BACKGROUND
In 2018, World Health Organisation endorsed universal use of home-based records to improve care for mothers, pregnant women, newborns and children. New South Wales (NSW), Australia has had universal use of a child health home-based record since 1988, with the first major update in 2013. Since the update, limited evidence has been collected about factors influencing parent use of the record. This study aims to examine parent engagement with the record and whether it is influenced by child's first-born status and PEDS (Parent Evaluation of Development Status) outcome.

METHOD
A survey of 202 parent-child pairs and a review of 20 record books were conducted in NSW, Australia. Odds Ratio-(OR) at 95% Confidence Interval-(CI) and 0.05 level of significance, bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were conducted to examine the influence of first-born status, child's PEDS outcome and other parent-child characteristics on parent engagement with the record.

RESULTS
Parents engaged with the home-based record by taking it for routine checks (80.7%), writing (74.8%) or reading (75.8%) information. Parents of first-born children were more than three times likely to take the record book for routine checks compared to parent of later-born children (AOR=3.70, 95%CI 1.12-12.20). Similarly, parents of children with low PEDS level of risk were significantly less likely to read information in the record book compared to parents of children with high risk (AOR=0.28, 95%CI 0.08-0.98). Parent record input through direct observation significantly decreased from 85% at 1-month to 60% at 12-months postnatal. Data about at least one vaccination event was recorded in all the record books examined, while 85% had all recommended vaccinations recorded.

CONCLUSION
Parents valued/engaged regularly with a child health home-based record, and the record may be a useful tool for early detection and monitoring of child developmental concerns. Therefore, continued promotion of the use of child-health home-based record appears to play an important role in improving child health and development.


The strong suppression of hadrons with high transverse momenta in central Au+Au collisions observed at RHIC is generally interpreted as a consequence of energy loss of energetic partons in the hot and dense matter before fragmenting. The study of heavy quark production tests our understanding of energy loss mechanisms.
Heavy quarks were expected to lose less energy in the medium than light quarks and gluons due to the suppression of small-angle gluon radiation. However, the high transverse momentum non-photonic electron spectra, which are dominated by semi-leptonic decays of heavy quarks, show a strong suppression in central Au+Au collisions as well. Current theoretical models do not satisfactory explain this observation.
Preliminary non-photonic electron spectra are being extracted for Cu+Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. They are compared to the non-photonic electron yields from p+p and Au+Au collisions at the same collision energy. This provides a direct experimental test of the dependence of the non-photonic electron yield on collision system size.


Mary Deane Sorcinelli University of Massachusetts When we seasoned faculty look back at the early years of our careers in academia, what advice do we wish we had received as we started out? What issues do new faculty struggle with today and what kind of guidance might we offer them? More than a decade of research has identified three core, consistent and interwoven concerns that affect early career faculty as they navigate their way through the first years. New faculty want


The objective of this paper is to examine how banking relationship influences on performance of public listed firms in Vietnam. With a sample of 465 companies listed in Vietnam observed in period 2007 – 2010 and using regression method, the research finds that firm performance decreases as the number of bank relationships increases. If a firm establishes strongly short-term credit financing relationship with banks, the firm's performance reduces. On the contrary, if a firm has strongly long-term credit financing relationship with banks, its performance increases. The effectiveness of using total assets is worse as a firm has strongly overall credit financing relationship with banks. Additionally, the study also indicates that asset tangibility structure has negative relationship with firm's ROE, while assets have negative association with ROA. Turnover has positive association with firm performance. Finally, firms with higher state shares have less effective than ones with lower state shares.


A 53-year-old man presented with a 6-day history of progressively worsening post-prandial colicky abdominal pains, 2 days of obstipation and 1 day of vomiting. Of note was a history of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) for obesity in 2009 and recent inflation of the band. He was otherwise fit and well. Clinical examination revealed a distended abdomen tympanic to percussion, generalized tenderness and no herniae. There were no blood abnormalities. Abdominal x-ray revealed distended loops of small bowel with air-fluid levels. Diagnosis of small bowel obstruction was made which was treated with nasogastric decompression and bowel rest with immediate symptom improvement. Despite multiple attempts, no fluid could be aspirated from the port despite confident insertion of the aspiration needle. Abdominal computed tomography performed following persistence of obstructive symptoms revealed a point of obstruction in the right upper quadrant with dilation of the proximal small bowel, and collapse distally. A whirl sign and stranding were present with no signs of bowel compromise (Fig. 1). Decision for operative management was made. Laparotomy was performed after initial laparoscopic approach. Distended loops of small bowel were found to the mid-ileal region. A tight, complex configuration of tubing was found at the root of the small bowel mesentery incorporating distal loops of small bowel (Figs 2,3). The configuration of the knot raised the possibility of chronic obstruction with small bowel and mesentery looping over a loose length of tubing, and then progressively herniating through a formed loop of tubing. Tightness of the band around the small bowel and mesentery suggested imminent strangulation. The connecting tube was incised into and removed promptly. Incision onto the tubing deflated the band, and decision was made to keep the gastric band and port in situ


During last years, the federated interoperability framework (FIF) has been developed by Airbus Group Innovation (AGI) for establishing sustainable Product and Process data interoperability. FIF combines usage of open standards for Manufacturing, Information Systems (IS) and Information & Communication Technologies (ICT). FIF evolvability was demonstrated by addressing successively Concurrent Engineering and Collaborative Product design in Virtual Enterprises. Due to the considered complex systems, FIF uses Enterprise Modelling (EM) and Model Driven Approach (MDAp) for preparing and building operational interoperability. Interconnected enterprise platforms behaviour and data flows are derived from business logic models. When exchanging data, FIF prevents data loss and semantic inconsistency relying on ontology: a semantic hyper-graph is produced per collaboration. Equivalent constructs of all the languages used in the MDAp are mapped for conceptualisation, design, development and realisation. But it requires more when addressing the complexity of the considered systems. Using semantic graphs and descriptive logic is not suited when dealing with multi-scale models and the various breakdowns with different granularity. This paper describes an innovative approach for extending the FIF, relying on modelling over UML2/SysML and introduces mereotopology. Usage is illustrated with a comprehensive use case combining Manufacturing 4.0 and PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) of the future.


High permittivity dielectric pads are known to be effective for tailoring the RF field and improving image quality in high field MRI. Despite a number of studies reporting benign specific absorption rate (SAR) effects, their "universal" safety remains an open concern. In this work, we evaluate the impact of the insulation material in between the pad and the body, using both RF simulations as well as phantom experiments.


The choice of matrix material and reinforcement is primarily influenced by the end application. For example, nickel-based materials are commonly chosen as matrices for high temperature applications, while titaniumand magnesium-based materials are considered for both light weighting of engineering structures and biomedical applications [1–5]. Similarly, different processing methods (primary and secondary) are chosen depending on many factors, such as cost of the end product, type of microstructure desired and volume of production. As an example, conventional casting is always preferred when high volume production is required. The proper utilization of heat treatment also plays a crucial role in selectively enhancing the properties of composites. In view of the dynamic scientific and application potential of metal matrix composites, the present thematic issue was launched and was highly successful, with 20 papers contributed by researchers from all over the world and accepted after rigorous peer review. Key materials that were investigated include the following:


This paper introduces a new soft switching boost converter with passive snubber. In the proposed converter, the main switch turns on under zero current switching (ZCS) and turns off under zero voltage switching (ZVS) without any additional voltage or current stresses. The main diode turns on under ZVS and turns off under ZCS. The proposed converter has features as low cost, simple control, low number of element and high power density. There is no additional voltage stress on any semiconductor power devices. In this study, the operating principle of the proposed converter is presented and its operation is verified for 200 W and 100 kHz model. KeywordsPassive Snubber Cell, Coupled Inductor, Zero-Voltage Transition, Zero-Current Transition, Soft Switching.


Silver metal powders were prepared through reduction of AgNO_3 in ethylene glycol using microwave-polyol (M-P) and conventional-polyol (C-P) reactions at 100–200 °C. Powders of Ag were rapidly produced by microwave-assisted reaction at temperatures above 160 °C. The formation yield of Ag powders from AgNO_3 reached 97.8% after treatment for 135 min at 140 °C and 98.6% after treatment for 23 min at 160 °C. Compared to the formation of Ag powders using a C-P reaction, a M-P reaction led to increased rate of formation by 6.5 times at 160 °C, 5.2 times at 140 °C, and 3 times at 130 °C. Silver particles of 0.3–2 μm in diameter were produced using M-P and C-P reactions at 100–120 °C. The particle size of Ag powders increased with increasing reaction temperatures and times, and particles strongly aggregated at 160 °C using C-P and M-P reactions.


The emerging technology of spintronics promises to revolutionise computing by allowing considerably more energy
efficient computing than is currently possible. Gallium Arsenide is one candidate material for use in semiconductor spintronic devices
and as such detailed study of the spintronic properties of Gallium Arsenide is required. In this thesis we develop a
semiclassical approach to the simulation of the electron population in Gallium Arsenide. We then use this model to look at the properties of the electron system, in particular the
time taken for the electron population to undergo spin depolarisation.
Comparison of the results to experimental values for the spin depolarisation suggest that the currently well accepted approach is accurate for low to moderate n type doping densities, but for higher densities there
is a significant departure from the experimentally obtained results. We explore a number of improvements to the usual model showing substantial improvement in the range of densities that
can be accurately predicted.

