Words to remember υ CAN bus networks have made their way into aircraft due to its properties such as robustness, reliable time behavior, and good cost/benefit ratio υ Aging effects are difficult to predict υ Provide a reasonable safety coefficient for your network robustness υ A comprehensive set of testing methods tailored to meet specific aircraft design and operational requirements are available: υ CAN stress tests of the physical layer during the design phase are necessary to verify the robustness of the network υ Synchronous CAN bus testing of the physical and logical layers help to identify and solve problems faster υ Test records of CAN bus electrical parameters are useful to anticipate possible future network failures


The investigation of theoretical aspects of formation and content of the term 'logistics activities' allowed clarifying the goals, objectives, objects, subjects and components of logistics activities. The paper has shown a system decomposition of the logistics activities at an industrial enterprise and the author's definition of the term 'logistics activities'.


@xolotl there was also talk of bringing micropub to Mastodon which will bring a bunch of stuff together. https://mastodon.social/@Gargron/101059395256808997 it was for #ncte18 crowd


The present study lies in the mainstream of the paradigmatic semantics of language and deals with a semantic field structure. The urgency of the problem being studied is due to the fact that the field is a structural language organization that allows of studying the diverse aspects of lexical units. This paper briefly describes the main trends in the development of the theory of semantic fields in general and lexico-semantic and thematic groups in particular. The purpose of this work is structuring and analyzing the lexical and semantic field "Water" in English and Tatar, highlighting their common and specific structural and semantic features. The discrepancy in the semantics of equivalent words or the absence of any concepts in any culture being revealed by methods of continuous sampling and component analysis can be due to the natural features of the terrain, the living conditions and the way of life of the people.


We have developed 2.2‐inch transparent active matrix organic light emitting diode AMOLED with semitransparent cathode contact technology on the organic layer of electroluminescent device. The transparent AMOLED shows the emission from both the bottomside and the topside. The contrast ratio was enhanced because of non‐reflecting cathode with respect to the conventional display and when the device was turned off, it showed about 20% of transparency


To determine the relevance of current crowding to electromigration in the SnAg3.0Cu0.5 solder bump, a three-dimensional dual bumps simulation model was designed to demonstrate how current crowding can enhance the local atomic flux along the electron flow path. The finding of void formation occurred at the entrance points to the cathode sides and the enhancement of the growth and clustering of the intermetallic compound at the outgoing points of the anode sides along the electron flow path were verified experimentally. The tilting effect is obvious at the anode/chip side. The experimental mean-time-to-failure was observed, and Black's equation with Joule heating effect were investigated as well.


Objective To evaluate the application of Sysmex UF-500i and XS-500i in body fluid cell count. Methods 86 cases of specimens with hydrothorax and cerebrospinal fluid were collected and divided into non-hematic specimen group and hematic specimen group.Specimens in two groups were adopted with cell detection by SysmexUF-500i,XS-500i and manual method,and they were comparatively analyzed. Results In hematic specimen group,the difference of cell count by manual method and Sysmex XS-500i was not statistically significant ( P0.05).In non-hematic specimen group,there was a significant difference among manual method, Sysmex UF-500i and XS-500i cell count ( P 0.05). Conclusion Sysmex XS-500i has certain feasibility in cell count of hematic pleural and ascitic fluid and cerebrospinal fluid,but it is not suitable for cell count of non-hematic pleural and ascitic fluid and cerebrospinal fluid.


In semiconductors, the lattice location of impurities is crucial for the overall characteristics of the material. For instance Mg, the most commonly used p-type dopant of the nitrides, is only positively active if it substitutes the cation of the nitride semiconductor, in other cases it might even result in self-compensation. However, light elements, such as Mg, are difficult to study. Their light weight, when compared to the compound elements, makes it impossible to use most conventional techniques. Using the emission channeling technique [1] we have directly and unambiguously determined the lattice location of radioactive 27 Mg implanted in GaN, AlN and InN. In order to investigate the stability of the implanted isotope's lattice location, we performed thermal treatments up to 800°C and measured after or during each annealing step. The experiments were performed at the ISOLDE facility at CERN. Single-crystal samples were implanted with the radioactive isotopes. Upon decay, a beta particle is emitted, the path of which is conditioned by the crystal's positive nuclei, arranged along high symmetry directions. A 2D-detector records the angular emission spectra around four of these directions. These spectra are characteristic of the implanted impurity lattice site, providing information with precisions up to 0.1A, and requiring less than 10 11 implanted atoms. cm −2 . In all nitrides Mg was found in the cation site, as expected. Nevertheless, in the case of GaN and AlN, around 20% Mg occupies the octahedral site of the compound. The octahedral Mg is reduced by implantations above 600°C. The study was repeated for AlN, with higher concentrations, the electrically optimal concentration of 10 15 atoms.cm −2 , showing no relevant difference.


An ethnomedicinal survey was carried out in tribal communities of Eastern Ghats of Vizianagaram district with an aim to document the information regarding indigenous medicinal plant species used in the treatment of various diseases. The study area is inhabited by several tribal groups: Jatapus, Kondadoras, Mukadoras, Mannedoras, Yerukulas, Goudus, Gadabas and Savara, and their population is 2.14 lakhs as per 2011 census. The present paper deals with about 336 medicinal plant species of 269 genera belonging to 99 families. These have been recorded and are used by the 8 tribal groups to cure over 250 ailments. Plant species like Chrysanthemum indicum , Jasminum angustifolium, Nerium odorum and Tagetes erecta were used not only for ornamental purposes but also as ethnomedicinal plants to cure Sexually transmitted diseases like Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, Skin diseases like Ringworm (Fungal disease), Leprosy (Bacterial disease) and Rheumatism. Catharanthus roseus flowers paste has good control over insect and scorpion bites. This survey provides some information to biochemists and pharmacologists in screening of ethnomedicinal plants and in rapidly assessing of phytoconstituents for the treatment of various diseases.


HTC (high throughput computing) is a environment that can provide large amounts of processing capacity over long periods of time. To HTC, users are more concerned about how many jobs can be completed in a long period, but not how fast can a single job be finished. Condor, an implementation of HTC, is constructed by commodity CPUs and memory. As long as the Condor nodes are controlled by the Central Management Node, its reliability and scalability had been restricted. Based on the concept of DHT (distributed hash table), this paper presents a new distributed HTC architecture, named CrossTree, which has no central parts, and its metadata is distributed across all nodes in the system. Theoretical analysis and the simulation results proved CrossTree to be an efficient architecture with high scalability and reliability.


Nickel-cobalt alloy deposits were prepared on copper substrate by electrochemical deposition at various cobalt concentrations in electrolytic solution of 0, 6, 12, 18 and 24 g l-1. The deposition was performed at current density of 30 mA/cm2. X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed that all nickel-cobalt alloy films formed have face-centered cubic structure. EDS studies showed that Co content in Ni-Co alloys increased with the increase of cobalt sulfate concentration in the solution. It can be suggested that increasing concentration of co sulfate is the reason for an increase in activity of cobalt ion. The investigations on the electrodeposited Co-Ni alloys have been shown that their microstructure and surface morphology were found to depend strongly on the Co content in the Ni-Co alloy deposited.


The aim of this case study was to investigate the effects of a shock microcycle of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) on physical fitness and tennis performance. One rookie professional tennis player performed repeated-sprint ability (RSA) and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 2 (YYIR2) tests before and after (+3 days and +21 days) six sessions of RSH (4 sets of 5 × ∼6 s repeated-shuttle sprint interspersed by ∼24 s of passive recovery) practiced during a 14-day "in-season" period. Tennis performance was subjectively measured from match results and Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) points obtained during four professional tournaments played before and after intervention. While no changes were found at +3 days post-RSH, improvements in physical fitness (single sprint time (−4.5%), RSA total time (−3.1%) and sprint decrement (−16.7%), as well as YYIR2 total distance covered (+21.4%)) were observable at +21 days post-RSH. Tennis performance obtained during the tournaments was better after intervention. From pre to post-RSH, the decreases in opponents' ATP ranking during matches won (1109 ± 334 points vs. 818 ± 212 points) and lost (499 ± 68 points vs. 256 ± 58 points) revealed a stronger opposition. Consequently, a three-fold increase (from 4 to 12 ATP points gained from pre to post-RSH) in participant's ATP ranking was recorded. In summary, a 14-day "in-season" shock microcycle including six sessions of repeated-sprint training in hypoxia revealed interesting effects in specific fitness and tennis performance in a rookie professional tennis player.


The different regimes of behaviour in the elastohydrodynamic lubrication of rollers are displayed on a chart whose rectangular co-ordinates express the influence of elasticity of the solids and var...


Roasting pretreatment of high sulfur bauxite was studied using a fluidized bed. The effects of roasting temperature,roasting time and particle size on roasting desulfurization performance were studied by orthogonal experiments. The experimental results indicated that the sulfur in bauxite was successfully discharged as gas form through roasting. Among the parameters in tested ranges,the optimal roasting parameters were 850℃ roasting temperature for 40 min holding time,and the optimal ore particle size was 165 μm. Digestion rate of roasted ore was also tested. Compared with the digestion conditions of head ore,the reasonable digestion temperature was reduced to 220℃ and molecular ratio reduced to 1.4.


