This paper discusses link-assignment and adaptive routing algorithms that have been developed for networks consisting of a large number of mobile nodes having directive links. We focus on the special case where data rates are large (tens of Mbits/sec) and the propagation delay between nodes may be large compared to packet transmission delay. In such circumstances, queue sizes at store-and-forward nodes can become extravagant if retransmissions are required because of lost or damaged packets. The algorithms employ techniques that provide a high probability of successful message delivery on the first transmission attempt in the unreliable network. The link-assignment algorithm builds and maintains a link topology that provides multiple node-disjoint paths between each source and destination. Decisions regarding topology changes are also based on link permanency and ability to carry the anticipated traffic load. The adaptive routing algorithm establishes routing tables for multiple independent paths that are maximally node-disjoint between all sources and destinations. Load splitting techniques are used to achieve better load balancing and also to provide a mechanism for rapid adaptation around failed links. All algorithms are distributed in the sense that each node makes independent decisions. Heuristic optimization techniques are used to reduce computation time to within affordable limits. The routing algorithm also responds well to transients in traffic loading.


Using hypocotyl of Coker 312(Gossypium hirsutumL.) as the experimental material,this study investigated the effect of acetosyringone(AS) concentration and pH in the co-culture medium on the resistant calli-inducing rate,number of somatic embryos and transformation efficiency.The results showed that the transformation efficiency was significantly affected by acetosyringone(AS) concentration and pH in the co-culture.The optimized acetosyringone concentration was 100 μmol/L and the appropriate pH was 5.6,which can significantly improve the efficiency of genetic transformation in cotton.The rate of resistant calli was 72.96% and the harvesting proportion of Kan+ regenerated plants reached 8.96%.Regenerated plants were confirmed by PCR and about 52.07% regenerated plants were proven to be resistant.


Due to a lack of facile methods for evaluating the reheat cracking susceptibility of the coarse grain heat-affected zone (CGHAZ), a simple notched C-ring reheat cracking test method and evaluation criteria were proposed. Accordingly, a suitable C-ring sampling method and heat treatment procedure were established. The C-ring specimens were taken from thick plate joints welded under five different heat inputs and testing was carried out. Reheat cracks were observed and identified under different stress loadings. Subsequently, related with the evaluation criteria of the Gleeble® test, the evaluation criteria based on notched C-ring tests were developed. This method can reflect both the microstructure and restraint stress of actual welded joints, and the stress relaxation during heat treatment. Moreover, the experimental operation is simple and repeatable. It is expected that an evaluation standard for reheat cracking sensitivity in CGHAZ will be established.


While the mesospheric temperature anomalies associated with Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs) have been observed extensively in the polar regions, observations of these anomalies at midlatitudes are much more sparse. The Rayleigh‐scatter lidar system, which operated at the Center for Atmospheric and Space Sciences on the campus of Utah State University (41.7°N, 111.8°W), collected a very dense set of observations, from 1993 to 2004, over a 45–90 km altitude range. This paper focuses on Rayleigh lidar temperatures derived during the six major SSW events that occurred during the 11 year period when the lidar was operating and aims to characterize the local response to these midlatitude SSW events. In order to determine the characteristics of these mesospheric temperature anomalies, comparisons were made between the temperatures from individual nights during a SSW event and a climatological temperature profile. An overall disturbance pattern was observed in the mesospheric temperatures associated with SSW events, including coolings in the upper mesosphere and warmings in the upper stratosphere and lower mesosphere, both comparable to those seen at polar latitudes.


