models for chassis controls usually have low level degree of freedom like a bicycle model. However, these models include some different value in real vehicle motion and have a difficulty to adapt new technology. In addition, it is not good for real time that very high level degree of freedom like multibody dynamic analysis programs because of their long solving time. So, I developed full vehicle dynamic model with suspension Kinematic system that has 14 degree of freedom with theoretical equations and experimental data. And model has been validated using CarSim and experimental result.


EVERY NATION gives utmost priority to its security. 'National security• essentially denotes a nation's determination to preserve at any cost some of its interests. Foremost among these national interests are its territorial integrity, political independence and fundamental government institutions. As Robert Osgood observes, national security embraces not only the survival of a nation but its ability to survive.1 In the following pages, I propose to consider not the national security policies of the United States per se, but some of the organisational issues concerned with the making of national security policy. During the World War II, there was hardly any organised system of national security policy-making in the US. President Franklin Roosevelt centralised the national security policy-making within the White House and also highly personalised the process. Constitutionally, the President is the commander-in-chief, and President Roosevelt took most of the war-related issues as though he was a commander-in-chief in uniform. During the war, he even desired that his civilian advisers refer to him as the commander-inchief, and not as Mr. President.• Organisationally, it was an informal and chaotic process of decision-making with overlapping assignments to different advisers and agencies.8


This randomized trial was undertaken to investigate the fate of incompetent perforating veins (IPVs) following saphenofemoral ligation and stripping of the great saphenous vein (GSV), with or without subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery (SEPS).


DAT IAT process is an innovative sewage disposal method in which the demand aerobic tank(DAT)is connected with the intermittent aerobic tank (IAT)in series under the condition of sewage entering into the DAT IAT continuously.On the basis of DAT IAT process an anaerobic biological selector is set at the influent entrance of the DAT IAT tank to enhance the phosphorus removal efficiency. The phosphorus removal rule of the anaerobic biological selector is studied,taking three important operating parameters,i.e.recirculation ratio,biological selector volume ratio and easy biodegradation COD in sewage as the test variables which affect the biological phosphorous removal by the anaerobic selector.


Based on the structure of the HIV integrase core domain, dipeptide derivatives, as a type of HIV integrase inhibitor, were synthesized, and their fragmentation pathways were investigated by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MSn) in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In order to better understand the fragmentation pathways, the MS2 and MS3 spectra of the title compound were obtained. The main fragmentation pathways occur by the cleavage of the C–CO bonds between N-(benzothiazol-2-yl)aminocarbonyl and methylene, NH–CO bonds between the NH groups and carbonyl groups. Electrospray ionization was proven to be a good method for the structural characterization and identification of this kind of compound.


The authors describe how sociodramatic methods were applied to teaching communication skills to professionals in a comprehensive cancer center. The article briefly reviews the importance of communication skills in oncology and the challenges in teaching key skills such as empathy and addressing emotions. It indicates how action methods can be applied to enact case scenarios generated by groups attending communication-skills workshops. It describes the advantages of action methods over other techniques for teaching communication skills in the medical setting. It suggests how these methods might be more widely disseminated among teachers of medical communication skills.


Purpose
As the rate of growth in trade of developing and developed economies converges, international business is increasingly taking place in a growing assortment of political and ideological contexts with variable levels of tolerance for plural dissidence. This can create substantial challenges and risks for crosscultural adjustment and increases the potential for assignment failure. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of an authoritarian regime on the process of adjustment amongst expatriate sojourners and draw out lessons for future research and policies for relocation in similar authoritarian contexts.

Design/methodology/approach
This was a qualitative research study over three years making use of participant observation methods as a result of researcher immersion in the local context.

Findings
This study finds that "culture" is an insufficient category for explaining difficulties in cross-cultural adjustment and demonstrates that adjustment difficulties under authoritarianism are heightened in the proximate sociocultural context, with geo-political and ideological dynamics creating more challenging conditions of life. Increased levels of social control act to heighten psychological vulnerability amongst sojourners, resulting in coping behaviours that seek a greater degree of psychological alleviation and companionship through more resource-intensive supportive networks and a tendency toward enclavism, thus inhibiting sociocultural adjustment to the host society.

Research limitations/implications
Research needs to recognise more fully the diverse nature of contexts in cross-cultural adjustment. Future research should explore different types of contexts and assess what sort of challenges may arise in relation to the process of psychological and sociocultural adjustment and the adjustive resources required to overcome them.

Practical implications
The paper contributes to the understanding of the psychological and sociocultural challenges of international relocation in an authoritarian context and serves as valuable insight for relocation planning in similar conditions, which are an ever-increasing feature of international business.

Originality/value
This paper gives a unique insight into international relocation in Cuba and draws out the areas of concern for cross-cultural adjustment under authoritarian conditions, an ever-increasing feature of international business. It serves as an example of how context-based research can inform cross-cultural theory and practice within an evolving landscape of doing business globally.