Reputation of an institution, can be defined the overall attractiveness compared by stakeholders against their competitors and by the perceptual potential that can be done in the future taking into account the historical movement (Ural, 2006, p. 172). Fombrun (1996, p. 72) defined corporate reputation as the perception of competitors based on the orgazination's past activities and overall image in the future. Again according to Fombrun and friends corporate reputation is a representation that strengthens the ability of institutions to deliver valuable results for its stakeholders and is a cognitive representation of the results and the actions of an institution (Fombr et al., 2000, p. 87).


An adaptive time-frequency classifier algorithm is detailed and tested on a data set of acoustic backscatter from a metallic manmade object and natural clutter with synthetic reverberation noise. The algorithm is improved over previous versions in that it operates directly on time signals rather than their wavelet transforms, and in that the features measure time-frequency energy and are insensitive to phase differences (due to signal variations). The time-frequency features are initialized by selecting wavelet transform coefficients with the highest Fisher ratios. Similarities and differences of this classification algorithm with matching pursuit, a representation algorithm, are discussed. This is done to show the need to treat classification differently than representation for realistic cases where class boundaries significantly overlap. The adaptive classifier is shown to have significantly higher detection rates than Fourier transform and wavelet transform methods, as compared by receiver operating characteristics.


Organic sulfur compounds are natural components of crude oil. The presence of these compounds is undesirable, as they cause corrosion of equipment and contaminate the atmosphere during combustion. Sulfur compounds ruin expensive catalysts and release sulfur oxides into the atmosphere when burned, thereby creating environmental problems. Therefore, modern methods are needed to detect, identify and measure the concentrations of sulfur contents, water, and other elements in petroleum products. This work proposed a method for the quantitative analysis of petroleum and petroleum waste, including refinery sludges, based on the coulometry method The present article describes the methods to determine the total amount of sulfur in the waste oil and the number of hydrocarbons in the viscous oil wastes. Additionally, Karl- Fischer method was adapted to measure the content of water in crude oil. In our work reported here, a titration coulometric reagent administration and potentiometric detection using ion-selective electrodes has been worked out and applied for the determination of sulfur and water concentration in crude oil samples.


The article considers the essential aspects of plots inherent to legends that have the status of 'transitional texts' and are designated as patterns of Kalmyk heroic tales genetically related to the epics of Jangar and Gesar. The paper concludes that the living folklore tradition gave birth to transitional texts - heroic tale texts and epic legends that genetically developed from the epic tradition towards heroic tales. The genre of 'latest heroic tales' include compositions resulting from transformed epic tales that had lost their poetics and epic style of narration, including changes in contents, plots and motifs. The genre boundaries of such texts are conventional, since fairy tales may appear as a secondary - after the epic - form featured by fairy tale reinterpretation.


Deep submicron CMOS technology proves to be suitable for transceiver design at mmwave band frequencies. At the same time, it has been a challenging task to obtain high performance at mmwave frequencies. In this paper, a 28[Formula: see text]GHz low-IF receiver frontend with improved performance by incorporating a proposed linear Gm-C low-pass filter (LPF) is presented using 40[Formula: see text]nm CMOS technology targeting for 5G wireless system. A mathematical expression for the linearity of the proposed filter is derived and compared with the basic filter model. The improved linearity (IIP3 of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dBm) of the proposed filter results in the enhancement of linearity and hence the Figure of Merit (FOM) of the receiver with the proposed filter. The receiver attains a conversion gain of 34.6[Formula: see text]dB, a noise figure of 3.1[Formula: see text]dB and IIP3 of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dBm. The total current drawn by the receiver is 27.3[Formula: see text]mA at a 1.2[Formula: see text]V power supply. The overall FOM of the receiver with the proposed filter is improved to 0.30 whereas the FOM of the receiver with the basic filter model is 0.13. The area of the receiver is [Formula: see text] whereas the proposed filter occupies [Formula: see text].


In this paper, a new relaxation algorithm for solving geometric
 constraint-based models is proposed. The algorithm starts from a
 constructive symbolic representation of objects (Constructive
 Parametric Solid Model, CPSM) and proceeds by iterative relaxation of
 the geometric constraints. Models that can be reduced to distance
 and angle constraints can be handled. A new algorithm based on an
 iterative global deformation of the system is presented and
 discussed, and its convergence is proved. The performance of hybrid
 algorithms involving global deformation and individual constraint
 relaxation is discussed on several practical cases.


Glass‐bead blasted stainless steel sheets are used in recent time for many applications in architecture or design of machines. If chloride can be accumulated on the surface, glass‐bead blasted stainless steel show a worse corrosion behaviour than ground stainless steel. The corrosion behaviour of glass‐bead blasted stainless steel is characterised by electrochemical, topographic and roughness investigations. The results of glass‐bead blasted stainless steel will be compared with results of other surface treated steels like ground, structure rolled, sand‐blasted and electropolished stainless steel. It is shown that not only the roughness parameter Ra has an influence on the corrosion behaviour but also the shape of the valleys and peaks, which are produced during different surface treatments. The investigations lead to advices for the use of these materials in practice.


Abstract : Sediments of multiple sites within the Central Long Island Sound (CLIS) disposal site of New Haven, CT, were examined for grain size distribution, heavy metals content, volatile solids, and benthic organisms as part of a study of the effects of dredged material disposal and capping operations. CLIS sediments can be classified according to their grain size, content of heavy metals, and volatile solids. It is shown that a greater percentage of samples were collected from the natural bottom were higher in heavy metal and volatile solid content than was seen at the center of the capped disposal mounds. This indicated the success of the capping operation in isolating the highly contaminated underlying dredge spoil from the surrounding sediments. The study also showed the striking effect of sediment grain size and composition on the community structure of the benthic population as well as the remarkable ability of benthic organisms to recolonize recently deposited sedimentary material.


Software engineering designs and practices differ widely among various application domains. This chapter is concentrating on high performance software engineering design for bioinformatics and more specifically for diabetes mellitus study through gene and retinopathy analysis. Complex gene interaction study offers an effective control of blood glucose, blood pressure and lipids. Early detection of retinopathy is effective in minimizing the risk of irreversible vision loss and other long-term consequence associated with diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a disorder of glucose homeostasis involving complex gene and environmental interactions that are incompletely understood. Mammalian homologs of nematode sex determination genes have recently been implicated in glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Fem1b knockout (Fem1b-KO) mice have been developed, with targeted inactivation of Fem1b, a homolog of the nematode fem-1 sex determination gene. It shows that the Fem1b-KO mice display abnormal glucose tolerance and that this is due predominantly to defective glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Arginine-stimulated insulin secretion is also affected. These data implicate Fem1b in pancreatic islet function and insulin secretion, strengthening evidence that a genetic pathway homologous to nematode sex determination may be involved in glucose homeostasis and suggesting novel genes and processes as potential candidates in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. In addition, this chapter is going to introduce basic gene analysis approaches that can be applied on diabetes mellitus study. These approaches include searching Genbank online database using BLAST, mapping DNA, locating genes, aligning different DNA or protein sequences, determining genotypes, and comparing nucleotide or amino acid sequences using global and local alignment algorithms. Fem1b gene, as an example, is going to be discussed with these basic gene analysis approaches. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of new cases of blindness among Americans aged 20 to 64 in both predominantly white and black populations [1]. Despite the recommendation for yearly eye examinations and efforts to achieve this, of the approximately 17 million Americans with diabetes, about 6 million nationwide remain undiagnosed and untreated, or not receiving annual eye examinations, which can lead to diabetic retinopathy [2]. Early indications of retinal blood vessel abnormalities and complications provide important indicators for clinical timely diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus and eye disorders. The software engineering design tool facilitates increasing the number of annual diabetic


1. In a double reversal experiment, diets containing either a normal or a large amount of lignin fibre were given to four patients with pruritus due to a liver disease. 2. Neither an improvement in symptoms nor a decrease in serum bile acid levels was found. The dose of fibre may have been insufficient, changes in intraluminal pH may have impaired adsorption of bile acids, or, less likely, the concentration of bile acids in the intestine may have been too low.


I No one will deny that the action of political parties constitutes a social struggle. It is not, however, generally supposed that it admits of scientific treatment, and the prevailing idea is that it is simply politics. But surely anything so universal must grow out of some fundamental principle, and it must be possible to search out and ascertain the true nature of that principle. Philosophers have, indeed, discussed political action and political parties, but they do not at all agree upon an explanation of them. Some, like M. Tarde, regard all political and even national struggles as so much clear loss to human progress, and conceive that the only road to progress lies through absolute peace. This is the position of most of the peace advocates. This view arises out of a complete failure to understand the law ot development, or evolution in nature at large. Others maintain that in political strife the gain is simply the algebraic sum of the results obtained, the triumph of one party over the other being looked upon as undoing all that the other had done, and so on with each stage of the endless rhythm which characterizes party struggle. This view is scarcely less false than the one last considered, and also ignores the fundamental law of social development. Still another school, with John Stuart Mill at the head, holds that the truth lies somewhere between the two extreme views which form the chief planks in political platforms. This is an approach toward a correct interpretation of political antagonism, but it comes far short of the whole truth. A modification of this last view consists in admitting that there is some truth in the demands of both parties, and that the I From the Annales de l'Institut International de Sociologie, Tome XI, pp.


