Sleep is a vital necessity need for children. The process of child development will be affected if they did not get enough sleep. Children sleeping needs can be met if they are given a sleeping routine to suit their age. As children are individuals who still depends entirely on their parents or guardians, their routine sleeping arrangements will be directly influenced by how their parents or guardians manage their sleep schedule. The purpose of the study was to assess psychometric aspect of Sleep Habit Inventory (SHI) Malay version. This instrument was used to measure sleep habit of young children. The instrument divided to three components that measure sleep routine, rhythm and separation affects. Overall scale consisted of 17 items. SHI was translated into Malay language by using back to back translation procedure proposed by Brislin. Respondents of the study were 150 working mothers with 18 to 36 years old child at Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. The result of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) found that 15 from 17 items were accepted due to factor loading greater than 0.6. and all components extracted achieved the value of alpha cronbach minimum 0.7. As conclusion, this instrument can be used to measure child sleep habit in local context especially in Sabah.


Our cultural heritages have long suffered various damages due to different factors like natural and man-made disasters,excessive tourism and ineffective cultural heritage protection.Meanwhile,the conflicts between cultural tourism-resource protection and rational exploitation have become more serious.Faced with this difficult situation in the world cultural heritage protection,the digitalized information for such protection has become an efficient method,and the digitalized cultural heritage protection has been chosen as a useful technological method by UNESCO.Thus,solutions to the problems that need urgent treatment rely on information technologies.This paper uses the Virtual Reality technology as a ligament plus high precision surveying,3D modeling and database to combine computer graphics technology with multimedia technology,sensor technology,human-computer interaction technology,network technology,stereo display technology and emulation technology to provide a new method and platform for the protection,research,repairing and virtual tourism of the cultural heritages.This methodology can better solve the conflicts between cultural tourism-resource protection and rational exploitation and provides services for a larger group of cultural tourism,and high-tech supports for the development of cultural tourism as well.


Aim Viability and successful colonization of propagules by an invasive species may depend on several factors, such as parental plant size and propagules' fresh mass. Here, we tested (i) the effects of propagules' origin (from large and small parental plants); (ii) the position in the parental stem (apical, intermediate and basal) on the early development of the new sprouts of Urochloa arrecta; and (iii) if the regeneration success of U. arrecta was related with propagule fresh mass that comes from large or small parental plants. Methods We selected 16 individuals of U. arrecta and separated them in two groups: (i) eight "large" (stem ± 1.5 m) and (ii) eight "small" (stem ± 0.6 m). For each individual, we cut three fragments with two nodes (considered as the "propagule") from the apical, intermediate and basal portions of the stem and we measured the fresh mass (g), length (cm) and distance between the two nodes (cm) of all propagules of U. arrecta. In addition, after the experimentation, we measured the dry mass (g) and length (cm) of each new sprout of U. arrecta generated from each propagule. Results We found that large parental individuals produced sprouts with longer length and greater dry mass. In contrast, the position in the parental stem did not significant influence the development of sprouts in U. arrecta. In addition, the propagule fresh mass played a role in the development of sprouts just for propagules from small parental plants. Conclusions We found that the size of the parental individual is an important determinant of the development of new sprouts of this invasive species and the propagule fresh mass has a positive and significant influence in the success of U. arrecta only for propagules from smaller parental plants. We highlight that all propagules were viable, which could explain the reasons for this plant to be a successful invader.


A novel method is proposed to automatically measure the temporal correlation coefficient (TCC) of speckle from a set of SAR images of the same scene taken at different times. The knowledge of the TCC of speckle may expedite the detection and assessment of seasonal changes having occurred. In addition, it provides an upper bound to the maximum SNR increase achievable by multitemporal processing. A nonlinear transformation aimed at decorrelating the data across time, while retaining the multiplicative noise model, is defined. The TCC is estimated from the modes of the distributions of the local variation coefficient (C/sub v/) computed on the transformed images. Tests on SAR images (both synthetic and from ERS-1) show the accuracy and the robustness of the method, whose results are unaffected by underlying seasonal changes occurring across observations.


Nutrient regeneration and respiration rates of natural zooplankton from a tropical reservoir were experimentally measured. Excretion rates of ammonia (E a ), orthophosphate (E P ) and community respiration rates (R) were estimated considering the variations in the concentrations of ammonia, orthophosphate and dissolved oxygen between control and experimental units. The ranges obtained for these rates from the 2 h assays were E a = 1.95-4.95 μg N-NH 4 . mg DW -1 . h -1 ; E P = 0.12-0.76 μg P-PO 4 mg DW -1 . h -1 . Respiratory rates were quite constant (R = 0.01-0.02 mg O 2 . mg DW -1 h -1 ). The uptake of nutrients due to bacteria can affect the experimental determination of excretion rates of zooplankton. Orthophosphate release increased from 0.28 to 0.82 μg P-PO 4 mg DW -1 h -1 when bacterial activity was depleted by antibiotic addition in experimental vessels (Exp IV). This demonstrates that free living bacteria are able to consume promptly most phosphorus excreted by zooplankton. Ammonia excretion rates were lower in experimental units containing antibiotics. Lower excretion rates were also obtained with longer exposure times and higher biomass levels in the experimental units. Finally, this study also showed that zooplankton excretion can affect significantly turn over rates of total phosphorus in Pampulha Reservoir. In some periods, specially during the dry season when zooplankton biomass was very high, phosphorus release by zooplankton, during one single day, can be as high as 40% of the total phosphorus content in lake water (Turn over time = 2.5 days).


The present invention provides a substrate processing apparatus and the process gases used in the adjustment plate. A substrate processing apparatus, the substrate processing apparatus comprising: a chamber which is provided in the space in which processing is performed; a support member that supports the substrate in a chamber; a gas supply member, which is arranged in the processing gas is supplied to the support member a substrate; and an exhaust assembly coupled to the chamber to the gas discharge chamber, wherein the exhaust assembly comprises: an exhaust pipe connected to said chamber; discharge chamber, which is connected to the exhaust pipe to the providing vacuum pressure in the exhaust pipe; valve regulating the opening rate of the exhaust tube; and an adjustment plate having a cover plate disposed in the chamber, to the time when the exhaust pipe is partially opened along the exhaust pipe open the flow of the processing gas region corresponding to the inner region in the direction of the interference chamber. Thus, the process gas can be uniformly supplied onto the substrate.


Intrafamily child sexual abuse (CSA) is the most common form of child victimization. The long-term effects of CSA vary from person to person and are moderated by different factors, some of them abuse related, such as its frequency, severity and duration, and some involving the child developmental stage and the surrounding milieu. Evidence is growing that trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy is an effective treatment for sexually abused children. Treatment serves several functions including: the reduction and prevention of chronic trauma symptoms; developing and understanding of the meaning of the abusive event; helping family members express their feelings about the sexual abuse openly and exploring methods for coping and getting support. An integrative therapeutic approach


A model to simulate 3D maritime target on the ocean background is introduced.First,a 3D physics model is constructed. Afterwards,the infrared radiation characters of background and targets are calculated respectively according to the blackbody radiation theory.The influence of atmosphere temperature on the images is calculated in both 3~5μrn and 8~12μm wavebands.The infrared image based on the apparent object temperature is demonstrated.Finally,the backgrounds and targets are integrated to create the final simulation scene.The comparison experiment proves that the result of modeling and simulation is realistic and close to the practical images.


Most of classic video watermarking techniques operate only on the visual flow to embed the watermark. That's why, in this work, we propose to improve those schemes and to enhance the embedding capacity by using also the sound stream to bury the watermark. So, in this paper, we focus on the audio flow and we present a modified audio watermarking technique robust to MP3 compression and adapted to be applied to the sound stream of digital video exposed to MPEG compression. In fact, we exploit a classic audio watermarking technique by applying it to digital video. However, the extraction of the embedded watermark became impossible after MPEG compression since the video compression contributes in some cases to add a shifting in the audio stream. That's why, we propose to add silence deletion blocks into the classic watermarking scheme in order to guarantee the robustness of the watermarked video to MPEG compression. So, we present in this paper the modified audio watermarking scheme applied to digital video and we expose the corresponding results.


ABSTRACT The flipped classroom model is an innovative educational trend that has been widely adopted in the social sciences but not engineering education. In this model, an active instructional approach shifts the educational strategy from a teacher- to a student-centred approach. The purpose of this study is to compare the learning outcomes of engineering students attending a flipped-model section of the Dynamics of Structures course with students attending a traditional, lecture-based section of the same course taught by the same instructor. The results confirm previous research showing that test scores in the flipped course sections were slightly higher than traditional sections. Although the improvement in test scores was statistically insignificant, student statements indicated that the flipped model promoted a deeper, broader perspective on learning, facilitated problem-solving strategies and improved critical-thinking abilities, self-confidence and teamwork skills, which are needed for a successful engineering career.


Simple and high-performance path tracking control and force control based on an acceleration control are proposed. To realize the acceleration control, disturbance feedback is necessary. The disturbance observer whose inputs are a current reference to the power converter and a position signal by simple computation works as if it were a disturbance detector. The control poles of the observer are varied in accordance with the velocity of the motor for precise positioning. The proposed method was applied to the linear synchronous motor, which is used for direct drive linear motor, and was tested. Results are presented. >


The purpose of this paper is to study the annual variation of the upper tropospheric relative humidity fields extracted from radiance measurements in the water vapour channel (in the thermal infra-red at wavelengths around 6.3 μm) aboard the geostationary satellite METEOSAT. Monthly mean fields for April, July and October 1988 and January 1989 have been created from the operational Upper Tropospheric Humidity (hereafter UTH) product derived routinely at the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC). The present product retrieval is confined to cloud-free areas in the upper troposphere, thus the monthly means represent an average over cloud-free cases.