Nutrient loads enter the lower Truckee River of western Nevada, affecting the growth of attached algae (periphyton) which causes depressed nighttime dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. The lower Truckee River is home to the endangered cui-ui and threatened Lahontan cut-throat trout, with DO standards being established to in part protect these species. Hydrodynamics, nutrient concentrations, periphyton biomass, and DO data spanning August 2000–December 2001 were used to calibrate and verify a modified version of the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program Version 5 (WASP5). Under typical loading conditions the periphyton community is nitrogen limited, however nitrogen loading from an upstream wastewater treatment facility increased greatly during the analysis period due to approved site construction activities (discharge permit excursion) causing the periphyton community to temporarily become phosphorus limited. The developed modeling approach, with limited calibration, was able to accurately track dynamic sys...


This Article analyses the judicial and political accountability of the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) in light of the seminal Mallis and Ledra cases (respectively, Court of Justice: judgment of 20 September 2016, case C-105/15 P, Mallis and Malli v Commission and ECB [GC]; judgment of 20 September 2016, case C-8/15 P, Ledra Advertising v. Commission and ECB [GC]). It seeks to determine to what extent the intergovernmental nature of the ESM has shielded its activity from the accountability mechanisms established within EU law. It then assesses whether the Proposal, recently issued by the Commission, to transform the ESM into an EU body, the European Monetary Fund (EMF), would improve the accountability of this body. It is argued that embedding conditionality policies in the European constitutional legal order constitutes a necessary, but not a sufficient step. To achieve this objective, it is necessary to couple a close judicial scrutiny by the Court of Justice with an equally substantial democratic oversight by the European Parliament.


The numerou s carbonate-evaporit e sedimentar y cycle s com prising th e Uppe r Devonia n Dupero w Formatio n wer e deposited unde r subtida l lagoo n t o supratida l sabkh a condi tions whic h existe d ove r a vast , shallo w coasta l platfor m tha t encompassed th e Willisto n Basin . Hydrocarbo n reservoi r potential i n Dupero w carbonate s i s assesse d locall y b y th e degree t o whic h primar y an d syndepositiona l porosit y wa s preserved an d b y the developmen t an d retentio n o f secondar y porosity. Th e evolutio n fro m inferre d primar y porosit y t o ex isting reservoi r porosit y wa s governe d b y determinat e set s o f diagenetic events . Any record o f porosit y evolutio n ma y be se t forth a s provisiona l scenario s tha t incorporat e tim e o f occur rence an d duration , concentratio n o r impac t o f separat e diagenetic functions . Th e diageneti c processe s tha t operate d on these strata, a s inherent phenomen a o f the depositional an d burial environments characteristi c o f particula r facies , i n turn , were influence d b y positio n withi n th e sedimentar y cycl e an d by th e origina l depositiona l textures . Diagenetic products dominat e Duperow carbonates , an d th e processes responsibl e wer e complexl y multistaged . Never theless, th e relativ e sequenc e o f diageneti c event s an d concur rent porosity evolution can be deduced fro m diagnosti c cemen t types, void-fillin g minera l succession s includin g iron-ric h an d iron-poor calcit e o r dolomite , recrystallizatio n an d aggradin g crystal sizes , relic t an d pseudomorphi c replacemen t structure s and a hos t o f cross-cuttin g an d truncatio n features . Probably man y diageneti c product s forme d nearl y contem poraneously wit h accumulatio n o f mud-ric h Dupero w sediments, notabl y earl y dolomitizatio n an d lithificatio n o f aragonite and calcit e mud . Primar y fenestral , intraskeleta l an d rare interparticl e void s an d man y secondar y void s wer e fille d by calcit e vadose crust , drus y ri m an d equan t mosai c cements . Original component s wer e subjec t t o dolomite , pyrit e an d silica replacement , o r recrystallizatio n t o for m syntaxia l rim s and neomorphi c spar . Laminated , enterolithic , nodular mosaic, void-fillin g an d replacemen t form s o f anhydrit e repre sent majo r deterrent s t o porosity , bu t these , too , ma y b e replaced o r dissolved. Anydrit e dissolution ma y be responsibl e for man y disrupte d o r brecciate d zones . Pressure-solutio n resulted i n stylolite s bearin g tensio n fracture s an d microstylolite swarm s accompanie d b y localize d dolomitiza tion. Fractur e formation , an d aqueou s an d hydrocarbo n leaching ar e the principa l agent s o f secondar y porosity . Thes e processes creat e molds , vugs , channel s an d solution-enlarge d intercrystalline pores , a s wel l a s enhance d permeability .


Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St. Paul's School, by Shamus Rahman Khan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2011. 232 pp. $29.95 cloth. ISBN: 9780691145280. A great deal has been written about the micro-macro link and its role in sociology (Alexander et al., eds. 1991; Huber 1987). The discipline has produced admirable stud ies that focus either on micro-level phenom ena or developments at the macro level. Even more challenging, however, is to estab lish convincing connections between what happens on the ground and the big picture. Shamus Rahman Khan, a young scholar who writes with a distinctive voice, has pro duced a study that skillfully brings together these two levels of analysis. Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St. Paul's School opens with an account of Khan's family background, a signal to the reader that this is no ordinary scholarly book. Born into a family with a father from rural Pakistan and a mother from


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