The use of robotics as a motivating theme in engineering education has grown widely around the world during the last decade. This special issue addresses the need to disseminate best practices in robotics education from a broad, international perspective, presenting contributions of experts who have developed robotics laboratories, courses and curricula; instructional hardware and software systems; and large-scale programs and robot competitions. We group the papers into three broad subject categories: (1) project-based courses and curricula; (2) novel robotics projects including educational outreach; (3) educational theory, environments and tools. In the first category, the paper by Pack and Klayton considers the sequence of three junior and two senior robotics courses integrated in the electrical and computer engineering curricula at the United States Air Force Academy. This paper also focuses on educational objectives and outcomes of the courses related to learning fundamental concepts, development of systems thinking and teamwork skills. Also in that category, Hall and Barker's paper presents a sequence of three robotics courses at Louisiana Tech University that involve freshmen students in project based learning, introduce different aspects of engineering design, stimulate creativity and self-directed learning, and impart technical and practical skills. The paper of Friesel discusses the fourth-semester undergraduate Interdisciplinary Project course at the Copenhagen University which is part of the Electronics and Information Technology curriculum. Students in the course work in teams, develop autonomous robots, and participate in robot competitions. In the second category, the contribution of Bowman and co-authors displays the impressive scope of school outreach and academic programs in the area of robotics education conducted and supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In his paper, Michaud describes robotics initiatives at the University of Sherbrooke; these include a first-year design course in which students develop robot toys for disabled children, a step-climbing robot for home environments designed by a team of undergraduate students, and a service robot project developed by graduate and undergraduate students. In the third category, educational theory, environments and tools, Verner and Ahlgren propose an education design experiment methodology in which robot development goes hand in hand with curriculum development. The methodology is applied to upgrading the rules of the Trinity College Fire-Fighting Robot Contest and developing new contest-oriented projects. The paper by Martin of the University of Massachusetts Lowell argues, through three design examples, that learning and successful design are optimized in learning environments that enable teamwork and positive …


A comparative study of sliding mode control and time-optimal control for spacecraft attitude control using thrusters is presented. The on-off type thrusters are assumed to be attitude control actuators. Application of time-optimal control theory to the kinematic and dynamic equations of motion leads to a nonlinear two-point boundary value problem. The solution can be computed by iterative numerical methods, but typically, the computing method is not compatible with real-time computing constraints. In this paper, sliding mode control is used for the input of PWPF (Pulse Width and Pulse Frequency) modulator thrusters. The settling times are minimized by tuning the gains of sliding mode control. The sliding mode control is derived using modified Rodrigues parameters. We also derive the upper bound of sliding function for inertia uncertainty and external disturbances. Disturbance accommodating sliding mode control with PWPF is derived to minimize the settling time with inertia uncertainty and external disturbance. Simulation results show that the settling times are shorter than the ones of the sliding mode control with PWPF. INTRODUCTION Spacecraft attitude control for large-angle slewing maneuvers poses a difficult problem, including: the nonlinear characteristics of the governing equation, modeling uncertainty and unexpected external disturbances. Usually, for rapid and coarse attitude maneuvers, on-off type thrusters have been used. Control algorithms can be divided into open-loop systems and closed-loop systems. Application of "Graduate Student, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, Student Member AIAA t Assistant Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, Senior Member AIAA t Copyright ©1998 The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All rights reserved time-optimal control theory to the kinematic and dynamic equations of motions leads to a nonlinear two-point boundary value problem. Time-optimal control for spacecraft attitude maneuvers is different from the eigenaxis rotation. The solution can be computed by iterative numerical methods, but the computing method is not compatible with real-time computing constraint. Also, it is sensitive with respect to modeling errors and external disturbances. Sliding mode (variable structure) control provides robustness with respect to modeling errors and is an effective method for handling the nonlinear characteristics for attitude control. Vadali presented an optimal sliding manifold using error quaternions. In his paper, two types of actuators, i.e., thrusters and reaction wheels, are used for the spacecraft maneuver. In this paper, the sliding mode control using modified Rodrigues parameters are combined with a PWPF (Pulse Width Pulse Frequency) modulator. The PWPF modulator drives a thruster valve with an on-off pulse sequence having a nearly linear duty cycle with the input amplitude. The settling tune is minimised by tuning the gains in the sliding mode control using standard optimization techniques. One of the drawbacks of sliding mode control is the chattering problem due to disturbance and modeling imprecision. For spacecraft attitude control, chattering may excite the higher frequencies of the spacecraft. Chattering can be settled by smoothing the control input using boundary layer or bandwidth-limited sliding mode control, which was presented by Dwyer and Kirn. However, a globally suitable boundary layer thickness cannot be easily determined. Moreover, for spacecraft attitude control it may be difficult to predict the external disturbances acting on body. When bounded unmodeled external torques are added, the closed-loop system is no longer globally asymptotically stable since a steady-state error is present. The error can be minimized by increasing the correction control gain or decreasing the thickness of the boundary layer in sliding mode control. In this paper we de-


Three different resistance factors from the avilamycin biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces viridochro- mogenes Tu¨57, which confer avilamycin resistance when expressed in Streptomyces lividans TK66, were isolated. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences showed that AviABC1 is similar to a large family of ATP-binding transporter proteins and that AviABC2 resembles hydrophobic transmembrane proteins known to act jointly with the ATP-binding proteins. The deduced amino acid sequence of aviRb showed similarity to those of other rRNA methyltransferases, and AviRa did not resemble any protein in the databases. Independent expression in S. lividans TK66 of aviABC1 plus aviABC2, aviRa , or aviRb conferred different levels of resistance to avilamycin: or m g/ml, When either aviRa plus aviRb or aviRa plus aviRb plus aviABC1 plus aviABC2 was coexpressed in S. lividans TK66, avilamycin resistance levels reached more than 250 m g/ml.


An electronic key system costing short time from receiving a requiring signal to sending a response signal is provided. The electronic key system comprises: a vehicle-mounted control part (21) carried on a vehicle (2), wherein, in the case of sending the requiring signal containing random data to a preset communication area and receiving the response signal for the requiring signal, when an operating result contained in the response signal is judged to be right, motion of a door locking device or starting of an engine control device is allowed; an electronic key control part (11) which is carried on an electronic key (10) and used for performing operation for the random data contained in the requiring signal from a vehicle, and sending the response signal containing the operating result; and a bit number measuring part (11a) which is carried on the electronic key and used for measuring receiving bit number of the requiring signal, wherein, when the bit number measuring part judges that the random data contained in the requiring signal has been received completely, the electronic key control part begins to operate.


Flynn Effect (FE) is the observed rise in population psychometric intelligence quotient (IQ) scores over time, approximately three IQ points per decade. Sometimes in forensic evaluations, points are deducted from archival IQ scores to "correct" for FE. This study determined the accuracy of FE correction for three IQ ranges.

 Participants were 240 people (age: M = 52.7, SD = 24.4; 149 female) from the WAIS-IV standardization group who took the WAIS-III and WAIS-IV in counterbalanced order with an inter-test interval from 6-163 days. WAIS-IV Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) scores were subtracted from WAIS-III scores and differences were divided into two groups: 1.) > 2 IQ points – when applying FE correction to a WAIS-III score produced a more accurate estimate and 2.) < 1 IQ points – when applying FE correction produced a less accurate estimate. Accuracy base rates were tabulated for three WAIS-III FSIQ groups: below average < 89; average 90-109; and above average groups > 110.

 FE correction produced more accurate WAIS-IV FSIQ estimates for 70% of the below average group, 56% of the average group, and 65% of the above average group.

 Applying an FE correction provides a more accurate WAIS-IV IQ estimate about half the time for average IQ scores and about two-thirds of the time for above and below average IQ scores. (Standardization data from the WAIS-III Copyright © 1997 NCS Pearson Inc. & WAIS-IV Copyright © 2008 NCS Pearson Inc. Used with permission. All rights reserved.)


The bimolecular inhibition rate constants of carbofuran and N-dimethylphosphinothioyl carbofuran(PSC) to acetylcholinesterase(AChE) were and , respectively. These results showed that PSC required a bioactivation process for its toxic action because it didn't inhibit the target enzyme effectively. The potency of PSC as an inhibitor of AChE increased when PSC and AChE were incubated with microsomes fortified with NADPH compared with microsome alone. Piperonyl butoxide(PBO) addition to these coupled systems greatly reduced the inhibition of the target enzyme by blocking the bioactivation process. In vivo inhibition study of mouse brain AChE, value for AChE was 28 mg/kg for PSC and the value increased to 57 mg/kg when PBO was pretreated. This result showed that cytochrome would also play a role in the bioactivation process of PSC in vivo. And conversioin of carbofuran from PSC was 55 % in a chemical oxidation system using meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The oxidative activation of PSC to carbofuran was shown to be essential for showing its toxicological action and cytochrome was identified as an important enzyme which participated in this process.


This research seeks to explore the news coverage of environmental issues in the print media of Bangladesh. Four newspapers in two languages; The Daily Star, The Daily New age in English. The Daily ProthomAlo and The Daily Bangladesh Pratidin in Bengali language were selected as sample. In order to carry out the objectives of the research, qualitative and quantitative methodology were employed. The researcher tries to find the answers to the problem whether Bangladeshi newspapers cover sufficiently environmental issues. Primary data were collected through content analysis. Major content analysis findings were that the selected newspapers do cover environmental issues, though the subject matter did not receive much coverage. Although environmental issues are not covered sufficiently in these four newspapers, it has been investigated that The Daily Star newspaper covered the highest environmental articles by contract to other three newspapers in 2019In ProthomAlo, New Age and Bangladesh Pratidin, environmental issues were not only ignored, but also they were given very small portions of the newspaper and marginalized in relation to their presentation.