Principally the patterns of the monthly mean UTH fields reflect the large-scale circulation of the atmosphere. In the low latitudes, belts with relatively high and low UTH values are located over the ascending and descending branches of the 'Hadley cell', respectively. The distinct patterns of monthly mean UTH fields can be used to characterize the geographical structure of the Hadley cell.

The UTH fields complement existing data on atmospheric humidity for use in numerical weather prediction and climatological research. The monthly mean fields presented in this paper may be useful for validating upper tropospheric water vapour fields in climate models.


Summary form only given. The measurement of noise in microwave tubes is both ancient and new. In the former category is ion noise in for instance traveling wave tubes, in the latter is electron shot noise in gyroklystrons. For most applications, the noise property of the tube is as important as the more conventional figures of merit such as power, efficiency, bandwidth, etc. In the last few years, an effort has been made to understand this noise, mostly at NRL, but also at NSWC Crane, U. Mich, and UC Berkeley. Ion noise, in various guises, has plagued microwave tubes for more than half a century. Despite this tremendous effort, very little has been documented in the scientific literature, much relevant information exists only in the lab notebooks and minds of senior engineers at the tube companies. Usually it manifests itself as a random relaxation oscillation of the microwave phase. For much of the time, it has been assumed that this noise resulted from ionization of the background gas by the beam. The ions then become trapped in potential wells of the rippled beam, and when the well fills, the ions untrap and process starts again. In fact, measured time scales of the relaxation oscillations are consistent with the time to produce this amount of ionization. However recent theoretical work has shown that this picture is only partially correct. The ions do fill the wells, but there is no tendency for relaxation oscillation. It turns out that the oscillation results from the interaction of the trapped ions in the well with the focusing of the beam. Theory and simulations give considerable insight to this process.


Jiefang Bridge, the only rolling lift bascule bridge existing in China, was built in 1927. This paper presents the research of the rehabilitation design as well as the rolling operation restoration of this movable bridge. After structure inspection and evaluation, it is determined to begin with that numbers of severely corroded members must be replaced, the deck system retrofitted, and the rolling function restored in order to remain the original appearance of the bridge. Then, in order to accurately assess the mechanical performance of movable bridge, the kinematical simulation of the bascule span, during operation under multiple loading conditions and combinations including vehicle load, wind load, and inertial force is carefully studied based on a 3-D FE model. As the result of the research, the rehabilitation design is optimized, counterweight improved, and operation velocity and acceleration proposed. Presently, the rehabilitation of Jiefang Bridge has been finished and rolling operation successfully restored. Subsequent field testing and monitoring have proved that the theoretical analysis of the bridge is valid.


Introduction: Botswana has an HIV prevalence rate of 38.8 percent, the highest in the world (UNAIDS, 2004).This study identifies factors that explain three important issues in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Botswana. These issues are sexual activity, knowledge about HIV/AIDS, and willingness to test for HIV infection among young people (12-23 years old). Method The data were collected using a 76 item self-administered questionnaire, which solicited information on demographic and background characteristics of respondents, the extent of their sexual activity, their knowledge about HIV/AIDS, and their willingness to test for HIV infection. The questionnaire was completed by 1294 students from a national sample of 84 educational institutions including (1) community junior secondary schools, (2) senior secondary schools, and (3) rural and urban post-secondary institutions. Results The study found sexual activity among students to be associated with rural residence, low socio-economic status, and having parents who are unemployed. Further, the findings indicate that family cohesion and the stability of the home environment for children are associated with sexual activity in young people. The study also reported that girls were more willing to test than boys, and students from more privileged backgrounds were more willing to test than those from less privileged households. Conclusion This analysis concludes that the problems of sexual activity and willingness to test for HIV among youth in Botswana are part of a general problem of poor familial relationships, lack of family cohesion and stability of the home environment for children, and poor psychological development.


We consider the inverse boundary value problem in the case of discrete electrical networks containing nonlinear (non-ohmic) resistors. Generalizing work of Curtis, Ingerman, Morrow, Colin de Verdi ere, Gitler, and Vertigan, we characterize the circular planar graphs for which the inverse boundary value problem has a solution in this generalized non-linear setting. The answer is the same as in the linear setting. Our method of proof never requires that the resistors behave in a continuous or monotone fashion; this allows us to recover signed conductances in many cases. We apply this to the problem of recovery in graphs that are not circular planar. We also use our results to make a frivolous knot-theoretic statement, and to slightly generalize a fact proved by Lam and Pylyavskyy about factorization schemes in their electrical linear group.


Phase 2B of the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit System is now open to traffic and includes some 17 kilometres of rail viaducts and 8 elevated stations. The detailed designs for this phase of the MRT system were completed in less than 6 months and to achieve this a number of standard structural elements were designed and computer spreadsheets used to locate and define the varying configurations of these standard 8 elevated stations. This paper highlights a number of design features of the project (A).


Triblock copolymers prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization were capable of forming hydrogels that were both temperature- and redox-responsive, as a result of thiol-disulfide chemistry provided by aminolysis of an internal trithiocarbonate linkage.


The objective of this qualitative case study was to identify the assess-ment practices of Chilean prospective and novice teachers of English language. The participants were 53 practicum teachers who were part of three Chilean universities and 33 novice teachers who graduated from the same institutions. The results indicate that the subjects consider formative assessment of instructional objectives based on linguistic contents and language comprehension. On the other hand, novice teachers implement summative assessment related to the same goals. Additionally, the pre-service and in-service teachers differ in the way they formatively assess learning objectives associated with language production.


The invention (a) step of the first elution of distilled water, the effective ingredient of the steam; (B) After removing the supernatant from the first eluate, subjecting the residue was eluted from a secondary distilled water; (C) separating the second supernatant from the second eluent; And (d) then a solution of the primary and secondary eluent, filtered; And (e) it relates to a process for the sterilization of the filtrate produced an extract comprising the step of steaming salinity diluted to 0.7 ~ 1.2 psu.


Flag choice and Port State Control (PSC) inspection are two most important yet mutually dependent factors in the international shipping industry. Estimating the contribution of PSC inspection on the flagging out decision can help policy makers to understand the effectiveness of PSC inspection. However, studying the impact of one on the other without taking into account their endogenous impact could result in biased estimation. This paper integrates a binary logit model for the flagging out decision and a linear model for explaining PSC inspection rate in a 3 Stage Least Square framework, by joining the actual ship registration data from Lloyd's ship register with the corresponding PSC inspection records from Paris MOU, Tokyo MOU, and Indian MOU. The empirical results show that in addition to the ship characteristics, national policies, PSC and Flag State Control (FSC) all have significant impacts on the flagging out decision. For the PSC inspection equation, the results suggest that the ship characteristics, operators' properties, and flag choice could determine a vessel's inspection rate. In addition, the contribution of the PSC inspection rate on the flagging out behavior is much underestimated in a single equation model, indicating the actual deterrence of PSC inspection on the flagging out behavior is over estimated if endogeneity between PSC and flagging out behavior is not incorporated.


The state-of-the-art miniature atomic clocks (MACs) are based on the phenomenon of coherent population trapping (CPT) in alkali-metal atomic vapors (Rb or Cs). Increasing frequency stability of the clocks is an urgent issue that will lead to significant progress in many fields of application. Here, we examine a light field configuration composed of two bichromatic light beams with opposite handedness of their circular polarization. The beams are in resonance with optical transitions in the Cs D$_1$ line ($\lambda$$\approx$$895$ nm). This configuration has already been known for observing CPT resonances of an increased contrast compared to a standard single-beam scheme. However, in contrast to previous studies, we use a scheme with two independent pump and probe beams, where the probe beam transmission is separately monitored. The experiments are carried out with a buffer-gas-filled $5$$\times$$5$$\times$$5$ mm$^3$ vapor cell. It is shown that the resonance's line shape acquires asymmetry which can be efficiently controlled by a microwave (Raman) phase between the beams. As a proof of concept, we study the way how this asymmetry can help to significantly mitigate the influence of ac Stark (light) shift on a long-term frequency stability of CPT clocks. The experimental verification is performed both with a distributed-Bragg-reflector (DBR) laser and a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The latter has a particular importance for developing MACs. The results of experiments are in qualitative agreement with analytical theory based on a double $\Lambda$ scheme of atomic energy levels.


Abstract. Electromagnetic forming is a high-speed sheet metal
forming technique to form metallic sheets by applying magnetic forces. In comparison to the conventional sheet metal forming process, electromagnetic
forming is a process with an extremely high velocity and strain rate, which can be effectively used for the forming of certain difficult-to-form metals.
During electromagnetic forming, it is important to recognise the effects of
process parameters on the deformation and sheet thickness variation of the
sheet metal. This research focuses on the development of a numerical model
for aluminium alloy (AA6061-T6) to analyse the effects of three process
parameters, namely voltage, sheet thickness and number turns of the coils, on the deformation and thickness variation of the sheet. A two-dimensional fully coupled finite-element (FE) model consisting of an electrical circuit, magnetic field and solid mechanics was developed and used to determine the effect of
changing magnetic flux and system inductance on sheet deformation.
Experiment validation of the results was performed on a 28 KJ electromagnetic forming system. The Taguchi orthogonal array approach was used
for the design of experiments using the three input parameters (voltage,
sheet thickness and number of turns of the coil). The maximum error between
numerical and experimental values for sheet thickness variation was observed
to be 4.9 %. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the experimental results. Applied voltage and sheet thickness were the
significant parameters, while the number of turns of the coil had an insignificant effect on sheet deformation. The contribution ratio of voltage
and sheet thickness was 46.21 % and 45.12 % respectively. The sheet
deformation from simulations was found to be in good agreement with the
experimental results.


