Currently, FPGAs serve as Field-Programmable-Systems-on-Chip (FPSoCs) and are widely used to implement computationally intensive real world applications. As the number of components in FPSoCs increase, the interconnect schemes based on Network-on-Chip (NoC) approach are increasingly being used to overcome the deficiencies of the traditional bus- based and point-to-point interconnect schemes. The router is a key component that greatly impacts the performance and cost of an NoC. In this paper we present FLNR, a fast light-weight NoC router designed for FPGAs. It is a 5-port packet switched wormhole router that uses a deterministic XY Routing algorithm and round robin arbitration scheme. The size of the input buffers and the flit size are parameterizable. We used novel techniques to achieve good speed performance while minimizing the area used. The number of control fields in a packet is minimized to reduce the size of buffers used. Credit based flow control is used to reduce the number of clock cycles required for transferring each flit. Both edges of the clock are used to implement router operations thereby speeding up the router. FLNR is compared to other proposed routers based on three metrics: area, frequency and zero load latency. Synthesis results and zero load latency evaluations show that our router is significantly superior to widely referenced, previously proposed routers.


The steady‐state problem of a plane acoustic wave scattered by an elastic circular cylindrical shell is considered. The standard resonance scattering theory (RST) procedure is used for the analysis of modal resonances. The bending waves, namely A and A0 waves, are investigated in detail. At a fixed order of modal resonance n, it is possible to obtain either the A wave resonance, or the A0 wave resonance, but never both of them together. The relation between the modal resonances of the peripheral waves A and A0 and the free modes of vibration of the shell is studied by means of the variation of the density ρ of the ambient liquid. When the density of the ambient liquid tends toward zero (at unchanged sound velocity in it), the resonance frequency approaches the one of the free vibration in two different ways. If the wave associated with the free mode has a velocity greater than the sound velocity in the fluid, the A0 wave resonance frequency tends to that of the free mode. If the wave associated with the f...


In order to promote the development of Health Qigong,Wuqinxi in colleges and universities,the following necessary measures should be taken. One is to optimize teaching environment,and the other is to improve the atmosphere of learning and practicing constantly,which should be based on teaching in class and extracurricular activities.


This paper introduces a test method for joined hot-dip galvanized steelwork test specimens. The specimens joined by means of a lock bolt system were subjected to a simultaneously combined mechanical and medial loading. This was achieved by combining a vibration testing machine and a condensation chamber that was expanded by an electrolyte dosing unit. The electrolyte was dosed on one side of the specimen in the area around the lock bolt head. The zinc dissolution is locally accelerated in the area around the joining element possibly due to superimposed bimetal and crevice corrosion. In addition, the electrolyte enters the space between the joined steel sheets and initiates corrosion processes there, too. Besides the expected zinc ions, potassium ions were also detected in the collected electrolyte by means of elemental analysis. These are originally part of the friction-increasing coating.


Coordinating multiagent systems to maximize global information collection is a key challenge in many real world applications such as planetary exploration, and search and rescue. In particular, in many domains where communication is expensive (e.g., in terms of energy), the coordination must be achieved in a passive manner, without agents explicitly informing other agents of their states and/or intended actions. In this work, we extend results on such multiagent coordination algorithms to domains where the agents cannot achieve the required tasks without forming teams. We investigate team formation in three types of domains, one where n agents need to perform a task for the team to receive credit, one where there is an optimal number of agents (n) required for the task, but where the agents receive a decaying reward if they form a team with membership other than n, and finally we investigate heterogeneous teams where individuals vary in construction. Our results show that encouraging agents to coordinate is more successful than strictly requiring coordination. We also show that devising agent objective functions that are aligned with the global objective and locally computable significantly outperform systems where agents directly use the global objective, and that the improvement increases with the complexity of the task.


Social media is an excellent outreach tool that can be an effective and cost-friendly way to be heard and tell people about valuable primary resources. However, as major projects go, they are part of a larger institution – or cooperative group of institutions – and that entails a look at broader or related procedures and collaboration between partners. Ensuring that social media efforts are in accordance with institutional guidelines and policies is crucial. Creating a social media framework and guideline to focus outreach and communication for a particular project is highly recommended. It is also important to focus guidelines in the context of collaborating institutional or organizational partnerships. This alignment of can provide a roadmap between social media efforts for the project and the larger outreach and educational efforts with collaborating institutional partners The Vermont Digital Newspaper Project, part of the National Digital Newspaper Program, administered by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Library of Congress, is on a journey of social media spreading-the-news activities while at the same time, developing an approach that fits into existing or in-progress institutional policies. In this presentation, the author will present on the project's social media activities and channels. We will explore the challenges and opportunities that arise from coordinating social media efforts between different areas of the organization, the project, the partners and the users. The author will also share his experience in developing social media policy and guidelines.


This paper reports recent findings for so called cyclic production systems, which provide constantly on the system output the fixed mixture of various goods produced in a short series. Analyses are made for a general structure of manufacturing system, represented by so called cyclic job-shop scheduling problem. Starting from our achievements developed already for classical job shop batch systems occurring in OR field, we extend the approach to cover cyclic manufacturing strategy. We focus on the modelling aspect by using combinatorial representation of a solution with the support of unique class of graphs. The approach differs significantly from few appeared so far in the literature. We discuss new properties useful in finding the minimal cycle time for fixed (given) job processing order on the base of graph paths as well as special features of the problem. Originality of this approach derives from the analysis of paths in a graph. Based on the detected special properties we propose an approximate algorithms with promising numerical results.


2,7-Poly(9-fluorenone) (PF) (1), a unique electron-deficient conjugated polymer, was prepared via a precursor route, using 2,7-poly(spiro[4',4'-dioctyl-2',6'-dioxocyclohexane-1',9-fluorene]) (10b) (POFK) as precursor polymer. Ketalization of 2,7-dibromo-9-fluorenone (6) with the diol 2,2-dioctyl-1,3-propanediol (8b) afforded a dibrominated ketal derivative of fluorenone (9b) which after Ni(0)-induced coupling provided the well-processable, structurally defined precursor polymer 10b with a polyphenylene backbone. Conversion to PF (1) proceeded smoothly by treating a POFK (10b) film with dichloroacetic acid. The cyclic voltammogram of PF (1) exhibits a reversible reduction with a E1/20 of −1.48 V vs Fc/Fc+ which qualifies 1, together with its facile accessibility, e.g., as electron transport material in multilayer LED.


Each year, the Heart editorial team selects the most meritorious research paper to receive the Heart Best Research Paper Award. Primary considerations are the relevance of the clinical question addressed by the research, the quality of the research study design and data presentation and the interest generated by the paper among other researchers, clinical cardiologists and the general public. This year, we are pleased to announce the winner and two finalists for the 2021 Heart Best Paper Research Award, highlighting the first author of each paper and sincerely congratulating the entire research team on their outstanding research contribution (table 1). Each of the authors contributed the text below summarising their background, research goals and the key findings of these studies.


Metasurfaces have versatile manipulation capabilities in the optical field and provide the possibility of building a compact optical device with various complex functions. They have been regarded as ideal candidates to construct a miniaturized optical system with high density and multi-channel information. In this work, reflective all-metallic multifunctional metasurfaces consisting of aluminum nanorods are designed by simultaneously realizing the near-filed display and three-dimensional (3D) holography. Specifically, in the proposed design, each nanorod acts as a complex amplitude modulator to provide continuous amplitude control and binary phase control. By carefully optimizing the orientations of nanorods, a multifunctional metasurface can be designed to display a near-field grayscale pattern and far-field 3D images simultaneously. Numerical results by a full-wave simulation validate the good performance of the proposed design. The proposed method could provide greater degree of freedom to designs of lightweight devices, which could be employed in optical applications, such as virtual or augmented reality displays and anti-counterfeiting technology.


One of the biggest advantages of working in an academic medical center (AMC) is the accessibility of an information technology (IT) department. The researcher-IT collaboration can be a contributing factor for optimal trial performance and success, as IT has an expansive array of services to provide


Socialist harmonious society includes three aspects of harmony: human and human,human and society,human and nature.The harmony between human and nature is the base of the other two relationships.Constructing a harmonious society depends on the confirmation of the relationship between human and nature.China has met great challenges in ecological environment that greatly restricted constant development of social economy.It also affected harmonious relations between human and human,human and society.It is an important task to rebuild the harmonious relation between human and nature.


Cloud computing (CC) is a form of computing that uses the internet to distribute computer resources. This method has massive flaws. Load balancing is one of the most complex things. As a result of all this, the unwelcomed variable local workload would most likely be dispersed evenly over overall cloud nodes. This study covers existing cloud load balancing approaches and compares them based on various characteristics. To get the optimal result, these are all compared in the system's state load-balancing procedures. In the comparison table in this article, we primarily focused on reliability, reaction time, adaptability, performance, resource usage, and fault tolerance. These parameters have been proving the most effective for system performance.


We study the low energy behavior of the one dimensional Hubbard model across the Mott metal–insulator phase transition in an external magnetic field. In particular we calculate elements of the dressed charge matrix at the critical point of the Mott transition for arbitrary Hubbard repulsion and magnetization numerically and, in certain limiting cases, analytically. These results are combined with a non-perturbative effective field theory approach to reveal how the breaking of time reversal symmetry influences the Mott transition.


The facts about types of relations of microorganisms and plants were summarized. The influence of microorganisms in associations of rhizosphere bacteria and plants was studied. The data is based on variety of Russian and foreign scientists' works about common bacterial symbionts, their influence at plant organism. Positive effect of PGPR at plants was studied. Plant-microbial associations are examined like an associative symbiosis, in which plant is macrosymbiont. Facts about trophical and protectial types of plantmicrobial associations were noted.