Escherichia coli is normal gut commensal for animals as well as humans, meanwhile it can be present in the environment. Basing on whole genome sequencing (WGS), we characterized the E. coli strain E706, which harbors a series of virulence and resistance genes, CRISPR candidate elements, prophage related sequences, as well as genomic islands. The plasmid pLKJULY7989 in E706 is a chimera plasmid made up of a basic IncFIB plasmid backbone with class 1 integron and multi-resistance genes. pLKJULY7989 carries a class 1 integron with the existence of gene cassette dfrA12 - aadA2 and class 1 integrase gene intl1 , which is lacked in homologous plasmid pEHS30-1. The class 1 integron was detected only harboring a class 1 integrase gene, and gene cassette dfrA12 - aadA2 . The complete sequence we reported here will provide valuable information for a more understanding about the genomic structure and pathogenic characteristics of the genome of E. coli .


Objective To analysis and discuss the diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of intracranial hemangiopericytoma.Methods Between 1997 and 2006,18 patients with intracranial hemangiopericytoma were treated in our department,we analyzed the clinical and imaging presentation, pathological feature,treatment and follow-up results of these patients retropectively.Results Twenty-three operations were performed in 18 patients,total resection was achieved in 10 cases,subtotal resection in 9 cases and partial resection in 4 cases.6 cases received adjuvant conventional radiotherapy and 3 cases received adjuvant gamma knife treatment.The local recurrence rate in the 15 primary cases was 33.3%,the mean recurrence time is 76.75 months.Two patients developed intracranial metastases and two patients developed extraneural metastases.Conclusion Intracranial hemangiopericytoma is a rare turnout with biological behaviour totally different from mengioma,it have a high local recurrence rate and can metastasize in or outside the central nervous system.Complete resection followed by adjuvant radiotherapy of not less than 50Gy is a reasonable therapeutic strategy of the treament for the intracranial hemangiopericytoma. Lifetime follow-up is necessary because it might take many years to develop recurrence and metastases for such tumor.


We study the spectra of scalar and vector mesons in four dimensional strongly coupled SQCD-like theories in the Veneziano limit. The gauge theories describe the low energy dynamics of intersecting D3 and D7-branes on the singular and deformed conifold and their strong coupling regime can be explored by means of dual fully backreacted supergravity backgrounds. The mesons we focus on are dual to fluctuations of the worldvolume gauge field on a probe D7-brane in these backgrounds. As we will comment in detail, the general occurrence of various UV pathologies in the D3-D7 set-ups under study, forces us to adapt the standard holographic recipes to theories with intrinsic cutoffs. Just as for QED, the low energy spectra for mesonic-like bound states will be consistent and largely independent of the UV cutoffs. We will study in detail how these spectra vary with the number of the fundamental sea flavors and their mass.


In our manuscript, we develop a new approach for stability analysis of one-dimensional wave equation with time delay. The major contribution of our work is to develop a new method for spectral analysis. We derive sufficient and necessary conditions for the feedback gain and time delay which guarantee the exponential stability of the closed-loop system. Comparing with similar conditions developed in the past literatures, we discuss all the situation when the time delay is positive, including when it is irrational. We prove that the exponential stability can be achieved if and only if the time delay is an even number. We also get the general formula term of the stability region of the coupling gain for different even multiples of time delay, and from this we easily obtain the shrink of the stability region as time delay increases. In addition, we explore the impact of slight perturbations in time delay on high frequency robustness.


The performance of human listeners degrades rather slowly compared to machines in noisy environments. This has been attributed to the ability of performing auditory scene analysis which separates the speech prior to recognition. In this work, we investigate two mask estimation approaches, namely the state dependent and the deep neural network (DNN) based estimations, to separate speech from noises for improving DNN acoustic models' noise robustness. The second approach has been experimentally shown to outperform the first one. Due to the stereo data based training and ill-defined masks for speech with channel distortions, both methods do not generalize well to unseen conditions and fail to beat the performance of the multi-style trained baseline system. However, the model trained on masked features demonstrates strong complementariness to the baseline model. The simple average of the two system's posteriors yields word error rates of 4.4% on Aurora2 and 12.3% on Aurora4.


ions That Guide Component Implementation We implement components by trying to be first of all good designers and secondly by following the Java Beans "design pattern" conventions. In this way we can benefit from the powerful introspection mechanism of Java Beans. [2] Identifies three technical features that need to be supported by component-oriented programming: component containment, multiple instances of component interfaces, and interface dispatch. We implemented ORB components with these three features in mind. This led to the design of a simple white-box framework by identifying common features, li ke method dispatching and containment invariants. These features were generalized into generic classes such as a hierarchy


INTRODUCTION
Patients with liver metastasis from breast cancer have a poor prognosis, although this may be improved by hepatectomy in a selected group with disease confined to the liver. We evaluate the effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as a cytoreductive strategy in the management of liver metastasis from primary breast cancer.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Nineteen patients with hepatic metastasis from primary breast cancer underwent RFA of their liver lesions between April 1998 and August 2004.

RESULTS
The median age of the patients was 52 years (range, 32-69 years), 8 had disease confined to the liver, with 11 having stable extrahepatic disease in addition. Seven patients with disease confined to the liver at presentation are alive, as are 6 with extrahepatic disease, median follow-up after RFA was 15 months (range, 0-77 months). Survival at 30 months was 41.6%. In addition, 7 patients followed up for a median of 14 months (range, 2-29 months) remain alive and disease-free. RFA failed to control hepatic disease in 3 patients. RFA was not associated with any mortality or major morbidity.

CONCLUSIONS
Control of hepatic metastasis from breast cancer is possible using RFA and may lead to a survival benefit, particularly in those patients with disease confined to the liver.


A kind of chemosensor for anions,1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone-2-naphthoylhydrazone(X),was designed and synthesized.Receptor X was confirmed by IR,1HNMR and ESI-MS.X was investigated to recognize anions such as F-,AcO-and H2PO-4 via its absorption spectra.It was found that X showed highly selective response to F-in acetonitrile.The binding constants varied in general in the order of F-H2PO-4AcO-whereas the other anions had little influence in the absorption spectra of X.Job's test showed X coordinate with F-to form a complex with 1:1 binding model.


So you think you want to be a medical editor? How can you be sure that editing is your calling?


Large scale land cover data is an important basis for global land surface process research, ecosystem assessment, environmental modeling and other scientific research. Studying the characteristics of existing data sets has guiding significance for data users and the production of new data sets. Taking nine urban agglomerations (Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration, Beijing Tianjin Hebei Urban Agglomeration, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Northwest Urban Agglomeration, Japan's Pacific Coastal Urban Agglomerations, Greater London Urban Agglomeration, West Coast Urban Agglomeration, Atlantic Coast Urban Agglomeration and Great Lakes city Urban Agglomeration) as the study area, this study analyzed the spatial consistency of four land cover datasets, namely, GlobeLand30, FROM-GLC, GLCFCS30 and CCI-LC and evaluated the accuracy of the four land cover datasets using Google Earth high-resolution images. The results show that the spatial distribution patterns of the same land cover features in different land cover data sets are quite different, and the overall consistency coefficient among different land cover data sets is low; FROM-GLC has the highest overall precision and kappa coefficient, while CCI-LC has the lowest overall precision and kappa coefficient.


With Pubugou core-wall earth-rock dam in Sichuan Province as an example,a 3D model for the high earth-rock dam was developed by using FLAC3D software,and the stress,strain,and seepage of the earth-rock dam were simulated.The comparison of the simulated result with those from other references shows that arch effect might occur in the core-wall of the high earth-rock dam.The united impervious system of geomembrane and core-wall can greatly lower the phreatic surface in the core-wall,weaken its arch effect,and completely eliminate the phenomenon that the major principal stress of the core-wall is smaller than the seepage water pressure at the same elevation,so that the safety of the impervious core-wall could be improved.


The current study aimed to identify the correlation between spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction among gifted students. The authors implemented the tests of spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction and ensured the tests' validity and reliability. The participants were 57 (29 male and 28 female) gifted students from At-Ta'if province. Spiritual intelligence variable differences were significant and attributed to gender in favor of the female participants. Life satisfaction was correlated directly and significantly with spiritual intelligence and life satisfaction. Keywords : Spiritual Intelligence, Life Satisfaction, Gifted, Gender.


Indianapolis, Jan. 24, 1898. To the Editor: —Owing to a delay in rebuilding the leading hotel of Evansville, the profession of that city have decided that it would be unwise to attempt to hold the annual meeting of the Indiana State Medical Society there this year. At a meeting held today in the office of the president, Dr. W. N. Wishard, attended by the officers and chairmen of the various committees, it was voted unanimously to transfer the meeting to Lafayette. The date remains unchanged, May 5 and 6. By kindly giving this notice a place in your paper you will confer a great favor upon the profession of Indiana. Very respectfully,


Abstract Semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) is one of the commonly used amplifiers in optical networks. This paper reviews the SOA implementation in coarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) systems, which includes the explanation of the fundamental concepts such as the configuration, principle of operation as amplifiers, and the performance in different CWDM topologies. Simulation using OptiSystem software was carried out to determine the gain saturation at high input power and longer wavelengths. It shows that SOA implementation in CWDM networks is capable of providing flat gain for 40 nm wavelength span.