IUE spectra of the slowly rotating mild barium star 56 Peg (HD 218356; KO Up) show excess continuum emission from 1300 to 2000 Â, a broad Lya absorption feature, and emission lines usually associated with a 10-(2 x 10) K plasma. The best fit blackbody curve to the dereddened continuum gives a temperature of 32,000 ± 4000 K and a radius for the object of (2.7 ± 1.0) x 10 cm, consistent with that of a white dwarf. Einstein IPC observations of this system yield Lx æ 3 x 10 31 ergs s, which is as bright as the RS CVn binary systems. The X-rays can be fitted to a bremsstrahlung spectrum with kT = 0.45 ± 0.3 keV, or a blackbody spectrum with kT æ 0.2 keV. Since bright X-ray and high temperature emission lines are unusual for single stars in this region of the H-R diagram, we do not believe that the 56 Peg primary has a hot corona and transition region. Instead, we propose that the observed X-ray luminosity is due to accretion onto the white dwarf of ~0.1 % of the wind from the primary, which we assume has a reasonable mass loss rate of 2 x 10~ to 4 x 10" M0 yr . The ultraviolet emission lines likely result from reprocessed X-radiation absorbed by the wind. The Mg n K line exhibits a time-varying emission core, that may be explained by ionization of Mg in the wind by X-rays from the white dwarf. Subject headings: stars: Ba n — stars: individual — stars: late-type — stars: white dwarfs — stars: winds — ultraviolet: spectra


We perform molecular dynamics simulations of chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE)/vinylidene fluoride (VDF) copolymers over a wide range of compositions and temperatures including the volumetric glass transition. Structural features of the polymers and copolymers were characterized using pair correlation functions and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) spectra. Calculated WAXS spectra for the CTFE/VDF copolymer known as Kel-F 800 are compared with experimental results and are found to compare well. The X-ray peak associated with interchain spacing is found to shift to larger scattering angles (smaller d spacings) as the concentration of the CTFE comonomer decreases, suggesting a transition between CTFE and VDF homopolymer interchain packing structures, consistent with earlier experiments. The strong compositional dependence is traced to packing involving the CF2 moiety. The calculated WAXS were further deconvoluted into atom−atom contributions in an attempt to explain the origin of the peak positions found in t...


How will aquatic feeding enterprises face to in the coming information revolution. Aiming at the features and the cases of information structure in the enterprises, this article gives some suggestions in building intranet for the enterprise, information station to intercommunicate among enterprises, markets and clients and in developing electronic commerce etc..


The amount of water in gluten-free recipes is very important to the quality of the end product. The research aimed to develop an alternative formula for gluten-free bread using different water levels. This research was conducted to determine the physical properties, rheological profile and sensory evaluation of natural gluten-free bread produced by adding different water levels to the recipe without adding hydrocolloid. Five types of bread with different levels of water at (A) 80%; (B) 90%; (C) 100%; (D) and control dough: 105% (control 1); (E) 60% (wheat bread-control 2) of the flour basis were investigated. Control 1 is the standard level of water for making gluten-free bread, while control 2 is the standard level of water for preparing wheat bread. Sample A has a lighter crust and crumbs, as well as a white index value and lower ΔE values comparable to wheat bread, better volume, increased pore size sharply and shows higher G' and G". G' decreased as the amount of water in the dough increased. All dough formulations had higher gelatinisation enthalpy change (ΔH) values than sample A and sample E. The bakery sector could use the findings to design and reformulate the recipes of diabetic and/or reduced calorie and gluten-free bread recipes to better fulfill consumers' expectations.


This paper presents development of a day ahead load forecasting (DALF) model for Turkish power system with an artificial neural network (ANN). Effects of special holidays including national and religious days, and hourly random load deviations observed in Turkish power system due to significant arc furnace loads are discussed. Performance of the ANN is investigated in the sense of both DALF performance - in terms of both daily mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and hourly absolute percentage error (APE) - and hourly secondary reserves required to ensure supply/demand adequacy of the system. The most sensitive cities to DALF in terms of daily city temperature forecasts are ranked in order to reduce the input of the developed ANN and thereby to improve execution of the model. Candidate cities are determined based on both their placement with respect to climatic zones of the country and their contribution to the system load during peak hours. The results show that, although a well-trained ANN could provide very satisfactory daily MAPEs at non-special days, such as ~ 1%, the hourly absolute percentage errors (APE) could be significant due to large random load disturbances, which necessitate special attention during the day ahead allocation of hourly secondary reserves. By limiting the temperature data set with major cities, the input of ANN reduces significantly while not disturbing the MAPEs. Main contributions of the study are; addressing both benefits of the prioritizing the cities in a power system in the sense of their temperature forecast effects on the DALF performance and assessing the performance of DALF in the sense of necessary amount of secondary reserves in power systems which include significant random load deviations (e.g., large arc furnace loads).


Purpose – Corporate governance is built on the responsibility of members towards other stakeholders inside and outside the organization. Through the testing of hypotheses on the interconnections between corporate governance and its precursors, this research aims to substantiate that emotional intelligence (EI) is the first layer of bricks, trust the second layer, and corporate social responsibility (CSR) the third layer of the entire architecture of corporate governance.Design/methodology/approach – A total of 382 responses in completed form returned from self‐administered structured questionnaires relayed to 640 middle level managers underwent an analysis based on structural equation modeling (SEM).Findings – Emotional intelligence, as the data divulges, is a rich network of social synapses among members for knowledge‐based or identity‐based trust to grow in their souls, which can activate ethical CSR deeds as levers for corporate governance.Originality/value – The journey to test research hypotheses has...


Background and purpose of the studyDropped Head Syndrome (DHS) is characterized by a chin on chest flexion neck deformity that is passively correctible. The condition is rare and literature on surgical and conservative management is focused on case studies and theoretical evidence.Purpose of the studyThe purpose of this study was to investigate the value of physiotherapy in the treatment of DHS by case series analysis.MethodsThe effectiveness of physiotherapy was examined in six patients, some of whom were still under treatment and evaluation. Photographs were taken of some of the patients in order to gain further insight into the condition. Conservative management was provided in the form of physiotherapy and the use of a collar. Physiotherapy treatment involved a focus on sagittal balance and treatment included education, manual therapy, exercises, postural and mirror work and modification of sitting and lying positions.ResultsIn the first completed case study the patient reported an improvement in the ...


The correspondence from Henryk Sienkiewicz to Konrad Dobrski from the years 1865–1866 records reflections of the future author of The Trilogy on his one year's stay as a tutor to the Weyher family (Ludwik, his uncle, and Aleksandra) in Poświętne near Płońsk. There Sienkiewicz met various people. Their identities are established in the article on the basis of hitherto unused archival sources in the form of corrections and factual additions to the 1977 edition of letters. The unflattering remarks about the Weyhers and the guests staying at their house show Sienkiewicz's critical attitude towards the conformist life of landowners, to whom he gives the worst possible testimony. The text attempts to explain the reasons and contexts of such an attitude of the young Sienkiewicz. This attempt is preceded by an inquiry into the reasons behind Sienkiewicz's decision to take a gap year in education and accept gainful employment away from his own family.


Both the distinguished author and the theme of this volume, containing the first of the lectures recently established in memory of the late Mr. Justice Holmes, suggest the cataclysm that today shakes the world. One of that large band of Continental scholars who have been exiled from their native lands, whether because of race or outstanding intelligence or both, by dictatorships that fear the light, and, seeking asylum under the Statue of Liberty, are significantly contributing to the development of science in this country, Hans Kelsen is the acknowledged leader of the most distinctive school of juristic thought that Europe has developed in recent years. And the theme is a problem accentuated by world-wide war, namely, whether the existing system of international law is or can be made a legal order promoting peace. This problem is considered in a twofold aspect: first, from the theoretical point of view, to ascertain whethei international law is to be regarded as a legal order at all; second, on the plane of politics and reform, to determine whether and, if so, how the system can be improved in conformity with the peace ideal.


We present the notion of Berikashvili's functor D, its generalization for the A(∞) case and the corresponding algebraic model of a fibre bundle. It is a pleasure to dedicate this paper to my teacher Nodar Berikashvili on his 90th anniversary. 1. Twisting Cochains for DG-algebras 1.1. Browns twisting cochains. Let (K, dK : K∗ → K∗−1,∇K : K → K ⊗K) be a DG-coalgebra and (A, dA : A∗ → A∗−1, μA : A⊗ A → A) be a DG-algebra. Then the cochain complex C∗(K,A) = Hom(K,A) with a differential δα = αdK + dAα and multiplication α ^ β = μA(α ⊗ β)∇K is a DG-algebra. A Brown's twisting cochain [3] is a homomorphism φ : K∗ → A∗−1, i.e., deg φ = −1, satisfying δφ = φ ^ φ. Twisted tensor product. Let (P, dP , ν : A ⊗ P → P ) be a DG A-module. Then any twisting cochain φ : K → A determines a homomorphism dφ : K ⊗ P → K ⊗ P by dφ(k ⊗ p) = dKk ⊗ p+ k ⊗ dPm + (k ⊗ p) ∩ φ where (k ⊗ p) ∩ φ = (idK ⊗ ν)(idK ⊗ φ ⊗ idP )(∇K ⊗ idP )(k ⊗ p). The Brown's condition dφ = φ ^ φ implies that dφdφ = 0. The obtained chain complex (K ⊗M, dφ) is called twisted tensor product and is denoted as K ⊗φM . Using these notions, Edgar Brown constructed an algebraic model of a fibre bundle (see below). For a morphism of DG-algebras f : A→ A′, a morphism of modules g : P → P ′, g(a·p) = f(a)·g(p) and a twisting cochain φ : K → A the map idK ⊗ g : K ⊗φ P → K ⊗fφ P ′ is a chain map. 1.2. Berikashvili's equivalence of twisting cochains. Two twisting cochains φ, ψ : K → A are equivalent (Berikashvili [2]) if there exists c : K → A, deg c = 0, such that ψ = φ+δc+ψ ^ c+c ^ φ, notation φ ∼c ψ. This equivalence allows one to perturb twisting cochains. Essential applications of Berikashvili's equivalnce give the following. Theorem 1. If φ ∼c ψ, then K⊗φ P Fc −→ K⊗ψ P given by Fc(k⊗ p) = (k⊗ p)∩ c is an isomorphism of DG-comodules. Berikashvili's functor D. Let Tw(K,A) = {φ : K → A, δφ = φ ◦ φ} be the set of all twisting cochains. Berikasvili's functor D(K,A) is defined as the factorset D(K,A) = Tw(K,A) ∼ . The following property of D plays an essential role in some constructions. Theorem 2 (Berikashvili [2]). Let (K, dK ,∇K) be a DG-colagebra with free Kis and (A, dA, μA) be a connected DG-algebra. If f : A → A′ is a weak equivalence of connected DG-algebras (i.e., homology isomorphism), then D(f) : D(K,A)→ D(K,A′) is a bijection. 1.3. Bar interpretation. The notions of twisting cochain and their equivalence have useful interpretation in terms of Adams's bar construction [1]. Twisting Cochains and the Bar Construction. Any twisting cochain φ : K → A induces a map of DG-coalgebras fφ : K → B(A) given by fφ = ∑ i(φ⊗ · · · ⊗ φ)∇K . Bar interpretation of equivalence of twisting Cochains. In the category of DG-coalgebras there is the following notion of homotopy: two DG-coalgebra maps f, g : (K, dK ,∇K)→ (K ′, dK′ ,∇K′) are 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. 55R20.


