This paper presents enhancement steps for solving the power flow of radial distribution feeder systems. The proposed correction values reduce the number of required solution iterations significantly, resulting in improving the algorithm's performance. A number of test feeder systems are used to evaluate the method in comparison with other available methods. The proposed method classifies feeder systems into two categories 1) Single line feeder systems, and 2) Lateral and Sub-Lateral feeder systems. Computational testing of different feeder systems status confirms that the proposed method succeeds as a fast, convergence-guaranteed, accurate and easy to implement technique.


Abstract Background The combination of sunitinib (SU) and nivolumab (NI) showed to be safe in the previous phase I of IMMUNOSARC study. We present the results of the phase II of the combination of SU-NI in the advanced STS (pts) cohort. Methods Pretreated progressing pts, ECOG 0-1, with UPS, synovial (SS), clear cell (CCS), angio(AS)/epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EH), solitary fibrous tumor (SFT), epithelioid sarcoma (ES), extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma (ECM) or alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) were eligible. SU 37.5 mg/d as induction was given days 1-14 and then reduced to 25mg/d continuously. NI was administered at 3 mg/Kg every 2 weeks from week 3. SU-NI was maintained up to progression or intolerance. Primary end-point was progression-free survival rate (PFSR) at 6 months (m) by RECIST. Secondary end-points: overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR) by RECIST and CHOI and toxicity. Results From Nov 2017 to Dec 2018, 50 eligible pts were included in 8 centres: (M/F 30/20), median age 45y (19-77). Diagnosis was: SS in 9 (18%), CCS in 7 (14%), SFT in 7 (14%), UPS in 6 (12%), ES in 6 (12%), AS in 5 (10%), ECM in 4 (8%), ASPS in 3 (6%) and other in 3 (6%). With a median FU of 6.1 m (0-13), 23 pts (46%) progressed based on RECIST with a median PFS of 5.9 m (95% IC 2.7-9.1) and 9 pts (18%) died, with median OS not reached yet. PFSR at 3 and 6 m based on local evaluation were 69% and 50% respectively and OS at 3 and 6 m were 86% and 77%. Based on central radiological review (RECIST, 43 evaluable pts), there were 1 CR (2.3%), 3 PR (7%), 26 SD (60%, 12 pts showing shrinkage) and 13 PD (30%). By CHOI (31 evaluable), there were 19 PR (61.3%), 8 SD (25.8%) and 4 PD (13%). Most relevant G3/4 toxicities were: AST increase 6 (11.8%), ALT increase 5 (9.8%), neutropenia 5 (9.8%), fatigue 3 (5,9%), thrombocytopenia 2 (3.9%), diarrhea 2 (3.9%), renal function impairment 2 (3.9%), without toxic deaths. Conclusions The trial met its primary endpoint. SU-NI is an active combination for the treatment of advanced selected STS patients, with 50% of patients free of progression at 6m. Further exploration of immunomodulatory strategies is warranted in selected sarcoma subtypes. Clinical trial identification NCT03277924. Legal entity responsible for the study Grupo Espanol de Investigacion en Sarcomas (GEIS). Funding Pfizer and BMS. Disclosure J. Martin Broto: Honoraria (self), Speaker Bureau / Expert testimony, Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: PharmaMar; Honoraria (self), Speaker Bureau / Expert testimony, Research grant / Funding (institution): Novartis; Honoraria (self): Bayer; Honoraria (self): Amgen; Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Pfizer; Honoraria (self), Research grant / Funding (institution): Lilly; Research grant / Funding (institution): Eisai; Research grant / Funding (self): GlaxoSmithKline . N. Hindi: Honoraria (self), Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: PharmaMar; Research grant / Funding (institution): Eisai; Research grant / Funding (institution): Novartis. G.E. Grignani: Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: PharmaMar; Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Lilly; Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Novartis. A. Redondo: Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Roche; Advisory / Consultancy, Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: AstraZeneca; Advisory / Consultancy: Tesaro; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: PharmaMar; Advisory / Consultancy: Clovis; Research grant / Funding (institution): Eisai. C. Valverde: Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: PharmaMar; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Lilly; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Novartis; Advisory / Consultancy, Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Bayer; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): Bluprint; Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Pfizer; Research grant / Funding (institution): Karyopharm; Research grant / Funding (institution): Decyphera; Research grant / Funding (institution): Incyte. A. Lopez Pousa: Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: PharmaMar. S. Stacchiotti: Research grant / Funding (institution): Pfizer . E. Palmerini: Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution): Daiichi Sankyo; Advisory / Consultancy: Amgen; Advisory / Consultancy, Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Lilly; Research grant / Funding (institution): Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS); Research grant / Funding (institution): Pfizer; Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: PharmaMar; Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Takeda. D.S. Moura: Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: PharmaMar; Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Eisai; Research grant / Funding (institution): Novartis. L. D'Ambrosio: Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: PharmaMar; Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Lilly; Advisory / Consultancy: PSI. J.A. Lopez Martin: Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: MSD; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: BMS; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Roche; Advisory / Consultancy: Pierre Fabre; Advisory / Consultancy: Celgene; Advisory / Consultancy: Novartis; Advisory / Consultancy: Amgen; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses: Lilly; Advisory / Consultancy, Research grant / Funding (institution), Travel / Accommodation / Expenses, Shareholder / Stockholder / Stock options, Licensing / Royalties: PharmaMar; Advisory / Consultancy: Chobani; Advisory / Consultancy: Pfizer. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


Abstract:Questions about whether or not Theravada Buddhists are rational and capitalistic reduce Theravada traditions to Max Weber's interpretation. I aĴ empt to go beyond Weber's reading by turning to Walter Benjamin's philosophy because he challenges the use of reason and points to instances where the ethical dimension not only appears but can also disrupt the tempo and logic of capitalism.


For many African Americans, race is a substantial part of their self-definition, but not uniformly so. Understanding how well-being is influenced by the importance Black Americans place on their racial identity has been a key aim of psychology research over the last several decades. Most of this research has relied on adolescent samples, often from a limited geographic area. Using a nationally representative sample of African American adults, respondents to the 2010 General Social Survey, the present study reexamines this question. My results show that racial identity interacts with some sociodemographic variables as they influence certain dimensions of well-being, suggesting that racial identity may serve as a source of solidarity among lower-status Black Americans. However, there are no significant overall associations between the importance Black respondents place on racial identity and their happiness, health, financial satisfaction, or social trust. These findings call into question arguments against transracial adoption and claims that race must be "cultivated" in African Americans to maximize their well-being.


Application of electrothermal launchers for obtaining powder materials coatings with improved values of density and adhesion requires formation of the gas flow region, immediately following behind the shock wave, where microparticles are being caught into acceleration. A method of such region forming by means of the shock wave space and time shaping is presented. The flow dynamics analysis on the basis of a numerical model, which was carried out for the case of two gaps in the launcher discharge unit, has shown that it is possible to accelerate microparticles up to very high velocities (2 km/s and higher) with simultaneous control of their temperature and to increase substantially the launcher efficiency. Measurements with the experimental equipment allowed us to determine dynamic parameters of flows, the velocity and extension of the shock-compressed region as well as velocities of the shock-waves and main flow region. Registration of plasma flows radiation spectra permitted determination of their temperature. The obtained experimental results are in good correlation with computer simulation data.


Abstract : The mandate of a cost conscious Congress and American people caused NAVSEASYSCOM to commission a study to identify areas for improvement within US Naval Shipyards. Budget developement and control was one area identified. The focus of this thesis is centered on a single shipyard, the Mare Island facility, detailing the budgeting operations of one of its departments. The objective is to develop an initial pilot project, a prototype Decision Support System (DSS), that will address the concerns of budget preparation, control and variance analysis. Additionally, this project assesses the feasibility of larger DSS efforts within the shipyard. The methodology of the developement was a blend of structured and typical DSS approaches, providing flexibility with rigorous documentation. Further effort toward integrating the findings of this thesis with the present accounting system is recommended to expand the use of decision support within the shipyard. Keywords: thesis; cost analysis; user manuals, minicomputers; computer programs; variance analysis.


Crystalline tyrosine phenol lyase was prepared from the cell extract of Erwinia herbicola grown in a medium supplemented with l-tyrosine. The crystalline enzyme was homogeneous by the criteria of ultracentrifugation and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight was determined to be approximately 259,000. The crystalline enzyme catalyzed the conversion of l-tyrosine into phenol, pyruvate and ammonia, in the presence of added pyridoxal phosphate. The enzyme also catalyzed pyruvate formation from d-tyrosine, S-methyl-l-cysteine, 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine, l- and d-serine, and l- and d-cysteine, but at lower rates than from l-tyrosine. l-Phenyl-alanine, l-alanine, phenol and pyrocatechol inhibited pyruvate formation from l-tyrosine.Crystalline tyrosine phenol lyase from Erwinia herbicola is inactive in the absence of added pyridoxal phosphate. Binding of pyridoxal phosphate to the apoenzyme is accompanied by pronounced increase in absorbance at 340 and 425 mμ. The amount of pyridoxal phosphate...


This paper is a study about LăpuRegion in which Iout the main aspects of the natural environment as well as the major human resources, which are remarkable in terms of tourism for this region. The main objective taken into consideration is the monastery "St. Ana" Rohia, a monastic complex where, through the spiritual mission of the monastery's dwellers, cultural& religious activities are held. In this study we sought a relationship between Teaching, Tourism and Religion.