The rate of impurity diffusion in GaAs depends upon the concentration of point defects such as vacancies and interstitials. The concentration of those point defects is strongly affected by the region of the phase diagram corresponding to the chosen experimental design. Different regions of phase diagrams are used to illustrate why nominally similar experiments can lead to dramatically different results. When the equilibrium point defect concentrations can be approached in a time which is short compared to the anneal time, the measured diffusivities tend to be reproducible. However, when the point defect concentrations approach their equilibrium values over times which are long compared to the anneal time, the measured diffusivities tend to be irreproducible and time dependent. Examples of "anomalous" diffusion are discussed and shown to be associated with fundamental differences in experimental design that tend to bring the point defect concentration toward equilibrium in different regions of the phase diagram.


One of the European policy objectives, as envisaged by the EC Transport White Paper, is to reduce Europe's dependence on imported oil and to cut greenhouse gas emission from transport by 20% by 2030 and by 70% until 2050 (with respect to 2008 levels). For achieving this goal, the role of integrated energy and urban mobility systems are explored as part of a city's strategy towards sustainability (2011–2020). For developing future scenarios, we used best practice foresight analysis methods, where the desirable future relates to European policy goals. In this research, we adapt the extended metabolism model of a city developed by Newman (1999) and the material and energy flow accounting by Sheerin (2002) to assess the future role of electric vehicles, renewable energy (RE) use for mobility needs and energy efficiency increases for house holds living in the city of Aveiro, a medium-sized city of 78,450 inhabitants in Portugal. The social costs of carbon related to alternative vehicle technologies (electric vehicles) are assessed, along with the integration of RE. Several energy sources were considered: hydric, wind, solar (thermic and photovoltaic) and solid waste (incineration and biogas). A Life-Cycle Assessment analysis was performed for this estimation, where a share of 56% of RE was assumed to be achieved until 2020. It was found that each battery electric vehicle and the use of RE has an external cost associated with climate change of 0.032 €/1000 pkm in 2011 and 0.012 €/1000 pkm in 2020. For the city of Aveiro, this represents an external cost of 7094 € in terms of CO 2 related emissions in 2020. If all conventional fuelled vehicles were replaced by electric bicycles, an energy reduction of 98.1% and an emission reduction of 3893 kg CO 2eq per year (avoided CO 2eq external costs of 5.96M€) could be achieved.


Diversification means entry into new industrial areas. Based on the theories of the two strategic mainstream schools: the Industrial Organization and the Resource-based view, this paper introduces two kinds of diversification strategies, saying the opportunity-oriented strategy and the resource-oriented strategy, which are usually adopted by a firm's establisher and manager respectively. From the first perspective, an entry of new industrial area follows the process of "opportunity-strategy-resource" which is usually taken by the risk-favored establishers. From the second perspective, an entry follows the opposite process of "resource-opportunity-strategy" which is usually taken by the risk-averse managers. By combining with the establishing phase and developing phase of the whole life of firms, a matrix of "phase/strategy" is introduced. The matrix shows that different strategies are needed in different phases when a firm is diversifying. And it also indicates that whether or not a firm's decision maker is still the establisher, who cannot change his opportunity-oriented strategic intent to the resource-oriented strategic thought, determines the success opportunity of diversification. In the final part, through a case study from China, the view of this paper is verified.


The representation ability possessed by students is one of the key factors in learning mathematics in schools. Because it needs a study to understand how the ability of representation of students when given a problem. The purpose of this study is to describe the mathematical representation ability of students in class XI IPA MAN II Batu on geometrical series material. For this reason, the research conducted is a qualitative research with a descriptive approach so that researchers can describe how the students' representational abilities. Students are grouped in the ability category of high (KT), moderate (KS), and low (KR). The results of this study are KT, KS, and KR have not met the indicators of the ability of representation that has been determined. The non-fulfillment of these indicators is due to a mismatch between external representation and internal representation.


A Lancastrian Mirror for Princes is McGerr's study of the relationship between the illustrations and the text within a single manuscript copy of the New Statutes of England (or Nova statuta Angliae ) owned by the Yale Law School. The manuscript bears the coat of arms of Margaret of Anjou, who was the consort of Henry VI. McGerr supplies a full codicological description of the manuscript (Appendix 2), as well as links between it and other known Lancastrian "mirrors for princes," or works of advice about kingship. Her objective, as stated in the Introduction, is to explore the role of a . . .


This article presents the results of a self-assessment of the Master of Nursing Science, part of the Graduate Program in Nursing, School of Nursing. 5 students participated, 7 graduates, 5 teachers, 6 members of the Graduate Program Committee, 1 administrative assistant, and 8 employers (Mexico Hospital, Hospital Tony Facio Limon, Cartago Hospital, Hospital San Juan de Dios, CENARE Institute National Insurance, the School of Nursing at the University of Costa Rica and the College of Nurses). The objective was to determine the functioning of the academic expertise of Science in Nursing and the impact on the profession to develop strategies to improve the training of researchers (as) in the discipline. The implemented design is suggested by the system of Graduate Studies at the University of Costa Rica which consists of stages, components and patterns. Established three phases: 1. Awareness of the process 2. Development, validation and application of tools and techniques for data collection, 3. Processing and analysis. As a result it was observed that there were significant discordant elements in the different components (students, curriculum, graduates, employers, research, academic management, design, and political feasibility) that influence the success of the master and can be addressed from a position politics and logistics of the Graduate Program. We conclude that the construction of theoretical and methodological approach outlined in the curriculum plan is consistency and coherence between the training it offers and the academic and professional profile, however in thedevelopment of a master is internal and external factors that influence their success or failure and undermine the logic of an educational plan.


Dual relationships are proscribed in the standards of ethical conduct for most professional groups that provide counseling or psychotherapy. Dual relationships are thought to be unethical because they cloud the clinical judgment of the counselor and may present conflicts of interest that prevent the counseling relationship from being beneficial. Pastors frequently provide counseling for troubled persons or families, yet they often maintain other roles and relationships with these persons and families. This article addresses the issue of the inevitability of dual relationships in pastoral counseling. Courses of action for handling dual relationships in pastoral counseling are identified.


We introduce an Energy Decomposition Analysis suitable for understanding the nature of non-covalent binding in large chemical systems, like those of drug-protein complexes. The method is atom specific, thus allowing rationalization of the role that each atom or functional group plays for the interaction. Visual representations are constructed in the form of interaction maps, depicting the different contributions for electrostatics, polarization, dispersion (lipophilicity), etc. This marks the departure from atomistic models towards electronic interaction ones, that better correlate with experimental data. The maps provide a quick access to the driving forces behind the formation of intermolecular complexes, and the key contributors for each interaction. This allows constructing quantum mechanical models of binding. The presented method is validated against experimental binding data for the difficult to target protein-protein interface for PEX14-PEX5 and its inhibitors.


Contributors. Preface. Section I: Practice and Policy. Are psychiatrists replaceable? Is private practice compatible with managed care? What is the role of the primary care physician in managed mental health care? Are practice guidelines useful in managed care? Section II: Clinical Issues. Can managed care improve mental health outcomes for children and adolescents? Is public behavioral health care manageable? Will academic psychiatry survive managed care? How is resistance to managed care manifested? Is managed care ethical care? Section III: Utilization Review. When is psychiatric hospitalization required? Should the ASAM criteria be adopted as a national standard? Who decides what is medically necessary? How effective is utilization review? Section VI: Research and Training. Can research on managed care inform practice and policy decisions? Does managed mental care offset costs related to medical treatment? Can psychotherapy be conducted effectively in manged care settings? Can psychiatrists be retrained for the future? Section V: Administration and Management. What factors should managed behavioral health programs consider when designing their operations? How should the profit motive be used in managed care? Can providers and payers collaborate? Do employers want mental health and substance abuse benefits for their employees? Can psychiatrists become efficient managers? Section VI: Health Reform. Can managed competition reform mental health care? Does consolidation in health care mean that bigger is better? Will the transition into integrated networks appear seamless? Who will manage the managers? Afterword: is managed care psychiatry's internecine war? Index.


The mechanism of action of the antipyretic drugs has been discussed from the point of view based mainly on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center. Since the introduction of Mayer's classical theory (1), many authors (2-6) have attributed the site of action of the drugs to the hypothalamus and other basal nuclei from their extensive studies. In the previous paper the author has studied on the effects of aminopyrine on the electroencephalogram in cats (7). The results that the manifestation of the seizure discharge of the spontaneous EEG in cat in response to aminopyrine was preceded by the manifestation of the seizure discharge or spike waves of the hypothalamic and thalamic EEG have suggested the primary site of action of aminopyrine on the diffuse region of the anterior hypothalamus. However, the electrophysiological studies of aminopyrine by Fujita et al. (8, 9) have shown the diffuse dimensions of the site of action within the brain. The effects of aminopyrine shown by the authors, according to the general consideration, may include various aspects of the drug effects such as analgesic, antipyretic and other side effects as well as the secondary or rebound effects. In the current report attempts were made to differentiate the unique antipyretic effect of aminopyrine from the other effects either dependent or independent on the antipyresis by comparing the time course of the EEG changes. Moreover, the effects of aminopyrine on the EEG were also studied in the rabbit which had received the pyretic doses of 2, 4-dinitrophenol.


