Thermally activated processes can be described mathematically by the Arrhenius equation. The Meyer-Neldel Rule (MNR), or compensation law, linearly relates the pre-exponent term to the logarithm of the excitation enthalpy for processes that are thermally driven in an Arrhenian manner. This empirical rule was observed in many areas of materials science, in physics, chemistry, and biology. In geosciences it was found to uphold in hydrogen diffusion (Jones 2014a) and proton conduction (Jones 2014b) in minerals.

Trapped charge dating methods that use electron spin resonance (ESR) or optically or thermally stimulated luminescence (OSL and TL) are based on the dose-dependent accumulation of defects in minerals such as quartz and feldspar. The thermal stability of these defects in the age range investigated is a major prerequisite for accurate dating, while the accurate determination of the values of the trap depths and frequency factors play a major role in thermochronometry applications.

The correlation of kinetic parameters for diffusion has been very recently established for irradiated oxides (Kotomin et al. 2018). A correlation between the activation energy and the frequency factor that satisfied the Meyer–Neldel rule was reported when the thermal stability of [AlO4/h+]0 and [TiO4/M+]0 ESR signals in quartz was studied as function of dose (Benzid and Timar-Gabor 2020). Here we compiled the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) data published so far in this regard, and investigated experimentally the thermal stability of OSL signals for doses ranging from 10 to 10000 Gy in sedimentary quartz samples. We report a linear relationship between the natural logarithm of the preexponent term (the frequency factor) and the activation energy E, corresponding to a Meyer-Neldel energy of 45 meV, and a deviation from first order kinetics in the high dose range accompanied by an apparent decrease in thermal stability. The implications of these observations and the atomic and physical mechanisms are currently studied.

References

Benzid, K., Timar Gabor, A. 2020. The compensation effect (Meyer–Neldel rule) on [AlO4/h+]0 and [TiO4/M+]0 paramagnetic centers in irradiated sedimentary quartz. AIP Advances 10, 075114.

Kotomin, E., Kuzovkov, V., Popov, A. I., Maier, J., and Vila, R. 2018. Anomalous kinetics of diffusion-controlled defect annealing in irradiated ionic solids. J. Phys. Chem. A 122(1), 28–32

Jones, A. G. (2014a), Compensation of the Meyer-Neldel Compensation Law for H diffusion in minerals, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 15, 2616–2631

Jones, A. G. (2014b), Reconciling different equations for proton conduction using the Meyer-Neldel compensation rule, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 15, 337–349


Effective power consumption at central office (CO) in passive optical network can be reduced by sharing the central office resources to the maximum number of underutilized users. The choice of modulation format is very important to improve the power budget and to allow larger power splitting. Nonlinear effects for duobinary and NRZ modulation format are analyzed and behavior of reflected power from bidirectional fiber is compared for different launched powers. For a fixed BER, duobinary modulation format decreases the required receiver power as compared to NRZ thus improve the power budget. This power budget improvement is used to increase the splitting ratio to enable single optical line terminal (OLT) to serve more number of low load or underutilized optical networking units (ONUs) to reduce the CO resource requirement in order to give energy and cost efficient access network.


This paper addresses to compare complex systems analysis methodologies that include social and ecological features of interaction between them and at various scales, to be applied in the analysis of forestry projects. This kind of projects, labeled under climate change mitigation mechanisms as clean development mechanism (CDM) and voluntary carbon markets (VCM), arise interest to study the benefits they can achieve at the "developing countries". Literature on benefits through forest CDM projects was reviewed and analyzed under three methodologies: Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD), Socio-Ecological Systems (SES) and Co-Evolutionary Systems (CES). The combined use of these methodologies has contributed to a better understanding of the type of interactions and emerging processes within forestry projects; there were identified also common features of the methodologies and some interacting elements within projects relevant to the benefit deployment. The paper concludes that the implementation of carbon sequestration forestry projects requires institutional, biophysical and social elements to satisfy stakeholders and their analysis requires methodologies that recognize those features. Besides, studied methodologies have sufficient common features to be used jointly to represent forest projects processes. It is identified the necessity of further research in methodology or in applied models, specifically on agent-based modeling.


The Escherichia coli γ complex serves as a clamp loader, catalyzing ATP-dependent assembly of β protein clamps onto primed DNA templates during DNA replication. These ring-shaped clamps tether DNA polymerase III holoenzyme to the template, facilitating rapid and processive DNA synthesis. This report focuses on the role of ATP binding and hydrolysis catalyzed by the γ complex during clamp loading. We show that the energy from ATP binding to γ complex powers several initial events in the clamp loading pathway. The γ complex (γ2δδ′χψ) binds two ATP molecules (one per γ subunit in the complex) with high affinity (K d = 1–2.5 × 10−6 m) or two adenosine 5′-O-(3-thiotriphosphate)(ATPγS) molecules with slightly lower affinity (K d = 5–6.5 × 10−6 m). Experiments performed prior to the first ATP turnover (k cat = 4 × 10−3 s−1 at 4 °C), or in the presence of ATPγS (k cat = 1 × 10−4s−1 at 37 °C), demonstrate that upon interaction with ATP the γ complex undergoes a change in conformation. This ATP-bound γ complex binds β and opens the ring at the dimer interface. Still prior to ATP hydrolysis, the composite of γ complex and the open β ring binds with high affinity to primer-template DNA. Thus ATP binding powers all the steps in the clamp loading pathway leading up to the assembly of a γ complex·open β ring·DNA intermediate, setting the stage for ring closing and turnover of the clamp loader, steps that may be linked to subsequent hydrolysis of ATP.


Practical classes are efficient tools in the teaching-learning process. However, the lack of supporting materials often represents a challenge to such classes. Thus, we aimed to develop and evaluate the use of a manual of practical classes in the course on Morphology and Taxonomy of Cryptogams, at Ceara State University, Brazil. After elaboration, the manual was evaluated through a questionnaire by the students enrolled in the course, as well as through the evaluation methods SAM and SMOG. We found that the use of the manual increased learning during practical classes. The manual was also shown to be complementary to textbooks as well as an important source for students to study for tests. Students considered the manual to be well-organized, due to the facts that: the texts therein follow a logical order, i.e., reflecting the order of appearance of species; illustrations are relevant; the "Know more" sections add up to knowledge; descriptions of procedures ease student performance during practical classes; and directed studies aid in content retention. The SMOG and SAM methods rated the material as satisfactory and excellent, respectively. Thus, the manual revealed to be an important auxiliary tool for practical classes, as it facilitated the teaching-learning process.


The recently completed World Cup in South Africa is proving to the whole world that with proper organization and support, Africa can be more than a land of poverty and disease. But beneath all the goals and glitz that we were witnessing, there are a lot of challenges facing the African people. Diseases that were forgotten long ago in the developed world continue to kill millions of children. Poverty and disease in Africa are the consequence of both historical, as well as current, inequalities, including slavery, colonialism and neo colonialism, among others. Today, although it owns rich natural resources, African countries have the weakest economy in the world. Out of the 41 nations identified as heavily indebted poor countries by the World Bank, 33 are from Africa and this poverty is directly leading to major health problems [101]. In this article, we make a brief overview of the major health problems in Africa.


Testing is underway on what the company responsible for its manufacture claims to be the world's first maintenance-free rail. This article focuses on the ways in which this rail is different from existing rails and how it might impact track maintenance in the future. Problems with rolling contact fatigue are addressed by using a special kind of heat-treated bainitic steel, which offers increased resistance against crack initiation and propagation due to its refined microstructure.


A Harrogate finance director joined Strictly Come Dancing Star, Denise van Outen, on a gruelling trek along China's Great Wall. Linda Shreeve, who ...


Safe exposure limits for directed energy sources are derived from a compilation of known injury thresholds taken primarily from animal models and simulation data. The summary statistics for these experiments are given as exposure levels representing a 50% probability of injury, or ED50, and associated variance. We examine biological variance in focal geometries and thermal properties and the influence each has in singlepulse ED50 threshold studies for 514-, 694-, and 1064-nanometer laser exposures in the thermal damage time domain. Damage threshold is defined to be the amount of energy required for a retinal burn on at least one retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell measuring approximately 10 microns in diameter. Better understanding of experimental variance will allow for more accurate safety buffers for exposure limits and improve directed energy research methodology.


The article delineates the evolution of academic literature and research on the linkages between German trade unions and European integration. First studies have been published by social scientists in the 1950s revealing the potential of national trade unions in the course of European integration. Whereas a limited number of studies has been issued in the 1960s, research in the 1970s and 80s for the most part has covered trade union activities at the European level. From the 1990s up to the present research has predominantly focussed on the Europeanisation of trade unions comparing different strategies and attitudes of national unions towards European integration. Reflecting on the status quo the contribution concludes that German trade unions' linkages towards European integration have attracted growing academic interest but were hardly examined so far as a subject of historical research. Exploring the further articles of this issue the author underlines the necessity to analyse indepth to what extent national trade unions have reacted to the process of European integration.


