Auditing quality is a complex issue as it deals with so many interfering factors and depends on the viewpoints of each party. The objective of this research is to find out the influence of professional scepticism, competence, independence on auditing quality with complience to the code of ethics as moderating variable at Inspectorate of North Sulawesi Province. The respondents are all the 67 internal auditors Inspectorate of North Sulawesi Province. Inferential statistic has been multiple linear regression analysis (multiple regression) and Moderated Regression Anlyisis (MRA). The results show that professional scepticism have a significant influencing on auditing quality, competence has no significant influencing on auditing quality, independence have a significant influencing on auditing quality, complience to the code of ethics have a significant influencing on auditing quality, professional scepticism is moderated by complience to the code of ethics has no influencing on auditing quality, competence is moderated by complience to the code of ethics has no influencing on auditing quality and independence is moderated by complience to the code of ethics has no influencing on auditing quality. Keywords : Professional skepticism , competence , independence, complience to the code of ethics, auditing quality.


The mixed oxides ZrO2/CeO2, ZrO2/TiO2, and ZrO2/La2O3 are hydrothermally synthesized from aqueous mixtures of ZrOCl2, NH4OH, and TiCl4, or LaCl3, or CeCl3 (autoclave, pH 10, 220 °C, 4 h, followed by calcination at 500 °C in air for 10 h).


The production of steel normally constitutes the inception of most Supply Chains in different areas. Steel manufacturing companies are strongly affected by bull whip effects. Due to nondeterministic incoming orders and changes of customer requirements on accepted orders, making the right decision at a certain stage can be the difference between earning or loosing a great turnover. Improving their operational efficiency is required to keep a competitive position on the market. Therefore, flexible planning and scheduling systems are needed to support these processes which are based on considerable amounts of data which can hardly be processed manually. Existing systems are dominated by centralized decision making processes, mostly data driven and often not modeling the business processes they should. MasDISPO_xt is an agent-based generic online planning and online scheduling system for monitoring of the complete Supply Chain of Saarstahl AG, a globally respected steel manufacturer. This paper concentrates on the creation and optimisation of heats and sequences as a presetting for the production inside the steelwork.


An image processing method, an image processing equipment and a digital tv receiving terminal are provided, wherein, the image processing method involves: decoding an inputted video signal, and generating a video image; generating a prompt information according to a prompt request, overlapping the prompt information to the video image, generating a compound video image, and buffering the compound video image in a cache area of an image layer; obtaining a display element and the area information of the image area occupied by the display element in the compound video image according to an display request of the display element; overlapping the display element to the corresponding image area of the compound video image in the cache area of the image layer according to the area information; and displaying the compound video image which is overlapped by the display element in the cache of the image layer. The method can facilitate a cursor layer function and simultaneously prevent processing load of an image mixing module at the digital tv receiving terminal.


ABSTRACT While equal ratios of males and females are normal, crustacean sex ratios are frequently biased. Here I review potential reasons for sex ratio biases in animals, and evaluate how likely they apply to crustaceans. I introduce crustacean examples and highlight promising crustacean taxa for future studies where examples are lacking. I conclude that ecological differences between the sexes appear to be the dominant reason for sex ratio bias in crustaceans. Major life history patterns limit the importance of evolutionary drivers to sedentary taxa with limited dispersal. Still largely unresolved is the question whether females can bias their offspring sex ratio, and given the diversity of sex determining systems, answers will vary from case to case. Abbreviations: LMC: local mate competition; LSC: local sperm competition.


The coating types,metal transfer mode and metallurgical process characteristics of the E308-XX stainless steel electrodes were introduced,the effects of coating types on usability quality of E308-XX stainless steel electrodes were discussed.The results showed that there are five types of electrode coating——the arc welding power source type and polarity that they use,and applicable welding position is different.The electrodes with no.15 and no.25 coating type show short circuiting transfer mode,the electrode with no.16 coating type shows the mixed transfer mode of short circuiting transfer and flux-wall guided transfer,the electrodes with no.17 and 26 coating type show flux-wall guided transfer mode.The silicon reduction reactions in the metal transfer zone of the electrodes with no.16,no.17 and no.26 coating type make the droplet oxidize and fine,thus forming the flux-wall guided transfer mode favorably.The usability quality problems of electrodes with15 and 16 coating type are overcome respectively by the electrodes with no.25 and no.26 coating type,but it is impossible that the electrodes with no.15 and no.16 coating type are replaced completely by electrodes with no.25 and no.26 coating type.the usability of electrodes with no.17 coating type is the best,but the sensitivity of the electrode porosity is existential.the comprehensive properties of electrodes with no.15 and no.25 coating type are better than that of electrodes with no.16,no.17 and no.26 coating type.


Objective: to investigate how therapeutic mas-sage, combined with stretching, can really con-tribute to the treatment of fibromyalgia (FM) symptoms. Design: Feasibility study. Setting: A single center. Participants: Twenty women having a preexisting diagnosis of FM based on American College of Rheumatology criteria were recruited. Intervention: Subjects received a total of 18 sessions of light massage administered by a physical therapist twice a week and then performed passive stretching exercises. Main out-come measures: heart rate (HR) and Heart Rate variability (HRV), the assessment of joint flexi-bility through elettrogoniometer, the Fibromyal-gia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Borg scale or Rating of Perceived exertion (RPE). Evalua-tions were conducted at the screening visit (T0), immediately at the end of the session of mas-sage (T1) and after completion of 18 sessions (T2). Results: HRV showed an improvement in terms of decreased sympathetic tone and in-crease of parasympathetic tone at the end of treatment. Also joint flexibility showed a sig-nificant improvement at T2 compared with the screening. FIQ, PSQI, RPE did not change. Conclusions: the findings highlight the excellent compliance of FM patients to the combined therapy of massage and stretching, showing an amelioration of muscle stiffness and an improvement of autonomic nervous system with a decrease of sympathetic tone and an increase of parasympathetic tone. The questionnaires did not show any ameliorations, probably because in these patients the perception of quality of life is distorted compared with more objective pa-rameters, such as muscle rigidity, the articular mobility and the autonomic nervous system.


It is now possible to provide communications with high reliability factors in geographical areas which are resistant to the more conventional high-frequency radio. For the past two years, the US Air Force has been operating an ionospheric scatter system (FPIS) between Loring AFB, Maine, USA, and Thule AFB, Greenland. Relay stations in this system are located at Goose Bay, Labrador, Canada and Sondrestrom, Greenland. The US Air Force tropospheric scatter system (FPTS) has been in operation since May, 1955, along the Labrador coast in support of a chain of radar stations. Practical considerations in the application of either of these scatter systems include but are not limited to such factors as cost, reliability, channel capacity, geography, topography, path length, interference, manpower requirements (both as to skill and number) and logistics support. Although tropospheric and ionospheric scatter systems are linked in the similarity of nomenclature, the characteristics and practical considerations are quite different. Accordingly the FPIS and FPTS systems are discussed separately.


Stress fracture of the metatarsal bone, though common in adults, seems to be extremely rare in children, according to published reports. We report, the case of a 8-year-old child with a stress fracture of the 3rd and 4th metatarsal bone without any noticable trauma and still physically active. When we suspect a stress fracture in children, great attention must be directed towards obtaining a detailed history and serial X-rays must be obtained over a short time period. Bone scintigraphy shows a predictable superiority over radiography in early diagnosis.


In the current article, we explore the effect of partners' workplace characteristics on the take-up and intensity of parental leave by mothers and fathers. We use social security records data from 2004 to 2015 for Luxembourg. The results of the analysis reveal that the probability of taking full-time leave is substantially lower among mothers and fathers working in very small companies than among their counterparts in larger firms, whereas working in a small-sized company is related to higher probability of taking part-time leave. Mothers working in companies in predominantly female-dominated sectors, such as education, health, and social services, are more likely to take parental leave than their counterparts employed in other sectors. With regard to the effect of partners' workplace characteristics, fathers' take-up of parental leave is associated with the economy sector of their partner, whereas mothers' take-up correlates with their partners' workplace size.


In the new era of austerity inaugurated since the election, one of the most central questions is how British government can do more with less, or at least do nearly the same with less. Leandro Carrera and Patrick Dunleavy clear up the confusions about a key concept – the productivity of the government sector.


The goal of this study is to examine the concept of professional ethics and its reflection in the tourism sector. Another purpose of this study is to find out whether monetary phenomenon is effective over the professional ethics value or not. Descriptive research method was applied. The research aims to make a subject study and to present the current status by defining employees attitude to money in hotel businesses in terms of professional ethics value, about the status of this problem, variables and relation between variables. 445 hotel employees in 19 five star hotels in Antalya were the interviewed. Questionnaire technique was used as a data collection technique. The questionnaire consisted of three parts; the first section was demographic variables. The second section was money attitude scale. The third section was professional ethics values scale. Some statistical analysis made to data in the result of research. four different types of analysis was formed: frequency analysis, reliability analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis. Correlation analysis has shown that a negative result between the attitude to money with professional ethics values of employees in the hotel businesses.


The simulation codes "CEDR" (complex of electrodynamic resolutions) are intended for the mathematical simulation and the optimization of processes in the irregular electrodynamic systems.