To broaden the genetic resources for cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) breeding, and to accelerate the systematic functional analysis of cucumber genes, a cucumber mutant library was constructed by using Ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS) mutation in this study. A total of 2,200 seeds were treated with EMS solutions, and 421 M2 families were obtained, which showed a mutant frequency of 19.1%. Some visible mutant phenotypes, such as having few spines, long fruits, short fruits, pale green fruit color, and plants without flowers were identified in this study. This study will be helpful for the identification of causal genes and for the determination of interesting mutant phenotypes of cucumber in the future.


The invention discloses a measuring method for an unknown aviation engine blade profile of a CAD model, wherein the measuring method is used for solving the technical problem that an existing aviation engine blade profile three-coordinate measuring method is low in precision. According to the technical scheme, multiple curves reflecting distribution states of curvature in the main shaft direction and located on the multiple blade profile are measured and analyzed, control points of the curves are figured out on the basis of curvature and allowance control, and then blade measuring sections are determined; on the basis of a curvature continuous prediction method, a measuring point set of each measuring section is planned, and three-coordinate measuring carried out on the unknown aviation engine blade profile of the CAD model is achieved. Because the blade measuring sections are selected according to blade profile curvature distribution characteristics, measuring point planning is carried out on the measuring sections on the basis of the continuous curvature prediction method, and the continuous curvature prediction method has better robustness, so extraction of molded line redundant points is reduced, meanwhile the situation that extraction points are fit with changes of measuring section molded line curvature is guaranteed, measuring efficiency is improved, and measuring precision can be guaranteed.


The year 2018 marks our Silver Anniversary. As part of the celebration, we will reintroduce ourselves by way of an article that attempts to embrace who we are. Far from being a mere fact sheet and a chronology of activities and accomplishments, this is a glimpse of our team`s life history.


The Kirchhoff-Law-Johnson-(like)-Noise (KLJN) key exchange system is a promising low-cost alternative to the quantum key distribution and is based solely on the laws of classical physics. Although several papers have been published in the field, there is still an ongoing debate about the security of the method. In our paper we will give an overview the most important findings about the security of the KLJN system and show the effects of the non-idealities of the system on the information leak. We will also analyze different methods of proposed cracking the KLJN protocol, including the latest directional coupler attack.


Gemcitabine [Gemzar®] is a nucloside analogue with clinical significant activity against different solid tumors. Currently, clinical research concentrates mainly on pancreatic, bladder, breast, ovary


In western classical music, the impure timbre is more unpleasant than the timbre without any impurity. Therefore, musicians usually intentionally avoid the production of the former timbre. In other musical cultures, however, the impure timbre is an integral part of musical styles. The present paper proposes an auditory model for the impure timbre on the theoretical basis of auditory scene analysis. Examples of the impure timbre in instrumental and vocal music are analyzed with spectrograms and harmonic-to-noise ratios.


The Bosnian War allows for a fascinating glimpse into trans and intergenerational studies. The rape victims (and other war victims) themselves are first generation while the children born during the war, either as a product of rape or not, are caught in a poorly defined category as they are not simply a second generation born after the war. They were born during it and bear metaphorical wounds from it. Regardless of their biological lineage, the children of Bosnia are coming into a broken world. This 'generation' of warborn babies can to a great degree fit into Susan Suleiman's description of the 1.5 generation. However, it does so only loosely. Photographer Ziyah Gafić calls the children "Generation Zero." By presenting the lives of these young men and women through photographs, Gafić gives his viewers a chance to see for themselves and empathize with the stories he is trying to tell. Several noted photography theorists, including Marianne Hirsch, Susan Sontag, and W. J. T. Mitchell shed light on how photography can be so influential.


This research sought to analyze the dynamics of physical education classes in the 3rd year of high school and to recognize the profile of the classes and the involvement of students, understanding the reasons that lead them to drop out. This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was used to gather data on the participation of 517 high school students in physical education classes in the 3rd year of high school in state public schools in the interior of São Paulo. For the analysis of the information, a descriptive analysis and content analysis were used. The initial results showed that 44 % of the sample had some barrier that prevents them from taking classes. Of this percentage, 74.6 % were girls, who were the majority, and who answered open questions about non-participation. It is concluded that approximately half of the participating students, mainly girls, participate little, or do not participate in physical education classes, this result being related to the methodology and the selection of content developed by the teacher. The role of physical education classes is to serve all students, respecting their differences, stimulating their potential to contribute so that they are proactive, critical, and autonomous in relation to their health and quality of life.


Disclosed are a system configured for detecting cosmic ray muon (CRM) flux along a variety of trajectories through a subterranean test region, collecting the muon detection data and processing the data to form a three-dimensional density distribution image corresponding to the test region. The system may be used for identifying concentrations of high (or low) density mineral deposits or other geological structures or formations well below the earth's (or ocean floor) surface. The system may be utilized for imaging geological materials and structures of higher and/or lower density in a test region having a depth of several kilometers or more.


Very little is known about the genetic variability of the species Coffea arabica in its native home - the South-West of Ethiopia. Only more recently an increased interest is being noted with regard to the native coffee of this region and seed samples of wild, cultivated and subspontaneous coffee types have lately been gathered by various agricultural experts. Several small seedling populations from Ethiopia were received in Campinas in 1952 and 1953. Studies on genetic constitution of some of them is now being carried out. It was noted that the "Eritrean moca" coffee (PI 205 413, USDA) is identical to the semperflorens mutant, being homozygous for the alleles sjsj. The results of the artificial pollination with the murta variety (ttNana) revealed that from 33 analysed coffee plants from Ethiopia, 23 carry the alleles it, probably in the homozygous condition. The alleles tt characterize the variety bourbon, and its presence in Ethiopia indicates that this region and not the Reunion Island, as formerly thought, is the place of origin of this important commercial variety. The typica variety (TTNaNa) also occurs in Ethiopia. Plants of the abyssinica variety were frequently found in some of the seedling populations. Although the alleles responsible for its main characters are not yet known, it was noted that abyssinica plants carry the alleles TT. Other populations, segregating for abyssinica characteristics bear the alleles it. The coffee type Ennarea or Ennaria does not seem to belong to this variety. The genetic analysis of the color of the young leaves revealed that the allele br is frequently found in the imported plants. A new recessive allele, semierecta (se) with a phenotypic effect somewhat similar to the dominant allele erecta (Er) was observed. Plants with large fruits and seeds, macrocarpa, were noted but no information is available with regard to its genetic constitution. Coffee seedlings with a small foliaceous and-persistent calyx were found in the populations of plants identified as S.4-Agarro (PI 205 408) and S.6-Cioiccie (PI 205 411) coffee. In spite of having developed sepals, these plants do not carry the allele sd. An interaction however seems to occur between the sd and the allele or alleles responsible for persistent sepals from Ethiopia. Other variations concerning: leaf shape; their position on the lateral branches; fruit shape; color of the cherry; period of fruit ripening and vegetative vigor, were also found. This rather intensive variability encountered in the seedlings received from Ethiopia, may be the result of a non randomized procedure of seed collection, seeds very often having intentionally been harvested from more or less conspicuous variants, occuring in the Ethiopian coffee forests. Possibly a higher amount of natural cross pollination, occurring in the native habitat of C. arabica, may also be responsible for this marked genetic heterogeneity. The occurrence of several new genetic factors in such a small sample of Ethiopian coffee indicates that further exploration for coffee mutants in Ethiopia is highly desirable to throw more light on the genetics of Coffea arabica and also to provide more basic material for its improvement.


that in neither Stout's case nor the present one can origin from the Schwann cells be observed; histologically the reported case could be a fibrosarcoma without Schwann-cell origin. This is not an uncommon appearance in a nerve-sheath sarcoma which infrequently shows features characteristic of Schwann cells, although these cells are sometimes found in neurofibromata. Among the other factors associated with metaplasia is the presence of mucin, frequently found in nerve-sheath sarcomas; mucin stimulates connective tissue to form cartilage. Bone is sometimes seen in old wounds, hzmatomas, and inflammatory lesions resulting from osteoblastic activity by fibroblasts from the stimulation of calcium salts and cellular debris. These factors are unlikely to be significant in the present case. The clinical aspects of nerve-sheath sarcoma have been dealt with in many reviews, for example, Cutler and Gross (1936), Herrmann (rgso), Speed (1942), Stewart and Copeland (1931). It has been estimated that from 8 to 15 per cent of neurofibromata become malignant (Speed, 1942). Hosoi (1931) quotes an incidence of 13 per cent in his series. Malignant change is to be suspected if the tumour becomes painful, enlarges rapidly, and is associated with paralysis and anaesthesia. Incomplete excision of a neurofibroma is liable to be followed by local recurrence and malignant degeneration (Speed, 1942). The nerve-sheath sarcoma tends to recur and finally gives rise to distant metastases, usually pulmonary, in 20 per cent of patients (Hosoi, 1931). Treatment.-In general, neurogenic sarcomas are neither more nor less malignant than the majority of the fibrosarcoma group (Cade, 1951). In Cade's opinion the best results of treatment of the group are from a combination of local excision and radiotherapy, amputation being recommended for the cases where the size or site of the tumour makes local removal undesirable or the patient is left with a useless limb. Writing in the past Geschickter (1935), Speed (I942), and Cutler and Gross (1936) were among those authorities who recommended amputation as the primary treatment of a nerve-sheath sarcoma. Local excision in the present case would have left the patient with a useless limb.


The technological conditions for extraction of compound amino acid from soybean meal by means of sulphuric hydrolysis were investigated.The optimum extraction conditions were determined by use of quadratic orthogonal rotary combination design.The results showed that the amino nitrogen yield reached 59.9 mg·g-1,under the conditions of the liquid-solid ratio of 25∶1,sulfuric acid concentration of 3.1 mol·L-1,extracting time of 16.0 h and extraction temperature of 125.0 ℃.