Juan Eduardo MegíasVericat 1 Octavio Ballesta-López Eva Barragán Pau Montesinos 2,3 1Servicio de Farmacia, Área del Medicamento, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; 2Servicio de Hematología y Hemoterapia, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Valencia, Spain; 3CIBERONC, Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain Abstract: The prognosis of patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML) is discouraging with salvage standard approaches. Mutations of isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), present in 7–14% of AML patients, have been discovered recently, opening the door to targeted agents aiming to improve the outcomes in this setting. Several oral selective IDH1 inhibitors are under investigation, ivosidenib being the first approved for R/R AML. We performed a systematic review to analyze the clinical outcomes and safety reported with IDH1 inhibitors and other agents in adult patients with IDH1 R/R AML. Ivosidenib in monotherapy achieved complete remission (CR) of 24%, overall response of 42%, and median overall survival of 9 months in R/R AML, and promising outcomes were reported with IDH305 and FT-2102. IDH1 inhibitors were generally well tolerated, but some therapy-related toxicities should be monitored, including IDH-differentiation syndrome, prolongation of the QT interval, and leukocytosis, all manageable and reversible. Also, venetoclax, CB-839, PARP inhibitors, and IDH1 peptide vaccine are being studied in IDH1 AML. The results of the ongoing and upcoming clinical trials will bring new evidence to establish the role of IDH1 inhibitors in therapeutic strategies of AML.


They direct attention toward what may be her most important poetic stratagem-the deliberate, wholly conscious search for usable clusters of imagery to incorporate into her work. A brief survey of her jewel imagery would suggest that it forms such a cluster and that further examination might throw light on her poetic technique as well as contribute to an understanding of the individual poems. Much detail can be gathered from the tables on the following. pages. Comparison with other poets, for example, shows that she had considerable precedent for using jewel imagery and that the practice was especially strong in the work of such fellow Victorians as Tennyson and Robert Browning, nor did it die out in the work of modern poets like W. B. Yeats and Wallace Stevens. Except for Keats, whose approximately fifteen thousand lines are roughly commensurate with her approximately twenty thousand shorter lines, she outgoes all her models; and Keats does not have her variety. It is strikingly evident that her poetry contains as many instances of jewel words as the Bible or the entire lyric and dramatic works of Shakespeare, and that she uses jewels more frequently than Milton


Blanka Vagenhofer I was born in Vukovar in 1960. I graduated from the Zagreb University School of Medicine, Osijek Branch, and did my internship in the Vukovar Medical Center. Before the war, I worked in the pediatric office in Borovo Naselje. Around mid-August, frequent alarms and attacks made it impossible for us to normally proceed with our work, so care for sick children was organized in the hospital. There, I continued to work at the Intensive care Unit. It was my first contact with this field of medicine. At the same time I had to learn and daily cope with practical problems. Several anesthesiologists had left the hospital and those who had arrived to replace them were continuously working in operating theaters. A colleague of mine, in her 2nd year of residence, and I were in charge of intensive care patients. Four to five nurses worked on our shift.


Targeted nanoparticles are engineered for the delivery of therapies and diagnostics directly to tumors. By design, they can leak out of vessels into tumors, diffuse through tissue, bind to receptors over-expressed on cancer cells, and undergo endocytosis. Their slow diffusion and strong binding often result in nanoparticles accumulating in the first cells encountered after extravasation, thereby leading to poor treatment of deepseeded tumor cells. Computer simulations were used to show the impact of binding affinity on the penetration of nanoparticles into tissue. Rather than fine-tune binding kinetics, we propose to delay binding until after the nanoparticles have diffused throughout the tissue. A swarm of over 100 kilobots was used to visualize nanoparticle strategies in robotico. Through embodied experiments, we were able to identify key advantages in delaying nanoparticle binding that could result in lower injected doses and safer therapies. In robotico experiments provide an intuitive and physical instantiation of nanoparticle dynamics that bioengineers can use to build intuition and drive innovation.


PurposeThis study investigates the impact of corporate environmentalism on corporate environmental reputation. Corporate environmentalism comprises both environmental performance and environmental policy, thus distinguishing a firm's actual environmental performance from the intent of its environmental policy. The moderating effect of advertising is also investigated.Design/methodology/approachThe study derives four hypotheses from the literature and tests these by means of a Tobit model and a unique combination of databases.FindingsResults show a link between environmental policy and corporate environmental reputation, but not between environmental performance and corporate environmental reputation. Additionally, results reveal the moderating effect of advertising to be negative, suggesting that advertising contributes only marginally toward improving corporate environmental reputation.Originality/valueThis study is one of the first to investigate the complementary effect of environmental management, environmental policy and advertising on corporate reputation.


Algae represents one of the most diverse and prevalent life forms on earth. Some of the characteristics of algae include a potentially very high metabolic rate and very high lipid content. Algae represents a diverse range of species that are able to flourish in a wide range of conditions. Considerable effort and expense is directed each year at efforts to kill algae due to its invasive nature and potentially deadly toxins. For example, in Ohio there are over ten inland lakes with toxic levels of algae. The microcystin product by algae in Lake St. Mary's in Ohio is a neurotoxin that has been reported to cause dizziness, difficulty breathing, or convulsions and death to small animals such as dogs 1 .


Summary41 patients suffering from active rheumatoid arthritis were treated with quinacrine, some also with chloroquine, for periods up to one year. The patients were observed from 6 months to 4 years from the start of the treatment. In all except 7 patients various degrees of improvement occurred. The improvement was associated with a fall in the sedimentation rate, and in some also with decrease of the agglutination titer for sensitised sheep erythrocytes and living streptococci. In most patients observed for over 4 months after cessation of the treatment, relapse of the symptoms occurred about 3 months after the medications had been discontinued. On renewed treatment, subjective and objective improvement again was obtained. Quinacrine gave a number of side-effects, inter al. transient psychosis in 3 cases.


A Boltzmann-type equation is used to examine the effects of inelasticity on scattering between particles in Kepler orbits. A Fokker-Planck equation is found which predicts either radial clustering or diffusion. (auth)


Active guidance policy, in its most common version, consists in providing advice to high-school students on their enrolment choices in higher education. This advice is formulated by universities, based on schooling records. The system is based on the idea that high-school students do not have all available information on the adequacy of their abilities to the demands of different higher education tracks. A vast literature indicates that students make better choices when they receive more information on higher education. In this article, we detail how active guidance policy works, and its expected impact in reducing mis-allocations in undergraduate studies. A first evaluation provides results consistent with those from the literature: it is the weakest students who benefit the most from active guidance policy.


Science disciplines are inherently multimodal, involving written and spoken language, bodily gestures, symbols, diagrams, sketches, simulation and mathematical formalism. Studies have shown that explicit multimodal teaching approaches foster enhanced access to science disciplines. We examine multimodal classroom practices in a physics extended curriculum programme (ECP) through the lens of new materialism. As De Freitas and Sinclair note in their book, Mathematics and the Body, there is growing research interest in embodiment in mathematics (and science) education—that is, the role played by students' bodies, in terms of gestures, verbalisation, diagrams and their relation to the physical objects with which they interact. Embodiment can be viewed from a range of theoretical perspectives (for example, cognitive, phenomemological, or social semiotic). However, they argue that their new materialist approach, which they term "inclusive materialism", has the potential for framing more socially just pedagogies. In this article, we discuss a multimodal and new materialist analysis of a lesson vignette from a first-year extended curriculum physics course. The analysis illuminates how an assemblage of bodily-paced steps-gestures-diagrams becomes entangled with mathematical concepts. Here, concepts arise through the interplay of modes of diagrams, gestures and bodily movements. The article explores how multimodal and new materialist perspectives might contribute to reconfiguring pedagogical practices in extended curriculum programmes in physics and mathematics.


In this paper, the problem of energy management in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) for data collecting, computing and transfer is investigated. Battery powered sensors need efficient management due to limited energy resources, and energy conservation is a vital design issue that needs to be boosted in order to increase the lifespan of a network. Therefore, the important aspect of WSN design is resistant, secure and efficient communication relevant to radio devices with limited energy resources. Algorithms for dynamic transmission power control, clustering, activity control of devices and power save routing protocols are briefly summarized. The results of the performance evaluation of selected solutions through simulation and experiments conducted in testbed networks are presented and discussed.


Abstract : This report describes a computer model developed at Rand for generating estimates of organizational and intermediate level maintenance personnel requirements for new U.S. Navy aircraft. NAVMAN provides a capability that does not currently exist for systematic estimation of personnel needs during the early stages of aircraft development (before information) about subsystem-peculiar personnel factors are available in detail). The model provides (1) an analytic tool for estimation, (2) capability for assessment of estimates prepared by the military services, and (3) a means for systematic exploration of the effects of changes in certain system and maintenance policy variables on personnel requirements. This volume provides an overview of Navy personnel planning methods and of the model features (data requirements, assumptions, and reports).


