Calorimetric experiments, on their own, can be extremely dangerous to biologists, for there are usually several possible, but alternative interpretations. The simplest interpretation is often not correct. The best way to use biological calorimetry on its own is to indicate good targets for biochemical investigations of a tissue. Even when biochemical investigations are carried out in parallel with calorimetry, dangers remain. In particular it is easy to assume that the heat observed is necessarily derived from the biochemical process measured. The way to avoid this error is to make an energy balance study. In most cases such a study requires calorimetric measurements on cell-free systems of known composition to establish ΔH values for in vivo conditions. Used in this way biological calorimetry is much more than a mere indicator that something is happening; it can lead to the most important statement about what is happening: that we do not yet understand it!


Biomass is being looked upon as one of the promising renewable energy sources for the future, with growing interest in microalgae conversion into biogas through anaerobic digestion. Recently, the ability of microalgae to treat waste water has doubled its potentials material today. However, in spite of the progress made in that regards, there are still challenges of algae conversion to biofuel, due to the presence of complex cell wall in some algae. Cell wall inhibits bacteria growth during degradation. In this research work 10 grams of Microcoleous vaginatus was treated in an oven at varying temperatures of 70, 75 and 80 oC for an hour, out of which 4 g was measured into 250 ml serum bottle for digestion at mesophilic temperature of 37 oC. Based on the results of proximate analysis, 69%increase in carbohydrate was attained with 72.7 – 148% reduction in moisture content. The biogas yield of untreated sample was 4.36 mLg−1 VS, while, pretreated samples at 70, 75 and 80 ℃ produced 8.39, 9.07 and 9.38 mLg−1VS (volatile solid) of biogas. This  corresponds to 92, 108 and 115% higher than that of untreated samples. However, thermal treatment of M. vaginatus prior to digestion show positive effect on carbohydrate extraction and enhanced biogas and methane yield as well. Therefore, this makes the substrate a good feedstock for biogas production.
Keywords: Biomass, pretreatment, thermal, anaerobic digestion, degradation, Microcoleous vaginatus.


abstract:When visual literacy ethics instruction in higher education focuses only on teaching academic citation styles and fair use, students are unprepared for professional environments with less-defined ethical rules and harsher consequences. Instructors should look to visual literacy, metaliteracy, and disciplinary information literacy to identify needed skills and competencies that can be mapped into the curriculum. Utilizing behavioral ethics theories and ethical decision-making practices, instructors can help students recognize moral contexts and find appropriate strategies for using and creating visual materials. This article presents a five-step process for planning, implementing, and assessing visual literacy ethics instruction with examples from the author's sessions for architecture students. After these sessions, students had the tools to interpret and apply disciplinary practices and guidelines for the use and creation of visual communications in both academic and professional contexts.


The assessment model of remanent life time of power transformer is presented by the authors in this paper.The parameters of transformer condition are selected.The comprehensive assessment index system is established.Based on empirical formula,the reasonable prediction of remanent life time of power transformer is fulfilled.


This paper analysed the factors of agricultural information satisfaction and effect on households based on the survey data of 600 farmers in Hebei province by using Probit regression model.The results showed that six factors were obviously influence the farmers' satisfaction:whether the leased land,whether the business of farming,family of agricultural production value of fixed assets,the number of leased land,village geographical types and agricultural income accounted for the proportion of annual income.On this basis,the development of agriculture information service mode was proposed:promoting the agricultural information service system gradually perfect,promoting the agricultural modernization and scale and imp-roving farmers' information consciousness.


Recent conceptual advances in physiological ecology emphasize the potential selective importance of whole‐animal performance. Empirical studies of locomotor performance in reptiles have revealed surprising amounts of individual variation in speed and stamina. The present study is the first in a series examining the genetic basis of variation in locomotor performance, activity metabolism, and associated behaviors in garter snakes. Maximal sprint crawling speed, treadmill endurance, and antipredator displays (Arnold and Bennett, 1984; exhibited as snakes reached exhaustion on the treadmill) were measured for approximately six offspring (presumed to be full siblings) from each of 46 wild‐caught gravid garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis). Each character was measured on two days; all were individually repeatable. Correlations of these characters with body mass, snout–vent length, age at testing, litter size, dam mass, and dam snout–vent length were removed by computing residuals from multiple‐regression equations. These residuals were used in subsequent genetic analyses. Approximate coefficients of variation of residuals were 17% for speed, 48% for endurance, and 31% for antipredator displays. Broad‐sense heritabilities were significant for all characters: speed h2 = 0.58; stamina h2 = 0.70; antipredator display h2 = 0.42. All three residual characters showed positive and statistically significant phenotypic correlations (r = 0.19–0.36). Genetic correlations (estimated and tested by restricted maximum likelihood) among residuals were positive and highly significant between speed and endurance (0.58), but nonsignificant between speed and antipredator display (0.43), and between endurance and antipredator display (0.26). All environmental correlations were nonsignificant. These data suggest that, contrary to expectations based on previous physiological studies, there may be no necessary evolutionary trade‐off between speed and stamina in these animals. This tentative conclusion will have important implications for future theoretical studies of the evolution of locomotor performance and associated antipredator behaviors.


Metastability is a common problem caused by clock domain crossing in complex FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Array)design.To effectively prevent and solve the problem,the trigger mechanism of metastability and its impact on digital signal processing systems is analyzed.Based on signal type,synchronization methods for level signal,pulse signal and edge signal for one-bit signals are proposed.For parallel signals,synchronization methods based on asynchronous FIFO(First In First Out)and hand-shake are proposed.Simulation is done to verify validity of the synchronization methods and to determine their applicability,and the results show that the methods are effective to deal with clock domain crossing signal synchronization,and to help prevent metastability problems and improve the reliability and stability of complex FPGA systems.


(Cnisdoscolus aconitifolius) (Miller Johnson) was evaluated for its mineral elements content and some anti nutritional factors. Eight mineral elements were determined in the vegetable. The level of sodium
and potassium were determined by Flame photometry while the level of Magnesium, Zinc, Calcium, Iron and Copper were determined by Atomic absorption spectrophotometry and the level of phosphorus was determined by Vanadate-molybdate method. The following concentrations (in mg/kg) were obtained. Potassium 4800, Calcium 1300; Magnesium 27, Zinc 0.17; Iron 0.63; Copper 0.12; Phosphorus 23.
The antinutritional factors determined were: Cyanide 13.01 mg/100g; Oxalate 3.38mg/100g.


This paper mainly studies the problem of determining the assembly plan of underwater vehicles under different constraints. Firstly, the dynamic programming model is established, and the total cost is determined as the objective function. Then the corresponding constraints are determined according to different constraints. Finally, the simulated annealing algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm are used to solve the problem through MATLAB programming.


Kinetic studies of a dithiothreitol treated membrane ATPase fraction from sugar beet roots led to the following conclusions: 1) In the presence of MgATP, Na+ and K+ stimulate the ATPase activity in different ways following simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Thus separate sites for Na+ and K+ are suggested. 2) In the absence of K+, Na+ acts as an uncompetitive modifier raising the apparent Km and Vmax for MgATP. 3) In the absence of Na+, K+ activates non-competitively with respect to MgATP. Thus K+ increases Vmax but does not affect the apparent affinity constant. 4) K+ and Na+ double the rate constants. 5) In the presence of Na+ or K+, Mg2+ in excess acts as a weak inhibitor to Na+ and/or K+ activity. 6) The temperature-activity dependence in the 5–40°C interval shows biphasic Arrhenius plots with the transition point between 15–18°C. The activation energy is lowered at temperatures > 18°C.


The results of a study of the control processes of an automated transmission and internal combustion engine of a transport unmanned tracked vehicle when the speed of movement is set by an external control device are presented.
Keywords: unmanned tracked vehicle, algorithm, motion control, onboard gear unit, programmable logic controller, cruise control.
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This paper presents a small signal model of a rectifier-inverter fed induction motor drive system by neglecting the effect of stator voltage harmonics. All dynamic equations are obtained by linearization about an operating point. The dynamic of DC link between rectifier and inverter and variations in voltage and frequency of the network side is also considered in this study. The investigation of the stability shows the system is stable during dynamic and steady state conditions and oscillatory modes are well damped. This model can be used as dynamic load in stability analysis of Microgrid


Quantum dot (QD) solar cells, benefiting from unique quantum confinement effects and multiple exciton generation, have attracted great research attention in the past decades. Before 2016, research efforts were mainly devoted to solar cells comprising lead chalcogenide QDs, while lead halide perovskite QDs have recently emerged as a rising star in the field. This review aims to compare similarities and differences between lead chalcogenide and lead halide perovskite QDs for photovoltaic applications. The fundamental physical properties of these two types of nanomaterials and their state‐of‐the‐art photovoltaic devices are summarized, with a focus on ligand and device engineering. Furthermore, a special section is devoted to the stability issue that often hinders photovoltaic technologies. Finally, future development in tandem devices, challenges associated with large‐size cell fabrication and lead toxicity, and potential mitigation solutions are discussed.


Some fused 1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives have been synthesized in one-pot, multi-component condensation of dimedone, aldehyde, malononitrile and ammonium acetate using glycerol, an eco-friendly, readily available green solvent which costs virtually nothing. The targeted molecules are obtained in a yield, which is excellent, to say the least. The synthesized compounds were purified by simple recrystallisation.