It is known that toroidal Lie algbras(with certain central elements and derivations added) are extended affine Lie algebra with Laurent polynomial algebra as coordinate torus.Gradation shifting toroidal Lie algebras Ln(n≥3) are generalizations of the toroidal Lie algebras of type B and D.In this paper,the case for n=4 was considered.The derivations of L4 were given,and the result was proved by using a new gradation.The universal central extension of L4 by finding all 2-cocycles was also got.These results are very different from the cases for n≠4 in Kong and Tan's paper.


Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a preventable and a curable disease. In Brazil, TB treatment outcomes are particularly worse among homeless populations who are either of black race, malnourished or living with HIV/AIDS and other comorbidities. This study therefore evaluated factors associated with unsuccessful TB treatment among homeless population (HP) compared to those with shelter. Methodology/Principal findings The study population was composed of 284,874 people diagnosed with TB in Brazil between 2015 and 2020 and reported in the Information System for Notifiable Diseases (SINAN), among which 7,749 (2.72%) were homeless and 277,125 (97.28%) were sheltered. Cox regression analysis was performed with both populations to identify factors associated with unsuccessful TB treatment, and significant predictors of TB treatment outcomes. Results show that HP are more susceptible to unfavorable outcomes when compared to sheltered people (Hazard Ratio (HR): 2.04, 95% CI 1.82–2.28). Among the HP, illicit drug use (HR: 1.38, 95% CI 1.09–1.74), mental disorders (HR: 2.12, 95% CI 1.08–4.15) and not receiving directed observed treatment (DOT) (HR: 18.37, 95% CI 12.23–27.58) are significant predictors of poor treatment outcomes. The use of illicit drugs (HR: 1.53, 95% CI 1.21–1.93) and lack of DOT (HR: 17.97, 95% CI 11.71–27.59) are associated with loss to follow-up, while lack of DOT (HR: 15.66, 95% CI 4.79–51.15) was associated with mortality among TB patients. Conclusion/significance Homeless population living in Brazil are twice at risk of having an unsuccessful treatment, compared to those who are sheltered, with illicit drugs use, mental disorders and lack of DOT as risk factors for unsuccessful TB outcomes. Our findings reinforce the arguments for an intersectoral and integral approach to address these determinants of health among the vulnerable homeless populations.


The invention of the first phase detector for generating a first output signal by comparing the output signal with the reference clock signal of the group first delay group, the first delay that relates to a clock phase comparator, delaying the clock signal for a predetermined time, based on a clock signal comparing the output signal and the clock signal group of the second delay group, second delay for delaying a predetermined time, and a second phase detector for generating a second output signal. The present invention when the locking of the phase detected by disabling some or all of the phase control system can reduce the power consumption of the system.


This work is the result of human capital research as an economic growth factor, in which it is developed a critical reflection on human capital theory, it is addressed from the economic theory and the analysis has as a reference the approaches from the Frankfurt School, especially in what has to do with the use from perspective of rationality. From the methodological point of view it is a qualitative research, based on a process of interpretive and hermeneutic understanding of historical type, the method responds to an objective description, interpretation, argument for moving towards the understanding of the thematic studied in a dialectical process. As a result of the research process an analysis of the instrumentalization of education, training, work capacity and health status of man is made, and even of your own self, which are considered of the same nature as a machine and are reified to be converted into commercial goods sold in the market, which determines the possibility of placing a paid market productivity of a particular type of work, human action itself and the development of their superior capacities that should allow contribute to achieve a better society and a better life.


Canadian warships are equipped with free-standing latticed masts, and the research reported here has been aimed at reducing the weight and profile area of these structures and increasing their ability to absorb energy. From initial studies of 11 latticed configurations, a control configuration was selected and an innovative one was compared with it, with encouraging results. This innovation is considered to be applicable not only to warship masts, but also to other latticed structures such as transmission towers, latticed beam-columns, and free-standing and guyed masts. Although this research contains an experimental component, no experiments have been conducted on the innovative configuration. Such experiments constitute additional research that is needed.


Social Media (SoMe) platforms are widely used by urologists with over 99% using
 SoMe and 63% of young urologists rating the influence of SoMe on knowledge acquisition
 as moderate to high. The urology community is abreast with the SoMe revolution in many
 ways but several new methods of SoMe dissemination remain to be explored. These provide
 an exciting future for SoMe enthusiasts in urology and beyond. In this article, the
 European Association of Urology Dissemination Committee explores these novel methods of
 SoMe dissemination while discussing the importance of maintaining quality, ethics, and
 reliability in SoMe and the role EAU plays in it.


The development of supported systems of education in Australia was the outcome of conflicting constitutional, economic, and social policies in the nineteenth century. It is becoming obvious that Australian education needs to be reexamined in relation to the changing society in which it developed rather than as a separate institution. The period from 1830 to 1880 saw the influence of utilitarianism—in an increasingly democratic form—condition the gestation of contemporary systems of public-supported and centrally administered primary and secondary education. The conflict of policies is measured in part by the intellectual history of Australian society and is reflected in the granting of responsible parliamentary government, elected on a wide franchise, to the colonies, which in turn instituted systems of primary education. The whole process of emerging state control is evident in the current confusion over the role of the state in providing education for a modern complex and pluralist society.


This paper examines the extratextual materials that reified the novel/film Tea in the Harem as an archive of knowledge about the beur community. I argue that Tea in the Harem was subjected to what I call an anthropological approach to literature, a reading practice which instrumentalizes and subordinates the text to the historical reality which it is said to represent. Though in many ways entangled with the principles of French republicanism, the reception of Tea


This paper presents gas velocity and temperature measurements obtained in a versatile multi-fuel swirlstabilised laboratory burner of 100kW total thermal input, which was designed as a scale model of a 110MW coal burner operating in a cement rotary kiln. The laboratory burner is able to produce flames with different aerodynamic characteristics, namely the independent adjustment of swirl to axial air, and to burn a combination of gaseous, liquid and pulverised solid fuels; only gaseous fuel, i.e. methane, was used in the present investigation. Experimental measurements were obtained in the near-burner region, with and without combustion and under varying operating conditions and some of them were compared with calculations performed by means of the commercially available code Star CD. The present combined investigation was mainly focused on the effect of swirl and its interaction with the combustion process.


Objective: To investigate the characteristics and outcomes of patients who walked out from a tertiary children's hospital emergency department (ED) without seeing a medical officer.


The city of Broken Hill in western New South Wales, Australia, obtains most of its water supply from the Darling River at Menindee. An allocation of water for the city is stored in Menindee lakes, and up to 90% of the allocated water is lost due to evaporation. A possible alternative to wasteful surface storage is to use managed aquifer recharge techniques to store water in the alluvial aquifers associated with the Darling River at Menindee. A project to investigate the feasibility of this concept has been underway since 2006. This project has included a drilling programme, surface and down-hole geophysics, pump testing, geochemical modelling and groundwater flow modelling.


Quantum cascade (QC) lasers are fundamentally new semiconductor lasers based on intersubband transitions and on electrons emitting one photon per stage as they cascade through a periodic quantum well structure. As such their wavelength can be tailored over a wide range and their differential efficiency is inherently greater than unity leading to high power operation. Recent results will be presented demonstrating high power room temperature pulsed operation from 5 to 11.6 /spl mu/m, with peak powers ranging from 200 to 50 mW.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the frequency of HLA class I and II antigens in Caucasian North American patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA).

METHODS
Seventy-three class I antigens and 13 class II antigens were examined in 21 Caucasian North American patients with TA, and their frequencies were compared with findings in 243 healthy, untreated controls. HLA typing was performed by microlymphocytotoxicity assay.

RESULTS
We found no statistically significant positive association of TA with DR2, DR4, DQw3, or any of the other class I or class II antigens studied. A negative association between TA and DR1 was noted. There was no significant association between any of the HLA antigens and the severity of the disease or the presence of complications.

CONCLUSION
The negative association between TA and the DR1 antigen suggests that this antigen may be protective against the development of the disease.


The aim of this paper is to examine the social theory of Althusser, comparing two concepts:"overdetermination"and"symptomatic reading."These two concepts are central in his theory and we will see that the analysis of these concepts highlights an aporia of his theory. However, this is not only a problem of Althusser but also a problem of all sociological theory. It concerns the relationship between theory and its outside(reality).And an examination of these concepts helps to consider this issue. Althusser proposed the concept of overdetermination to emphasize the irreducibility of social elements, such as economics, politics, or ideology. A society is constituted of different elements; they are not reduced to one element such as the economy. To advance this idea, he tried to develop Marxist theory by using the concept of "symptomatic reading".He focuses on an interpretation which Marx used for the analysis of classical economics. After careful reading, Marx discovered what classical economics excluded. We can say that by this reading Marx made visible what had been invisible to classical economics. Althusser called this"symptomatic reading."Both concepts concern the outside of theory. However, there is a gap between the two. The gap derives from the difference in the way in which a theory is related to its outside. Indeed, overdetermination is a concept of social reality that resists reductionism, while symptomatic reading is the process by which a theory makes visible what was outside. This gap reflects the difficulty of formulating a relationship between theory and reality. This is not peculiar to Althusser, but to the whole theory of sociology. In considering the problem of Althusser, we can locate our problem too.


Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The pathogenesis of HIV-1-induced disease is complex and characterized by the interplay of both viral and host factors, which together determine the outcome of infection. An improved understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of AIDS, combined with recent insights into the dynamics of viral infection may provide powerful new opportunities for therapeutic intervention against this virus.


The Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT), a new instrument for assessing cognitive functioning, is reviewed. This article provides a general description of the KAIT and its theoret...


Traditional sci-tech periodicals usually serve for the formal process of scientific communication. In the digital age the informal science communication based on Web 2. 0 plays an increasingly important role in technological innovation and cohesion of researchers. Therefore,sci-tech periodicals should pay attention to building the informal scientific communication platform based on Web 2. 0 so as to promote the technological innovation,enhance the stickness to scientific users and improve their academic influence and competitiveness. A number of foreign advanced publishers have given us useful enlightenment in this respect.