Analysis and experiment have shown that the sensitivity of small probe hydrophones using a ceramic tube as the active element can be substantially improved by properly proportioning the cylinder and mounting it on a solid metallic core. The solid core raises the resonance frequency of the hydrophone by more than an octave, thereby extending also the frequency range of uniform response.


complex Multiforme (GBM) cells relatively resistant to DNA damage through MRN-ATM-Chk2 network signaling L1CAM (CD171) interaction NBS1. L1CAM intracellular domain (L1-ICD) translocation mediates NBS1 upregulation via c-Myc. Ectopic expression of NBS1 in GSCs the decreased checkpoint activation and radioresistance caused by L1CAM knockdown. These data demonstrate that L1CAM augments DNA damage checkpoint and radioresistance of the enhanced MRN-ATM-Chk2 signaling, GSCs of DNA damage checkpoint and radioresistance


For more than a decade now the non-publicness of goods provided by local governments has been an accepted result in the median voter demand literature. McMillan, Wilson, and Arthur (1981) found that publicness was exhausted in Ontario towns of more than 10,000 inhabitants, but that there were still unexploited economies to collective provision in smaller towns. Using the original Bergstrom and Goodman (1973) model and New York State data, I find that there is even less evidence of publicness in small towns than in large ones. My results call into question the McMillan, Wilson, and Arthur hypothesis. Une note sur le degre de materialite publique d'usage des biens locaux: le cas des municipalites de b'Etat de New York. Depuis plus d'une decennie, l'un des resultats de la litterature specialisee analysant le comportement de demande du voteur median a ete que les biens fournis par les gouvernements locaux n'etaient pas des biens publics. McMillan, Wilson et Arthur (1981) ont montre que le degre de materialite publique d'usage etait limite dans le cas des villes de plus de 10,000 habitants en Ontario mais qu'il existait des economies inexploitees emanant de la fourniture publique dans le cas des plus petites villes. A partir du modele de Bergstrom et Goodman (1973) et de donnees pour l'Etat de New York, l'auteur en arrive A la conclusion qu'il y a encore moins de materialite publique d'usage dans les petites villes que dans les grandes. Ces resultats remettent en question l'hypothese McMillan, Wilson et Arthur. In contrast to the strict Samuelsonian dichotomy of pure public and pure private goods, the Tiebout (1956) and Buchanan (1965) models plot goods along a continuum of congestability. Goods provided by local governments or collectively purveyed and consumed in clubs are described as lying somewhere between the two polar cases. The median voter demand model as developed by Borcherding and Deacon I would like to thank Wallace Oates, William Oakland, Suk Kang, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper. They are, of course, exonerated from association with such errors as may still remain. Canadian Journal of Economics Revue canadienne d'Economique, xix, No. 3 August aout 1986. Printed in Canada Imprime au Canada 0008-4085 / 86 / 568-573 $1.50 ? Canadian Economics Association This content downloaded from 188.8.131.52 on Mon, 03 Oct 2016 05:08:06 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Publicness of local goods 569 (1972) and Bergstrom and Goodman (1973) incorporates this hypothesis. Observed levels of local public expenditures are said to reflect the preference of the median voter. However, the empirical models also include a congestion function intended to reflect the effect of collective consumption on individual enjoyment. The function used in the literature is of the form


Key words: Biocides, cut chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum grandiflorum , CO 2 , crop photosynthesis, DIF , energy saving, fungal diseases, humidity control, plant quality, simulation model, stem elongation, temperature integration.Sustainability is one of the major aims in greenhouse horticulture. According to agreements between the Dutch grower association and the government, energy consumption and the use of chemical biocides have to be reduced. More advanced greenhouse technique is being developed to reach the target to decrease the energy efficiency-index by 65 % between 1980 and 2010. However, this could also be achieved with existing technology by using more advanced climate regimes. The present thesis aimed at that, through designing and analysing climate regimes while employing existing climate control possibilities. Theoretical temperature and humidity regimes were designed to decrease energy consumption and a photosynthesis maximisation procedure was implemented to maximise growth.The basis for a crop gross photosynthesis model for control purposes was created. Crop photosynthesis models were evaluated at conditions expected to occur with more sustainable climate regimes. It was shown with experimental evidence that theoretical assumptions on the temperature - CO 2 effects in a crop that are based on theoretically models scaling up leaf photosynthesis to the crop level are valid and that simplified existing models could be applied up to 28 ° C. With higher temperatures new designs are needed and this can probably be achieved with an improved stomata-resistance model.The well known temperature integration principle was modified with two nested time-frames (24-hour and six days) and a temperature dose-response function. In a year round tomato cultivation, energy consumption was predicted to decrease with up to 9 % compared to regular temperature integration.The potential for energy saving with temperature integration is limited by humidity control when as usual fixed set points are maintained, because it counteracts temperature integration. Vents open at lower temperatures and heating is switched on at higher temperatures than required for optimal effects of temperature integration. A new approach to control relative humidity on the underlying processes (crop growth and development, plant water stress, calcium deficiencies and the major fungal diseases) by controlling relative humidity through maximum leaf wetness duration, minimum transpiration and transpiration integral was designed for cut chrysanthemum. This idea is based on earlier formulations to use set points for transpiration. In the current approach, general rules were formulated. From that, a control regime was designed. Simulations showed that with this humidity regime, yearly energy consumption could be reduced by 18 % (compared to a fixed setpoint of 80 % relative humidity).When the two climate control principles, modified temperature integration and process based humidity control, were merged, annual energy consumption was predicted to decrease by more than 33 % and cut chrysanthemum plant dry weight increased with 39 % in experiments compared to a normal climate regime.Cut chrysanthemum was used as a central crop. Here, short compact stems is one of the main quality aspects. This is commonly controlled with chemical growth retardants. An alternative is to control temperature according to the DIF concept (difference between average day and average night temperature). A negative DIF value decreases stem elongation. Therefore, temperature integration without DIF restriction was extensively compared to temperature integration with DIF restriction. Energy consumption with different settings was quantified. It was shown that an optimisation problem existed in spring and summer. For that purpose, a joined temperature integration and DIF regime over several days was designed and tested. The use of an average DIF over several days rather than a DIF within 24-hours was proposed. In times and climate regions when cold and warm days interchange, this approach can increase energy saving and decrease final plant stem length simultaneously. This however, was a compromise. An optimisation problem between the two regimes aiming at sustainable greenhouse horticulture remained (less energy consumption versus reduction in application of biocides). This can only be solved when detailed models for crop quality, development and growth will become available.The regimes could be applied in commercial greenhouses with only little adjustment. The only additional expense is a computer functioning as set point generator, and a suitable interface with the existing climate computer. In addition, the achieved degrees of freedom for two main states (temperature and humidity) form a promising perspective for future optimal greenhouse climate control. The regimes, however, were based on many arbitrary assumptions. More research is needed for parameterisation.


The aim of this research was to detect brucellosis which is caused by B. abortus bacteria on dairy cattle milk in the Tropodo Village farm, Krian, Sidoarjo with PCR method. This research used 62 samples of milk and blood taken from dairy cattle in the area. The milk was extracted to obtain Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA). DNA extraction was then amplified through PCR process. The PCR reaction used DNA thermal cycler with the initial heating temperature of 940 C for 2 minutes, denaturation temperature of 940 C for 1 min, annealing temperature 64,80C for 1 minute, extension temperature of 720C for 1 min and the termination temperature of 720 C for 5 minutes with 30x total cycles. The results of DNA amplification from 62 samples of dairy cattle in the Tropodo Village farm, Krian, Sidoarjo did not produce a band with a length of 157 bp (negative) and results of RBT test  show five positive (+) samples while the rest are negatives (-). The conclusion of this research is Brucellosis Detection on dairy cattle in the Tropodo Village farm, Krian, Sidoarjo with examination method of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) showed negative results.


As one of the most promising candidates for signal carrier sources in visible light communication, GaN-based green micro-light emitting diodes ( μ-LEDs) exhibit a limited modulation bandwidth. In this work, we propose an approach to accelerate carrier recombination rate in green μ-LEDs and, thus, improve the modulation bandwidth by enhancing p-type conductivity to allow more efficient hole injection into an active region. The polarization-induced p-type doping with graded AlGaN enhances the p-type layer conductivity to 2.5 × 10−2 S/m, which is about 4 times in magnitude higher than that of the conventional p-type GaN layer (0.6 × 10−2 S/m). 16 × 16 green μ-LEDs arrays using such graded p-AlGaN exhibit a light output power of 4.4 mW and a modulation bandwidth of 130 MHz, both showing an improvement of about 45% as compared with the ones using a pure p-GaN layer. The polarization-induced p-type doping in graded AlGaN would accelerate the application of GaN-based μ-LEDs in visible light communication.


Three-dimensional interconnected honeycomb-like porous carbon (IHPC-800) is successfully fabricated via activated and graphitized plane tree fluff with the aid of Co2+ and KOH in a synthetic process at 800 °C. The as-prepared IHPC-800 exhibits advantageous structural features for application in supercapacitors (SCs), including interconnected pathways, high specific surface area (1154 m2 g−1), large pore volume (0.78 cm3 g−1), heteroatom doping, and full graphitization. This material possesses a very high charge storage capacity with a specific capacitance of 493 F g−1 in 2 M H2SO4 in a three-electrode system at a current density of 0.2 A g−1. It exhibits excellent cycle stability, even over 10 000 cycles with a capacity retention of more than 96%. The energy density of 42.8 W h kg−1 is also verified with 1 M LiPF6 in EC/DEC as the organic electrolyte at a power density of 299 W kg−1. The excellent electrochemical performance and facile effective synthesis of bio-derived carbon materials point to an economical and feasible strategy for the large-scale production of high performance SCs.


Objective To explore the effect of health education in patients with ankylosing spondylitis in the nursing effect.Methods A total of 40 cases of ankylosing spondylitis patients,the patients with ankylosing spondylitis diagnostic criteria.The patients were randomly divided into observation group and control group.Patients in control group received routine nursing of ankylosing spondylitis,not the implementation of health education.Implementation of health education for the patients in the observation group.After the intervention the core quality of life scale(QOL-C30) on two groups of patients were investigated with a questionnaire.Results The observation group intervention on physical function,mental function,social function,the material life and the control group intervention,the difference was statistically significant(P0.05). Conclusion Health education is helpful to improve the living quality of ankylosing spondylitis patients,nursing effect,worthy of reference.