Objective To investigate the effect of simvastatin (SV) in combination with cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) on the proliferation and apoptosis of K562 cells. Methods Human K562 cells were incubated with SV and cytosine arabinoside alone or in combination and K562 cells without any treatment were taken as normal control. Cells in different groups were collected at 24, 48 and 72 h after incubation for further detections. Morphological changes by Wright stain were performed. MTI' method was used to assay the growth inhibition rate and cytoflowmetry was used to detect the early stage apoptosis ratio and cell necrosis ratio. Results Compared with Ara-C group and SV group, cells in the group treated with SV combined with Ara-C showed obvious karyopyknosis,apoptosis bodies formation and significant cell growth inhibition, which were positively correlated with culture time. Combination of 15 μmol/L SV and Ara-C showed the most significant cell growth inhibition with a inhibition rate of (72±1) % at 72 h of culture, as was significantly higher than ihat of 15 μmol/L SV group (45±2) % and 20 μmol/L Ara-C group (44±0) % (P 〈0.01), furthermore, combination of 15 μmol/L simvastatin and Ara-C showed synergistic inhibition with Q value of 1.24 and 1.19 at 24 h and 48 h in each. The apoptosis rates at early stage (AnnexinV) detected by flow cytometry in 20 txmol/L, 15 bLmol/L and 10 Ixmol/L SV treated K562 cells were significantly higher than that in normal K562 cells (P 〈0.01), as were positively correlated with culture time and SV dose (P 〈0.05). There were no significant difference of early apoptosis rate between the 20 bLmol/L SV and 15 μmol/L SV groups (P 〉0.05), yet the very two were both higher than that of 10 μmol/L SV group (P 〈0.05). There were no statistic differences of late apoptosis rate (PI) among different treated groups (P 〉0.05). Conclusion SV inhibited K562 cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis in vitro, and combination of SV and Ara-C exhibited obvious synergistic inhibition and apoptosis, which may increase the sensitivity of K562 cell to chemotherapy. SV at 15 μmol/L may be the best concentration for K562 cells in vitro.

Key words:
Neoplasms, experimental;  Simvastatin, K562 cells;  Cell proliferation;  Apoptosis


Historical novel of the early 19th century, approaching the historiography, had accumulated in its narrative structure, the specificity of a new artistic models of historicism. In different versions, appealing to document and documentary, it verified the border of new epistemes, being the subject and the object of historicizing reflection; belonged to the era of its creation and the epoch it rebuilt. History and document do not only co-exist, they are mutually permeable, flow into each other, develop a «common language». The factual, historical accuracy becomes a referential illusion.


gests that the physiological basis they proposed cannot explain the phenomenon observed. The clinical improvement seen in such patients appears to relate not to reestablishment of denervation hypersensitivity, but instead to abatement of chronic agonist-induced hypersensitivity. This biochemical distinction has important implications in the management of patients with long-term pharmacological complications. The patient described by Direnfeld et a1 experienced wide movement fluctuations between akinesia and hyperkinesia, with 23'4 hours out of 4 spent in hyperkinetic movement. After the drug vacation, the patient suffered not from severe hyperkinesia, but instead from gradual end-of-dose loss of drug efficacy. The hyperkinesia was therefore abated by drug holiday, with a smoother transition between normal function and akinetic disability. The proposal that this improvement related to resensitization of dopamine receptor sites, however, seems reversed, since hyperkinetic movements as a class are thought to be related to increased sensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors [2]. Levodopa-induced hyperkiriesias, along with amphetamine dyskinesias and other hyperkinetic movement disorders, appear to reflect increased activity of the striatal dopaminergic system. It seems unlikely that further resensitization would occur after withdrawal of medication or that such resensitization would be of therapeutic benefit. Animal models developed in our laboratory demonstrate that long-term dopaminergic stimulation by itself induces behavioral hypersensitivity to dopaminergic agents. Biochemically, this behavioral hypersensitivity correlates with an increase in density and affinity of dopamine receptor sites in the striatum [3,4]. N o prior disease or denervation of nigrostriatal pathways is necessary to produce this hypersensitive phenomenon. The sensitivity instead relates to long-term dopaminergic stimulation by itself. Chronic agonist-induced hypersensitivity appears to be a pathophysiological mechanism common to a number of disorders associated with chronic dopaminergic exposure. Abnormal dyskinetic movements similar to those seen after long-term antiparkinsonian therapy are associated with a variety of dopaminergic agents, specifically amphetamine and methylphenidate in children and drug abusers [ 5 ] . While all these agents alter the dopaminergic system differently, the characteristic they share is that of dopaminergic agonism. Hyperkinetic complications therefore appear to be potential hazards of dopaminergic agents themselves and not directly dependent on a substrate of prior neurological disease or denervation. Denervation hypersensitivity remains a definite pharmacological phenomenon and may still be pathophysiologically important in parkinsonian patients, specifically those who suffet from progressive loss of drug efficacy. In the case of prominent hyperkinesia, however, the evidence suggests that chronic agonist-induced hypersensitivity is the more important underlying mechanism.


The roles of freedom (i.e., negative motivation) and opportunity are unclear in self-control theory. This study used self-report responses from undergraduates (n=317) to take a modest step in examining the role that freedom and opportunity play in self-control theory. Specifically, this study examined the mediating and moderating roles of freedom and opportunity in self-control theory. The findings from the study showed that freedom is a better mediating measure in the causal model than opportunity. Neither freedom nor opportunity were suitable as moderating measures in self-control theory. We conclude that criminologists should continue to develop measures of freedom and to use them as mediating measures in self-control theory.


In this paper, a modification of the traditional dynamic self-reset circuitry is introduced for low power SRAM circuit design. The reset circuitry is localized, and the negative (trailing) trigger edge of the data is used to generate the self-reset signal to avoid the problem of crowbar current from V/sub DD/ to V/sub SS/. It is demonstrated that fanouts of 6<F/sub inter/<10, and 4<F/sub out/<7 give the best delay-product values for a 0.5 um CMOS process.


These two fascinating articles seek to fill an important lacuna in the burgeoning literature on the legal construction of whiteness. While LatCrit theorists in the legal academy have urged civil rights scholars and race critics to transcend the "black-white paradigm" of U.S. race studies, the majority of legal histories of whiteness have focused on two sets of cases: trials in the southeastern United States in which local courts tried to draw the line between "white" and "negro"; and cases about immigration and naturalization in which Federal courts determined whether particular foreign immigrants were suitably "white" for citizenship. Likewise, although there have been several important social and cultural histories of Texas Mexicans and whiteness in the last fifteen years, they have not considered the legal realm. The time is ripe for attention to the legal history of Mexican Americans' civil rights struggles in Texas, especially as they illuminate the shifting racial identity of Mexican Americans in the Southwest.


Properties of agarose potentially relevant to PFGE (pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis) are reviewed, and some new information is presented. Agarose polymers appear to have molecular weights in the range of 100 000 to 200 000 Da, but this is not tightly related to the effective gel strenght. Agarose has some residual charge, and hence exhibits electroendosmosis (EEO). It is possible to markedly increase the speed of separation of DNA molecules by using agarose of low EEO, especially in low ionic strenght, non‐borate buffers. This increase is especially noticeable in the relatively long experiments required for separation of large DNAs. It is also possible to increase the range of separation in a single run by use of step gradients of agarose concentration, which allows visualization of yeast chromosomes and lambda‐phage restriction fragments in the same lane. Because of the strong influence of concentration on separation, it may be useful for investigators to control water content and related variables. Our lack of knowledge of the detailed microstructure of gels may be barrier to complete understanding of PFGE.


The utility model provides a controllable multi-section combustion heating type coke oven and relates to the field of metallurgy coking, which comprises a combustion chamber, a carbonization chamber, a chute and a heat storage chamber. The controllable multi-section combustion heating type coke oven is characterized in that the combustion chamber consists of a plurality of vertical flame paths, and a multi-section shaft furnace coal gas and air feeding port. Every two flame paths form a twinflue, a shaft furnace coal gas and air first-section feeding port is located at the bottom of each vertical flame path, the multi-section shaft furnace coal gas and air feeding ports are located in partition walls of the vertical flame paths of the combustion chamber and located at different levels, a sliding type adjusting brick is arranged at the position of a gas outlet at the topmost end, and the flow sectional area of gas at the top end can be changed through the adjusting brick so as to adjust flow of the gas. The root portions of the partition walls in the middles of the twinflues are provided with exhaust gas circulation holes, and exhaust gas in downdraught vertical flame paths is sucked to updraught vertical flame paths through the exhaust gas circulation holes and mixed with rising combustion flow, thereby diluting combustion mixed gas, reducing combustion degrees, elongating flame and improving uniformity of vertical heating of the carbonization chamber. The structure is suitable for large-scale development of the coke oven, can effectively improve the uniformity of the vertical heating of the carbonization chamber, reduces heat loss and facilitates environmental protection.


Resource management is a critical issue in today's virtualized computing infrastructures. Consolidation is the main technique used to optimize such infrastructure. Regarding memory management, it allows gathering overloaded and underloaded VM on the same server so that memory can be mutualized. However, because of infrastructures constraints and complexity of managing multiple resources, consolidation can hardly optimize memory management. In this article, we propose to rely on a remote memory sharing for mutualizing memory. We implemented a system which monitors the working set of virtual machines, reclaims unused memory and makes it available (as a remote swap device) for virtual machines which need memory. Our evaluations with HPC and Big Data benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. We show that remote memory can improve the performance of a standard Spark benchmark by up the 17 percent with an average performance degradation of 1.5 percent (for the providing application).