Background: L-Carnosine (L-C), an endogenous dipeptide with high concentrations in the heart, has been shown to play multifactorial roles in supporting the body's metabolic activities, [Ca2+]i regu...


Eucnaemidophorus rhododactylus Denis & Schiff. is one of the most important pests of Damask rose in Iran, where chemical insecticide application is the common approach to control. In this study, efficacy of abamectin, spinosad, thiodicarb, and fenoxycarb+lufnurun was evaluated in four replications in spring of 2018 and 2019 in Lyzangan, Darab, Iran, through a randomized block design. The number of infested buds in each plant and the number of infested plants in each plot were the comparison indices of insecticides efficiency. There was a significant difference between measured indices of two years. Based on the number of infested buds, the entire treatments were grouped in two levels for both years; however, in the years of 2018 and 2019, they were placed in two and three levels, respectively. Based on the percentages of infested buds, abamectin and other treatments were significantly different within two years. According to this study, abamectin was not evaluated as an effective insecticide for controlling the rose plume moth.


The invention discloses a method for preparing 4-(2-hydroxylethylsulfonyl) acetanilide. The method comprises: controlling the temperature at 30-35DEG C, reacting 4-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl choride, sodium hydrosulphite and sodium bicarbonate for 1.5-2h, conducting cooling and pumping filtration to filter out salts, adding hydrochloric acid into the obtained filtrate for acidifying, carrying out pumping filtration so as to obtain 4-acetamidobenzenesulfinic acid; suspending 4-acetamidobenzenesulfinic acid in water, adjusting the pH to 7.5-8, adding chloroethanol dropwisely, controlling the temperature at 96-100DEG C and the pH at 7.5, performing heat preservation for 8-10h, and conducting cooling so as to dissolve out the product. The method for preparing 4-(2-hydroxylethylsulfonyl) acetanilide in the invention adopts a two-step process of 4-acetamidobenzenesulfinic acid preparation and 4-(2-hydroxylethylsulfonyl) acetanilide in order. The method provided in the invention has the advantages of easily available raw materials, simple operation, low cost, convenience for industrial production, high product yield of over 90%, high purity of more than 99% (HPLC) (high performance liquid chromatography), and good practicality, thus being able to generate good economic and social benefits.


This article reviews the capabilities approach to understand the life circumstances that affect the employability of "hard-to-employ" welfare (Temporary Assistance to Needy Families [TANF]) recipients. It reports research findings related to TANF recipients' employment and presents key elements of the capabilities approach. It compares and contrasts functionings that impede and enhance TANF recipients' employment. It finds that employability is influenced by seven of the 10 core functioning capabilities identified by Nussbaum. It recommends social workers assess and enhance TANF recipients' employability by addressing all these seven functionings as appropriate with particular emphasis on practical reason, affiliation, and control over environment.


Abstract To treat various cancers, including lung cancer, chemotherapy requires the systematic administering of chemotherapy. The chemotherapeutic effectiveness of anticancer drugs has been enhanced by polymer nanoparticles (NPs), according to new findings. As an outcome, we have developed biodegradable triblock poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(ε-caprolactone)–poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG–PCL–PEG, PECE) polymeric NPs for the co-delivery of sorafenib (SORA) and crizotinib (CRIZ) and investigated their effect on lung cancer by in vitro and in vivo. There is little polydispersity in the SORA–CRIZ@NPs, an average size of 30.45 ± 2.89 nm range. A steady release of SORA and CRIZ was observed, with no burst impact. The apoptosis rate of SORA–CRIZ@NPs was greater than that of free drugs in 4T1 and A549 cells. Further, in vitro cytotoxicity of the polymeric NPs loaded with potential anticancer drugs was more quickly absorbed by cancer cells. On the other hand, compared to free drugs (SORA + CRIZ), SORA + CRIZ@NPs showed a substantial reduction of tumor development, longer survival rate, and a lowered side effect when delivered intravenously to nude mice xenograft model with 4T1 cancer cells. TUNEL positivity was also increased in tumor cells treated with SORA–CRIZ@NPs, demonstrating the therapeutic effectiveness. SORA–CRIZ@NPs might be used to treat lung cancer soon, based on the results from our new findings.


A sputum test is noninvasive and simple. It contributed to correct diagnosis of a patient with severe acute respiratory failure. We again point out the usefulness of sputum cytodiagnosis for differentiating severe pneumonia.


OBJECTIVE: To provide references for the improvement of categorized management of drugs in China. METHODS: The problems in China's categorized management of drugs were analyzed by drawing a comparison between China and USA in the categorized management of drugs. RESULT CONCLUSION: China should draw on useful experiences from the developed countries to improve the categorized management of drugs from multi-aspects.


In this paper a novel compact wearable dual-band antenna that operates at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz wireless communication frequency bands is designed. The antenna is realized with a circular patch printed on a thin flexible Liquid Crystalline Polymer (LCP) substrate. A square metasurface element with square ring is developed and a 3×3 array is designed for the antenna miniaturization application. By combining these two structures, a novel dual-band wearable antenna is realized. The simulated results show that the relative bandwidths of -10dB reflection coefficient for the lower and higher frequency bands are about 11.8% and 6%, respectively.


In this paper, motivated by the work of Raulot and Savo, we generalize Raulot-Savo's estimate for the first Steklov eigenvalues of Euclidean domains to higher Steklov eigenvalues.


We subjected bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. 'Bianco di Bagnasco') to phosphate deprivation stress and studied the enzymatic activity of some major anti-oxidative enzymes in both leaves and roots extracts. P deprivation provoked a significant decrease of catalase activity in leaves of 14-day-old plants, but no differences were measured after prolonged P deprivation. The enzyme activity in roots was not affected by the withdrawal of P from the culture medium. The deprivation of P from the growing medium provoked an increase in ascorbate peroxidase activity in leaves after 4 days of growth. No differences were detected in roots of +P and –P plants. Glutathione reductase activity decreased in leaves of 14 day-old P-deprived plants in comparison to +P plants. However, after 18 days of growth, the enzymatic activity was similar in both –P and +P plants. The deprivation of P provoked a significant decrease of glutathione reductase activity in roots of both 14 day-old and 18 day-old plants. The activity of dehydroascorbate reductase was increased in both leaves and roots, either after 4 and 8 days, by P withdrawal. The reduced availability of Pi in the plant tissues affected the activity of anti-oxidative enzymes mainly after the first days of deprivation, particularly in leaves. It could be suggested that during this period the plant is adjusting its metabolism to cope with the nutritional stress and that P-deprivation is acting as a mild oxidative stress.


Skills with performance criteria constitute know-how, the same that are combined with the knowledge to develop and degree of complexity that the student must develop to achieve learning. In this framework this paper seeks to guide teachers in the development and implementation of skills with performance criteria with the respective methodological strategies that help develop that skill and performance indicators that demonstrate the knowledge acquired. These skills are part of the theoretical foundation of critical pedagogy that gives prominence to the student in the learning process giving the opportunity to issue value judgments, criticize, analyze, and not a simple receiver of knowledge. In this context complexivo dl practical work aims to propose exam skills with performance criteria based on the use of critical pedagogy in order for students to interact in the group and develop meaningful learning methodological strategies.


The utility model discloses a sucking disc formula pet toy, it includes sucking disc, adapting unit and hourglass food ball, is equipped with the discharge opening that can let its interior foodstuff spill on the edible ball of this hourglass, adapting unit's one end and this hourglass are eaten the ball and are connected, the other end with the sucking disc is connected. The utility model discloses structural design is ingenious, reasonable, can adsorb on glossy floor or glass through the sucking disc, and hourglass food ball is connected with the sucking disc through adapting unit, can let the pet play in fixed range, and be equipped with the foodstuff in leaking the food ball, and can attract the pet to play for a long time, promote the enjoyment of playing, it is interesting high, recreational good, additionally, the utility model has the advantages that the whole structure is simple it is single, easily realize, do benefit to extensive popularization and application.


A major function of the colon is the conservation of salt and water and we have previously shown (Jenkins et al GUT 27; 1283, 1986) that in the human infant it plays a major homeostatic role. Colitis may therefore assume greater importance than in later life. We have carried out a detailed study of transport in normal and inflammed isolated human infant colon using an Ussing Chamber and a voltage clamp procedure. Stripped colonic mucosa histologically normal n=6 pairs and inflammed from patients with non-clostridial Hirschsprung's enterocolitis, n=5 pairs was mounted and bathed in Krebs2 solution. Under short-circuit conditions Na+ (3.45±1.53 umol/hr/cm mean ± ISD) and Cl−(0.63±3.61) were absorbed and a residual ion flux consistent with HCO3− secretion approximated Cl− absorption. Short circuit current (ISC) (3.8±0.28) was very similar to net Na+ movement and was markedly reduced by mucosal 10−4 M amiloride (0.61±0.7 p<0.01). Inflammed mucosa generated a lower potential difference (2.44±0.1 vs 6.5±1.0 m V p<0.01) ISC (1.62 ± 0.8 vs 3.87±0.5 p<0.02) and was of lower resistance (67.2±12 vs 104±10 chm p<0.01). Na+ was secreted and anion exchange reversed due to large increases of serosal to mucosal fluxes (Na+ 5.63±0.1 to 15.7±1.2 Cl− 13.86±1.614 to 20.9±3) with no change in nucosal to serosal fluxes. These data show that Na+ is absorbed electrogenically and Cl− electroneutrally in exchange for HCO3. In the presence of inflamnation the electrical and flux changes suggest a decrease in resistance of shunt pathways which dissipate absorbed Na+ and CT−. Inflammation of the infant colon therefore seriously impairs its ability to conserve salt and water, and would thus make an important contribution to a dehydrating diarrhoeal disease.