This research tests the potential application of the Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) method using nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves to nondestructively quantify surface microstructural changes in thin stone. The acoustic nonlinearity parameter (β) has been assessed as a meaningful indicator for characterizing the nonlinearity of civil engineering materials; additionally, Rayleigh waves offer the opportunity to isolate a material's near surface microstructural status. Sandstone was selected for testing due to its relative uniformity and small grain size compared to other stone types; the sample thickness was 2 inches to reflect the minimum panel thickness recommended by the Indiana Limestone Institute. For this research, initially fully non-contact generation and detection techniques are evaluated before a 100kHz wedge transmitter and a 200kHz air-coupled receiver are employed for generation and detection of nonlinear Rayleigh waves. Non-contact transmitters and receivers have advantages such as removing the irregularities associated with coupling as well as not leaving residues, which in stone applications can be considered aesthetically damaging. The experimental results show that the nonlinear parameter, β, can be effectively isolated using the wedge transmitter and non-contact set up and that too much of the signal strength is lost in the fully non-contact method to extract meaningful results for this stone and stones with slow wave speeds. This indicates that the proposed SHG technique is effective for evaluating the nonlinearity parameter, β, and can next be applied to characterize near surface microstructural changes in thin applications of dimensioned stone.This research tests the potential application of the Second Harmonic Generation (SHG) method using nonlinear Rayleigh surface waves to nondestructively quantify surface microstructural changes in thin stone. The acoustic nonlinearity parameter (β) has been assessed as a meaningful indicator for characterizing the nonlinearity of civil engineering materials; additionally, Rayleigh waves offer the opportunity to isolate a material's near surface microstructural status. Sandstone was selected for testing due to its relative uniformity and small grain size compared to other stone types; the sample thickness was 2 inches to reflect the minimum panel thickness recommended by the Indiana Limestone Institute. For this research, initially fully non-contact generation and detection techniques are evaluated before a 100kHz wedge transmitter and a 200kHz air-coupled receiver are employed for generation and detection of nonlinear Rayleigh waves. Non-contact transmitters and receivers have advantages such as removing t...


Membrane electrode assembly (MEA) is the key component of PEMFC. In this paper , the structure of the MEA is introduced briefly , and the fabrication of the MEA is classified into two modes according to the difference of the support of catalyst layer (CL) , i . e. gas diffusion layer ( GDL) and proton exchange membrane ( PEM) acting as the support respectively. Both fabricating modes are reviewed systematically. The trend of the fabrication of MEA is discussed , and the mode of fabricating the CL on the PEM is considered to be the main one in the future.


Year-Book ofPharmacy and Transactions of the British Pharmaceutical Conference, 1891. (London: J. and A. Churchill.)The British Pharmaceutical Conference, an organisation established in 1863 for the encouragement of pharmaceutical research and the promotion of friendly intercourse and union amongst pharmacists, presents to its members annually a volume of about 600 pages, containing the proceedings at the yearly meeting and a report on the progress of pharmacy. The book appears to some extent a superfluity, since the greater part of its contents, including the official account of the Conference proceedings at Cardiff in August, 1891, under the presidency of Mr. W. Martindale, have already appeared in the columns of the Pharmaceutical Journal; but it is no doubt an advantage to have the results of chemical and pharmaceutical research during the year systematically arranged in a concrete form, which may be best attained by the publication of abstracts of the more important papers. Amongst the chemical literature in the present volume the researches of Schmidt and Hesse on the solanaceous alkaloids, of Einhorn -on cocaine, of Ladenburg on atropine, and of Dunstan on aconitine are worthy of especial notice. The conversion of cupreine into quinine by Grimaux, the investigation of digitalin by Kiliani, and of piperazine or " synthetical spermine " by Hofmann and Ladenburg, also attract attention, whilst a good summary of Fischer's classical researches on the sugars is also given. The comparison of the various tests for the detection of albumen in urine by Jolles and of sugar by Ost are also convenient for reference, but the numerous abstracts of pharmacological investigations of new natural and synthetical materia medica alone entitle the book to a. space on the shelf.


Shen Congwen does not live in a detached world . There are striking dual nature in his views on literature . On the one hand , he advocates the noumenon of literature and works for the independent freedom of literature against the erosion of politics and commerce to literature .On the other hand ,he inherits the enlightening and citizen reforming traditions of May4th literature , and he takes literature as a tool to reform the society . His views on literature wears a strong feature of utility. There is reasonableness and limitation in his views of freedom and utility on literature which looks contradictory but identical in fact.


The hybrid modular multilevel converter (MMC) consisting of half- and full-bridge submodules (SMs), with DC fault ride-through capability, have become a promising candidate for offshore DC wind turbines. However, previous methods only focus on the MMC with fixed number of SMs, without considering the impact of power loss on cost. Therefore, the optimal topology could not be proposed at the initial design stage. This paper presents optimization method of topology for hybrid MMC with reliability and cost objectives, in which the reliability is defined to be not only reliable under normal operation, but also able to ride through DC fault even with faulted SMs. Firstly, considering active redundancy configuration, the reliability and cost model with power loss are established. Then, taking a 10-MW and 10-kV hybrid MMC in offshore wind turbines for example, the influences of original and redundant SMs on reliability and cost are analyzed. Finally, a multi-objective optimization model that regards higher reliability and lower cost is built, and the compromise is selected from the Pareto-optimal solutions according to fuzzy membership function, which derives the optimal topology of hybrid MMC.


Elevated serum cholesterol level is a major risk factor behind the epidemic of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Lowering elevated serum cholesterol levels in a population calls for general changes in dietary habits. The North Karelia Project is a major theory-based national demonstration programme that was initiated in the early 1970s to see if a comprehensive community-based intervention would lead to major changes in dietary habits, in population cholesterol levels and, ultimately, in coronary heart disease (CHD) rates. In the 25 years since its inception, the mean serum cholesterol level has been reduced in the province of North Karelia by 18%. During the same period, the age-adjusted CHD mortality has declined by 73% among 35- to 64-year-old men. The North Karelia Project has contributed to a major national change process in Finland, involving intersectoral collaboration, national focal point(s), long-term nutrition education programmes, collaboration with voluntary organizations and the food industry, food labelling policies, price policy, research, demonstrations and international collaboration.


The domestic white-LEDs aim to reduce the blue light exposure for daily lighting by taking the near-ultraviolet LED chip (λem = 395-405 nm) as the excitation source working with tricolor...


Speciation of particulate phosphorus in soils and aquatic sediments by sequential extraction techniques is commonly used to address both fundamental and applied problems. It has been suggested, however, that sequential extraction techniques can produce misleading results due to the generation of new solid phases during the extraction process. In this study, a well‐established fractionation technique introduced by Psenner et al. (1984) for crystalline sediments was reevaluated in four calcite‐rich lake sediments using a set of additional extraction tests and structural analyses. Extended tests using a sediment artificially enriched with Al and Ca, regarded as model sediment, showed a distinct overestimation of Ca‐bound P (HCl‐TP) and concomitant under‐estimation of metal oxide‐bound P (NaOH‐SRP). The formation of new solid phases during extraction was evident by P addition to the alkaline extract, change of volume‐to‐solid ratio, and variation of extraction time. Examination of the model sediment with infrared and X‐ray spectroscopy demonstrated that Ca‐bound P was not present before the NaOH step. Apatitic structures were detected by IR spectroscopy in the model sediment after NaOH extraction. In contrast, in the three natural calcite‐rich sediments with high HCl‐TP portions, underestimations of NaOH‐SRP were not detected with the standard protocol. Therefore, a modification of the Psenner method does not appear necessary for most conditions. In hardwater lakes, however, especially those restored with Al and Fe salts, a shift from NaOH‐SRP to HCl‐P cannot be excluded. Our study provides helpful tools to identify such artifacts and thus to prevent misinterpretation of fractionation results.


This work aims at showing synthesis and potential use of water-soluble fluorescent probes based on BODIPY. The preparation of probes containing bioorthogonal monoand heterobifunctional functional groups was demonstrated. Ground work was done at the optimisation of reliable, scalable and fast sulfonation of BODIPY in 2,6-positions. A protocol for handling sulfonated BODIPY has been established; especially for the exchange of counterions. In counterion selection, their relation to synthetic pathway and biocompatibility were taken into consideration. The second part of the work shows series of water-soluble fluorescent probes, into which can be easily introduced bioactive or bioorthogonal functional groups. This can be used for click chemistry in connection with turn off/on probes or fluorescent sensing of molecules or ions. All this can be done in aqueous solution without organic solvents, which is relevant for biochemical, analytical and imaging applications.


A longitudinal study was conducted to follow children, in a city in Scotland, to understand their experiences of primary—secondary transition. The children were purposively selected as known to be having/potentially having problems with transition. Initial interviews were conducted with children, their parents and professionals when five were in the first year of secondary school, two in the second year of secondary school and two in the last year of primary school. Follow-up interviews were undertaken with six children again after six months when four were in the second year and two in the first year of the secondary school. Three out of the nine children were finding it difficult to deal with transition even at the follow-up. The issue of transition was complex, with considerable impact of a child's internal attributes, family, peers, school systems, professionals and community on his/her primary—secondary transition being successful or not.


Forecasting the long-term future motion of road actors is a core challenge to the deployment of safe autonomous vehicles (AVs). Viable solutions must account for both the static geometric context, such as road lanes, and dynamic social interactions arising from multiple actors. While recent deep architectures have achieved state-of-the-art performance on distance-based forecasting metrics, these approaches produce forecasts that are predicted without regard to the AV's intended motion plan. In contrast, we propose a recurrent graph-based attentional approach with interpretable geometric (actor-lane) and social (actor-actor) relationships that supports the injection of counterfactual geometric goals and social contexts. Our model can produce diverse predictions conditioned on hypothetical or "what-if" road lanes and multi-actor interactions. We show that such an approach could be used in the planning loop to reason about unobserved causes or unlikely futures that are directly relevant to the AV's intended route.