The test was constructed and calibrated to learn new techniques in test development and pass on this meaningful and educationally useful experience to the teachers and prospective teachers of training colleges in Pakistan. Another goal was to provide the detailed information to the prospective teachers, so that they could evaluate their instructional programme and students' achievement effectively. Two parallel Forms of an achievement test in the subject of Applied Psychology, after defining learning outcomes, strictly in accordance with the table of specification, were constructed. Each form of an achievement test contained 20 multiple choice items. Eight clusters out of 42 Education Colleges of Punjab were selected by using table of random numbers. The selected clusters constituted a sample of 515 male & female students. Two Forms of the achievement test (A & B) were administered to the same sample without any interval. Students' responses were scored and recorded for the item analysis. Itemanalysis was done on three criteria i.e. Facility Index (F %), Discrimination Index (D) and phi-co-efficient ( φ ). Effectiveness of distracters was also determined. Number of items rejected on all three criteria were (item no. 15 in Form of test A and items no. 5 and 15 in Form of test B). The effectiveness of distracters was also judged and 14 distracters (23%) in Form of test A and 12 distracters (20%) in Form of test B were found to be ineffective. The test of significance was applied and the value of z (14.24) showed that the difference between the mean performances of male & female students was statistically significant. Co-efficient of correlation between the scores on Form of an achievement test A and Form of an achievement B was 0.98 which showed the high reliability of the test. It was recommended on the basis of findings that University of Education should encourage their future researchers to conduct research on this pattern for the purpose of Standardization of tests in the field of Teacher Education.


In this paper we present results on subband absorption in two molecular semiconductors - tris (8 hydroxy -quinolato) Aluminium (Alq) and (TPD) in both the solid state and in solution. We show that at low energy, the absorption is governed by surface states in these semiconductors. Using photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy, we show that it is possible to to discriminate against the absorption due to surface states and measure bulk states in thin films. The absorption in the bulk is related to defects absorption that arises due to a strong electron- phonon interaction. We identify the phonon modes responsible for the electron -phonon interaction in these systems.


This article presents improvements to the hybrid preconditioner previously developed for the solution through the conjugate gradient method of the linear systems which arise from interior-point methods. The hybrid preconditioner consists of combining two preconditioners: controlled Cholesky factorization and the splitting preconditioner used in different phases of the optimization process. The first, with controlled fill-in, is more efficient at the initial iterations of the interior-point methods and it may be inefficient near a solution of the linear problem when the system is highly ill-conditioned; the second is specialized for such situation and has the opposite behavior. This approach works better than direct methods for some classes of large-scale problems. This work has proposed new heuristics for the integration of both preconditioners, identifying a new change of phases with computational results superior to the ones previously published. Moreover, the performance of the splitting preconditioner has been improved through new orderings of the constraint matrix columns allowing savings in the preconditioned conjugate gradient method iterations number. Experiments are performed with a set of large-scale problems and both approaches are compared with respect to the number of iterations and running time.


Nine low dispersion IUE spectra of the nova like binary TT Ari over its 3h17m orbital period were obtained. Four short wave spectra and five long wave spectra exhibit marked changes in line strength and continuum shape with orbital phase. The short wave spectra show the presence in absorption of C III, Lyman alpha, SiIII, NV, SiIV, CIV, HeII, AlIII, and NIV. The CIV shows a P Cygni profile on two of the spectra. Implications of these spectra for the nature of nova like variables are discussed.


John von Neumann states a paradox. Why does measuring something disrupt the smooth Schrödinger wave, causing it to collapse for no mathematical reason? This paradox is embedded in the double slit experiment. When a dot appears on the target screen, how does that cause the Schrödinger wave to collapse everywhere else, faster than the speed of light? Von Neumann didn't follow his mathematics to its logical conclusion. If wave function collapse irreversably changes reality, then the math is telling us that the timing and location of that event cannot be at the target screen. An event fitting that description happens only once: at the gun. A gunshot CAN change history. We propose a new mathematics of Schrödinger waves. Zero energy waves from the target screen pass backwards through the double slits and impinge on the gun prior to the gun firing. A particle randomly chooses one to follow backwards. The particle's choice of wave is proportional to the amplitude squared of that wave at the gun, determined by the superposition of the two waves moving backwards through the two slits. Why follow a wave of zero energy? Because Schrödinger waves convey amplitudes determining the probability density of that path.