This thesis aims to explore the issue of citizenship and human rights in Stephen Frears's Dirty Pretty Things. Dirty Pretty Things describes the British government's surveillance on asylum seekers, such as Okwe, an illegal refugee from Nigeria, and Senay, the Turkish asylum applicant, and unveils illegal refugees' organ trade in exchange for passports in London. The thesis attempts to decipher how the ambivalent status of asylum seekers disturbs the surveillance of nation-states, exposes the defect of the citizenship gap and argues only through solidarity among different ethnicity, class and gender, could the subordinated fight against deficiencies in the mechanism of nation-states and exploitation of global capitalism. Through the perspectives of Derrida's conditional hospitality and Foucault's Panopticon, Chapter Two examines the surveillance of nation-states on asylum seekers in Dirty Pretty Things. In Chapter Three, I adopt Brysk and Shafir's analysis to explore the citizenship gap between citizenship and human rights in the film, which reflects the difficulty in handling the cases of legal and illegal asylum seekers in nation-states on the basis of citizenship in the era of globalization. In Chapter Four, I will utilize the perceptive of Foucault's resistance and Laclau and Mouffe's radical plural democracy to suggest how counter strategies and solidarity could rebel against fissures in nation-states' apparatuses and reveal a new possibility of alliance beyond borders in the era of globalization. The last chapter concludes by summing up the gaps in the system of nation-states and rejecting any enclosed ideology so as to articulate multiplicities and differences beyond limitations of ethnicity, class and gender across borders in the era of globalization.


Address for correspondence Yong Won Cho, MD Department of Neurology, Dongsan Medial Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 56 Dalseong-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 700-712, Korea Tel: +82-53-250-7830 Fax: +82-53-250-7840 E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Objectives: The patients with restless legs syndrome (RLS) had a lower quality of life (QOL) than normal controls. However, it's debatable which affects their QOL more, disturbing pain or poor sleep quality. We investigated the factors that influence the QOL in patients with RLS, and compared the results to those of patients with chronic osteoarthritis (OA) who were having similar physical discomfort. Methods: This is a prospective case-control study comparing the QOL of 153 RLS patients with those of 153 OA patients. To evaluate the degree of physical discomfort, the QOL and the quality of sleep, all subjects completed various questionnaires, which included the SF-36, the Visual Analogue Scale for pain, Korean versions of the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and the insomnia severity index. We used the χ-test, t-test, analysis of covariance, Pearson's correlation, multiple stepwise regression methods for analysis. Results: The QOL in patients with RLS was higher than those with OA, though pain severity (physical discomfort) was similar in both groups. However, the quality of sleep in RLS patients was poorer than those with OA. Through multiple stepwise regression analysis, we can recognize that the most important factor affecting the QOL in RLS patients was the severity of their physical symptoms. Conclusions: We found the quality of sleep had less of an influence on the QOL than the physical discomfort of the patients with RLS. J Korean Sleep Res Soc 2012;9:34-40


In order to study effect of seed inoculation with mycorrhiza strains at different rates of chemical phosphorus fertilization on potato yield a factorial field experiment was conducted during 2010-2011 at Research Station of Islamic Azad University, Ardabil Branch, Iran. Studied factors were mycorrhiza strains (Glomus intraradices and G. mosseae) and phosphorus fertilization including 33%, 67% and 100% of recommended dose of triple superphosphate. The means of the treatments were compared using the least significant difference test. Results revealed that interaction of mycorrhiza strains and phosphorus fertilization on crop leaf chlorophyll content index at early flowering stage was significant. Inoculation of potato tubers with G. mosseae in combination with application of 67% of superphosphate recommended dose resulted in increasing of chlorophyll content up to 78.2. Number of tubers smaller than 30 g was reduced when potato seeds were inoculated with G. intraradices or G. mosseae and lower than recommended dose of superphosphate was applied. Greater number of tubers, weighing 80-280 g, was obtained with application of 67% of recommended phosphorus dose. Mean comparisons indicated that in non-inoculated potato tuber yield increased with increasing phosphorus rate and the highest yield (30.8 t ha -1 ) was obtained from full dose phosphorus application. In potato treated with mycorrhiza the highest tuber yield (44.2 t ha -1 ) allocated to 67% phosphorus recommended dose × G. mosseae, which had 196% increase compared to control. Seed inoculation with mycorrhiza can play a major role in reducing chemical phosphorus fertilization rate in sustainable production systems of potato.


The overlying weakly cemented, and poorly performing strata in Jurassic mines of western China have mechanical properties that are generally lower than those in the Carboniferous-Permian coal mines of central and east China. During coal mining, the overlying strata easily deform and fracture. These then formed water-conducting channels, triggering a series of eco-environmental issues, including ground fracturing, collapsed surfaces, declined underground water levels, deserted lands, and even severe water/sand burst accidents. To study the fracture characteristics of weakly cemented overlying strata and the evolution law of water-conducting fractures in Jurassic coal mines in western China, this study selected Tashidian Erjingtian Mine in Korla, Xinjiang, as the research object. Based on the simulation data obtained with physical analog model testing and field monitoring results, the authors investigated the development of water-conducting fractures in the weakly cemented overlying strata during the coal seam mining process. We simultaneously determined the location of key strata in the working face based on key stratum theory. According to the present research results, key strata controlled the development height of water-conducting fractures. When the primary key stratum or sub-key stratum was not fractured, the development of water-conducting fractures was stagnant; water-conducting fractures developed abruptly when the primary key stratum or sub-key stratum was cracked. The heights of water-conducting fractures in the weakly cemented overlying strata of western China exceeded that of similar stopes of central and east China. These research results provided theoretical and technical support for safety in production at Tashidian Coal Mine. In addition, they offered a reference for green and safe production in Jurassic coal mines of western China.


A method and a system of step length estimation in the pedestrian navigation system are provided to estimate pedestrian's step length on a real time basis by estimating pedestrian's travelling distance on a real time basis through using a GPS receiver. A method of step length estimation in the pedestrian navigation system comprises following steps. A pedestrian's step frequency and acceleration dispersion are produced by using acceleration data obtained from an acceleration sensor(S200). The pedestrian's travelling distance is produced by using GPS data obtained from a GPS receiver(S210). The pedestrian's step length is estimated by using the calculated step frequency, and the acceleration dispersion and travelling distance.


The Old Norse noun sproti(masc.) displays a variety of meanings, only some of which are preserved in Modern Icelandic. The present article seeks, largely on the basis of material from the Copenhagen Dictionary of Old Norse Prose (ONP), to map the usage of the term and its compounds. Many of the occurrences in old texts have religious overtones, either Christian – partly as a translation of Lat. virga – or pagan – especially in connection with the god Óðinn, while others concern tales of magic and fantasy.Down-to-earth use of the term is too rare for its basic meaning to clearly occur. It is, however, tempting to connect it with the common practice of coppicing or pollarding trees for a variety of uses, from tree hay to firewood, including any sort of poles or sticks. The term sproti would then primarily refer to the young stems harvested from such trees and secondarily to fancier magic wands and regal sceptres, even when made of ivory or gold.The Odinic reyrsproti and laufsproti might then refer to tender stems used, respec-tively, for fastening (cf. vb. reyra 'tie') and for animal feed.


BACKGROUND: Currently developing countries, especially India, are in a transitional phase, an epidemiological transition from a phase of predominantly infectious disease burden to a phase of triple burden of infectious diseases, chronic non-communicable diseases, and injuries largely due to demographic, lifestyle, nutritional and environmental changes. OBJECTIVES: To identify the burden of of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) in rural population of Patancheru and to assess various risk factors of NCDs. MATERIAL & METHODS: Present study was a part of American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin (APPIO) project. Total study population under the APPIO project was 1 lakh and target population of 20, 000.It was a community based cross sectional study done in rural field practice area of Osmania Medical College, Patancheru. 1/4 th part of the project was completed and hence total sample size came to around 5000. Study population was all adults above the age of 20 years. Duration of study was 6 months from June to November 2013. Statistical analysis was done using EPI INFO version 7. RESULTS: Mean age of the respondents was 38.64 years, 52% were males and 85.3% were married. Regarding risk factors for NCDs, tobacco usage in any form was present in 15.4%, and alcohol consumption in 27.7% of the study population. High salt intake was seen in 17.8% and no regular intake of fruits & vegetables in 17.8%. Family history of Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus was seen in 16.6% & 6.6% respectively. Prevalence of Hypertension was 10% and Diabetes was 4%. About 5.1% had Cardio vascular diseases (CVDs). CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for NCDs were very much prevalent in the study population requiring appropriate & timely actions to


............................................................................................................................. II OPSOMMING ............................................................................................................................. III LIST OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................. X INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem statement and substantiation ............................................................. 2 1.3 Aims and objectives ........................................................................................... 3 1.4 Study format ........................................................................................................ 4 ALTERNATIVE FUEL SELECTION AND APPLICATION IN THE CEMENT PRODUCTION INDUSTRY ................................................................................... 5 2.


– [18] Y. Yang, B. Zhang, J. Han, L. Shao, and C. Chen, "Action Recognition Using 3D Histograms of Texture and A Multi-class Boosting Classifier," IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, under review. – [17] C. Chen, B. Zhang, Z. Hou, J. Jiang, M. Liu, and Y. Yang, "Action Recognition from Depth Sequences Using Weighted Fusion of 2D and 3D Auto-Correlation of Gradients Features," Multimedia Tools and Applications, available online, print to appear later. – [16] C. Chen, R. Jafari, and N. Kehtarnavaz, "A Survey of Depth and Inertial Sensor Fusion for Human Action Recognition," Multimedia Tools and Applications, available online, print to appear later. – [15] C. Chen, R. Jafari, and N. Kehtarnavaz, "A Real-Time Human Action Recognition System Using Depth and Inertial Sensor Fusion," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 773-781, February 2016. – [14] C. Chen, R. Jafari, and N. Kehtarnavaz, "Improving Human Action Recognition Using Fusion of Depth Camera and Inertial Sensors," IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 51-61, February 2015. – [13] K. Liu, C. Chen, R. Jafari, and N. Kehtarnavaz, "Fusion of Inertial and Depth Sensor Data for Robust Hand Gesture Recognition," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1898-1903, June 2014. – [12] C. Chen, K. Liu, and N. Kehtarnavaz, "Real-Time Human Action Recognition Based on Depth Motion Maps," Journal of Real-Time Image Processing, August 2013.