The community dynamic development of natural mangroves(Kandelia candel,Aegiceras carniculatum) and artificial mangroves(3-5 age Sonneratia apetala) was studied by sample plots in Qi'ao Island,Zhuhai City,China.The results showed that: in six months' time,the average ground diameter and diameter at breast height(DBH) of Kandelia candel species community had a significant increase,but the height changed little;all three indexes of Aegiceras carniculatum species community had no obvious change;Sonneratia apetala grew very fast and the ground diameter,DBH and height increased in different degrees according to different age.Species diversity in the artificial Sonneratia apetala species community increased along with the growth of age.Sonneratia apetala can be planted as pioneer species to restrain Spartina alterniflora from spreading and help local mangroves settle and grow effectively in the wicked beach.


This study is an investigation of axial-injection end-burning hybrid rockets aimed at revealing fuel regression characteristics under relatively high-pressure conditions. Firing tests are conducted...


A new report calls on healthcare organisations to increase staff engagement by making support for staff central to their strategies—and this in turn will improve the care of patients, productivity, and financial performance, it says.1

The report, by the Point of Care Foundation, an independent charity formed as a result of work carried out by the healthcare think tank the King's Fund, said that patients' satisfaction with services was higher in NHS trusts with better ratings of staff health and wellbeing.

The report drew …


Gentlemen, I herewith lay before you, for your inspection, the drawing, by the ingenious Mr. Paillou, of an animal very seldom, if ever, seen alive in England [Tab. VII.]. It is now alive in excellent health, and in the possession of the right honourable the Lord Southwell. It is called by Linnaeus, in his Systema Naturae, dasypus cingulis novem, palmis tetradactylis, plantis pentadactylis.


Team teaching is increasingly being integrated into the marketing curriculum., as schools begin to apply precepts of Total Quality Management and Continuous Improvement in an effort to both increase the quality of offerings and respond to increasing budgetary downsizing. This requires a "doing more with less" approach to academic excellence that has drawn the attention of the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business. This article reviews the current literature on the topic and reports on two key presentations at the recent AACSB Continuous Improvement Symposium in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


Locating objects in the environment can be a difficult task, especially when the objects are occluded. With Augmented Reality, we can alternate our perceived reality by augmenting it with visual cues or removing visual elements of reality, helping users to locate occluded objects. However, to our knowledge, it has not yet been evaluated which visualization technique works best for estimating the distance and size of occluded objects in optical see-through head-mounted Augmented Reality. To address this, we compare four different visualization techniques derived from previous work in a laboratory user study. Our results show that techniques utilizing additional aid (textual or with a grid) help users to estimate the distance to occluded objects more accurately. In contrast, a realistic rendering of the scene, such as a cutout in the wall, resulted in higher distance estimation errors.


Absolutism, tolerance, education, pedagogy, preceptor, Fenelon, Fleury Fenelon puts forward his anti-absolutist thought within an organic conception of man and society based on tolerance. From grammar to history, from language to behaviour, form the formation of the taste for reading to the analysis of inner necessities, Fenelon's work develops into an all encompassing pedagogical itinerary and a non-authoritarian intervention stricly in keeping with the ideal of a prince capable of retaining moral and spiritual values. We also pointed out that the intellectual interchange between Fenelon and Fleury was so intense that very often it is hard to tell their contributions about formation apart.


Abstract The study presents the structure of weather types for the city of Sosnowiec during the period 1999-2013. The analysis was carried out on the basis of daily thermal data (the average daily air temperature, the minimum and maximum daily air temperature), cloudiness and precipitation. The data was obtained from a meteorological station belonging to the Department of Climatology at the Faculty of Earth Sciences at the University of Silesia. Weather types were established according to weather type classification after Woś (2010). 48 weather types were specified on the basis of a combination of 3 selected meteorological elements (temperature, cloudiness, precipitation). The number of days in the year and the frequency of particular thermal weather types, weather subtype, weather classes and weather types were characterized, and the changeability of weather types was analyzed. Furthermore, sequences of days with specific weather types were described. The analysis conducted has lead to the conclusion that, during the research period, the weather structure for the city of Sosnowiec was characterized by a great number of weather types observed, with relatively low frequency of occurrence. Weather throughout the year was dominated by warm weather types (3--, 2--, 2--), with weather marked as 310 – very warm, moderately cloudy, without precipitation (12.9%) recorded as the most frequent, followed by 221 – moderately warm, very cloudy, with precipitation (11.6%), and 210 – moderately warm, moderately cloudy, without precipitation (11.4%)as the least frequent one. A diversification in the number of particular classification units in consecutive years of the examined 15-year period does not display significant variability. Short sequences of 2 and 3 days dominated the selected sequences of specific weather types.


Multimedia widely is applied by its remarkable characteristic and the superiority in the teaching and has obtained the effect which not impossible to obtain with the traditional teaching method,but also has many problems at the same time,affected the teaching effect directly.Investigates its reason not to lie in the technology,but how lies in designs and uses the courseware reasonably.The multimedia courseware usability,the artistry,the compatibility and the timeliness become the question which in the design and the use should pay attention specially.


The paper studied the facter about extracting collagen from the deer tendons by using trypsinase.A monofactor test was developed to determine the optimum extration process,that was obtained as follow: concentration of hydrochloric acid was 0.2%(Φ),material/liquid ratio was 1∶12(g/mL),extracted 48 h,trypsinase/ substract rateio was 1∶8000(w),hydrolyzed 24 h.The experimental results show that the deer tendons collagen yield was 82.12%,protein content was 72.25%.


Wetlands provide a suite of social and ecological critical functions such as being habitats of disease-carrying vectors, providing buffer zones against hurricanes, controlling sediment transport, filtering nutrients and contaminants, and a repository of great biological diversity. More recently, wetlands have also been recognized as crucial for carbon storage in the context of global climate change. Despite such importance, quantitative approaches to many aspects of wetlands are far from adequate. Therefore, improving our quantitative understanding of wetlands is necessary to our ability to maintain, manage, and restore these invaluable environments. In wetlands, hydrologic factors and ecosystem processes interplay and generate unique characteristics and a delicate balance between biotic and abiotic elements. The main hydrologic driver of wetland ecosystems is the position of the water level that, being above or below ground, determines the submergence or exposure of soil. When the water level is above the soil surface, soil saturation and lack of oxygen causes hypoxia, anaerobic functioning of microorganisms and anoxic stress in plants, that might lead to the death of non-adapted organisms. When the water level lies below the soil surface, the ecosystem becomes groundwater-dependent, and pedological and physiological aspects play their role in the soil water balance. We propose here a quantitative description of wetland ecohydrology, through a stochastic process-based water balance, driven by a marked compound Poisson noise representing rainfall events. The model includes processes such as rainfall infiltration, evapotranspiration, capillary rise, and the contribution of external water bodies, which are quantified in a simple yet realistic way. The semi-analytical steady-state probability distributions of water level spanning across the soil surface are validated with data from the Everglades (Florida, USA). The model and its results allow for a quantitative analysis of the long term behavior of biotic and abiotic factors which depend on the position of the water level and enable the assessment of impacts of climate changes on the wetland ecosystem


Summary This interesting book, addressed both to novice and to experienced teachers, provides a theoretical and practical framework to foster positive communication in today's diverse classroom and to help educators view diversity as a valuable resource. It highlights the importance of the context in which communication takes place, because this can determine the emergence of different facets of diversity. If this book's content is likely to be relevant to you, I recommend you arrange to borrow a copy for a time. Giuliana Dettori


ABSTRACT This qualitative study investigated factors that promote resilience in secondary drama/theatre teachers. The presence of resilience is an important factor in career retention and satisfaction. A homogeneous group of four mid- to late-career teachers participated in individual audiotaped interviews and two focus group discussions. Data analysis gleaned five categories related to the resilience-enhancing process: (1) professional challenges; (2) professional sense of self and competence; (3) classroom culture/values; (4) professional supports; and (5) professional rewards. Findings describe ways in which teachers' self-beliefs and behaviors mitigate the stress of adverse career-related situations.


We developed a novel approach for localization and resection of lung nodules, using image‐guided video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (iVATS). We report our experience of translating iVATS into clinical care.


A substantial body of research has shown that Parkinson disease (PD) patients display an enlarged hyperechogenic substantia nigra (SN) by transcranial sonography (TCS). Nonetheless, the categorization of SN echogenicity is still subjective. A method is described to quantify SN echogenicity based on the gray-level histograms of digitized TCS images. In 31 PD patients and 57 controls, the gray-scale mean (GSM) of the SN, mesencephalon, and basal cisterns and their ratios were assessed using image-editing computer software. The GSM values were compared between the groups and correlated with age, SN area, and disease duration. The SN GSM was significantly higher in the PD group (P < .05) with a positive correlation with age but not with disease duration. In this cohort of participants, mesencephalon echogenicity was found to increase with disease duration. These results would suggest quantitatively SN hyperechogenicity in PD. Quantifying SN echogenicity is feasible and might minimize subjectivity in PD diagnosis by TCS. The method has the potential to disclose subtle changes in other midbrain structures' echogenicity engendered by the disease process as well.