Considering increasing development of Persian Language in the capital as well as immigrating villagers to metropolitans, there is a fear that many of authentic words, idioms and riddles in the ancient cultures will be forgotten and obsolete. Therefore in this paper for the first time it has been tried to collect idioms and riddles in one of original dialects survived from Middle Persian in southwest Iran, subset of dialects in Fars Province or Xollari dialect and additionally, to present their transcription, pronunciation, meaning and equivalent in Persian. Also, before dealing with the subject, a summary description about Xollar dialect has been provided for the eager reader. This study is based on field studies, interview, questionnaire, library compilation as well as analysis and comparison of Xollar dialect"s idioms, riddles, their meanings and their equivalents in Persian in comparison with formal Persian spoken in the capital, Tehran. (Fatemeh Moradi. A Study of Idioms and Enigmas in Xollar Dialect. J Am Sci 2013;9 (4s):252-256). (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 38


Since the role of Chongqing inner-ring road shifts from highway to city expressway,the inner-ring expressway will play a key part in blocking traffic from driving through the city,securing an unblocked traffic in central areas.This paper investigates the impacts of the present Chongqing inner-ring expressway traffic environment on bus transportation, explores the immediate problems posed by bus rapid transit and proposes some approaches.


Annotaion Tlachacova, Hana: Public trading company (Bachelor work) Project leader: JUDr. Monika Nemethova, PhD. Prague: Bank insitute university of Prague, 2009. According to our legislation and our Businness code of laws Public trading company belongs to so called personal companies. Public trading company is rather rare compared to other forms of company. In my work i have tried to bring a complete observation of Public trading company with all her specifications.


Abstract : The purpose of this study is to enhance the effectiveness of the McClintic Theater Model (MTM) as a teaching tool at the operational art level, based on Air Force management of air combat power in a Central European conflict. US/NATO Tactical Air Doctrine, Command and Control relationships, and air assets are examined and analyzed, followed by a similar treatment of their Soviet Union/Warsaw Pact counterparts. Factors which affect air operations are related to overall air combat MTM - compatible model of a Central European Air War is developed, emphasizing operational art level decision-making and interaction of opposing blue and red strategies. The resulting conceptual design is intended to serve as a baseline for further development work, providing a consistent source of relationships and factors which can be integrated into an MTM NATO War Game, thereby providing future top-level Army leaders with a clear picture of how the Air Force manages its combat power in the Air-Land Battle. (Author)


Determination of the severity of injury to the soft tissues is an important component of patient assessment and impacts on the management of closed fractures. The response of soft tissue to blunt injury involves microvascular and inflammatory processes that produce localised tissue hypoxia and acidosis. Incisions placed through such compromised tissue can lead to wound breakdown and deep infection. Therefore, recognising the signs of soft tissue injury is the foundation for a successful management of closed fractures. Many treatment options, including splinting, cryotherapy, compression, and delayed surgery, help limit further soft tissue injury and facilitate its rapid recovery before surgical intervention. Emerging surgical techniques based on improved management have resulted in decreased rates of soft tissue complications.


Compared with aviation fuel, biodiesel has a smaller energy density, so the flight range of aircraft using biodiesel as aviation fuel is relatively short. Adding aluminum powder particles can significantly improve the energy density of fuel and then improve the flight range of aircraft, but the combustion characteristics of fuel will change after adding aluminum powder particles to fuel. In this experiment, a tubular furnace was used to simulate the ratio of nitrogen to oxygen in air, and the micro-explosion and combustion characteristics of BD60E40 droplet and BD60E40 droplet 10%AP (8 μm) under 700 and 750 °C were compared and studied by using moving droplet tracking technology. It is found that the greater the steam pressure inside the droplet, the greater the intensity of micro-explosion, and the greater the initial velocity of the secondary droplet after micro-explosion. In addition, it is found that the proportion of aluminum powder in droplets increases gradually during the combustion cycle, and the frequency and intensity of micro-explosion of droplets increase gradually. The instantaneous combustion micro-explosion intensity model and the average combustion intensity model were established. It was found that the average combustion micro-explosion intensity of droplets increased gradually with the increase in temperature through calculation.


PETROGRAPHIC AND STRATIGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE BARNETT SHALE (MISSISSIPPIAN) IN HILL COUNTY, TEXAS: EVIDENCE FOR EUSTACY AND TECTONISM By Rachael Monroe, M.S., 2009 Department of Geology Texas Christian University Dr. John BreyerProfessor of Geology The major facies in the EOG Gordon SWD core are mudstone, siltstone, phosphatic layers, shell layers, and a carbonate concretion. Facies C2 is a sandy phosphate layer, which concentrated organic matter. Facies C2 is traceable and can be interpreted as a condensed section associated with a maximum flooding surface. The uranium in phosphate and organic matter cause a high gamma-ray reading in this interval. High TOC and high gamma-ray response occur in the same intervals of the core, but their magnitudes are not directly related. The Barnett deposition was sourced from the north and was a function of eustacy. The middle and upper unit were sourced from the Ouachita fold-thrust belt. The siltstone facies, common in these intervals, is rich in sponge spicules and is sourced from a reef growing on the thrust belt. A change in relative sea level in these two intervals is due to both eustacy and tectonics.


In the title compound, C18H23N2 +·I−, the cation exists in the E configuration with respect to the ethenyl C=C bond. The pyridinium and benzene rings are nearly coplanar, making a dihedral angle of 4.63 (7)°. The two ethyl groups of the diethylamino substituent point in opposite directions with respect to the benzene plane. In the crystal, the cation and the iodide anion are linked by a weak C—H⋯I interaction. The cations are stacked in an anti-parallel manner along the a axis by a π–π interaction with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.5262 (9) Å. The crystal structure is further stabilized by C—H⋯π interactions.


As over 70% of the earth's surface is covered by water, it is desirable to deploy underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) to support oceanic research. UWSNs use acoustic waves and are characterized by long and variable propagation delays, intermittent connectivity, limited bandwidth and low bit rates. Energy savings have always been the primary concern in wireless sensor network protocols; however, there are applications where the latency and throughput are prioritized over energy efficiency and are so significant that the application would not be able to satisfy its requirements without them. Although existing duty‐cycle MAC protocols are power efficient, they introduce significant end‐to‐end delivery latency, provide poor throughput and are not suitable for the challenging environment of a UWSN. In this paper, we utilize CDMA as the underlying multiple access technique, due to its resilience to multi‐path and Doppler's effects prevalent in underwater environments. We propose UW‐MAC, a CDMA‐based power‐controlled medium access protocol that uses both transmitter‐based and receiver‐based CDMA inside a formed cluster, and uses a TDMA schedule to make the cluster heads communicate with the base station. Our MAC algorithm targets the latency and throughput needs in addition to its ability to increase the overall network lifetime. We discuss the design of UW‐MAC, and provide a head‐to‐head comparison with other protocols through extensive simulations focusing on the performance in terms of latency, throughput, and energy consumption. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract Background/Aim: Sports-related concussions are now recognized as a major public health concern. However, despite the association of concussion with short- and long-term health consequences, many young athletes still lack basic knowledge about concussion and seem to believe that concussions may be "toughed out" and do not require medical attention. This study assessed self-reported practice of playing in training or a match while concussed among Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) athletes in Ireland aged 13–25 years old (M=19.19, SD=3.54). This study also assessed knowledge about and attitudes towards sports-related concussion in GAA players in Ireland. Methods: Using a self-report questionnaire, data were captured electronically on GAA athletes aged 13–25 years old (n=80) regarding knowledge about the detection, assessment and management of sports-related concussion, as well as participant's attitudes towards concussion and self-reported practice of playing in training or a match while concussed. Data were collected from June to August 2013. Results: This study revealed that approximately one in four athletes reported having played while concussed in practice or during a match. Males were significantly more likely to play while concussed than females (40.9% and 17.2%, respectively). Results from this study indicated participants lack a complete understanding of concussion, as common misconceptions about concussion prevailed. Analyses revealed that participants generally have safe attitudes towards concussion and concussion management. Conclusion: Generating awareness of the potential short- and long-term health consequences of concussion, coupled with the promotion of safer attitudes towards this injury, could minimize the number of players who return-to-play pre-maturely and promote a more safety-conscious sports culture in Ireland.


SUBTITLE: IN THIS ARTICLE I ANNOUNCE THE END OF THE AIRLINE PILOT ERA AND THE BEGINNING OF THE AIRLINE MACNINE-MINDER ERA. ALTHOUG SOME MAY DISPUTE THE PRECISE TIMING OF THIS HISTORIC EVENT, I THINK IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNISE THAT A FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE HAS TAKEN PLACE IN THE ROLE OF THE AIRLINE PILOT. THIS ARTICLE ATTEMPTS TO PLACE THIS ROLE IN ITS CORRECT HISTORICAL CONTEXT IN ORDER TO ILLUSTRATE THE WAY OUR PROFESSION IS GOING TO DEVELOP IN THE FUTURE.


Fixed interval smoothing for systems with nonlinear process and measurement models is studied and applied to the assimilation of sensor data in a Chemical, Biological, Radiological or Nuclear (CBRN) incident scenario. A two-filter smoother that uses a Backward Sigma-Point Information Filter, and also a forward-backward Rauch-Tung-Striebel (RTS) smoothing form are re-derived using the weighted statistical linearization concept. Both methods are derived in the context of the Unscented Kalman Filter. The square root version of the resulting RTS Unscented Kalman Filter / Smoother is applied to a CBRN dispersion puff-based model with variable state dimension, and the data assimilation performance of the method is compared with a Particle Filter implementation.


cardial infarction with intravenous nitroglycerin: a randomized prospective study (abstract). Circulation. 1981 ;64 (Part 11):737. 46. McNiff AF, Yacobi A, Young-Chang FM et al. Nitroglycerin pharmacokinetics after intravenous infusion in normal subjects. J Pharm Sci. 1981;70:1054-8. 47. Come PC, Pitt 6. Nitroglycerin-induced severe hypotension and bradycardia in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1976;54:624-8. 48. Cottrell JE, Turndortf H. Intravenous nitroglycerin. Am Heart J. 1978;96:550-3. 49. Mehl 8. Incompatibilities with nitroglycerin solutions. Primary Cardiol.