This work refers to the studies developed in the area of River Catu basin, located in northeastern Brazil. The main objective was to characterize subsurface fault throw within the basin of the River Catu, southern coast of Rio Grande do Norte. The general methodology is the use of electric geophysical methods, particularly electrical resistivity, besides well lithologic profiles. In our research, the vertical electric sounding-SEV technique has been used to determinate and quantify fault throw. Using data from structural geology and tubular wells added to information geoelectrical data could create lithological profiles. The implementation and quantification of fault throw in the subsurface has obtained satisfactory results in the order of 10 to 30 meters. The hydrogeophysical profiles showed a tectonic-structural subdivision consistent with previous studies where it was possible to turn structural lineaments undefined into fault defined and quantified.


Correction to Pavlou, M et al; (2015) How to develop a more accurate risk prediction model when there are few events. BMJ, 351, Article h3868. 10.1136/bmj.h3868.


Growth in the adoption of distributed software development business models continues to outpace the development of robust governance schemes for them. In the absence of specific well-tested governance schemes, distributed software teams continue to employ the normative process frameworks, and software engineering practices that were primarily developed in the co-located context. In this position paper, we present a possible research direction for developing and testing governance schemes specifically suited for distributed software development projects. Our proposal draws examples from our recent research initiatives and presents an actionable road map for researchers and practitioners who are working towards establishing governance schemes for distributed software teams.


The present paper is based on extensive survey. Collection of ethnobotanical information and natural dye yielding plants Rajgarh District (M.P.). The study reports 15 natural dye yielding plant species belong to 13 families. Along with their botanical name, local name, family, habit, dye yielding plant parts used are mentioned in the paper. Apart from, medicinal uses, it also describes preparation of dyeing stuff. Use of mordant's and specific dye utilization to serve various purposes, including several of the new dye resources.


Summary In Chile, the invasive and noxious pest Vespula vulgaris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) was first reported in 2011 in the Araucanía region and is currently distributed between Araucanía and Magallanes regions. In Mar 2015 (autumn), during an ongoing monitoring of funnel traps by the Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, a fungus-infected individual was collected. The fungus was identified morphologically as a species of Hirsutella (Hypocreales: Ophiocordycipitaceae). This is the first report of any Hirsutella species on V. vulgaris in Chile. No in vitro cultures were successfully established from the infected insect.


The objective of this project was to develop and evaluate effective strategies that use ultrasonic waves for dust filtration and containment to reduce coal miners' exposure to respirable dust in coal mines. The specific goals were to 1) design an experimental platform for ultrasonic agglomeration of dust particles and water droplets; 2) develop efficient methods for generating three-dimensional ultrasonic standing waves for dust entrapment, suspension and agglomeration; and 3) develop modeling and robust control strategies for real-time microcontroller-based manipulation and coalescence of dust particles with water droplets using ultrasonic waves for effective dust suppression in structured enclosures. A test-bed apparatus was developed and constructed for experimental investigation and proof-of-concept of particle manipulation using sonic/ultrasonic waves. Analytical as well as experimental techniques were used to model acoustically induced forces on particles in structured enclosures. Acoustic standing waves were successfully generated in one-, two-, and three-dimensional spaces for dust entrapment and manipulation. Ultrasonic standing waves also were verified analytically to be successful for dust capture and agglomeration but were not tested experimentally due to limited equipment. Robust control techniques were designed for experimental models of the dust manipulation apparatus and were successfully verified in simulation. Experimental results showed that acoustic standing waves can indeed be used for particle entrapment, suspension, and agglomeration; and, hence, could be used for agglomeration and coalescence of coal dust with water droplets for their effective suppression in coal mines. Future research should consider the effective integration of ultrasonic-based techniques in dust filtration devices for effective removal of respirable dust from dusty workspaces in coal mines to reduce coal miners' exposure to hazardous coal and silica dust.


The traditional block matching method only considers the translation motion.It can not estimate the rational motion correctly.Considering the circle is robust to rotation,a circular block matching method is proposed.It adopts the circle projection as the feature vector,and obtains the motion vector of the current block.In order to improve the efficiency,it adopts the feature points using Harris arithmetic operator to get the motion vectors.A linear equation is constructed from the local motion vector and the rigid model,and it determines the global motion parameters by the popular RANSAC algorithm.Experimental results show the method is robust to determine the global motion parameters even if they are very big or small.


Epacris impressa Labill. is a woody heathland shrub common to parts of south-eastern Australia. It is the floral emblem of Victoria and its range covers most of Victoria, parts of South Australia, Tasmania and southern New South Wales. Until recently, the strategy of 'local is best' has traditionally been accepted as best-practice for the collection of germplasm for native plant restoration projects. However, current studies have introduced the use of genetic fingerprinting techniques to establish plant provenance including Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPDs), Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) (Bussell et al. 2006; Krauss & Koch 2004; Krauss et al. 2005). ISSRs and RAPDs have been used together to determine phylogenetic relationships (Awasthi et al. 2004; Isshiki et al. 2008; Iruela et al. 2002; Levi & Rowland 1997; Mattioni et al. 2002; Pharmawati et al. 2004) and assess genetic diversity (Awasthi et al. 2004; Ayres & Strong 2001; Esselman et al. 1999; Jain et al. 1999). Three collection ranges were suggested for a 22,000 km2 area in the Sydney basin using combined genetic and morphological assessment techniques: 1) narrow collection range an area as close to the planting site as possible; 2) intermediate collection range extending the collection area to fragmented remnants that were once contiguous with the site; 3) regional collection range – widening the geographic area to include a larger region (Burgin et al. 2005; Mortlock 2000). In this study, RAPDs and ISSR were performed to determine relatedness among and within geographic sites and floral colour races of E. impressa. The size of heathland ecosystems has been drastically reduced and continues to be at risk due to continued land clearing. Threats to heathland areas include property and pasture development, forestry, mining, fire control in urbanised areas and infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi (The State of Victoria 2002; Williams et al. 2001). Very little research has been Abstract


In order to overcome the practical difficulty of solving complex axisymmetric elasticity problems,the application of the meshless local Petrov-Galerkin(MLPG) method to solve the problems was studied,and the numerical method with the adaptive faculty was proposed.In the end,through several numerical examples,the present method was tested.The results show that the proposed method is available and effective to solve such problems,and the numerical solutions are also satisfactory.


Results of experimental determination of variable-discharge high-pressure reciprocating pump performances [3, 4] show that by increasing the pressure on the pressure side of a reciprocating pump, at a constant stroke length, the discharge and volumetric efficiency of the pump decrease. Mathematical expressions defining the theoretical and the actual pump discharge have been derived on the basis of the analysis of kinematic and hydrodynamic performances of a high-pressure, single-piston single-acting pump. The applied measuring system is described and examples of analysed measurement results are given. The Fourier approximation method is used to describe mathematically the experimental diagram of operating pressure p1=f(t). Assuming that physical properties of the fluid are constant, and that geometric and kinematic characteristics of a pump have not changed, the value of volumetric effi ciency is defined as a function of pressure. Results of volumetric efficiency calculation are given for a series of individually performed measurements in the range from H4T25 to H4T250. Results of the numerical determination of volumetric efficiency confirm that the chosen method is acceptable since calculation results differ from experimentally determined values by less than 1%.


The paper compares and analyzes the interjections and onomatopoeic words in three "Modern Chinese Language" textbooks and concludes that these two classes of words both belong to content words.The interjections only express the emotive sounds of human beings and stand in sentences as an independent member or stand as an independent sentence while the onomatopoeic words are those merely to imitate a variety of sounds in nature(excluding emotive sounds of human beings),and can be used not only as an independent member in a sentence or as an independent sentence but also as other sentence members.The sounds "" etc.can be used as both interjections and onomatopoeic words.


Completely isotactic polyacrylonitrile (meso/meso triad >99%) has been synthesized successfully by radiation-induced inclusion polymerization of acrylonitrile in urea canals. The long-lived nature of the growing radical species and the linear dependence of molecular weight on conversion were observed. The molecular weight distribution of product polymers was relatively narrow (<1.5). The results indicate that the dual control of the molecular weight and the tacticity for inclusion polymerization of acrylonitrile in urea canals is achieved. In addition, the effect of experimental factors of inclusion polymerization on the isotacticity of product polymers was investigated. It is found that to ensure completely isotactic polyacrylonitrile, the following conditions should be met simultaneously: (1) acrylonitrile monomers are included in urea canals totally before γ-ray irradiation, (2) the temperature at the chain propagation step is lower than −90 °C, and (3) the heat of polymerization is removed effectively.


Abstract Runoff processes in glacier and páramo catchments in the Andean region are of interest as they are vitally important to serve the water needs of surrounding communities. Particularly in Northern Ecuador, the runoff processes are less well-known due to the high variability of precipitation, young volcanic ash soil properties, soil moisture dynamics and other local factors. Previous studies have shown that the melting of glaciers contributes to runoff generation and that the páramo ecosystem plays an important role in regulating runoff during periods of low precipitation. Data collection and experimental investigations were carried out in a catchment of 15.2 km2 and altitude ranging between 4000 and 5700 m above sea level. Environmental tracers and hydrochemical catchment characterization were used for identifying runoff sources and their respective contributions during dry and wet conditions. Dry conditions are defined as periods where precipitation was absent for at least three consecutive days and wet conditions imply rainfall events. This study highlights the importance of the páramo on contributing to total runoff during baseflow (70% of total runoff) and the capacity of the páramo to dissipate the stream energy and buffer the peak flow during rainfall conditions. Electrical conductivity together with stable isotopes were identified as conservative tracers that characterize the end-member concentrations.