As Dilute Magnetic Semiconductors have been the topic of substantial research, we also apply the model to investigate the properties of an magnetic impurity in n doped Gallium Arsenide.
We compare the results to the Langevin enhanced Landau Lifshitz Gilbert equation, which shows good agreement allowing us to predict an appropriate damping constant as a result of the magnetic
interaction with the electron population. We also investigate the nature of the noise felt by the magnetic atom showing that the usual white noise approximation is of limited validity.


Key points Accessibility of publications in academia is a non‐negotiable legal requirement. The accessibility of your journal or other scholarly publication is the most important design consideration in your workflow. EPUB Accessibility 1.0 and Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 provide a clear publishing pathway. Consider the readability chain: Any link can result in accessibility failure but an unbroken chain will benefit all readers.


Networked online games are increasingly becoming attractive to many players. Multiplayer role-playing games need to incorporate several techniques to prevent any foul play or cheating. The multiplayer nature and network latency are still challenging the level of security provided in real time games. In this paper we introduce the main concepts of real time game environments, and overview the classification of cheating in games. We analyse various game architectures and investigate time based cheats and available cheat proof protocols. A cheat proof protocol with no performance penalties is developed and analysed. The proposed technique relies on the supervision of a trusted supervising node.


This paper is an attempt to look closely at the process of translating dramas with special reference to the Malayalam play Ghatikaram Neengunnu (The Clock Ticks Away) by T.N.Gopinathan Nair of Kerala in India and the role and significance of drama transcreations in today's changing global scenario.


In this present, work, titanium dioxide (TiO2) deposited on Ag and Al electrodes were fabricated by sol-gel chemical wet and dry (CWD) method to detect urea. The formation of the polycrystalline TiO2 deposited on Ag and Al substrates were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The XRD analyses of both the samples clearly indicated that some percentage of Ag and Al diffuses into the TiO2 matrix at its interface region. The nature of I-V characteristics showed by the TiO2 on Ag and Al wire electrodes are found to be Ohmic and is perfect to be used for electrochemical sensor or bio-sensor at very low potential value. The performance and response to various concentrations of urea solution and pH level were experimentally studied by using TiO2 coated on Ag and Al as working electrodes with respect to Ag as reference electrode.


We present a supervised classification method which represents each class by one or more optimum‐path trees rooted at some key samples, called prototypes. The training samples are nodes of a complete graph, whose arcs are weighted by the distances between the feature vectors of their nodes. Prototypes are identified in all classes and the minimization of a connectivity function by dynamic programming assigns to each training sample a minimum‐cost path from its most strongly connected prototype. This competition among prototypes partitions the graph into an optimum‐path forest rooted at them. The class of the samples in an optimum‐path tree is assumed to be the same of its root. A test sample is classified similarly, by identifying which tree would contain it, if the sample were part of the training set. By choice of the graph model and connectivity function, one can devise other optimum‐path forest classifiers. We present one of them, which is fast, simple, multiclass, parameter independent, does not make any assumption about the shapes of the classes, and can handle some degree of overlapping between classes. We also propose a general algorithm to learn from errors on an evaluation set without increasing the training set, and show the advantages of our method with respect to SVM, ANN‐MLP, and k‐NN classifiers in several experiments with datasets of various types. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 19, 120–131, 2009.


This research focuses on furniture ergonomics, specifically the occasional chair for elderly Malaysian. An ergonomics study in furniture design is essential to ensure its full functionality meets user satisfaction. The design must comfort the end user and reduce the risk of injury. Additionally, different ergonomic requirements must be considered depending on the age and environment of the user. As a result, to avoid injury and provide comfort to users, this study prioritises ergonomics chair design for a group of users in Malaysia, the elderly aged 60 and above. This study proposes a new design to meet the ergonomics requirements of elderly users. The vital need to meet comfort and reduce injuries for the elderly can be met through the study of ergonomics for the elderly, which can be applied to products in the future. The researcher has set the design parameter according to the anthropometric data from the Business and Institutional Furniture Manufacturers Association (BIFMA) standards. The assessment outcomes determine the ergonomic dimension requirements to provide comfort and safety. The suggested dimensions when through the simulation ergonomics analysis. The result shows that the new recommended dimensions comply with the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). In conclusion, ergonomic design needs for the elderly due to lacking physical and mental strength.


The Federally endangered beetle, Brychius hungerfordi, has been discovered at a new location in the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. We also report preliminary data on a seasonal variation in relative abundance and on its possible food plants.


NOT VERY long ago, the anasthetist gave anresthetics-that and no more. But in recent years he has come to take a fuller share in the work of the surgical team, so that now he is expected not only to see the patient before operation, but also to follow him to the wards and assist in his recovery. This widening of the horizon has resulted in considerable benefit to the patient, to the surgeon, and not least to the aneesthetist himself. It has often enabled him to see possible trouble early and prevent it, or at least meet it half-way. Thus he has, in Moynihan's words, helped to make his patients safe for surgery, and it is hoped, for anasthesia. To ask an anesthetist to see a patient the evening before operation, is not soon enough, and even an interview three or four days beforehand does not give sufficient time for active preventive work to be done. The solution of this problem is the organization of the Aneesthetic Out-Patient Clinic to which a surgeon may refer, if he so wishes, all patients who are to undergo a major operation, whenever they are placed on his waitinglist. At this clinic, staffed by the junior and senior aneesthetists of the hospital, various abnormalities which do not readily attract the notice of the surgeon in his Out-Patient Department or consulting room, can be spotted and can receive attention. Many aneesthetic and neo-aneesthetic deaths occur due to carelessness, to ill-luck, or to unwise choice of anaesthetic agents or techniques, and these when possible must be prevented during the actual administration of the anasthetic. But deaths occur which might have been prevented by care before the operation, just as there are others who can be rescued from a dangerous condition after the conclusion ofthe operation and the aneesthetic. Let us review some actual aneesthetic deaths to see how these could have been prevented by careful management before operation.


Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important staple food crop of the world. India rank 2nd after China producing 52588.98 thousand metric tons potato per year. In India, among all the states Uttar Pradesh stands first with the production of 15812.62 thousand metric tons followed by West Bengal with the production of 12782.00 thousand metric tons in the year 2018-19. Potato is infected by a number of soil and tuber borne diseases and pest. Among all, black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn.) is a destructive disease of potato. The most common phase of this disease is formation of sclerotial masses on the tuber resulting in black scurf which considerably reduces market value of edible tubers. In present investigation different bio-agents and chemicals were tested for management of the disease were used under field conditions. Among the bio-agents, Trichoderma harzianum, Chaetomium globosum, Bacillus subtilis, with vermicompost. Fungicides, Boric acid @ 3%, Carbendazim 50% WP @ 1%, Mencozeb @ (0.2%) and Pencycuron @ (0.2%) concentration. In field experiment the result revealed that the minimum disease incidence was recorded (12.00%) in Mancozeb @ 0.25% foliar spray compared to untreated check 60.00% and minimum disease severity (18.96%) and maximum yield 275.00 q/ha was recorded in Boric acid @ 3% tuber treatment compared to untreated control.


The exploratory study focused on the identification of difficult topics in Chemistry in the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) curriculum. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data from thirty students by simple random sampling technique. Interviews and focus group discussions were carried out to seek clarifications on some of the responses to the questionnaire questions and to elicit detailed explanations of the causes of the perceived difficulties. A multiple-choice test was also administered for the purpose of triangulation. Frequencies and means were used to answer the research question. The findings indicate that the causes of poor performance could be categorised into five groups i.e.: nature of concepts, prior knowledge, access to the language of instruction, teaching processes and mathematical efficacy. The study recommends a more structured form of curriculum mapping of all topics and sequencing of topics over the two-year period of study of IGCSE Chemistry and suggests further research on misconceptions and their origins in the subject matter.


As the heavy plate hot-rolled mill for example,the function of current loop in two-speed closed-loop system,the principle of current sampling and detection of zero-current are analysed.Ambient temperature changes drift of zero-current,it is caused by over-current,without braking,such as oscillations in the form of failure.Through the improvement of key components to stable current feedback coefficient and zero-current,to decrease much more fault rate in the actual used.So proper improvement of current loop for the stable operation of the system is of great significance.


Background: Ixabepilone, an epothilone B analog, has demonstrated single-agent activity in metastatic and neoadjuvant settings. The PACS08 trial aimed to compare adjuvant FEC100-Docetaxel regimen to FEC100-Ixabepilone in poor prognosis early breast cancer (BC) composed of patients presenting with triple-negative (TN) [i.e. estrogen receptor (ER)-/progesterone receptor (PR)-/HER2-] or ER+/PR-/HER2- tumor, which are subgroups significantly associated with worse prognosis. Patients and methods: Between 2007 and 2010, 762 patients with unilateral TNBC (n=592, 78%) or node-positive ER+/PR-/HER2- BC (n=170, 22%) were enrolled. Recruitment was interrupted due to BMS decision to stop ixabepilone development in adjuvant setting. Main inclusion criteria were: age Results: Main pts characteristics were well balanced between the 2 arms. As of September 2014, the median follow-up was 36 months. The safety profile indicates that Docetaxel is more often associated to significant haematological toxicities whereas both neurotoxicities and haematological toxicities are reported in Ixabepilone arm. Log-Rank tests indicate no difference between two arms in terms of both DFS and OS (HR=1.2, 95%CI (0.864-1.728), p=0.256 and HR=1.8, 95%CI (0.751-1.855), p=0.473, respectively). Pathological analysis of the PACS08 collection showed that TNBC displayed significantly higher proliferative activity as shown by mitotic count and Ki67 index (p Conclusions: Our results indicate that Ixabepilone doesn9t show higher efficiency compared to Docetaxel in adjuvant setting in poor prognosis early breast cancer. We have an unusual biological collection associated to our clinical data which will allow us to correlate efficacy data to breast cancer subgroups. Other several translational researches are still ongoing. Citation Format: Campone M, Lacroix-Triki M, Roca L, Spielmann M, Wildiers H, Cottu P, Kerbrat P, Levy C, Mayer F, Bachelot T, Wiston T, Eymard J-C, Uwer L, Machiels J-P, Verhoeven D, Jaubert D, Facchini T, Orfeuvre H, Canon J-L, Asselain B, Lemonnier J, Roche H. UCBG intergroup: 3-years efficacy results of the Unicancer-PACS08 trial including poor prognosis patients treated with docetaxel or ixabepilone in adjuvant setting. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-12-06.