Substantiation of is spent that for increase of efficiency of processing and delivery of the video data with use information communication systems of real time it is required to carry out cryptographic enciphering simultaneously with the organisation of compact representation.


The origins of the notion of both text and document can be traced back to antiquity. Over the course of their respective histories – which I will not go into at this juncture – the meanings of both terms have evolved. Beyond the commonly used meanings, there are numerous other usages in various fields of specialization.


Count constraint is a data dependency that requires the results of given count operations on a relation to be within a certain range. By means of count constraints a new decisional problem, called the Inverse OLAP, has been recently introduced: given a flat fact table, does there exist an instance satisfying a set of given count constraints? This paper focus on a special case of Inverse OLAP, called Inverse Tree-OLAP, for which the flat fact table key is modeled by a Dimensional Fact Model (DFM) with a tree structure.


In this paper, we characterize the percolation condition for a continuum secondary cognitive radio network under the SINR model. We show that the well-established condition for continuum percolation does not hold true in the SINR regime. Thus, we find the condition under which a cognitive radio network percolates. We argue that due to the SINR requirements of the secondaries along with the interference tolerance of the primaries, not all the deployed secondary nodes necessarily contribute towards the percolation process- even though they might participate in the communication process. We model the invisibility of such nodes using the concept of Poisson thinning, both in the presence and absence of primaries. Invisibility occurs due to nodes that i) cannot decode transmissions except from their nearest neighbors, ii) are always interfered, and iii) belong to isolated components. We find the thinning probability in terms of primary and secondary densities, communication radii, and interference cancellation coefficient. Further, we show how the effective coverage radius shrinks which also adds to the thinning. Theoretical findings are validated through simulations.


Soils δ13C and δ15N are now regarded as useful indicators of nitrogen (N) status and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC). Numerous studies have explored the effects of various factors on soils δ13C and δ15N in terrestrial ecosystems on different scales, but it remains unclear how co-varying climatic, edaphic and biotic factors independently contribute to the variation in soil δ13C and δ15N in temperate grasslands on a large scale. To answer the above question, a large-scale soil collection was carried out along a vegetation transect across the temperate grasslands of Inner Mongolia. We found that mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT) do not correlate with soil δ15N along the transect, while soil δ13C linearly decreased with MAP and MAT. Soil δ15N logarithmically increased with concentrations of SOC, total N and total P. By comparison, soil δ13C linearly decreased with SOC, total N and total P. Soil δ15N logarithmically increased with microbial biomass C and microbial biomass N, while soil δ13C linearly decreased with microbial biomass C and microbial biomass N. Plant belowground biomass linearly increased with soil δ15N but decreased with soil δ13C. Soil δ15N decreased with soil δ13C along the transect. Multiple linear regressions showed that biotic and edaphic factors such as microbial biomass C and total N exert more effect on soil δ15N, whereas climatic and edaphic factors such as MAT and total P have more impact on soil δ13C. These findings show that soil C and N cycles in temperate grasslands are, to some extent, decoupled and dominantly controlled by different factors. Further investigations should focus on those ecological processes leading to decoupling of C and N cycles in temperate grassland soils.


This article traces the author's path from early life in the United Kingdom to graduate school in Newfoundland and New Brunswick and then to a series of faculty positions – ultimately, at Saint Mary's University. Early work in the seventeenth-century history of northern New England gave way to a more broadly comparative approach to this era and, eventually, to an effort to coordinate imperial, colonial, and Indigenous history in northeastern North America. A variety of career uncertainties and evolutions also led to involvement in the history of higher education, the history of Atlantic Canada, and the history of sport. Through it all, collaborative work developed as a recurrent approach, with Atlantic Canada themes frequently underpinning responses to a variety of historiographies.


The present study was carried out to evaluate the ameliorative effect of omega 3 fatty acids on physical stress in rats. Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided in to four groups of six rats in each as group I – control diet, Group II omega 3 fatty acid supplemented diet, Group III induced physical stress with control diet, Group IV induced physical stress with omega 3 fatty acid supplemented diet. Physical stress was induced by overcrowding of 6 rats per standard cage instead of 4 rats. Omega 3 fatty acids were supplemented as fish oil @ 3% in the feed. All rats were euthanized as per CPCSEA guidelines on 29 day and liver tissues were collected. The organs were snap frozen and stored at -20oC for further analysis of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyls in the liver homogenate. Stress group (II) rats showed significant decrease in GSH, SOD, GPx and significant increase in TBARS and protein carbonyl levels emphasizing the fact that overcrowding in Group II rats induced considerable physical stress that resulted in oxidative damage via ROS production. Group IV rats showed significant improvement in GSH, SOD and significant decrease in TBARS, protein carbonyls levels whereas GPx was not altered significantly. The results of the present study elucidate the physical stress induced ROS production and compromised antioxidant defense in rat liver and ameliorative effect of omega 3 fatty acids present in fish oil on reversing the oxidative stress through alteration in the level of SOD but not GPx.


A renovated hybrid membrane bioreactor (HMBR) was investigated for its capability of coking wastewater treatment. The HMBR combined biofilm process and membrane filtration process. The system was efficient in degrading COD and phenol in coking wastewater and controlling membrane. It was found that the coking wastewater could be effectively treated with 88.6% of COD removal efficiency and 98.3% of phenol removal efficiency at hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 16 h. The removal efficiency of COD and phenol decreased gradually down to 83.2% and 97.7% when HRT decreased to 8 h. The long term experiments indicated that the degree of membrane fouling for HMBR was far lower than that for MBR. The scrubbing effect of suspended carrier in HMBR was observed to be capable of reducing the cake fouling of membrane. The operation time of HMBR was 8.4-fold longer than that with MBR.


A common criticism of Parsonian theory has been that it is really not a theory but only a classificatory scheme. Critics claim that its concepts are not amenable to operationalization and that low-level empirically testable hypotheses cannot be derived from the theory. We argue that: (I) These criticisms are based upon a limited concept of theory, one that neglects other important functions that theory performs. (2) Many concepts in Parsonian theory can and have been operationalized. (3) Empirically testable propositions can be deduced from Parsons's theory. Examples from the areas of social evolution, criminology, small groups, and the self are discussed.


BACKGROUND
Minimally invasive techniques were associated with bariatric surgery, leading to a decrease in aggression to the organs and systems. Robotic surgery is a new possibility within the concept of minimal invasion.

AIM
To evaluate the initial experience of robotic surgery for obesity.

METHODS
Twenty seven patients were operated in the same hospital, by the same team with the same surgical system, Da Vinci S.

RESULTS
Were performed six gastric band placement , five sleeve gastrectomies and 16 gastric bypasses. There was one major complication and no death in this series.

CONCLUSIONS
The robotic surgery for obesity surgery was safe during the initial experience.


A novel form of long‐term potentiation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission is described in the rat medial habenula nucleus. It occurs when uridine 5′‐triphosphate is bath applied at low micromolar concentrations and is prevented by Reactive Blue 2, suggesting that it is mediated by P2Y4 receptors. Uridine 5′‐diphosphate can also cause such a Reactive Blue 2‐sensitive potentiation, but at higher concentrations (200 µm), suggesting that this might also be an effect on the relatively uridine 5′‐diphosphate‐insensitive P2Y4 receptor. The potentiation is due to an increase in presynaptic release probability. It requires neither depolarization nor calcium influx postsynaptically and is thus probably non‐Hebbian. When potentiation due to low concentrations of uridine 5′‐triphosphate is inhibited in the presence of Reactive Blue 2, uridine 5′‐triphosphate causes instead a significant inhibition of glutamate release. We suggest that this inhibition may be mediated by a Reactive Blue 2‐insensitive P2Y2‐like receptor. At higher concentrations of uridine 5′‐triphosphate (200 µm), the inhibitory effect dominates such that even in the absence of Reactive Blue 2 no potentiation is seen.