In contrast to stepping, tracing is a debugging technique that does not suspend the execution. This technique is more suitable for debugging programs whose correctness is compromised by the suspension of execution. In this work we present a tool for visually tracing Java programs in Eclipse. Trace point hits are collected on a per-instance basis. This enables finding out which trace points were hit for which objects at which time. The interactive visualization provides detailed information about the hits such as thread, stack trace, and assigned values. We implemented the tool as an Eclipse plug in that integrates with other features of Eclipse Java debugger. In an informal evaluation, developers appreciated the utility of our method as a solution in the middle between full tracing and stop-and-go debugging. They suggested scenarios in which our tool can help them in debugging and understanding their programs.


Based on the frequency-to-time mapping relation of the linearly chirped pulse, the temporal phase shift induced by a laser-excited wake in a helium gas jet is measured using a chirped-pulse spectral interferometry with ~ 140 fs resolution over a temporal region of 1 ps in a single shot. In this measurement, the image of the wake is obtained with one-dimensional spatial resolution and temporal resolution limited only by the bandwidth and chirp of the pulse. The 'bubbles' feature of the wake structure, along with multiple wakes excited by the main lobe and the side lobe of a laser focal-spot, is captured simultaneously.


A news supplement produced by UNDP "Peace Building in Lebanon", distributed along with An-Nahar newspaper had published in its December 2020 issue an article entitled "Urban Vacant Parcels as Opportunities to Reclaim Public Spaces in Times of Crises and Austerity" highlighting on the following: While Lebanon experiences a multiple crises and people are struggling more every day, solidarities are urgently needed and spaces where people can meet and connect would play a key role in this matter. Adding that Beirut, the capital, is considered a dense and rapidly urbanizing city, where shared spaces are scant, poorly designed, and ill managed. The current situation and stresses have contributed to the degradation of the urban environment and transformed neighborhoods in drastic ways at the expense of public life. However, the neighborhoods comprise a lot of vacant properties (built and inbuilt) includes public staircases, pedestrian alleys and building entrances neglected gardens and parks that holds a valuable opportunity for rethinking the public spaces. The aim of the study is developing design guidelines to obtain flexible open spaces and achieve urban resilience in densely populated areas using green technology. The main objective of the study is to enhance cities' resilient factors through applying urban interventions into the public realm elements that contribute to achieving flexible open spaces, to identify the applicable green technologies that are most suitable for creating energy- producing open spaces in highly dense areas, and to achieve a balance between the aesthetic aspects of spaces and the needs and perceptions of residents using the participatory design approach. This paper is based on literature review, analytical quantitative study. In addition to a comparative analysis of international case studies done that helps in deducing the convenient tools that can be relied upon in the case of Beirut. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize that urban interventions based on modern technologies that are considered supporters to the urban lifestyle, i.e., green technology that involve: environmentally friendly, self-replenishing and non-polluting sources can work on stimulating the spatial practices and the public life through facilitating sustainable development for physically damaged congested – historic Beirut's neighborhoods.


Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), an illness with potentially serious sequelae, is reported infrequently in Australia. This article summarises the limited NSW data available describing cases of HUS and outlines an investigation into an apparent increase in incidence of HUS in NSW in the first quarter of 1999.


The development of new and sustainable technologies to avoid hazards created by the freezing of substances has been a priority of safety more and more in the past decades. With this study, we want to give a first glance and start a series of experiments and researches which would lead us to results useful for future technologies. By starting from a numerical model, we studied the effects of constant frequencies applied to a cylindrical vessel filled with water. The enhancement of certain heat transfer processes was verified with particularly strange reactions for certain values of gain.


The increasing number of posts related to mobile app development indicates unaddressed problems in the usage of mobile APIs. Arguing that these problems result from in- adequate documentation and shortcomings in the design and implementation of the APIs, the goal of this research is to develop and evaluate two developers' issues elimination tools (DIETs) for mobile API developers to diminish the problems of mobile applications (apps) development.After categorizing the problems, we investigate their causes, by exploring the relationships between the topics and trends of posts on Stack Overflow, the app developers' experience, the API and test code, and its changes. The results of these studies will be used to develop two DIETs that support API developers to improve the documentation, design, and implementation of their APIs.


SUMMARY. The aim of the study was to establish structure of adverse reactions (AR) and peculiarities of tuberculosis in patients with newly diagnosed treatment failure tuberculosis, which had adverse reactions to antituberculosis drugs of first group. To achieve the aim we analyzed 60 cases of patients. Patients were divided into 2 groups: AR (I group) – 34 patients without AR (second group), that included 26 patients. We determined the statistical significance of differences between groups using the criterion of "χ-squared", while the number of cases, that used was less than 20 we additional used Yates' correction for continuity. For quantitative – using the Student t-test. The duration of the intensive phase of treatment (including treatment for categories 1 and 2 together) in patients who have AR was more: (188.6±9.5) doses in I group in comparison with (166.2±6.1) doses in group II (p<0.05), due to its extension due to lack of conversion of sputum smear or negative radiological dynamics. 32.4 % of patients had adverse reactions with clinical manifestations, that caused the abolition of anti-tuberculosis drugs and did not disappear after administration of corrective therapy. All these led to increase of terms of treatment in the intensive phase at (22.4±3.4) doses р<0.05.


For Anderson localization models with multifractal eigenvectors on disordered samples containing N sites, we analyze in a unified framework the consequences for the statistical properties of the Green function. We focus in particular on the imaginary part of the Green function at coinciding points GxxI(E−iη) and study the scaling with the size N of the moments of arbitrary indices q when the broadening follows the scaling η=cNδ. For the standard scaling regime δ=1, we find in the two limits c≪1 and c≫1 that the moments are governed by the anomalous exponents Δ(q) of individual eigenfunctions, without the assumption of strong correlations between the weights of consecutive eigenstates at the same point. For the non-standard scaling regimes 0<δ<1, we obtain that the imaginary Green function follows some Fréchet distribution in the typical region, while rare events are important to obtain the scaling of the moments. We describe the application to the case of Gaussian multifractality and to the case of linear multifractality.


Surgical site infection is very common in patients of perforation peritonitis if the wound is primarily closed in the setting of gross abdominal contamination. Even after thorough peritoneal irrigation with normal saline, the incidence of wound infection is high. The authors have studied the effectiveness of putting a negative suction drain in the subcutaneous space in prevention of wound infection and wound dehiscence in patients of peritonitis. The patients were divided in two groups; group A, where a negative suction drain was put


We propose to design retroreflective MIMO channel based on polarization division multiplexing (PDM), with multiple LCD modulators and photodiode (PD) receivers. LCD shutter works as a bi-state modulator which rotates the polarized light by 0° or 90°. With polarizer on each side of LCD, it could retroreflect incoming light or absorb it. The retroreflected light is polarized to the angle of front polarizer, which is imperceptible by human eyes but could be separated using polarizer on PD receivers.


how Laney reconciled his vision of Emory as a close-knit, moral commu nity of scholars and students with Emory as a research powerhouse. If the goal of biography, as Gulley writes, is to engage "the reader's mind and heart," (p. 8) then a more nuanced exploration of James T. Laney and his work at Emory would be welcomed. By relying primarily on Laney's personal papers and interviews with former staff members, Gulley gives die reader lots of Laney as moral leader, which is the image Laney wants con veyed. But that is not the whole story.


China emphasizes the need to establish a new development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing, and to promote green and low-carbon transformation. Hubei Province is also accelerating the promotion of green and low-carbon development and continuously improving its sustainable development capacity. Wuhan, as the capital of Hubei province, is the city of car-making and the future city of racing. This paper mainly uses the literature method and fieldwork method to conduct the study and the author believes that under the green development model, through the low-carbon event operation means, the large-scale auto event will become a unique auto event brand IP, which will help expand the influence of the city, promote the low-carbon development of auto industry and sports industry, and lead the public to actively embrace the low-carbon and green lifestyle.


Patients of a pathology and laboratory department at a Medical Center in Orlando, FL were dissatisfied with the service due to the long waiting time. In preparing for moving to new facility, the medical center aimed to improve the service using quality tools to reduce current total service time (30 minutes) and improve the efficiency of existing resources, then standardize the operating procedures. In order to accomplish these requirements in the new facility, a Design for Six Sigma framework DMADV (Define, Measure, Analyze, Design and Verify) was used to design the new work processes and operating procedures, implement and test them in the existing location before moving to the new facility. Six Sigma DMADV is an effective framework to identify the root cause of the problem, design/ redesign the work procedure, and verify the proposed solution. After analyzing the data and requirements from customers (including providers, patients and lab staff), system defects were addressed. Then, simulation models were used during the design phase to test different alternatives to find the optimal work procedure that meets customer expectation. The team found out that a walk-in approach with no appointment for the service is the best procedure that gives patients the flexibility to decide the time of doing their lab work. It also off loads the work of the appointment team as they are no longer need to schedule appointments. There is cost saving on sending the appointment by mail as well as mileages reimbursement. The new procedures reduce the patients waiting time in the laboratory to 5 minutes with no lead-time.


