To the Editor.— An article appeared in The Journal entitled "Microscopic Look at Urine Often Unnecessary" (239:13, 1978). This report indicated that a low diagnostic yield was seen on microscopic examination if findings from a macroscopic urinalysis were negative. On the contrary, I think that microscopic findings may be meaningful even where findings from macroscopic studies, including chemical screening tests, are negative. I found this to be true in 1967 when I reported a study of 10,140 specimens. To see whether the conclusions drawn then are still valid, earlier this year I had a new study done on microscopic specimens by a laboratory that serves a great number of insurance companies and analyzes as many urine specimens as any other laboratory in the world. The processing technique for urinalysis involves centrifuging the 15-ml specimen at 3,000 rpm in a standard clinical centrifuge for four minutes. Then, 0.05 ml of the


A hallmark feature of myosin-II is that it can spontaneously self-assemble into bipolar synthetic thick filaments (STFs) in low ionic strength buffers, thereby serving as a reconstituted in vitro model for muscle thick filament. While these STFs have been extensively used for structural characterization, their use for functional studies has been very limited. In this report, we show that the ultra-low ATP-consuming super-relaxed (SRX) state of myosin is electrostatically more stable in STFs as compared with shorter myosin sub-fragments that lack the distal tail required for thick filament assembly. However, this electrostatic stability of the SRX state is weakened by phosphorylation of myosin light chains or the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-causing myosin R403Q mutation. We also show that ADP binding to myosin depopulates the SRX population in STFs made of wild-type (WT) myosin, but not in S1, HMM, or STFs made of mutant R403Q myosin. Collectively, these findings emphasize that a critical network of inter- and intra-molecular interactions that underlie the SRX state of myosin are mostly preserved in STFs, establishing it as a native-like tool to interrogate myosin regulation. Next, using STFs, we show that a clinical-stage small molecule inhibitor, mavacamten, is more effective in promoting the myosin SRX state in STFs than in S1 or HMM and that it is equally potent in STFs made of atrial-WT, ventricular-WT, and mutant-R403Q myosin. Also, we found that mavacamten-bound heads are not permanently protected in the SRX state but can be recruited in response to physiological perturbations, thus providing new insights into its inhibitory mechanism.


Okinawa Trough is an active back‐arc basin behind the Ryukyu Arc in the western Pacific. We report the geochemical and isotopic (Sr, Nd) compositions of volcanic rocks, which are recovered as lavas and pumices, dredged from northern Okinawa Trough. The volcanic rocks are composed of basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite, and trachydacite. Both intermediate and felsic rocks are characterized by enrichments in large‐ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and depletion in high‐field strength elements (HFSEs). Three groups of volcanic rocks have been identified. Andesite D5‐1 and trachydacite D10 display identical Sr and Nd isotopic ratios, together with strongly enriched in light‐REE and incompatible elements, compared to previously published basalts from middle Okinawa Trough (MOT). Andesite D5‐1 and trachydacite D10 are derived from basaltic magma modified by fractional crystallization. Andesites D5‐2, D5‐3, and D5‐4 exhibit lower 87Sr/86Sr and higher 143Nd/144Nd ratios than MOT basalts, transitional REE patterns and trace element ratios between adakite rocks and MOT basalts. Features of these samples can be interpreted by further mixing of the interaction magma of mantle wedge and subducted‐slab‐melt, with evolved basaltic magma. Dacite D22, occurring as pumice, shows undistinguishable trace element, including REE, and Sr and Nd isotopic compositions with rhyolites from the southern Ryukyu volcanic front, which indicates that this pumice was not emplaced in situ and most likely drifted from southern Ryukyu volcanic front by Kuroshio Current.


[Objective]The aim was to know the yield potential,yield stability,suitability of a new wheat variety Yunmai 68 and the relation between its yield and yield components. [Method]The data from the regional tests of wheat varieties in Yunnan Province during 2009- 2011 were analyzed statistically. [Result]Yunmai 68 had high-yielding,good stability and wide adaptability,which was suitable for the large area production in Yunnan Province and had a good prospects. Correlation analysis results showed that the grain yield was significantly correlated with the number of spikes,but it had no significant correlation with the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. Path analysis results showed that the number of spikes had the greatest direct and positive effect on the grain yield,followed by 1000-grain weight,and the number of spikes had the least effect. Increasing the number of spikes and 1000-grain weight were the key to improve the yield. [Conclusion]The study provides a scientific basis for further promotion and application of Yunmai 68 in production.


1 Introduction.- 1.1 Background of Shape Theory.- 1.2 Principles of Allometry.- 1.3 Defining and Comparing Shapes.- 1.4 A Few More Examples.- 1.4.1 A Simple Example in One Dimension.- 1.4.2 Dinosaur Trackways From Mt. Tom, Massachusetts.- 1.4.3 Bronze Age Post Mold Configurations in England.- 1.5 The Problem of Homology.- 1.6 Notes.- 1.7 Problems.- 2 Background Concepts and Definitions.- 2.1 Transformations on Euclidean Space.- 2.1.1 Properties of Sets.- 2.1.2 Affine Transformations.- 2.1.3 Orthogonal Transformations.- 2.1.4 Unitary Transformations.- 2.1.5 Singular Value Decompositions.- 2.1.6 Inner Products.- 2.1.7 Groups of Transformations.- 2.1.8 Euclidean Motions and Isometries.- 2.1.9 Similarity Transformations and the Shape of Sets.- 2.2 Differential Geometry.- 2.2.1 Homeomorphisms and Diffeomorphisms.- 2.2.2 Topological Spaces.- 2.2.3 Introduction to Manifolds.- 2.2.4 Topological and Differential Manifolds.- 2.2.5 An Introduction to Tangent Vectors.- 2.2.6 Tangent Vectors and Tangent Spaces.- 2.2.7 Metric Tensors and Riemannian Manifolds.- 2.2.8 Geodesic Paths and Geodesic Distance.- 2.2.9 Affine Connections.- 2.2.10 Example.- 2.2.11 New Manifolds From Old: Product Manifolds.- 2.2.12 New Manifolds From Old: Submanifolds.- 2.2.13 Derivatives of Functions between Manifolds.- 2.2.14 Example: The Sphere.- 2.2.15 Example: Real Projective Spaces.- 2.2.16 Example: Complex Projective Spaces.- 2.2.17 Example: Hyperbolic Half Spaces.- 2.3 Notes.- 2.4 Problems.- 3 Shape Spaces.- 3.1 The Sphere of Triangle Shapes.- 3.2 Complex Projective Spaces of Shapes.- 3.3 Landmarks in Three and Higher Dimensions.- 3.3.1 Introduction.- 3.3.2 Riemannian Submersions.- 3.4 Principal Coordinate Analysis.- 3.5 An Application of Principal Coordinate Analysis.- 3.6 Hyperbolic Geometries for Shapes.- 3.6.1 Singular Values and the Poincare Plane.- 3.6.2 A Generalization into Higher Dimensions.- 3.6.3 Geodesic Distance in UT(2).- 3.6.4 The Geometry of Tetrahedral Shapes.- 3.7 Local Analysis of Shape Variation.- 3.7.1 Thin-Plate Splines.- 3.7.2 Local Anisotropy of Nonlinear Transformations.- 3.7.3 Another Measure of Local Shape Variation.- 3.8 Notes.- 3.9 Problems.- 4 Some Stochastic Geometry.- 4.1 Probability Theory on Manifolds.- 4.1.1 Sample Spaces and Sigma-Fields..- 4.1.2 Probabilities.- 4.1.3 Statistics on Manifolds.- 4.1.4 Induced Distributions on Manifolds.- 4.1.5 Random Vectors and Distribution Functions.- 4.1.6 Stochastic Independence.- 4.1.7 Mathematical Expectation.- 4.2 The Geometric Measure.- 4.2.1 Example: Surface Area on Spheres.- 4.2.2 Example: Volume in Hyperbolic Half Spaces.- 4.3 Transformations of Statistics.- 4.3.1 Jacobians of Diffeomorphisms.- 4.3.2 Change of Variables Formulas.- 4.4 Invariance and Isometries.- 4.4.1 Example: Isometries of Spheres.- 4.4.2 Example: Isometries of Real Projective Spaces.- 4.4.3 Example: Isometries of Complex Projective Spaces.- 4.5 Normal Statistics on Manifolds.- 4.5.1 Multivariate Normal Distributions.- 4.5.2 Helmert Transformations.- 4.5.3 Projected Normal Statistics on Spheres.- 4.6 Binomial and Poisson Processes.- 4.6.1 Uniform Distributions on Open Sets.- 4.6.2 Binomial Processes.- 4.6.3 Example: Binomial Processes of Lines.- 4.6.4 Poisson Processes.- 4.7 Poisson Processes in Euclidean Spaces.- 4.7.1 Nearest Neighbors in a Poisson Process.- 4.7.2 The Nonsphericity Property of the PP.- 4.7.3 The Delaunay Tessellation.- 4.7.4 Pre-Size-and-Shape Distribution of Delaunay Simplexes.- 4.8 Notes.- 4.9 Problems.- 5 Distributions of Random Shapes.- 5.1 Landmarks from the Spherical Normal: IID Case.- 5.2 Shape Densities under Affine Transformations.- 5.2.1 Introduction.- 5.2.2 Shape Density for the Elliptical Normal Distribution.- 5.2.3 Broadbent Factors and Collinear Shapes.- 5.3 Tools for the Ley Hunter.- 5.4 Independent Uniformly Distributed Landmarks.- 5.5 Landmarks from the Spherical Normal: Non-IID Case.- 5.6 The Poisson-Delaunay Shape Distribution.- 5.7 Notes.- 5.8 Problems.- 6 Some Examples of Shape Analysis.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Mt. Tom Dinosaur Trackways.- 6.2.1 Orientation Analysis.- 6.2.2 Scale Analysis.- 6.2.3 Shape Analysis.- 6.2.4 Fitting the Mardia-Dryden Density.- 6.3 Shape Analysis of Post Mold Data.- 6.3.1 A Few General Remarks.- 6.3.2 The Number of Patterns in a Poisson Process.- 6.3.3 An Annular Coverage Criterion for Post Molds.- 6.4 Case Studies: Aldermaston Wharf and South Lodge Camp.- 6.4.1 Scale Analysis.- 6.4.2 Shape Analysis.- 6.4.3 Conclusions.- 6.5 Automated Homology.- 6.5.1 Introduction.- 6.5.2 Automated Block Homology.- 6.5.3 An Application to Three Brooches.- 6.6 Notes.- 6.6.1 Anthropology, Archeology, and Paleontology.- 6.6.2 Biology and Medical Sciences.- 6.6.3 Earth and Space Sciences.- 6.6.4 Geometric Probability and Stochastic Geometry.- 6.6.5 Industrial Statistics.- 6.6.6 Mathematical Statistics and Multivariate Analysis.- 6.6.7 Pattern Recognition, Computer Vision, and Image Processing.- 6.6.8 Stereology and Microscopy.- 6.6.9 Topics on Groups and Invariance.