After MM theory,the theory of the firm's capital structure experienced two stages.The first stage is the theory of traditional equalibrium represented by Myers in 1960s,which mainly deals with the impact of external factors such as the firm's income taxes,personal income taxes and banktruptcy etc.on capital structure. The second stage is the theory of modern qualibrium represented by Jensen and Meckling in 1970s,which mainly studies the influence of internal factors such as agency costs,control structure and asymmetric information etc.on capital structure.The development is from early theory of capital structure to MM theory,then to traditional equalibrium and modern equilibrium,which accomplishes a cycle, that is relevance-irrelevance-relevance.However,in this process,it is not that latter just follows the former,but it is that the lattere is a great breakthrough in theoretical research.It tries to solve the difficult problem in capital structure from a new academic perspective when economist lack a consensus.Its significance is to transform the equilibrium problem of traditional capital structure to the problem of internal structure or system design,and therefore to provide a new perspective to optimization of capital structure.However,up to now,there has not been a sigle uniform theoretical system in capital structure which can give a complete interpretation to the problem of corporate financing.The above mentioned theoretical schools just study the problem of corporate financing from their particular perspectives.But the capital structure in reality is the result of the interaction by various factors.Various factors influencing corporate capital structure should be considered comprehensively and completely in order to determine which factors are more important.


A central venous port was implanted in the left infraclavicular area of Ms. W, a 70-year-old woman with recurrent colon cancer. Two days later, she complained of pain in her left shoulder while receiving her fi rst course of chemotherapy (irinotecan 125 mg/m, 5-fl uorouracil 500 mg/m, and leucovorin 200 mg/m, all given as IV boluses weekly for four weeks followed by a twoweek rest period). Ms. W's nurse reassured her that shoulder pain was to be expected because the port had been inserted recently. The presence or absence of a blood return was not documented in the medical record; however, the port was described as "fl ushing easily, without resistance." When Ms. W's port was fl ushed with normal saline prior to her second chemotherapy treatment, she told the same nurse that her left shoulder was starting to burn. The nurse pressed down on the noncoring needle and informed the patient that it was secure and fl ush with the bottom of the portal reservoir. The nurse then fl ushed the port with a second saline-fi lled syringe, documented that the port fl ushed easily and had a "slight pink-tinged blood return," and told Ms. W that she was "just feeling the cold fl uid going in." When the nurse administered the chemotherapy, the woman complained of increasing discomfort but was reassured that it resulted from the cool temperature of the drugs being infused. On completion of the chemotherapy treatment, Ms. W reported that her shoulder "burned terribly." The nurse replied that the area around the port "still must be sensitive" and suggested that the patient place a heating pad on her shoulder when she returned to her home. Ms. W called the surgeon who had implanted her port, described her discomfort, and asked whether shoulder pain should be expected during future chemotherapy treatments. The surgeon ordered a contrast dye study (venogram) (see Figure 1), which showed that dye was leaking from the catheter of the port into the subcutaneous tissue. The port was removed and visually inspected by the surgeon. Although no catheter damage was discovered on fi rst inspection, when the catheter tip was pinched closed and saline was injected into the port, saline squirted from the catheter (see Figure 2). A small linear slit was apparent on closer examination of the catheter.


FOR many years city managers and their form of government have been the darlings of the political science professors from coast to coast. In Public Administration Review of last summer, a Rackham postdoctoral fellow at the University of Michigan with wide experience in municipal research raised grave questions about the future for councilmanager government. It was charged that the plan often creates a political vacuum and that if the manager allows himself to be drawn in, he becomes an autocrat. If he stays out, the city flounders from a lack of leadership. The article charges that the manager's preoccupation with efficiency makes him sterile to political considerations and-in the absence of a strong political mayor-democracy goes down the drain. Also, warnings of growing criticism of council-manager governments by political scientists were voiced at last year's International City Managers' Association conference. Some of these views were partially confirmed last year by a report by Clarence E. Ridley who retired in 1956 after serving twenty-seven years as executive director of the International City Managers' Association. Ridley, a strong advocate of council-manager government, received questionnaire replies from eighty-eight city managers from coast to coast as to the importance they placed on their annual budget as a means of formulation of municipal policy. While in councilmanager government, the city manager has sole responsibility for recommending the coming year's city plan through an executive budget, few managers gave it the place of im> Further on the city manager's role in policy development and community leadership, a manager (with 12 years experience as a manager in three small and medium sized cities and two years as assistant manager in two larger cities) urges that more politics be put into the council-manager plan, but without any withdrawal by the manager from his key responsibilities in developing and presenting policy. Many managers, he feels, do not sufficiently throw open the policy development process to the public, particularly in budgeting. These questions, of course, apply with little translation to highlevel career executives in other units of government. Earlier articles on the same subject appeared in the Summer, 1958 and Spring, 1959 PAR.


The present paper is devoted to investigate the mass transfer in two dimensional spacer filled channels. Three different configurations of the cylindrical spacers are considered with different channel Reynolds number and mesh length. Different size and shape of formation of recirculation region, upstream and downstream of the spacers are closely observed. This recirculation regions have an important role in enhancing the mass transfer in the reattachment region. CFD simulations show that the submerged spacers have the highest efficiency with highest wall shear stress and mass transfer enhancement whilst the cavity spacer have the least performance. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ganit.v31i0.10306 GANIT J. Bangladesh Math. Soc. (ISSN 1606-3694) 31 (2011) 33-41


We extend the conventional Solow growth accounting model in a way that permits innovation to affect consumer welfare directly. Our model is based on Lancaster's New Approach to Consumer Theory, which we adapt to the growth accounting problem in a way consistent with the assumptions of the Solow model. In the Lancaster framework, there is a separate "consumption technology" that transforms the goods acquired from producers, measured at production cost, into utility. This technology can shift over time, allowing consumers to make more efficient use of each dollar of income, a possibility we term "output ‐ saving" technical change, in contrast to the Solow TFP "resource ‐ saving" technical change. One implication of our model is that living standards can be rising at a greater rate than is signaled by the growth rate of real GDP. Thus, the impact of the digital revolution may not be properly assessed by focusing exclusively on how innovation affects the supply ‐ side of the economy.


Rough set theory was introduced into the fault diagnosis of electronic ballast,and a fault diagnostic method for electronic ballast based on rough set theory was proposed.The computation complexity was greatly reduced by decreasing the dimensions of universe.Useful decision rules were extracted through attribute reduction and value reduction.The real case analysis showed that,by application of rough set theory,clear and concise diagnostic rules could be acquired.This new method could improve the ability of fault diagnosis and would be useful for online quality control practice.


FIELD: medicine, pharmaceutics. SUBSTANCE: claimed invention relates to field of immunology. Claimed is application of monoclonal antibody against human Fas ligand protein (CD95L, or Apo1L, or FasL) or its antigen-binding fragment for manufacturing medication for prevention and/or treatment of skin diseases, associated with acantholysis of keratinocytes, in particular for prevention and/or treatment of pemphigus, where antibody contains amino acid sequences CDR of 3E1 antibody or is produced by hybridoma ATCC PTA-4017. EFFECT: application of antibody in accordance with invention or its antigen-binding fragment provides more effective prevention of desmoglein (dsg3) cleavage in comparison with application of other antibodies. 11 cl, 16 dwg


Should the United States build a commercial supersonic passenger plane? In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the question seemed purely rhetorical to the experts - the federal government, the aerospace industry, and the elite of American technology. Yet the SST was grounded by the American public"Clipped Wings "is the fascinating story of the grass-roots movement, a new socio-environmental constituency that achieved its first dramatic victory with the SST and since then has moved on to new challenges such as opposition to nuclear power. Based on extensive interviews and original documents (many of which had to be declassified through the Freedom of Information Act), the book is also a solid history of the SST. It follows the actions of key individuals in the conflict, including Robert McNamara, FAA Administrator Najeeb Halaby, environmental activist William A. Shurcliff, and Presidents Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon. New facts and quotations are presented that will startle many readers.Horwitch emphasizes that environmental protest alone did not bring this immense undertaking to a halt; inherent weaknesses and internal flaws helped disable the program. "Clipped Wings "details the bureaucratic intrigues, managerial inadequacies, economic difficulties, and technical failures that played significant roles in terminating the SST.Mel Horwitch is Assistant Professor of Management in the Corporate Strategy, Policy and Planning Group at MIT's Sloan School of Management. He notes that the SST case has been widely used in a diverse range of courses and executive training programs. It is a history that has much to offer to an informed public in an age of proliferating and active stakeholders, Concordes, and Synfuel Corporations.