It is well known that the performance of speech recognition algorithms degrade in the presence of adverse en-vironments where a speaker is under stress, emotion, or Lombard e(cid:11)ect. This study evaluates the e(cid:11)ectiveness of traditional features in recognition of speech under stress and formulates new features which are shown to improve stressed speech recognition. The focus is on formulating robust features which are less dependent on the speaking conditions rather than applying compensation or adapta-tion techniques. The stressed speaking styles considered are simulated angry and loud, Lombard e(cid:11)ect speech, and noisy actual stressed speech from the SUSAS database (available on CD-ROM through NATO RSG.10 research group, and soon LDC). In addition, this study investi-gates the immunity of LP and FFT power spectrum to the presence of stress. Our results show that unlike FFT's immunity to noise, the LP power spectrum is more ef-fective than the FFT to stress as well as to a combination of a noisy and stressful environment. Two alternative frequency partitioning methods (M-MFCC, ExpoLog) are proposed and compared with traditional MFCC features for stressed speech recognition. It is shown that the al-ternate (cid:12)lterbank frequency partitions are more e(cid:11)ective for recognition of speech under both simulated and actual stressed conditions.


Strengthening the education and training of police public relation theory and techniques will contribute to improving the consciousness and skills of public relations.For the sake of promoting the validity, training might be constructed from the following five aspects such as the overall plan,detailed contents,the training mode,the examination method and network teaching.


Integration of functional thin film materials with adapted properties is essential for the development of new paradigms in information technology. Among them, complex oxides with perovskite structures have huge potential based on the particularly large diversity of physical properties. Here we demonstrate the possibility of transferring perovskite oxide materials like SrTiO3 onto silicon substrate using an environmentally friendly process at nanoscale, by means of a water-soluble perovskite sacrificial layer: SrVO3. Based on in situ monitoring atomic force microscopy and photoemission studies, we reveal that dissolution is initiated from a strontium rich phase at the extreme surface of SrVO3. The transferred nanothick SrTiO3 layer on silicon presents an effective morphology and monocrystalline quality, providing a proof of concept for the integration and development of an all perovskite oxide electronics or "oxitronics" onto any Si-based substrates.


Recent developments on the optimal viewing position (OVP) effect suggest that it may be caused by the same factors that underlie the right visual field advantage in word recognition. This raises the question of the relationship between foveal and parafoveal word recognition. Three experiments are reported in which participants identified tachistoscopically presented words that were presented randomly in foveal and parafoveal vision. The results show that both the OVP effect and the right visual field advantage for word recognition are part of a larger extended OVP curve that has the shape of a Gaussian distribution with the mode shifted to the left of the center of the stimulus word. The shift of the distribution is a function of word length, but not of presentation duration; it is also slightly moderated by the information value of word beginning and word end.


The background of the thermo-baric warhead and the experimental conditions are described, and the overpressure value of certain thermo-baric warhead and TNT bomb is measured. The thermo-baric overpressure field is calculated and the calculated results show that the overpressure field of the thermo-baric warhead and the TNT bomb are similar under certain conditions , and the overpressure value of thermo-baric warhead charged by 6.8 kg fuel in this experiment is 2.6 times of that of the bomb charged by TNT explosives approximately.


In this paper, a novel analytical model is proposed and formulated to quantify the timing jitters, introduced by environmental changes, in optical-wireless code-division multiple access systems. The model divides every chip in an optical codeword into multiple equal intervals, and each pulse in the codeword can be randomly shifted to one of these sub-chip positions in order to account for the effect of the timing jitters. Our study shows that the new model can make a good use of the time skew of pulses in optical codewords and unconventionally improve O-CDMA performance under a certain condition.