Objective:To compare the human γδT lymphocytes expanded with HSP 70BCG and HSP 70 m-peptide complexes with those expanded with solid phase antibody in vitro.Methods:PBMCs were cultured with anti-TCR γδ antibody?HSP 70BCG and HSP 70 m -peptide complexes.The total cell number was counted.The flow cytometer was used to analyze the lymphocytes phenotypes and subtypes.RT-PCR was used to analyze the level of Vδ mRNA.The cytotoxitic activity of γδT cells against Daudi was determined using MTT calorimetric assay.Results:After 14 days of culture,in the antibody culture system,the total cell number increased about 30-40 fold,and the ratio of γδT cell reached to 86.3%;In the HSP 70BCG culture system,the total cell number increased about 7-8 fold,and the ratio of γδT cell reached to 71.23%;In the HSP 70-peptide complexes culture system,the total cell number increased about 4-5 fold,and the ratio of γδT cells reached to 27.26%.The antibody and HSP 70BCG activated γδT cells possessed a whole repertoire and mainly expressed Vγ9/Vδ2 subset and exhibited a strong cytotoxicity against Daudi.Conclusion:Anti-TCR γδ antibody and HSP 70BCG were able to proliferate purer γδT cells.The cells had a whole repertoire,and exhibited strong cytotoxicity against Daudi.


Objective: Identify general tips to prevent the harmful effects of cold weather. Landscaping and horticulture work often occurs in cold environments. For this module: • Ask your supervisor for the Cold Stress Card from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) web site. • Read the information below on the harmful effects of cold and how to avoid them. • Discuss cold environment safety tips with your supervisor or other workers. • Review the important points. • Take the True/False test to check your learning.


On treatment with Fenton's reagent in dimethyl Sulphoxide nitrosoarenes form sulphonylate products, while the expected N,O-dimethylated hydroxylamine is isolated only in the case of nitrosobenzene in low yield. Nitrosobenzene and 4-cyanonitrosobenzene lead to N-sulphonylhydroxylamines while 4-nitroso-N,N-dimethylaniline and 1-nitroso-2-phenyl-3-acetylindolizine give sulphonamides and ring-sulphonylated products. A nitrenium cation is suggested to play a primary role in this process. X-Ray analysis of the title compound confirms the trigonal planar arrangement of the dimethylamino group and its coplanarity with the benzene ring, as expected in accord with the results found in related derivatives.


Abstract Fisher's linear discriminant rule may be estimated by maximum likelihood estimation using unclassified observations. It is shown that the ratio of the relevant information contained in unclassified observations to that in classified observations varies from approximately one-fifth to two-thirds for the statistically interesting range of separation of the populations. Thus, more information may be obtained from large numbers of inexpensive unclassified observations than from a small classified sample. Also, all available unclassified and classified data should be used for estimating Fisher's linear discriminant rule.


We read with interest the recent discussion between Broxterman et al. (1) and Keir et al. (2) and agree with both sides on the importance of determining the upper limit of the metabolic steady state, that is, the heavy–severe intensity boundary. It was notable that Broxterman et al. (1) did not distinguish between critical power (CP) and maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) as measures of this boundary. In contrast, Keir et al. (2) questioned the accuracy of CP and suggested it overestimates the heavy–severe boundary, an inference based largely on their previous study (3). This study reported a nonsteady state of V̇O2 between 10 and 30 min of exercise at MLSS+10 W, seemingly vindicating MLSS as the heavy–severe intensity boundary. However, the nonsteady state was predicated on the strict basis of statistical significance, whereas the change in V̇O2 during this time was just 0.1 LImin. It seems unlikely that this indicates a metabolic nonsteady state; indeed after 30 min of exercise participants remained 0.44 LImin below their V̇O2max. Furthermore, this group has previously shown no change in V̇O2 during this timeframe for exercise at CP (4) or MLSS+10 W (5). Based on their own data, it is therefore hard to accept that CP is an erroneously inflated measure of the upper limit of the metabolic steady state as compared with the MLSS. The narrative of Keir et al. (2) also contains the implicit assumption that the MLSS is the primary marker of the heavy–severe intensity boundary, to which all others must compare. This is ironic given the arbitrary and highly liberal definition of MLSS, that is, G1 mM difference in blood [lactate] between 10 and 30 min of exercise. Were more stringent criteria for a steady state to be applied, such as statistical significance, MLSS would be far lower than CP and easily below the metabolic steady state. Additionally, blood [lactate] is subject to the balance of lactate entry and removal from the circulation, which may not always directly reflect the metabolic status of the respiring cells. For example, during prolonged exercise with a raised but stable blood [lactate], net cellular lactate release has been shown to fall progressively toward zero (6). Blood [lactate] can therefore be sustained by the release of lactate by other tissues, such as the intestine, adipose tissue, and skin. Acceptance of the MLSS as a measure of the metabolic steady state thus requires a number of assumptions that remain constant across a wide range of exercise intensities and during prolonged constant work-rate exercise. Though beyond the scope of this letter, a number of lines of evidence point to a lack of such constancy and hence a dissociation of muscle lactate production and blood [lactate] during exercise (7,8). We would therefore urge caution in the conflation of MLSS and CP and also question whether MLSS (a physiological steady state) represents the maximal metabolic steady state. Based on available evidence (e.g., (9)), we contend that CP, when appropriately determined, is most representative of the upper limit of the metabolic steady state.


This study aims are : (1) to determine the effect of cognitive development on children's creativity in educational games of Al-Khairaat kindergarten at Palu City, (2) to find the effect of affective development on children's creativity in educational games of Al-Khairaat kindergarten at Palu City, (3) to know the effect of psychomotor development on children's creativity in educational games of Al-Khairaat kindergarten at Palu City.The method used is quantitative. There are three independent variables of (X1) Cognitive Development, (X2) Affective Development and (X3) Psychomotor Development and one dependent variable of (Y) Kindergarten Children Creativity. This research was conducted at Al-Khairaat Kindergarten in Palu City, Central Sulawesi. The data was collected by five point Likert scale and analyzed by regression analysis with SPSS version 21 software.The results are follows. First, cognitive development had a very significant effect on children's creativity. This means that education by drawing, colouring, arranging blocks, children paying attention to understand game that can enhance his creativity. Second, affective development has a very significant effect on children's creativity. This means that educational education by drawing, colouring, arranging blocks, playing with peers, happy with presence of interesting game tools increase creativity. Third, psychomotor development has a very significant effect on children's creativity. This means that educational education by moving, running and jumping can train children to increase their creativity. Keywords : Cognitive Development, Affective, Psychomotor, Kindergarten Child Creativity. DOI : 10.7176/JEP/10-4-06


Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are among the top ten causes of mortality and morbidity in Pakistan, and contribute to a quarter of all deaths. Respiratory diseases are the most predominant, affecting 26.5% of all the patients. The National Health Survey of Pakistan (NHSP) 1990 94 showed the prevalence of chronic bronchitis in patients over 65 as 14% and 6% in rural females and males, respectively. The estimated COPD mortality rate is 71 deaths per 100,000; the 4th highest rate among the 25 most populous nations in the world. The current estimated prevalence of asthma is 10-12% in the general population with an expected 5% annual increase.


Meixner's hypergeometric distribution is defined and its properties are reviewed. Some bivariate density functions of this class are also obtained.


A Catholic that has no good knowledge of his faith would most likely believe that he is in the wrong faith when the teachings of the so called ''born again'' apologists and those that call themselves ''bible believing denominations'' are unveiled to him. Such teachings tend to make the Catholic faith look untrue and has largely drawn hatred for the Catholic Church given the way the ''born again'' apologist present their teachings to make what the Catholic teach and stand for look like false. Catholic experience and witness originated from experiences of Catholic faith and experiences garnered from the teachings of the "born again'' apologists as well from those that pride themselves as "bible believing Christians." The book comes with particular intention of addressing some of the misguided notions about the Catholic faith and the teachings of the Catholic Church on baptism and salvation. My town Ezzagu before the advent of Irish Catholic missionaries several years ago were ardent African traditional religionists. The coming of the Irish Catholic Missionaries to the area diminished the worship of idols and several other forms of dastard cultures and traditions in the area.


OBJECTIVE:To study the expressions of CC chemokine receptor 7(CCR7)and L-selectin in lung adenocarcinoma and their significance.METHODS:The expressions of CCR7 and L-selectin were tested by the imunohistochemical method in 40 cases of lung adenocarcinoma specimens and 20 cases of pericancerous normal lung specimens.RESULTS:In 40 cases of lung adenocarcinoma specimens,37 cases showed positive staining of CCR7 protein(92.5%)and 27 cases showed positive staining of L-selectin protein(67.5%).In 20 pericancerous normal lung specimens,there were 3 positive cases of CCR7(15.0%)and 0 positive cases of L-selectin.The positive rates of CCR7 and L-selectin expressions in lung adenocarcinoma specimens were significantly higher than in pericancerous normal lung specimens(χ2 were 36.04 and 24.55 respectively;P were 0.000 0 and 0.000 0 respectively).Further more there was a significance positive correlation between the expression of CCR7 and L-selectin in lung adenocarcinoma(χ2=4.84,P=0.028 8).In 24 cases with lymph node metastasis,the expressions of CCR7 and L-selectin(were 100.0% and 83.3% respectively)were significantly higher than that(81.3% and 43.8% respectively),In 16 cases without lymph node metastasis.(χ2 were 4.86 and 6.86 respectively;P were 0.028 4 and 0.009 1 respectively).In the cases ofⅠand Ⅱstage,the expressions of CCR7 and L-selectin were 83.3%(15/18)and 50.0%(9/18)respectively.In the cases of Ⅲ and Ⅳ stage,the expressions of CCR7 and L-selectin were 100.0%(22/22)and 81.8%(18/22)respectively.There were significance positive correlations between the expression of CCR7 or L-selectin and TNM stage(χ2 were 3.96 and 4.56 respectively;P were 0.047 0 and 0.034 8 respectively).CONCLUSIONS:There is a significance positive correlation between the expressions of CCR7 and L-selectin in lung adenocarcinoma.CCR7 and L-selectin maybe participate together in the carcinogenesis and lymph node metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma.To detect the two markers would help to judge the patient's TNM stages and prognosis.