After analyzing existing anti-crack evaluation index of semi-rigid base, cleavage model was used to evaluate shrinkage cracking of semi-rigid base materiali¤Considering the shrinkage strain, temperature shrinkage strain and tensile strain produced by traffic load, the anti-crack evaluation coefficient was putforward as the evaluation index of cement-stabilized macadami¤Cleavage and shrinkage test were made for six kinds of gradation, and the max bottom tensile strain of base was calculated by BISRA 3i¤0i¤Then, three anti-crack evaluation indexbiggest dry shrinkage strain, splitting tensile strain and anti-crack evaluation coefficient) were compared through in-door testsi¤The research indicates that (1) using anti-crack evaluation coefficient can properly evaluate anti-crack performance of cement-stabilized macadam; (2) the cracking performance of gradation calculated by theory of con-trolling key sieve percentage is better than the cracking performance from Fuller gradation theory; (3) over loading has significant adverse impact on tensile strain at the bottom of basei¤The research results have been successf used in extension engineering of Shanghai-Nanjing Expresswayi¤


The authors would like to correct Fig 1 and Supporting Information S2 Fig.

Fig 1

Map of Africa showing countries that are affected by viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) outbreaks.

For Fig 1, some of the countries (Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, and Ghana) were mislabeled and dengue and yellow fever were not mentioned as other causes of viral hemorrhagic fever circulating in Africa. The authors now provide a corrected version of the Fig 1, with the countries correctly labelled, along with the addition of a phrase stating that dengue and yellow fever is widespread throughout Africa.

For Supporting Information S2 Fig, the original blot used to generate this figure contained additional lanes that had been removed while preparing the figure for publication. In addition, the incorrect lane 4 was inserted into the published figure. Furthermore, a black-and-white inversion and global gamma correction was applied to the entire image for ease of visualization prior to cropping. The authors now provide a corrected version of S2 Fig, with appropriate marks showing the cropped lanes that were included in the published figure, and without the inversion or gamma correction. The uncropped original blot for S2 Fig is shown as supporting information in S1 File.

The authors confirm that these changes do not alter their findings. The authors have provided raw, uncropped blots as for S2 Fig as Supporting Information S1 File.


Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of Two laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair treatment of inguinal hernia.Methods 38 patients treated in our hospital from March 2010 to August 2012 were analysed retrospectively.and with the same period by laparoscopic peritoneal and former suture(TAPP) comparative analysis.Results Two groups of patients in hospital costs,length of hospital stay,postoperative of bed time and the incidence of complications were no significant differences between the two groups was statistically significant(P 0.05);But the operation time TAPP group is greater than the TEP group,two groups of comparisons difference has statistical significance(P 0.05);TAPP group of postoperative recurrence in 2 cases,no recurrence TEP group.Conclusion TAPP and TEP are adult inguinal hernia treatment effective method,but TEP short operative time,higher safety,it is worth clinical application.


A sentiment is an emotion. Sentimentality is counterfeit emotion. Emotions are intentional, evaluative states with aspects that are both mental and bodily. To say that emotions are intentional is to say that they are about something or mentally directed toward something. To say that emotions are evaluative is to say that they appraise objects and events as regards their bearing on the condition of the emotional being. How the object of a given emotion bears on one's condition determines the emotion's distinctive core relational theme (Lazarus 1991, 122), the harm or benefit it is supposed to detect. The core relational theme of anger, for example, is threat. The core relational theme of fear is danger. To say that emotions are bodily is to say that they involve action tendencies or changes in action readiness. The angry person will tend to strike out, the fearful person to freeze or to flee. Emotions are normally accompanied by arousal, or at least some intensive change measurable along one or more different axes, including axes of autonomic and electrocortical activity. Emotions may, but need not, involve a distinctive phenomenology. Passions I take to be emotions so intense and deeply rooted that they could not be counterfeit. Passion, therefore, excludes sentimentality. Bertrand Russell says of a major philosopher of the past that "he had many trivial love affairs, which were sensual but not passionate" (1945, 758), a telling remark. Sentimentality and sensuality are not too distant cousins. According to the view I favor, emotions are cognitive, but not necessarily judgmental or propositional. They are best construed as perceptual, and perception is a mode of categorization that extracts information concerning invariants from a fluctuating sensory array. Emotions do not necessarily follow upon on a conscious perceptual experience afforded by one of the special senses. This point has a basis in physiology. All the special sensory input systems project to nuclei of the thalamus before reaching the specialized sensory cortices, and the thalamus is a central component of the limbic system. Olfactory pathways also project to the


The effects of oc - and f3- cyclodextrin (x - ,13- CD's) on the rates of base cleavage of 4 - CNC6 H4 SnMe3 ,3—CIC6 H4 CH2 MMe3 , 4 C1C6 H4 CH2— MMe3 and 3,5 - CL2 C6 H3 CH2 MMe3 with M = Si and Sn have been examined in H 2O - Me0H medium . oc - and 13-CD's accelerate the cleavage of the RSnMe3 compounds (R=3-0106 H4 CH2 , 4-0106 H4 CH2, and 3,5 - 01 2 C6H3 CH2 ) . There is no significant catalysis in the case of the corresponding silicon compounds.


At Ghana's 2009 Pan African Historical Theatre Festival, discursive battles over the commodification of African heritage erupted amidst acrobatics, naming ceremonies, and asofo dancing. This aesthetic and verbal volleying entangled state dignitaries, paramount chiefs, and visiting diasporans, while the watchful eye of Barack Obama gazed from ubiquitous billboards.


French anesthesiologists are deeply involved in the management of life threatening problems in the prehospital settings. The French Prehospital system for emergencies , both traumatic and non trauma is called the SAMU (Service d'Aide Medicale Urgente ). This system is nationwide and regionalized. In 1986, a French law defined the characteristics and the missions of the SAMU and a nationwide phone number for medical emergencies was created : 15. According to this law, the SAMU serves a dispatching and reception center for all medical emergency calls, working 24 hours a day, and must try to render each medical problem the best solution.


The Navier-Stokes equations govern the dynamics of many geophysical flows [4],[8],[6]. Numerical simulation of these equations gives insight into the dynamics of fluids for vast ranges of length and time scales where physical experiments and theory are intractable. However, the complex nature of these flows still makes numerical simulation challenging. For example flows may experience fronts or sharp features arising from physical properties such as phase changes, and thermal boundary layers (see figure 1). The development of efficient computational algorithms to resolve complex flow structures is an active topic of research. In this prospectus, I introduce the fundamental tools used for modeling fluid flow, and outline three efficient computational techniques that show promise for modeling geophysical fluid behavior. Namely, I will discuss high order methods, adaptive mesh refinement schemes, and parallel algorithms, as examined in the papers of [1], [2] and [3] respectively.


1.2 Real participation by organised civil society at all stages and levels is essential to ensuring the effective use of the horizontal clause and the OMC. The EESC proposes that the Commission draw up an annual 'governance report' on such participation. The EESC can assist in this task and also suggests that pilot projects for participation be funded under the PROGRESS programme. The Committee furthermore proposes a Code of good practice for participatory governance of the OMC.


Eleven species of Ctenopelma Holmgren, 1857 are reported from China. Five species are new to science: C. labiatum Sheng, Sun & Li sp. nov., from Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, C. lii Sheng, Sun & Li sp. nov., from Liaoning province, C. rufofasciatum Sheng, Sun & Li sp. nov., reared from Cephalcia lariciphila (Wachtl, 1898) from Beijing, C. pineatum Sheng, Sun & Li sp. nov., reared from Acantholyda posticalis (Matsumura, 1912) and Cephalcia lariciphila from Beijing and Henan, Shanxi, Shan'xi, Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces, and C. spiraculare Sheng, Sun & Li sp. nov., reared from Cephalcia lariciphila from Henan and Shanxi provinces. One species, C. nigrum Holmgren, 1857, reared from Cephalcia lariciphila in Beijing, is a new record for China. Ctenopelma tomentosum (Desvignes, 1856) was reared from Neurotoma sibirica Gussakovskij, 1935 (new host record) in Liaoning province. A key to species of Ctenopelma known in China is provided.