Summary.  Background: Preterm birth is a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, occurring in 5–13% of deliveries in developed countries. Genetic thrombophilia can theoretically contribute to the induction of preterm delivery, but the role of thrombophilia as risk factor is unclear. Objectives:  To assess factor V Leiden, FII G20210A and other selected inherited and acquired variables as risk factors for preterm birth. Patients/Methods: We performed a population‐based nested case–control study of 100 000 consecutive pregnancies in Finland. Cases and controls were identified by combining national registers. Clinical data were obtained from medical records and standardized questionnaires. We studied 324 cases with preterm delivery at or after 22 and before 37 completed weeks of gestation, and 752 controls. Results: FV Leiden was associated with a 2.4‐fold risk (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–4.6) of preterm birth in all pregnancies, and a 2.6‐fold risk (95% CI 1.4–5.1) in singleton pregnancies. FV Leiden was especially associated with late preterm birth at or after 32 weeks of pregnancy, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.9 (95% CI 1.5–5.6) in all pregnancies and an OR of 3.1 (95% CI 1.6–6.2) in singleton pregnancies. FII G20210A was not associated with preterm birth. Twin pregnancy (OR 12.0, 95% CI 6.0–24.1) and a history of venous thrombosis (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.4–9.8) were associated with increased risk. High educational level and modest overweight (body mass index 25–29.9 kg m−2) had protective effects. Conclusions: Maternal carriage of FV Leiden was associated with increased risk of late but not early preterm birth. FII G20120A was not associated with preterm birth.


ABSTRACT Higher education as a field of research and a broad topic for investigation continues to grow; however, several topics remain less explicated than those about core university activities (teaching and research). Specifically, the experience of university professional staff is a topic that attracts lesser attention but is important and relevant to higher education institutions' current and future operations. A systematic review of 54 publications from the first two decades of the twenty-first century, across the Global South and Global North, was undertaken to advance knowledge about the changing roles and occupational identities of professional staff and the spaces of interaction with others in the university community. This review found changes in professional identity construction, a growing sense of agency in professional staff, increasing visibility in their contributions to university work and developing collaborations with academic staff. These findings are set in the context of critical engagement with the discourse of third space and other boundary zones of staff interaction and working together. Our review concludes with specific propositions for university practice, informed policymaking and future research.


The present status of clean fuel vehicle in Guangzhou City and the general development situation of clean fuel vehicle at home and abroad are described.By comparing CNG vehicle,LNG vehicle and adsorbed natural gas vehicle,the LNG vehicle should be selected as the development direction of clean fuel vehicle in Guangzhou City,and the suggestions on popularization and application of LNG vehicle are offered.


We study task assignment in online service platforms where un-labeled clients arrive according to a stochastic process and each client brings a random number of tasks. As tasks are assigned to servers, they produce client/server-dependent random payoffs. The goal of the system operator is to maximize the long-term average payoff subject to the servers' capacity constraints. However, both the statistics of the dynamic client population and the client-specific payoff vectors are unknown to the operator. Thus, the operator must design task-assignment policies that integrate adaptive control (of the queueing system) with online learning (of the clients' payoff vectors). A key challenge in such integration is how to account for the non-trivial closed-loop interactions between the queueing process and the learning process, which may significantly degrade system performance. We propose a new utility-guided online learning and task assignment algorithm that seamlessly integrates learning with control to address such difficulty. Our analysis shows that, compared to an oracle that knows all client dynamics and payoff vectors beforehand, the payoff gap of our proposed algorithm decreases as O(1/V ) + O( √ logN/N), as a parameter V of the algorithm and the average number N of tasks per client increase. Through simulations, we show that our proposed algorithm significantly outperforms a myopic matching policy and a standard queue-length based policy that does not explicitly address the closed-loop interactions between queueing and learning.


Editor—Pit bull terriers and other hard to accommodate fighting dogs can be bred selectively in a remarkably few generations. Across the diversity of human individual differences, neither early evolution nor the social norms of civilisation favoured the selection of many people with extreme personality types. The study of Ferguson et al on admissions to medical school found that the dimension of personality labelled "conscientiousness" predicted better performance during pre-registration studies.1

A degree of conscientiousness, in the right occupational context, can bring advantages to individual performance in many activities.2 However, this does not mean that the medical profession or its patients will necessarily benefit by selecting for ever more and more "conscientious" applicants.

At the extreme, this could mean more and more colleagues who exhibit either an obsessive narrowness in their worldview or a perfectionism that prevents them letting go of work in progress.

Idealising conscientiousness could make for unhappiness in both individuals and the medical profession. In general, higher education and the professions seem to benefit from taking in a rich diversity of people, including some with "ordinary" traits—like those of the public we serve.

There has been at least one natural experiment in this area. Germany's wartime SS "baby farms" in areas such as the Sudetenland selected their prospective parents on three criteria: physical robustness, a pale complexion, and (especially) a sense of duty. Have any of their "dutiful" children since become outstanding doctors?


It is well understood that improvements in nuclear power plant service and maintenance will lead to increased plant safety. However, the quantitative degree of improvement in safety is not as well understood. For example, although reducing the frequency of surveillance tests may actually reduce the wear on a given component, the associated quantitative impacts at the component, system, and plant levels of safety are often not known. Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is a tool that can be used to quantify the safety impact of changes in plant maintenance. In principle, the impact of maintenance actions on risk are incorporated in a PRA through equipment failure parameters and maintenance-related parameters. However, the links between the equipment failure parameters and maintenance practices are somewhat tenuous because the failure data used to estimate the parameters are rare. The objective of this paper is to present an analysis of the impact of changes in maintenance activities on common-cause failure (CCF) rates and plant risk.


Cognitive science is a new field that brings together what is known about the mind from many academic disciplines: psychology, linguistics, anthropology , philosophy, and computer science. It seeks detailed answers to such questions as: What is reason? How do we make sense of our experi-ence? What is a conceptual system and how is it organized? Do all people use the same conceptual system? If so, what is that system? If not, exactly what is there that is common to the way all human beings think? The questions aren't new, but some recent answers are. This book is about the traditional answers to these questions and about recent research that suggests new answers. On the traditional view, reason is abstract and disembodied. On the new view, reason has a bodily basis. The traditional view sees reason as literal, as primarily about propositions that can be objectively either true or false. The new view takes imaginative aspects of reason-metaphor, metonymy, and mental imagery as central to reason, rather than as a peripheral and inconsequential adjunct to the literal. The traditional account claims that the capacity for meaningful thought and for reason is abstract and not necessarily embodied in any organism. Thus, meaningful concepts and rationality are transcendental, in the sense that they transcend, or go beyond, the physical limitations of any organism. Meaningful concepts and abstract reason may happen to be embodied in human beings, or in machines, or in other organisms-but they exist abstractly, independent of any particular embodiment. In the new view, meaning is a matter of what is meaningful to thinking, functioning beings. The nature of the thinking organism and the way it functions in its environment are of central concern to the study of reason. Both views take categorization as the main way that we make sense of experience. Categories on the traditional view are characterized solely by the properties shared by their members. That is, they are characterized xi 'xii Preface (a) independently of the bodily nature of the beings doing the categorizing and (b) literally, with no imaginative mechanisms (metaphor, meton-ymy, and imagery) entering into the nature of categories. In the new view, our bodily experience and the way we use imaginative mechanisms are central to how we construct categories to make sense of experience. Cognitive science is now in transition. The traditional view is hanging on, although the new view is beginning to take …


When I was approached by the editors of this journal to write a commentary, it had been more than forty years since I last returned to Turkey. During those years, I have made little effort to keep track of the ups and downs in Turkish politics. Yet, a number of questions have persistently intrigued me. It is with some hesitation that I offer the reflections below. The intrigue has deepened since the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalktnma Partisi, AKP) won the elections again, with the intention to make significant policy changes, including changes to the constitution. Then came the confrontation in which the Prime Minister forced his will upon the military. O n top of all that are changes in foreign policy over the last few years, which have gained worldwide attention. It is a question thrown up by these developments that I take up here. These are all developments that have significance beyond Turkish politics, and this has encouraged me to think that I may have something to say after all. I am presently in India on a short visit as the Rajni Kothari Chair in Democracy with the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in Delhi. As a most fundamental problem of Indian politics, religion inevitably resonates in my mind with developments in Turkey over the last half-century. Religion in politics is not just an Indian or Turkish problem, but has become a problem for the world, reversing the secularizing trends of nearly two centuries that began in Europe and from there spread around the world. I have discussed this as a general problem of contemporary modernity in my recent book, Global Modernity: Modernity in the Age of Global Capitalism. The intensified presence of religion is a major phenomenon in US politics. But somehow, be-


The present invention relates to a method for the detection of total liquid milk monoglyceride content. After the first addition of a solution of n-tetradecane liquid milk, and then aqueous ammonia were added, 95% ethanol, diethyl ether, petroleum ether extract obtained mixture, extracting the mixture to be layered, the organic phase separated and evaporated to remove the organic diethyl ether phase and petroleum ether, and concentrated to dryness to obtain pyridin-mixed with the liquid to be detected. Sample solution to be tested and prepared by silylating agent after derivatization, by gas chromatography. The output of the instrument into the specific formula, the total liquid milk monoglyceride content can be drawn. Detection method of the present invention is simple, can quickly and accurately detect total liquid milk monoglyceride content.


Collaborative Intelligence is a new paradigm that splits a deep neural network (DNN) into an edge and cloud for deploying a DNN-based image recognition application. In this paradigm, deep features, which are the outputs of the edge DNN, are compressed and transmitted to the cloud DNN. Because the deep features have a number of responses that are similar to each other, for efficient compression, previous methods spatially arrange and compress the deep features as an image to utilize the similarity as a spatial correlation. However, if the deep features are arranged in not only spatial but also temporal directions like those in a video, it may be possible to compress them more efficiently by increasing a temporal correlation. To explore this possibility, we propose a "spatio-temporal arrangement". This method spatially arranges the deep features as images and temporally arranges them as a video with a novel ordering search algorithm. Our method effectively increases the spatial and temporal correlations hidden in the deep features and achieves high compression efficiency compared with the previous methods. Experimental results demonstrate the compression efficiency of our method is better than that of the previous methods (1.50% to 4.98% on BD-Rate evaluation in a lossy setting). Our analysis shows that our method effectively increases the correlation when the input is an image with rich edges and textures.