Background: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is one of the most common diseases among children and an important cause of school absenteeism. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a handwashing program using hand sanitizers for the prevention of school absenteeism due to AGE Methods: A randomized, controlled and open study of a sample of 1341 children between 4 and 12 years of age, attending 5 state schools in Almería (Spain), with an 8-month follow up (academic year). The experimental group (EG) washed their hands with soap and water, complementing this with the use of a hand sanitizer, and the control group (CG) followed the usual handwashing procedure. Absenteeism rates due GI were compared between the 2 groups through the multivariate Poisson regression analysis. Percent days absent in both groups were compared with a Z-test Results: 446 cases of school absenteeism due to AGE were registered. The school children from the EG had a 36% lower risk of absenteeism due to AGE (IRR: 0.64, 95% confidence interval: 0.52–0.78) and a decrease in absenteeism of 0.13 episodes/child/academic year (0.27 of EG vs 0.40 CG/episodes/child/academic year, P < 0.001). Pupils missed 725 school days due to AGE and absent days was significantly lower in the EG (EG: 0.31%, 95% confidence interval: 0.28–0.35 vs. CG: 0.44%, 95% confidence interval: 0.40–0.48, P < 0.001) Conclusions: The use of hand sanitizer as a complement to handwashing with soap is an efficient measure to reduce absent days and the number of school absenteeism cases due to AGE.


From a cryosolidified NaCl water solution electron-bombarded, post-exoelectron emission appears in darkness, and is also observed optically stimulated exoelectron emission `OSEE', exhibiting the typical decaying with time. During heating the solution, thermostimulated exoelectron emission `TSEE' appears with maxima at 88, 102 and 125 K. After thermal treatment the cryosolidified samples show a strong increase in the emission intensity, and new TSEE maxima are observed. After thermal treatment the OSEE quantum yield also strongly increases and additional quantum yield maxima are observed in the yield vs stimulation wavelength curve.


In this article, we report on a new process for manufacturing metal coatings with submillimeter thickness by pulsed laser driven deposition of molten metal particles. The process of "laser spattering of molten particles" using a high pulse-energy laser is considered to be effective compared to the conventional physical vapor process based on vaporized ultrafine particle generation in vacuum, because the energy required for melting the material is much lower than that for vaporizing it. In this process, the substrate is irradiated with another laser to obtain a close coating and various hard layers in it. We studied the productivity of spattered molten particles of metals (Fe, Ni, Cr, Cu, Mo, and W), and the morphology of the coatings. We applied this process to the manufacturing of wear-resistant coatings such as cast iron–molybdenum compound coatings. They showed good wear characteristics.


Already Ovid claimed that everything is in flux and we see continuing metamorphoses. Knowledge about changes is essential for Knowledge management in particular for the correct interpretation of data stemming from different periods. Data Warehouses are increasingly deployed in public administrations to provide analytical data for decision making, for monitoring or for revisions. Changes in transaction data are recorded in data warehouses and sophisticated tools allow to analyze these data along time and other dimensions. But changes in master data and in structures cannot be represented in current data warehouse systems impeding their use in dynamic areas and leading to erroneous query results. For an example: if the definition of "unemployment rate" changes, then the figures cannot be compared to those of previous years. Trend calculations on basis of the available data is irrelevant or severely misleading. We propose a temporal data warehouse architecture named COMET to represent structural changes and permit correct analysis of data over periods with changing structures.


Alstroemeria (Alstroemeriaceae) is an important ornamental plant, which use as cut flower as well as pot and garden plants because of their beautiful attractive flowers with wide variations in flower color. Traditionally, it is propagated via rhizome splitting, but multiplication rate is low and time-consuming process. Micropropagation by rhizome meristems culture is an efficient in vitro propagation method for Alstroemeria. Apical and lateral buds on rhizome were used as explants. These explants were cultured in MS medium containing NAA (0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1.0 mg l-1) and BAP (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.5 mg l-1). MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l-1 NAA resulted in the highest shoot length (6.30 cm), root length (4.86 cm), maximum root number (5.00) and bud number (3.00). Largest number of shoot (3.00) and rhizome (4.00) were obtained in MS medium containing 0.20 and 0.50 mg l-1 NAA.


Given the urgent need of simplifying the end-of-line tuning of complex vehicle dynamics controllers, the Twin-in-the-Loop Control (TiL-C) approach was recently proposed in the automotive field. In TiL-C, a digital twin is run on-board to compute a nominal control action in run-time and an additional block C_delta is used to compensate for the mismatch between the simulator and the real vehicle. As the digital twin is assumed to be the best replica available of the real plant, the key issue in TiL-C becomes the tuning of the compensator, which must be performed relying on data only. In this paper, we investigate the use of different black-box optimization techniques for the calibration of C_delta. More specifically, we compare the originally proposed Bayesian Optimization (BO) approach with the recently developed Set Membership Global Optimization (SMGO) and Virtual Reference Feedback Tuning (VRFT), a one-shot direct data-driven design method. The analysis will be carried out within a professional multibody simulation environment on a novel TiL-C application case study -- the yaw-rate tracking problem -- so as to further prove the TiL-C effctiveness on a challenging problem. Simulations will show that the VRFT approach is capable of providing a well tuned controller after a single iteration, while 10 to 15 iterations are necessary for refining it with global optimizers. Also, SMGO is shown to significantly reduce the computational effort required by BO.


Medieval urban studies have evolved more rapidly in some areas of Europe than in others. Mediterranean Europe (with the exception of Italy) has been slower to focus on urban society than northern polities such as England. However, in the last 30 years, the exploration of the urban population and marginal groups has been expanding. This article examines the experience of the latter in later medieval Mediterranean Europe under the categories of hucksters, wet-nurses, and domestic servants; prostitution; and slavery, with a particular interest in their impact on the topography of the medieval city.


Abstract Bottom-up evaluation of a program-query pair in a constraint query language often computes only ground facts. Constraints do not contribute to answers, but are used only to prune derivations. The Magic Templates evaluation cannot utilize all the constraint information present in such program-query pairs while computing only ground facts. In general, constraint facts are computed, making the resulting evaluation more expensive. We describe an optimization that propagates constraints occuring in the program and the query, such that the rewritten program fully utilizes the constraint information present in the original program. Only constraint-relevant facts are computed, and if the evaluation of the original program computed only ground facts, so does the evaluation of the rewritten program. Our procedure can be combined with the Magic Templates transformation to propagate query binding information in addition to the constraint information. We show that it is always better to defer the application of Magic Templates.


Objective To study on the method of community nursing intervention for the patients with postpartum depression,target population and their families,and to establish the responsibilities and requirements for community care intervention,and to reduce the incidence of postpartum depression.Methods Training the community nurses to improve their capacity to intervene;selecting the pilot model;developing the community nursing intervention work flow,work standards and intervention content;researching the scientific practical in various forms and personalized community care interventions;establishing the community nursing intervention model for the postpartum depression patients,and high risk groups and their families.Results We developed the home visits work rules,job duties,work flow of community nurses;and created a community nursing intervention on the specific content of the guidance and standards.Conclusion The community intervention methods of site visits actively and organizing some experts to seminars and consultation is playing a significant role in promoting the depression symptoms,reducing the incidence of disease and injury extent,and improving the health of maternal and child.It is worthy to be further study.


In this paper the authors have developed an isolated network for very low voltage (VLV) decentralized energy production and storage based on renewable energy (hybrid system: photovoltaic and wind). An energy based model of stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic-wind generating system is presented, using bond graph approach. An equivalent average modeling of a hybrid photovoltaic-wind generating system is used. The modeling of the components of the global system is developed with the integration of converters losses involved in the solar and wind generating subsystems. It is shown that this model is interesting for analyzing the dynamic behavior of the system and for designing the control strategy. The energy management and control of the photovoltaic and wind subsystems are based on voltage and current control with Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) allowing the optimal transfer of power to DC load.


The use of pulsed electric fields (PEFs) is a mature technology used in the industrial processing of food, for example, fruit juice. It is however restricted to liquid (pumpable) food and involves metal electrodes in direct contact with the foodstuff - i.e. it is at present an inherently `invasive' technology. Recently, Loughborough University has undertaken an experimental programme aimed at demonstrating a new and 'non-invasive' technology that uses an antenna coupled to a fast high-voltage pulse generator to produce an intense pulsed electric field. The machine that has been built and undergone preliminary testing uses a Tesla-transformer-based pulse forming line generator coupled to a Valentine antenna to produce very intense electric fields in water. The technology developed offers considerable scope for use with any type of food, including solid foods such as meat. Apart from the much greater volume available for processing, and other more or less obvious advantages, the new technique is also highly energy efficient as, unlike the existing invasive approach, it does not drive a current through the food being processed. The paper presents the experimental equipment and explains the type of sensors that need to be developed for measurement of the electric field produced. Some of the major implications the technique may offer for the future of PEF food processing are introduced.


An approach to the Transfer phase of a Machine Translation system is presented, where the bilingual lexicon plays an active role, guiding Transfer by means of executable descriptions of word senses. The means for lexical sense specification are, however, general enough and can in principle apply to other system architectures, e.g. in the Generation phase if Transfer is intentionally kept minimal. The active lexicon is the one and only system component which is exposed to users and can serve to linguistically control Transfer effects. A unified approach to lexicon creation and maintenance is proposed, which contains means to gradually refine sense specification and tailor the definitions to specific text domains. The underlying linguistic principles, the nature of sense distinction required for translation, and the formal structure of the lexicon are discussed.