We investigate and quantify the impact of mixed (cold and warm) dark matter models on large-scale structure observables. In this scenario, dark matter comes in two phases, a cold one (CDM) and a warm one (WDM): the presence of the latter causes a suppression in the matter power spectrum which is allowed by current constraints and may be detected in present-day and upcoming surveys. We run a large set of N-body simulations in order to build an efficient and accurate emulator to predict the aforementioned suppression with percent precision over a wide range of values for the WDM mass, Mwdm, and its fraction with respect to the totality of dark matter, fwdm. The suppression in the matter power spectrum is found to be independent of changes in the cosmological parameters at the 2% level for k≲ 10 h/Mpc and z≤ 3.5. In the same ranges, by applying a baryonification procedure on both ΛCDM and CWDM simulations to account for the effect of feedback, we find a similar level of agreement between the two scenarios. We examine the impact that such suppression has on weak lensing and angular galaxy clustering power spectra. Finally, we discuss the impact of mixed dark matter on the shape of the halo mass function and which analytical prescription yields the best agreement with simulations. We provide the reader with an application to galaxy cluster number counts.


The article describes the specifics of the formation of social identity of a person through the architectural space organization of the city. Some of the most significant architectural structures of the city are revealed in their ability to be the ideals of the world view of sociocentric and cosmocentric orientations. We analyze the ratio of a socio- and cosmocentric ideal-forming potential of key sites that form the city on the Yenisei River. The relevance of this work is provided by the indissoluble connection of identity formation and the whole society through architecture that organizes the entire community as an integral organism. The article reveals the potential of urban planning as a way of organizing the worldview of society, the value orientation of a person. The underlying idea is that the architecture provides development for the human community in unity with the natural world, while preserving the historical significance and features of the formation of Krasnoyarsk.


To develop an eco-friendly drilling fluid additive, shaddock peel was modified and was used in water-based drilling fluid in this work. The shaddock peel has obvious effects on rheological properties, filtration, and wall formation of drilling fluid. It also displays the inhibition
 of clay swelling, while the shaddock peel slurry is easy to ferment, mildew and so on. The performance of the shaddock peel slurry and moldy/fermented shaddock peel slurry in water-based drilling fluid were compared, which shows that the efficiency, such as the AV and PV, decrease obviously
 by more than 50%. The swelling rate of bentonite in the water extraction of moldy/fermented shaddock peel in 90 min is about 62%, which is obviously higher than the swelling rate of the non-mildew/fermented shaddock peel water extract, 46%. Then preservative was evaluated in shaddock peel
 slurry modified drilling fluid. The result indicates that the effect of moldy/fermentation on the viscosity and the inhibition of shaddock peel was obviously inhibited by the preservative. The combined sodium benzoate and formaldehyde can protect the shaddock peel slurry from mildew and fermentation,
 which can keep the performance of shaddock peel slurry in the drilling fluid.


In this note, we establish the existence of two intervals of positive real parameters λ for which the boundary-value problem of Kirchhoff-type


Cretaceous strata are involved in almost all of the East Carpathian nappes; however, only the Ceahlau, Bobu, Teleajen, Macala, and Audia nappes are composed mainly of Cretaceous flysch. In all of these nappes, the presence of reservoir rocks has been established. Seeps occurring in the Teleajen nappe and shows obtained from the Macala nappe suggest the presence of effective hydrocarbon source rocks. Structural traps are present in all nappes. Stratigraphic trapping conditions apparently are restricted to the Teleajen nappe. the Telkeajen nappe involves 40-400-m-thick black Hauterivian shales (source rock), 500 m of Barremian-Aptian shaly-sandy flysch (source rock), 2000 m of Albian shaly-sandy or sandy-shaly flysch (possible source rock), up to 1000 m of Vraconian-Cenomanian sandy flysch (possible source rock). Particularly in the external parts of the Teleajen nappe, the sandy flysch grades laterally into shaly-sandy flysch, thus providing for potential stratigraphic traps. Reservoir rocks are involved in folds and structures controlled by reverse faults. In the outcropping part of the Teleajen nappe, such structures are deeply eroded to the degree that potential seals are breached. However, in the western parts of the Teleajen nappe, such structures are sealed by the more internal Ceahlau and Bobu nappes. We conclude that hydrocarbonmore » prospects do still exist on the internal, underthrusted parts of the Teleajen nappe.« less


GaNbased bluelightemitting diodes, one of the most important applications with the GaN material that we investigate, are the key color display devices. This paper introduces briefly the material characteristics of GaN, the reason GaN is suitable for blue LEDs and the typical devices which have been invented. It discusses the uptodate GaNbased LEDs and their working mechanism in detail. From the development of blue LEDs, we can realize that luminescent spectrum and quantum efficiency are improved dramatically by changing device structures, improving material qualities or using new type material. Furthermore, some pivotal technology (including Pdoping, annealing temperature, ohmic contact, etc.) in fabrications and the uptodate state of arts for blue LEDs is discussed thoroughly too. Finally, the application and prospect in future about GaN based LEDs are forecasted.


In his attempt to integrate social and political history into a business narrative Buder often sacrifices the insights of these fields. Buder's perception of significant governmental involvement in the economy beginning around 1900 seems very dated considering the work of Richard John, William Novak, Gerald Berk, and number of other scholars who have argued recently for a powerful and permanent influence of government on business dating to the eighteenth-century. Labor history also receives short shrift in Buder's narrative, which is curious considering his focus on social history. Unions and workers are most often objects and not subjects, reacting to government and business. An even more bizarre assertion, and one likely to rankle labor historians, is Buder's insistence that the ease with which Americans adopted mass produced goods was based on the 'absence in America of a strong craft tradition' (p. 80). Institutions and organizations in general are secondary in a work that celebrates individual initiative as the real driver of change. Despite these shortcomings, Buder has created a challenging synthesis that will hopefully engage historians beyond the field of business history. His insistence on the interconnection of social values and economics is an appropriate direction for historical interpretation of US business to take. Buder's study is an assured, if at times awkward, step in that direction.


Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Hanscom Air Force Base, Massachusetts 01731. Received 7 October 1975. In previous papers -3 we have discussed a method for determining far ir optical constants of solids from channeled spectra and presented data on various crystalline and plastic materials. In this Letter we report the optical constants of two high temperature metal oxide ceramic materials at room temperature and two crystalline metal oxides at 1.5 K. The crystalline materials are nickel oxide and rutile. These materials are reported only for 1.5 K as they are nearly opaque at room temperature. The two ceramics are polycrystalline materials, which have been heat treated by a process called sintering, a process that results in transparent ceramic materials. The two sintered materials reported here are Lucalox and Yttralox, both manufactured by General Electric. Lucalox is a polycrystalline form of alumina used for the arc tube envelopes in General Electric's new Lucalox lamps. We reported on the far ir brightness of these lamps in an earlier paper. Yttralox is a single-phase polycrystalline transparent ceramic containing about 90% yttrium oxide and approximately 10% thorium oxide in solid solution. The refractive indices of Lucalox and Yttralox are given in Fig. 1, and the corresponding absorption coefficients are shown in Fig. 2. As should be expected from the knowledge of its composition, the optical constants of Lucalox show no spectral features in the spectral region covered by our measurements. Because of the high absorption coefficient, however, values could be obtained only up to about 90 cm 1 . By comparison, the optical constants of Yttralox indicate two moderate absorptions at approximately 127 c m 1 and 143 cm 1 . The measurements were made using a


The diffusion behavior of Nibased-Si-B amorphous foil for transient liquid phase bonding of 16Mn low-alloy steel was studied in order to develop new welding technique by the methods of the welding thermal simulation technique and microstructure analysis.The results show that diffusion ability of the Nibased-Si-B amorphous foil is better under the condition of experiments.Metallurgical joint is obtained between the intermediate foil and base metal.But the diffusion ability of amorphous foil needs improving continually by means of adjust composition.


With the growth of the multimedia and cellular technology over the past decades, the demand for digital information increases dramatically. This enormous demand poses difficulties for the current technology to handle speech compression. One approach to overcome this problem is to compress the information by removing the redundancies present in it. This is a lossy compression scheme that is often used to compress information such as speech signals. This paper presents a new lossy algorithm to compress speech signals using Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) Techniques to solve the limited bandwidth problem facing the Palestinian cellular company, Jawwal. The performance of the DWT for speech compression is very good compared with other techniques such as μ-law speech coder. Moreover, the compression ratio using Wavelet can be varied easily, while other techniques have fixed one.


Purpose – This paper seeks to present some new designs of sliding bearings lubricated with magnetic fluids (ferrofluids) and the possibility of using them in modern bearing technology, in new computer and audiovisual equipment among others.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents new designs of journal, thrust and journal‐thrust sliding bearings lubricated and sealed with magnetic fluids such as: magnetic fluid bearing bushing made of magnetizable material, pivot bearings with porous sleeve impregnated with ferrofluid, self‐aligning bearings, hydrodynamic ferrofluid bearings with spiral and herringbone grooves structure are presented. Moreover, examples are shown of applications in modern bearing technology.Findings – The paper provides information about new designs of magnetic fluid sliding bearings assemblies and gives the main advantages of these bearings over conventional ball bearings, such as extremely low non‐repetitive run‐out (high‐accuracy of rotation), good damping and quietness of oper...


In the present paper, the results of numerical simulation of high-rate deformation of stochastic metal-ceramic composite materials Al–50% B4C, Al–50% SiC, and Al–50% Al2O3 at the mesoscopic scale level under loading by a plane shock wave are presented. Deformation of the mesoscopic volume of a composite, whose structure consists of the aluminum matrix and randomly distributed reinforcing ceramic inclusions, is numerically simulated. The results of the numerical simulation are used for the investigation of special features of the mechanical behavior at the mesoscopic scale level under shock-wave loading and for the numerical evaluation of effective elastic and strength properties of metal-ceramic composites with reinforcing ceramic inclusions of different shapes. Values of effective sound velocities, elastic moduli and elastic limits of investigated materials are obtained, and the character of the dependence of the effective elastic and strength properties on the structure parameters of composites is deter...