Crisis stabilization in the home has become an increasingly used alternative to hospitalization in the management of suicide risk in the U.K. In a retrospective, longitudinal analysis, researchers examined the rates of suicide associated with these approaches from 2003 to 2011.

The average suicide rate with at-home stabilization was 14.6/10,000 crisis episodes, greater than rates among hospitalized patients (8.8/10,000 hospital admissions) …


Among other things, this New Zealand Act authorizes a judge in cases involving sexual complaints by persons under the age of 17 to allow those persons to give evidence by means of videotape or closed circuit television or by using screens, partitions, or 1-way glass.


Clinic is a health care facility that gives basic medical services and or specialists consisting of one type of health personnel and led by a medic. Brawijaya clinic is a clinic that provides specialized services of mothers and children scattered in several locations so that it can be reached by patients who need special services of mothers and children. Supporting its operations, the clinic has been using an information system that is integrated between both the front office and the back office. This system has been used for about 3 years, but there are several obstacles in the use of the system, that cause delays in service. Therefore, it is necessary to audit the use of the system and make improvements to overcome the obstacles that occur. To audit the administrative system performance of this clinic, the author uses PIECES method which consists of several aspects including performance, information, economic, control, efficiency, and service. And the results of the audit showed that the gap of user satisfaction level with the expectations of the system is 26.36% for management functions and 15.59% for operational functions with the highest gap level is on the efficiency aspects of maintainability. While in the development phase of the system, the author uses FAST (Framework for the Application of System Technique), in which the stage is used only at the stage of scope definition, problems analysis, needs analysis, and logic design. This development is based on interviews with the PIECES framework. The development focus are on the procurement and finance. From the results of improvement and development, the system is expected to be utilized to the maximum so that the operations can run well and provide satisfactory services for both patients and doctors.


Ayurveda, the antique therapeutic system of India p romotes a combination of lifestyle management (whic h includes diet, exercise and medication) and treatment with s pecific herbs and minerals to cure various diseases . The effect of Ayurvedic drugs are purely based on surveillance an d seem subjective without valid scientific backing. Global resurgence of Ayurveda needs its scientific validat ion both in terms of efficacy and safety [1]. Stand rdized drug manufacturing is the primary and basic step in this regard. Reliable quality control protocols for Ayu rvedic formulations using modern techniques of analysis ar e extremely important [2]. Present scenario has cha nged now as compared to the ancient time. Presently the medicin es of Ayurvedic system of medicine are being manufa ct red on the huge level in Pharmaceutical companies, where m anufacturers come across many problems such as qual itative and authentic raw drugs, Good Manufacturing Practic es (GMP), availability of standards as well as prop e rotocol for standardization of both medicinal plants and de veloped formulations [3]. There are many therapeuti c forms of drugs described in classical texts, like Asava, Arishta, Ghruta, Taila, Churna, Vati, Gutika, Kwatha and much more [4]. In ancient time Ayurvedic medicines were prepa red by physician itself according to the roga-rogi prakriti. Now a day it is manufactured in pharmacies. Therefore, it is very important to standardize the formulation not only on modern ground but also on ancient ayurvedic aspect methodologies of formulation [3]. Sneha siddha [Ghrita (clarified butter) or oil based preparation] have b tter pharmacokinetic properties (absorption, distr ibu ion, metabolism and excretion) in comparison to other do sage forms because of the lipophilicity of the cell membrane, as it readily permeate lipid soluble substances into t he cells [6]. Standardization is a necessary issue for polyherbal preparations in order to evaluate the quality of th e drugs based on the quantification of their active principles. India, as place of origin of the traditional system of hea lth care may play a leading role in the making of s tandardized, therapeutically effective Ayurvedic formulations. W HO support, advocate and encourage different tradit ional medical system as a part of national health policie s due to easy availability, low cost, safety and fa ith of people in them [1]. The World Health Assembly in its differen t resolutions highlighted the requirement of the qu ality natural products by using modern control techniques and app lying suitable standards [7].


Wu Changshuo's seal book is very different from its predecessors in the use of pen, structure, sealing, ink, writing rhythm and other techniques, successfully shaping the new face of seal writing, and achieving great achievements, the reasons behind it should be many, first of all, he absorbed the calligraphy ideas of the stele calligraphy, took the golden stone, and advocated the simple and strong artistic style. Secondly, on the basis of fully learning from famous artists such as Deng Shiru(邓石如) and Yang Yisun(杨沂孙), he took "Shiguwen"(石鼓文) as the main object, and at the same time drew on a variety of book styles, integrated multiple arts, and constantly enriched his artistic practice. Third, use a very personal writing instrument to constantly strengthen your personal style. Through decades of hard work, it finally opened up another way outside the "Er Li" seal book, creating another peak of seal book art, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of calligraphy art in later generations.
吴昌硕的篆书在用笔、结构、章法、墨法、书写节奏等技法上都迥异于前人,成功地塑造了篆书的新面貌,取得了巨大的成就,其背后的原因应该是多方面的,首先,他吸收了碑派书法的书学思想,取法金石,推崇古朴雄强的艺术风格。其次,在充分学习邓石如、杨沂孙等名家的基础上,以≪石鼓文≫为主要取法对象,同时借鉴多种书体,融合多门艺术,不断丰富自己的艺术实践。再次,采用极具个人特色的书写工具,不断强化个人风格。通过几十年的努力,最终于"二李"篆书之外另辟蹊径,创造了篆书艺术的又一座高峰,对后世书法艺术的发展产生了深远的影响。


Background Oral health is one of the key elements of quality of life and welfare. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as predictors of dental brushing behavior among Iranian adolescents. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 791 students in Guilan province, Iran, during the year 2018. The participants were selected through the multi-stage random sampling method. The data collection tool was a self-administered questionnaire designed based on TPB. The validity and reliability of the scale were assessed and confirmed. The data were analyzed using linear and logistic regression models in SPSS software version 21.0. Results: Nearly half of the assessed students were girls (49.6%, n=392/791). In total, 363 students (45.9%) brushed their teeth once or more daily. The TPB constructs accounted for 28% of the variance of intention to teeth brushing. Multiple logistic regression showed that one-point increase in scores of attitude, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and subjective norms, led to 10%, 12%, and 3% increase in the odds of daily teeth brushing respectively. Moreover, one-point increase in behavioral intention increased the odds of daily teeth brushing 2.24 fold. Conclusion Based on the results, the level of oral health practice was unfavorable among most of Guilan high school students compared to similar studies in the world. It seems designing and implementing educational interventions based on TPB constructs especially variables of perceived behavioral control and attitude, could result in optimal activities regarding oral health care among students.


Molecular damage caused by oxidative stress may lead to organismal aging and resulted in acute mortality in organisms. Oxidative stress resistance and longevity are closely linked. Honey bees are the most important managed pollinator in agriculture but the long-term survival of honey bees is seriously threatened. Feral honey bee colonies displayed persistence to Varroa mites. However, it is unknown whether feral honey bees are stress-resistant or survive longer than managed bee populations. More work is needed to determine the impact of oxidative stress on honey bee health and survival. We used the paired colony design to determine the lifespan and levels of oxidative stress on worker bees from either a feral or a managed colony. Each pair of colonies shared similar foraging resources. Results exhibit longer survival time and lifespans of foragers in feral colonies than the managed colonies. The levels of oxidative stress from the lipid damage of feral colonies are higher than the managed colonies, indicating a tolerant mechanism not a repair mechanism to survive. Our study provided new insights into colony difference of physiology and oxidative stress resistance between feral honey bees and commercial stocks.


The article discusses protection methods for coastal areas of large Russian reservoirs from flooding. The object is the Saratov water reservoir which has a significant destructive effect on the adjacent territories. The methods of land monitoring and land management are applied to protect real estate objects from flooding. Recommendations for improving territorial planning schemes of municipalities adjacent to reservoirs are suggested.


The present invention relates to the field of power supplies, a method and apparatus is activated mobile power. When the circuit is broken between the mobile power supply DC / DC module with the battery protection circuit, the main controller automatically activates the detection circuit switch is depressed; if, in the automatic activation current generating circuit, the on DC / DC and the circuit between the battery protection module; when the circuit is turned between the DC / DC module with the battery protection, the main controller detects the load recognition circuit to control the load level low DC / DC module starts output load current detection AD acquisition circuit voltage side of the load resistance changes according to the output of DC / DC modules, the main controller receives the voltage according to the current computational load signal AD, and sent to the display screen. The present invention can be activated only mobile power reset switch, the load cell continuously adjusting the output according to the load current, and displays the current value of the load.