PURPOSE: A method for manufacturing porous polytetrafluoroethylene membrane, a porous polytetrafluoroethylene membrane thereby, and a filter medium using the same are provided to produce the porous polytetrafluoroethylene membrane of high permeability. CONSTITUTION: A method for manufacturing porous polytetrafluoroethylene membrane includes the following steps of: molding a compound in which fine powder and liquid lubricant are mixed to a sheet phase; removing the liquid lubricant from a molded body; extending the molded body to a predetermined direction at a melting temperature of polytetrafluoroethylene or more; and extending the elongated molded body to the predetermined direction. The method for manufacturing polytetrafluoroethylene further includes a step for performing an oil repellent process on the gained polytetrafluoroethylene porous membrane.


We flagged the bus on a curve at the mouth of Lairds Creek by jumping and waving in the road and Dee Buck Engle had to tread the brake the instant he saw us. He wouldn't have halted unless compelled. Mal Dowe and I leaped aside finally, but Godey Spurlock held his ground. The bus stopped a yard from Godey and vexed faces pressed the windows and we heard Old Liz Hyden cry, "I'd not haul them jaspers." Dee Buck opened the door and blared, "You boys trying to get killed?" We climbed on grinning and shoved fares to Roscoe into his hand and for once we didn't sing out, To Knuckle Junction, and Pistol City, and Two Hoots. We even strode the aisle without raising elbows to knock off hats, having agreed among ourselves to sort of behave and make certain of a ride home. Yet Dee Buck was wary. He warned, "Bother my passengers, you fellers, and I'll fix you. I've put up with your mischief till I won't." That set Godey and Mal laughing for Dee Buck was a bluffer. We took the seat across from Liz Hyden and on wedging into it my bruised arm started aching. Swapping licks was Godey's delight. The bus wheezed and jolted in moving away, yet we spared Dee Buck our usual advice: Feed her a biscuit and see will she mend, and, Twist her tail and teach her a few manners. The vehicle was scarcely half the length of regular buses—The Short Dog" everybody called it. It traveled from Thacker to Roscoe and back twice a day. Enos Webb occupied the seat in front and Godey greeted, "Hey-o, chum. How's your fat?" Enos tucked his head, fearing a rabbit lick, and he changed his seat. He knew how Godey served exposed necks. Godey could cause you to see forked lightning and hear thunder balls. Though others shunned us, Liz Hyden gazed in our direction. Her eyes were scornful, her lips


Abstracts. Internal diseases.N.S. Soloviev - Balantidium coli, as the causative agent of protracted diarrhea. Doctor. 1901 Nos. 12 and 14.The author studied clinically and on the pathological and anatomical side of the case of prolonged diarrhea with balantidem of the large intestines in the patient's feces. Pointing in detail to the relevant literature, he describes his case.


The concentration effects of phenol and nine monosubstituted phenols (catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, and 4-nitrophenol) on the methanogenic fermentation of acetate were evaluated with batch anaerobic toxicity assays. The rate of methane production decreased progressively with increasing concentration of phenolic compounds. The inhibitory effect of the substituted phenols toward the acetate-utilizing methanogens was more correlated to substituent type rather than substituent position. The inhibition was in the order of nitrophenols > chlorophenols > hydroxyphenols. Hydroxyphenols were less inhibitory than the unsubstituted phenol. Experimental data were analyzed using three common inhibition models (competitive, noncompetitive, and uncompetitive) by the Marquardt method of nonlinear regression and Statistical Analysis System (SAS) computer programs. The noncompetitive inhibition model was found to best fit the experimental data with inhibition constant, \IK\dI\N, determined at about 1–5 mg/L for nitrophenols, 100–400 mg/L for chlorophenols, 1000–2000 mg/L for hydroxyphenols, and 900 mg/L for phenol.


Objective To evaluate the efficacy and security of intravitreous injection with triamcinolone acetonide (TA) for macular edema. Methods A total of 41 eyes in 37 patients with macular edema who measured up were collected, including 21 eyes of 21 cases in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) group, 17 eyes of 13 cases in diabetic retinopathy (DR) group, and 3 eyes of 3 cases in the other-causes group. Before the treatment, the average visual acuity was 0.07, 0.06, and 0.08 in the 3 groups respectively, and the mean thickness of macular fovea detected by optic coherence tomography (OCT) was (974±394) and (873±213) in RVO and DR group, respectively. Intravitreous injection with 0.1 ml TA ((40 mg/ml)) was performed on each patient. The average follow-up duration was 8 months after the treatment. The visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), changes of lens and ocular fundus, and retinal thichness at macular area before and after the treatment was observed and compared. Results All eyes except one had improved visual acuity. The mean visual acuity improved to 0.25, 0.20, and 0.35 in the 3 groups respectively 6 months after the treatment. Alleviated or reducing macular edema was found in all of the patients. The average retinal thickness at macular fovea was (173±41) and (204±76) in RVO and DR group respectively 1 month after the treatment, which had statistical significance compared with that before the treatment (t=8.323, 6.842; P0.01). The intraocular pressure was 21 mm Hg ((1 mm Hg=)0.133 kPa) in 6 eyes (14.6%), which mostly happened 1 week to 2 months after the injection, and was controlled to normal level after partially treated with β-receptor retarder. The cataract developed in 1 eye, and another patient with macular edema after vitrectomy due to diabetes had macular hole 2 months after the injection. There were 2 eyes underwent intravitreous injection with 0.1 ml TA 4-5 months after the first treatment due to the recurrence of macular edema in RVO and DR group respectively. Conclusions Intravitreous injection with TA is a promising therapeutic method for macular edema that fails to respond to conventional treatment. Transient elevation of ocular pressure is the most common side effect. Further study is needed to assess the long-term efficacy and safety.


Since a lot of man-made constructions have been built on the surface of rocks or inside them, the determination of rock different parameters which use for designing purposes is of great significance. In some rocks, because of the presence of thin bedding or schistosity planes, rock cores are separated to small discs of which the core length may be too short to prepare standard specimens for conducting tests such as uniaxial compressive strength. Marlstone falls into this category. In this research, uniaxial compressive strength test, punch test, point load test, velocity sound determination test, Brazilian test and specific gravity determination test are performed on some specimens of marlstone collected from Imamzadeh Hashem area located in Gilan province and Abgarm city situated in Qazvin province. This research aims to provide some relations by using of which one can estimate the point load index, uniaxial compressive strength, tension strength and compressive wave velocity through punch test results. The results show that the properties of marlstone can be estimated with a high level of accuracy by using the proposed relations because the correlation coefficient of all the relations is above 0.79.


When mung beans are cultivated in alkaline soil,mung beans are seriously injuried in seed germination and seedling stage.In this experiment salt resistance of two breeds of mung beans were compared and analysed.The results showed:relative germination,plant height of seedling,dry weight of leaves and relative water content of tissue against salt concentration were significantly linear and negative relation respectively under salt stress,but relations of percolation of seedling's leaves,free proline content and accumualtion of proline with salt concentration were significantly linear and positive respectively.Differences of their resistance were significant under different Na 2CO 3 stress.According to indexes such as relative germination,plant height of seedling and so on.Capacity of salt resistance of two breeds of mung bean was assessed as follows:Ying ge luDa ming lu.The Experiment also showed:regressive slopes of seed's germination and growth of various breeds of mung bean in seedling stage,under different salt concentration stress were a reliable index that can evaluate germination of seeds and salt resistan


The structures of rural communities are formed by the past development of agriculture. Industrialized agriculture does not need rural communities anymore, and are some cases even in conflict with the rural communities. The profits made by of agricultural activities have increasingly been mowed from rural to urban areas. Some sees rural development completely decoupled form agriculture; other sees bio economy as a potential revitalization of rural livelihood. This paper addresses the question under which condition agriculture and bio based economy can be a driver for revitalization for rural livelihood. This analysis is drawing on a range of different case studies of agricultural activities that have made a difference to the mainstream development. The main findings from these analyses are that these cases focus on: transparency and non‐generic products that links producers and consumers; synergies between different economic activities, rooted on the local social, cultural, natural and economical context; organizational forms and partnership between local stakeholders that supports long‐term development, as precondition for breaking with the industrial production logic. In conclusion bio based economy will only contribute to revitalization of rural livelihood if embedded in these activities.


Careful data preparation, selection of appropriate analytical techniques, and dissemination of findings are the bases of successful alumni data-analysis efforts.


We report a 55-year-old man who experienced proximal muscle weakness accompanied by the atrial flutter (AFL) with 1:1 conduction. Detailed examination revealed elevated antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) and creatine kinase (CK). AFL was converted to sinus rhythm by cardioversion. He was diagnosed as AMA-positive myositis-associated AFL and was treated by prednisolone. Although his muscle weakness and CK level improved, AFL with 1:1 conduction reappeared. Therefore, radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) was needed to treat the AFL, resulting in maintenance of sinus rhythm. This case report describes cardiac involvement in a patient with AMA-positive myositis.