Physical inactivity and obesity are spread all over the world and they are cause of many health problems. Because of that, it´s important to learn children to do exercise every day to improve their motor skills and complete growth and development as many as possible which could help them functioning in daily life situations. For successfully exercise with preschool children, it´s important to know their antropological characteristics and the way of their growth and development. Also, it´s important to know that every child is different, not just in physical, but about psychical, cognitive and other characteristics. Different factors, such as: internal (genetics, sex, race, endocrine factors) and external (microclimatic environ, seasons, nourishment, physical activity, disease, psychological factors, social and economical environ) shows an impact on motor skills and it´s important to recognize them by every child so their development could be correct and complete.


The COVID-19 pandemic has halted many ongoing CNS clinical trials, especially in Alzheimer's disease. These long-duration trials involve many stakeholders, especially the patients and their family members, who have demonstrated their commitment to developing new therapeutic interventions for this devastating disease. We certainly do not want to lose all the knowledge we have gained from these ongoing trials because of the pandemic. While some of these trials will need to restart, others can re-start at different points along the trial protocol with substantial protocol amendments. However, there is an urgent need to combine useful information from the completers with those subjects undergoing complex protocols deviations and amendments after re-start. We propose the concept of mechanistic modeling-based virtual twin patients as a possible solution to harmonize the readouts from these complex and fragmented clinical datasets in a biologically relevant way.


Ottnangian-Karpatian brown coal seams were exploited from the late 19th century producing numerous pit heaps accumulated between 1920 and 1970 in the hilly foreground of the Bükk Mountains, northern Hungary. The aim of this paper was the observation of the processes in the pit heaps and its environmental impacts. The five coal seams were formed in paralic transgressional-progradational swamps. The oxihydration of the pyrite and marcasite content of the coal heap resulted in the production of sulphuric acids that exposed the components of the embedding sediments. Furthermore, the self-combustion of the partly siliceous and fragmented coal material in the pit heap was frequent. In this partly open system with varying temperature, hydrothermal, low-pressure and high-temperature pneumatolitic and thermo-contact microenvironments occurred simultaneously. In remobilising the original elements of the organic and the heap material, the migration of the adsorbed water and the gravitational free water equally played an important role. According to the microscopic, micromorphological electron microscopic, microprobe and X-ray analyses, primarily, sulphates occur in the heaps and the formation of rhombic native sulphur


RDs like (1)-(3) instantiate a kind of biased question: they solicit information from an addressee, but they also indicate that the speaker is not neutral about the expected answer. How to model the discourse behavior of such sentences has been the subject of much recent interest (e.g. Krifka 2015, Malamud & Stephenson 2015, Farkas & Roelofsen 2017, Westera 2017, Jeong 2018), building on influential analyses by Bartels (1999), Gunlogson (2001, 2008), and Nilsenová (2006). I propose here that the discourse behavior of RDs follows


Tomato leaf mold from the plastic houses of three northeasten provinces was studied by artificial spray inoculation at seedling stage,consulting N.Hubbeling's physiologic race differential hosts and adopting P.Day'S classificaztion system.The results indicated that there were three races in this district,they were races 1,2,3,races 1,3 and race 3.Among them races 1,2,3 were predominant.


Multi-gigabit 60 GHz radios are expected to match QoS requirements of modern multimedia applications. Several published standards were defined based on performance evaluations over standard channel models. Unfortunately, those models, and most models available in the literature, do not take into account the behavior of 60 GHz channels at different carrier frequencies, thus no guidelines are provided for the selection of the best suitable frequency band for a given service. This paper analyzes the impact of changes in multipath profiles, due to both frequency and distance, on the BER performance achieved by IEEE 802.11ad 60 GHz radios. Our analysis is based on real experimental channel impulse responses recorded through an indoor measurement campaign in seven sub-bands from 54 to 65 GHz with a break at 60 GHz at distances from 1 to 5 m. The small-scale fading is modeled by Rician distributions with K-factors extracted from experimental data, which are shown to give good agreement with the empirical distributions. A strong dependence of performance on both frequency and distance due to the sole multipath is observed, which calls for an appropriate selection of the best suitable frequency band according to the service required by the current session over the 802.11ad link.