This paper presents a novel rapid product manufacturing technique that will reduce cost and compress time for delivery of products produced in batches. The technique is composed of four stages – digital prototype, computer aided engineering analysis, physical prototype and rapid tooling manufacturing system. The technique effectively integrates the contemporary advanced manufacturing technologies such as solid modeling, CAE, reverse engineering, rapid prototyping and rapid tooling in improving the product design, analysis, prototype, mould and production process. Example of products developed through this technique is also reported in the paper. The initial findings prove the potential of the technique in reducing the time and cost of product development and manufacturing in the quantity or batch production environment. This technique is experimented through the senior design project and proved highly effective in presenting opportunities for students in applying various state of the art product manufacturing technologies that they have learnt in their engineering technology curriculum.


BACKGROUND
The improvement of surface coverage and plant protection products deposition can be obtained by electrifying droplets, which are strongly attracted by plants, including the abaxial part of the leaves. Moreover, air assistance improves droplet penetration into the crop canopy, especially in the lower third of the plants. These technologies can help control soybean (Glycine max) whitefly, which preferentially lodges on the abaxial surface of the leaves. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of air-assisted spraying and electrically charged droplets to control whitefly in soybean, besides assessing surface coverage, plant protection product deposition, droplet size, and crop yield.

RESULTS
Droplet electrification and air assistance did not change droplet size and uniformity classified as Fine. Surface coverage was not enhanced using air assistance and electrically charged droplets, where maximum coverage in the middle third of the plants was 4.55%. The results were not significant for spray plant protection products deposition. The number of nymphs per leaflet in the 2019/20 growing season was reduced with the used technologies, reducing from 10.9 to 3.0 nymphs per leaflet in the application with air-assisted and charged droplets, but not enough to differ from the untreated. On the other hand, the reduction was significant from the first assessment in the 2020/21 growing season.

CONCLUSION
Air-assisted spraying plus electrically charged droplets, under the conditions of this experiment which corresponds to the application carried out in production areas, were not effective to affect whitefly control and soybean yield in comparison to the conventional application method. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Background Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) encompasses different types of treatments and procedures that are based on traditions and are not scientifically sound; however, they are still used to 'complement' physician-prescribed drugs. Unfortunately, we lack local studies about CAM usage in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) in Egypt. Aim The aim was to establish CAM prevalence among patients with CHC attending Assuit University Hospital and explore the knowledge and attitude toward using CAM among patients with CHC while using the interferon-based therapy and direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs). Patients and methods A cross-sectional survey using a screening questionnaire was used to collect data from patients attending Assiut University Hospital from April 2015 to April 2016. Results Of 750 patients, knowledge about CAM was positive among 610 (81.3%) patients, a positive attitude toward CAM was seen among 570 (76%) patients, and 479 (63.9%) patients stated using CAM. Of the 250 patients who used DAAs, 194 (77.6%) have used CAM, and 19 (9.7%) of them would continue on CAM after the use of DAAs. Conclusion A total of 479 (63.9%) patients used CAM in the study (285 undergoing interferon-based therapy and 194 at DAAs). Approximately, two-thirds of patients have used more than one type of CAM during the course of their disease. A small percentage (9.7%) of patients is still willing to continue using CAM even after the use of DAAs.


Ecotone is a sensitive region for global climate change,and study on soil organic carbon under different land use types at ecotone could provide basic data for land management.Soil organic carbon content and storage were decreased with the soil depth increment under 6land use types at mountain forest-drought valley ecotone in the upper reaches of Minjiang River.Soil organic storage followed the order of Quercus semicarpifoliasecondary forest(104.15±4.84t/hm2)shrubbery(100.84±2.43t/hm2)shrub(97.35±15.21t/hm2)economic forest(85.16±10.58t/hm2)Robinia pseudoacacia plantation(70.78±12.43t/hm2)farmland(56.56±7.21t/hm2).Soil organic carbon storage increased by 25.13%and 50.56%,respectively after farmland was converted into Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and economic forest.Jamming and frangibility of ecotone were the main reason for lower soil organic carbon storage under different land use types at mountain forest-drought valley ecotone in the upper reaches of Minjiang River.


Abstract The article discusses the transnational and interinstitutional debates of the 1960s between the Instituto de Arquitetos do Brasil, the International Union of Architects and the International Union of Women Architects, which was created in France in 1963, as feminist activism intensified. It examines how, despite similarities between different professional fields in terms of gender hierarchies, differences in national contexts are closely related to how women struggled for equality in their practices and modes of institutional representation.


Savonius drag-type wind turbine suffers from poor efficiency due to adverse negative torques on returning blades when they rotate against incoming flows. It was proven that using a suitable deflector system has potential to improve wind turbine efficiency. However, as previously identified in studies, the common drawback of using flat deflector is strong wake zone behind it. Present study aims to improve overall performance of drag-type wind turbine by using a cylinder deflector with wake splitter plate to manage and mitigate detrimental effect of wake zone behind deflector. Wake control and suppressing vortex shedding downstream of circular cylinder have been divided into active and passive flow control techniques. Amid latter control methods, adoption of splitter plates has proven to be highly effective for wake control and suppressing vortex shedding behind cylinder. Unlike previous studies, a cylinder deflector with the wake splitter plate will be utilized instead of conventional deflectors to improve efficiency of wind turbine by disturbing wake zone downstream of deflector. To obtain more efficient configuration, effect of variations of wake splitter length (Ls/D), attachment angle (θwsp), and count of wake splitters on outputs such as generated torque coefficient, power coefficient and wake zone on performance of Savonius rotor were investigated via Computational Fluid Dynamics simulation. The results revealed that cylinder deflector with wake splitter increased Savonius rotor's performance most for almost all Tip Speed Ratios. The average Cm and CP raised considerably up to 15% using deflector with two wake splitters at TSR=0.6 compared to case without deflectors.


This study investigated how elementary teachers in a mathematics lesson study made sense of student learning, teaching, and content, as related to using representations in teaching multidigit subtraction, and how changes occurred over time in their talk and practice. The lesson-study process paved a group talk path along which teacher talk shifted from superficial to deeper consideration of student learning. By providing a context in which interactions of diverse ideas drove teacher learning, lesson study facilitated teachers making connections between the craft knowledge of teaching and scholarly knowledge. Individual teacher talk paths varied within the group path, and one teacher's learning path and the interaction of different learning paths is discussed.


Scientific research misconduct has presented a serious trend, and it becomes a common and concerned issue in all the countries. Thus, the western countries have made and revised policies and rules for scientific research misconduct, including defining, allegation, prevention and sanction, etc. All the rules and policies will do help to the work of our country.


The invention discloses a kind of assisting navigation localization method and systems.The described method includes: receiver receives current GNSS signal, it is less than predetermined power in the power of the current GNSS signal, and when the carrier-to-noise ratio of the current GNSS signal is less than default carrier-to-noise ratio, obtain the GNSS auxiliary information sent by GNSS auxiliary reference station by CDRadio channel, it is completed according to the GNSS auxiliary information the capture of current GNSS signal, tracking and calculates pseudorange difference with the position vector of the determination receiver, and the location information of the receiver is determined according to the position vector, to realize that assisting navigation positions.The GNSS signal auxiliary information that the present invention is sent by CDRadio channel come realize assisting navigation position, mobile Internet is solved to transmit the instability problem of GNSS signal auxiliary information, has been obviously improved the practical ranges and user experience of highly sensitive GNSS receiver.


We have used the Schottky depletion around overgrown tungsten (W) features to define vertical conducting channels having submicron lateral extension. In the first example, epitaxially buried lattices of tungsten discs are used, which give rise to a semi-insulating behavior in GaAs. A designed opening of n×n vacant disc positions in this lattice defines a transport channel in the otherwise semi-insulating material. A double barrier resonant tunneling (DBRT) structure (GaInP/GaAs) is placed immediately below the disc lattice, and the current-voltage characteristics are investigated. In diodes with submicron openings (0.7 µm×0.7 µm), a fine structure including additional current peaks is found, which is not seen in larger diodes. The magnetic field dependence of the current peaks is investigated and discussed. As a second example, we report on the fabrication of gateable zero-dimensional (0D) resonant tunneling structures that are obtained using selective area growth in openings (d=300 nm) in an otherwise continuous W mask.


This is a report of a case of massive cutaneous larva migrans in a 20-year-old man who also had pulmonary symptoms and larval invasion of the skeletal muscles. In sections of a muscle biopsy specimen taken 3 months after the initial cutaneous lesions, a third-stage Ancylostoma larva, probably A. caninum, was found within a muscle fiber.


Land-use change in the humid tropics plays a pivotal role across geographical scales and distant stakeholders, prominently visible in forest-frontier contexts. These regions are in the midst of a triple pressure: mounting demand to produce commodities for the international market, meeting the well-being needs and development aspirations of local populations, and serving global objectives of biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. These interlinked dynamics are giving rise to telecoupled situations, where external factors outpace local determinants of land-use change (Eakin et al. 2014). Some of these emerging processes hold the potential to constitute stepping stones towards sustainable development pathways, but at the same time might have unforeseen implications for human well-being.


According to the daily average temperature material of Alar irrigated area 1961-2000 the first and last frost dates and the frost-free periods were calculated.Using least squares method time sequence change characteristic and tendency were analyzed.The results indicated: Near 40a first frost date of Xinjiang Alar irrigated area was ahead of time,the last frost date retarded,frost-free period reduced by the 0.359d/10a;Initially the difference of last frost date and the frost-free period among years was not obvious,its change was relatively stable.