Different kinds of Nuaulu ritual activity are accompanied by distinctive acoustical signatures that can be separated out from a more synesthetic profile of sensory experience. The main ceremonial cycles of maturation and sacred house-building are punctuated by rituals where the role of sound is predictable and consistent with highly-structured and pre-planned actions and exchanges. These events reinforce a model of conventional Austronesian hierarchical relations of power and precedence within and between clans and houses, and between houses and their ancestral guardians. By contrast, shamanic seances (while involving some of the symbolic practices shared by other rituals) allow for more informality and spontaneity. This is no better evident than in the accompanying sounds: the intermittent sonorousness of the bamboo mouth harp used to summon spirits, the utterances and para-linguistic features of shamanic speech behaviour, and the sometimes alarming and unpredictable acoustical consequences of bodily movement. I suggest that these sessions, in addition to the healing purposes that they serve, provide a kind of counterpoint of anti-structure that reinforces the importance of structure and of predictable power relations in the major rituals that reproduce Nuaulu life. Seances send ambivalent messages. They are necessary to communicate with the spirit world, but at the same time are an ever-present reminder of the potential for existential chaos. Much of Nuaulu ritual activity can be seen as a way of keeping such unpredictable forces in check.


The utility model provides a positioning fixture of a butt welding machine, and the positioning fixture comprises a bottom plate and a positioning mould; fixed positioning strips and a movable positioning strip are respectively arranged on four end sides of the end surface of the bottom plate; both ends of the movable positioning strip are respectively arranged in chutes which are arranged in the fixed positioning strips on both sides of the movable positioning strip, and the movable positioning strip is connected with a buckle device; the positioning mould is arranged in a square frame which is formed by the fixed positioning strips and the movable positioning strip; the end surface of the positioning mould is provided with a plurality of grooves for containing butt welding work pieces; and the grooves are linearly lined with equal spacing. According to the positioning fixture of the butt welding machine, the structure is simple, a plurality of small butt welding work pieces can be clamped at one step through the positioning fixture, a plurality of times of continuous butt welding is realized, the production efficiency is greatly improved, and the labor intensity of an operator is reduced.


A series of shock wave experiments were conducted to measure the optical properties of single-crystal diamond $\ensuremath{\langle}100\ensuremath{\rangle}$ in the pressure regime between 60 and 550 GPa. The results show that the transparency limit of diamond at 532 nm is $\ensuremath{\sim}170\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{GPa}$. When the applied pressure in diamond is lower than its Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL), diamond remains transparent during both compression and release processes. At the pressures between the HEL and the limit of its transparency, however, diamond is found to be transparent only while the compression is maintained and gradually loses its transparency during the subsequent release process. We also found that the refractive index of single-crystal diamond \ensuremath{\langle}100\ensuremath{\rangle} monotonically increases as density increases to the limit of its transparency, in contrast to the previous static reports on continuous decrease of refractive index with increasing pressure up to 40 GPa.


The main purpose of the present investigation was to examine if heavy metal and metalloid toxicity had occurred in grazing livestock fed with forages irrigated with sewage water. In particular the transfer of arsenic (As), selenium (Se) and molybdenum (Mo) from soil to plant and in turn to animal (buffaloes) was conducted in Bhalwal, Sargodha, Pakistan which falls under sub-tropical environmental conditions. Arsenic and Se concentrations were significantly lower in the soil but higher in the forages; however, Mo concentration in both soil and forages was higher. The correlation between soil, forage, hair and feces showed an imbalanced flow of As and Mo and a balanced flow of Se from soil to, forage and then to buffaloes. Based on the findings of the present study, the highest rates of transfer of metals were found in case of sewage water treatment and lowest rates were found in canal water treatment. As the transfer of metals depends on the bioavailability of metals, so the highest values may be due to the high rates of metals uptake by the plants. The lowest values of transfer showed that the plants may be resistant to these three metals or it may be due to the antagonistic effect of other metals present in the sewage water or soil. The high transfer rates show the plants are prone to become toxicant with time in future, which may cause hazardous effects to livestock rearing therein.


Oulu University of Applied Sciences Degree Programme in International Business Author: Thea Iacoangeli Title of Bachelor's thesis: Creating and Developing Contacts to Potential Export Organizations Based in Madrid Supervisor: Katja Aalonen Term and year of completion: Spring 2014 Number of pages: 35 The main aim of this thesis has been to give the reader fisrt of all a general knowledge of the main concepts that are contained within it, such as internationalization, exporting and the Spanish market. This is an objective decided together with the commissioner InnoConnections with the aim of being able to find export organizations based in Madrid and that are interested in working in the Nordic / Finnish market. The process of researching has not been simple, and also it has not lead to the expected results, which were to be able to contact with at least a few organizations and obtain some feedback from them. Most intents of making contact with the given organizations have received no feedback, leading to a series of conclusions that point to the fact that this particular period in time may not be the best to approach the Spanish market, as it is affected by a strong economic crisis which makes all businesses fearful of putting at risk any of their assets. However, these findings may still be useful to the commissioner as well as other businesses planning to approach such market, as they give an insight to how Spanish companies are actually reacting to this difficult situation and therefore gives the opportunity to businesses to possibly look for other options when trying to internationalize or look for Spanish customers, as at this point in time they are companies that are being very cautious and that may not be willing to extend to other countries as this is often considered risky.


A scheme is considered for enhancing the luminosity of electron-positron colliders. One of the beams is taken to be much denser than the other and effectively becomes a lens for the second beam. The luminosity enhancement afforded by this asymmetric disruption process is estimated analytically. The scheme is severely limited by the kink instability which is characterized by a two-stream dispersion relation, and a constraint on the density of the less dense beam is found for which the instability is gradient stabilized.


The trend towards more and more channels for seismic data collection is described. The 1970s have led to the development of several new methods of simultaneously collecting seismic data with a large number of recording channels (up to 4096) or seismic recording groups. This study addresses those multichannel geophysical recording systems that use telemetry data transmission methods, except for one that stores data on cassette cartridges. 14 refs.


On basis of grade-standard deviation method, two sensitive grain size components (component 1:5.8∼10.0μm, component 2:60.3∼104.7μm) and a less sensitive grain size component (component 3:15.1μm∼22.9μm) were extracted from the samples of the sedimentary age of LX02 profile, which were collected from Longcheng Yardang region on the northeast edge of Tarim Basin. The study discusses the material sources and action forms of different grain size sensitive components, which can be used as an indicator to reveal the regularity of the lake and the intensity of wind-sand activity respectively. The lacustrine transgressive and regressive history of the region has been reconstructed for 72−51ka B.P. by the characteristics of the content of sensitive grain size component 2, and the palaeoclimate information of the sediments was restored, which provided the basis for exploring the distribution law of other environmental factors in lake sediments. This paper is helpful to explore the law of environmental evolution and the history of climate change in arid regions.


The paper emphatically discussed the core problem about the development of developing tourism in Desert Island by taking Eyu Island.Resources characteristics of the non-Inhabitant Island were induced,Tourism projects were designed especially for a Desert Island called Eyu Island.Some constructive measures to protect the tourism resources and environment of island were also put forward on the basis of analysis environmental impact factors derived from tourism development of Eyu Island.Those measures should be adjusted in three different stages in the development of tourism in Desert Island which includes the stage of project planning,the stage of project constructing and the management period when the tourism projects have been completed.


Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a hospital-acquired infection with the highest case fatality rate in Thailand. A collaborative approach among multidisciplinary professionals across 18 hospitals in three regions of Thailand had led to a considerable reduction in VAP among mechanically ventilated patients admitted in intensive care units. By applying the collaborative quality improvement concept, participating hospitals experienced a gradual decrease in the trend of the VAP rate per 1000 ventilator-days. Surveillance systems for VAP have improved and the approach had led to advances in the care of mechanically ventilated patients, resulting in the reduction of VAP incidence.


The primary objective of image fusion is getting a single image which has an improved quality with respect to every input image. Let = , ... , be the set of multiple input images. Based on the attribute value (attribute is light effect on objects in the capturing scenario, without loss of generality) every image for {1, }has at least a single object or portion, which is comparatively better than the other input images.


Although drying takes a significant part of the total energy usage in industry, currently available drying technology is often not efficient in terms of energy consumption. Generally, the energy efficiency for drying processes ranges between 20 and 60% depending on the dryer type and product to be dried. The high energy consumption and low energy efficiency have a high environmental impact due to combustion of fossil fuel or wood used as energy sources. Moreover, the sources of fossil fuel are limited, the prices for energy increase, and the worldwide industrial energy usage rises. In this context the development of efficient drying methods with low energy consumption is an important issue for research in drying technology.


Valuable records of the Catholic church, which it will be impossible to replace, were destroyed by fire which gutted the residence of Bishop Edward O'Dea at 710 Terry avenue this morning. The fire was caused by a defective flue and had its origins adjacent to the room in which the records were kept. For some weeks. Father J. T. Murphy, secretary to the bishop, had been engaged in transcribing the records of the diocese . . . .But as it was, the old and new copies of the important papers were kept in one room, and all of them were either completely destroyed or seriously damaged and defaced . . . .The money loss is estimated at %AfiOO.{Spokane Spokesman Review, October 8, 1903)


The purpose of this case study is to provide a pedagogical teaching tool for undergraduate business students to fully comprehend the importance of the business management functions of planning, organizing, leading and controlling businesses. This case is inspired by events in the history of Rockwell International Corporation. As a major conglomerate struggles to transform itself over a period of eight decades, Rockwell provided a challenging problem for students to solve.


The year 2020 ushered many changes in our personal and professional lives. However, one thing that has not changed is JMCQ's focus on high-quality research and its stature as the oldest peer-review research journal in the field of journalism and mass communication. I am truly honored to step into the role of Editor-in-Chief of this flagship journal and would like to share with you some of my ideas and priorities for JMCQ. But before looking forward, we must look back at the journal's strong foundation and acknowledge all 10 former editors who have made the journal what it is today. I would especially like to recognize and thank the immediate past Editor-in-Chief, Louisa Ha, whose tireless work, new initiatives, and dedication to the journal have helped maintain an upward trajectory over the past 6 years. I also want to acknowledge our excellent publishing team at SAGE, led by Martha Avtandilian, and the strong support of AEJMC headquarters staff.