Because of a lack of reliable performance prediction models, many state departments of transportation (DOTs) use a needs-based budgeting process, namely, annual budget requests. Allocations of funding across maintenance activities and districts are developed on the basis of pavement maintenance needs derived from pavement inventory and annual or biannual condition data. This allocation of funding across maintenance activities and districts is challenging and often involves negotiation and balancing. A decision support model is proposed for the optimization of short-term pavement preservation budgeting based on two proven operations research techniques: goal programming for handling multiple objectives and an analytic hierarchy process for priority setting under multiple criteria. The model simultaneously considers two incommensurable and conflicting objectives: maximization of the preservation effectiveness in terms of extended service life and minimization of the total preservation cost. Application of the model is demonstrated with a short-term pavement preservation budgeting problem for a decentralized state DOT with nine maintenance districts. The illustrative example reveals that the proposed model is practical for supporting needs-based budgeting.


Background: Obesity is one of the most obvious appearances of the worldwide epidemic of sedentary lifestyles and excessive energy intake. A lower pain threshold has been proved in obesity both in animals and humans. Among the endogenous factors prompting the obesity, intestinal microbiota has also been proposed to influence pain sensitivity. Probiotics have shown beneficial effects on obesity, but data on their analgesic efficacy is very limited. Hence, this study aimed at investigating effect of oral probiotics on pain sensitivity in female obese mice. Methods: Six-week old female C57BL/B6-F mice were fed with a high fat diet (week 1-4) to make DIO (diet-induced obesity) mice. The DIO mice were then randomly assigned to 2 groups treated with a single daily dose (1x109CFU) of Lactobacillus Rhamnosus (test group) or physiological saline (control group) for 4 weeks (weeks 5-8). Sensitivity to mechanical stimulation was assessed by an electronic Von Frey every two weeks throughout the study period. Results: The DIO mice in the test group did not show a significant gain weight after the start of probiotic administration. However the control group maintained a weight rising trend leading to a significant weight difference at week 6, which remained significant at week 8. The test group showed a trend of lower pain sensitivity to mechanical stimulation compared with the control group after two weeks of receiving the probiotic treatment (P>0.01). After 4 weeks of probiotic administration, mice fed with probiotics having a significant less pain sensitivity. (P<0.01). Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed lower mechanical pain sensitivity in probiotic-treated female obese mice. The protective effect of probiotics on nociception circuits could be associated with the weight reduction or anti-inflammatory properties of the probiotics.


The apparatus for removing the blade from the deadlock turbine engine is provided. The apparatus includes a housing 16, the cam structure 20, and the impact structure 22. The housing can be temporarily fixed to the blade disc structure of the blade near the deadlock to be removed. The cam structure is engaged with the housing and configured to receive the input torque to rotate the cam structure, it is possible to convert the input torque to the impact force having an axial component. A root region of the blade 12 the standoff to eliminate destructive (wherein the impact structure is coupled to the housing, it is possible to receive the impact force from the cam structure, the blade the standoff from the blade disc structure ratio It may be added to the impact force on 12a).


The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the way humans interact with their environment. Common touch surfaces such as elevator switches and ATM switches are hazardous to touch as they are used by countless people every day, increasing the chance of getting infected. So, a need for touch-less interaction with machines arises. In this paper, we propose a method of recognizing the ten decimal digits (0-9) by writing the digits in the air near a sensing printed circuit board using a human hand. We captured the movement of the hand by a sensor based on projective capacitance and classified it into digits using an Artificial Neural Network. Our method does not use pictures, which significantly reduces the computational requirements and preserves users' privacy. Thus, the proposed method can be easily implemented in public places.


Within review of Iran and Tajikistan and conducted studies, one should take into account some considerations due to geopolitical position viewpoint. In this process, Tajikistan can be considered one of the strong and old cultures and one of the greatest regional civilizations, considering the type of change in its political atmosphere can develop its relation with Iran. Therefore, here. The dialogue is not merely under consideration, rather, the relation within the dialogue is considered at regional level. Reviewing components contributing in relation and political dialogue, objective and means of political dialogue, system analysis and theoretic knowledge and methodology based on political talk and their features in a regional context should be discussed to evaluate the circumstances of Iran and Tajikistan within social and political context for encouraging political dialogue through Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) as a regional political tool.


A hyperspectral full waveform LiDAR instrument prototype with 32 wavelengths and a supercontinuum laser as a light source were designed for monitoring the fine structure and the biochemical parameters of vegetation. The optical design and instrumentation are described in this paper. Components of the instrument included an X/Y scanning platform, a supercontinuum laser source, a receiving optical system, and a 32-channel full waveform measurement module. The pulsed LiDAR instrument is able to measure the 32-channel returned full waveform laser signal. The distance of the interacted target can be obtained from position information in the recorded waveform. And the spectral reflectance can also be obtained from the intensity information in the waveform. The performance of the measuring distance and spectrum was evaluated. The initial performance trials indicated that the instrument is capable of high measurement accuracy and has the ability to detect the biochemical characteristics of vegetation. The experiment also indicated that the instrument has the potential to generate a 3D point cloud with spectral information. Therefore, the instrument can play a significant role in detecting the vertical distribution of biophysical and biochemical characteristics of vegetation.


In this study, CuInS2 (CIS) films were fabricated by a two-step, non-vacuum process. Electrochemical deposition (ECD) was first used to prepare Cu-In precursors on Mo substrate under constant current. Then, CuInS2 films were prepared by sulfurization of the Cu-In precursors in sulfur atmosphere. The surface morphologies, compositions, and transmittance of the CuInS2 and ZnS films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and UV-VIS, respectively. The results show that a high-quality CIS thin film solar cells by low-cost, non-vacuum process could be obtained.


Recently, certain organic and inorganic polymers have been found to be useful as electrolytes for the transport of ions and are being studied extensively. This interest stems from inherent properties of polymers such as their ability to be cast into thin films thereby affording the possibility of designing high energy density batteries. Poly(MEEMA), poly(methoxyethoxyethylmethacrylate), a short etheroxy side chain containing polymethacrylate, readily forms polymer-metal salt complexes with LiX (X{sup {minus}} = ClO{sub 4}{sup {minus}}, BF{sub 4}{sup {minus}}, CF{sub 3}SO{sub 3}{sup {minus}}) and MI (M = Na, K). Detailed dc conductivity measurements by a complex impedance method have been carried out on poly(MEEMA)-LiX complexes by varying the (polymer:metal salt) composition ratio at different temperatures. The ionic conductivities of these polymer electrolyte are high, with the best values obtained for the LIBF{sub 4} system. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity is not linear and exhibits a curvature suggesting a non-Arrhenius behavior. However, the Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher plots are linear.


This paper proposes a prototype of educational system based on adaptive navigation support to help teacher manage their courses online. In a university context, a teacher can have many courses in one semester. The courses consists of several topics with several material and assignments on it. In a such circumstances, a teacher must prepare the topic's material before they can go to the class. This situation can cause the teacher to overwhelmingly getting busy to identify which courses they want to focus on and which one they do not. Therefore, they need a tools as an aid to choose which courses they should focus on. In this study, a prototype has been built based on adaptive navigation approach to help teacher overcome the situation. Link hiding techniques were used as a mechanism to help user focus on one task at a time.


In solids under irradiation with femtosecond laser pulses, photoabsorption produces a strongly nonequilibrium highly energetic electrons gas. We study theoretically the ionization of the electronic subsystem of either a semiconductor (silicon) or a metal (aluminum) target, exposed to an ultra-short laser pulse (pulse duration ~10 fs) of VUV-XUV photons. We developed a numerical simulation technique, based on the classical Monte-Carlo method, to obtain transient distributions of electrons within conduction band. We extend the Monte-Carlo method in order to take into account quantum effects such as the electronic band structure, Pauli's exclusion principle for electrons in the conduction band and for holes within the valence band (for semiconductors), and free-free electron scattering (for metals). In the presented work, the temporal distribution of the energy density of excited and ionized electrons were calculated. The transient dynamics of electrons is discussed regarding the differences between semiconductors and metals. It is demonstrated that for the case of semiconductors, since a part of the energy is spent to overcome ionization potentials, the final kinetic energy of free electrons at the end of the laser pulse is much less than the total energy provided by the laser pulse. In contrast, for metals all the energy is present as kinetic energy in the electronic subsystem, unless the photon energy is greater that an ionization potential of a deep atomic shell. In the latter case, a part of the energy is shortly kept by deep-shell holes, and is released back to the electrons by Auger-processes on femtosecond timescales.


In the 10 k V distribution network,the electromagnetic voltage transformer(EMVT)is prone to causing ferro-resonance induced over-voltage under certain condition to seriously harm safe operation of the distribution system.The authors conducted experiments to compare the exciting characteristics of the JDZX9-10 and JSZW-10 EMVTs,hence the data of the exciting characteristics were obtained for numerical simulation.In addition,a model of ferro-resonance caused by single-phase grounding fault in the 10 k V distribution network was established via MATLAB.Theoretical analysis,comparative experiments and numerical simulation reveal that: 1)For the model of neutral point grounding through Petersen coil,the best ferro-resonance suppression can be gained by connecting EMVT's open delta winding with a damping resistor; 2)The model of neutral point grounding via low resistance can gain better ferro-resonance suppression; and 3)For the model of 10 k V neutral ungrounded system,it is a very effective method to connect a nonlinear resistor in series with the neutral point at high-voltage side of EMVT for prevention or elimination of ferro-resonance.