The Aru region is located offshore West Papua, Eastern Indonesia. This region is a tectonically complicated area and close to an active tectonic plate boundary. It is a frontier exploration area with very limited well information. One of the main challenges in this frontier area is to estimate the heat flow in order to estimate petroleum generation and reservoir quality risk. In deeper water in the Aru region, a welldefined and extensive acoustic reflector is visible on seismic data that crosses other reflectors and mimics partially the surface of the seabed, a bottomsimulating reflector (BSR). The depth of this reflector corresponds well to the largest depth gas hydrate stability can be expected. Since gas hydrate stability is mainly a function of pressure and temperature, the location of the BSR may be used to estimate the heat flow. An in-house study was conducted to understand the heat flow in the region. The BSR was mapped in detail on the 2415 km2 3D seismic and calibrated well data and regional heat flow data. The BSRseabed isochore was the primary input for the heat flow estimation. Variables such as water depth/temperature at seabed, sedimentation rates and the structural/stratigraphic development of the area are taken into consideration when evaluating the observed trends. The heat flow estimates from the BSR mapping seem to be reasonable compared to other measurements in the region. Lower heat flow is observed in the northwest region of the study area and higher heat flow in the southeastern area. This work indicates that heat flow estimates based on BSR mapping are feasible. These estimates can be used in 3D basin modeling to evaluate geological uncertainties and the effect of possible heat flow scenarios. INTRODUCTION The Aru region (Figure 1) is located offshore West Papua, Eastern Indonesia. The area is located at a continental margin adjacent an active plate boundary and comprises a frontier area for deep water petroleum exploration. The region is characterized by a major strike slip fault known as Tarera Aiduna Fault Zone (TAFZ) in the northern part and major normal faults of the Aru Trough (AT) in the southern part. Water depths in the region range from several hundred meters to about 3600m in the deep Aru Trough (Figure 1). A few shallow wells were drilled in the region in the 1970s. Meanwhile, in the deep water exploration point of view, until recently, little activity had occurred in this region. Estimating heat flow is one of the challenges when exploring in this region. The bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) is characterized as an acoustic reflector that crosses reflectors which image geological layering. The BSR is identified on seismic in many parts of the area and was interpreted regionally. The BSR, likely associated with gas hydrates, is a thermal marker that can provide information about the thermal state of an area, including the lateral variations. Therefore, the location of the BSR can be used to evaluate likely heat flow scenarios.


In this paper, a novel compact microstrip patch antenna is proposed for Wi- Fi and WiMAX bands. To achieve miniaturization the dimensions of the square radiating patch are chosen with reference to the high frequency band (3.3 GHz). The dual band is achieved by loading a Complementary Split Ring Resonator (CSRR) into the radiating patch. The left handed nature of the CSRR is the cause for low frequency band (2.4 GHz). To improve the return loss bandwidth and axial ratio bandwidth at upper band the fractal concept is introduced along the edges of the square patch. Thus a low volume dual band antenna is simulated using HFSS. A comparison with measured data is also presented. The fabricated antenna is found to be occupying 25% less volume (with reference to 2.4 GHz) than existing antennas which is mainly due to the blending of the two recent concepts 'metamaterials and fractals'.


This study examines the approach used by Frederick M. Denny who is an outsider researcher about the religious behavior of Muslim communities. The method used is the library method. Meanwhile, the primary source used as a data source is the writing of F. M. Denny's in Richard C. Martin's anthology book. This study found that the approach used by Frederick. M. Denny in understanding the religious behavior of Muslim societies is a sociological approach by distinguishing rituals in Islam into two, namely official and popular rituals. Through this approach, Denny concluded that outside of official worship, in Islam there were also additional rituals performed by Muslim communities. The difference is that these additional rituals are local and vary by region


Laser echo has an important application in target detection and identification, beam quality analysis and so on. In the paper, a receiver for detecting laser echo signal is designed. Combined with the far field target plate, the facula performance test of photoelectric products can be carried out at the outfield experimental station. The laser echo receiving device mainly includes optical system, photoelectric conversion module, signal processing system, data processing and display control system and so on. The optical focal length of receiver is 1299.99mm, caliber 160mm, and image resolution is 320*256. Finally, the correctness of the laser echo receiver is verified by simulation experiments.


L. Acilio L. f . Pompt. Eutyche(ti) nobili archimimo, commun, mimor. adlecto diurno, par asito Apoll., tragico comico et omnibus corporib. ad scaenam honor., decurioni Bovillis, quem primum omnium adlect. patre appellarunt: adlecti scaenicorum ex aere collato ob muñera et pietatem ipsius erga se. Cuius ob dedication, sportulas dedit adlectis sing. S XXV, decur. Bovili, sing. X V, Augustal. sing. X I I I , mulier. honor, et populo sing. X I . Oed. I I I . idus Aug. Sossio Prisco et Coelio Apollinare cos., curatore Q. Sosio Angustiano, (in latere) ordo adlector. (sequuntur nomina sexaginta per duo latera lapidis distributa.) Scholars investigating Roman trade associations have often correctly adduced this inscription as evidence for an association of mime actors not known from any other source, the commune mimorum. In other respects, however, it seems to prove both less and more than has been assumed. L . FRIEDLÄNDER, while using it as evidence that in some cases a member of the acting profession could hold municipal office, states that Eutyches was not only an archimimus but also a comedian and a tragedian. If this is in fact true then it is a unique example of a man combining these distinct occupations. L. ZIEHEN in his article on 'Parasiti Apollonis' bases on it his statement tha t "sie (the Parasiti) umfaßten Schauspieler . . . verschiedener Art, Mimen, Pantomimen, comici und tragici", and this is the rock on which GAGÉ builds his account of the same association. All these theories rest on the assumption that the words tragico and comico are nouns. This, however, leaves the et redundant. The obvious solution is that tragico and comico are adjectives qualifying corporibus and linked with omnibus by et. The record of Eutyches' career now becomes clear. First is mentioned his profession, followed by an account of the associations to which he belonged and the honours paid to him. He was a distinguished archimimus with membership of the commune mimorum, perhaps a local or minor association, and of the Parasiti Apollinis, an important association in Rome which embraced both mimes and pantomimes. He


The invention discloses a forging process for a wind generator spindle. The forging process includes the steps: firstly, casting molten alloy steel to a central cast tube to obtain a steel billet; secondly, heating the steel billet for the first time; thirdly, forging by upsetting or drawing out the heated steel billet by a hydraulic press; fourthly, heating the steel billet for the second time; fifthly, forming the spindle by forging; sixthly, cooling the spindle; and seventhly, performing heat treatment. By the aid of excellent alloy ratio and exquisite forging procedures, the wind generator spindle with high ductility, low temperature resistance and high strength is obtained and can safely and stably bears load under the condition of high wind energy and large temperature difference.


Contents: Introduction a " the habit of scrutiny, Gareth Palmer Bad citizens: the class politics of lifestyle television, Anita Biressi and Heather Nunn Digging for difference: British and Australian television gardening programmes, Francis Bonner 'Who let the dogs out?' Pets, parenting and the ethics of lifestyle programming, Maggie Andrews and Fan Carter Fashioning femininity: clothing the body and the self in What Not to Wear, Yael D. Sherman Foodie makeovers: public service television and lifestyle guidance, Isabelle de Solier Shame on you: cosmetic surgery and class transformation in 10 Years Younger, Julie Doyle and Irmi Karl Revealing the inner housewife: housework and history in domestic lifestyle television, Laurel Foster What not to buy: consumption and anxiety in the television makeover, Deborah Philips Making over the talent show, Guy Redden Masculine makeovers: lifestyle television, metrosexuals and real blokes, Buck Clifford Rosenberg A nation of cocooners? Explanations of the home improvement TV boom in the United States, Madeleine Shufeldt Esch 'Ecoreality': the politics and aesthetics of 'green' television, Lyn Thomas Index.


It is difficult to find effective solutions to social problems, because social problems consist of diverse values. From this point of view, it is desirable to establish the technique of handling diverse values for devising solutions. In this article, we attempt to build a 3D visual exploration tool, named "Knowledge Structure Viewer", to assist the users in viewing target social problem from any point of view which users like. Knowledge Structure Viewer can visualize configurationality in social problem, and is available through the Internet. By using this, users can grasp the structure of social problem, and thus finding a promising solution. Language: ja


Abstract In an attempt to increase the rate at which, cloud-chamber photographs of V-particle decays can be obtained a number of triggering arrangements incorporating BF3 neutron counters have been used on the Pic-du-Midi (2867 m). The yields of V-particle decays are found to be comparable with the yield of a typical multiple Geiger counter system.


This paper analyses the " k out of n " problem of SET protocol from all sides,and gives a complete resolution. After the NDL verification of the two key problems in Payment process of SET,this paper gives the Prolog program process of them. It concentrates on how to realize two kinds of secure mechanism "Accountability" and "Traceable". Based on them, the Prolog program is tried to simulate the verification process. At last,the development of the electronic commerce and the work of the further research are also proposed preliminarily.


Separated instrument is an unexpected procedural mishap often encountered in day today clinical practice. A separated instrument beyond the periapical region mandates the retrieval by surgical means. This article is a case report describing the surgical retrieval of a separated instrument from the periapical region which was aided by the application of Mineral trioxide aggregate for the endodontic management and application of Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF) for promoting the regeneration potential of the periapical rarefaction.


The use of single-system research designs (SSRDs) has the potential to help social workers empirically evaluate the outcomes of practice. Descriptions of using SSRDs to evaluate social work practice are provided. SSRDs have the potential to help social workers in Chinese contexts to provide scientifically credible evidence to others that social services benefit the people.


The Katsina Cult as well as religious and political organization has always been a fervently debated topic among archaeologists of the American Southwest. Some archaeologists argue that the Katsina Cult evolved solely as a cooperative social integrative system in response to mass migration during the fourteenth century. They also argue that the same ceremonies and rituals practiced in prehistoric Pueblo society are still evident among the contemporary Pueblos. Other archaeologists argue that the early Katsina Cult was associated with warfare because the social environment of the Pueblos was characterized not merely by cooperation, but conflict and violence as well. On religious and political organization there is a split debate with archaeologists arguing over whether or not pueblo social organization is defined by a hierarchical system or an egalitarian system. However, there is a more recent view point on Pueblo social organization that is attempting to abolish the traditional assumptions of societal organization. The archaeologists' viewpoints, dealing with the Katsina Cult and Pueblo social organization, attempt to give evidence for their explanation on how each appeared evolved and how each are still practiced in contemporary society.