In this work, a ceramic model has obtained from Iraqi bentonite as a base material with limited additions of alumina and silica. The selected material can bear temperatures higher than the bearing temperature of bentonite as it achieved tolerance temperatures (1300°C) based on X-ray diffraction patterns. It was found that the addition of alumina and silica led to the occurrence of basic phases such as mullite, quartz, cordierite and feldspar in percentages that depended on the percentage of addition in the mixture and the firing temperature, which was (1000-1300)°C.


The spectral properties of metal-dielectric and metal-semiconductor 1D photonic crystals (PCs) are theoretically investigated, considering spatial dispersion in the metal and in the semiconductor, respectively. In the case of 1D PCs, composed of alternating metallic and dielectric slabs, we apply the classical formalism of the Boltzmann's kinetic equation for the distribution function of the conduction electrons in order to determine the nonlocal constitutive equation for the metallic slabs. Afterwards, we calculate the dispersion relation for the bulk modes in the 1D PC and compare it with that obtained within the Drude-Lorentz model, which is implicitly local. Another kind of nonlocal effects are studied by considering a metal-semiconductor 1D PC. In this case, the frequency-dependent dielectric function of the metallic component is described by the local Drude-Lorentz model, whereas for the semiconductor we use a Hopfield-Thomas dielectric function, which describes its nonlocal behavior near exciton resonance. The polariton dispersion curves for s-polarized modes in the metal- semiconductor photonic crystal are compared with those for a metal-dielectric PC. Because of the coupling of light with excitons, which undergo size quantization inside the thin semiconductor slabs, many photonic small bands appear. We study the changes in the photonic dispersion curves for the resonant 1D PC as the filling fraction of the metal is varied.


This paper depicts an analytical way for calculating the electromagnetic characteristics and the no-load iron losses of an electrically excited synchronous traction motor with salient poles for an electric vehicle (EV). The calculations are applied on a machine design, of the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering of the Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Korea. The calculation of the winding parameters such as the coil length, the resistance per phase including the current displacement effect at high frequencies in the stator winding and the stray reactance as well as the rotor pole stray flux are discussed. The magnetic characteristic is calculated, leading to the no-load and the short-circuit characteristic of the machine at a certain frequency. The analytical results are compared with numerical results, obtained by the Finite Element Software JMAG. The last part is about the analytical calculation of the no-load iron losses using the methods of Bertotti and Steinmetz. Here also a numerical result is used as a validation of the analytic approach.


Overview and Aims: The introduction of antenatal RhD isoimmunization prophylaxis was of utmost importance in decreasing the prevalence of perinatal haemolytic disease. Noninvasive genotyping of fetal RhD group from mothers' plasma allows administration of anti-D immunoglobulin only to pregnant women with RhD positive fetuses. Aim: To analyse the economic impact of this technique in a population of nonisoimmunized pregnant women in comparison to the current practice of systematic RhD isoimmunization prophylaxis. Study design: Retrospective, observational and analytic study. Population: 9272 pregnant women who performed obstetric ultrasound in our Fetal Medicine and Prenatal Diagnosis Department between January 2007 to December 2012. Methods: The costs of systematic RhD isoimmunization prophylaxis were compared to fetal RhD genotyping and fur ther RhD isoimunization of RhD negative mothers whose fetuses were RhD positive. Results: In the studied population, 16.7% of pregnant women were RhD negative and 40.3% of their offspring were also RhD negative. Concerning the economic analysis, selective administration of anti-D immunoglobulin based on fetal genotyping would have been about 62 euros more expensive per pregnancy than the current practice of antenatal immunoprophylaxis. Conclusion: Although non-invasive genotyping of fetal RhD group is undoubtly associated with innumerous benefits, in a merely economic analysis, this method is more expensive than the systematic immunoprophylaxis.