QuEChERS sample preparation was optimized using solvent extraction with acetonitrile and dispersivesolid phase extraction with primary and secondary amine sorbents, and validated for high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of nine steroids commonly used to adulterate herbal medicines: such as triamcinolone, prednisolone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, betamethasone, dexamethasone, beclomethasone, fludrocortsone acetate and cortisone acetate. Satisfactory extraction recoveries of


The mol wt of the subunits of hLH, hFSH, hCG and hTSH have been studied by the method of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl—sulfate, after reduction with mercaptoethanol. The isolated α—subunit of hLH had a mol wt of 21,200 daltons and the isolated α—subunit of hCG had a mol wt of 22,300 daltons. The isolated P—subunit of hLH had a mol wt of 18,000 daltons, and the isolated β—subunit of hCG had a mol wt of 35,100 daltons. When measurements were made on intact hormones after mercaptoethanol reduction, the corresponding subunits were easily identified by comparison with patterns obtained after electrophoresis of the isolated subunits, and the resulting mol wt estimates were comparable. After electrophoresis of reduced hTSH, two bands were evident with mol wt = 21,200 and 16,600. When highly purified hFSH, or a mixture of propionic acid dissociated hFSH subunits were examined, only a single major band could be detected, having a mol wt = 24,200. In all instances, SDS—electrophoresis of inta...


1. The short‐term uptake of Na by the goldfish mucosa was compared using both inulin and choline as markers of extracellular space. The results were virtually identical, the distribution of both choline and inulin increasing rapidly to measure a space at 1 min which then remained nearly constant during a following 4 min incubation.


Wireless network is more than huge at this present time. This brings the need of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET's) into consideration. MANAT is totally different from the classic networks like changing mobility of the nodes, rapid change of the network topology and limited bandwidth and so on. The another big consideration in MANET which is a massive challenge for it is the selection of the cluster head (CH) as it consists of large no. of nodes. This selection of the CH is based on the energy efficiency for most of the algorithms but it is still a question of dispute in MANET. The CH is the node which usually represents the whole cluster as a single unit or called the leader of group and carries extra responsibilities like updating routing table, managing cluster process, discovering new routes and so forth. The rest of the nodes present in the cluster are ordinary nodes which pass on their entire information to CH for the purpose of communication and are called member nodes (MN). Inter cluster links are made which can communicate with one or more clusters & are called gateway nodes (GN). Some of the common features of MANET are limited battery, routing issues and mobility issues etc. MANET is entirely independent network which has no infrastructure. So clustering is done because it allows fast connections, better topology management and routing. In mobile ad hoc network energy efficiency and fault tolerance are two main important factors which should be taken into consideration. A variety of cluster based protocols are proposed by different researchers and their main focus is to how to reduce energy consumption, reduces single link failure, reuse bandwidth and check the trust issue of the nodes..


Several original system configurations are being studied to provide in the near future a new generation of mobile and personal satellite services. Among them technical differences are more than similarities and system trade-offs are crucial. The paper introduces and discusses the main parameters for system trade-offs: system spectrum efficiency and outage probability. Then it considers both single-channel per carrier and code division multiple access techniques, in multi-satellite and multi-spot scenarios, and it provides some quantitative results achieved through combined analysis and simulation.


Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is the largest grassroots peer support group for any health condition. While AA meeting attendance is particularly important for people who are newly sober, newcomers often have trouble finding meetings because of a lack of global up-to-date meeting list due to preference for regional autonomy in AA's organizational structure. Detection of regional webpages containing meetings and extraction of day, time, and address of meetings from those pages are essential steps in making the information available and up-to-date in a global meeting list. However, varied structure of the webpages and the meetings pose challenges in achieving the goal with traditional information retrieval methods. In this paper we propose HAIR: a semi-automated human-aided information retrieval technique and explore its potential to solve this problem. We describe future directions in developing this critical tool and discuss major implications of our work in pointing to the importance of context-specific rather than context-agnostic semi-automated in-formation retrieval techniques by conceptualizing the proposed methods and results in a broader context.


At the 1998 Forth International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technology (GHGT-4) SFA Pacific presented a paper entitled A Portfolio Selection Approach for Power Plant CO2 Capture, Separation and R&D Options [1]. That original paper presented an ongoing analysis of the relative costs for CO2 mitigation by various options in new power plants. Numerous configurations and options were developed for various fuels. Both commercial and advanced technologies for power generation, as well as various CO2 capture and separation options, were analyzed. Each option was summarized in a single-page spreadsheet that included mass and energy balance plus capital cost and economics. That paper has received widespread review because this approach facilitates transparent and consistent analysis for objective identification of innovative options and R&D opportunities that could significantly reduce the cost of CO2 capture and separation. In the three years since the GHGT-4 paper, there have been numerous additional cases and improvements to this ongoing analysis of various power plant CO2 mitigation options. Presented at this conference in another paper entitled CO2 Mitigation Economics for Existing Coal-fired Power Plants is SFA Pacific's analysis of retrofits to existing power plants [2]. Cogeneration and polygeneration are the subjects analyzed in this paper. These two options are becoming increasingly important due to the ongoing worldwide deregulation of electric power generation. Cogeneration increases efficiency thereby reducing CO2 emissions whereas polygeneration is an interesting option for low cost CO2 sequestration.


The invention relates to a production system, a production method and application of straw cellosilk. The production system of the straw cellosilk comprises a straw soaking pool, a straw cellosilk grinding device, a crushing device and a filter pressing dehydration device. The crushing device comprises a crushing feed port and a crushing discharge port; the straw cellosilk grinding device comprises a grinding water inlet feed port and a grinding discharge port; the filter pressing dehydration device comprises a filter pressing feed port, a filter pressing discharge port and a filter pressing water outlet; the crushing feed port is connected with the straw soaking pool, the crushing discharge port is connected with the grinding water inlet feed port which is further connected with a water source, and the grinding discharge port is connected with the filter pressing feed port. The problems that straw is difficult to transport and straw incineration destroys the ecological environment in the rural area are solved, ecological water circulation is achieved in the production process, no pollution is generated in the production process, and industrial production is organically combined with the ecological environment. Meanwhile, the straw cellosilk produced through the production system of the straw cellosilk turns waste straw into things of value, and waste straw is used.


With the development of mobile robotics and unmanned substations to carry out,substation inspection robot emerged. stable navigation is prerequisite to ensure the normal work for inspection robot. So the navigation method of substation inspection robot is researched. The key factors affecting navigation is that the way to navigate and navigation algorithms. Adaptive PID control algorithm is given,which is based on vision navigation and electromagnetic navigation. Using fuzzy control theory for off-line navigation error. Implements inspection robot navigation and has been applied. actual results illustrate this approach anti-interference ability,good convergence.


ABSTRACT Black newspapers are an important yet underused source for historically contextualizing African American sites. The Black press helped shape notions of African American identity and community through philosophies of racial uplift that promoted a vision of Black achievement and citizenship. Although sociologist E. Franklin Frazier criticized the Black press as elitist, I suggest that non-affluent African Americans were also invested in tenets of racial uplift. To demonstrate this, I examine five Black Texas newspapers and oral histories in conjunction with artifacts recovered from the Ransom and Sarah Williams Farmstead, a postbellum site in Travis County, Texas. The evidence suggests that emancipated Blacks, even in seemingly remote rural communities, mobilized around principles of racial uplift through education, consumer behavior, and religious devotion. I use the newspapers to contextualize the archaeological evidence and highlight the overlaps between messages of racial uplift in the Black press and the actions of the Williams family.


Fractional Poisson processes of various forms have been introduced and studied in the last years by many researchers (for example, the time-fractional Poisson process in [7, 8, 2], the space-fractional Poisson process in [1, 12, 15]). The space-fractional Poisson process, introduced in [12] is a time-changed Poisson process N(H(t)) = N(t) where H(t) is a stable subordinator, independent from the homogeneous Poisson process N(t). In a paper appeared at the end of 2015 [13], a new class of time-changed Poisson processes N(H(t)) = N (t), including the space-fractional Poisson process as a special case, has been introduced. Here H(t), t > 0 is a subordinator related to the Berns̆tein function f with Laplace transform


We document and analyze incidents of liquefaction-induced lateral ground deformation at five sites located in the near-fault region of the 1999 Chi-Chi Taiwan earthquake. Each of the lateral spreads involved cyclic mobility of young alluvial soils towards a free face at creek channels. In each case, the lateral spreading produced relatively modest lateral displacements (approximately 10–200 cm ) in parts of the spreads not immediately adjacent to channel slopes. For each site, we present displacement vectors across the spread features, which are based on mapping performed within three weeks of the earthquake. We review the results of detailed subsurface exploration conducted at each site, including cone penetration test soundings, borings with standard penetration testing, and laboratory index tests. We back-analyze the field displacements using recent empirical and semiempirical models and find that the models generally overestimate the observed ground displacements. Possible causes of the models' overpr...


The worldwide incidence of obesity has increased dramatically in the past 25 years. Clinical studies indicate a strong correlation between obesity and genitourinary tract diseases, being benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) one of the most common prostatic disorders affecting obese individuals1,2. Recently, increased oxidative stress has been shown to play a pivotal role in BPH pathogenesis/progression3. In the present study we explored the effects of the polyphenol resveratrol, an antioxidant drug, on obesity‐induced prostatic dysfunctions.


Covering the period 1965 to 1990, this anthology of essays examines art in Vancouver, its social and political context, and the conditions of its production. Subjects include artist-run centres, criticism, feminist art, video, film, visual art and the Eurocentric view of Native art. Circa 160 bibl. ref.