R.M. Burstall: The Transformation Approach to Program Development The postulate underlying the transformation approach to program development is that programs are complicated, hard to understand and prone to errors because we want them to be efficient. The desire for efficiency saturates our programming habits, so much so that the simplest and least efficient way to write a program never even crosses our mind. In contrast mathematicians in making definitions seek clarity and what Dijkstra calls 'separation of concerns': they pay no attention to efficiency of computation. So the idea is to start with a program which does the right job but entirely sacrifices efficiency in favour of simplicity and modularity. We then transform it by correctness preserving transformations until a tolerably efficient, though less perspicuous, program is obtained. E.W. Dijkstra: Given the specifications, a text fit for "automatic execution" has to be composed, and it has to be proved that results satisfying the specifications correspond to that text. For the purpose of this discussion I regard that proof obligation as the core of the programming task. The idea of program transformations is to produce the desired text B not directly, but to derive it from a text A via successive transformations from a suitable repertoire, the assumption being that the text A is the easier one to design, while the text B, when viewed as a program, is the more attractive one. The correctness proof for text B then consists of (a) the correctness proof for the original program A, (b) the chain of transformations with for each transformation the verification that it has been legally applied. P. Pepper: Our trouble comes from the - apparently intrinsic - incompatibility of clearness and efficiency which forces us to change over from the easily readable to the easily executable. This means organizing the construction of software in the form of a development process gradually abandoning clarity in favour of economy. If the single steps of this process are done according to formalized rules they are called program transformations. The discovery was that they can be done even in complicated cases. A programming methodology should be applicable to all stages of such a development in a uniform way. Transformations can be used with existential quantifiers, recursive functions, variables and with goto's equally well; they harmonize particularly well with specification tools like abstract data types and characteristic predicates and give freedom for programming styles and notations.


In situ observations of surface hydroxyl groups and the subsequent ligand exchange during initial atmospheric corrosion conditions of Zn are reported. The data have been obtained with sum frequency ...


The first phase of an innovative combined heat and power (CHP) system for the City of London is now almost complete and should be operating at full capacity by the end of 1994. Test runs are taking place. The system is powered by two large 18-cylinder Waertsilae Vasa 46GD multifuel engines developing a total of just under 32 MW of power. The engines drive ABB Stromberg HSG 160O water-cooled generators with electrical efficiencies exceeding 97%. The station will use natural gas and heavy fuel oil to generate electricity for the grid, hot water for district heating and chilled water for air conditioning. In the first phase of the project, underground pipework and cabling will connect the power station to various buildings in the City including the Barbican Center, Guildhall and the Museum of London/Bastion House. State-of-the-art emission control equipment has been installed to reduce NO[sub x] and SO[sub 2] by over 90%. 5 figs.


: Household ant invasion can cause both family health damages and financial losses. Professionally-used insecticides are not recommended for household usage because they can reduce human and animal health. Moreover, families lack knowledge on safe ant repellents because studies on organic ant repellents often showed inconsistent results. To provide concrete instruction on choosing safe organic ant repellents, this study investigated the topic in terms of the biochemistry of natural ant repellents that have been considered safe and effective, and provided a comparison among the repellents using a Y-tube olfactometer to determine the effectiveness of the ant repellents against two ant species. Spearmint, mint oil, and Chinese essential balm are shown to be effective ant repellents by using the plant alone or by mixing it with honey working as a bait. Although the choice of ants in the experiment does not represent all household-invasive ants, this study is still worth referencing for families plagued by ant invasions and for further studies on household ant control.


Adhesive properties of polyisobutylene filled with sodium carboxymethylcellulose have been studied. From the results obtained by the removing cylinders method the lifetimes of the cylinder–PIB/CMC composition joint were calculated. The compositional dependence of the lifetimes have a similar character to that representing the dependence of relaxation time on the composition.


This article aims to analyze the Brazilian Family Strengthening Program, sponsored by UNICEF and adopted by the Brazilian government as a strategy to increase assistance to children aged from 0 to 3. This program is tightly related to the guidelines provided by multilateral organizations such as UNESCO and UNICEF, ratified in the various forums that bring together leaders of Latin America and the Caribbean (OAS, OEI). The Brazilian program is based on a number of ideas and recommendations aimed directly at families who become mediators in children education. This program seeks to establish new standards of conduct, disseminating practices and socializing strategies to poor families, transforming the family environment into a pedagogically oriented space. Poverty reduction is also pursued, as well as the promotion of a favorable environment for family education, seen as essential for children's later educational success.


It is rare that an entity comes along with enormous potential impact on human health and quality of life. Stem cells are one of these, offering potential cures for scourges like diabetes, Parkinson's disease, neurological degeneration, and congenital heart disease. Indeed, it is estimated that human embryonic stem cells could cure more than 125 million people of various afflictions in the U.S. alone. Given this potential, why such an unsavory debate?Briefly defined, a stem cell "can perpetually make more of its own kind and also give rise to a variety of many other mature cells in the body, essentially for the whole life of an individual." In the past, for most of us, mention of stem cells meant replicating and differentiating hematopoietic stem cells. There are the subtleties of pluripotent stem cells, progenitor cells, committed cell, etc., but it is generally agreed that between 1 and 10 pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells can repopulate the entire hematopoiesis of a mouse. Stem cells have also been discovered that can regenerate brain, skin, liver, etc. So why the fuss? The difference lies between these "adult" stem cells and embryonic stem cells.No one argues about adult stem cells; even President Bush supports the "wonderful opportunities of adult stem cell research." It is embryonic stem cell research that raises opponents' hackles. Antiabortionists vehemently object to their use because they believe that such cells will be obtained from intentionally aborted fetuses. They do not distinguish the embryonic source, e.g., frozen embryos leftover from in vitro fertilization or embryos implanted to perhaps become a fetus.Although nearly invisible, the blastocyst-stage embryo is composed of 100 to 200 undifferentiated cells, any of which can give rise to a particular lineage or tissue. However, none of them will develop into a complete individual. It is possible that such cells can become a pancreatic islet or a neuronal cell. In addition, scientists have made embryonic stem cell lines equivalent to mouse ES cells. Although adult stem cells may be able to perform some of the same functions as embryonic cells, the efficiency of embryonic cells to do so is likely to be much higher. Also, the problem of immunological tolerance is less likely with embryonic stem cells. Finally, embryonic stem cells are still the best tool available for investigating the biology of adult stem cells (1xScience over politics (letter). Lanza, R.P. Science. 1999; 283: 1849CrossrefSee all References1).Granted, abortion is a political, emotional, religious, and very personal issue. The current U.S. administration vocally opposes it. Indeed, one of its first actions was to eliminate funds from Planned Parenthood organizations, although this may increase abortions rather than limit them. Consistent with this position, abortion opponents label stem cell research as "destruction of life" by portraying embryos, I believe unfairly, as "the tiniest person." The reality is that an embryo not implanted is an embryo destined to remain an embryo.Stem cell research offers such a great promise that we must rise above technical squabbling over the moral status of an embryo: It should simply not be used as a yardstick to advance political agendas. To date, embryonic stem cell research is approved in Israel, Australia, and Britain (and several other European countries): U.S. scientists will no doubt watch their progress with envy and discontent. I believe the vast majority of Americans, when apprised of the scientific facts and the potential benefit of stem cells, will overwhelmingly support this research. Finally, if the Bush administration halts even the current levels of federal stem cell research funding, nonfederal organizations will certainly undertake it, but not necessarily to the benefit of those patients who have the most to lose in this political game. Let us not miss this golden opportunity.


Translator is the center of translation and is also the most positive element in translation.But the traditional translation theory usually neglects this point.As the development of translation and research,research of translator's subject has been the focus of translation theory research.Famous translator George Steiner,his interpretational translation view is to emphasize the subjective position of translator.For example,from the view of Steiner's interpretational and analyzing mode,the choosing of English version,translation goal,translation strategy,the interpretation of the original work and the recreation of art on language aspect,ChenYinan's Chinese version of The Old Man and Sea is a good example of translator's subjective position.


We establish formal bounds for the number of min-entropy bits that can be extracted in a timing attack against a cryptosystem that is protected by blinding, the state-of-the art countermeasure against timing attacks. Compared with existing bounds, our bounds are both tighter and of greater operational significance, in that they directly address the key's one-guess vulnerability. Moreover, we show that any semantically secure public-key cryptosystem remains semantically secure in the presence of timing attacks, if the implementation is protected by blinding and bucketing. This result shows that, by considering (and justifying) more optimistic models of leakage than recent proposals for leakage-resilient cryptosystems, one can achieve provable resistance against side-channel attacks for standard cryptographic primitives.


Following stroke, many patients are unable to adequately bend their knee during the swing phase of gait [1,2]. This loss of functional control may be related to an abnormal muscle synergy or torque couple in the lower limb, similar to those reported for the upper extremity [3–5]. For example, several investigators have described a flexor synergy that couples shoulder abduction torque and elbow flexion torque under static, isometric conditions [3–4]. This couple is typically altered following stroke [3–4]. In the lower extremity, hip kinetics in the frontal plane appear to be coupled with knee kinetics in the sagittal plane for static, isometric conditions [6]. It is unknown, however, whether the same relationship holds for hip and knee kinetics under dynamic conditions, such as during the swing phase of gait.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


To obtain the low plasticity aluminum alloy connecting rods with good quality, a casting-forging process was put forward in this study. Firstly, the process feasibility of Al-Si-Cu alloy was analyzed by its chemical composition and plasticity chart, and according to the analysis results the casting-forging process was given. Secondly, to solve the crack defect of forging with initial shape of casting billet, an improved shape of casting billet was determined based on divided-flow method. Finally, the wear resistance, mechanical properties and metallographic microstructures of the connecting rods were investigated in details by various tests. Compared with casting, the casting-forging process could improve the wear resistance. The wear resistance of Al-Si-Cu alloy casting-forging connecting rod was better than the other two aluminum alloy forging connecting rods. The tensile strength and elongation of casting-forging process were larger than casting process. The microstructures well explained the performance improvement of the casting-forging connecting rod.