Cherries cv. Sweet Heart® from an organic orchard in the district of Los Angeles, Bio Bio Region, Chile,
were subjected to the application of the treatments: T0, control; T1, 1.5% sucralose, and T2, 2.0% sucralose.
They were then packed in M.A. packaging, View Fresh , inside cardboard boxes of 5 kg conserved
for 20, 35 and 50 days at a temperature of 0 ± 0.5 °C with relative humidity of 90 ± 0.5%. Fruits under
treatment T1 showed the lowest weight loss at 35 days of storage. This trend was maintained on day
50, when the addition of sucralose (T1 and T2), involved a minor loss of fruit weight with respect those
similar under treatment T0. The fruit with sucralose showed as light decrease in pressure of pulp but
always above the lower limit of recommended Durofel units. The use of sucralose was able to increase
slightly the brightness of the fruit at 20 and 50 days of storage. The use of 1.5% sucralose (T1) had a
favorable effect on the flavor and color at day 35. The appearance and acceptability of cherries, showed
significant positive changes at the 35 days of storage, with the treatment (T1).


In order to quantitatively analyze the spark discharge risk of floating roof tank shunts, the breakdown voltage of shunt has been calculated by Townsend theory, the shunt spark discharge experiment is carried out by using 1.2/50 μs impulse voltage wave, and the relationship between breakdown voltage of shunt spark discharge and air gap is analyzed. It has been indicated by theoretical analysis and experimental study that the small gap is more easily cause spark discharge than the big gap when the contact between shunt and tank shell is poor. When air gap distance is equal to 0.1 cm, average breakdown voltage is 5280 V. When the air gap distance is less than 0.3 cm, experiment data agree well with Townsend theory. Therefore, in the condition of small gap, Townsend theory can be used to calculated breakdown voltage of shunt. Finally, based on the above conclusions, improvements for avoiding the spark discharge risk of shunt of floating roof tanks have been proposed.


Summary form only given. Two planar quantum wires whose coupling can be controlled through the field-effect action of a gate were fabricated. Their split-gate coupled wire scheme provides a new architecture for studying electron interaction in low-dimensionality systems. This work might lead to the conception of electron devices with enhanced functionality. >


Laser spectroscopy based on degenerate four-wave mixing (D4WM) has been demonstrated to offer excellent spectral resolution since the signal is inherently Doppler free. When using a low-pressure demountable discharge cell, Lorentzian (pressure) broadening is also minimized. In addition to excellent spectral resolution, this nonlinear laser method also offers excellent detection sensitivity for gas-phase samples. The authors demonstrate that this nonlinear laser method can be used also as a highly sensitive analytical method to detect trace amounts of analyte in the condensed phase using continuously flowing liquid cells at room temperature. Both pulsed lasers and relatively low-power continuous-wave lasers can be used to generate the signal. Since the signal is detected against virtually a dark background and the signal beam is a time-reversed replica of the probe laser beam, optical signal can be most efficiently collected. Condensed phase D4WM detection sensitivity is comparable or better than those of laser-based fluorescence methods and yet D4WM is applicable for detection of both fluorescing and non- fluorescing molecules. Therefore, room-temperature degenerate four-wave mixing has many applications in analytical chemistry, especially when interfaced to continuously flowing chemical separation methods including liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis.