We consider the following edge coloring game on a graph G. Given t distinct colors, two players Alice and Bob, with Alice moving first, alternately select an uncolored edge e of G and assign it a color different from the colors of edges adjacent to e. Bob wins if, at any stage of the game, there is an uncolored edge adjacent to colored edges in all t colors; otherwise Alice wins. Note that when Alice wins, all edges of G are properly colored. The game chromatic index of a graph G is the minimum number of colors for which Alice has a winning strategy. In this paper, we study the edge coloring game on k-degenerate graphs. We prove that the game chromatic index of a k-degenerate graph is at most Δ + 3k - 1, where Δ is the maximum vertex degree of the graph. We also show that the game chromatic index of a forest of maximum degree 3 is at most 4 when the forest contains an odd number of edges. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 36: 144–155, 2001


Introduction Polly Courtice, Director, Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership A. Global challenges I. Environment, health and safety 1. State of the planet With spotlights on the WWF Living Planet Index and the UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2. Crisis events With spotlights on Exxon Valdez, Shell Brent Spar and Shell in Nigeria 3. Climate change With spotlights on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol 4. Health and safety With spotlights on OHSAS 18001, 'Big Pharma' and access to AIDS drugs II. Society and economy 5. Globalisation and its critics With spotlights on the protests in Seattle and Genoa, and Live 8 and Make Poverty History 6. Poverty and development With spotlights on the Millennium Development Goals and the Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) model 7. Human rights With spotlights on Nike and the UN Norms on Business and Human Rights 8. Corruption and transparency With spotlights on Transparency International's indexes and the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative B. Global responses III. Leadership 9. World summits With spotlights on the Rio Earth Summit and the Johannesburg World Summit 10. Business associations With spotlights on the World Business Council for Sustainable Development and the UN Global Compact 11. Leadership initiatives With spotlights on the World Economic Forum and the World Social Forum 12. Social enterprise With spotlights on Grameen Bank and the Schwab and Skoll Foundations IV. Collaboration 13. Industry initiatives With spotlights on Responsible Care and the Forest Stewardship Council 14. Financial initiatives With spotlights on the UNEP Finance Initiative and the Equator Principles 15. Sustainable investment With spotlights on sustainability indexes and clean-tech investment 16. Sustainable consumerism With spotlights on eco-labelling and fairtrade V. Management 17. Codes and standards With spotlights on ISO 14001 and SA8000 18. Corporate governance With spotlights on Enron's collapse and the King Report on Corporate Governance 19. Sustainability reporting With spotlights on the Global Reporting Initiative and the Carbon Disclosure Project 20. Stakeholder engagement With spotlights on McDonald's (McLibel and Super Size Me) and AccountAbility (AA1000 and Responsible Competitiveness Index Conclusion Mike Peirce, Deputy Director, Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership Landmarks timeline


Ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric homogeneous hydrogenation (AHH) is used as the key step of a multi-kilogram scale synthesis of an enantiomeric fluoropiperidine. The AHH of a tetrasubstituted β-fluoroenamide is carried out under mild conditions using a Ru/Josiphos catalyst with high ee (98%).


The article presents the results of a study of mineral balance of diets of sows during feeding them grain feed naturally contaminated with mycotoxins in diets and natural mineral analcime mycosorb. It is proved that the addition of these adsorbents affected improving digestibility of minerals sows on 3,5-8,04%.


whitneys star finder a field guide to the heavens is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our books collection saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the whitneys star finder a field guide to the heavens is universally compatible with any devices to read.


Using a DMT(Droplet Measurement Technologies)continuous flow streamwise thermal gradient cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)counter mounted on a CheyenneⅢA aircraft,about 20 flights for aircraft mea- surements of CCN over North China were conducted in the autumn of 2005 and spring of 2006.According to the design for aircraft observation,the method of spiral ascent or descent in the troposphere was used for the vertical measurement of CCN,and some certain levels were chosen for horizontal measurement.The vertical distributions of CCN concentrations show that most CCN particles are concentrated in the low level of troposphere and CCN concentration decreased with height increasing.It suggests that the main source of CCN is from the surface.This result is consistent with former studies during 1983-1985 in China with a static thermal gradient CCN counter.The comparison of vertical observations between polluted rural area near Shijiazhuang and non-polluted rural area near Zhangjiakou shows that there is about five times difference in CCN concentration.But over two polluted cities,Shijiazhuang and Handan,there is no notable difference in CCN concentration.The horizontal flight measurements for penetrating the cumulus clouds experiment show the apparent decrease of CCN in clouds.It confirms that cloud has a definite consumptive effect on CCN particles because some CCN particles can form cloud droplets. The surface measurements of CCN in Shijiazhuang City were made during June-August 2005.The sta- tistical CCN data show the great difference in concentration at the same supersaturation(S)in Shijiazhuang summertime.The minimum CCN concentrations were 584,808,and 2431 cm~(-3),and the maximum concen- trations were 9495,16332,and 21812 cm~(-3) at S=0.1%,0.3%,and 0.5%,respectively.CCN has a diurnal variation cycle.From 0600 BT,the concentration began to increase and reached the maximum at about noon.Then it generally decreased throughout the afternoon.The reason maybe is related to the onset of emissions from vehicular traffic in the morning followed by the photochemical production of secondary organics that condense on the primary particles.The precipitation has an obvious scavenging effect on CCN particles.With the increase of rainfall rate,the CCN concentrations decrease quickly.The high surface CCN concentrations in Shijiazhuang should be related to the serious air pollution and then influenced by anthropogenic sources. According to the expression N=CS~k,the CCN spectra can be derived.The fitted spectral parameters of C(more than 1000)and k(about 0.7)show that they are classified to the continental CCN in North China.


This is the second report for the "Impact Torsion Test of Quenched and Tempered Tool Steels".(1) The Impact torsion values of heat-treated 10 kind tool steels were measured by changing tempering temperatures; the results are shown in Table 1 and Figs. 1 to 11. The impact values show some max. points between 150° and 200° in the tempering temperature, indicating that β-marteusite is more tough than _??_. The amount of this toughness is generally small, except Cr-W steel as shown in Fig. 5. The max. values as reported by Luerssen and Green in America on carbon tool steels were not obtained for carbon steels, but Cr-W steel is found to be comparable with their result. The impact torsion test is a suitable method for measuring toughness of hard and brittle materials, the relation between Charpy Impact values being shown in Fig. 12.


THE goal of this study was to determine whether neuronally derived nitric oxide mediates responses of cerebral blood flow (CBF) to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). In anesthetized Sprague—Dawley rats, regional CBF of the parietal cortex was monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry. Topical application of either NMDA or acetylcholine produced concentration-related increases in CBF. Responses of CBF to NMDA (10−5 M) but not to acetylcholine were inhibited (0 ± 3% vs 21 ± 5%, p < 0.05) by 7-nitroindazole (50 mg/kg, i.p.). MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) and tetrodotoxin (10−6 M, topical application) also inhibited NMDA-induced responses. These results suggest that nitric oxide of neuronal origin mediates NMDA-induced increases in CBF.


We present empirical evidence that the direct and indirect effects of species richness on ecological processes depend on a system's disturbance regime. We manipulated the number of species of freshwater suspension feeders (net-spinning caddisflies) in lab- oratory stream mesocosms where communities were either subject to a periodic mortality or were left undisturbed. We hypothesized that disturbance would alter the direct effect of suspension-feeder species richness on the flux of their resource, particulate organic matter (POM), and alter the indirect effects of suspension-feeder species richness on algal pro- ductivity and biofilm respiration (via nutrient recycling). The direct effect of suspension- feeder species richness on POM flux did indeed change with disturbance regime. The flux of POM from the water column to stream bed was not influenced by species richness in the absence of disturbance, but increased as species richness was increased in disturbed streams. This apparently occurred because a high taxonomic evenness in disturbed streams minimized current ''shading'' (i.e., the blocking of flow from upstream to downstream neighbors) that, in turn, allowed diverse assemblages to capture a greater fraction of sus- pended resources. Disturbance also altered the indirect effect of suspension feeder species richness on algal productivity. In the absence of disturbance, increasing species richness led to dominance by a competitively superior suspension feeding taxon that had particularly low rates of nutrient excretion. Reduced nutrient availability, in turn, caused algal pro- ductivity to decline as a function of species richness. Periodic disturbances, however, pre- vented taxonomic dominance and eliminated this indirect effect of suspension feeder species richness on stream productivity. Our results suggest that disturbance can moderate rela- tionships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning by (1) increasing the chance that diversity generates unique system properties (i.e., ''emergent'' properties), or (2) suppress- ing the probability of ecological processes being controlled by a single taxon (i.e., the ''selection-probability'' effect).


Physical inactivity is a leading modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, cognitive dysfunction, and global mortality. Regular exercise might mitigate age‐related declines in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular function. In this study, we hypothesize that a 6‐month aerobic exercise intervention will lead to a decrease in cerebrovascular resistance index (CVRi) and to an increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular conductance index (CVCi) during two submaximal exercise workloads (40% VO2max and 65 W), intensities that have been shown to be comparable to activities of daily life. Two hundred three low‐active healthy men and women enrolled in the Brain in Motion study, completed a 6‐month exercise intervention and underwent submaximal and maximal tests pre‐/post‐intervention. The intervention improved the gas exchange threshold and maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), with no change in heart rate at VO2max, during the treadmill VO2max test. Heart rate and CVRi decreased from pre‐intervention values during both relative (40% VO2max) and absolute (65 W) submaximal exercise tests. Blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral artery and CVCi increased post‐intervention during 40% VO2max and 65 W. Changes in mean arterial pressure were found only during the absolute component (65 W). Our study demonstrates that aerobic exercise improves not only cardiorespiratory indices but also cerebrovascular function at submaximal workloads which may help to mitigate age‐related declines in everyday life. Investigation of the mechanisms underlying the decline in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular capacity with aging has important implications for the maintenance of health and continued independence of older adults.