In this paper, we consider some class of non strongly regular boundary value problems for fourth order differential operators. We obtain asymptotic formulas for eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of these boundary value problems. Then, using these asymptotic formulas, we prove that system of eigenfunctions does not form basis in L2(0,1).


The design of office space lacks consideration of humanization and sustainability, and there are problems such as static design concept. The versatility of the space is not suitable for the development of society. This paper first explains the concept of elasticity in ecology, briefly reviews the development process of office space elastic design theory, and then, through the development process of analysis, summarizes the general principles and specific methods of elastic design in office space. Introducing "elastic design" in the office space, making it free to change and combine with people's needs is an effective way to solve this problem. "Flexible Design" can be designed to create a versatile space that allows people to work and rest, communicate with others, and meet the potential for future work. The design of office space should be truly people-oriented, break the traditional design thinking and achieve sustainable development of space. The Concept of Elasticity in Ecology In ecology, elasticity refers to the ability of a society to recover its basic structure and function after being disturbed. Eco-elasticity acts on the social-ecosystem and is an alternative way to "understand the world around and manage natural resources". [1]Through the two concepts of depreciation and adaptive cycling, the impact of human social behavior on the environment is constrained, and environmental degradation caused by social development is reduced. The concept of elasticity is widely applicable, and it can be generalized to obtain the following characteristics: Elasticity describes the relationship between two variables in the system, and these two variables have a causal relationship. Elasticity can be abstracted as a property of one variable in a system that changes with another. Elasticity can be expressed as sensitivity or adaptability under certain conditions, that is, the degree of response of the independent variable under the same increment or decrement of the dependent variable. The key to studying the elasticity of the system is to identify two variables with causality and to clarify the characteristics of the changes between them.[1] Canadian ecologist Holfing first proposed the concept of ecosystem resilience in his paper "Resilience and stability of ecological systems" in 1973.[2] Elasticity is the property of the system, while the probability of persistence or extinction is the result. Then the Resilience Alliance expands the elasticity into an important concept for expressing the adaptive capacity of the socio-ecological system. Elasticity applies to ecosystems or integrated systems of people and natural resources. The elasticity of social-ecological systems is ecological. The key to economic and social sustainability. A resilient system can withstand the total amount of change and still maintain its original function and structure, can be self-organized, and can build and enhance learning and adaptability. Adaptability is a component of elasticity and a system behavior that responds to interference. In the practical application of the flexible concept, it is necessary to clarify when and where management intervention can prevent the bad change of the system's adaptive ability. The measurement elasticity often needs to be defined by empiricity and context. 8th International Conference on Management and Computer Science (ICMCS 2018) Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Computer Science Research, volume 77


analysis is the process which helps in recognizing people's perspective and emotional conditions. Sentiment analysis appeared in the roots of the disciplines of psychology, sociology and anthropology. Sentiment analysis takes place from the hypothesis of emotive attitude and assessment hypothesis. It emphasis on sensation in forming perceptions. Feelings that are generated from both conscious and unconscious processing are called emotions. The feelings of the people can be expressed in positive or negative ways. Mostly, parts of speech are used as feature to extract the sentiment of the text. Sentiment analysis is an evolving field with a variety of use applications. Further, the evaluation of the accuracy of the existing systems, from which it is analyzed that the result can be improved by calculating the sentiments of word instead of calculating sentiment of complete sentence or paragraph. KeywordsAnalysis, Opinion mining, NLP, Linguistic


The lesion method in studying brain-behavior relationships has had a stormy history. The excellent book by Hanna and Antonio R. Damasio should greatly strengthen the value of this method. As I looked over the excellent brain images with their accompanying neuroanatomical templates, one could wistfully hope that Broca could see what he started. The Damasios, cognizant of the classic contributions and knowledgeable from their own extensive research, do not make the errors that have plagued neuropsychology and have eroded the value of the lesion method. They remind us again of some fundamental concepts and give illustrative case histories to buttress these concepts. First, they emphasize, as did Hughlings Jackson, that the loss of a function with a specific lesion does not mean the construct for that function resided there. Second, they note that only with careful testing and breaking down a response to its component parts can we understand what


Chapter 3 analyzes existing international legal rules safeguarding internet integrity and presents the evolution of internet governance as a global regime for the internet. While there exist no international treaties directly protecting the internet (or protecting states and society from its dangers), indirectly protective norms exist both in treaty law and customary international law. Further, the majority of established principles of international law are relevant for the use and development of the internet. By describing existing elements of the internet's order and the normative dynamics that have shaped the evolution of internet-related principles, especially related to internet governance, Chapters 2 and 3 together set the scene for the discussion of normative disorder on the internet.


2002,Taiwan's accession to WTO,agricultural protection policy to gradually reduce and eventually abolished,and the implementation of market liberalization policies;traditional agriculture in addition to their own problems,but also facing competitive pressures in international markets,agriculture is limited living space,a new dilemma coming into being.In order to alleviate these impacts,it is necessary to propose new policies to boost the vitality of traditional agriculture,to assist in transformation of traditional agriculture to boost the agricultural economy and increase farmers income and create more employment opportunities.The impact of agriculture in the face of competition pressure,if able to combine leisure and tourism will be the beginning of a new life.In view of this,the Council of Agriculture in 2000,and had put an agricultural and fishing village,one leisure park The Project,which under the Township in Tainan County Farmers volunteered to join the program,trying to transform agricultural patterns under the business area. The implementation of multiple policies in the government and the township under the Township in the implementation of planning activities,the farmers and local farmers will complement each other creating a marketing group,combined with lower operating Sambo -"sericulture","White Goose","black beans"and endemic agricultural and livestock products,a series of promotion of agricultural products combined with leisure activities such as sericulture Festival,goose festival,black beans Festival....Gradually changed in the traditional agriculture-oriented tourism,while agriculture with tourism,agricultural extension work is to promote local development of leisure agriculture and industry?Is indeed a practical and interesting topics.The study found that under the Township in Tainan County,the local agricultural products with tourism activities,promotional activities,can effectively promote local agriculture and increase farmers income leisure.However,upgrading the quality of goods,should be the focus for future improvement projects.In addition,farmers will launch promotional activities and processed agricultural products can not be rigid,should change with the times of new products to cater to the needs of tourists and consumers.


Objective To investigate the prevalence of reproductive tract infections(RTI) in women in Baise city,and to analyze the influencing factors in RTI.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted in 8398 outpatients and 8309 healthy women.So did the gynecological examination and laboratory tests.Statistical analysis was performed.Results (1)Incidence:The incidence of RTI in outpatients group was 82.6% (6 939/8 398).Among them,31.8%(2 670/8 398) of women suffered from two or more RTI diseases;and the prevalence rate of RTI in healthy group was 19.93% (1 656/8 309),2.1% (176/8 309) of women suffered from two or more infection diseases.(2)Infection characteristics:In outpatients group,the highest incidence of RTI occurred in female at the age ≤35(50.4%),and then at the age ≤35(20.3%) and 45 (11.9%),and the incidence of cervictis,chlamydia/mycoplasma,bacterial vaginosis,candida and annexitis in female at the age ≤35 were much higher than those in female at the age ≤35 and 45(P0.01).The incidence of farmers was the highest in outpatients group(31.0%,2 603/8 398),70.4%(1 832/2 603) of which were migrant peasant workers.(3)Influential factors:Risk or influential factors to female RTI included age,occupational characteristics,history of RTI,times of abortion,the interval of washing vulva.Conclusion For the prevalence rate of RTI in Baise women is high,mass treatment and screening should be conducted to carry out effective prevention and control on RTI according to its influential factors.


The reactions of the hydroxyl radical with a number of compounds containing the unit –CHX–CHY–, where X = OH or OMe and Y = OH, OAc, Halogen, or a protonated amino-group, have been studied by e.s.r. spectroscopy. The transient species involved have been identified on the basis of their hyperfine splittings and g-factors; in the case of the radical ·CH(OH)·CH2NH3+ and its derivatives, clear trends in the proton and nitrogen nitrogen splittings are observed as the NH hydrogen atoms are successively replaced by methyl groups, and these have been rationalised in terms of an interaction involving both hydroxy- and amino-substituents.The data not only support the view that radicals containing the fragment –Ċ(OH)–C(OH)[graphic omitted] undergo acid-catalysed elimination of water but also reveal further details of this reaction and information about related heterolytic processes; for example, there is evidence that the radical cation MeOCH–ĊH2 is formed transiently from the radical ·CH(OMe)·CH2X (X = Cl or OAc). Amines do not appear to fragment heterolytically from radicals of the type ·CH(OH)·CH2NR3+, but the formation of the species Me3N·+ from the choline cation suggests that the C–N bond in the species ·CH(OH)·CH2NMe3+ readily undergoes homolysis.


The antibodies to serotonin modulate behavioural reactions of animals depending on the mode of administration (intracerebroventricular or intraperitoneal) and the testing time. Intraventricular injection induces inhibition of behavioural activity within 1--2 hours. Systemic injection produces a biphasic effect on the serotoninergic system, i. e., the activation in the early period and the steady inhibition later. Effects of the intraperitoneally injected serotonin antibodies on the CNS are probably mediated either by serotonin binding in blood or by involvement of neurotrophic factors of the immune system. Both ways of administration of the serotonin antibodies result in late hyperalgesia.