Batch settling is a widely used method to separate a flocculated suspension into concentrated sediment and a clear liquid. Experimental and theoretical studies of this process have been published for almost a century due to its importance in separation processes. Fundamental aspects of sedimentation and suspension flows include properties of suspensions (concentration and viscosity); individual particles (particle size and shape, particle-particle interaction, surface charge); and sediments (permeability, porosity and compressibility). The investigated material, MCC, is of great interesting for several different applications, e.g. in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Hence, this work investigates the sedimentation process of micro crystalline cellulose in order to understand its behaviour considering the different conditions set out. Based on the results obtained in this work the following conclusions can be drawn: both the sedimentation behaviour and the compressibility of the sediment are affected by the surface charge of the MCC particles; finally, the solidosity of the sediment is as a function of pH.


DEVELOPMENT OF A COMBINED QUANTITY AND QUALITY MODEL FOR OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT OF UNSTEADY GROUNDWATER FLOW FIELDS P re s e n te d a re a l t e r n a t i v e techn iques f o r in c lu d in g co n se rva t ive s o lu te t ra n s p o r t w i th in computer models f o r o p t im iz in g groundwater e x t r a c t io n ra te s . Unsteady two-d im ensiona l f lo w and d ispersed co n se rva t ive s o lu te t ra n s p o r t are assumed. Comparisons are made o f the p r a c t i c a l i t y o f in c lu d in g m od if ied forms o f im p l i c i t and e x p l i c i t f i n i t e d i f fe re n c e s o lu te t ra n s p o r t equations w i th in o p t im iz a t io n models. These equa tions can be c a l ib r a te d and subsequently used w i th in a MODCON procedure. The MODCON m ode l l ing procedure c o n s is ts o f an in te g ra te d s e r ie s o f f i v e o p t im iz a t io n o r s im u la t io n modules. The procedure is a p p l ic a b le f o r e i t h e r an e n t i r e a q u i fe r system o r f o r a subsystem o f a la rg e r system. The f i r s t module, A, computes p h y s ic a l ly f e a s ib le recharge ra tes across the boundaries o f the modelled subsystem. Module B computes optim al e x t ra c t io n ra te s w i th o u t c o ns ide r in g groundwater q u a l i t y . Module C uses method o f c h a r a c te r is t ic s s im u la t io n to compute s o lu te t ra n s p o r t th a t would r e s u l t from implementing the pumping s t ra te g y o f model B. Module D uses l i n e a r goal programming and n o n l in e a r s o lu te t ra n s p o r t equations to c a l ib r a te l i n e a r c o e f f i c ie n t s . I t a ttempts to d u p l ic a te the s o lu te t ra n s p o r t p red ic te d by module C. C a l ib ra t io n is performed because coa rse ly d is c re t iz e d i m p l i c i t o r e x p l i c i t s o lu te t ra n s p o r t equations may not be as accurate as the method o f c h a r a c te r is t i c s . Module E inc ludes a p p ro p r ia te c a l ib ra te d equations o f module D as w e ll as the f lo w equations o f module B. I t computes an optim al pumping (e x t r a c t io n o r recharge) s t ra te g y th a t can s a t i s f y fu tu re groundwater contaminant con ce n tra t io n c r i t e r i a . Tes t ing o f the v a l i d i t y o f t h is optim al pumping s t ra te g y is subsequently accomplished using module C. I f necessary, one may cyc le through modules C, D and E u n t i l convergence is o b ta in e d u n t i l conce n tra t io ns r e s u l t in g from implementing the s t ra te g y o f E are demonstrated to be acceptab le . R. C. P e ra l ta , J . Solaimanian, C. L. G r i f f i s Completion Report to the U. S. Department o f the I n t e r i o r , Reston, VA, October 1988


This chapter concerns the British general elections of February 1974, October 1974, and 1979 during what came to be known as the 'Decade of Dealignment'. The first two contests were closely fought, resulting in no overall majority (February 1974) and a slender Labour majority (October 1974). However, the resulting Labour governments were beset by severe economic problems, leading some commentators to claim that Britain had become 'ungovernable'. In the 1979 general election the Conservatives returned to office under a leader (Margaret Thatcher) who was determined to reverse the country's post-war decline. In each case, relevant developments in the preceding inter-election period are described (including trends in party popularity) and an account of the campaign provided. In addition, the election results themselves—patterns of party support and of turnout—are extensively analysed. The chapter also focuses on three areas investigated by researchers at the time—explanations for non-voting, the sources of support for the Liberal Party, and the rise of 'issue voting'.


This study presents an object-based hierarchical classification method for nature reserve land cover classification using hyperspectral and multi-spectral data. The method firstly extracts several indices to identify non-vegetation land covers that are distinguishable with these indices, and then classify vegetation into grass land and crop. The classified land covers were finally assigned to image objects. In this study we obtained an overall classification accuracy of 95.05, with a Kappa of 0.89, which indicates the potential of this method in nature reserve change monitoring and management.


In this work, a novel model is proposed for Deterministic Timed Arc Petri Nets. In the proposed Timed Arc Petri Net, transition firing processes are associated with time, where time is interpreted as firing delays, hence deterministic time-delays are assigned with arcs. In Timed Petri Nets with firing delay, corresponding tokens can become temporarily invisible and re-visible during the firing process of a transition. In order to overcome this temporary invisibility, a new triangular graphical element, namely time element, is introduced. This new time element allows user to observe temporarily invisible tokens and it depicts the whole firing process graphically.


This paper deals with a comparative analysis of the legal position of women in the Serbian (1844, hereinafter SCC) and Italian (1865, hereinafter ICC) Civil Codes, considering the norms that regulate the position of women in marriage and those regarding inheritance. Confronting these two codes is relevant for various reasons. Firstly, it has not been done before in Serbian jurisprudence. Secondly, although based on different models (the Italian on the French Code, the Serbian on the Austrian Code, hereinafter ACC), each of them differs in some aspects from their model in the law of marriage and inheritance. Thirdly, it's important from a historical aspect, because the Italian Kingdom had just been formed and the Serbians had relieved themselves of the centuries-long Turkish government, so there's a similarity in the process of writing the codes. Although the writing styles of the codes are unalike, there are certain similarities in the provisions on marriage, the relationship between spouses, the relationship between spouses and children, and in terms of testamentary succession. For example, both codes give more rights to the husband (being the "head of the family"), and while the wife can write a will, she is not allowed to be a legal witness to another person's will. There are several differences between the two codes, but most of them are negligible. For instance, both codes prescribe a parent's permission for marriage, while the marriageable age that doesn't require consent differs (i the ICC 25 years old for men and 21 for women, whereas in Serbia it's 18 years old for both men and women). However, a few differences are relevant. The biggest one is the way in which intestate succession is regulated: the right to inherit is recognized to legitimate children regardless of gender in the Italian code, while in the Serbian code women are excluded from inheritance, which is one of the major differences between the SCC and ACC. In fact, when writing the code, Hadžić didn't want this provision incorporated in the law, but it was added nevertheless. The second biggest difference between the ICC and the SCC consists in the fact that adultery is considered a reason for legal separation (and not divorce, because divorce was not allowed) in the ICC only if it is committed by the wife, while in the Serbian one the sex of the adulterer is not specified and can lead to divorce even if it's done by the husband. Finally, the Serbian legislator also regulates the position of women in the "zadruga" (a type of joint family), in which women cannot be members, nor can they inherit, while that institute is not prescribed in the Italian one.


The O—O stretching frequencies of some alkyl substituted 1,2-dioxacyclohexanes are near 730 cm−1 and those of some alkyl substituted 1,2-dioxetanes are in the range 670 ± 20 cm−1. Alkoxy substituents cause the frequency to increase; that for tetramethoxy-1,2-dioxetane is 752 cm−1. Alkoxy substituents appear to stabilize peroxides.


The development of non-invasive methods for fish welfare and contaminant monitoring is of high relevance for the production of high quality and safe farmed fish. We have recently shown the suitability of the Shannon entropy (SE) in a commercially relevant fish system (European seabass, Dicentrarchus labrax) to differentiate methylmercury (MeHg) treated fish from non-treated fish. The present work examines the evolution of the SE of a European seabass system during an 11 days recuperation period immediately after a 2 weeks treatment with 4 μg MeHg/L (Case C2) and compares it to that of a control group not treated with MeHg (Case 1). While the SE of the C1 increased during the recuperation period, that of C2 showed erratic responses with a very modest decreasing trend.