The dispute over Kashmir was very influential and disturbing in the South Asian region, due to disputes between the two major countries namely India and Pakistan. The feud of two nations for the territory of Kashmir as the territory is still continuing and has attracted much attention from various countries in the dispute resolution efforts. The border sangketa of Kashmir has put a serious challenge for analysts as well as policymakers because the conflict is complex and heterogeneous. Kashmir was a predominantly Muslim region of the north, which had long been disputed after the British came out. Kashmir located on the border between India, Pakistan and China became a region of scramble by all three countries to this day, mainly India and Pakistan. The formulation of the problem to be researched is (1), How are dispute resolution rules between regions under international law. (2) How the dispute resolution in the region of the Khasmir occurred between India and Pakistan. The research is done in a descriptive, typology of this research is a normative juridical is a research law literature. Based on the results of the study can be concluded arrangements in international dispute resolution can be conducted by means of the settlement of a judicial institution consisting of (i) the arbitral tribunal, (ii) settlement through the International Mahkama (ICJ), (iii) Settlement of disputes through the International Criminal Court and with peaceful dispute resolution, the Kashmir territorial dispute occurred due to the conflict of the political interests of both countries and the powers manifested by unilateral claims from India or Pakistan so that the settlement decided the UN to try a new approach by sending UN representatives to India and Pakistan to find solutions that can be agreed upon by both countries. For this to see the better recticatory justice which can further trace the issue.


With the increase of population in Lianyungang, and economic development of coastal land use change continues to accelerate, study of land use pattern changes on the rational use of land resources is important. In determining the scope of the study and land use classification system, based on the use of ArcGIS to the 1987, 2000 and 2009 three times to understand translation of TM/ETM images to produce three phases of land use classification map. From the landscape level and landscape level 2 levels, select the patch area, the proportion of plaque area, mean patch fractal dimension, landscape diversity, landscape evenness and landscape dominance index, the coastal zone of Lianyungang, between 1987-2009 landscape pattern change of land use laws. The results show that: arable land, salt pan area decreased, filling sea land, building land, garden grass, water area, aquaculture, unused land area was increasing. Downward trend in the uniformity of the case, the landscape diversity and dominance are rising.


In order to maintain the stability and prosperity of oil market,OPEC of Oil- rich Middle East was set up to coordinate national oil policy,control crude oil production and price controls,determine the world's oil supply,and protect oil production income. The paper analyzed on OPEC oil revenues changes from the aspects of market mechanism and non- market mechanism,and teased out the dominant OPEC oil revenues practices,including paying attention to investment in infrastructure,the establishment of OPEC International Development Fund,the adjustment of energy subsidy programs to increase renewable energy development. OPEC resource- based regions experience on resources revenue distribution includes stabilizing source of income resources,establishing development fund,establishing industrial economic structure of diversified development,investing public social welfare,developing renewable energy and paying attention to environmental pollution control.


Combining with the current situation of building market,the author introduces the idea,connotation and obeyed basic principle of the second marketing,points out the main direction of the second marketing work,on this basis describes the concrete methods and work points of doing well the second marketing,and provides some thoughts in self common work,so as to improve project management benefit.


The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for cutting and deburring of tubes, in particular plastic and cardboard tubes, wherein in one setting after forming a cutting edge (44) at an output tube (14) and a tube piece (12) an inner and outer phase (42, 41) is produced, wherein an output tube (14) and a tube piece (12) of a jig (16) and a holding device (17) relative to one another back and forth.


A method of playing a game of chance, such as poker, using a plurality of cards, the game having a bonus feature, the method including the steps of: (a) designating one or more of the cards as a bonus trigger; (b) dealing one or more cards to each player's hand; (c) evaluating each player's hand to determine if it is a winning hand; (d) determining if the or each winning hand is participating in the bonus feature; (e) determining if any winning hand includes a bonus card; (f) awarding a bonus to the or each winning hand which was participating in the bonus feature and which includes a bonus card. Players can elect to participate in the bonus feature by placing a side bet.


Objective: To investigate and analyze the presence and epidemic situation of Melioidosis from geographical situation if Yunnan Province. Methods: 506 farmers from some tropical areas in southern Yunnan were preliminarily made the detection of Melioidosis infection by serological method (IHA). Results: Of the detected farmers, 25 cases are positive with 4.94%of the average positive rate. The highest positive rate in some local areas reaches 37.5%. Conclusions: The results suggest that Melioidosis may extensively exist in Yunnan Province and the prevalence in some local areas might be very serious.


Oral cancer accounts for over 30% of all cancers in India. Early detection followed by appropriate treatment, can increase cure rates to 80 or 90%, and greatly improve the quality of life by minimizing extensive, debilitating treatments . Circulatory epithelial tumour markers were previously investigated in the serum of OSCC patients for early detection of cancers. Scientists are now searching for biomarkers in saliva, an easy to obtain body fluid, for noninvasive detection of oral cancer which makes the measurement of tumour markers in saliva an attractive alternative to serum testing for early detection, post treatment monitoring and monitoring high risk lesion.


Mr.Pan Mao-yuan has put up a series of viewpoints on mass higher education,which form a systematic theory.These viewpoints involve the significance, implication,transition peroid,enforcement approach,quality,classification and orientation of mass higher education.Mr.Pan's thought on mass higher education is a Chinese edition of the Western theories.They inherit,develop and enrich traditional theories.They are based on Chinese reform practice and serve it.


Many retrieval applications can benefit from multiple modalities, for which how to represent multimodal data is the critical component. Most deep multimodal learning methods typically involve two steps to construct the joint representations: 1) learning of multiple intermediate features, with each intermediate feature corresponding to a modality, using separate and independent deep models; 2) merging the intermediate features into a joint representation using a fusion strategy. However, in the first step, these intermediate features do not have previous knowledge of each other and cannot fully exploit the information contained in the other modalities. In this paper, we present a modal-aware operation as a generic building block to capture the non-linear dependencies among the heterogeneous intermediate features, which can learn the underlying correlation structures in other multimodal data as soon as possible. The modal-aware operation consists of a kernel network and an attention network. The kernel network is utilized to learn the non-linear relationships with other modalities. The attention network finds the informative regions of these modal-aware features that are favorable for retrieval. We verify the proposed modal-aware feature learning in the multimodal hashing task. The experiments conducted on three public benchmark datasets demonstrate significant improvements in the performance of our method relative to state-of-the-art methods.


This paper tracks the development of entrepreneurship policy in South Africa since the birth of democracy. Using the variety of measures suggested by the OECD Framework for measuring entrepreneurship, the Entrepreneurship Indicators Project and GEM, this paper explores the development of a model for the evaluation of Entrepreneurship policies of South Africa. The point is made that while the stimulation of entrepreneurship and small business is important to South Africa, the global competitiveness race and the moves occurring in other parts of the world require us to hasten towards the development and adoption of policies that encourage innovation and entrepreneurship. There appears a concentration of effort at interventions aimed at entrepreneurship for the purposes of poverty alleviation and job creation. While this is laudable, it is suggested that more emphasis should be focused on stimulating growth of existing businesses and encouraging innovation for real entrepreneurship in the country. Despite the E Policy interventions, we are relatively slow in measuring the impact of these policies on our economic development and welfare. This paper attempts to rectify this.


This paper which sets forth that the policy for control of roadside advertising should not be administered primarily as a problem of balancing aesthetic needs versus jobs but as a problem of accomadating aesthetic and information needs, makes a detailed examination of the legislative background, suggests means of refining the problem and redefining the issues, and presents the pros and cons of the aesthetics-vs-information debate. The classes of signs which form exceptions to the 1958 Act prohibiting advertising along the Interstate System are discussed. Changes are described which were intended to increase the proportion of public responsibility in the mix of motorist information services and reduce scope of the private sector's license. Observations are presented which may be applied to designing better travel information systems. Reference in also made to engineering principles which should be considered in organizing information facilities. The issues of private commercial signing and public facilities are examined with special reference to intermediate destination directional information and local directional information. Factors are listed which comprise the frame of reference for considering whether further legislation is needed. A detailed list of references is provided.


The paper is a comprehensive investigation in the agriculture of Han Dynasty based on archaeological discoveries. The study is conducted in the following six areas: agricultural products, farming tools, storage and measurement of the yield, field pattern, irrigation and fertilization, and domestic animal husbandry. The paper further suggests a prospect of future archaeological research work


Using categories such as "novel" or "parody of tale of chivalry" is such a common thing that we rarely consider the narrative tradition within which El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha fell. This article comes back to the jocoseria inspiration and those among Lucien's fundamental texts which made it possible for Cervantes's fiction to emerge. Without locking his 1605 text in the Menippean satire genre, Cervantes defines it as a Menippean book. Cervantes could not be satisfied with the adaptation by Mateo Aleman (Primera parte de Guzman de Alfarache) of the old Lucianesque formula (Historia verdadera, El sueno) nor of the short story (Segunda parte del Lazarillo, Crotalon). Envisaged from such a perspective of literary history, the Quijote becomes an alternative to the narrative proposition of Menippean prose.