Conventional dry-mix shotcrete (where water is added at the nozzle) or wet-mix shotcrete (where air is added at the nozzle to pneumatically convey the material to the receiving surface) has long been used for lining horizontal pipes, culverts, and vertical shafts. This paper, however, describes a different technology for spraying concrete onto such surfaces: the use of wet-mix centrifugal sprayed concrete (CSC). Instead of adding water at the nozzle (as in dry-mix shotcrete), or air at the nozzle (as in wet-mix shotcrete), the concrete mix is pumped to a spinning head, which spins at between about 4000 to 5000 rpm. The concrete is then centrifugally sprayed onto the receiving surface at high impacting velocity. This paper describes the use of this CSC technology for lining horizontal pipes, culverts and other circular structures and vertical raisebore shafts. A case history example is described for a vertical raise-bore shaft at New Gold Inc's New Afton copper-gold mine near Kamloops in British Columbia, Canada, using a macro-synthetic Fibre Reinforced Concrete. This is believed to be the first use of this technology in North America, if not the world. Productivity with the CSC was much greater than that previously achieved in using a conventional robotically supplied dry-mix, steel fibre reinforced shotcrete system to line similar vertical shafts at the mine.


Fenestrin is a cytoskeletal protein, which participates in conjugation and cell cycle regulation of Tetrahymena by formation of specific structures during these processes. In cell cycle it appears at the anterior poles of future proter and opisth cells. By 2-D electrophoresis, we found that in starved T. thermophila cells fenestrin appears in four isoforms that have the pH in the range of 5.2–5.5. The differences of pH of about 0.1–0.3 between isoforms could suggest that they differ by the phosphorylation state. By mass spectrometry, we identified some of the peptides derived form the enzyme digestion of fenestrin. These peptides were used for searching through T. thermophila genome, available at the site http://www.tigr.org. A nucleotide sequence coding one of the peptides was initially found. Then, by extension, the sequence of all fenestrin gene appeared, containing the other peptides identified by spectrometry. By RT-PCR we characterized one intron in this gene. The analysis of the aminoacid sequence of the exons revealed that fenestrin is composed from at least two domains: N-terminal leucine-rich domain and C-terminal glutamic acid-rich domain. The BLAST search on general databases showed the existence of human and mouse proteins homologous to fenestrin in sequence, molecular mass and domain organization. Thus, fenestrin appears to be a protein correlated to cell polarity with an evolutionarily conserved structure. Its function should be cleared by mutational analysis and gene knock out.


Medical ethics is one of those topics that we all have our own views on, whether as patients, practitioners, or lawyers mediating between them; and not surprisingly, quite a number of us have sounded off about the subject in the form of books, chapters, articles, or obiter dicta in the hope, perhaps, that some consensus will emerge to guide us in our daily professional lives. Doctors' Dilemmas, written jointly by a doctor and a journalist, is an attempt to examine the problems that have arisen as a result of the increased potential-for good or harm-that science has given to medicine, and of the establishment of state or state aided health services. Perhaps it is symptomatic of the times that the pair should comprise a journalist, one of our "unacknowledged legislators," and a doctor who works for the BMA rather than in practice. There are seven chapters which, with a preface, a bibliography, a very useful appendix setting out various ethical pronounciamenti, and an index, comprise its contents, the whole amounting to some 230 pages. The first chapter is on a suggested framework for the application of medical science; the second on life (and death); the third on research and experimentation; the fourth on the state; the fifth on secrets-confidentiality; the sixth on resources and allocation; and the seventh on politics. The overall impression is that though the preface states the book's main theme with clarity and precision, the development thereafter becomes a little tedious, without those changes of key and tempo, those inversions and variations, that hold our attention and surprise us with new insights or unexpected conclusions. I have to confess to having found it hard to read it right through to the end at one sitting. Working through the text systematically, one must cavil, in the chapter on life, with what appears to be a circular argument about the problem of brain death and with the assertion that Dr Arthur should never have been put in the dock-in which case what about Mr Brown, who got 10 years for doing the same thing. This section ends without asking the question: If life is considered to be expendable in the supposed interests of the subject or society, should we as doctors be the chosen executioners? In the section on research a false conclusion from the Declaration of Geneva is drawn: that putting the individual patient first would outlaw all experiment; whereas the patient might benefit both materially and spiritually by participating in research through feeling that his suffering had not been pointless. Nor is anything said about the equitability of asking those who have benefited from previous research involving others to make a contribution to future work, as most are glad to do. The chapter on the role of the state is even more tendentious in that the fundamental question-Is the state a voluntary association of individuals or a platonic republic?-is not posed or answered. In the section on "secrets" it is not made clear that because a doctor would not be made the confidant of a patient who feared disclosure there is a strong argument against making any exceptions, except when the law demands it, or when it is genuinely assumed that the patient's real interest (sub specie aeternitatis) would be best served by the breach, as it sometimes will be. Would a politician, however incapacitated or deluded, consult a doctor at all if he expected the consultation to be made public? And if he did not, would not his power to do harm be increased not diminished by the possibility of such a breach of confidentiality? As for turning patients in need away: it is acting under false pretences to undertake what we do not have the resources, human or material, to deliver, and even junior hospital doctors must sleep sometimes to be of any use. We then come to politics; and here again the authors do not face up to the real dilemma posed by state medicine-that the patient's main strength in his otherwise unequal contract with his doctor is that he must be recognised as the paymaster. This is a nettle that needs to be identified and grasped and lies at the root of the controversy about private medicine. And should not the authors examine more carefully the slippery slope argument: that having acceded to one apparently acceptable proposition that implicitly repudiates important values, one may end up committed to almost any abuse. This is where moral philosophers could help us most. The authors' conclusions are four: that physicians and surgeons should tell the truth, that they should accept responsibility for their actions, that they should respect their patients, and that they should avoid exploiting their professional position-all perfectly acceptable but not really a guide to what to do in the many unique and crucial problems that all medical practitioners (and few administrators or moral philosophers) inevitably meet. Medicine is not, or should not be, a spectator sport; and when it is, players and managers should not listen too carefully to the shouts from the terraces or take to heart the opinions of commentators in the press box on what is to be done. For me one central dilemma and one lesson emerged from this book: the dilemma, inherent in state provision, is how to allocate and share resources without recourse to the kind of choice provided by the market or putting the interests of so called society above those of the individuals who comprise it: the conclusion is that the only real safeguard for the patient and his doctor lies in the professional contract sealed, as Sir James Spence described it, in the consultation. For this to work the physician must have his own idea of what is good for the patient, and the patient must choose his physician in the light of what kind ofman or woman he judges him to be. In this way the patient will get what he chooses and the physician will be able to live up to his own ideals-whatever the system of insurance that gets him paid. Summing up, the authors tell us that "we have to develop a better mechanism ... through which we can discuss these ... issues and arrive at an ... agreement. . . about the philosophy ofmedicine and what kind of society it serves." What better mechanism we are not told, nor how in our world and with our history and constraints we can arrive at it. It is a tall order, and until then we shall have to muddle along in the justified conviction that our noble profession is in a better position to regulate its own morals than it would be if subject to legal or political or even religious supervision-pace Professor Kennedy! JOHN A DAVIS


When mining coal from the working face, the main roof withstands the overlying strata. The main roof's first weighting and periodic weighting may cause accidents, such as crushing the working face hydraulic supports. A mechanical model of the main roof was constructed, and the contributing factors of first and periodic weights on the main roof were examined in order to prevent such accidents. The thickness of the main roof was found as the most contributory factor to the main roof's stability. Therefore, a new directional roof crack (DRc) technique is proposed, which produces directional cracks in the main roof through directional blasting and makes part of it collapse in advance so as to reduce the thickness and relieve the first and periodic weighting. To verify the effectiveness of DRc, the mechanism of DRc was analysed. A mechanical model of the hydraulic support was constructed, and the DRc techniques were tested on-site. Field experiments with a complete set of monitoring schemes showed that, with DRc technology, the roof periodic weighting interval decreased by 35.36%, and the hydraulic support pressure decreased by 17.56%. The theoretical analysis was consistent with the measured results. Therefore, the DRc technology is feasible and effective to ensure mining safety at the working face.


The rise in the production of plastic waste has prompted the exploration of various recovery options instead of landfilling, burning, and other unethical ways of decomposing. The experimentally generated rate constants for the thermal processing of plastic waste do not yield enough liquid fuels and gases for commercial-scale usage. It is imperative to predict kinetic rate constants statistically using an appropriate combination of activation energies (Ea) and frequency factors (Ao) for the optimized thermal valorization of plastic waste. This approach also assists in controlling the selectivity and quantity of the pyrolysis products. A statistical kinetic model was tested to find the best combination of rate constants from different combinations of Ea and Ao to pyrolyze the high-density polyethylene. Two series of Ea and Ao were first assumed using R software. These series were then used to predict kinetic rate constants and analyze their sensitivity independently using MATLAB. The rate constants were varied from their originally predicted values during the sensitivity analysis. It was found that the rate constant k(7) dominated the other predicted rate constants where high oil and gas yields were concerned. The gas yield increased from lower to higher extreme positions in the range of 60%–74% with the first series and from 65% to 81% with the second series. The maximum oil content was found around 74% and 65% with the first series and second series, respectively.