Effect of cattle (Bovine sp.) urine with extracts of three indigenous plants against Myzus presicae (Sulzer) was studied during 2008 and 2009 at laboratory and polyhouse conditions. The extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica L.) and ratna jayot (Jatropha curcas L.) at 5% gave 93.33 and 73.33 per cent mortality, followed by ritha (Sapindus mukorossi L.) which gave 46.67 per cent mortality at 5% concentration after 72 hours exposure. All the extracts were effective in reducing the population of M.persicae in polyhouse @ 10% after 7 day of treatment. Neem extract was most effective to control aphid population.


MoSe2 has the genuine potential as anode material for lithium-ion batteries, benefiting from its layered structure, large interlayer space and high specific capacity. In this work, we achieve the controllable and in-situ synthesis of MoSe2-C nanocomposites and investigating the dimensional effects (grain size, interlayer distance, and slabs of stacking in number) of carbon content on the MoSe2-C hybrid material. The optimized anode MoSe2-15.0%C delivers prominent cycling performance (a high reversible capacity of 1165 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles at 0.2 A g−1 and 860 mAh g−1 after 150 cycles at 1 A g−1) and compelling rate behavior (734 mAh g−1 even at a current density of as high as 10 A g−1). The above elucidates that the modest carbon layer not only guarantee the integrity of the electrode by avoiding the structure collapse, but also elevate the electric conductivity to supply quick discharging and charging. The outstanding electrochemical performance is attributed to the synergistic effect between MoSe2 and the carbon. Hence, MoSe2-C nanocomposites could be deemed as promising anode materials in lithium-ion batteries.


The paper investigates the choice of government to offer research funding to a pharmaceutical drug monopoly firm aimed at technological improvements to reduce production costs of the drug given the time paths of the prevalence of the disease and the monopoly price for treatment in a dynamic economic framework. We examine under what conditions the monopoly will accept the offer of government, what variables influence the level of government research fund and when the government would better to involve. The study finds that first, the monopolist will take the government research funding if its productivity type is sufficiently high. Second, the optimal level of government funding increases with the expected ex-ante cost of production and decreases with the expected type parameter of the firm. Further, the government would like to raise the level of research fund with the growth in proportion of sick if the cost deduction associated with the government research funding would sufficiently benefit consumers. Last, the government would be more likely to be involved when the ex-ante cost of production and the type parameter of the firm are expected to be high and the number of sick in the population reaches a sufficiently large value. The paper also extends the paper by Mechoulan(2007) and demonstrates the theoretical results through the application of a computational dynamic optimization model.


This work presents timed automata as a natural tool for solving Chinese postman problems on time varying network.This study shows that the optimal Chinese tour can be equivalently casted as the shortest run in this automaton system,which can be obtained efficiently by solving a series of decision problems for reachability.A composition strategy is then proposed to adapt to the current model,such that the number of timed automaton is reduced from O(|A|+|AR|+1) to O(1).Computational results show that the improved model can solve small-sized instances optimally,and that it can obtain a better gap between the lower bound and upper bound than the ones obtained by the cutting plane and column generation algorithms.


A prospective study evaluating the outcome of HD pts whose chemotherapy was tailored based on results of scans performed after 1or 2 cycles of chemotherapy reducing the cumulative chemotherapy for early responders and maximizing the dose for late responders. Study was initiated in 1999 for patients with classical HD age 18–65y. Eligibility criteria were either stage I, II with unfavorable features (see table) or any stage III or IV HD. Those with I-II B or bulky or any Stage III-IV were defined according to IPS. Patients with standard risk were treated with 2 cycles of standard BEACOPP (SB). Those with high risk were treated with 2 cycles of escalated BEACOPP (EB). GA 67 or FDG PET scan was performed at diagnosis and after the 1st or 2nd cycle for 57 and 55 pts respectively. If the early scan remained positive then additional 4 cycles of EB were administered, otherwise, SB was given. 108 pts 44 F64 M age 18–63y (median 33) who had at least 1 year of follow up are reported. The CR rate was 97%. The 4-yr disease free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) is 84% and 90% respectively at a median follow up of 35-month (5-70). The 4-yr DFS and OS are similar for standard and high risk patients. The disease progressed in 3/10 pts with an interim positive PET versus 1/40 negative scans (p 67 scan versus 7/44 (16%) negative scan (NS). Negative predictive value of early normal PET and GA 67 scans are 98% and 84% respectively. Only one patient developed secondary leukemia following salvage therapy and high dose chemotherapy. One patient died during therapy from unrelated cause. Conclusion: PET is a useful tool for early interim decision regarding dose of chemotherapy. Early PET allowed for chemotherapy reduction in 80% of high-risk pts. Only 14% of standard risk patients required dose intensification. Similar DFS and OS can be obtained regardless of IPS. 6 cycles of risk adapted BEACOPP are effective.


Since Verdu's optimum multiuser detector uses the Viterbi algorithm, its computational complexity increases exponentially with user number so it can not be used in practical systems. Therefore, a multiuser detector is proposed using semi definite programming (SDP) relaxation. This method changes the optimum multiuser detector into a quadratic programming problem and then uses semi definite programming relaxation to solve the quadratic programming (QP) problem. The SDP solution has polynomial complexity, so the SDP multiuser detector has polynomial complexity. The simulation results show that the performance of the SDP detector can closely approximate the performance of the optimum detector.


Although the lung is active metabolically during late fetal development and in the immediate postnatal period because of large energy requirements for growth and the synthesis of surfaces active phospholipids, there is little information available concerning substrate oxidations by the developing lung. We have measured the capacity of lung slices obtained from 17 day fetuses to adults to oxidize glucose and fatty acids. Glucose oxidation to CO2 decreased between 17 and 20 days of fetal development. Coincident with birth CO2 production from glucose increased and remained constant until weaning when activity again increased possibly in association with the shift to higher carbohydrate intake. The ratio of glucose -1-14C: Glucose -6-1414C oxidation to 14CO2 was highest during late fetal development suggesting increased glucose oxidation via the pentose phosphate pathway at that time Oxidation of palmitate in fetal, newborn and adult lung was negligible even in the presence of carnitine. However, oxidation of capric acid (10 carbon) was significant and increased from 55 n moles/g/hr at 17 days gestation to 130 n moles/g/hr by the 5th postnatal day. Activity then declined to adult levels which were approximately 25% that of glucose oxidation. The data suggests that while the developing lung can oxidize glucose and medium chain fatty acids, palmitate oxidation is limited possibly because of requirements for its utilization as a substrate for pulmonary lecithin.


Chiral bis(diimine) ligands (derived from chiral enantiopure diamines and 2-formylpyridine) enantioselectively self-assemble with an iron (II) salt to either the tetrahedral cage molecule ΔΔΔΔ-[Fe4L6](8+) or its enantiomer, ΛΛΛΛ-[Fe4L6](8+). These versatile water-soluble capsules are capable of binding a wide range of organic guests in their large hydrophobic cavities. Among these guests is the neurotoxic insecticide dichlorvos, for which the ΔΔΔΔ-[Fe4L6](8+) coordination capsule serves as a competent supramolecular catalyst for its hydrolysis.


In this paper,water exchange in the inner river course for an artificial island in Fujian was studied.To build an artificial island,a river course was set taking into account of the landscape and the environment,with two sluices at the end of the river course.According to the hydrological conditions such as the tidal level of open sea and the guaranteed water level in the inner river,water exchange of the inner river course was analyzed.The occasion of sluice opening,the time of water exchange,the exchange capacity and the flow state figures of river course were obtained,and the reasonable scheme for water exchange was proposed.


In order to study the safety and efficacy of lidocaine and ropivacaine some of their actions were compared using the parameters namely local anaesthetic effect on rabbit cornea, local anaesthetic effect on the reflex movements of the nostrils of rabbit, analgesic effect on rat, cardiac effect on frog heart and the effect on the blood vessels of frog. The local anaesthetic effect on rabbit cornea and reflex movements of the nostrils of rabbit had longer duration with ropivacaine but there were differences in the onset of action. By rat tail flick method, ropivacaine proved to be more potent and longer acting in its analgesic action. Ropivacaine took longer time to produce bradycardia. There was less number of missed beats of the frog heart with ropivacaine. While lidocaine produced vasoconstriction of frog blood vessels, ropivacaine produced initial vasoconstriction followed by vasodilatation. In all the parameters used, ropivacaine proved to be more potent, longer acting and safer when compared to lidocaine.


Variety and dissimilarity of interest prove to be the principal base of methodology in ideological education. Educational workers should not only pay attention to student's wide interest and liking but also meet the needs from different students. To guide students to elegant, lofty interest, they must start from education, deepen their understanding and make interest a permanent mover to push students' upwardness.


MIXED MARTIAL ARTS (MMA) IS A COMBAT SPORT THAT COMBINES BRAZILIAN JIU-JITSU (BJJ), MUAY THAI KICKBOXING, AND WRESTLING. ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE CAN BE ENHANCED BY THE APPLICATION OF A TRAINING PROGRAM SPECIFIC TO MMA, WHICH IS A PHYSICALLY DEMANDING ACTIVITY THAT USES BOTH ANAEROBIC AND AEROBIC ENERGY SYSTEMS. THERE IS NO PEER-REVIEWED RESEARCH REGARDING THE BEST POSSIBLE TRAINING METHODS FOR A FEMALE MMA FIGHTER. THIS ARTICLE WILL ASSESS THE PHYSIOLOGICAL DEMANDS OF MMA, EXAMINE THE NEEDS OF FEMALE COMBAT ATHLETES, DISCUSS PEER-REVIEWED RESEARCH ABOUT COMBAT SPORT TRAINING METHODS, AND SUGGEST PROPER SPORT-SPECIFIC TRAINING STRUCTURES THAT WILL OPTIMIZE PERFORMANCE AND REDUCE THE RISK OF INJURY.