A truncated Fourier series is proposed to approximate an array's response. Based on this model and a calibration procedure, the log-likelihood function is derived. An antenna array's response was computed using a numerical electromagnetic method. Based on this array response a calibration was simulated. Direct maximization of the log-likelihood function allowed for full azimuthal calibration with low error and required only 40 sources.<<ETX>>


This paper proposes an approach to analyze the mechanical characteristics of the thin-walled I-beams with wide flange. Two different longitudinal displacement difference functions ( U1(x), U2(x)) are considered to account for the change of shear lag in the thin-walled I-beams with various widths of wing slabs (b1≠b2). The energy variation principle is applied to establish the governing differential equations and corresponding natural boundary conditions on the static and dynamic characteristics of thin-walled I-beam, and closed-form solutions of generalized displacements are obtained. The finite shell element solutions are compared with the analytical solutions of this paper and the proposed approach is validated.


As a consequence of previous results on anixing random variables, some functional limit theorems for quantities related to the continued fraction espansion of a random number in (0,1) are given


The lower-division CS curriculum at the University of California, Berkeley includes a version of CS 2 that is intended to introduce students to Java as well as data structures and programming methodology. Some students in the course already have Java experience. In one course offering, students without previous Java experience received final grades that were 0.27 standard deviations below their peers who already had some Java experience (d=0.27, p<0.05). In a subsequent offering, the instructor adopted course policies and teaching strategies that made student collaboration more frequent in hopes that students without Java experience could learn from their peers with Java experience. In this highly-collaborative offering, there were no statistically significant differences in average final grades between students with and without Java experience (d=0.12, p<0.1). A smaller percentage of students dropped the highly-collaborative offering than the less-collaborative offering. This decrease in attrition was most notable for female students, from 37 percent to 5 percent.


The negative effects of alcohol on health and society have been the subject of a growing number of studies in recent years. Alcoholic beverages are associated with an increased number of disorders that threaten human health and depend on quantity and consumption patterns. We applied a descriptive contemporary study in order to investigate the alcohol consumption of the population of Rhodes during the tourist season. The majority of those who were surveyed, consumed alcohol in socially acceptable contexts. However, the percentage of people with alcohol use disorder (abuse and dependence) was significantly higher than in the rest of Greece.


We report results for the magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and electrical resistivity of CeCoGe 2 , which shows a heavy-fermion-like behavior with the Kondo temperature scale T K ∼250 K. The Ce ion in this compound turns out to be in the normal trivalent state, compared with valence fluctuation in the previous study for a nonstoichiometric sample of CeCo 0 . 8 9 Ge 2 . The presented results ofCeCoGe 2 are well interpreted by the Coqblin-Schrieffer model with j=5/2 ground state for heavy-fermion Kondo systems.


A new sub-pixel interpolation algorithm based on multi-resolution filtering technology is presented in the paper. During the course of the analyzing the algorithm, we theoretically testified the conclusion that the sub pixel imaging technology can improve system image resolution. It can be concluded from the experiment result that the new interpolation algorithm can raise the resolution remarkably. We presented a real-time system based on TI DSP to realize the new algorithm. The sub pixel imaging system is developed with the flexible whole design and modular design so that it has the characteristics of extending, maintainability and easy soft developing.


Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is a frequent complication after pylorus‐preserving pancreatoduodenectomy. Recent studies have suggested that resection of the pylorus is associated with decreased rates of DGE. However, superiority of pylorus‐resecting pancreatoduodenectomy was not shown in a recent RCT. This meta‐analysis summarized evidence of the effectiveness and safety of pylorus‐preserving compared with pylorus‐resecting pancreatoduodenectomy.


The study of the application and mechanical behavior of new composite and hybrid materials within the bodywork industry in its different parts (external and internal) has led to perform different characterizations and analysis of results which determined the material with the best mechanical properties in many cases depending on the subjectivity of the researcher. In the present study the optimization of the mechanical properties tensile and flexural hybrid composite made of natural fiber and synthetic fiber was made. To produce the hybrid fabric, abaca (AbF) and cotton (CF) over glass (FG), combined with a polymer matrix polyester resin was used. The configuration of the fibers and the type of drying (ambient and oven), were taken as input factors. The influence of these factors on the overall responses were analyzed using factorial design. A function of desirability was used for the optimization of experimental responses. The results indicated that the optimal factors to take advantage of the experimental responses or mechanical properties, were the configuration of 20% FV + 7.75% FAb (45°) + 2.25% FAI (135°) and the type of oven drying, with a value of global desirability of 0.8208.


THE RECENT SURVEY by Baltensperger [S] shows that the question of why bankers undertake nonprice rationing of credit is still very much unanswered. Previous attempts to address the question have ended up merely assuming the answer. For example, the attempts prior to the 1960s all involved the assumption that interest rates could not adjust so as always to clear the market for credit, the attempt by Hodgman [9] did not really address the issue of interest rate determination, and the later attempt by Jaffee and Modigliani [10] involved the assumption that banks cannot charge different rates to all of their customers. The only analysis in the literature that is free from this criticism is that of Jaffee and Russell [11], which focuses on adverse selection concerning default by dishonest customers. Meanwhile, recent developments in the theory of labor contracts (e.g., [1, 2, 3, 4, 7]) have made progress in answering the closely analogous question of why firms lay workers off rather than adjust wages. The purpose of the present paper is to show how these developments can be used and extended so as to provide a tentative answer to the question of why bankers ration credit. 1


This article argues that the symbolic representations of various types of communities within spirit cults are to be understood intrinsically in political terms as part of legitimated authority. The discussion focuses on the guardian spirit cults among the Tai Lu in Yunnan, China. The article considers the politico-economic relations between households, village communities, and the state; it also examines spirit cults associated with each of these levels, and how the various cults are interrelated. The changes which have occurred in the social organization of the Tai Lu and the cults during the socialist revolution are then analysed in the light of the previous theoretical discussion.


A number of new N‐arylaminomethyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives 2, 3a,b, and 9–12a,b were prepared. Sugar (5‐N‐arylaminomethyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐2‐yl) hydrazones 4–6a,b were synthesized by the reaction of the hydrazino derivatives 3a,b with the corresponding monosaccharides. The novel acyclo‐C‐nucleosides 7, 8a,b were prepared by heterocyclization of the sugar hydrazones 4, 5a,b with acetic anhydride. A number of the synthesized compounds were tested for their antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type‐1 (HSV‐1) and hepatitis‐A virus (HAV, MBBcell culture‐adapted strain). The results revealed that the sugar hydrazones 6a,b showed higher antiviral activity compared to the other hydrazones and their acetylated derivatives.


Natural gas hydrates are a kind of nonpolluting and high quality energy resources for future, the reserves of which are about twice of the carbon of the current fossil energy (petroleum, natural gas and coal) on the earth. And it will be the most important energy for the 21st century. The energy balance and numerical simulation are applied to study the schemes of the natural gas hydrates production in this paper, and it is considered that both depressurization and thermal stimulation are effective methods for exploiting natural gas hydrates, and that the gas production of the thermal stimulation is higher than that of the depressurization. But thermal stimulation is non-economic because it requires large amounts of energy. Therefore the combination of the two methods is a preferable method for the current development of the natural gas hydrates. The main factors which influence the production of natural gas hydrates are: the temperature of injected water, the injection rate, the initial saturation of the hydrates and the initial temperature of the reservoir which is the most important factor. 1 Lei Huaiyan, Wang Xianbin. Current Situation of Gas Hydrates Research and Challenges for Future. Acta Sedimentological Sinica, 1999, 17 (3) 2 Shi Dou, Zheng Junwei. The Status and Prospects of Research and Exploitation of Natural Gas Hydrate in the World. Advance in Earth Sciences, 1999, 14 (4) 3 Chen Huifan4g. Prediction of the Conditions for the Forming of Natural Gas Hydrate. Journal of Xi'an Petroleum Institute, 1994, 9 (1) 4 Yao Yucheng, Yin Fushan. Progressin Study of Natural Gas Hydrates. Progress in Chemistry, 1997, 9 (3) 5 Zhao Shengeai. Current Situation of Gas Hydrate and Our ??Country's Policy. Advancein Earth Sciences, 2002, 17 (3) 6 Zhou Huaiyang, Peng Xiaotong. Development in Technology of Prospecting and Exploitation for Gas Hydrates. Geology and Prospecting, 2001, 38 (1) 7 Zhu Yuenian, Shi Buqing. Control Effects of Natural Gas Hydrates on Oil and Gas Accumulation and Reservoir Preservation. Natural Gas Industry, 2000, 20 (3) 8 Wim J A M Swinkels, Rik J J Drenth. Thermal Reservoir Simulation Model of Production from Naturally Occurring Gas Hydrate Accumulations. SPE 56550 9 Moridis G J, Collett T S, Dallimore S R, Tohru Satoh. Numerical Studies of Gas Production from Several CH_4-Hydrate Zones at the Mallik Site. LBNL 50257. Mackenzie Delta, Canada


Stroud sets out the rules of engagement for an encounter worthy of Kant's ideals. This Kantian rhetoric concerns itself with how a rhetoric "can treat humans as inherently valuable rational beings" instead of "machines with causality" (44). The best critical rhetors, according to Stroud, "should see the process of public testing as a way to optimize beliefs . . . including their own views" (214). The best rhetorical critics treat their subjects of study as equals and avoid "casual explanations exclusionary of attributions of dignity" to that speaker, recognizing that no critic gets the final word on any subject (229). It is advice that Stroud himself follows in rehabilitating Kant so convincingly that I was compelled to make a follow-up podcast admitting that I was wrong. Besides which, it was a page-turner of Enlightenment philosophy, especially the final chapters outlining the ethics of a Kantian philosophy. I have noticed that every book by Stroud I read leaves me with a faint halo at the end as I resolve to be more committed to ethical interaction with my students, my colleagues, and even historical figures. Maybe Kant isn't the mustache-twirling villain we have made him out to be. Maybe I owe Kant an apology.