This study presents an experience case of applications of Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC) as food architecture overlay materials in China. The material composition of PCC is introduced. PCC was designed according with filling index defined. The compressive and flexural strength were tested at 7 d and 28 d. The field performance tests were done including the compaction degree, texture depths, the British pendulum number. The surface appearance and the field core of PCC were observed. Finally, economic benefits were achieved through comparisons of cost of PCC with other surface food architecture overlay material. The result show that the application of polymer concrete overlays with high-strength, fast-curing characteristics and skid resistance which can result in improved safety and reduced maintenance at a lower cost in comparison to asphalt reconstruction.


Dear Editor, Dementia has been regarded as one of the major global public health problems, which is growing at a very fast pace.[1] The global estimates depict that close to 50 million people are suffering from the condition at present, and if no prompt measures are taken, it is expected to triple by 2050.[1,2] Furthermore, it has been observed that each year, 10 million people are added to the pool, and under any circumstances, these are alarming numbers.[2] Further, it has been reported that six out of ten people suffering from the condition are from the low‐ and middle‐income nations, which further highlights lack of prioritization of the issue in the eyes of policy‐makers, minimal investment, and an absence of targeted interventions.[1,2]


We find all intrinsic measures of $C^{1,1}$ smooth submanifolds in the Engel group, showing that they are equivalent to the corresponding $d$-dimensional spherical Hausdorff measure restricted to the submanifold. The integer $d$ is the degree of the submanifold. These results follow from a different approach to negligibility, based on a blow-up technique.


The objective of this paper is to design a low profile, planar Microstrip patch antenna for triple band applications. The proposed antenna has been designed by etching H-shaped slot radiators on Fr-4 substrate having dielectric constant 4.1 and a defected ground plane. The dimension of the proposed antenna is 15mm × 15mm. It resonates at 2.4 GHz, 3.6GHz and 5.2GHz frequencies with a return loss of −16dB, −19dB and −19 dB respectively. These frequency bands are assigned for WLAN and WiMax. CST Microwave Studio software has been used to design and simulate the proposed antenna. The proposed antenna consists of H-shaped slot radiator and defected ground plane. Since only H-shaped slots are etched on either sides of the radiator for triple-band operation, it is compact.


Traditionally, pilot surveys have involved pretests of the survey instrument and administrative procedures to be employed in the main survey. Such pilot surveys usually have attempted to pretest a single version of the survey instrument and the administrative procedures and to seek appropriate refinements. By using examples from the Dade County On-Board Transit Survey and a Midwest regional travel survey, it is argued that an important and underused part of a pilot study is comparisons between various alternative administrative procedures or survey-instrument components, in which each alternative is foreseen to have both advantages and disadvantages. The pilot study is likely to provide considerable information on the relative merits of the alternatives tested and will lead to improved design of the final instrument or procedure. Such testing may lead frequently to decisions that can have extensive impacts on response rate, response quality, or survey cost.


B. Num')?ber of Ovules per Pod. The nature of this and the following character has been discussed elsewhere.2 There the data from which all the physical constants necessary in this study may be deduced, but not the constants themselves, are set forth. Tables IX-XI give these constants based on countings of ovules formed and seeds matured in 130,074 pods. That the starvation of the individual affects not merely the number of pods which it produces but the characteristics of these pods as well is evident from a study of these tables, but is best brought out by a special kind of graph. Reducing absolute to relative frequencies, we take the difference Starved less fed for each ovule grade. Such differences are shown in Diagram 8 for ANDD-NDH, NDDC-NDHC, NHD-NHH, NHDC-NHHC, USD-USH, USDC-USHIC, FSD-FSH and FSDC-FSHC. The differences for the ancestral series, which for the moment alone interest us, are shown


The present invention relates to a stent having a stent and an electronic device, the bracket for supporting an electronic device, the bracket comprising a fixed member and a support member, the fixing member fixing the electronic device on the holder, the supporting member along the same axis a first and a second rotary shaft rotatably connected to the rotation axis of the fixing member to the back support from the electronic device, the stent further comprising a rotating shaft disposed in a first axial direction and elastic, resilient members disposed on the positioning member of the fixing member, the positioning member is provided with adjustable positioning groove direction, the second rotating shaft is provided with a positioning projection, when the second rotary shaft is rotated to a position with the support positioning projections and positioning recesses aligned, the positioning the rotation angle of the support projections are positioned within the recess snaps into the elastic force member. The stent user adjust the angle of the electronic device.


This paper examines market research findings about consumer knowledge of vehicle safety. Consumer demand for simplified information is evaluated in the context of output generated from Australian NCAP full frontal and offset frontal barrier crash tests. The development of Australia's NCAP result presentation format is described. Australian NCAP originally presented results as discrete dummy response measurements from each crash test. Following consumer demand to simplify presentation, NCAP management applied injury risk functions to the results producing a single index rating. This 100 point scale represents the risk of life threatening injury for a weighted combination of full frontal and driver's side offset crashes. [A] For the covering abstract, see IRRD 896528.


Malnutrition has been reported as a major factor contributing to the poor outcome of effective ART in HIV infection. This study aimed to describe the relationship between the nutritional status and virological outcome of the children attending the antiretroviral clinic at University College Hospital (UCH) Ibadan, Nigeria. Among the 159 (55.3% males and 44.7% females) children studied, almost half (42.8%) were orphans and the majority 56.6% were aged 120 - 180 months old. More than half (74.2%) had achieved viral suppression and significant associations were observed between viral load and stunting as well as between CD4 count and the age of the children (P < 0.05). The prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was 27.7%, 9.4%, and 13.6% re-spectively. These indices reinforce the need for nutrition education and the provision of food supplements to improve the nutritional status of children infected with HIV.


Let [Formula: see text] be a finite simple graph and [Formula: see text] denote its vertex cover ideal in a polynomial ring over a field [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we show that all symbolic powers of vertex cover ideals of certain vertex-decomposable graphs have linear quotients. Using these results, we give various conditions on a subset [Formula: see text] of the vertices of [Formula: see text] so that all symbolic powers of vertex cover ideals of [Formula: see text], obtained from [Formula: see text] by adding a whisker to each vertex in [Formula: see text], have linear quotients. For instance, if [Formula: see text] is a vertex cover of [Formula: see text], then all symbolic powers of [Formula: see text] have linear quotients. Moreover, we compute the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of symbolic powers of certain vertex cover ideals.


Simocephalus latirostris Stingelin and S. vetulus elistabethae (King) are widespread in tropical Australia, whereas S. acutirostratus (King) is restricted to eastern Queensland and S. serrulatus (Koch) to the far north. Taxonomic comments are made on each species and a key for their identification is provided.


This paper focuses on the deployment of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) within local government in Thai Provinces. GIS has been used extensively within local government and many countries have undertaken SDI initiatives, but these tend to focus at the national level, failing to address the local deployment issues. By their nature as infrastructures, an SDI displays different diffusion patterns to GIS, as they exhibit network externalities and extend an 'installed base'. Having described the GIS and SDI concepts, the authors subsequently turn to the Stage Model literature, which has been applied to generic Information Systems and GIS. An assimilation of this literature is presented and an extended model is proposed, which can be applied in a prescribed manner, aiding in the deployment of GIS and SDI within local government.


The post-operative patient analysis begins immediately after the surgery. The post-operative care depends on both the type of surgery and the previous health history. With the help of this analysis we can find if there exist any complications or not. In this paper we are analyzing the data of Post-Operative patients and we are identifying the state of the patient using J48 – a Data Mining Approach. After that, we are comparing various classification techniques in data mining and predicting their accuracy for post-operative patients data set. We are comparing Naïve Bayesian, SMO, LWL, J48 classifiers using performance measures like Receiver Operating Characteristic), Root mean squared Error, Kappa statistics and Mean Absolute Error using WEKA tool. Different Techniques in Data Mining could be used for the extraction of data from large data sources. Data Mining Approaches can be used in several fields like Medicine, Education, Fraud Detection, Marketing etc.


The aim of the present work was to investigate the processing of coreferential relations, focusing on their relationship with the working memory. In a reading process, it is essential that readers continuously perform mental operations that involve the working memory, such as storing, retrieving, and manipulating information. For this reason, it is understood that the processing of coreference resolution is closely related to the working memory. In this relationship between memory and anaphora resolution, the distance factor between the referent and anaphor can play a significant role as distance increases the processing costs when reading sentences. It is known that the working memory is limited; yet there is still no consensus among researchers regarding the nature of storable items. Moreover, the syntactic node, here taken as a representative of the structure of a phrase, was observed as possible storage and recoverable unit in the working memory. Thus, the objective of the study was to verify whether the syntactic distance factor, embeddings with 1 and 2 intervening syntactic nodes, is a storable unit in the working memory, investigating its influence in the processing of different anaphora resolution. The self-paced reading experimental technique was used in an experiment. Seventy participants, all university students, were tested individually and underwent a training session before the task. The results suggest that the syntactic distance is a relevant factor in the working memory with significant differences between conditions with syntactic distance concerning those with linear distance, indicating the formation of chunks. There was an increase in reading times depending on the number of intervening embeddings, and different processing costs for each type of anaphora resolution investigated . The aim of the present work was to investigate the processing of coreferential relations, focusing on their relationship with the working memory. In a reading process, it is essential that readers continuously perform mental operations that involve the working memory, such as storing, retrieving, and manipulating information. For this reason, it is understood that the processing of coreference resolution is closely related to the working memory. In this relationship between memory and anaphora resolution, the distance factor between the referent and anaphor can play a significant role as distance increases the processing costs when reading sentences. It is known that the working memory is limited; yet there is still no consensus among researchers regarding the nature of storable items. Moreover, the syntactic node, here taken as a representative of the structure of a phrase, was observed as possible storage and recoverable unit in the working memory. Thus, the objective of the study was to verify whether the syntactic distance factor, embeddings with 1 and 2 intervening syntactic nodes, is a storable unit in the working memory, investigating its influence in the processing of different anaphora resolution. The self-paced reading experimental technique was used in an experiment. Seventy participants, all university students, were tested individually and underwent a training session before the task. The results suggest that the syntactic distance is a relevant factor in the working memory with significant differences between conditions with syntactic distance concerning those with linear distance, indicating the formation of chunks. There was an increase in reading times depending on the number of intervening embeddings, and different processing costs for each type of anaphora resolution investigated .