Simple Summary Piglet survival in large litters can be increased if surplus piglets are cross-fostered to smaller litters, exploiting surplus teats in these sows. We aimed (1) to investigate the effect of cross-fostering piglets of different birth weights into new litters on the growth performance of piglets; (2) to determine the effect of cross-fostering piglets of different ages on the growth performance, stress and immunity of these piglets. Cross-fostering on day 2 after birth reduced average daily gain (ADG) in high birth weight (HBW) piglets. Late cross-fostering on day 7 after birth decreased ADG, affected the teat order and increased the cortisol level of piglets. Therefore, these results provide suitable cross-fostering strategies for improving cross-fostering piglets' welfare. Abstract The effect of different cross-fostering strategies on the growth performance, stress and immunity of piglets was investigated in this study. In the first experiment, a total of 20 litters (i.e., 20 sows) and 120 piglets were classified into one of six treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. The treatments consisted of piglets without or with cross-fostering and different birth weights (low birth weight, LBW; intermediate birth weight, IBW; high birth weight, HBW). The weaning weight (WW) and average daily gain (ADG) of LBW piglets and IBW piglets were not significantly different between the not cross-fostered (NC-F) group and the cross-fostered (C-F) group. There was a higher (p < 0.05) ADG in the control piglets compared with the cross-fostered piglets. This effect on ADG was only seen in the HBW piglets. In the second experiment, six sows with a similar body condition and farrowed on the same day were selected. Three female piglets with a birth weight of 0.6–0.85 kg were selected from each litter as experimental piglets. Eighteen piglets were grouped into three treatments: (1) not cross-fostered (NC-F1), (2) cross-fostered at 36–48 h after birth (C-F1), (3) cross-fostered at day 7 after birth (C-F2). The growth performance of NC-F1 and C-F1 piglets was higher than C-F2 piglets (p < 0.05), and the suckling positions of NC-F1 and C-F1 piglets on days 8, 12, 16 and 20 were more forward than the C-F2 piglets (p < 0.05). Plasma cortisol (COR) concentrations of NC-F1 and C-F1 piglets were lower than C-F2 piglets (p < 0.05). A significant negative correlation was observed between BW at day 21 and plasma COR concentration. In conclusion, cross-fostering within 24 h of birth has adverse influences on the ADG of HBW piglets, while it has no negative effect on the ADG of LBW and IBW piglets. Moreover, for IBW piglets, late cross-fostering (i.e., on day 7 after farrowing) has negative impacts on the growth performance and teat order of piglets, and it increases the cortisol level of piglets.


The weighted nonlinear least‐squares problem for low‐rank signal estimation is considered. The problem of constructing a numerical solution that is stable and fast for long time series is addressed. A modified weighted Gauss–Newton method, which can be implemented through the direct variable projection onto a space of low‐rank signals, is proposed. For a weight matrix that provides the maximum likelihood estimator of the signal in the presence of autoregressive noise of order p the computational cost of iterations is O(Nr2+Np2+rNlogN) as N tends to infinity, where N is the time‐series length, r is the rank of the approximating time series. Moreover, the proposed method can be applied to data with missing values, without increasing the computational cost. The method is compared with state‐of‐the‐art methods based on the variable projection approach in terms of floating‐point numerical stability and computational cost.


The primary contributor to the corrosion of bridges in Canada is heavy use of de-icing salts, which can lead to severe rebar corrosion and girder soffit spalling in reinforced concrete (RC) highway bridges. This paper discusses recent challenges faced by authorities in dealing with corrosion problems in Canadian highway bridges, and describes typical approaches for the assessment and management of these structures. The study developed a methodology for evaluating the residual strength of spalled RC bridges. The basis for this methodology is a modified area concept, which can be used to consider the effects of exposed reinforcement at various locations along the girder length. The study developed a multipoint analysis program, which employs the modified area concept, along with graphical spalling surveys and structural drawings, to evaluate RC bridge girders. The program was adapted for a full bridge analysis and to consider other effects of corrosion, such as bar section loss and bond deterioration. A case study bridge was evaluated to show that the developed program offers a viable tool for the rapid assessment of spalled bridge girders, to facilitate the prioritization of rehabilitation projects. The methodology was evaluated in a pilot laboratory study, wherein soffit spalling simulated on reduced-scale concrete beam specimens and safe and accurate predictions of the specimen capacity were obtained using the modified area concept.


This research is prove how Analysis of factors affecting professional athletes` sense of expulsion crisis in mid-course The subject of study with the population belonging to professional union such as pro-baseball, pro-soccer, men and women pro-basketball is taking the liable sample of 403 people totally (baseball 115, soccer 50, women basketball 52 and men 351, women 52)with the systematic stratified cluster random sampling considering and event and research ability. The credibility of the questionnaire turned out to be .8298 on the test which is focused on the quantity rather than the quality of the Cronbach` αvalue. The processing of the data put the separate data which analyzable into the computer and used the cross tabulation with the stats interpretation program of various values. In that case statistic range is organized as P<.05. Following is the conclusion from these analyses. 1. the most important factor on the sense is the team`s stability and future, 2. any human relation in the team has an effect on the sense, 3. social and economic status is also included in the factors, 4. annual salary level and contentment on the level have an effect on the sense, 5. a relative position in the team lead to uneasiness and is one of the factors on the sense, 6. team colour is also important factor, 7. and self-confidence on getting a new job after retirement also has an effect on the sense.


There is similarity of form and even available kink of practice flank among psychology (SEFT) and Islamic counselling. Both gets effort to give helping service to solute individual problems's. That kink even SEFT that rely body energy exploit in reality doesn't come to separate its-self of psychology aspects. Besides technical step that utilized by SEFT apparently gets counselling dimension. Its indication, SEFT is seen not effective when thoughts concentration and perceives focus not been ballasted with spiritual's force. Condition of thoughts and perceives tasted in line with spiritual's force principle namely khusyu's attitude, sincere and defenseless that for that matter so familiar at world counselling specified in Islamic counselling.


T HE present paper is conceptual; its aim is to state what we consider the essential structural categories in race relations viewed as an empirical system. It is the contention of this paper that two general theories currently in usethe "cycle of race relations" and "caste and class" -are not incompatible and that the conflict between them is more apparent than real. Polemicists' outcries notwithstanding, a critical examination of empirical research on race relations indicates that these two theories can be and in fact have been effectively implemented. Faulty theory construction, faulty methodology, and faulty implementation of an essentially good theory are perhaps more frequent in sociology than in other sciences. There are some students who are prone either to place unusual emphasis on certain aspects of a theory or to use it as an interpretative device rather than as an hypothesis to be tested. It is our belief that a statement of the essential requisites in race relations would enable students of race and cultural contacts to implement better these two theories and would terminate excessive polemics in this area. Doubtless there is full agreement that a body of generalized theory on race relations must come from systematic observation, comparison, and classification of interracial phenomena wherever found. To accomplish this goal, there must be some measure of consensus on (1) what is to be compared with what? (2) what is the nature of the units in terms of which comparisons are to be made? and (3) what is the nature of the system in terms of which these units make sense? Students of race and culture contacts agreeimplicitly or explicitly-that what they seek to compare is race relations in one society with those in another. What, then, is the state of agreement on the definition of the term race relations? It was nearly fifteen years ago that R. E. Park introduced the term in a wide universe of discourse:


The prognosis for cancer patients becomes much better if a tumor is diagnosed, localized and treated early, in a precancerous stage. The difficulty lies in the localization of cancerous tumors. Carcinoma in situ (CIS) refers to a tumor which is approximately 100 microns thick and one which has not penetrated through the epithelium wall or become invasive (2). A tumor of this size cannot be detected by existing techniques such as x-ray, computer tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine or conventional endoscopy under white-light illumination. However, these tumors can be localized and destroyed by photodynamic diagnosis and therapy. This research shows that digital image processing and the technique of digital image ratioing contribute to photodynamic diagnosis and the early localization of cancer. A software package has been developed as a result of this research. The software package quantifies the usefulness of digital image processing for tumor localization and detectability. System parameters such as the endoscope distance and angle variations, tumor size and tumor concentration, sensitivity and specificity of the system have been tested and quantified.


An automatic time stepping scheme with embedded error control is developed and applied to the moisture‐based Richards equation. The algorithm is based on the first‐order backward Euler scheme, and uses a numerical estimate of the local truncation error and an efficient time step selector to control the temporal accuracy of the integration. Local extrapolation, equivalent to the use of an unconditionally stable Thomas–Gladwell algorithm, achieves second‐order temporal accuracy at minimal additional costs. The time stepping algorithm also provides accurate initial estimates for the iterative non‐linear solver. Numerical tests confirm the ability of the scheme to automatically optimize the time step size to match a user prescribed temporal error tolerance. An important merit of the proposed method is its conceptual and computational simplicity. It can be directly incorporated into existing or new software based on the backward Euler scheme (currently prevalent in subsurface hydrologic modelling), and markedly improves their performance compared with simple fixed or heuristic time step selection. The generality of the approach also makes possible its use for solving PDEs in other engineering applications, where strong non‐linearity, stability or implementation considerations favour a simple and robust low‐order method, or where there is a legacy of backward Euler codes in current use. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Small Chardonnay and Shiraz vines were grown under controlled conditions at 25°/20°C day/night temperatures but transferred for one week to 17°/14°C or 12°/9°C at four stages of growth between budburst and flowering. In Chardonnay, half the vines were given supplementary pollination with pollen produced under favourable conditions. Per cent fruit‐set and berry number per bunch of Chardonnay were reduced by about one third to one half by 12°/9°C, applied just before and at the early stage of flowering. At these stages, and with this low‐temperature treatment, supplementary pollination had significant positive effects. Total seed number per berry was not affected by treatment, but the proportion of hollow seeds increased in the treatments which suffered reduced set. This resulted in a positive relation between the number of functional seeds per berry and the number of berries per bunch. In Shiraz, the differences between the various treatment means were small and mostly not significant. It is concluded that the reduction in fruit‐set of Chardonnay due to cool temperatures near flowering is due to detrimental effects on both pollen and ovules.