The invention discloses a hardware tool with electromagnet adsorption. The hardware tool comprises a holding handle, a first replaceable ferromagnetic tool head and a second replaceable ferromagnetic tool head, wherein two ends of the holding handle are respectively provided with a bayonet; two positions, adjacent to the bayonets, in the holding handle are respectively provided with an electromagnet; the outer side of the holding handle is provided with a power module and an electromagnet switch respectively; the bayonets are respectively in an embedding wave shape; a seizing handle of each of the first replaceable ferromagnetic tool head and the second replaceable ferromagnetic tool head is also provided with a wave shape which is correspondingly convex; the embedding wave shapes of the bayonets and the convex waveforms at the seizing handle of the first replaceable ferromagnetic tool head and the seizing handle of the second replaceable ferromagnetic tool head are mutually engaged. According to the hardware tool with the electromagnet adsorption provided by the invention, multiple different screwdriver heads are integrated on one tool; every time, two of the different screwdriver heads can be taken; as the adsorption force of the electromagnets is used for fixing, the replacement is convenient, the use is safe, and the construction efficiency can be significantly improved.


In the trace reconstruction problem, one seeks to reconstruct a binary string s from a collection of traces, each of which is obtained by passing s through a deletion channel. It is known that exp(Õ(n1/5)) traces suffice to reconstruct any length-n string with high probability. We consider a variant of the trace reconstruction problem where the goal is to recover a "density map" that indicates the locations of each length-k substring throughout s. We show that ϵ–2 • poly(n) traces suffice to recover the density map with error at most ϵ. As a result, when restricted to a set of source strings whose minimum "density map distance" is at least 1/poly(n), the trace reconstruction problem can be solved with polynomially many traces.


Net radiation patterns for a riparian mesquite community are similar to net radiation patterns obtained for a humid forest. The net radiation peak of the open area was 61% of the net radiation peak above the canopy. The net radiation within a mesquite canopy peaked 9% higher but had a lower daily total value than the radiation above the canopy. The differences in net radiation peaks were attributed to differences in the canopy geometry, solar position, and surface reflectance, whereas differences in daily net radiation were attributed to differences in surface reflectance characteristics.


The Qinglongshan Xigeda profile in Panzhihua was studied,and the variation of trace element content as well as their ratio was analyzed.The results show that in addition to Ba,Sr,the content of other elements are all higher than the upper crust.The ratios of w(Sr)/w(Cu) is 1.81 ~ 4.50,and δ Ce appeared weak negative anomalies,which reflect in the deposition process of the whole profile,climate mainly warm and moist.The ratio of w(Th)/w(U) is high,and δEu is moderate negative anomaly,which reflect the profile depositional environment overall bias reducing.LREE enrichment in the sample,LREE content and REE content has a significant positive correlation.This indicates that the characteristics of REE are controlled by the activity of LREE,the profile sediment have land-based sources characteristics.


This chapter on the topic of cardiac surgery–associated acute kidney injury (CS-AKI) examines the risk factors for and the prevention, diagnosis, and management of this serious and common consequence of cardiothoracic surgery. The chapter follows the clinical course of a patient with a moderate risk of CS-AKI undergoing an aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting. The risk factors, both patient- and surgery-specific, are demonstrated in tabular form. Methods to mitigate against these risk factors are explained, including optimizing the timing of surgery. The most up-to-date diagnostic criteria for AKI are compared. It also recommends the most accurate formulae to evaluate the severity of CS-AKI. The value of medical therapies prior to renal replacement therapy (RRT) is examined. The clinical decisions regarding the mode of RRT, timing of RRT, anticoagulation methods, and vascular access are highlighted. Patients with already established end-stage renal disease are discussed as a separate cohort. The chapter concludes by discussing the short- and longer-term prognosis associated with CS-AKI.


Coupled linear and nonlinear drift ion acoustic waves are studied in a dense degenerate, inhomogeneous electron positron ion plasma with a quantized magnetic field. The influence of the magnetic field quantization parameter, temperature degeneracy, density inhomogeneity, and positron concentration is elaborated with appropriate plasma parameters on linear and nonlinear drift ion acoustic wave propagation. The illustrations show that both linear and nonlinear wave characteristics are modified significantly by these effects. This investigation can be supportive to understand the planetary interiors, plasmonics, short pulsed petawatt laser technology, and the white dwarf stars.Coupled linear and nonlinear drift ion acoustic waves are studied in a dense degenerate, inhomogeneous electron positron ion plasma with a quantized magnetic field. The influence of the magnetic field quantization parameter, temperature degeneracy, density inhomogeneity, and positron concentration is elaborated with appropriate plasma parameters on linear and nonlinear drift ion acoustic wave propagation. The illustrations show that both linear and nonlinear wave characteristics are modified significantly by these effects. This investigation can be supportive to understand the planetary interiors, plasmonics, short pulsed petawatt laser technology, and the white dwarf stars.


This article integrates the Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) theoretical ap-proach with Conflict Elaboration Theory (CET) a theory based on psycho-social perspec-tives of human interaction. The hypothesis on which the research was designed led to the prediction that interaction between partners at a distance is not influenced exclusively by the technical features of the communication environment, but rather by a set of other socio-cognitive variables. These variables include the type of task, how personal and partner's identities are perceived, how conflicts are managed during the interaction, and the type of relationship established between the partners. The interactions took place within a text-based virtual reality environment using software called Multi Users Dimensions (MUD). The task guiding the interaction was a complex problem-solving scenario presented as a mystery game. The interlocution of the scenario permits the variables considered as salient to emerge. Twenty-five university students participated to the game trying to solve the mystery of a virtual murder, interacting with a partner that follows a predefined script. Each interac-tion (of more or less one hour) was recorded automatically and later analysed through a complex analysis system created on the basis of both the theoretical framework and the em-pirical data collected. The results obtained are discussed in light of the theories guiding the research. A typical interlocution scenario emerged and was characterized by a positive and equal identity perception of participants and of the partners, a positive interdependency be-tween the two partners, and a complex socio-cognitive interaction.


b Evidence has been presented which shows that the use of black models in magazine advertising has increased during the past two decades. Kassarjianl found that general interest magazine ads portrayed black models on the average of 5.8 times per thousand pages in 1946, compared to 6.0 times in 1965 and 13.5 times in 1969. In an analysis of the ads of five news magazines, Stempe12 found that the percentage of ads containing black models increased from 0.6% in 1960 to 2.7% in 1970. Similar percentages were reported by COX,^ who examined the frequency of black portrayals in the ads of six general-interest magazines during 1949-50 and 1967-68. A study of the frequency of black models in magazine ads during 1978 reported almost identical percentages to the 1968 and 1970 percentages reported by Cox and Stempel. Bush, Resnik and Stern4 found that slightly more than 2% of magazine ads contained black models. Although the research shows that the presence of black models in magazine advertisements had increased during the past two decades, it also shows that blacks are underrepresented in advertising portrayals in proportion to their readership of magazines. Studies of magazine readership


This article examines the role that content on social science information finding plays in social policy on aging and related courses. First, there is considerable value for students having first‐hand knowledge of and involvement in social science information searching. Second, new developments in information services such as citation indexing and subject area abstracts and indexes in aging and other fields offer new assistance for students. Finally, incorporation of information services content through practical and comprehensive classroom approaches is discussed. Through incorporating information services content in aging policy and related courses students are better equipped to meet the demands of an information age.


The new (porphyrin)ruthenium(II) carbene complex 1 has been prepared by treating (TPP)Ru(CO)[EtOH] with excess diethyl diazomalonate. The good stability of this complex allowed us to determine its structure by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The reactivity of 1 toward various axial ligands (CO, pyridine, triphenylphosphine) is also discussed, as well as its ability, from ethyl diazoacetate, to catalyze the coupling formation of olefins and the cyclopropanation of styrene.


Objective To investigate myocardial apoptosis and the expression in Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) genes in myocardium of rats with congestive heart failure. Methods Model of chronic heart f ailure was created by gradually constricting the abdominal aorta of Wistar rats. Thirty rats were divided randomly into sham group, operated group-left ventricular compensated hypertrophy group and operated group-heart failure group. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and ABC immunohistochemical staining were used to detect the changes of apoptosis and protein expression of Fas and FasL genes.\ mRNA expression of Fas gene was evaluated by RT-PCR analysis. Results Few apoptotic myocardial cells were shown in sham-operated group, while apoptotic myocardial cells were found frequently both in congestive heart failure group and compensated hypertrophy group. The number of apoptotic myocardial cells in congestive heart failure group increased significantly in comparison with that in compensated hypertrophy group (P0 05). There was significant difference (P0 05) in positive index (PI) of Fas protein, but no significant differen ce (P0 05) in PI of FasL protein between sham-operated group and compensa ted hypertrophy group. When the congestive heart failure occurred, positive index (PI) of Fas and FasL protein in myocardial cells were increased very significantly (P0 05) than those in myocardium of Wistar\|kyoto rats with compensated hypertrophy. The expression of Fas gene in myocardium of rats with congestive heart failure was significantly higher than that in sham-operated group and compensated hypertrophy group (P0 05). Conclusions Incre ased myocardial apoptosis may be the important mechanism by which the transition from compensated hypertrophy to heart failure. Changes of myocardial apoptosis and the expression of Fas and FasL gene s suggest that apoptosis and Fas/FasL system are involved in the experimental congestive heart failure rats.