In this paper the contact problem of a rigid sphere against an elasticeplastic sphere and a spherical elasticeplastic cavity is studied by means of finite element simulation for a wide range of radius ratios. Our results indicate that the deformation range naturally divides into two regimes, i.e. a one parameter regime (covering the elastic, small elasticeplastic and similarity deformation) and a two parameter regime (covering the finite deformation). In these two regimes average contact pressures (as well as contact area) versus indentation depth can be described respectively by the single parameter, i.e. indentation depth h/Re, and the two parameters, i.e. h/Re and radius ratio R1/R2. Moreover, the variation trends of average contact pressure with the increase of indentation depth differ markedly in different deformation regimes. The numerical evolution of pressure distribution indicates that with increase of indentation depth the pressure distribution becomes more peaked at the center of the contact area meanwhile the maximum contact pressure, limited by the flow stress, increases slightly. Therefore in the two parameter regime, the average pressure would stop growing and get lower rather than continuously higher as it does in the one parameter regime. 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


Summary Stromatolithic Fe-oxide precipitating biofilms living in the subsurface at 160m depth of the Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory were investigated for their biomarker content and the inhabiting microbial community. Analytic microbial, molecular and biochemical methods, amongst next generation sequencing and biomarker studies (GC-MS), allowed a detailed characterization of the microbial community inhabiting the biofilms which surprisingly concisted of bacteria, archaea and fungi. Biomarker studies of the fungal isolates implicate that ascomycete fungi produce ergosterol under ideal oxygen conditions. In natural environments with low oxygen conditions, like in the investigated biofilm, fungi are able to take up sterols from the environmental food source, thereby blurring their conventional biomarker signature. Due to the ubiquity of the analysed ascomycetes in sediments, our results imply that fungi may simply be overlooked if we just rely on the classical ergosterol biomarker.


This article by two members of the U-Multirank team dis- cusses rankings as transparency tools for higher educa- tion stakeholders. It shows briefly how early rankings met students' and decision makers' needs in a limited way. They have been focused almost exclusively on research publication data; in contrast, U-Multirank is multidimen- sional. It includes individual customisation through a web tool, different information at institutional and field levels, and, with a view to student users, a major international student satisfaction survey. In our final discussion of out- comes and results, we conclude that U-Multirank shows that there is not one 'best' university in the world.


The Media must add to the first big economical crisis in the 21st century a deep crisis of the newspaper industry and a process of transformation brought about the consolidation of the Internet. That fact has revolutionized society as a whole, making their special mark in specific areas, particularly the Media. In that context we must raise to information companies the need to adapt to the new reality in order to survive, finding a business model that works in the current scenario, without forgetting their social function. The present text has been constructed from theoretical contributions and valuations from the professional world -including unpublished material from in-depth interviews to professionals of the Grupo Godo digital division- it reviews challenges and opportunities of the Media at the present time. For instance, the current technology allows the Media, in the digital environment, to know the preferences and behavoir of your audience, increasingly active and protagonist through many channels of interaction and dialogue. The posibility of learning more about their public is a big opportunity to the journalism on the Internet, but it can also give priority to commercial criteria above other journalistic criteria.


Subsurface contaminants such as coal tar, creosote, diesel fuel, and other petroleum-derived materials typically exist as very complex chemical mixtures. Risk assessment is useful for site management if a single metric can represent the composition-dependent risk profile of the mixture. This paper examines the factors governing human health risk assessment for multicomponent nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A model is presented describing the interdependence of the dissolution rates of individual compounds and the shifts in the NAPL composition that occur due to the large differences in aqueous solubilities. The model also accounts for solidification of the less soluble NAPL constituents. Thirty-year numerical simulations describe composition dynamics for natural environmental processes as well as three remediation processes:  pump-and-treat, bioremediation, and solvent extraction. Carcinogenic risk due to ingestion of contaminated groundwater at the sou...


A maximally simple, coupled physical-biogeochemical box model is used to examine carbon cycling and oxygen drawdown in eastern boundary upwelling systems. In this model, oxygen drawdown is controlled by surface particle production and sinking, and is generally greater for weaker upwelling, wider shelf-widths, and larger sinking rates. Retention efficiencies computed from the solutions indicate that up to 50% or more of upwelled nutrient can be retained over the shelf and contribute to oxygen drawdown. A relatively complete characterization of the model system's susceptibility to hypoxia can be obtained by combining two diagnostics: the steady-state oxygen depletion, which is the net drawdown achieved after a (possibly long) transient adjustment to the onset of constant upwelling winds, and an exponential timescale describing the initial transient adjustment. If the sinking rate s is comparable to or larger than the sum of the respiration rate r and the upwelling volume-renewal rate λ0, then the system's steady state will generally be hypoxic, provided that the net particle production rate pN∗− r− s−λ0 > 0, where p is the particle production rate when nutrient levels are saturated and N∗ ≈ 1 is a constant that depends on the source-water nutrient level. For smaller sinking rates, the system can never reach hypoxia, even for arbitrarily long upwelling seasons. If s≥ r+λ0 and, in addition, the saturated net particle production rate η−λ0 = p− r− s−λ0 is greater than roughly (r + λ0)/4, hypoxia can be reached within the upwelling season even with relatively small net production rates η −λ0 ≈ 0.03 d−1. Fluctuations in the amplitude of the upwelling forcing can systematically reduce the potential for oxygen depletion below these estimates, especially when sinking rates are large or forcing is strong.


Many families of BPJS or general patients assume that the nurse's response time is slow. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in family perceptions of BPJS and general patients about nurse response time based on triage in emergency room. The method in this study is quantitative descriptive with a comparative approach. The design used was cross-sectional with taking consecutive sampling techniques. The variables studied were differences in family perceptions of BPJS patients and the general about the response time of nurses based on triage in the emergency room. The results showed that the majority of patients including BPJS participants had a negative perception of 27 respondents (67.5%). And in General patients, most respondents had a positive perception of 17 respondents (42.5%). The results of the T-test obtained data p = 0.649> a = 0.05, H1 was rejected and H0 was accepted, meaning that there was no difference in family perceptions of BPJS patients and General about the response time of nurses based on triage in the emergency room. this is because the results of observations about the response time of the nurse show that the new patient is treated with the right time <5 minutes more than the slow one. This is because in the results of the questionnaire researchers have spread out, the results are more dominant with a mean value of 21.90 on the experience indicator.


The wireless charging electric tram system is presently receiving attention as an eco-friendly means of transportation. The conventional electric tram system has a similar advantage in regards to environmental pollution, but it has several problems that are caused by the overhead power supply line. The battery-type electric tram system should be considered carefully, because the battery itself is an environmentally harmful material. Therefore, the wireless charging electric tram system is regarded as an alternative means of transportation. The adequate battery capacity and the location of the wireless charging infrastructure are investigated in this study, which consider the dual operation policy, and the objective is to minimize the total investment cost. The variation of the battery capacity and the location of the wireless charging infrastructure are examined that compare Case 1, which involves the electric trams operating only in normal operations, and Case 2, which includes the electric trams operating in normal and express operations.


The direct and indirect heat load through enclosure materials, internal load (sensible and latent heat) plays an important role in the building life cycle energy. This paper evaluates the effect of Indonesian building regulation for building envelopes and predicts the possible future electricity demand scenarios as well as policy improvement. A building simulation program (ECOTECT TM ) is used to simulate the cooling load scenarios based on different buildings envelope materials. Due to the competitive price and simple production processes concrete block is a very appealing material for Indonesian buildings; its Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) is lower than the current walls material (brick). The result for the hottest month the cooling load effect shows a concrete blocks reached 5,617 Wh/m 2 compared to 2,363 Wh/m 2 for bricks. The result on alternatives materials as well as codes improvement then applies on the electricity supply-demand scenarios planning. The development on scenarios planning based on the information from economic analysis (using Granger-causality test) in order to find out the influence on economic growth in electricity consumption in Indonesia. The potential of electricity cost reduction then calculated by using LEAP (Long-range Energy Alternative Planning) an integrated modelling tool. The building codes standard OTTV based is beneficial particularly on the skin load-dominated buildings (single landed) in non- humid ambient condition whereas most of the residential high rise buildings in tropical countries are internal load-dominated. The results show that low OTTV values do not directly reduce the electricity consumption in high-rise buildings, however higher OTTV value means higher electricity consumption in single landed buildings. The future electricity demand in Indonesia mainly consumed by industrial sectors however based on the prediction the room for improvement in residential sector is high. The improvement through material improvement and policy improvement will reduce the electricity consumption up to 40 per cent and up to 30 per cent less cost.


humans. The need for a new model of HCV infection is acute. DAA therapy will likely have limited impact on HCV disease burden in the foreseeable future. Most HCV infections are undiagnosed and virus transmission is increasing in many regions of the world because of an epidemic in opioid use. There is no vaccine to prevent HCV transmission. Hopes are now pinned on a single vaccine approach that elicits T-cell immunity against nonstructural HCV proteins. Proof-of-concept studies in chimpanzees suggest that this unique approach might prevent HCV persistence. Immunization of human volunteers with recombinant virus vectors expressing these nonstructural HCV proteins also generated pan-genotypic T-cell immunity. The vaccine is now being evaluated for protection in individuals at risk for infection. Despite this progress, mechanisms of protective immunity remain uncertain. Whether T cells, antibodies, or both will be required to protect against primary HCV infection, or reinfection after costly antiviral cure of CHC, is unknown. The door to chimpanzee HCV research is now firmly closed, but a timely new door has opened with the discovery of a highly related hepacivirus that infects rats and mice. It represents a critically important advance with the potential to provide insight into subversion of immunity by hepaciviruses and facilitate further development of vaccines to stop transmission of virus that continues to impose a significant public health cost.