This study aims to develop learning programs and effectiveness in order to improve the ability of prospective mathematics teachers in the field of assessment. This type of research is research and development design (R & D design). This study consists of four stages, namely preliminary studies, program planning, program development and program validation. Preliminary studies were carried out during the initial research activities using various sources in the field and literature review. Program design is done by preparing learning programs in the form of syllabus, Semester Learning Plans , teaching materials, media and evaluation tools. The program that was designed was then developed by means of judgment, trial and revision. From the results of the development then a hypothetical product program is obtained which will be tested for its effectiveness. Effectiveness testing is carried out in program validation activities through the implementation of hypothetical product programs. The results of the study showed that it was effective and efficient in improving the mastery of the theory and practice of evaluating mathematics learning


The present study was performed to investigate the possible correlation between the effects of candesartan cilexetil (3 mg/kg b.w.) and garlic; allium sativum (100 mg/kg b.w.) alone and in combination on high cholesterol diet (HCD) male mice . Candesartan cilexetil alone and their combination with garlic were given orally to animals fed on hypercholesterolemic diet by gavage for 12 weeks . Results of this investigation showed that animals under high cholesterol diet exhibited some sort of changes in the blood, plasma and tissue levels of leukocytes,cholesterol, triglyceride and enzymes where they increased significantly while some decrease exhibited in heart weight, LDH-cholesterol and testosterone hormone compared with that of the normal diet animals. Candesartan cilexetil garlic or their combination significantly decreased the plasma and tissue levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) , while they increased significantly the levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C). On the contrary, candesartan and candesartan in combination with garlic decrease WBCs, neutrophils and platelets significantly in compared with that of the (HCD) animals. This study included the total body and heart weights. Heart weight increased significantly in candesartan, garlic and their combination treated group. On the other hand, there were significantly decreases in body weight in candesartan, garlic and their combination compared with that of the high cholesterol diet treated animals. The effect of candesartan, garlic and their combination upon serum and liver levels of ALP, AST, ALT and ChE enzymes were investigated. Serum and liver ALP, AST, ALT and ChE were increased significantly in candesartan treated group but they decreased markedly in garlic and its combination with candesartan in serum and liver respectively compared with that of the high cholesterol diet animals. Candesartan decreased plasma level of testosterone while garlic and its combination with candesartan increased the testosterone hormone significantly compared with that of the high cholesterol diet animals. In conclusion, animals given garlic have improved physiological functions and induced significant causes of antiatherosclerosis effect. Also, these observations show that garlic is efficacious in lowering blood lipid profils and thereby could maintain protection with hypertensive drugs.


Characterization of ship motions is greatly essential in evaluating performance of the ship or a ship mounted subsystems. This paper addresses such a challenge by proposing a methodology on reconstructing the ship motions using combined Marine Systems Simulator (MSS) toolbox and a six-DoF Stewart platform. Given the specifications of the ship, Stewart platform and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) system, ship motions are generated and then reconstructed by a six-DoF Stewart platform as a validation. Finding results show that the ship motions are able to be reconstructed and its randomness can be captured with considerable accuracy. However, as the sea state code increases, the accuracy of the proposed method decreases as indicated by the values of sum square error (SSE) of the reconstructed motions. Hence, the proposed methodology can be recommended as ocean waves based ship motions simulator as well as other dynamics system motion simulators.


Biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles with enhanced heating proficiency are required for magnetic hyperthermia in order to use it efficiently in cancer treatment. In this paper, ethylenediamine functionalized monodispersed manganese iron oxide (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized by using polyol method and functionalized nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis techniques for structural, morphological and magnetic analysis. Hyperthermia characteristics of functionalized MnFe2O4 nanoparticles were studied at 167.6, 251.4 and 335.2 Oe to assess the feasibility magnetic hyperthermia anticancer therapy. Outcome revealed that nanoparticles the self-heating temperature rise up to 48.76 to 56.34 °C at 5 and 10 mg mL-1 concentrations in water respectively. Specific absorption rate 94.65 W g-1 was observed at 5 mg mL-1 concentration. Biocompatibility study of functionalized nanoparticles has divulged almost no toxicity for nanoparticles.


Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies in the world. In spite of recent advances in chemotherapy, the prognosis for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer remains poor. The last decade of ground-breaking research on molecular pathways involved in tumour growth has paved the way for targeted therapies, such as bevacizumab and cetuximab. Emerging data contribute to our understanding of the clinical application of these novel therapies in the pharmaceutical armamentarium for colorectal cancer. The identification of biomarkers associated with disease control, including K-ras and B-raf mutations, is changing the colorectal cancer treatment paradigm. Clinical and molecular predictive markers of response are being evaluated. Recent clinical studies may help us better select patients who could benefit from targeted therapies, and thus optimise patient outcomes and minimise unnecessary toxicities.


With the further increase of targeted poverty alleviation, the phenomenon of returning to poverty is becoming more and more prominent. From the perspective of public service provision, this paper aims to analyze the causes of poverty return in deep poverty areas. According to the theory of accident cause and effect, this paper finds that the emergence of returning to poverty is closely related to the unimpeded provision of public services, while the poverty alleviation cadres, the returning to poverty and the natural environment all act on public services and together lead toreturning to poverty.


Variability in melanoma management has prompted concerns about equitable and timely treatment. We investigated patterns of melanoma diagnosis and treatment using population‐level data.


Many low level waste disposal vaults, both above and below ground, are constructed of concrete. One potential contributing agent to the destruction of concrete structures is microbially-influenced degradation (MID). Three groups of bacteria are known to create conditions that are conducive to destroying concrete integrity. They are sulfur oxidizing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and heterotrophic bacteria. Research is being conducted at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory to assess the extent of naturally occurring microbially influenced degradation (MID) and its contribution to the deterioration of massive concrete structures. The preliminary steps to understanding the extent of MID, require assessing the microbial communities present on degrading concrete surfaces. Ultimately such information can be used to develop guidelines for preventive or corrective treatments for MID and aid in formulation of new materials to resist corrosion. An environmental study was conducted to determine the presence and activity of potential MID bacteria on degrading concrete surfaces of massive concrete structures. Scanning electron microscopy detected bacteria on the surfaces of concrete structures such as bridges and dams, where corrosion was evident. Enumeration of sulfur oxidizing thiobacilli and nitrogen oxidizing Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. from surface samples was conducted. Bacterial community composition varied between sampling locations, andmore » generally the presence of either sulfur oxidizers or nitrifiers dominated, although instances of both types of bacteria occurring together were encountered. No clear correlation between bacterial numbers and degree of degradation was exhibited.« less


The utility model relates to a device for a pipeline, particularly an expansion section which is suitable for being buried in the ground under the conditions of high-temp. and high-pressure. A flow guiding pipe is fixedly arranged in an inlet end pipe, and the outside of the inlet end pipe is welded with an inlet end ring which is integrally welded with an outer pipe and an outlet end ring. A gap exists between the outlet end ring and the outlet end pipe, and a spacing plate is welded at one end of the outlet end pipe, and is connected in series with the outer diameter of a flow guiding pipe. The spacing plate is connected with a corrugated pipe through a support ring, two sets of corrugated pipe assemblies are connected into integration through a middle pipe, and the pipe end thereof is welded to the inner side of the outlet end ring.


An investigation was made of the flotability and process flowsheet of a certain fluorite ore. A fluorite concentrate grading of 98.21% CaF 2 and assaying of 0.79% SiO 2 and a recovery of 90.16% were obtaibed by processing using a singgle flotation flowsheet consisting of one roughing, one scavenging and five cleanings in weak acidic medium under cleaning conditions. The fluorite concentrate came up to the national quality standards of Class Ⅰproducts.


The design and implementation of a intrusion detection system (MUIDS) are mainly discussed based on users' behavior. Firstly, the current research status of IDS is introduced based on users' behavior, and then the model of MUIDS is analyzed. In succession the design of MUIDS is discussed in detail, and the division of component modules and definition of communication interface in MUIDS are presented. Finally, the key techniques of MUIDS at length are disserated, such as data collection techniques, the type algorithm of user registration, users' behavior modeling algorithm and users' behavior analysis, etc. Meantime, a corresponding prototype system of MUIDS is realized.


ABSTRACT We investigated the presence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) DNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets obtained from 18 patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and HTLV-2, 6 of whom also had predominantly sensory polyneuropathy (PSP). HTLV-2 DNA and RNA were found in CD8- and CD19-positive cells, and, for patients with PSP, in CD14-positive cells as well. Furthermore, the patients with PSP had higher proviral loads than those without PSP.


In making decisions about new opportunities, managers are faced with both uncertainty regarding the opportunity itself and the difficulty of gaining stakeholder commitment as a result of this uncertainty. Herein, we draw upon the psychology literature to investigate the question of when and why managers utilize structurally similar analogies in discussing their decisions about new opportunities as a way to manage these uncertainties. Specifically, we hypothesize that general and specific human capital, metacognitive experience and environmental dynamism increase managers' use of structurally similar analogies. We also hypothesize that specific human capital and metacognitive experience each interact with environmental dynamism to affect use of structurally similar analogies. Using data from 127 CEOs of technology firms, we find that environmental dynamism is positively related to managers' use of structurally similar analogies and that the relationship between environmental dynamism and use of structurall...