In this chapter we summarize the growing literature on the optical , anatomical, physiological, and behavioral development of vision in human and nonhuman primates. The literature in this area is new and diverse, and to our knowledge it has not been previously reviewed as a whole . Emphasis is on postnatal development, in both its normal and its most common abnormal forms. All monkeys in the studies reviewed were Old World monkeys . References to the large body o f developmental studies o n nonprimate spe cies have been omitted (for reviews see Grobstein & Chow 1976, Tees 1976, Movshon & Van Sluyters 1981, Sherman & Spear 1982, Mitchell & Timney 1984). We have also omitted a large body of literature on embryology and prenatal anatomical development (see Rakic & Goldman-Rakic 1982, van Hof-van Duin & Mohn 1984). Of necessity, extended discussions of theoretical issues are precluded. Extended works on the topic of visual development can be found in Banks & Salapatek (1983), Aslin et al (1981), and the October 1983 issue of Behavioural Brain Research. A major reason for studying the development of vision in monkeys is to establish and use the monkey as a model for studying normal and abnormal human visual development. Many of the behavioral and anatomical studies reviewed below suggest major similarities of development, with rough parity at birth, and development proceeding about four times faster in Old World monkey infants than in human infants. To emphasize this 4: 1 conversion factor


Corydalis Sect. Mucronatae Fedde ex C. Y. Wu et Z. Y. Su is an endemic section from west China, which comprises 6 species and 2 varieties, belonging to two series. It distributes in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces and reachs its greatest morphological diversity and concentration of species in W. Sichuan region. A brief diagnosis of the section is provided and four new species, two new varieties are described, viz. C. longkiensis, C. kailiensis, C. pinnata and C. longicalcarata in company with its var. non-saccata and var. multipinnata.


The main periods and consist of progress of colour envoiroment of the city involve. Historical statement of polychromic characteristics of city envoiroment. The development of space volume and colour characteristics of the city panoramic views.


Siliconizing of Mo to form a silicide layer was investigated in the In-Si melt alloy with a two phase mixture of a solid Si and an In-Si melt at temperatures between 1273 and 1473 K for up to 90 ks in a vacuum ampoule. The MoSi 2 layer was grown in thick because an activity of silicon in the melt alloy is close to unity, accompanied by a formation of a thin Mo 5 Si 3 layer between the MoSi 2 layer and Mo substrate. These two layers grew in accordance with a parabolic rate raw. Chemical diffusion coefficients in both the MoSi 2 and Mo 5 Si 3 layers were obtained using Wagner analysis for the diffusion couple of a Mo/Mo 5 Si 3 /MoSi 2 /Si (in the melt). Activation energies for the growth rate constants are 157 kJ/mol for the MoSi 2 and 350 kJ/mol for the Mo 5 Si 3 , respectively, and they are the same as those for chemical diffusion coefficients due to the fact that terminal compositions of 37.5 and 39.1 at%Si for both sides of the Mo 5 Si 3 layers are almost independent of temperature. Composition of 39.1 at%Si was coincided with the measured one for the two MoSi 2 +Mo 5 Si 3 phase alloy, which was smaller than 40 at%Si cited in the phase diagram. Duplex layer structure and its growth kinetics in the present In-Si melt method were consistent with those obtained in the CVD method.


Killed Brucella vaccines have been successfully applied to chronic cases of brucellosis in man. Clinical improvement after such antigenic stimulus has often been confirmed: yet killed brucella vaccine has usually been inferior to live vaccine in the production of immunity in man and animals.


The invention discloses a database log processing method and device. The method includes acquiring a log file; reading segmentation rules of the log file; segmenting the log file according to the segmentation rules, and acquiring at least two pre-processed log files; writing the at least two pre-processed log files into a pre-processing database sequentially. By the aid of the method, the problems that in the prior art, repeated reading and writing operations are performed on the entire log file, the pre-processing time for a website accessing the log file is long, and the log processing efficiency is low are solved.


Power big data is big data concepts, technologies and methods practiced in the power industry. Power big data related to electricity generation, transmission, substation, distribution, electricity, dispatching the links, cross-unit, multi-disciplinary, cross-business data analysis and mining. Big data has great potential value in the smart grid, and in order to extract its potential value, the data must be guaranteed a certain quality standards. It can provide high value-added content services to the industry by guaranteeing or improving the data quality of power big data. This paper researches the quality management method based on power big data, including an analysis of common data quality evaluation, classifies the quality of power big data, and on this basis, given the solutions of improving data quality. It shows that to research of quality management method based on power big data is meaningful and necessary.


Given that the quality of the service experience is constructed in the interaction between the customer and the employee, gaining insights on customer-employee satisfaction in service encounters is relevant to advance the knowledge of the service experience area of research. Building on this perspective, the present study aimed to identify a model of the facilitating dynamic of customer-employee satisfaction in service encounters. A qualitative instrumental case study was developed from 15 cases of different contexts in order to identify common patterns and propose a theoretical model. The findings indicate that the attitudes from the person-centred approach of the humanistic branch of psychology - empathy, acceptance, and authenticity - facilitate the satisfaction of both the customer and the employee in service encounters; foregoing conditions of these facilitative dynamic and specific impacts on customer-employee satisfaction were also identified.


At present, a diverse range of victim-offender mediation models exist in Europe to address situations of domestic violence against women. This study represents an attempt to take a closer look at the mainstream mediation methods that are used to deal with domestic violence in Germany and Austria. The investigation focuses on the principles developed to promote and enhance a process of empowerment among victims, including how the victim is contacted and invited to participate, the use of the »mixed-double mixed« technique, and so-called indirect empowerment.


The methodology presented in this paper is grounded on the analysis and relational relocation of attributes of the urban body, deriving from the reconstruction of the urban body as a network configuration. In contrast to the hierarchical constructions, network constructions allow for multiple connections between elements, therefore being closer to the complexity of the associative forces found in the structure of the urban body.Similarity function is applied in an attempt to restructure those attributes of the urban body which emerge from the position of each element (node) in relation to other elements of the network and not from the Cartesian topology. Being able to represent material elements as nodes, counter-bodies deriving from autopoietic -network functions emerge, allowing for an inquiry in what concerns the autopoietic features of the urban body in general, focusing on the application of autopoietic functions which generate the urban body parts and components and on the multiplicity of elements' structure, in terms of association of crowds of elements and sets of attributes' values, aiming at the redefinition of proximity as similarity and of remoteness as difference.


Texas AM but Miller's survey found students had more interest in technical writing, speech. and agronomy, while the current survey found the courses mentioned above more beneficial to graduates.


Geographical field trips (excursions) are frequently carried out in various places with guidance by geographical or local experts, but such opportunities are not always open to a vast amount of people because of the limitations in timing and number of participants in an event. Whereas, aggregation and diffusion of various information through Internet services including online maps and SNS (social network service) seem to have a potential to contribute to the widespread adoption of the content (knowledge) of geographical field trips, although such "virtual" showcase may not often remain in the mind of viewers. In this study, we test the validity and efficiency of online-based story maps that integrate geographical field trip contents as a "story" to enable its virtual experience for general people. In such story maps, discrete geographical knowledge strongly related to place can be effectively connected in a timeline or "spaceline", in which a viewer can follow the story as a virtual experience to enhance its impression. This system also has a potential of offering the opportunity for such people to follow and experience the "real" field trip by following locationand timeline-based stories shown on the online maps. The workflow of the present study consists of 1) implementation of a field excursion, and 2) the development and online publication of the excursion content. First, in the excursion carried out in the field, diverse types of information provided by expert guides are collected using digital cameras, voice recorders and a GNSS receiver. Next, with support of Kiki-kaki Map software, the GNSS logs are temporally and spatially associated with audio and image data, and text information is manually added to the image data. These organized image, voice and text data are put into online maps (ArcGIS Online and PhotoField) and the characteristics of each system are compared to optimize the workflow. Text and image data are also collected in the field using an SNS (Twitter), some which are also compiled into the online story map. Established online story maps are also assumed to be used by other users, who will be able to follow the story that is shown in the online map with an ability to access to the excursion content in the field, enabling individual field excursion. In addition, the impressions of the users at this time are also collected using the SNS to be utilized to enhance the excursion content. We show a case study of geographical field excursion held in June 2015 at Narimasu (Tokyo) and Wako (Saitama). From the comparison of story map services, their advantages and disadvantages are summarized, and the enhancement of the above workflow is provided. As a result, the guide contents of the excursion (expert knowledge) are arranged into a time series on the map, showing the usefulness of a story map with a high accessibility by a large number of people. It is also suggested that the information aggregation through SNS can additionally contribute to enrich the excursion contents by the participants (a variety of opinions and impressions) as a collective intelligence. This system is expected to be in possible use by more general tourist information and school education. This study is supported by JSPS KAKENHI 26560154.


Introduction: The composition of the most primitive, volatile-rich asteroids provides constraints on models of solar system formation and surface alteration processes since. Volatile-bearing asteroids, especially those with accessible water and/or hydroxyl, are also of interest as targets of in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) efforts. While rock-forming minerals and some phyllosilicates show characteristic absorption features in visible (0.4-0.8 micron) and near-infrared (0.9-2.2 micron) reflectance spectra, these are generally shallow or absent in the spectra of dark, primitive (e.g., Ctaxonomic class) asteroids. Absorption features near 3 microns can diagnose the presence of water ice and/or hydroxyl on asteroids, but the interpretation of this feature is not straightforward. There appear to be several groupings of 3-micron feature shapes, and these groups are likely to be related to composition and degree of thermal metamorphism [1-4; see Figure 1].