An ECR (electron cyclotron resonance) plasma and Colutron ion gun were used to study He self-pumping by several possible pump-limiter materials: Ni, V, Al, and Ni/Al multilayers. Ni and V exhibited similar pumping capacities (6*10/sup 15/ He/cm/sup 2/, 200 eV), whereas Al showed a reduced capacity (6*10/sup 14/ He/cm/sup 2/, 200 eV) due to increased sputtering. An He retention model based on ion implantation ranges and sputtering rates agreed with the experimental data. The pumping efficiency increased significantly with ion energy. A novel multilayer/bilayer pumping concept showed improved pumping above that for single-element films. D/He trapping site competition is more important in V than in Ni. However, D/He site competition in V was shown to be less important above 400 degrees C where hydride decomposition is enhanced.<<ETX>>


The effects of fouling in plastics, such as polyethylene (PE), can have a major economic impact due to tube clogging and other issues. Surface properties, both chemical and physical, can substantially influence biofilm formation, so developing antifouling materials through engineering these properties is very promising. In this work, two main approaches are evaluated for reducing the fouling on PE surfaces: chemical modification with green coating (polyethylene glycol (PEG) and different chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs)) and physical modification with distinct micro‐topographies. First, the antibacterial adhesion is tested with Escherichia coli. The results reveal that CS NPs result in a considerable decrease in adhesion depending on which source of chitosan is used. PEG coating only reduced adhesion by 26%, while CS NPs with a high molecular weight (CS3) decreased adhesion by 88% in relation to non‐modified surfaces. Moreover, lozenges topographic modification (T2) has the highest effect on the bacteria adhesion within the physically‐modified PE surfaces. Finally, CS3 and T2 surfaces are tested in water samples in dynamic conditions for 27 days and results showed lower bacterial adhesion than unmodified surfaces. Overall, both strategies offer eco‐friendly and cost‐effective solutions for preventing fouling and extending the lifetime of polymeric surfaces for environmental applications.


This document describes an empirical study on the patterns of teacher behavior and a comparison of student outcomes from two settings where different programs (types of curricula) were used. The two psychological positions identified within the curricula were stated to have been operationalized in the two programs developed for the elementary school, Elementary Science Study (ESS) and ,Science A Process Approach (SAPA). The former reflects the cognitive restructuring approach and the latter, the behavioral approach. The paper presents briefly the procedural factors of the research to include instruments used and a brief report of the results of the study. It was concluded that the results of the study suggested that the two environments were perceived differently by teachers and functioned differently in practice; some objective evidence vas obtained to indicate that student outcomes were sensitive to the two environments. (Author/EB) *********************************************************************** • Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. EPIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. nevertheless, items of marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quality * * of the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes available * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * responsible for the quality of the original document. Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original. * *********************************************************************** U S. OOOOOO MINT°. EDUCATION ASV NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCAT ION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO DUCED CSAC I LY AS RECEIVED FROM INE PERSON ON ORGANIZATION ORIGIN ACING IT POINTSOF VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED 00 NOT NECESSARILY REPRE SENT OF i.CIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE Of EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY THE PSYCHOLOGICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF CURRICULA: An Empirical Study


This study assessed the potential of different composts at different maturity stages to supply N and their effect on the vegetative growth of lettuce and Amaranthus. Five composts aged 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, were mixed with soil @ 5%, 10% and 15% then seeded with lettuce and Amaranthus. Results showed that 1, 3 and 6 month aged composts had a negative effect on plant height of lettuce and Amaranthus as 1–15.78% and 4.78 to 29.45% decrease in plant height over control was recorded respectively. On the other hand 9 and 12 month aged composts had a significant positive effect on plant height of lettuce and Amaranthus where 43.48% and 34.8% increase over control was recorded with the application of 15% of 12 month aged compost respectively. A similar effect was observed on fresh biomass of both lettuce and Amaranthus where a 386% and 59.43% increase over control was recorded with the application of 15% of 12 month aged compost respectively. One and three month aged composts revealed a negative effect on N absorption by lettuce whereas 1, 3, 6 and 9 month aged composts had a negative effect on N absorption by Amaranthus. 30.39% and 21.48% increases over control in N absorption by lettuce and Amaranthus respectively were recorded with the application of 15% of 12 month aged compost.


The paper describes the climate change scenarios by using the statistical downscaling method (SDSM) to downscale the rainfall and temperature. Taungoo station in Sittaung River Basin has been selected to study the methodology for rainfall and temperature respectively. Predictors of HadCM3 have been downscaled for scenarios by statistical downscaling model (SDSM). Daily observed temperature and rainfall data from 1991 to 1995 is used to conduct the calibration and 1996 to 2000 is used for validation using SDSM. The coefficient of correlation (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and standard deviation (σ) are also used for the assessment of downscaled temperature and rainfall data. R2 of downscaled precipitation is (0.87), RMSE (0.53) and σ (0.05), and maximum and minimum temperature of R2, RMSE and σ are (1), (0.07) and (0.11), and (1), (0.08) and (0.09) respectively. However, the SDSM shows a slightly difference between estimation and observed data for the rainfall. It is showed that the downscaling of rainfall by using SDSM is more problematic than temperature. So, linear scaling method is used for the bias correction of the downscaled data in the study. Therefore, the downscaled temperature and rainfall data approximately agree with the observed data.


Aiming at the rigorous requirement for the field-bus in off-line-interpolation-CNC,it puts forward a kind of OLICNC system which based on Serial Real-time Communication Specification,It also discussed the control principle in detail based on the periodically synchronous mechanism of the SERCOS,Also based on the Embedded system platform it gave out the hardware and software design of the master controller and the smart driver controller for this new OLICNC method.


Earl J. Moore is Associate Professor in the Department of Counseling and Personnel Services, University of Missouri-Columbia. Individuals who are responsible for planning and administering employment and training programs often are faced with providing educational experiences for youth who are apprehensive about any kind of an instructional program. Many youth are alienated from traditional school programming and teaching strategies; they have known failure in learning and employment. And yet, they need vocational skill training, remedial education, and employability and coping skills development if they are to become gainfully employed.


Midsagittal tongue shapes for sustained English /r/ and /l/ sounds between native speakers of American English (AE) and Japanese were compared using the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique. The /r/ sound as produced by AE speakers was characterized by a constriction at the anterior part of the hard palate and the existence of a sublingual cavity, and for the /l/ sound, apical contact to the front teeth and/or alveolar ridge, and the absence of the sublingual cavity. For Japanese speakers, strategies to form the tongue shape contrast between /r/ and /l/ productions were categorized into four types depending on the type of contact/constriction and presence/absence of the sublingual cavity. The first type showed a pattern of tongue shape similar to AE speakers. The second and third types were characterized by /r/- and /l/-oriented production, respectively, for both sounds. In the last type, the distinction between /r/ and /l/ was formed only by the absence or presence of apical contact, while a sublingual cavity was produced for both sounds. These types are discussed in the context of a perceptual evaluation and an acoustical analysis.


In this paper we present a simple algorithm to make a quasi-optimal coverage of an unknown environment. Under some hypothesis, we demonstrate that it is possible to build a map of the environment and to cover it, without passing two times in the same space, except if it's impossible and we will describe these cases and show that they are very limited. The robot is supposed to be a non holomomic platform with 2 powered wheels for "tank-like" movements, and a set of 7 distance sensors in front of the robot.


Abstract: In order to use solar energy as a possible power plant to be constructed, Indonesia, a tropical nation, has the advantage of receiving sunlight all year round. Power instability caused by the solar panels, which rely heavily on irradiance and have low energy conversion efficiency, is one of the issues with the solar power plant system. The Incremental Conductance approaches need the Maximum control of Power Point Tracking (MPPT) to tackle this issue. Solar PV is operated at the MPP point by this Incremental Conductance MPPT control, maximizing its output power


The body composition of elite female football athletes is studied by using the method of experiment.The body composition of Chinese elite female football athletes,PE students and female students from other departments are detected by bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA).The results show that the free-body weight,muscles weight and free-body weight/body height of female football athletes are heavier than that of PE students and students from other departments.The percentage of body fat of female football athletes decrease significantly.The body composition of Chinese elite female football athletes is better than that of PE students and students from other departments.


In A Nation Too Good to Lose, former Canadian Prime Minister Joe Clark worried that the future of Canada was by no means guaranteed: "I am surprised by the number of thoughtful Canadians, particularly outside Québec, who assume that Canada will stay together in the future simply because it has stayed together in the past" (1994, 50). He noted that, "There is no rule that says every country should succeed, and none that requires failed countries to stay together. Divorce is acceptable in international relations. So no one argues that Canada should stay together just because it is here" (125).


By the method of continuous enrichment culture,a high efficient carbendazim-degrading bacterial strain XJ-H was isolated from the grape vineyard soil with a long-term application of carbendazim in Shihezi of Xinjiang,Northwest China.Through the Biolog analysis,16S rDNA sequences comparison,and phylogenetic analysis,the XJ-H was identified as Azospirillum brasilense.The XJ-H could utilize carbendazim as the sole carbon or nitrogen source.After inoculated into the mineral salt medium containing 600 mg·L-1 of carbendazim,the XJ-H could degrade 95.6% of carbendazim within 11 d,with an average degradation rate of 52.24 mg·L-1·d-1.


Specific: CEC2.1. To analyse, evaluate, select and configure hardware platforms for the development and execution of computer applications and services. CEC3.2. To develop specific processors and embedded systems; to develop and optimize the software of these systems. CT6.2. To demonstrate knowledge, comprehension and capacity to evaluate the structure and architecture of computers, and the basic components that compound them. CT7.1. To demonstrate knowledge about metrics of quality and be able to use them.


Filled polytrifluorochloroethylene /PTFCE/ shows better thermal stability, less creep, and higher compressive moduli than filled polytetrafluoroethylene /PTFE/. Bearing and seal materials exhibiting the best characteristics contain a high percentage of PTFCE.