This paper describes how numerical modelling based on a discrete element formulation has been employed to simulate the response of masonry to seismic loading and the effects of explosions. Using dynamic non-linear numerical analysis the performance of walls with and without retrofitted strengthening has been compared. Models representative of ashlar masonry laid with a weak lime-based or regular mortar have been investigated. In general, wall arrangements are typical of those forming the end elevations of conventionally constructed low-rise buildings loaded horizontally. Walls including idealised openings have also been investigated. The benefits of strengthening by the introduction of passively stressed reinforcement are predicted for various arrangements when subjected to dynamic loading. The reinforcement is represented explicitly in the analysis allowing direct assessment of damage and potential failure mechanisms. The paper concludes that, the discrete element technique is ideally suited to dynamic masonry simulation and overcomes many difficulties experienced with traditional finite element analysis. The overall performance of masonry acting compositely with retrofitted reinforcement has been predicted and comparisons made between different reinforcement dispositions. 1 Associate, Gifford and Partners, Consulting Engineers, Carlton House, Ringwood Road, Woodlands, Southampton, SO40 7HT, United Kingdom 2 Director, Rockfield Software Ltd, Innovation Centre, University Of Wales, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom 3 Division Manager, Cintec America Inc, 5540 Connecticut Ave., Suite 220, Washington DC 20015 4 Ashlar masonry – masonry in which the block size is relatively large compared to the mortar layer holding the blocks together.


HHeF, a chemically-bound helium compound, has been predicted to be metastable in the gas phase. It decays by tunneling through energy barriers in picosecond timescales into He+HF and H+He+F. This paper studies the stability of HHeF in pressurized solid helium. Using realistic potentials for the HHeF/He interaction, the potential energy along the minimum energy paths for decomposition is evaluated, and tunneling decay times are computed by the WKB approximation. It is found that for pressures above 500 MPa, decomposition into H+He+F is completely suppressed. At 23 GPa, the highest pressure studied, the timescale for HHeF→He+HF is in the millisecond range. At pressures well above 23 GPa, HHeF is thus expected to remain stable indefinitely.


Objective To investigate the effect of outpatient health education on diabetic patients' blood glucose and HbA 1c. Methods One year's outpatient health education (including individual talks, lectures, discussions and regular visits) was offered to 200 diabetic patients. The blood glucose and HbA 1c were tested before and after the health education. Results After the health education, the blood glucose and HbA 1c levels were controlled satisfactorily. Compared with those before the health education, there were significant differences (P0.05). Conclusion Effective outpatient health education plays an important role in the control of the diabetic patients blood glucose and HbA1c levels.


Quality in Education can be defined as The development of intellectual skills and knowledge that will equip graduates to contribute to society through productive and satisfying engineering careers as innovators, decision makers and leaders in the global economy ( R. Natrajan, 1999) Technical education in India is facing lot of challenges as the demand for qualified engineers is ever increasing due to fast growing information technology and its enabled services sector. Though a large number of engineers pass out every year but not all of them are employed ready. The causes for this may be many, but most of them are related to the faculty and type of education and training being provided by our technical institute. These days most of the technical institutions are facing an acute shortage of faculty members. This is vastly due to a phenomenal growth of technical institutions in our country. Others reasons for this shortage may be lack of willingness of engineers to adapt teaching as career. It is proposed to model the system of technical education system, with a view to improve its attractiveness. For this purpose the technical education system will be divided into subsystems and their interactions will be modeled. A system dynamics approach is to be proposed to explain interactions between subsystems and the feedbacks with in the loops [1]


The present invention is a positive electrode capable of storing and discharge, the lithium ions; Occluding lithium ions, a negative electrode capable of emitting; A porous separator; And a) the lithium salt, and b) a lithium secondary battery comprising a nonaqueous electrolytic solution containing an electrolyte solvent, the non-aqueous electrolytic solution contains the compound or its decomposition product and the aliphatic nitrile compound of the formula (1), the cell to more than 4.2V provides a rechargeable lithium battery is characterized in that charging with. In addition, the present invention is to charge the battery as a lithium secondary battery comprising the cathode is a coating film containing the products of the cathode formed a complex (complex) between the positive electrode active material surface and an aliphatic nitrile compound, a compound of formula I formed, to more than 4.2V a lithium secondary battery is characterized by using; Complex with (complex) the positive electrode is formed between the positive electrode active material surface and an aliphatic nitrile compound, as a lithium secondary battery comprising a non-aqueous electrolyte containing the compound or its decomposition product of formula (1), to use in charging the battery up to 4.2V or more features a lithium secondary battery; And provide the lithium secondary battery is characterized in that as the negative electrode and a lithium secondary battery provided with a nonaqueous electrolyte containing an aliphatic nitrile compound coating film is formed containing a decomposition product of a compound of formula I, used to charge the battery up to 4.2V or higher do.


In Acts 4.13 Peter and John are designated as αγραμματoι... και ιδιωται. Is that phrase meant as a harsh disparagement of the two apostles by the members of the Sanhedrin? On the basis of lexical, contextual, and social-historical evidence this study argues against an evaluation of the double qualification through the eyes of modern people with their usual disregard for illiterates (and non-specialists). The documentary papyri especially present a different, unbiased picture without any social or negative impact of illiteracy and non-specialism. They help to clarify Acts 4.13 and make the terms 'illiterate people' and 'laymen' acceptable.


Trajectory anomaly detection has become increasingly important in many fields. However, most existing methods do not support online detection, and have limited performance in multi-source/multi-destination environments. To address these challenges, we propose an unsupervised method named intention orientation based trajectory anomaly detection (IO-TAD) which detects anomalies by inferring their underlying intentions in an online manner. IO-TAD is also robust in multi-source/multi-destination environments. To achieve this, we leverage Inverse Reinforcement Learning and recover the reward functions as a representation of the agents' intentions. Then we use the inferred value functions to quantify the agents' intention orientation pattern. The intuition behind our method is that different normal agents take different routes, or have different intentions, but the ways they achieve their intentions are similar. In other words, the values of normal trajectories tend to be monotonically increasing, while anomalous behaviour is non-monotonic. Our experiments show IO-TAD can achieve good online anomaly detection performance with up to 18.1% improvement in $F_{1}$ score over the comparable state-of-the-art methods.


A direct numerical simulation at resolution 2403 is used to obtain a statistically stationary three-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic turbulent field at a Reynolds number around 1000 (Rλ ≈ 150). The energy spectrum displays an inertial subrange extending over more than one decade. In the physical space, the strongest vorticity is organized in very elongated thin tubes. The typical length of a tube is around the integral scale of the flow and its thickness is a few dissipation scales.


Hillbrow, a high-rise, inner city suburb in Johannesburg was one of the first neighbourhoods to become racially diverse in spite of the Group Areas Act of 1950. From the late 1970s, its whites-only policy started crumbling and by 1993 when the data for this study were collected, under 20 per cent of its population was white. The central questions that are addressed in this paper are: how did racial propinquity impact on race relations and interracial interaction in the neighbourhood in the early 1990s? Did it increase racism amongst residents or did it lead to its diminution? Related questions are: how were the respective racial categories and other 'races' constructed, and what traits were assigned to the various racial categories? In order to establish the extent to which an integrated, rather than a merely mixed neighbourhood emerged, this study explores the range and limits of interracial friendships and socializing. Data for the study were obtained mainly through a household survey and in-depth inter...


Selective learning (SL), the ability to select items to learn from among other items, engages cognitive control, which is purportedly mediated by the frontal cortex and its circuitry. Using incentive‐based auditory word recall and expository discourse tasks, we studied the efficiency of SL in children ages 6 to 16 years who had sustained severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) at least 1 year earlier. We hypothesized that SL would be compromised by severe TBI. Results indicated that children with severe TBI performed significantly worse than age‐matched typically developing children on word‐ and discourse‐level measures of SL efficiency with no significant group differences in number of items recalled from auditory word lists or declarative facts. We conclude that severe TBI disrupts incentive‐based cognitive control processes, possibly due to involvement of frontal neural networks. Ann Neurol 2004; 56: 847–853