Introduction: Lifestyle interventions have been shown to produce favorable changes in some 2 health outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, few such studies, 3 employing "real world" methods have been completed in patients with CKD. 4 Objective : This study tested the effectiveness of a comprehensive, multicomponent, lifestyle 5 intervention, delivered through individualized counseling on a variety of health outcomes in pre- 6 dialysis CKD patients. 7 Methods: Eligible patients were assigned randomly to the intervention (TR) or usual care group 8 (UC). A six-month home-based program involving personalized counseling to increase physical 9 activity to recommended levels among stage G3a to G4 CKD patients while exchanging plant 10 proteins for animal proteins was implemented. Physical function , cardiovascular function, 11 dietary intake, medication use, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) were assessed at 12 baseline and after 1-month, 3-months (M3) and 6-months (M6). 13 Results: Forty-two, patients (age 60.2 ± 9.2, BMI 34.5 ± 7.8) participated in this study (TR=27 14 UC=15). The intervention reduced (p<0.05) brachial (bSBP) and central systolic blood pressures 15 (cSBP) at month 3 (M3) but both were attenuated at month 6 (M6). Scores on the effect of 16 kidney disease subscale of the HRQOL measure improved in the intervention group at M3 and 17 M6. There was no change in the other measures of HRQOL or in any physical function scores. 18 Conclusions : This personalized multi-component lifestyle intervention enabled CKD patients to 19 self-report fewer concerns with how CKD affected their daily lives independent of changes in 20 physical function. 21


This paper is an endeavour to reduce the number of measurements to be taken in medical imaging, so as to reduce radiation exposure given to an ailing patient and at the same time achieve higher compression ratio (CR) under the case when sampling rate is lesser than the Nyquist rate. The obtained rate of compression in grey and colour US images has been compared. Colourization method has been applied on US colour images. Suitable modifications have been proposed in the colourisation method to extract colour representative pixels (RPs). The reconstructed grey and colour image quality has been evaluated using peak signal-to-noise ratio, structural similarity index, feature similarity index and mean square error parameters at different CR. It has been shown that an acceptable quality of US colour images can be reconstructed with 75% CR, whereas grey image is reconstructed satisfactorily with 50% CR.


Summary Porphyrin incrustations on nose and fur, the most conspicuous symptom of pantothenic acid deficiency in albino rats, has been induced by partial dehydration of normal rats. This indicates that pantothenic acid may be involved in the regulation of water metabolism.


When the content of youtubers focusses on an excessive consumption of toys in a private environment such as the home, and they transmit positive emotions related to their use, it generates strong empathy especially when it addresses an audience as vulnerable as children. If the commercial interest of these videos is not identified, the ability to influence the children is even greater. This makes the contact of children between the ages of three and six with influencers on YouTube one of the main challenges faced by society. In this case study, all the content published on Vlad and Niki, one of the most popular infant youtuber channels in the world, from its opening in 2018 to 2021, has been analyzed. The results show that children naturally introduce a disproportionate number of toy brands in their videos without disclaiming that it is an advertising agreement. These child influencers encourage the consumption of toys by using them in everyday situations in an entertaining way. After the conclusions have reached, preventive measures are proposed so that the advertising of toys does not promote an excessive desire to obtain and accumulate new products by this audience.


textabstractAbdominal pain is one of the most common complaints amongst children. Depending
on age and the definition used, open population and school based studies have reported
a prevalence of chronic abdominal pain ranging from 0.5% to 19.2%. Approximately
57% of the children and adolescents (from now on referred to as children) with chronic
abdominal pain consult a physician with regard to this complaint. Usually no organic
abnormalities are found explaining chronic abdominal pain.


Abstract An analysis of the thermal performance of convective extended surfaces is presented that takes into account the primary function of the fins, which is to augment the heat transfer. The measure of the heat transfer augmentation is expressed by the removal number Nr, which we proposed should be O(10). It is shown that in order to satisfy this criterion the transverse Biot number hw/k must be of the order of 0.01. Further, it is argued that the fin is fully utilized if the aspect number is O(1). These criteria, Bi; = O(0.01) and u = 0(1), offer guidelines for designing fins and are applicable to longitudinal, annular, and pin fins, of uniform thickness or tapered profile. They must substitute the criterion that is frequently used, Bi < I, which was derived from the analysis of longitudinal fins. A very important consequence of this investigation is that fins designed to meet the above criteria can be analyzed using the classical one-dimensional method without introducing any appreciable error.


This article provides a brief outline of some of the recent urban planning development areas in West Germany, including urban transport policy. Today about four fifths of the total traffic consists of private cars, and 80-90% of all passenger transport is by road. From 1 July 1987 the building legislation code will provide local authorities with a modern set of laws on urban planning. One of the main aims of this legislation is to improve the environment, and so this affects traffic control. The design of access roads has also been improved by the "recommendations for siting access roads" introduced by all the Federal laender. The following schemes are being attempted: (A) area wide schemes aimed at decreasing traffic congestion; (B) increasing the number of bypasses. About 75% of funds available for Federal roads is being used to build bypasses; (c) increasing the attractiveness of local public transport, especially by reducing the traffic congestion caused by private car traffic and by increasing parking facilities at railway stations; and (d) increasing pedestrian only zones and cycle tracks. This paper is published in both English and German, with the German language edition following the English one. The title of the German edition is as follows: "Die Entwicklung der Stadt-und Verkehsplanung in der Bundesrepublik". (TRRL)


The invention provides an instrument for treating xerophthalmia. The instrument comprises an ocular band and a flake-shaped self-heating element, and the flake-shaped self-heating element is arranged on the ocular band. It is proved through experiments that the instrument for treating the xerophthalmia has a good therapeutic effect on the xerophthalmia. According to the instrument for treating the xerophthalmia, only a physical method is adopted, no drug is used, irritation to human bodies does not exit, and the instrument is poisonless, harmless and free of side effect after being used for a long time.


Perception and adaption strategies for the purposes of land transfer function have been increasingly debated in recent years. In Tengger society, in the region of Tengger Mountains, Indonesia, this issue has been debated over the years. To meet the purpose of this study, simple random sampling technique was utilized. About 10% from of the population in each village, 197 household farmers, was participated in this study. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were utilized in this study. Findings reveals that there has been a change of land transfer from idle land or unproductive land and forest field into farm field or productive land, which causes different farmers' perceptions on the strategy of Tengger society toward the change and that of public against land transfer function of productive or reproductive activity. Tenggerese have a variety of ways or strategies to respond to the occurred changes, both technically and socio-culturally such as: extensification, intensification, non-agriculture, conformity and innovation. © 2012 Friends Science Publishers


The potential operating performance of Terahertz quantum cascade lasers are compared with contemporary shorter wavelength mid-infrared devices from the viewpoint of the carrier dynamics within the active region. It has been shown that the internal quantum efficiency for radiative transitions between two subbands in GaAs at Terahertz frequencies is greater at low temperatures than that at mid-infrared wavelengths. It is comparable at 77 K and less at room temperature. Furthermore the internal quantum efficiency is higher for vertical intrawell transitions than diagonal interwell transitions at Terahertz frequencies.


It is suggested that the prospective doctoral student should see the Ph.D. degree as the culmination of a process of education, study, research, and the presentation of an acceptable dissertation. Randomness and chance should be eliminated so that, as in the process of obtaining the BS and MS degrees, a student who continues to make satisfactory progress will be awarded the Ph.D. degree at the end of a fixed period. It is concluded that by producing more doctorates in engineering, the quality of technology in the USA will improve and the engineering workforce will be perceived as more professional.<<ETX>>


Context. The surface of the Sun provides us with a unique and very detailed view of turbulent stellar convection. Studying its dynamics can therefore help us make significant progress in stellar convection modelling. Many features of solar surface turbulence like the supergranulation are still poorly understood. Aims. The aim of this work is to give new observational constraints on these flows by determining the horizontal scale dependence of the velocity and intensity fields, as represented by their power spectra, and to offer some theoretical guidelines to interpret these spectra. Methods. We use long time-series of images taken by the Solar Optical Telescope (SOT) on board the Hinode satellite; we reconstruct both horizontal (by granule tracking) and vertical (by Doppler effect) velocity fields in a field-of-view of ∼ 75×75 Mm 2 . The dynamics in the subgranulation range can be investigated with unprecedented precision thanks to the absence of seeing effects and the use of the modulation transfer function of SOT for correcting the spectra. Results. At small subgranulation scales down to 0.4 Mm the spectral density of kinetic energy associated with vertical motions exhibits a k −10/3 -like power law, while the intensity fluctuation spectrum follows either a k −17/3 or a k −3 -like power law at the two continuum levels investigated (525 and 450 nm respectively). We discuss the possible physical origin of these scalings and interpret the combined presence of k −17/3 and k −10/3 power laws for the intensity and vertical velocity as a signature of buoyancy-driven turbulent dynamics in a strongly thermally diffusive regime. In the mesogranulation range and up to a scale of 25 Mm, we find that the amplitude of the vertical velocity field decreases like λ −3/2 with the horizontal scale λ. This behaviour corresponds to a k 2 spectral power law. Still in the 2.5–10 Mm mesoscale range, we find that intensity fluctuations in the blue continuum also follow a k 2 power law. In passing we show that granule tracking cannot sample scales below 2.5 Mm. We finally further confirm the presence of a significant supergranulation energy peak at 30 Mm in the horizontal velocity power spectrum and show that the emergence of a pore erases this spectral peak. We tentatively estimate the scale height of the vertical velocity field in the supergranulation range and find 1 Mm; this value suggests that supergranulation flows are shallow.


Hypothesis / aims of study There is growing interest in chronic cystitis in the aetiology of overactive bladder (OAB). The tests used routinely to exclude urinary tract infection (UTI) have been discredited, catalysing a critical analysis of our assumptions. The methods used to test for infection are flawed and a negative result on culture and dipstick do not exclude infection or inflammation (1, 2). The detection of microscopic pyuria remains the best surrogate marker of infection. There are other measures of immune activation in the urinary tract that are suitable as independent arbiters of the true pathology (3). Urothelial cells when infected with microbes signal their distress by expressing ATP and can be seen microscopically to be associated with microbes.