During the mid- to late-1980s, numerous state legislatures took the historically unusual step of passing general tort reform measures. These reforms were purportedly passed in order to alleviate the tort and insurance "crises," believed to be fueled by increases in both litigation frequency and in size of awards for personal injury. The most common reform involved some modification of joint and several liability. To test the impact of joint and several liability reform on litigation frequency, we conducted a regression analysis using data on tort filings for 19 states over a six-year period. Results indicate a strong statistically significant surge (increase) in filings during the last year in which cases could be brought under pre-reform liability rules. Only weak support for an overall reduction in filings is found (and that as a lagged effect). The effectiveness of the reforms, therefore, is unclear.


Like other cognitive skills, the ability to reason causally changes during the course of development from early childhood to adulthood. There is, however, no agreement about how its development occurs. In this paper we propose a theoretical analysis to understand this process, namely, the idea that causal reasoning is a domain-general ability that is gradually enriched by the refinement of metacognitive skills, which allows reasoning independently from the immediate context. This proposal is based on the analysis of evidence of causal reasoning in young children, as well as evidence of integration of these skills during early adolescence with processes of argumentation and explanation. The paper also points out some methodological differences in studies with children and adolescents.


In this article, we consider localized integral operators whose kernels have mild singularity near the diagonal and certain Hölder regularity and decay off the diagonal. Our model example is the Bessel potential operator 𝒥γ, γ > 0. We show that if such a localized integral operator has stability on a weighted function space for some p ∈ [1, ∞) and Muckenhoupt A p -weight w, then it has stability on weighted function spaces and Muckenhoupt A p′-weights w′ for all p′ ∈ [1, ∞).


Experimental neuroscience typically uses "p-valued" statistical testing procedures (null hypothesis significance testing; NHST) in evaluating its results. The rote, often misguided, application of NHST (Gigerenzer, 2008) has led to errors and "questionable research practices." Although the problems could be avoided with better statistics training (Lakens, 2021), there have been calls to abandon NHST altogether. One suggestion is to replace NHST with "estimation statistics" (Cumming and Calin-Jageman, 2017; Calin-Jageman and Cumming, 2019). Estimation statistics emphasizes the uncertainty inherent in scientific investigations and uses metrics, e.g., confidence intervals (CIs), that draw attention to uncertainty. Besides procedural steps and methods, the Estimation Approach prefers expressing "quantitative," rather than "qualitative" conclusions and making generalizations, rather than testing scientific hypotheses. The Estimation Approach embodies a philosophy of science—its ultimate goals, experimental mindset, and specific aims—that diverges unhelpfully from what laboratory-based neuroscience needs. The Estimation Approach meshes naturally with, e.g., clinical neuroscience, drug development, human psychology, and social sciences. It fits less well with much of the neuroscience published in the Journal of Neuroscience, for example. In contrast, the philosophy behind NHST fits naturally with traditional, evaluative testing of scientific hypotheses. Finally, some Estimation Approach remedies, e.g., replication, ideally with "preregistration," are incompatible with much experimental neuroscience. This Dual Perspective essay argues that, while neuroscience can benefit from practical aspects of estimation statistics, entirely replacing conventional methods with the Estimation Approach would be a mistake. NHST testing should be retained and improved. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Experimental neuroscience relies on statistical procedures to assess the meaning and importance of its research findings. Optimal scientific communication demands a common set of assumptions for expressing and evaluating results. Problems arising from misuse of conventional significance testing methods have led to a proposal to replace significance testing with an Estimation Statistics Approach. Practical elements of the Estimation Approach can usefully be incorporated into conventional methods. However, the prevailing philosophy of the Estimation Approach does not address certain important needs of much experimental neuroscience. Neuroscience should adopt beneficial elements of the Estimation Approach without giving up the advantages of significance testing.


1. Fishes die from lack of dissolved oxygen or excess of dissolved carbon dioxide.2. Oxygen in large amounts (10 c.c. per l.) antagonizes the detrimental effect of high carbon dioxide (50 c.c. per 1.).3. The action of detrimental concentrations of carbon dioxide and of oxygen is first to stimulate, and if detrimental enough, to later cause coma.4. Low oxygen (0.1 c.c. per l.) in alkaline water causes death sooner than low oxygen in slightly acid water. This suggests that the fishes have a CO2 optimum.5. The resistance of the fishes to fatal concentrations and combinations of oxygen and carbon dioxide varies with the individual, with the species, and with the size (i. e., weight).6. Small fishes are more resistant per unit weight than are large ones. This fact is not particularly important ecologically or economically.7. Ecologically and economically, it does not matter whether the fishes in a given body of water die within a minute, an hour, a week, or do not die at all but merely fail to reproduce succes...


Abstract : The oxidation behavior of binary iridium aluminum and iridium and hafnium alloys, and ternary iridium aluminum-silicon, rhenium aluminum silicon, tungsten aluminum-silicon and molybdenum aluminum silicon alloys has been investigated in 1 atm oxygen at 1550 C - 1800 C. Iridium-hafnium alloys form a protective hafnia scale at above 50 at % hafnium and iridium-aluminum alloys form a protective alumina scale at above 55% aluminum. Silicon decreases the aluminum concentration necessary for the formation of a protective alumina scale on irridium-aluminum alloys from around 55 to below 30 at %, and remarkably extends the lifetime of the alumina scale. Rhenium-aluminum-silicon, tungsten-aluminum-silicon, and molybdenum-aluminum-silicon alloys also exhibit good oxidation resistance, but the data are too sparse for any definite analysis or conclusions. The iridium-aluminum-silicon alloys with the aluminum concentration from 30 to 50 and the silicon concentration from 8 to 15 at% are proposed to be the best potential coating materials. Keywords: Oxidation; Iridium; Aluminum; Hafnium; Silicon; Rhenium; Tungsten; Molybdenum; Oxidation kinetics. (kt)


We show that the number of factorizations?=?1??rof a cycle of lengthninto a product of cycles of lengthsa1, ?, ar, with ?rj=1(aj?1)=n?1, is equal tonr?1. This generalizes a well known result of J. Denes, concerning factorizations into a product of transpositions. We investigate some consequences of this result, for central multiplicative functions on the infinite symmetric group, and use them to give a new proof of a recent result of A. Nica and R. Speicher on non-crossing partitions.


A subset of presynaptic glutamatergic vesicles in the brain co‐releases zinc (Zn2+) with glutamate into the synapse. However, the role of synaptically released Zn2+ is still under investigation. Here, we studied the effect of Zn2+ on glutamate homeostasis by measuring the evoked extracellular glutamate level (EGL) and the probability of evoked action potential (PEAP) at the Zn2+‐containing or zincergic mossy fiber–CA3 synapses of the rat hippocampus. We found that the application of Zn2+ (ZnCl2) exerted bidirectional effects on both EGL and PEAP: facilitatory at low concentration (~1 µM) while repressive at high concentration (~50 µM). To determine the action of endogenous Zn2+, we also used extracellular Zn2+ chelator to remove the synaptically released Zn2+. Zn2+ chelation reduced both EGL and PEAP, suggesting that endogenous Zn2+ has mainly a facilitative role in glutamate secretion on physiological condition. We revealed that calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II was integral to the mechanism by which Zn2+ facilitated the release of glutamate. Moreover, a glutamate transporter was the molecular entity for the action of Zn2+ on glutamate uptake by which Zn2+ decreases glutamate availability. Taken together, we show a novel action of Zn2+, which is to biphasically regulate glutamate homeostasis via Zn2+ concentration‐dependent synaptic facilitation and depression. Thus, co‐released Zn2+ is physiologically important for enhancing weak stimulation, but potentially mitigates excessive stimulation to keep synaptic transmission within optimal physiological range.


Previous empirical studies have indicated strong influences of autumn and winter Tibetan Plateau (TP) snow cover extent (SCE) anomalies on the winter Pacific‐North American (PNA) and also East Atlantic teleconnection patterns over the North Atlantic and Europe. Our early numerical experiments reproduced an observed wintertime PNA response to an extensive heavy TP snow anomaly. This study further investigates impacts of autumn‐winter TP snow anomalies on North Atlantic‐Europe and Arctic climate. Expressing snow conditions as snow water equivalent (SWE), observational analysis shows that the principal component time series associated with the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF1) pattern of autumn TP SWE anomalies is significantly correlated to a remote equivalent barotropic tripole structure in winter, which resembles the negative phases of two teleconnections, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) at the surface and West Atlantic (WA) in the mid‐troposphere. This indicates that the hydrological effect of TP SWE differs from the albedo effect of TP SCE in snow‐atmosphere teleconnections. Numerical experiments using autumn TP SWE EOF1 and its persistent changes in winter as idealized snow forcing in a coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model simulate a winter negative NAO/WA response over the North Atlantic‐Europe sector and a negative Arctic Oscillation over the Northern Hemisphere similar to observations. The NAO/WA responses result from mechanisms of horizontal propagation of stationary Rossby wave energy and a transient eddy feedback. Results also indicate that heavy TP SWE induces significant Eurasia cooling, and a consistent pattern of Arctic sea ice anomalies, demonstrating widespread Northern Hemispheric impacts of TP snow anomalies.


On the basis of study on the key multi-axis motion control theories about acceleration & deceleration control, numerical interpolation algorithm, device drivers and application design technologies based on LabVIEW, verified the feasibility through the 3-axis numerical milling platform developed by ourselves. The platform can also realize the simulation and practical verification about the demonstration teaching process of numerical control machining and 3-dimensional contour of the workpiece machined, and has the significant practical value.


This paper adopts the methodology used by Fama and French (1993) to construct two measures of liquidity risk. These liquidity proxies solve the empirical issue of comparability between risk factors by utilizing the standardized unit of risk first proposed for size and value effects. As far as I know, this has not been done before. Modeling these additional liquidity premiums indicate an improvement over the three-factor model in allowing us to provide a better description of the cross section of average returns. Constructing Comparable Sources of Liquidity Risk in the CAPM Lai 2 A Senior Economics Undergraduate Honors Thesis Advisor: Professor Roger Craine University of California Berkeley