The creation of large-scale multimedia datasets has become a scientific matter in itself. Indeed, the fully-manual annotation of hundreds or thousands of hours of video and/or audio turns out to be practically infeasible. In this paper, we propose an extremly handy approach to automatically construct a database of famous speakers from TV broadcast news material. We then run a user experiment with a correctly designed tool that demonstrates that very reliable results can be obtained with this method. In particular, a thorough error analysis demonstrates the value of the approach and provides hints for the improvement of the quality of the dataset.


This paper addresses a remarkable feature of space plasmas that is related to their peculiar statistical behavior: The existence of a new quantization constant ℏ*, similar to the standard Planck's quantization constant ℏ, but 12 orders of magnitude larger. The standard quantization through the Planck constant ℏ may occur to individual particles, while the large- scale quantization through the new constant ℏ* applies only to clusters of correlated particles. In space plasmas, the value of ℏ* can be approximated by the division of the magnetosonic energy over the plasma frequency. Having the actual value of ℏ* been determined, it can be further applied in space plasma datasets to derive unknown plasma parameters when some key observable is missing, such as the magnetic field strength. This application is tested with solar wind data in the inner heliosphere, where the magnetic field is known, and then it is employed in the inner heliosheath plasma to estimate the unknown local magnetic field.


This paper proposes a novel coding strategy to achieve distortion minimization for H.264 steganography with quantized discrete cosine transform (QDCT) coefficients. Currently, with the help of syndrome-trellis codes (STCs), state-of-the-art image steganography embeds messages while minimizing a heuristically defined distortion function. However, this concept cannot be directly ported to steganography using compressed video as the cover media. According to the intra prediction principle, an H.264 QDCT coefficient block is predicted and coded based on previously encoded blocks, so even a slight embedding change will set off a chain reaction in the remaining cover blocks. Considering the cover block dependency, we make necessary changes to the standard trellis coding structure so as to be applicable for the joint compression embedding scenario. During the coding/embedding procedure, we maintain multiple contexts corresponding to possible optimal routes, and retrace each route periodically to determine how each cover block should be modified. After each modification, the remaining cover blocks, as well as their embedding costs, are re-evaluated, and each context is updated to reflect the embedding effect. In this way, the global optimality can be approached progressively in a block-by-block manner, so our proposed method is named progressive trellis coding (PTC). Extensive experiments have been conducted, and corresponding results show that the adoption of PTC brings about a significant gain in embedding performance.


Salt is a very important commodity in daily life, both for food and industrial needs. Therefore, increasing salt production is very necessary to meet domestic salt needs. One of the most salt producing regions is Madura Island, because almost every district, especially Pamekasan, Lembung, Kec. Galis, the majority of the population work as salt farmers. The purpose of this research is to find out about improving the quality of salt production in Lembung, Kec. Pamekasan Regency, Madura, East Java Province. using Geomembrane Technology. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The sample of this research is a resident who works as a salt farmer in the village of Lembung, Galis Regency, Pamekasan Regency, East Java, this sampling technique uses the Purposive Sampling method, data collection is done through interview session techniques, and documentation. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the increase in the quality of salt production can be done by using geomembrane technology which significantly influences the quality and quantity of production.


Introduction : TV Nations TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTIONS: FROM ORIGINS TO STABILITY INSTITUTIONS: CONFLICT AND CHANGE PROGRAMMING: FROM THE 50S TO THE 80S PROGRAMMING: NEW VENUES, NEW FORMS AUDIENCES Bibliography Index


The present invention discloses a pitch without changing the resonance line holes are arranged, can be determined independently of the connection between the predetermined resonance line of the dielectric filter is coupled between the resonance lines, the composite dielectric filter and a communication apparatus using them adjacent. Is provided on the surface of the resonance line holes (2a, 2b, 2c), on the outer surface of the dielectric block (1) is provided resonance lines (5a, 5b, 5c) are formed in the inner ground inside the dielectric block (1) electrodes (3). In the middle axial holes (2a, 2b, 2c) of the resonant lines of the resonant circuit changes the inner diameter of the hole, while the inner diameter of the axial position change of different parts in the side facing the adjacent resonance lines.


This book is a multiauthored textbook in planetary evolutionary biogeochemistry, emphasizing the major effects biota have had on the planetary environment and based on a long standing, one semister course at Boston University. A series of chapters described planetary atmospheres in the inner solar system, alternative views on the chemical origin of life, present-day microbial communities and the structures they build, the endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotic cells, and the fossil record of the late Precambrian. Four concluding chapters discuss the Phanerozoic, including the Gaia hypotheseis, plate tectonics, plant secondary compounds, and the role of chromosome fission in mammaliean evolution. A section on assignments, presentations, supplementary material, and background reading, and a comprehensive glossary are included.


In order to determine the prevalence and some risk factors assciate t Cryptosporidium spp in air lams a transversal cross sectional study in the Municipality of Culiacan, Sinaloa, Mexico was developed. A total of 23 sheep production units (SPU) with two different production systems were evaluated. Lambs between 1 and 90 days of age were considered among the animals sampled; a total of 1140 fecal samples were collected and stained with modied Ziehl-Neelsen technique to nally be observed under oil inmersion objective (100X) allowing the protozoan identication.


Summary Calf 22, receiving the animal protein in the form of liquid beef blood consumed the largest quantity, retained the lowest percentage and eliminated the largest percentage of nitrogen through the urine of any of the calves on test. The actual quantity, in grams, of nitrogen retained, however, is equal to the average of the two milk-fed calves. The excessive nitrogen eliminated through the urine, indicates a high degree of solubility or absorption of the nitrogen supplied through liquid blood and, in a measure at least, is a guide in judging the desirability of a ration for calves. When calf 22 received dried blood in the place of liquid blood, the amount of nitrogen consumed remained quite constant, the retained nitrogen was equal to that previously retained and the eliminated nitrogen shifted from urine to feces. Calf 223, receiving the vegetable protein ration consumed a small quantity of nitrogen, retained the smallest quantity in terms of grams, and eliminated the largest quantity in terms of percentage, through the feces. The presence of milk or liquid blood increased the urine nitrogen to a point which checks very closely with the calves receiving these feeds. Calves 110 and 219 retained the largest amount of nitrogen and maintained a more equal division of nitrogen elimination through the feces and urine than did those receiving the substitute ration. Their performance, when shifted to other types of rations was entirely consistent with the performance of calves receiving similar rations during the earlier periods of the experiment.


In recent years, contemporary Western trends of thought in philosophy have aroused the attention and interests of some young people in our country, especially university students. It has therefore become an obligation on the part of our educators to know how to deal correctly with contemporary Western trends of philosophical thought and to guide young students to use the Marxist viewpoint to analyze and criticize these trends of thought, eliminating their negative influences and absorbing their rational parts.