In order to speed up the establishment of ecological civilization and protection of ecological environment in Heilongjiang Province, a dynamic assessment was conducted to the ecological environment quality in Heilongjiang Province from 14 indexes by the entropy weight method and the comprehensive index method based on the statistical bulletin and the statistical yearbook of Heilongjiang Province in 2003~2012. The results showed that in the 10 years, the ecological environment quality in Heilongjiang Province was fl uctuant variation, and the lowest(0.246) showed in 2006 and the highest(0.540) showed in 2010; the overall quality is relatively well, but there were also some latent dangers of worse pollution. In the end, some corresponding suggestions for improving ecological environment quality in Heilongjiang Province were put forward.


Foreword Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Chapter 1 - Introduction Chapter 2 - The Status of the Existing Anti-Terrorism Conventions Chapter 3 - Applicability Of the ICC Statute to Acts of Terrorism Chapter 4 - Conclusions Appendix I-Crimes Provisions of the ICC Statute Appendix II-Crimes Provisions of the ICTY Statute Appendix III-Crimes Provisions of the ICTR Statute Bibliography Table of Cases Index.


cast the following: (a) a preprosthetic evaluation, (b) an evaluation 2 months after the insertion of the (cid:383) rst obturator, and (c) an evaluation 2 months after the insertion of the obturator.


Thoracobiliary fistulas are commonly reported complications of liver abscesses 4. Congenital 3, iatrogenic6 and neoplastic 5 forms have also been reported. However, they are a rare and unusual complication of thoracoabdominal trauma and they present a formidable challenge to the trauma surgeon 1. This complication was first reported by Graham in 1897 6. In 1994, Rothberg et al reviewed these complications and reported only 34 cases of thoracobiliary fistulas in the English literature. Thoracobiliary fistula may communicate with either the pleural space (Pleurobiliary fistula) or the bronchus (Bronchobiliary fistula). A high index of suspicion and early diagnosis are mandatory in order to successfully manage this complication. Given their rarity, there is little consensus on the optimal management.


Beaches, which form the most significant natural resource of the Aegean Archipelago, are under increasing erosion risk due to projected mean sea level rise (MSLR) and changes in the magnitude/frequency of extreme sea levels (ESLS). In the framework of the ERABEACH project, the erosion risk of all beaches of 6 Aegean islands (Lesvos, Chios, Thira, Kalymnos, Chalki and Agathonisi) under different scenarios of SLR has been modeled, in order to select critical and vulnerable beaches in each island for further study. Then, different innovative approaches were developed/tested at different pilot beaches to establish the present and model the future erosion risk and design effective and cost-efficient technical responses. Our results advance our knowledge on the diagnosis/prognosis of the beach erosion and flood risk at island settings, provide detailed assessments of the erosion risk and designs of effective technical responses under SLR to the partner municipalities, improve our understanding of the interactions between beaches and their back-basins and develop our capability to monitor (in high frequency) beach erosion using cost-efficient optical systems. The ERABEACH project provides a structured approach to assess and respond to the current and future island beach erosion, according to the emerging international/European legal framework.


Location-based services are quickly becoming immensely popular. In addition to services based on users current location, many potential services rely on users location history, or their spatial-temporal provenance.Literature survey deals with study of three method dealing with privacy preserving location transfer for mobile users;they are VeriPlace is a location proof architecture which is designed with privacy protection and collusion resilience Spatial-Temporal provenance Assurance with Mutual Proofs (STAMP) scheme.STAMP is designed for ad-hoc mobile users generating location proofs for each other in a distributed setting. However, it can easily accommodate trusted mobile users and wireless access points. A Privacy-Preserving Location proof Updating System (APPLAUS) in which co-located Blue tooth enabled mobile devices mutually generate location proofs and send updates to a location proof server. The method using for privacy preservation in above method are achieved through encryption with suitable


In this paper, by using the integral bifurcation method, we studied the Kudryashov-Sinelshchikov equation. In the special parametric conditions, some singular and nonsingular exact traveling wave solutions, such as periodic cusp-wave solutions, periodic loop-wave solutions, smooth loop-soliton solutions, smooth solitary wave solutions, periodic double wave solutions, periodic compacton solutions, and nonsmooth peakon solutions are obtained. Further more, the dynamic behaviors of these exact traveling wave solutions are investigated. It is found that the waveforms of some traveling wave solutions vary with the changes of parameters.


Investment in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing in Africa over the past year has led to a major increase in the number of sequences that have been generated and used to track the pandemic on the continent, a number that now exceeds 100,000 genomes. Our results show an increase in the number of African countries that are able to sequence domestically and highlight that local sequencing enables faster turnaround times and more-regular routine surveillance. Despite limitations of low testing proportions, findings from this genomic surveillance study underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic and illuminate the distinct dispersal dynamics of variants of concern—particularly Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron—on the continent. Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve while the continent faces many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century. Description Surveillance across Africa The past 2 years, during which waves of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants swept the globe, have starkly highlighted health disparities across nations. Tegally et al. show how the coordinated efforts of talented African scientists have in a short time made great contributions to pandemic surveillance and data gathering. Their efforts and initiatives have provided early warning that has likely benefited wealthier countries more than their own. Genomic surveillance identified the emergence of the highly transmissible Beta and Omicron variants and now the appearance of Omicron sublineages in Africa. However, it is imperative that technology transfer for diagnostics and vaccines, as well the logistic wherewithal to produce and deploy them, match the data-gathering effort. —CA Expanding SARS-CoV-2 sequencing capacity allowed monitoring of a fast-evolving pandemic across Africa. INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century. Expanse of SARS-CoV-2 sequencing capacity in Africa. (A) African countries (shaded in gray) and institutions (red circles) with on-site sequencing facilities that are capable of producing SARS-CoV-2 whole genomes locally. (B) The number of SARS-CoV-2 genomes produced per country and the proportion of those genomes that were produced locally, regionally within Africa, or abroad. (C) Decreased turnaround time of sequencing output in Africa to an almost real-time release of genomic data.


This study examined the relationship between the individual's purpose in life, existential anxiety, powerlessness and use of alcohol/drugs and the tendency to be sexually promiscuous. The study is rooted in the work of Viktor E. Frankl, which suggested that a lack of meaning and purpose can cause socially deviant behavior and psychological problems. College students (N=344) participated in the study, filling out a variety cf research instruments. Results indicate a significant relationship between lack of meaning in life and social deviance. Powerlessness and existential anxiety, when examined separately, did not seem to predict alcohol and drug use, but the linear combinations of low purpose in life, high existential anxiety, and high powerlessness proved a significant predictor of alcohol and drug use. Males tended to use more alcohol and drugs, to be more sexually promiscuous, and to feel more existential an.ciety and powerlessness than females. Drug involvement was significantly greater for students with low GPAs than for students with high GPAs. The former also showed lower purpose in life, higher existential anxiety, and tended to be more sexually promiscuous. Students having no religion show significantly lower purpose in life scores than did religious students. (RJM) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. *********************************************************************** PREDICTORS OF DRUG/ALCOHOL ABUSE AND SEXUAL PROMISCUITY OF COLLEGE STUDENTS Jeong Sook Nam, M.A. Jeannette G. Heritage, Ph. D. Jwa K. Kim, Ph. D. Middle Tennessee State University "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY Higz7-/vg: TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) r This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization onginatMci r Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction audit Points of view or opinions staled in this docu. men, do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy Tennessee Counseling Association Chattanooga, Tennessee November 20 22, 1994 Southern Association for Counselor Education and Supervision Convention Charlotte, North Carolina November 3 6, 1994


X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) allows for the reconstruction of the distribution of nonradioactive elements within a sample from measurements of fluorescence x-rays produced by irradiation of the sample with monochromatic synchrotron radiation. XFCT is not a transmission tomography modality, but rather a stimulated emission tomography modality and thus correction for attenuation of the incident and fluorescence photons is essential if accurate images are to be obtained. This is challenging because the attenuation map is, in general, known only at the stimulating beam energy and not at the various fluorescence energies of interest. We make use of empirically fit analytic expressions for x-ray attenuation coefficients to express the unknown attenuation maps as linear combinations of known quantities and the unknown elemental concentrations of interest. We develop an alternating-update iterative reconstruction algorithm based on maximizing a penalized Poisson likelihood objective function. Studies with numerical phantoms indicate that the approach is able to produce qualitatively and quantitatively accurate reconstructed images of numerical phantoms even in the face of severe attenuation.


This paper discusses the necessity and feasibility of the application of Pulse Doppler Radar in vts through analysing the limitations of the non-coherent, single frequency, radar and the advantages of PD radar.


There has been a growing momentum toward a greater recognition and explicit use of Indigenous laws in the past several years. According to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's final report, the revitalization and recognition of Indigenous laws are essential to reconciliation in Canada. How, then, do we go about doing this? In this article, we introduce one method, which we believe has great potential for working respectfully and productively with Indigenous laws today. We engage with Indigenous legal traditions by carefully and consciously applying adapted common law tools, such as legal analysis and synthesis, to existing and often publicly available Indigenous resources: stories, narratives, and oral histories. By bringing common pedagogical approaches from many Indigenous legal traditions together with standard common law legal education, we hope to help people learn Indigenous laws from an internal point of view. We share experiences that reveal that this method holds great potential as a pedagogical bridge "into" respectful engagement with Indigenous laws and legal thought, within and across Indigenous, academic, and professional communities. In conclusion, we argue that, while this method is a useful tool, it is not intended to supplant existing learning and teaching methods, but rather to supplement them. In practice, we have seen that this method can be complementary to learning deeply through other means. There are many methods to engage with Indigenous laws, and there needs to be critical reflection and conversations about them all.