A high amount of water demand nearby Masouleh River in the Guilan province of Iran – in spite of high flow rate of this river – is supplied by Sepidroud Dam and a significant amount is supplied from underground water that finally it leads to the Anzali Wetland. A part of the surplus water of this river is wasted, evaporated or changed to flood water. WEAP software submits a model for simulation of flow rates and water demand in the future. In the designed model, it was determined that the amount of lack of rural water need will increase from 27.76 million square meter to 32.67, and lack of agricultural water will decrease from 153 million square meter to 96.6, during next 25 years. Additionally, in this research, software efficiency for economic evaluation was studied, based on exciting economic data. The results gained from the designed model indicated that in the economic discussion, benefit rate is 28$ per square meter in 2011 and 29.5 $ in 2035. Through comparing of expenses between different scenarios, the scenario of "change of priority of supply resource of agricultural water need", submits the minimum amount (24$) and the scenario of "growth population", submits the maximum amount (29 $) per square meter.


This paper introduces 5GT-GAN, a novel approach leveraging generative adversarial networks (GANs) to create synthetic mobile Internet traffic data, particularly tailored to smart city applications. Given the challenges of data scarcity and privacy concerns in the context of 5G, generating synthetic data becomes a crucial aspect for effectively deploying AI-driven systems in real-world scenarios. 5GT-GAN integrates unsupervised GAN schemes with the ability to manage temporal dynamics through supervised autoregressive models, successfully generating large-scale synthetic mobile Internet traffic data. Our experimental results illustrate the superior performance of 5GT-GAN in terms of mean squared error (MSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) compared to traditional models. The use of "Train Synthetic Test Real" (TSTR) and "Train Real Test Synthetic" (TRTS) methodologies affirmed the model's effectiveness with (0.0023 MAE, 0.0074 MSE) and (0.0045 MAE, 0.0092 MSE) respectively. Moreover, the model's runtime complexity of O(n log n) emphasized its efficiency in handling larger datasets, an edge over traditional models. The study also identifies potential future work in augmenting data for traffic prediction and integrating self-attention mechanisms to enhance the capabilities of the model further.


The presented work is a part of a more global study who aims to introduce sustainable development in an engineering school. A full academic year was required to complete this realistic small scale "timber-frame construction" design. Young pupils from 12 to 14 years old, their school professors and researchers from ENSEIRBMATMECA engineering school were involved in this study. According to the recent French "very high energetic performance building standard", the small scale house (1/10 scale) was realised using the real building techniques and real wood materials. This first paper focuses on the building of the modelling. Insulation performances and thermal behaviour will be tested in a near future and results published later. A comparison to our first house modelling built in auto aerated concrete AAC will be also performed. Then, this small scale house will be converted in a didactical and practical tool for supporting electronic projects at ENSEIRB-MATMECA.


The second law of thermodynamics is used to optimize microchannels sizes in two-phase flows. The overall performance of microchannels has been considered. The numerical solution of the conservation equations provides pressure drop and heat transfer rate. There is an aspect ratio which generates the lowest entropy generation rate. It indicates that decreasing the aspect ratio contributes to the reduction of entropy generation by heat transfer, because smaller channel width allows for less heat transfer rate. In contrast, decreasing the aspect ratio contributes the pressure drop increases and more entropy generation is produced. The results also show that, the lowest entropy generation moves towards the higher aspect ratio when the wall heat flux or vapor quality increases.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


This paper describes the design and development of True Time Delay (TTD) based wide-Band Quad Transmit and Receive Module (W-QTRM) for EW, communication and Radar applications. Present high resolution imaging radars, high data rate communication systems requires high instantaneous bandwidths and EW applications require wide RF bandwidths. Active phased arrays employing T/R modules for such wide band application utilizes Time delay lines for beam steering in place of narrow band phase shifters. This paper describes development of Wideband Quad TR Module (W-QTRM) for EW application over 1 to 5 GHz frequency range by using MMIC based TTD along with GaN power amplifier technology to achieve wide bandwidth and high efficiency. Paper also describes the design of MIC based wideband bandpass filter and power divider for development of Quad T/R module.


Abstract In this paper, a nonparametric method is used to measure the total factor productivity (TFP) growth index in Chinese agriculture from 1981 to 2017, and the factor bias of technological progress is identified based on the theory of induced technological progress. Then, according to the degree of dependence of technological progress on fertiliser, biased technological progress is divided into green-biased technological progress and pollution-biased technological progress, and then empirical test the factors allocation structure that induce and promote green-biased technological progress. The results show that China's agricultural TFP has undergone three stages of accelerated growth, negative growth and fluctuation, and the growth momentum has undergone three transformations, which are jointly driven by technological efficiency and technological progress, dominated by technological progress and dominated by technological efficiency. Biased technological progress has contributed to the long-term growth of agricultural TFP in most regions of China, but it is mainly biased towards capital-using and fertiliser-using. The labour/capital ratio and the capital/fertiliser ratio are increased, reducing the capital/soil ratio, which can induce and promote green-biased technological progress while suppressing pollution-biased technological progress. The mechanism test results show that increasing labour input can indirectly promote green technological progress by reducing mechanisation.


MOTIVATION
One of the first steps in metagenomic analysis is the assignment of reads/contigs obtained from various sequencing technologies to their correct taxonomic bins. Similarity-based binning methods assign a read to a taxon/clade, based on the pattern of significant BLAST hits generated against sequence databases. Existing methods, which use bit-score as the sole parameter to ascertain the significance of BLAST hits, have limited specificity and accuracy of binning. A new binning algorithm, called SOrt-ITEMS is introduced, which addresses these limitations. The method uses alignment parameters besides the bit score to first identify an appropriate taxonomic level where the read can be assigned. An orthology-based approach is subsequently used by the method for the final assignment.

RESULTS
The performance of SOrt-ITEMS has been validated with reads simulating sequences from 454 and Sanger sequencing technologies. In addition, the taxonomic composition of the Sargasso Sea data set has been analyzed using SOrt-ITEMS. SOrt-ITEMS shows improved specificity and accuracy of assignments especially in simulated scenarios, wherein sequences corresponding to the source organism of the reads are absent in the reference database.

AVAILABILITY
SOrt-ITEMS software is available for download from: http://metagenomics.atc.tcs.com/binning/SOrt-ITEMS. No license is needed for academic and nonprofit use.


An Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is an in-line component in modern all –optical telecommunication infrastructure. Different parametric characteristics of an EDFA express the suitability and excellency of performance in its real field application. Intensities of pump and signal vary with distance from the core-axis along the radius of the fiber which is one of the significant characteristics of an EDFA. Change of behavior of pump and signal intensities along the radius of the fiber in an erbium-doped dual-mode trapezoidal index fiber made amplifier due to Kerr nonlinearity phenomenon originating from launching and transmission of intense light from LASER beam inside the amplifier for the LP_11 mode has been exercised in this case. In the present case, some trapezoidal-index fibers of different normalised frequencies have been opted. This exercise is an implementation of the reliable and easy mathematical instrument, the Chebyshev technique. Results derived in this exercise exhibit a fantastic similarity with those derived by the rigorous finite element method. This study with implementation of such a reliable and easy technique may help the interested optical engineers.


In 1890, the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago was formed to permanently protect the region's drinking water supply from devastating contamination by sewage. The solution was to excavate a massive canal across the continental divide and to thus reverse the flow of the Chicago River, causing it to flow into the tributaries of the Mississippi River and away from Lake Michigan. Later, sewage treatment works were constructed to treat dry weather flows.Each time rainfall exceeds 8.4 mm, the combined sewers' capacities are exceeded, and they discharge directly to the canal system on the average of 100 times per year without benefit of treatment. When the sewers and canal system are overtaxed, raw sewage backs up the sewers in Chicago and 51 suburbs, flooding streets, businesses, and home basements.In order to solve these problems on a regional basis, the Sanitary District in 1972 adopted the tunnel and reservoir plan (TARP). TARP is a second river system which is being constructed by boring tunn...


What is the source and the effect of the acting subject's identity? This question refers to difference, but not in its usual conceptualization, synonymous with a border and the need to maintain or transcend it. By reconceptualizing difference, which I see as "re-creating" the meaning and linking it with "added" meanings, this article restores its original load (importance) in being an acting subject, mediated in otherness. For this purpose, the différance of Jacques Derrida is invoked and his statements about it combined with those of other philosophers, in whom I found what is related and/or complementary and extends not only Derrida's thought, but that which constitutes the main theme of this article. On the one hand, otherness is an impulse to the "work" of the difference, and on the other hand, it is its effect. What is the role of the "work" of the difference in creating the identity of the acting subject? In connection with the "shift" of the effect of its work – otherness, into the area of the identity of the acting subject, can this subject say about itself: this is still me? In this context, what is responsive ethics, which, I believe, should be included in the contemporary humanistic and social discourse about the subject?


Background. Adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix typically is an aggressive neoplasm with a propensity for early invasion and dissemination. Little data are available correlating histologic, histochemical, or immunocytochemical parameters with the biologic behavior of this neoplasm. Specifically, the implication of expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in cervical adenocarcinoma is essentially undefined.


Festi et al. present chronological information for a 46 m temperate ice core drilled at Pian di Neve, Adamello glacier. The ice core was dated through a novel combination of pollen and refractory black carbon analyses alongside with radiometric dating by 210Pb and already existing 137Cs horizons. By this means, the authors are able to constrain the age of the surface at the time of drilling, which remained unknown due to existing evidence of prolonged negative mass balance at the site. This is addressing an


The invention relates to a device that is used for the hermetic encapsulation of a component that must protected against all stresses. The aforementioned component (5) is fixed to a substrate (15) having a temperature control element (17) glued (16) to the other face thereof. Said assembly is disposed in a case comprising two parts (11, 12) which are assembled by means of gluing (13), with a passage for optical links (6) and electrical connections (18, 142). Said component is supported by elements (19) which project out from one part (11) of the case. A unit (14) is glued to the other part (12) of the case, said unit comprising three-dimensional interconnections which form the temperature regulation electronics. The aforementioned unit, case (11, 12) and a minimum length (L) of the links and connections are encased in a mineral protective layer (4'). In particular, the invention can be used for optoelectronic components and MEMS components.