In recent years, considerable research has been carried out relative to the electromagnetic (EM) propagation and refraction characteristics in metamaterials with emphasis on the origins of negative refractive index. Negative refractive index may be introduced in metamaterials via different methods; one such is the con- dition whereby the Poynting vector of the EM wave is in opposition to the group velocity in the material. Alternatively, negative refractive index also occurs when the group and phase velocities in the medium are in opposition. The latter phenomenon has been extensively investigated in the literature, including recent work involving chiral metamaterials with material dispersion up to the first order. This paper examines the pos- sible emergence of negative refractive index in dispersive chiral metamaterials with material dispersion up to the second order. The motivation is to determine if using second- as opposed to first-order dispersion may lead to more practical negative index behavior. A spectral approach combined with a slowly time-varying phasor analy- sis is applied, leading to the analytic derivation of EM phase and group velocities, and the resulting phase and group velocities and the corresponding phase and group indices are evaluated by selecting somewhat arbitrary dispersive parameters. The results indicate the emergence of negative index (via negative phase indices along with positive group indices, as reported in the literature) or negative index material (NIM) behavior over infor- mation bandwidths in the low RF range. The second-order results are not significantly better than those for first-order results based on the theoretical analysis; however, greater parametric flexibility exists for the second-order system leading to the higher likelihood of achieving NIM over practical frequency bands. The velocities and indices computed using the Lorentzian and Condon models yield an NIM bandwidth around 200 − 400 Mrad∕sec, about 2 orders of magnitude higher than that for the parametric approach; more impor- tantly, NIM is found not to occur in the first order when using practical models. © 2015 Society of Photo-Optical


This essay calls attention to the work of sociologist Martin Spencer, who once offered an uncommon understanding of political communications in the United States. According to Spencer, public discourse not only propels action but constitutes action in and of itself on occasion. This means that political rhetoric can have both an injunctive effect on political actors and can also stand as a kind of completed "action" in its own right. The importance of these principles is examined here, and some of their implications are delineated.


We study the liquidity demand of large settlement banks in the UK and its effect on the Sterling Money Markets before and during the sub-prime crisis of 2007-08. Liquidity holdings of large settlement banks experienced on average a 30% increase in the period immediately following 9th August, 2007, the day when money markets froze, igniting the crisis. Following this structural break, settlement bank liquidity had a precautionary nature in that it rose on calendar days with a large amount of payment activity and more so for weaker banks. We establish that the liquidity demand by settlement banks caused overnight inter-bank rates to rise, an effect virtually absent in the pre-crisis period. This liquidity effect on inter-bank rates occurred in both unsecured borrowing as well as borrowing secured by UK government bonds. Further, the effect was experienced by all settlement banks, regardless of their credit risk, suggestive of an interest-rate contagion from weaker to stronger banks operating through the inter-bank markets.


This paper revisits the Bode integral theorem, first described in 1945 for feedback amplifier design, in the context of modern satellite Attitude Control System (ACS) design tasks. Use of Bode's Integral clarifies in an elegant way the connection between open-loop stability margins and closed-loop bandwidth. More importantly it shows that there is a very strong tradeoff between disturbance rejection below the satellite controller design bandwidth, and disturbance amplification in the 'penalty region' just above the design bandwidth. This information has been successfully used to re-tune the control designs for several NASA science-mission satellites. The Appendix of this paper contains a complete summary of the relevant integral conservation theorems for stable, unstable, and non minimum-phase plants.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose an efficient and straightforward approach for system identification of a rotating single link flexible manipulator (RSLFM). Also, the achieved results are experimentally validated through identification procedure. Design/methodology/approach – The proposed system identification approach is applied to a RSLFM with a tip mass. At first, the dynamic model of the system is derived using Lagrange method. Then, an efficient method is developed for identification of such a system. This method facilitates the nonlinear complicated identification problem of the RSLFM to a simplified root finding problem. Findings – The main advantage of the developed method is to convert a complicated system identification process to a simple nonlinear equation solution. This approach uses small-size input/output data set and requires a short-time interval of data acquisition, which gives important advantages in lower computational load and lower execution time. The investigated ap...


In the wake of digitalization and recent technological innovation, news consumers have increasingly moved to online spaces to access news. As changes in consumer behavior appear even within these n ...


Based on the multimedia learning cognitive theory,there are two passages of the senses of seeing and listening in the learning process,and there are two models of picture and diction correspondingly.And when the two models are made into knowledge in learning process,the cognitive overload will appear.The paper discusses five kinds of cognitive overload,and giving the method to reduce cognitive overload.


This poster reflects the methodology and evaluation of scientific writing in the institutional repository of the University Jaume I between 2008 and 2012


Abstract The effects of small-amplitude, two-dimensional grooves on pressure losses in a laminar channel flow have been analysed. Grooves with an arbitrary shape and an arbitrary orientation with respect to the flow direction have been considered. It has been demonstrated that losses can be expressed as a superposition of two parts, one associated with change in the mean positions of the walls and one induced by flow modulations associated with the geometry of the grooves. The former effect can be determined analytically, while the latter has to be determined numerically and can be captured with an acceptable accuracy using reduced-order geometry models. Projection of the wall shape onto a Fourier space has been used to generate such a model. It has been found that in most cases replacement of the actual wall geometry with the leading mode of the relevant Fourier expansion permits determination of pressure losses with an error of less than 10 %. Detailed results are given for sinusoidal grooves for the range of parameters of practical interest. These results describe the performance of arbitrary grooves with the accuracy set by the properties of the reduced-order geometry model and are exact for sinusoidal grooves. The results show a strong dependence of the pressure losses on the groove orientation. Longitudinal grooves produce the smallest drag, and oblique grooves with an inclination angle of ${\sim }42\textdegree $ exhibit the largest flow turning potential. Detailed analyses of the extreme cases, i.e. transverse and longitudinal grooves, have been carried out. For transverse grooves with small wavenumbers, the dominant part of the drag is produced by shear, while the pressure form drag and the pressure interaction drag provide minor contributions. For the same grooves with large wavenumbers, the stream lifts up above the grooves due to their blocking effect, resulting in a change in the mechanics of drag formation: the contributions of shear decrease while the contributions of the pressure interaction drag increase, leading to an overall drag increase. In the case of longitudinal grooves, drag is produced by shear, and its rearrangement results in a drag decrease for long-wavelength grooves in spite of an increase of the wetted surface area. An increase of the wavenumber leads to the fluid being squeezed from the troughs and the stream being forced to lift up above the grooves. The shear is nearly eliminated from a large fraction of the wall but the overall drag increases due to reduction of the effective channel opening. It is shown that properly structured grooves are able to eliminate wall shear from the majority of the wetted surface area regardless of the groove orientation, thus exhibiting the potential for the creation of drag-reducing surfaces. Such surfaces can become practicable if a method for elimination of the undesired pressure and shear peaks through proper groove shaping can be found.


In modern conditions, the armed fight against terrorism creates a problematic situation that is the lack of sustained confrontation to international terrorism of terrorist activities within the state security system. With the advent of the XXI century, the threat of the deployment of international terrorism of large-scale asymmetric armed confrontation, there is a need for the involvement of military and special formations of state law enforcement agencies and the use of these law enforcement forces in the aspect of the concept of a network of centrist war (armed conflict). Solving the problem situation depends on solution of the contradiction between the impossibility of an adequate counteraction of law enforcement agencies by using traditional methods and the emergence of the need to move to modern network methods of counter-terrorist activity of the interagency grouping of the joint forces of law enforcement. The network-centric operation of the interdepartmental grouping of the joint forces of law enforcement during the implementation of anti-terrorist activities in the context of the deployment of asymmetric armed confrontation has been determined.


A two-way parabolic equation (2W-PE) method based on machine learning is proposed to predict the spatial field strength of radio waves propagating over undulating terrain. The method first performs longitudinal domain decomposition on a step distance, and uses different algorithms to solve the 2W-PE in each subdomain. Then, a simple obstacle model (SOM) containing three stepping units of different heights is introduced. A variety of undulating terrains can be approximated using the overlay combinations and lateral extensions of multiple SOMs, and combined with machine learning method, the boundary condition coefficients in different environments can be determined. The simulation results show that the proposed 2W-PE method is in good agreement with the method of moments (MoM), which verifies its accuracy and superiority.


Newly elected AUA President Pramod C. Sogani, MD, discusses the AUA's new regional courses on advanced prostate cancer treatment and its expanded course offerings in urologic ultrasound, among other topics.


Purpose: Recognizing the limitations of the previous researches that measured the quality of airline service quality only with partial evaluation items of cabin service quality. the purpose of this study is to standardize and develop assessment of the airline cabin service quality with considering the characteristics of cabin service and customer needs. Methods: The proposed method of this paper was the empirical items of airline cabin service quality was derived through reviewing and comparing the previous researches, industrial indicators like Skytrax and KS-SQI and NCS. Results: The result of this research proposed CSQ (Cabin SERVQUAL) which could consist of seven dimensions, separated by five direct customer satisfaction factors and two indirect factors required for providing customer service. Conclusion: The developed CSQ can be used for airline service quality measurement which will achieve establishing a strategy to improve customer satisfaction and satisfaction of Airline's employee.


Object of the present invention is to provide a safe without fear endocrine disruptors and good chromogenic properties of non-phenolic compounds developer material for recording, the recording sheet. Non-phenolic compounds in the present invention is selected from formula (I) ~ (III) at least one compound represented.


Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid is a safe microbial pesticide with broad spectrum. It can inhibit many fungal pathogens which cause several kinds of plant diseases. This article summarized the biosynthetic pathway of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and its derivatives in Pseudomonas. It also analyzed several modes about the genetic regulation and environmental factors to its biosynthesis, and reviewed the prospective application of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid as an effective biochemical pesticide.