Objective To study the influence of health care education on disease knowledge among asthma patients and on their pulmonary functions.Methods Seventy-eight patients with moderate or severe asthma were given health care education on asthma.The theoretic knowledge of asthma,behavior skills,and the improvement of pulmonary functions were assessed by a self-designed questionnaire in all patients before and after health care education and comprehensive treatment.Results The patients' knowledge about asthma was obviously improved after education(P0.05);their pulmonary functions were also improved after education and comprehensive treatment(P0.05).Conclusion Health care education can not only improve the disease knowledge and the control of self-behavior among asthma patients,but also improve their pulmonary functions.


The pathologist's role may have been misunderstood in the past, but with government backing things are changing. Ben Swift, Simon Stanworth, and Adrian Newland offer an up to date round up of the five main pathology specialties


The initiation of nutrient cycling is important in developing a self-sustaining ecosystem, where inputs of fertilizer are not required, on rehabilitated open-cut mines. The loss of dry weight, surface area and nutrients from senescent jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) leaves enclosed in litterbags for 18 months were measured on 27 rehabilitated bauxite mines and in two jarrah forests on the Darling Plateau in Western Australia. Respiration and acetylene reduction by the litter were also determined. Linear trends were found between litter decomposition on rehabilitated mines and understorey cover density, litter cover and a measure of the effect of the revegetation on soil moisture. During decomposition, N was retained relative to litter dry weight and, in most cases, amounts of N increased. Losses of Ca and S were correlated with dry weight losses. Sodium, Cl, Mg and K were lost from the litter by leaching. Rehabilitation techniques, including sowing a legume understorey and replacement of the topsoil, should favour the development of nutrient cycling on mined areas.


One important aspect of Marx's philosophical revolution is its critical analysis to the value nihilism destiny of modern humanity. Marx is a pioneer in the history of philosophy to clarify the ideological root of value nihilism in the way of bring to light the core of modernity, namely Reason and the illusion of its promise on liberation. Moreover, Marx revealed the realistic root of nihilism through an analysis of the capital's effect of effacing meaning. Deeply exploring the inner relationship between Marx's philosophical revolution and value nihilism will offer a very important visual angle to further study the theoretical background, theoretical essence and contemporary significance of Marx's philosophical revolution.


The article first describes the theory of magnetic amplifiers. It shows how the B/H characteristic of iron alloys is utilized to obtain amplification of d.c. signals, and calls attention to some of the shortcomings of the device, such as non-linear amplification and long time constant. Observations show that there is a time delay between the application of a signal to the input and the commencement of the growth of load current at the output, this delay being a function of the input current. The response therefore inclines to be slow and dependent upon the input signal. The second part of the article introduces permanent magnet biasing, a new development which improves the static and dynamic characteristics. The polarization of the amplifier with a stable flux from permanent magnets also makes the device inoperative for negative signals and thereby increases the range for positive signals.


The paper presents a developed method with algorithms written in Matlab language to find the numerical solution of nth-order state-space equations (SSE) of linear continuous-time control system by using Scraton method. State-space equation is the modern representation to analysis continuous-time system. It was treated numerically to the single-input-single-output (SISO) systems as well as multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) systems by using fourth-order Scraton method. Scraton method employed to find the output values of the state-space equations. Comparisons between the numerical and exact results are given for some numerical examples to conciliate the accuracy of the proposed method.


Dr. Stewart has received research support from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research, the British Columbia Provincial Health Services Authority, the International OCD Foundation, the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, and the Anxiety and Depression Association of America. The other authors report no financial relationships with commercial interests.


Leading vehicle localization is the key part of intelligent driving system. This paper presents a novel and effective lane-vehicle detection and tracking system to achieve real-time and robust leading vehicle localization. The system is composed of (i) lane detection and tracking, (ii) sky and road region recognition, (iii) vehicle detection and tracking. First, lane detection and sky and road recognition are performed to reduce the possible region of leading vehicle. Then vehicle detection is applied to get all vehicles in per image. Combined with ROI information, leading vehicle is accurately localized. Finally, vehicle tracking is used to make the whole system more fast and robust. The core part of the whole system is vehicle detection. A novel and effective method based on convolutional neural networks is used to achieve high-quality and real-time vehicle detection. The experimental results validate the effectiveness and robustness of our algorithm. In addition, our system runs at real-time of 10 frames per second.


General view, showing the west elevation and the north and south blocks; Houses the Faculte de medecine and biological research.


Clos-network switches were proposed as a scalable architecture for the implementation of large-capacity circuit switches. In packet switching, the three-stage Clos-network architecture uses small switches as modules to assemble a switch with large number of ports or aggregated ports with high data rates. Current schemes for configuration of input-queued three- stage Clos-network (IQC) switches involve port matching and path routing assignment, in that order. The implementation of a scheduler capable of matching thousands of ports in large-size switches is complex because of the large port count. To decrease the scheduler complexity for such switches (e.g., 1024 ports or more), we propose a configuration scheme for IQC switches that hierarchizes the matching process. In a practical scenario our scheme performs routing first and port matching thereafter. This approach applies the reduction concept of Clos networks to the matching process. The application of this approach results in a feasible size of schedulers for up to Exabit-capacity switches, an independent configuration of the middle stage modules from port matches, a reduction of the matching communication overhead between different stages, and a release of the switching function to the last-stage modules in a 3-stage switch. We show that the switching performance of the proposed approach using weight- based and weightless selection schemes is high under uniform and nonuniform traffic.


This study compared the drying characteristics of corn within a continuous flow dryer under a variety of operating conditions. The tests were completed on a pilot scale cross flow corn dryer with variable fan speed and column thickness. The dryer column has a height of 3.35 m (132 in.), width of 0.61 m (24 in.) and variable thicknesses ranging from 0.30–0.36 m (12–14 in.). In addition, the drying air temperature and air flow rate per volume of grain were varied. An array of thermocouples measured the thermal profile of the corn bed within the dryer. The dryer exhaust was divided into four zones, each 0.83 m (33 in.) tall. Each zone measured incoming air velocity and exhaust temperature and relative humidity. Using these measured values in conjunction with the known ambient conditions, the theoretical amount of moisture removed from each zone was calculated. Corn dryer efficiency and throughput are becoming increasingly important, as it is the second largest cost associated with corn production. Improved farming practices, in conjunction with improved corn genetics, have resulted in increased yields and the ability to grow corn in locations not possible two decades prior. The overarching goal of this research is to help determine the key factors which help to dry corn more efficiently.© 2013 ASME


INTRODUCTION
No reliable biometric measurement of vestibular involvement with migraine is currently available.

OBJECTIVE
Measures of autonomic nervous system and postural responses could serve as quantifiable indicators of vestibular involvement with migraine.

METHODS
A convenience sample of 22 young healthy adults (34±9 years old) and 23 young adults (34±8 years old) diagnosed with vestibular migraine (VM) participated. A rod and frame test and clinical outcome measures of dizziness and mobility were administered. Participants stood on foam while viewing two dynamic virtual environments. Trunk acceleration in three planes and electrodermal activity (EDA) were assessed with wearable sensors. Linear mixed models were used to examine magnitude and smoothness of trunk acceleration and tonic and phasic EDA. A Welch's t-test and associations between measures were assessed with a Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Effect sizes of group mean differences were calculated using Cohen's d.

RESULTS
Visual dependence was present in 83% of the VM population. Individuals with VM exhibited lower baseline EDA (t(4.17) = -7.2, p = 0.001) and greater normalized trunk accelerations in the vertical (t(42.5) = 2.861, p = 0.006) and medial (t(46.6) = 2.65, p = 0.01) planes than healthy participants. Tonic EDA activity increased significantly across the period of the trial (F (1,417) = 23.31, p = 0.001) in the VM group. Significant associations appeared between vertical trunk acceleration and EDA, Dizziness Handicap Inventory, and Activities of Balance Confidence tools.

CONCLUSIONS
Higher tonic EDA activity in healthy adults results in more accurate postural reactions. Results support the supposition that EDA activity and postural acceleration are significantly different between VM and healthy individuals when accommodating for postural instability and visual-vestibular conflict.


A revised and updated literature-based checklist of Hawaiian mosses is presented  Geographic coverage includes the eight main Hawaiian Islands; the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are excluded  The checklist is alphabetically ordered by scientific names; the family is noted for each genus  Synonyms and misapplied names are cross-referenced to the accepted names  A bibliography of supporting references is included.


For the reliable and continuous operation of humanoid robot, various types of multiple heat sources such as CPUs, motors, drivers should be cooled down by using compact and light-weight cooling devices. In this study, thermal performances of one metallic cold plate and two different types of non-metallic cold plates with a dielectric coolant (FC-72) as a working fluid are investigated in two-phase circulation without any external driving force. All types of cold plates have the same dimension of 32times26 mm2 base area with 7 mm in height. A metallic cold plate was fully made of copper. Two non-metallic polycarbonate (PC) cold plates, which are designed to reduce the overall weight of robot cooling system, are composed of a PC cover with two copper different bases. All cold plates are mounted on a 20times20 mm2 copper heating block with two cartridge heaters of 30 W/cm2. It is found that both of PC cold plates show higher thermal performance compared to the copper cold plate in terms of thermal resistance based on a unit mass.