I. Kinematics of Gas and the Undunderlying Mass Distribution.- Systematics of HII Rotation Curves.- HI Velocity Fields and Rotation Curves.- A High Resolution HI Survey of M31.- High Velocity HI in the Inner 5 KPC of M31.- Comparison of Global 21 cm Velocity Profiles with H?, Rotation Curves.- TAURUS - A Wide Field Imaging Fabry-Perot Spectrometer.- HI Observations of the Irregular Galaxy IC 10.- The Distribution of Molecular Clouds in Spiral Galaxies.- The CO Rotation Curve of the Milky Way : Accuracy and Implications.- Cold Molecular Material in the Galaxy.- Molecular Clouds in the Galactic Nucleus.- Molecular Clouds in Spiral Galaxies.- CO Observations of M51.- Gas at Large Radii.- Rotation Curve and Mass Model for the Edge-on Galaxy NGC 5907.- Optical Features Associated with the Extended HI Enveloppe of M83.- M82 - Tilt and Warp of its Principal Plane.- Vertical Motion and the Thickness of HI Disks Implications For Galactic Mass Models.- Do Spiral Galaxies Have a Variable Disk Thickness?.- Mass Distribution and Dark Halos.- The Origin of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies.- NGC 3992 - A Galaxy Without a Massive Halo.- Groups of Galaxies and the Missing Mass Problem.- HI Observations of the Interacting Galaxies - VV 371 and VV 329.- Distribution and Motions of Atomic Hydrogen in Lenticular Galaxies.- Neutral Hydrogen Mapping of three SO Galaxies.- II. Spiral Structure.- Theory of Spiral Structure.- Quasi-Stationary Spiral Structure in Galaxies.- Dynamical Mechanisms for Discrete Unstable Spiral Modes in Galaxies.- Global Instabilities of a Galaxy Model.- Global Stability Analysis of an SO Galaxy NGC 3115.- Spiral Instabilities and Disk Heating.- On the Evolution of Perturbed Gas Disks.- Cloud-Particle Dynamics and Star Formation in Spiral Galaxies.- The Ballistic Particle Model.- Relation Between Star Formation and Angular Momentum in Spiral Galaxies.- Model Calculations on the Large Scale Distribution of Bubbles in Galaxies.- HI-Shells in M31.- Selfpropagating Stochastic Star Formation and Spiral Structure.- Velocity Structures in the Vertical Extensions of Spiral Arms.- Vertical Structure of Spiral Shocks in a Corrugated Galactic Disc.- Recent Taurus Results on H? Velocities in M83.- Possible Evidence for Lin's Three-Wave Interaction Mechanism at Corotation in the Galaxy NGC.- Spectral Analysis of the Luminosity Distribution of Seven Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster.- Fourier Analysis of Spiral Tracers. A Progress Report.- Large Scale Magnetohydrodynamical Considerations in Spiral Galaxies.- Magnetic Fields and Spiral Structure.- Spiral Structure : Density Waves or Material Arms ?.- Conflicts and Directions in Spiral Structure.- III. Warps.- Theories of Warps.- Galactic Warps in Tilted Halos.- Periodic Orbits and Warps.- IV. Barred Galaxies.- Morphology, Stellar Kinematics and Dynamics of Barred Galaxies.- Disk Stability.- Instabilities of Hot Stellar Discs.- Stabilizing a Cold Disk with a 1/r Force Law.- Numerical Experiments on the Response Mechanism of Barred Spirals.- Ordered and Semi-Ergodic Motions in Barred Galaxies.- Onset of Stochasticity in Barred Spirals.- Attacking the Problem of a Selfconsistent Bar.- Theoretical Studies of Gas Flow in Barred Spiral Galaxies.- Periodic Orbits and Gas Flow in Barred Spiral Galaxies.- The Response of the Ensemble of Molecular Clouds to Bar Forcing in a Galaxy Disk.- Gas Flow Models for Barred Spirals.- Photometry, Kinematics and Dynamics of the Barred Galaxy NGC 5383.- Kinematics of the Barred Galaxy NGC 1365.- HI in the Barred Spiral Galaxies NGC 1365 and NGC 1097.- Observations of the Neutral Hydrogen in the Barred Spiral Galaxies NGC 3992 and NGC 4731.- The Barred Galaxy NGC 7741.- Hydrodynamical Models of Offcentered Barred Spirals.- Structure and Dynamics of Magellanic Type Galaxies.- Formation of Rings And Lenses.- Lenses and Low Surface Brightness Disks.- V. Spheroidal Systems.- Dynamics of Early-Type Galaxies.- Rotational Velocities and Central Velocity Dispersions for a Sample of SO Galaxies.- Models of Ellipticals and Bulges.- The Stability of Axisymmetric Galaxy Models with Anisotropic Dispersions.- Three-Dimensional Orbits in Triaxial Galaxies.- Scale-Free Models of Elliptical Galaxies.- Axisymmetric Models of Elliptical Galaxies with Anisotropy.- New Phenomena in Triaxial Stellar Systems.- Kinematic Modelling of NGC 3379.- Interstellar Matter In Elliptical Galaxies.- Sensitive Search for HI in E and SO galaxies.- Neutral Hydrogen Observations of the Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies NGC 185 and NGC 205.- Extended Gaseous Emission in Normal Elliptical Galaxies.- Gas and Star Kinematics in Elliptical Galaxies.- Optical Kinematics of Strong Radio Galaxies.- Dust and Gas in Triaxial Galaxies.- VI. Mergers.- Observational Evidence For Mergers.- Taurus Observations of the Emission-Line Velocity Field of Centaurus A(NGC 5128).- Kinematics and Evolution of NGC 5128.- Simulations Of Galaxy Mergers.- On the Formation and Dynamics of Shells around Elliptical Galaxies.- Merger Cross-Sections of Colliding Galaxies.- Environmental Effects on Galaxies in Clusters.- Collisions and Merging of Disk Galaxies.- Energy Transfer during the Tidal Encounter of Disc Galaxies.- VII. Galaxy Formation.- Dynamics Of Globular Cluster Systems.- Kinematics of Clusters in M33.- SO and Smooth-arm Sa's within the Hubble Sequence.- Is the Hubble Type of a Disk System Essentially Determined by one Parameter : Total Mass ?.- Systematics of Bulge-to-Disk Ratios.- The Manifold of Elliptical Galaxies.- The Formation Of Galaxies.- What May Superclusters Tell us About Galaxy Formation?.- Thick discs and the Formation of Disc Galaxies.- Galaxy Formation : Some Comparisons Between Theory And Observation.- Summary : Observational Viewpoint.- Spry : Theoretical Viewpoint.- Name Index.- Object Index.


Gender discrimination and awareness are essentially practiced in social, education, workplace, and economic sectors across the globe. A person manifests this attribute naturally in gait, body gesture, facial, including speech. For that reason, automatic gender recognition (AGR) has become an interesting sub-topic in speech recognition systems that can be found in many speech technology applications. However, retrieving salient gender-related information from a speech signal is a challenging problem since speech contains abundant information apart from gender. The paper intends to compare the performance of human vocal tract-based model i.e., linear prediction coefficients (LPC) and human auditory-based model i.e., Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) which are popularly used in other speech recognition tasks by experimentation of optimal feature parameters and classifier's parameters. The audio data used in this study was obtained from 93 speakers uttering selected words with different vowels. The two feature vectors were tested using two classification algorithms namely, discriminant analysis (DA) and artificial neural network (ANN). Although the experimental results were promising using both feature parameters, the best overall accuracy rate of 97.07% was recorded using MFCC-ANN techniques with almost equal performance for male and female classes.


Terri Porrett explains the importance of sharing good practice and how school nurses can contribute to the Academy of Fabulous Stuff.


Efficient drive circuit proposed for driving a display panel having a series of electrodes and the capacitance of the display panel comprising: inductive means connected to the display panel electrodes; driving voltage source; providing a supply voltage higher than the driving voltage of the voltage supply means; response to the input jump up signal for selectively driving voltage switching means to the first inductive means, the upward transition of the input signal the beginning of a first state, a first current occurs, the charging capacitor through the inductive means to the display panel, so that display plate electrode rises and exceeds the voltage of the drive voltage, when the first current is zero; and a second switching means selectively applying the voltage supply means to the inductor means and the display panel electrodes. A switch control means of the inductive current responsive means, first means for maintaining the second switch in an open state during a first state, after a response signal derived from the inductor means of the second switching means is closed at a certain time and first current zero becomes fully conductive so that the voltage supply means supplies a current to the display panel during the second electrode and provide a state immediately retrace current inductive means. There is also a similar circuit is responsive to an input signal transition down to work in a similar manner.


Studies have revealed that delay in production process and delivery is one of the major issues in traditional ship building activities in Indonesia. Some other studies have also established unpredictability of the traditional air drying time as the major culprit responsible for the increase in the length of production time, increase in overall project cost and distasteful client/shipbuilder relationship. In the attempt to address the situation, this study proposes a low cost air drying model as an alternative to the traditional air drying method and adopted Indonesia as the study area. Meteorological data for Indonesia were accessed via the internet. A controlled experiment was performed. Two sets of lumber samples named A and C were dried over a period of seven (7) days. Set A was laid in the model ( an improvised green house) set up at an open roof terrace at Block P 23, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Set C was equally set up next to Set A but exposed and unprotected from the elements of weather. Lumber weight, relative humidity, temperature and time were taking at intervals for the two sets A and C simultaneously. The data collected were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Graphs were plotted and interpreted. Lumber drying schedule for both traditional method and the proposed Low Cost Model were developed using meteorological data for a particular area in Indonesia noted for traditional ship building. A comparative analysis of the two schedules was done and the advantages of the Low cost Model over the traditional method were established.


Preclinical studies will establish the following: 1. The pharmacokinetics of the agent 2. The efficacy of the agent in vitro and in animal models 3. The feasibility of creating a formulation of the candidate agent 4. The toxicity and the "lethal" dose in mammalian species. "Lethal dose" may not always be achieved in case of "targeted" agents. LD50 is defined as the dose which kills 50% of the animals – This was an important dose level which helped to identify a starting point for phase I trials, especially for phase I trials of traditional chemotherapy agents 5. Target inhibition and bioassays to demonstrate the same.


The utility model is applicable to Terahertz wave detection technical field and provides a Terahertz wave detector and a detection system; the Terahertz wave detector comprises a lens, a detection element, a signal amplification circuit and a power supply; wherein, the lens is used for receiving a first optical signal and outputting a second optical signal in focusing mode after filtration; the detection element is used for converting the second optical signal outputted by the lens into an electrical signal and is also used for outputting the electrical signal; the signal amplification circuit is used for amplifying and outputting the electrical signal outputted by the detection element after filtration; the power supply is used for supplying work voltage for the detection element and the signal amplification circuit. The Terahertz wave detector and the detection system provided by the utility model can detect Terahertz wave so as to facilitate the development of other Terahertz science and technical research.


Synaptic plasticity is a biological system of specific pattern of synaptic activity result in changes in synaptic strength. This influence puberty, pregnancy hormones, sensory experiences, and brain disorders. Long-term synaptic plasticity is accompanied by protein synthesis and trafficking, leading to structural changes of the synapse. Increasing evidence connects the terminal synaptic changes with potential propagation in adolescent and pregnancy. We investigate on the synaptic structural plasticity, which has mainly been studied with in vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy. We also discuss how a different type of synapses, the multi-contact synapses associated with pregnancy.


99mTc-Rhenium colloid lymphoscintigraphy was performed on 6 cases of oral cancer. The results were as follows:1) In respect of injection site, we selected the submucous area in the gingivobuccal fold of upper molar region and the subcutaneous area just beneath mastoid process.2) To obtain fine image of submandibular and cervical lymph nodes, it was necessary to simultaneously inject both intra-and extraorally.3) Adequate injection dose of RI colloid was approximately 1mCi per site.4) The images 3 to 6 hours after injection were thought to be desirable.5) Covering the injection site by a lead board and oblique-position photography were important for obtaining image.