To the Editor—As the inventors and manufacturers of the probiotic Bio-K+ comprising Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285, Lactobacillus casei LBC80R, and Lactobacillus rhamnosus CLR2, we read with interest the recent Brief Report by Dr. Box and co-authors documenting their practical experience with the product in primary Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile infection (CDI) prevention [1]. Though this retrospective, cross-sectional study at Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla (California) is a useful addition to the body of evidence describing this probiotic [2], it was not designed to determine that the incidence of CDI was reduced. With proper controls, a cross-sectional study is an acceptable design to compare outcomes between equivalent groups of patients. We read in Box et al. that the hospital aimed to administer Bio-K+ daily to adults taking antibiotics without bias or treatment allocation. Fewer than half of the eligible patients, 41%, received 1 or more doses of the probiotic during their antibiotic treatment. This uncontrolled split of the patients was the basis for the statistical comparisons. However, the comparison groups were statistically different. As indicated by the authors, the probiotic-treated patients were exposed to disproportionately higher doses of antibiotics (24 g vs 10 g; P < .0001) and had a higher burden of illness (Charlson comorbidity index, 4.6 vs 4.1; P = .011). It is concerning to see more cases of nosocomial CDI in these higher-risk patients treated with the probiotic, but that is to be expected. Antibiotic use and frailty are the principal predictors of developing CDI [3]. Without adequate comparison groups, it is not possible to determine from cross-sectional data that there was "no impact of probiotics to reduce Clostridium difficile infection." Rather than a cross-sectional study design, the convention to quantify primary prevention of disease is a longitudinal design. Fortunately, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services require all participating hospitals in the United States to submit longitudinal data on nosocomial CDI and compare them with a customized benchmark for the predicted number of cases [4]. Data from many hospitals, including Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla, are available in the public domain from 2013 through 2017 [5, 6]. In the years preceding the use of Bio-K+, this hospital's rate of nosocomial CDI increased, relative to previous years and relative to the predicted benchmark. Though Box et al. inform the reader that probiotics were removed from the hospital's formulary, this probiotic was administered to adults taking antibiotics from 2016 through 2017. During those years, the rate of hospital-onset C. difficile infection was markedly reduced relative to previous years (Figure 1). The authors, which include the Scripps Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (SASP), seem to endorse "strong antimicrobial stewardship practices" instead of a probiotic. CDI prevention is not a simple endeavor, and highperforming hospitals employ a bundle of complimentary approaches to combat this deadly threat [7]. Hand washing, surface disinfection, and patient isolation limit the spread of spores within the hospital. Bio-K+ and other living microbial therapies serve a distinct purpose: to increase a patient's resilience while taking antibiotics. Without the proper controls, or statistical plan, quantifying primary disease prevention with cross-sectional data has many limitations, and the null hypothesis becomes a certainty. Even more concerning, an inappropriate study design, like the one described herein, could entirely miss a period of rapidly falling incidence of CDI. It is not possible to surmise which factors led to a markedly reduced number of C. difficile infections at the hospital during the intervention period. We simply disagree that, as the title of the Brief Report suggests, the authors have demonstrated that using this particular probiotic for disease prevention had "no impact."


Namanereis sp. belongs to class Polychaeta, a group of main benthic community in marine ecosystems. The purpose of this study to determine the potential of bioactive compounds from Namanereis sp. extract as an antibacterial agent and to determine its extract content through Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Samples of Namaneries sp. were collected from Demak Waters, Central of Java. This research used experimental laboratory method. Samples were extracted with non-polar (N-Hexane), semi-polar (Ethyl acetate) and polar (Methanol) solutions. Different concentrations of extraction, i.e. 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 µg.disk-1. then were tested against pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The extract content analysis was obtained using the GC-MS method.  The results showed that Namanereis sp. extract had a potential as an antibacterial agent. The highest inhibition zone was seen in the fraction with ethyl acetate solvent at a concentration of 100%, namely 13±3.05 mm in E. coli and 14±3.04 mm in S. aureus, which then was analysed with GC-MS. Its results found 20 bioactive compounds in the extract. The five most dominant compounds determined by the highest peak were Dihydrojasmone (12.31%), Hexanoic acid (11.49%), Cholesterol (7.66%), Cyclohexanol (7.53%) and Isopropyl Palmitate (7.52%). The research concluded that Namanereis sp. possessed antibacterial potency and contained several bioactive compounds.


As essence of modern civilization,scientific spirit is equal to inner impetus to achieve modern native and prosperous country in Liang Chichao's idea.From 1904 to 1922,Liang commented on science spirit for many times and developed comprehensive scientific culture actively,which constructed the systematic science spirit of Liang.


Reproductive behavior of captive least shrews (Crypitotis parva (Say)) was observed, and histological characteristics of the aural gland of adult females were described and quantified. This gland exhibited an apocrine secretory process and was most actively secreting during pregnancy. During sequences of olfactory investigations of a female, males were interested in this gland, especially of a receptive female. Pos- sible functions of scent from the aural gland are discussed in relation to reproductive behavior.


Dangerous driving behaviors can lead to traffic accidents. However, there is a lack of systematic real-time driving monitoring and alerting mechanism. In this paper, nine major dangerous driving behaviors are identified and defined based on past researches and experiences. An on-board safety driving assistance system, which utilizes in-vehicle dynamics and real-time traffic information, is proposed to instantly detect dangerous driving behaviors and alert the driver during driving periods. The in-vehicle dynamics are collected from On-Board Diagnostics (OBD-II), an accelerometer and a gyroscope. The real-time traffic information is collected from a camera with image processing. The proposed system is implemented on a CPU board with a user interface (UI), which shows alerting icons when dangerous behaviors occur.


According to an embodiment of the present invention, the method includes receiving a wireless communication to a specified destination node in the first data packet at the egress router. Destination node supported by the second egress router. The destination address of the packet is the first exit router. Received data packets redirected to the second exit router.


We present the measurements of up-conversion luminescence quantum yields of $\text{MF}_{2}:\text{Yb}:\mathrm{R}(\mathrm{M}=\text{Ca},\ \text{Sr},\ \text{Ba},\ \text{Pb}; \mathrm{R}=\text{Er},\ \text{Tm},\ \text{Ho})$ single crystals at $0.1-490.0\ \mathrm{W}/\text{cm}^{2}$ pumping (976 nm). We revealed the solid solution compositions, which demonstrated the highest quantum yields.


Argues for the plausibility of Athenaeus' evidence that Euripides' Medea contained an innovative treatment of melody, and discusses how this may have interacted with what the characters within the play say about musical innovations.


The finite element method model of a 670.56m span cable-stayed bridge was established and the dynamic characteristic and nonlinear earthquake-responses of it under uniform and traveling-wave excitations were systematic studied. Results show that: 1) its former 10 rank frequency are located very dense which shows that more modes shape should be considered when dealing with the dynamic analysis. 2) The traveling-wave excitation has greater effect on long-span cable-stayed bridge, especially on the more flexible component and great attention should be paid to the design of such kind of bridge.


Objective: To explore the effects of suboccipital decompression combined with occipital large pool reconstruction in the treatment of Arnold-Chiari typeⅠmalformation( ACM-Ⅰ) complicated with syringomyelia( SM). Methods: Forty patients were treated with suboccipital decompression through posterior fossa small bone window,improving cerebralspinal fluid circulation and reconstructing occipital large pool under the microscope. Results: After operation,MRI showed the cerebellar tonsil was above the level of foramen magnum and cisterna magna expanded. All patients were followed up for 3 to 30 months. No death case,the clinical symptoms improvement in 35 cases and no change in 5 cases were found,the effective rate was 87. 50%. Syringomyelia reduction in 33 cases and no change in 7 cases were found,the effective rate was 82. 50%. Conclusions: Suboccipital decompression combined with occipital large pool reconstruction is an effective way for treating ACM-Ⅰcomplicated with SM.


The concept of "intervention" usually has a bad connotation. We tend to think of Vietnam or Afghanistan, where a superpower applied brute force to try to impose what it believed was best for the people of another country, without letting those people decide for themselves what they really wanted. Humanitarian intervention is something entirely different. It means to respond to urgent calls for help from people who suffer from gross injustice and are unable to protect themselves. A good example of such a peaceful outside intervention was the conduct of elections in Namibia under U.N. auspices, leading to an end of the long civil war and independence in 1990. We are often led to believe that there are only two alternatives: taking sides and an active part in other people's conflicts by projecting military power around the world, or retreating into isolationism, ignoring what is happening around the world, at our own peril. U.S. isolationism, after the Senate refused to join the League of Nations, has been b...


Editor—The first article in the series on evidence based cardiology summarises evidence on the effect of antioxidant vitamins on the risk of cardiovascular disease.1 The summary of the trial evidence for vitamin C supplementation is, however, incomplete, and the authors' interpretation of the available data on antioxidants is too optimistic.

The authors describe Wilson et al's trial of vitamin C, in which 538 patients admitted to an acute geriatric unit were randomised to receive 200 mg of vitamin C or placebo daily for six months.2 We are aware of two further trials of vitamin C supplementation in Western populations that have reported on mortality from all causes. Burr et al randomised 297 elderly people with low vitamin C concentrations to receive vitamin C (150 mg a day for 12 weeks and 50 mg a day thereafter) or placebo for two years.3 Hunt et al randomised 199 elderly patients to receive 200 mg of vitamin C or placebo daily for six months.4

We performed a meta-analysis of all three trials using a fixed effects model (figure). Even though the three trials were small and relatively short, the combined results seem to exclude any substantial early benefit of vitamin C supplementation. The overall relative risk shows an increase in mortality of 8%, with the 95% confidence interval ranging from a 7% reduction to a 26% increase in mortality (P=0.29). An earlier meta-analysis of the β carotene trials also showed a moderate adverse effect, which was significant (P=0.005).5

Lonn and Yusuf argue that the strong biological rationale and observational epidemiological data relating antioxidants to lower cardiovascular risk justify ongoing trials. We believe that the disappointing results for vitamin C and β carotene should lead us to re-evaluate critically the status of the antioxidant hypothesis and to consider confounding as an alternative explanation for the lower cardiovascular risk observed in epidemiological studies.5

The ongoing trials of antioxidant vitamins should continue because we need to know whether vitamin supplements—widely used in preparations sold over the counter—produce any benefit or are in fact harmful. When potentially protective dietary constituents are identified in the future it may be more sensible to undertake trials of foods that are rich sources of these constituents rather than supplementation trials.


Establishes unique determinism in the relation of user's requirement to source programs. The process to prove this is not presented here, but the process to determine the outcome, i.e. programs (SF) is presented. In addition. how SF is different from conventional programs is presented. Although SF and conventional programs are considered the same in terms of accomplishing objectives, the difference of their program structures explains that SF is a new definition of software.