Diabetes and hypercholesterolemia are two of the major risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease, especially in combination with chronic myocardial ischemia it represents one of the most common causes of disability or death. New pro-angiogenic factors like Thymosin s4 (Ts4), a small 4.9 kDa peptide influences cell motility and migration might be suitable for inducing therapeutic neovascularization in chronic myocardial ischemia a cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: Chronic ischemia was induced via reduction stent graft in the circumflex artery, leading to a total occlusion on day 28 (d28). Beside wildtyp animals (wt) ± high fat diet (hypercholesteric (hyp), choselsterol 78±1 wt vs 90±2 hyp), diabetic transgenic pigs were used (increased blood glucose 305±12 mg/dL). Regional application of rAAV Ts4 (5x10E12 viral particles, d28) was performed in wt, hyp and diabetic pigs respectively. Global myocardial function was obtained at day 28 and 56. Regional myocardial function and post mortem angiograp...


The Know-Want-Learn(KWL) strategy,advanced in the 1980s,is an instructional reading strategy widely used in reading classes in the USA.The KWL process reflects the cognitive process in language acquisition,and it is currently used in the writing classes on Minnesota State Colleges and Universities(MnSCU) campuses as an instructional writing strategy.Relevant studies on this strategy have been reported by some overseas educators.Though such lead-in activities as warm-up or pre-reading derive from similar instructional schemes,KWL has not so far drawn academic attention from the foreign language teaching community in China.This paper,taking a lesson plan as an example,attempts to illustrate a manageable way to integrate the KWL reading strategy and writing strategy in English language teaching for non-English majors(hereafter referred to as "ELT for non-majors").The learners' response to the KWL instructional scheme will be included in this research.It is hoped that this strategy can be brought into full play in ELT for non-majors.


Bead-based activation is widely-used for ex vivo expansion of T cells for either research or clinical purposes. Despite its wide use, culture conditions that can potentially affect the efficiency of bead-based T cell activation has not been extensively documented. With the help of computationally-driven experimental investigations of basic culturing factors, we found that culture density, bead-to-cell ratio, and debeading time can have a major impact on the efficiency of bead-based T cell activation for short-term cultures. Furthermore, discrepancies across expected and observed activation efficiencies helped discover interesting artifacts of bead-based T cell activation. Human primary T cells were imaged together with activation beads at 20X magnification after three hours of culturing at varying confluencies and bead-to-cell ratios.


In the proposed work, we used two miniaturized resonant inclusions, spiral resonators (SRs) and split ring resonators (SRRs) used in practical implementation of metamaterials. A spiral resonator is modeled on a Rogers's duroid substrate of permittivity 2.2. This structure is numerically analysed inside a rectangular waveguide with electromagnetic solver. A full wave simulation of a double split ring resonator with same design parameters is performed inside a waveguide. The transmission minimum frequency of SR is evaluated for varying number of turns in SR where as it is accessed for varying number of rings in SRRs. The full wave simulated transmission minimum frequency is compared with frequency derived from equivalent circuit model of each respective model. In this paper, the expressions derived for resonant frequency are simplified for evaluating effective dielectric constant of substrate after incorporation of metallic inclusion. It is found that the analytically calculated resonant frequency is in close agreement with full wave numerically analyzed frequency. It is also confirmed that SR decrease the electrical dimensions of the resonant inclusions to a great extent as compared to SRR, while synthesizing artificial metamaterials.


Background. To test the reliability and reproducibility of the patch test with a paraben mix, we added a second paraben mix allergen to our standard tray and compared the results achieved with these two allergens.


PIGMI (Pion Generator for Medical Irradiation) is a compact linear proton accelerator whose prototype is being designed and built at the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. PIGMI consists of a 250-keV injector, a double harmonic buncher, a tape-wound 13-kG solenoid magnet, and four accelerator tanks with a total of 63 drift tubes of which 18 will contain strong focusing quadrupoles of permanent magnets. Small component sizes (for example, one drift tube is only 0.690-cm long) necessitates innovative design approaches. Fabrication and assembly are in progress, and some of the mechanical aspects of some of the accelerator components are described in this paper.


In order to slove the problems of massively producing temperature sensors for heat meters and matching them,after the analysis of their characteristics,the temperature sensor detection system using Agilent 34972A data acqusition system was established.It was programmed using VC language with VISA library to drive the instrument to measure and read the data.And,a program applied was given in data processing and mating the temperature sensors.The experimental results show that,using Agilent 34972A to measure the temperature sensors of heat meter,not only improves the measurement accuracy,but also shortens the detection time.


An efficient and simple synthesis of some 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran derivatives was developed via the one-pot and three-component reaction of aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate, and malononitrile in the presence of ammonium acetate at room temperature using catalytic amount of iodine. The key advantages of this method are the easy access to various substituted 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran derivatives, short reaction times and high yields.


The problems of calculating the structural response of high-temperature space propulsion components such as turbine blades for the fuel turbopump are addressed. The first high-pressure-stage fuel turbine blade (HPFTB) in the liquid-hydrogen turbopump of the space shuttle main engine (SSME) was selected for this study. In the past these blades have cracked in the blade shank region and at the airfoil leading edge adjacent to the platform. To achieve the necessary durability, these blades are currently being cast by using directional solidification. Single-crystal alloys are also being investigated for future SSME applications. The study evaluated the utility of advanced structural analysis methods in assessing the low-cycle fatigue lives of these anisotropic components. The turbine blade airfoil of the high-pressure stage of the SSME fuel turbopump was analyzed because it has a history of rapid crack initiation.


While the corpus of knowledge for teaching assistants (TAs) grows, less emphasis has been placed on specialised TAs, particularly those who adopt the 'nurture approach' when working with children with social, emotional and mental health difficulties (SEMH). To explore this a case study was made of TAs and teachers at a special, nurturing primary school for children with SEMH. TAs were canvassed for their perceptions of their pedagogical ethos, characteristics and training. Similarly, classroom teachers and managers were also surveyed for their perceptions. Results show that TAs demonstrate a sound understanding of the nurture approach; value the traits of empathy, resilience and patience; and place high value on experiential learning for training. Teachers were found to prioritise knowledge for the TA role, while TAs emphasised pupil support and teamwork. Issues of role parity and relationships are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]


During the last few years, it became clear that the characterization of the nature of electron states in disordered systems is one of the fundamental topics in condensed matter physics. Along these lines, our present work consists of the study of the effect of the structural disorder on a wide range of electronic properties (density of electron states, participation ratio of electron states and distribution of energy levels). For this, we generate the structural disorder according to three different models: a model named "Shaken lattice'', a model simulated by molecular dynamics and the model of the random triangles. Concerning the Hamiltonian model, we use a Tight-Binding model with explicit S-type orbitals for the first two structures and a clean Tight-Binding model for the model of the random triangles. Our results show that electron states are localized or delocalized depending on the type of the structural disorder used to generate a particular topologically disordered system.


Compared with the country,medium and small size city or town,the author discovered several outstanding features of the marriage migration in the big cities,as follow:1)The marriage migration is not a gangway for the rural women to enter the big city,but for the women from medium and small size city or town.2)The education and income level of the marriage migration people are higher than that of the other kinds of migration people and the overall level of the local people.3)The marriage migration people have obvious advantages in work.


A mixed method study assessed how work culture and drinking norms affect heavy drinking patterns of young adults during their first 3 years in the U.S. Navy. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the longitudinal survey data showed that normative beliefs were significantly associated with changes in drinking. Findings from thematic analyses of qualitative interviews and naturalistic observations on bases and aboard ships explained those elements of U.S. Navy culture and work environments that affect normative beliefs about drinking behavior.


What restricts the development of technological innovation in the western region is the lack of necessary conditions for it, such as lack of high quality personnel, and of funds and effective management institutions. Therefore, we should first emphasize the importance of such work, combine technological innovation with that of management, turn out needed personnel, strengthen the macro-regulation of the government, increase related investment, and help colleges and universities to become the major force in technological innovation. Only by doing so can we greatly improve technological innovation in the region.


Compared with common ("bread") wheat, durum wheat often has an equal or better grain yield under heat and drought stress conditions. Considerable attention worldwide is being focused on how climate change may increase the occurrence of heat and drought while water resources continue to shrink. Consequently, it would be reasonable to increase durum wheat production. However, although production of durum wheat is not limited by its agronomics, it is limited, in part, by its narrow range of culinary end-use product applications, i.e., primarily pastas. To overcome the end-use quality constraints imposed by the very hard kernel texture of durum wheat, the Pina and Pinb genes from bread wheat have been successfully transferred into durum wheat by transferring a short piece of puroindoline gene-bearing chromosome 5D using non-GM means. In theory, a broader, more diverse range of end uses for durum wheat should drive consumer demand and, hence, production. Some of the grain, flour, and baking properties of soft ...


The main objective of this study is to examine the impact of Anti –money laundering (AML) on investment funding: Evidence from Jordanian financial institutions. Study population consists of the financial sector which includes 72 Banking and financial institutions and a sample study of 50 Jordanian financial institutions is selected in order to achieve the objectives of the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter Terrorism Financing. This study depends on a survey that asks the executive managers certain questions in order to know how anti –money laundering impacts investment funding. Also this study applies a version of the model by using a Multiple Linear Regression Model and single model to testing the hypotheses of this study. In light of analyzing the data and testing the hypotheses, the following results have been reached: The impact of money laundering (ML) on investment funding is a significant and negative relationship between ML .and investments funding (INVF). Also, there is a significant and positive relationship between AML (Systems and regulations, Controlling, Auditing, Training and money transfer) and investment funding (INVF). To reduce the impact of Money laundering which represents a financial crime that might have negative affect on the stability of the economy, and investment funding, the researcher suggests many solutions regarding the laws and regulations, controlling, auditing, training and transfers.