The case study reports enlargement of lymphatics in hind limb with multiple abscesses in adult Sahiwal cattle. The isolation, morphological and cultural characteristics of isolate confirmed as Corynebacterium sp. infection and was managed therapeutically.


Traditional power grids have been the major source of electricity for several households and industries for a number of years. However, with that kind of supply, every member of the grid is affected whenever there is a fault on the transmission line connecting them. With that in mind, microgrids, usually powered by numerous distributed electrical sources, were introduced to curb this problem, and as such, energy users have also become producers themselves. Nonetheless, the generation of power by distributed sources brings about unpredictability on the network and, in essence, problems in energy sharing. Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading has several advantages and has been introduced to mitigate energy sharing problems. With networked energy trading comes the issue of trust, as several prosumers are concerned about their privacy and security in such environments. Therefore, this work leverages the advantages of blockchain in proposing a secure energy trading platform for all parties involved. Coupled with certificateless signcryption, an immutable energy trading market is designed, and its use case is applicable in smart cities. A thorough security analysis was performed, and the efficiency of our proposed solution is backed by numerical results.


PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the macroeconomic effects of government spending shocks vary with the degree of macroeconomic uncertainty.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use quarterly US data from 1960 to 2017 and employ the Self-Exciting Interacted VAR (SEIVAR) to compute nonlinear generalized impulse response functions (GIRFs) to an orthogonalized government spending shock during tranquil and in uncertain times. The parsimonious design of the SEIVAR enables us to focus on extreme deciles of the uncertainty distribution and to control for the financing side of the government budget, monetary policy, financial frictions and consumer confidence.FindingsFiscal spending has positive output effects in tranquil times, but is contractionary during times of heightened macroeconomic uncertainty. The results indicate an important role of the endogenous response of macroeconomic uncertainty. Investigating different government spending purposes, only increases in research and development expenditures reduce uncertainty and boost output during uncertain times.Originality/valueThe authors contribute to the literature in using a method which allows to control for a large set of confounding factors and accounts for the uncertainty response.


This paper describes the stability controller of the DeWaLoP (Developing Water Loss Prevention) in-pipe robot. The robot's objective is to redevelop the pipe joints of fresh water supply systems by crawling into water canals and applying a restoration material to repair the pipes. The robot's structure consists of six wheeled-legs, three on the front separated 120° and three on the back in the same configuration, supporting the structure along the centre of the pipe. The robot, by maintaining its structure in the pipe's centre, enables the cleaning and sealing tools to work properly by rotating around the inner circumference of the pipe, similar to a cylindrical robot, covering the entire 3D in-pipe space. Likewise, the tools may exert different forces while working, pushing or pulling the structure of the robot and moving it out of its centered position. Moreover, the pipes have maximum degree of pressure of 6 bar, meaning that the pipes can break if the forces are not balanced. Therefore, robot requires to be calibrated at the center of the pipe before the maintenance task is implemented and a dynamic controller is needed to maintain a proportional pressure on each of the robot's wheeled-legs for balancing the robot when the tools system (cleaning and sealing systems) are working.


Mul-kimchi was prepared with addition of 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1%(w/v) chlorella powder and fermented at 10°C for 6 days. Physicochemical characteristics of the Mul-kimchi were evaluated in terms of soluble solid content, turbidity. Hunter color values, and organic acid contents during fermentation. The soluble solid contents steadily increased to 1.4 brix during fermentation. The turbidity of chlorella Mul-kimchi was much higher than that of control Mul-kimchi. Lightness and redness of control and chlorella Mul-kimchi were maintained but yellowness slightly increased in proportion to the concentration of added chlorella powder, which was due to browning reaction of chlorophyll under weak acidic condition. The addition of chlorella powder drastically enhanced the acid production during Mul-kimchi fermentation. After 3 days fermentation, lactic acid content of chlorella Mul-kimchi was 0.41~0.78 mg/mL and was much higher than that (0.24 mg/mL) of Mul-kimchi made without chlorella. Best to the results of this work, it is suggested that chlorella powder is stimulated the growth of lactic acid bacteria and is a good ingredient for Mul-kimchi.


The West's industrial nations and Japan are trapped at present between the demands of their national economnies, and the binding international agreements that were made in less prosperous times. Unilateral action on either the domestic or international scene has led repeatedly to new and futile spirals of change that accomplish nothing. In this book Mr. Cooper explains the basic issues, and outlines a lprlctical road into new economic stability.


http://tinyurl.com/7baoeoo This is a link through the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital website to a story about a boy being admitted for day case surgery. Tom's story is laid out in a storyboard fashion, using pictures and words to describe his journey through surgery to discharge. This could help prepare children or young people for surgery and let them know what to expect during their stay.


Jan Angstrom is an associate professor at the Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, Sweden. He holds a PhD from the Department of War Studies, King's College London. His research interests include the dynamics, nature, and conduct of modern war. He has published articles in several journals including Security Studies, International Relations, Civil Wars, as well as Journal of Strategic Studies. His latest book is Modern War and the Utility of Force (co-edited with Isabelle Duyvesteyn) (Routledge, 2010).


We explore the theme of utilizing weak segmentation labels from natural images to aid models perform better in Digital Pathology. A critical challenge with the medical image domain is the high cost of obtaining image labels from medical experts. On the other hand, it is considerably cheaper in time and money to obtain image labels from a layperson in the natural image domain. We show that general segmentation labels obtained from non-experts on a natural image dataset can boost performance on two cancer classification datasets (CRC and PCam). These results suggest that segmentation labels from natural images may not only benefit cancer classification but other future DP tasks.


The snowball Earth hypothesis describes episodes of Neoproterozoic global glaciations, when ice sheets reached sea‐level, the ocean froze to great depth and biota were decimated, accompanied by a complete shutdown of the hydrological cycle. Recent studies of sedimentary successions and Earth systems modelling, however, have brought the hypothesis under considerable debate. The Squantum 'Tillite' (Boston Basin, USA), is one of the best constrained snowball Earth successions with respect to age and palaeogeography, and it is suitable to test the hypothesis for the Gaskiers glaciation. The approach used here was to assess the palaeoenvironmental conditions at the type locality of the Squantum Member through an analysis of sedimentary facies and weathering regime (chemical index of alteration). The stratigraphic succession with a total thickness of ca 330 m documents both glacial and non‐glacial depositional environments with a cool‐temperate glacial to temperate non‐glacial climate weathering regime. The base of the succession is composed of thin diamictites and mudstones that carry evidence of sedimentation from floating glacial ice, interbedded with inner shelf sandstones and mudstones. Thicker diamictites interbedded with thin sandstones mark the onset of gravity flow activity, followed by graded sandstones documenting channellized mass gravity flow events. An upward decrease in terrigenous supply is evident, culminating in deep‐water mudstones with a non‐glacial chemical weathering signal. Renewed terrigenous supply and iceberg sedimentation is evident at the top of the succession, beyond which exposure is lost. The glacially influenced sedimentary facies at Squantum Head are more consistent with meltwater dominated alpine glaciation or small local ice caps. The chemical index of alteration values of 61 to 75 for the non‐volcanic rocks requires significant exposure of land surfaces to allow chemical weathering. Therefore, extreme snowball Earth conditions with a complete shutdown of the hydrological cycle do not seem to apply to the Gaskiers glaciation.


Neutral and alkaline solutions in water of the nitrophenyl phosphates are very stable in the dark. These compounds, however, and the meta derivative in particular were found to undergo a remarkable rapid hydrolysis when exposed to visible or ultra-violet light. The reaction velocity is independent of the hydrogen ion concentration at pH's between 3 and 12 but increases strongly at higher pH's. Nitrophenol and phosphoric acid could be traced as the products of this photochemical reaction. The reaction proved to be zero order; the rate did not change upon varying of the temperature from 25° to 40° C. The nitrophenyl sulphates show an analogous behaviour but for the fact that the increase of reaction rate at higher pH's does not occur and that the difference in the rate of photochemical reaction between the meta compound on the one hand and the ortho and para derivatives on the other hand are even greater than with the phosphates. The experimental evidence points to a purely photochemical (non sensitized) reaction, the nature of which is tentatively discussed.


Abstract : Atomistic simulation techniques, in conjunction with experimental and theoretical approaches, have proven themselves to be useful tools for the study of materials. Recent years have seen the first application of a variety of simulation methods to investigating the phenomena occurring in bulk polymers. Among these, possibly the most important and challenging is the glass transition. Despite its significance, the glass transition is still poorly characterized except in a phenomenological manner. For instance, comprehension of how the structure of a polymer glass differs from that of the liquid is limited to the somewhat vaguely defined concept of free volume. It is not known how the volume associated with atoms might be distributed within the polymer or how changes in the distribution are related to the property changes seen at the glass transition. In addition, what other structural changes occur on passing between the liquid and glass states are not known. These questions involve the local atomic level structure and motion of individual or small groups of atoms. Available experimental and theoretical methods are not well suited to investigate these details. Therefore, simulation is the only way to obtain physical insight into these problems at the present time. Reported here are initial results obtained from a series of such computer simulations carried out on a simple vinyl polymer, atactic poly(propylene). Keywords: Computer simulation; Structural relaxations in glassy polymers; Glass transition; Molecular structure; Molecular interactions; Transition phases.