Background: The elevation of serum uric acid may cause metabolic syndrome and increase systemic inflammation also oxidative stress which are the risk factors for liver disease. Recently, coffee as the most popular drink worldwide could promote antioxidant activity due to some anti-inflammatory effects of some polyphenolic compounds such as cafestol, kahweol, and diterpenes. This study aimed to analyze the profile of liver tissue superoxide dismutase (SOD) in hyperuricemia rats after daily consumption of coffee. Method: Four groups, each consisting of 6 rats (Rattus norvegicus), respectively were observed as 1) negative control group; 2) positive control group; 3) caffeinated coffee group; 4) decaffeinated coffee group. Hyperuricemia was conditioned by administering high purine intake into the 2nd until 4th group as much as 140 mg/200gr of weight. Coffee, which is caffeinated and decaffeinated was given to the third and the fourth group respectively with doses 144 mg/200gr of weight. SOD of liver tissue was measured after 30 days of treatment. Result: In hyperuricemia rats, daily consumption of coffee shows higher liver SOD levels compared to a positive control group. The average (+SD) of liver SOD each group respectively 79.51(+3.06); 32.24(+3.53); 53.28(+4.49); and 68.03(+4.72). Numeric comparative hypothetic test using one-way ANOVA shows the difference mean between each group was statistically significant (95%CI; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Daily consumption of both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may reduce oxidative stress in liver tissue of hyperuricemia rats.


Analysis of the valence angles of the Si and carbon atoms of the C-S bond in the obtained complexes of CiVg2 c (5Z, 5'Z)-2,2'-(ethane-1,2-diyldisulfanyldiyl)bis(5-(2-pyridylmethylene)-3-allyl-3,5-dihydro-4Нimidazole-4-one) unambiguously indicates the determinant effect of the non-valent interactions of the electron density centroids of the NEP of bromine atoms and sulfur atoms, leading to a change in the plane structure of Cu(II) towards tetrahedral with a likely change in the magnetochemical properties of the copper atom, and the angle of rotation of the planes is almost 900. This interaction is the opposite of what is commonly called a halogen bond. In this case, it is an "anti-halogen" bond.


The fractionator was tested on February 25, 1980, using a petroleum blend of unleaded gasoline, number 2 fuel oil, and bulk distillate to evaluate its operating characteristics at conditions similar to those expected in coal operation. From all indications, the performance of the fractionator met or exceeded the process requirements for coal operation. The overhead boiling range (TBP) was 94 percent 400/sup 0/F-boiling range material and the bottoms were essentially free of material boiling less than 550/sup 0/F. The tower was loaded to a level comparable to the loading expected for the Illinois number 6 Syncrude Run. A total pressure drop across the tower of about 1.0 psig indicated that a safe margin below flooding would exist when the tower is operated at conditions expected for the Illinois number 6 Fuel Oil Mode.


The erosion properties of a silver tin oxide contact material used in automotive DC relays were evaluated as a function of current and life cycles in lampload switching. The eroded surfaces were analyzed and an erosion mechanism based on transfer interface fracture was presented to explain the contact resistance, material transfer and welding properties of the silver tin oxide contact material. Pip and crater formation in silver tin oxide are small because of a weak deposit/cathode interface that resulted in delamination of pips.


The paper presents the results of a broad monitoring program carried out during the beginning of the filling process of Lake Aguas Claras, Brazil. This lake was created after the exhaustion of an iron ore mining activity. In its final conformation the lake will have a surface area of 0,7 km 2 and the maximum depth of 234 m, which will make it the deepest lake in the country. The results of a two years monitoring program show the prevalence of good water quality (well oxygenated, low degree of mineralization, absence of organic and mineral contamination), but also a quite interesting shift in the dominance of phytoplanktonic groups, indicating the high instability of lakes that are undergoing a process of formation.


The capability of analytical tools to successfully predict the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete structures retrofitted by concrete jacketing is investigated. Analytical and experimental results are compared for a simple model building tested on the shaking table at the Earthquake and Engineering Research Centre at Bristol. The specimen was a single-story, 4-column 3-D R.C. bare frame with a R.C. slab at the top and a single bay in each direction, founded on strong foundation beams. The model was tested until near collapse and subsequently it was retrofitted using the R.C. jacketing technique. The analytical work performed by the nonlinear analysis computer programme ANSR as it was modified at University of Patras, Dept. of Civil Engineering. It is concluded that in most cases analytical predictions obtained in good agreement with experimental findings. However it is apparent that the selection of the proper values of the parameters involved in the analytical work affects significantly the results. Moreover it is concluded that the assumption of monolithic behaviour of the jacketed columns can be safely adopted in the analysis.


Despite recent advances in treatment of osteoporosis and the availability of new agents bisphosphonates are still the cornerstone of osteoporosis treatment due to their safety, efficacy and relatively reasonable costs. On the other hand, the presence of rare side effects has brought to the agenda that these drugs should be given during limited time periods. The current approach is to perform dynamic risk identification in patients and to determine the type and duration of the treatment accordingly.


Mixed-ligand coordination complexes of copper(II) (1-4) were synthesized by solvothermal method in 1:1:1 molar ratio [metal: 2,6-pdc: amino acid = L-glutamic acid (L-glu), glutamine (gln), succinic acid (SA) and malonic acid (MA)], using 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (2,6-pdc) and amino acids as primary and secondary ligands respectively. These complexes are formulated as: 1. [Cu3(2,6-Hpdc)2(2,6-pdc) (L-glu)(H2O)5] 2. [Cu3(2,6-pdc)2(2,6-Hpdc)(gln)(H2O)5] 3. [Cu3(2,6-Hpdc)2(2,6-pdc)(SA)(H2O)6] and 4. [Cu3(2,6-Hpdc)2(2,6-pdc)(MA)(H2O)7]. All these complexes (1-4) have been characterized by elemental, FT-IR and mass spectroscopy. Mass spectroscopic data showed that the complexes (1-4) were trinuclear and chelating. The FT-IR and UV-visible spectroscopy, data confirmed the proposed octahedral geometry of the complexes.


18 Phosphorus (P) is a building block for life in which the human body requires 0.55 g of per day. 19 In some cases, this requirement is exceeded by 2g per day, with P additives contributing to 20 half of this exceedance. The use of P has become prominent as demand for processed 21 convenience foods has increased. P can cause significant eutrophication once discharged to 22 the environment. As of October 2019, 55% of assessed rivers and 73% of assessed lakes in 23 England failed the current water quality standards. A survey was conducted to calculate the 24 average P consumption of individuals who identify as meat eaters, flexitarians, vegetarians 25 and vegans based on stated eating habits and reported P levels in foods, revealing an 26 estimated P consumption of 1715, 1664, 1244, 1125 mg P/day respectively. It was estimated 27 that current diets contribute 45% of the P load to wastewater treatment works (WwTW). If 28 the UK population were to all convert to veganism this would decrease to 14% reducing the 29


Measurements of $$O^{18}/O^{16}$$ ratios in phenocrysts from basalts of Hawaii, Tahiti, Tristan da Cunha, New Zealand, and Ross Island show that isotopie fractionations between mineral pairs are uniform from rock to rock. Typical values of the fractionations, expressed as 1,000 In a, are: plagioclase-magnetite, 2.1; plagio-clase-augite, 0.6; plagioclase-olivine, 0.9. On the basis of the laboratory-calibrated plagioclase magnetite pair, the isotopic fractionations represent a temperature of 1,020°-1,100° C, in agreement with field observations. For the corresponding mineral pairs in mafic intrusive rocks, the fractionations are about twice as great, indicating temperatures of isotopie equilibration below 800° C, probably as a result of retrograde exchange during slow cooling.


The apical fragment of the invasive clonal plant Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.) Griseb.was grown either with or without Plantago virginica L.,and the stolon attached to its basal fragment grown alone was either severed or left intact.The purpose of this study was to test effects of clonal integration on the growth and competitive ability of A.philoxeroides.Clonal integration significantly increased biomass,total length of stolons,number of leaves,number of ramets but decreased biomass allocation to stolons of the apical fragment of A.philoxeroides,regardless of with or without competitors.Clonal integration greatly increased the competitive ability of A.philoxeroides.The interspecific competition reduced the growth of A.philoxeroides,but did not affect its biomass allocation.These results suggest that clonal integration can increase the growth and competitive ability of invasive clonal plants and thus affect their invasiveness.


The resupinate leaves of 16 species of Alstroemeriaceae were examined using light- and scanning electron microscopy. The leaf anatomy is described for all of the species, that of the petiole and stem for selected species. The mesophyll consists of chlorenchyma and includes idioblasts that contain raphides. Dorsiventral, isolateral or isobilateral leaf types were observed. Petioles are always isolateral. Two epidermal types are commonly observed: type I contains jigsaw puzzle-like intercostal cells and longitudinally elongated cells above the veins; type II contains only longitudinally elongated cells, usually longer, above the veins. Some species have an epidermis which differs from the main types. All species show adaptation to resupination by having an inverted anatomy. Due to the twist of the leaves, adaxial indicates the lower surface and abaxial the upper. Stomata are found on both surfaces. Palisade cells, when they occur, are always on the abaxial surface. Most species are mesomorphic in spite of the dry environments in which they grow; a few show xeromorphic features. The leaves are compared and discussed with relation to ecological conditions. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 140, 261−272.


An ion-pair chromatographic method was developed on a reversed-phase silica-based monolithic column for the fast and simultaneous determination of trifluoroacetate (CF3COO−), trifluoromethanesulfonate ( ), tetrafluoroborate ( ), and hexafluorophosphate ( ) organic and inorganic anions of ionic liquids. The analytes were separated using a mobile phase of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide–citric acid–acetonitrile on the Chromolith Speed ROD RP-18e column with direct conductivity detection. The effects of eluent, column temperature, and flow rate on the retention of anions were investigated. The experimental phenomenon was discussed according to ion-exchange and hydrophobic interaction mechanism in the separation. The optimized chromatographic conditions were selected. Under the optimal conditions, the baseline separation of CF3COO−, , , and was achieved without any interference by other anions (Cl−, Br−, I−, , , and ). The detection limit (S/N = 3) was 3.33, 0.58, 0.27, and 1.42 mg/L for CF3COO−, , , and , respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of , CF3COO−, , and in ionic liquids. The spiked recoveries of the anions were from 100.1–104.4%.