Social skills are described as those behaviors that help the individual to maintain an interpersonal relationship, expressing personal elements (thoughts, opinions, emotions) adequately according to the context of the situation but also allowing him to respect the behaviors of others, minimizing possible problems or offering solutions for those that already exist. When there are deficiencies in these abilities, alterations in the social relationships that the person has can be generated, reaching in some cases even psychopathological disorders. Training in social skills is an option that has been effective for the treatment of various situations; for example, in psychopathologies such as social anxiety or schizophrenia, to generate the ability to resolve interpersonal conflicts, strengthen socialization. This work has the objective of carrying out a review of social skills training programs that have been applied in Spanish speaking countries. The search process was carried out from the databases Ebsco, Springer Link, Dialnet, and Google Scholar, to be able to collect the original articles published in which some type of training has been carried out, during the period of 2014-2020, 12 articles that met the analysis criteria were used for the review. From the reviewed articles, it can be observed that they obtained results of statistically significant difference in the pre-, and post-intervention, this is useful to characterize such training, and generate novel intervention programs.


Infrared sensors at the nominal 8 - 12 and 3 - 5 micron wavebands respectively can be shown to have complementary performance characteristics when used over a range of meteorological conditions. The infrared/optical multisensor for the autonomous landing guidance system integrates staring longwave, midwave, and visible sensors into an environmentally sealed and purged assembly. The infrared modules include specific enhancements for the detection of runways under adverse weather conditions. The sensors incorporate pixel-for-pixel overlap registration, and the fields of view match a conformal head-up display with sensor/display boresighting to within a fraction of a pixel. Tower tests will be used to characterize the sensors and gather data to support simulation and image processing efforts. After integration with other elements of the autonomous landing guidance system, flight tests will be conducted on Air Force and commercial transport aircraft. In addition to display and analog video recording, the multisensor data will be digitally captured during critical flight test phases.


The development of coherent radars leads to discovery of coherent images specific properties at the electromagnetic waves scattering random distributed radar objects (RDRO). It was fixed that these images are having a stochastic – spotty structure. This structure is stipulated by interference of waves scattered by a random collection of RDRO secondary radiation centers. The similar phenomenon in optics has named as "speckles". So far all existent investigations both in the optic area and in RDRO coherent images for microwaves area (speckles theory) were made only for the case of electromagnetic waves linear polarization. However, the results of scattered wave's polarization parameters extensive experimental investigations at the scattering by man – made RDRO have demonstrated the existence of speckle – effect for scattered field polarization parameters. One from main aspects of a developed polarization parameters statistical theory appears an establishment of connection between RCRO coherent images polarization parameters with these objects space spectra. It is demonstrated that a formation process of RDRO coherent images polarization – energetically parameters can be considered as the interference process. A validity of emergence principle for polarization – energetically parameters at the scattering by RDRO has demonstrated. A polarization coherence notion has introduced. A generalization of Fresnel – Arago interference laws has demonstrated an emergence of a new physical effect, which demonstrates that at the scattering by RDRO a scattered field polarization energetically parameters are not defined by an union of RDRO separate scatterers polarization parameters. How it is demonstrated, in the reality these parameters are defined be relations between RDRO separate scatterers properties. As far as polarization energetically parameters of RDRO coherent images are having the intensity dimension, then RCRO random polarization energetically responses autocorrelation functions (ACF) will be as correlations of the 4-th order. It is demonstrated for the first time that ACF of the 4-th degree and a distribution of polarization proximity (distance) along a RDRO space spectra are related by Fourier transformations pair. Thus, a connection between scattered field polarization energetically parameters distribution and polarization parameters distribution along a RDRO space spectrum can be found.


53 JOPERD • Volume 82 No. 4 • April 2011 The critical first step toward advocacy is to build a quality program in your gym that conforms to appropriate practices. Doing so means you practice what you preach, and as students learn in and enjoy the program, they become advocates for physical education. Consider directing advocacy toward decision makers such as principals, board members, superintendents, and others who hold sway over the program and control such things as instructional time allocations, the schedule, and the budget. Other groups are important, no doubt, but decision makers can shut down entire programs and often hold outdated views of physical education. Parents are also important targets of advocacy because they can promote regular physical activity outside of school and support teachers in times of need. Effective advocacy can take many forms, including newsletters, invitations to visit the gym, web sites, and homework assignments. The key is always to put your best foot forward, thus showcasing physical education as the essential and meaningful subject it is. —Matthew Cummiskey, assistant professor, West Chester University, West Chester, PA.


BACKGROUND
Health care databases provide a widely used source of data for health care research, but their accuracy remains uncertain. We analyzed data from the 1985 National DRG Validation Study, which carefully reabstracted and reassigned ICD-9-CM diagnosis and procedure codes from a national sample of 7050 medical records, to determine whether coding accuracy had improved since the Institute of Medicine studies of the 1970s and to assess the current coding accuracy of specific diagnoses and procedures.

METHODS
We defined agreement as the proportion of all reabstracted records that had the same principal diagnosis or procedure coded on both the original (hospital) record and on the reabstracted record. We also evaluated coding accuracy in 1985 using the concepts of diagnostic test evaluation.

RESULTS
Overall, the percentage of agreement between the principal diagnosis on the reabstracted record and the original hospital record, when analyzed at the third digit, improved from 73.2% in 1977 to 78.2% in 1985. However, analysis of the 1985 data demonstrated that the accuracy of diagnosis and procedure coding varies substantially across conditions.

CONCLUSIONS
Although some diagnoses and all major surgical procedures that we examined were accurately coded, the variability in the accuracy of diagnosis coding poses a problem that must be overcome if claims-based research is to achieve its full potential.


Graduate students have organized an event about the program's comprehensive exams process, to be held on Friday, October 28 from 2 p.m. - 4 p.m. in the CMNS conference room up at Burnaby (Room 8652). For more details, please see the attached poster.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare mandibular movements in the mixing ability test with those in the masticatory performance test.Methods: Twenty-six dentate subjects (mean age 25.3 years) performed a mixing ability test using a two-colored paraffin wax cube and a masticatory performance test using 3 g peanuts. Mandibular movements during the chewing of each test item were recorded using an opto-electronic system. Twelve parameters of mandibular movements on a mandibular incisal point were measured for each masticatory cycle. The mean from 2nd to 5th cycle in each parameter was employed for paired t-test.Results: 7 of 12 parameters showed significant mean differences between the mixing ability test and the masticatory performance test. Vertical amplitude, anteroposterior amplitude, maximum closing velocity and opening angle for the mixing ability test were significantly greater than for the masticatory performance test (P<0.05). Opening duration and cycle duration for the mixing ability test were significantly longer than for the masticatory performance test (P<0.05). Envelope angle for the mixing ability test was significantly less than for the masticatory performance test (P<0.001).Conclusion: The results of this study suggest mandibular movements in the mixing ability test are partially different from those in masticatory performance test.


The urinary calculi of 1020 patients, who consulted to our clinic during the past 28 years (1953-1980), were analyzed by infrared spectra (mainly of stone nuclei). There were 407 calculi of rt. upper urinary tract (285 males and 122 females), 463 calculi of lt. upper urinary tract (337 males and 126 females), 133 calculi of lower urinary tract (112 males and 21 females) and 17 calculi of prostate. The youngest patient was a 2 yrs. boy with bladder stone and the eldest patient was a 89 yrs. woman with bladder stone (Table 1-3, Fig. 1-2). The analytical results were following: 1) The chemical compositions of 1020 stones showed 74.0 per cent of calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate, 15.6 per cent of magnesium ammonium phosphate (including magnesium hydrogen phosphate), 5.0 per cent of mixed magnesium ammonium phosphate-calcium oxalate, 4. 1 per cent of uric acid and urate, 1.1 per cent of cystine and 0.1 per cent of protein (Table 4). 2) The most prominent component of upper urinary tract calculi were calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate (about 80 per cent of cases), while a relative high occurrence of magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi in the upper urinary tract of female patients in comparison to male patients was noticed (Table 4). 3) There was a high occurrence of phosphate calculi in the lower urinary tract and the prostate, and also in patients elder than 60 yrs. Uric acid calculi were found in the elder patients and the urate calculi in the younger patients (Table 4). 4) A decreased occurrence of magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi was noted after 1961, while there was no variation in the percentages of uric acid calculi, urate calculi and cystine calculi during the investigated 28 years (Table 6, Fig. 3).


[1] An idealized circulation model of coastal upwelling coupled to an ecosystem model has been built to address the impact of features such as eddies and filaments emerging from mesoscale dynamics on a marine ecosystem. The model mimics coastal upwelling along an infinite straight coast with north–south cyclic boundary conditions. Thanks to the parametrization of the geostrophic onshore flow in the thermocline, the circulation captures the typical characteristics of a coastal upwelling region: an equatorward coastal jet, a poleward undercurrent along the continental slope and mesoscale eddies and filaments. This eddying three-dimensional simulation is compared to a two-dimensional simulation using the averaged velocity field of the first simulation as velocity field. This approach allows us to compare simulations having similar upwelling and nutrient input but differing in the nature of the flow. An offshore spreading of the phytoplankton bloom is found in the eddying simulation. The width of the productive coastal band is increased from 80 km to 200 km by the mesoscale activity. A biogeochemical budget carried out in a 300 km-wide coastal band provides evidence that mesoscale activity decreases the total phytoplankton content mainly by exporting a significant part of the surface phytoplankton below the euphotic layer. In presence of mesoscale activity, the downward and offshore export of phytoplankton, zooplankton and detritus significantly contributes to total export of organic matter out of the surface coastal ocean, whereas their contribution to export is weak in the two-dimensional case.