This issue of Transportation Planning and Technology represents the special issue of papers that have been drawn from the 46th Annual Universities' Transport Study Group (UTSG) Conference held at Newcastle University in January 2014, hosted by the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences. The UTSG Conference is for transport academics and researchers from UK and Irish universities and is 'designed to discuss research needs, research in progress and to give research students the opportunity to present papers on their work' (www.utsg.net). One hundred and twenty delegates attended the Newcastle Conference, presenting 84 papers across 11 sessions and those presenting were invited to have their papers considered for inclusion in the special issue. Those papers submitted to us were subject to a rigorous review process in the usual manner. As with previous special issues the papers reveal the range of academic research within the UTSG community, with differing research approaches and areas of study. Transport studies embrace a wide range of disciplinary perspectives and this is reflected in the papers in this issue. The paper by Taylor and Heydecker focuses on queues and the probability distribution of the number of customers in a queue seen as important for estimating the risk of stress or disruption to routine services and upstream blocking. The paper presents practical methods for estimating a probability distribution from knowledge of the mean, variance and utilisation of a queue available from computationally efficient, timedependent calculation. Li and Preston assess the financial and social costs of public transport. The paper uses a cost model which simulates public transport modes in order to analyse the total costs of different passenger demand levels. The paper applies queuing theory so as to investigate the probability of having to wait longer than the expected service headways which will affect the average passenger waiting time. The paper by Musselwhite focuses on observations and surveys of older people in public space examining how far person–environment agency is present in active use of outdoor space namely urban shopping centres, a suburban residential area and an area of shared space. Fifty years ago, Reuben Smeed chaired a study and produced a report on the economic and technical possibilities of road pricing. This report considered different methods of charging, including road pricing, as a means of addressing congestion. Since then various road pricing schemes have been proposed but not implemented while parking policies have been extensively used by local authorities as a means of managing congestion. The paper by Burchell, Ison and Enoch presents the results of an early stage, post-implementation study of the Nottingham Workplace Parking Levy, a measure that charges employers for the parking they provide for their staff. Powell and Palacín focus on the fact that there can be significant variation in the speed profile for identical trains on identical routes, based on how the train is driven. A better understanding of this situation can offer significant potential for improvements in Transportation Planning and Technology, 2015 Vol. 38, No. 1, 1–2, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081060.2014.986257


Marked respiratory symptoms were present in a patient with the syndrome of rhythmic oculopalatopharyngolaryngo myoclonus. Respiratory muscle myoclonus can produce incoordination of respiratory muscles during breathing. Rhythmic vocal cord closure by myoclonic laryngeal muscles, however, can produce a more profound respiratory abnormality, with marked, phasic reduction in flows. In carefully selected circumstances, tracheostomy may be performed for relief of respiratory symptoms in patients with this syndrome.


Regional studies literature argues that neighboring regions could impact each others' economic performance trough trade, technology diffusion, capital flow, and political stability. However, the emergence of decentralization has put the above argument into a new context. This study aims to explain the impact of fiscal decentralization on economic. The study analyse the impact of fiscal decentralization using lag value and ignores the existence of spatial dependency between regions. Our study concludes that the fiscal decentralization has a significant effect on economic performance at a lag value of 3 years, implying that public budgeting will have a significant impact on increasing economic performance on 3 years later. In addition, the paper provides evidence that regions with similar economic performance are located nearby suggesting the presence of spatial dependence.


The notions of -subalgebra, (positive implicative) -ideals of d-algebras are introduced, and related properties are investigated. Characterizations of an -subalgebra and a (positive implicative) -ideals of d-algebras are given. Relations between an -subalgebra, an -ideal and a positive implicative N-ideal of d-algebras are discussed.


The Canadian Generation-IV supercritical water reactor (SCWR) requires peak cladding surface temperature of 800˚C for a core outlet temperature of 625˚C. Materials selection for high temperature fuel cladding is becoming one of the major challenging tasks. Austenitic stainless steels with excellent corrosion resistance are often susceptible to stress corrosion cracking upon SCW exposure. Low-Cr steels such as P91 exhibit good high-temperature mechanical properties, but the lack of sufficient Cr content makes this group of alloys corrode too fast. One possible solution is to use coatings or surface modification techniques to improve the surface resistance to corrosion. In this study, we investigated the effect of surface modification on commercial 316L stainless steel. Surface modification by mechanical deformation has marked improvement in corrosion resistance during SCW exposure. Possible mechanisms for such improvement are discussed.


This work arose out of study of the effect of severe injury on the metabolism of the rat. Its aim was to determine how carbohydrate metabolism differed in injured and normal rats. From the review of Levenson, Einheber & Malm (1961) it is clear that although the effect of injury on metabolism has been studied for a long time there is still much to be learnt. In the past, studies have been, for the most part, confined to determinations of the concentrations of metabolites in tissues. In the case of carbohydrate metabolism this is not enough. Besides concentrations of metabolites the rates of metabolism along the various pathways, glycolytic, gluconeogenic and oxidative, are also required. These rates can only be studied in whole animals by using tracers. We have, therefore, injected control and injured rats intravenously with U-14C-glucose, U-14C-fructose and 1_14C_, 2_14Cand 3-14C-pyruvates. We have followed the disappearance of 14C-glucose and 14C-fructose from the blood and the appearance and subsequent disappearance of 14C-glucose after the injection of 14C-fructose and the labelled pyruvates. The excretion of 14CO2 formed by the oxidation of these compounds in vivo was also followed. In this way the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways were spanned by 14C-glucose and 14C-pyruvate while 14C-fructose could be expected to provide information on processes in the middle, as its label enters them mainly as triose phosphate (Hers & Kusaka, 1953; Leuthardt, Testa & Wolf, 1953). Results obtained from experiments of this type show only the combined effects of distribution and metabolism. To separate these two effects one must find a method of interpretation which allows for their interaction. Unless this is done even qualitative conclusions may be wrong and it is quite impossible to make quantitative estimates. The only technique which offers some hope of separating distributive and metabolic processes is compartmental analysis (Sheppard, 1962). Theoretical models which reproduce the most important features of these processes are set up and analysed mathematically. No model can take account of all the processes,


A patient is described with angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma (AIL] (angidmmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysprotelrrrpmia [AILD]‐type T‐cell lymphoma), which was later followed by Hodgkin's disease. At the time of the initial diagnasis, histological examination of a cervical lymph node showed a typical picture of AIL with abundant clear calls which were CD45RO+, CD43+, and CD20‐‐, and there was no evidence of a monoclonal B‐cell proliferation by Immunohistochemical analysis. In situ hybridization for Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) was negative. Interposed by a bout of recurrence, the patient developed, 16 years later, a left subparotid mass which showed histologic features of Hodgkin's disease, mixed cellularity type. Diagnostic Reed‐Sternberg cells and their variants were CD30+, CD15‐‐ and CD20+. Neither rearrangement of TCR beta and gamma chain genes nor of immunoglobulin heavy chain and kappa light chain genes was detected in DNA extract from fresh material. In situ hybridization showed the presence of EBV within the Reed‐Sternberg cells. The data show that EBV was not etiologically related to AIL in this case. Further, the deficit in cellular immunity that accompanied AIL conceivably permit primary EBV infection or reactivation of latent infection, which eventuated in development of Hodgkin's disease, but the exact pathogenesis remains uncertain.


We provide this additional material with the intention of helping readers to better understand the concepts presented in the manuscript. The issues addre se h re are the expressions for the logarithm and the exponential map along with the analytic al form of the Jacobian of the cost function that serves to generate the models. 1 On the expressions of the exponential and the logarithm maps The link between a Lie algebra and its Lie group is called the e xponential mapexp. This map and its inversexp−1 = log allow us to move between the vector space generated by a Lie algebra and the group. It is important to remark that, fo r Lie groups likeSO(3) or SE(3), the exponential map is surjective but not injective. In oth er words, all the elements of these groups can be "reached" from the algebra by the expon ntial map, but there are infinite elements in the algebra that will be mapped to the sam e group element (non-unique mapping) [ 1]. In the same way, log is a map just defined for some regions and under certain circumstances. This does not represent a problem for our met hod since all the models θi ∈ SE(3) are closely enough to each other. The exp map can be generally defined for all matrix groups G ⊂ GL(n,R), where GL(n,R) is the group ofn×n real invertible matrices. In this way, exp(A) is defined as: exp(A) = In + ∑ k≥1 Ak k! = ∑ k≥0 Ak k! , (1) c © 2013. The copyright of this document resides with its authors . It may be distributed unchanged freely in print or electronic forms. 2 ROS et al: FAST AND ROBUSTl1-AVERAGING-BASED POSE ESTIMATION whereIn is then×n identity matrix. It is proven that this series is absolutely convergent for any matrix [1]. However, there are explicit ways of calculating exp for some specific groups. This is the case of SE(3), the group of rigid transformations in R3. Here, the exponential map can be computed as: exp(S) = I4+S+ (1− cos(α))S2 α2 + (α − sin(α))S3 α3 . (2) This expression is an adaptation of the well known Rodrigues ' formula [2]. Here,S ∈ se(3), which is the Lie algebra corresponding to the tangent space o f SE(3) and is parametrized asS = [ ω̂ v ~0 0 ] . Whereω = (ωx,ωy,ωz) is a 3-vector representing a 3D rotation and ω̂ =   0 −ωz ωy ωz 0 −ωx −ωy ωx 0   is its representation in so(3), as a 3×3 real skew-symmetric matrix; v ∈ R3 is a column vector that represents the translation and α = ‖ω‖l2, i.e., the amount of rotation in the direction defined by α . It is also important to note that se(3) is isomorphic with R6, which means that there exists a map that transforms between both spaces. We will take advantage of this property by representing elements of se(3) as the 6-vector ψ. In the same way, the logarithm map, for a general matrix A ∈GL(n,R) has the following expression: log(A) = ∑ k≥0 (−1)k+1 (A− I)k k (3) It is easy to see that the convergence of this series is very sl ow. Fortunately, in the case of the groupSE(3) it is possible to define a close form expression for computing the log map, as presented below: logSE(3)(θ = [ R3×3 T3×1 ~0 1 ] ) = [ r T − r̂T 2 + 2sin(‖r‖)−‖r‖(1−cos(‖r‖)) 2r2 sin(‖r‖) r̂2T ~0 1 ]