Sirs, We read with great interest the article by Siddiqui et al1 in your esteemed journal. We want to congratulate the authors for conducting this study but there are some concerns with regard to this paper that needs to be clarified. From the data given in the study it is clearly understood that a major part of the neuromuscular (NM) disorders group children (10/12) had length unstable fractures. Flexible intramedullary nails (FINs) are not an ideal implant for length unstable fractures like spiral and long oblique type. We understand that these are low energy spiral fractures which occur as the bones are universally weak due to reasons such as the lack of adequate nutrition, non-ambulatory status contributing to osteopenia etc. The authors say angular malunion has no functional impact. But an angular malunion will be subjected to constant uneven forces due to differential spasticity and contractures adding up to altered lever arm and in theory this will result in more fractures which will be difficult to treat repeatedly in these children with associated comorbidities. This will be aggravated in children with dystonia, seizures etc. The configuration of the FIN, illustrated in Figure 1 of the original article has maximum spindle formation at the midshaft of the femur and not at the fracture site, making the fixation unstable. The nail should be pre-bent accordingly so that maximum spindle formation occurs at the fracture site, and good three-point fixation principle will give a stable configuration.2 The authors themselves say length instability leads to implant migration, with in one case the nail even piercing the skin which may lead to further major complications like intramedullary infection/osteomyelitis which should be avoided by all means in these children. The authors say they had used one FIN in cases with a narrow medullary canal (3/12; 25%); but how is this sufficient to internally fix a fracture in child with stiff/contracted muscles and joints? The medullary canal fill is also less in the NM group which is expected, and again leads to instability. A mean sagittal plane deformity of 21° in the sagittal plane is significant as the quadriceps and hamstrings on either side might aggravate the uneven forces borne by this deformed femur, making it prone for repeated injury. Also, a fixed knee joint contracture alters the lever arm, adding rigidity and also increases the forces across the deformed/malunited site. The authors did not clearly mention about the removal of the nail after union. In the discussion of the article they say that the FINs can provide protection against future fracture, so we assume the nails were not removed. Elastic nails are not strong enough to protect against fracture and prevent displacement of bony fragments. The advantage of a rigid nail like a rush rod or even telescopic rod (if canal diameter permits in certain cases) is that it stays inside, facilitating early mobilization which reduces the immobilization-related osteopenia in these kids and also will be of help in preventing future fractures as it is not necessary to remove these rigid nails. We conclude that fundamentally the principle of dual FIN is not applicable in spastic children because due to the spasticity it makes the forces transmitted across the fracture fragments uneven. The principle behind the Enders nail of stacking the canal with multiple nails will be more preferable because it has more canal occupancy, the nails are more rigid and more nails can be used as the canal can accommodate them, thereby increasing stability. The soft-tissue irritation by the Enders nail is less because the end of the nail is smooth and it is flush with the bone.3


With the gradual deterioration of the eco-environment,formation and perfection of "digital earth" strategy,digital ecology has gradually aroused the attention of relevant scholars at home and abroad.As an application system in the ecological professional field,digital ecology has not been ripened and perfected in terms of basic theories and frameworks yet.This paper holds that digital ecosystem is made up of the general information platform,the professional basic platform and the comprehensive decision platform,and the above three major information modules form the overall frameworks and the systems of digital ecology.At the same time,the basic frameworks and structures of the three major information modules have been explained in detail.Finally,the paper takes flood disaster system and remote sensing monitoring system of eco-environment as examples to expound the application of digital ecology.It points out that building the multi-level systems engineering of digital ecology needs supports of corresponding technologies,restrictions of the standard criterions,government's macro-management,guarantee of the policies and regulations,participants of experts with comprehensive knowledge.


Abstract The essential oils of angelica roots grown in the Auvergne region of France differ from those studied to date in their a-pinene, β-phellandrene and d-3-carene contents. Extractions performed with the plant out of or in water gave oils with similar compositions irrespective of how the roots had been dried or for how long. The optimal conditions necessary to obtain maximal yields of essential oil were obtained when the reactor was 40% full of plant material in water with a plant: water ratio of 1:4.


Explosionproof (Ex) equipment is vital for use in explosive atmospheres. The knowledge of basic of area classification, zone, temperature class, types of protection and source of ignition is mandatory for testing, manufacturing, use, installation, inspection and maintenance of Ex equipment. The paper describes the area classification, types of protection and equipment protection level for hazardous areas.


Puncture vertebroplasty should have clear indications for use to avoid complications. Thus, for patients in serious condition with metastatic tumors in the vertebral bodies, vertebroplasty using cement — one of the most effective techniques used to reduce pain and to restore support function of the spine, opportunities to activate the patient.


Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is cultivated extensively in different parts of India and considered to be one of the most remunerative vegetables. However, the brinjal growers suffer from severe yield loss mainly due to brinjal fruit and shoot borer, Leucinodes orbonalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Therefore, an attempt has been made to study the growth and development along with life tables of this noxious insect in the laboratory at 27±1°C and 80±5% RH. as these types of information are very much useful in formulating a stable pest management programme. The experimental findings revealed that larval period, pupal period, adult longevity and mean length of generation were 16.2, 7.6, 3.8 and 26.9 days, respectively. The above biological parameters indicated that the insect could complete a generation within a month. Percent adult emergence was relatively low (16.7) which badly affected the growth index (0.68) and suitability index (0.05) of the insect. Results on life tables indicated that age specific survival (lx) of insect was gradually decreased with the advancement of time. Expectancy of life also revealed similar trend. Natality rate showed no similarity during whole reproductive period which was continued up to 2.7 days with a fecundity of 35.4 eggs female−1 while net reproductive rate was estimated 7.93 females female−1. The approximate rate of increase (rapprox) was slightly lesser than actual rate of natural increase (raccurate) indicated the population trends towards overlapping generations. Finite rate of increase, potential fecundity and monthly rate of increase were 1.07 females female−1 day−1, 79.0 females female−1 and 7.61 females female−1, respectively. Beside these, time required for the population to double was 10.25 days. Results on stable-age distribution indicated that on reaching stable age, maximum contribution to the population distribution was made by larval stage (61.70%) followed by egg stage (30.45%) and on reaching raccurate the percent distribution of this insect population decreased gradually with the increase of developmental periods.


The study was conducted to examine the food security and coping strategies among farming households in Zuru Agricultural zone, Kebbi state, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used in selecting a sample of 120 farming households across four local government areas of Zuru zone. Descriptive statistics and Food security index were used to analyze the data. The result indicated that 85.8% of the respondents were males, andwas within the active work-age bracket of 40-49 years, 30.0% had farming experience of 12 years. 45.8% had primary education and 41.6% had an average monthly income of N8,695.125. The average farm size was 4.6 ha and average number of 8 persons within the household. The result on food security index indicates that80.8% of the ithhouseholds were food insecure that were unable to meet 2/3 mean per capita food expenditure (N) 33,619.94. The effective food coping strategy that are highly employed coping strategies during food crisis among others includes buying from market (M = 2.42) was ranked first followed by eating less preferred foods (M = 2.20) was ranked second, reduction in quality and quantity of food consumed and Increased reliance on wild food like hunting (M = 2.16) was ranked third, Sale of livestock/household assets (M = 2.08) was ranked fifth, and borrowing money or food from friends/relatives (M = 2.06) was ranked sixth and were regarded as effective food coping strategyin the study area. It is therefore important to encourage households to intensify combination of their enterprises with off-farm activities that could generate more income for the households and also help to improve their asset base.


Vehicle cruising for a destination-nearby parking lot has been a problem to drivers in cities. This problem causes drivers to consume unexpected time and resources to compete for a parking lot. Conventional parking schemes are in place to predict or reserve the parking spaces. Some of these schemes optimize the total cost only for locating parking spaces and road traffic condition is usually ignored. In this investigation, key road traffic conditions, such as vehicle queueing at the intersection of roads and parking fee information, are considered since they influence time and cost in the parking process. As such, a new comprehensive parking scheme is needed in place to assist drivers to identify the appropriate parking lot, estimate the transportation time to reach the parking lot, as well as the parking expenses. In essence, the total journey time and the total cost are important factors. However, former research lacked a harmonious consideration of these two factors. In this paper, a new parking model (PM) is developed for a holistic optimization of time and cost. The performance is measured by a newly defined indicator, referred to as a figure of merit, which is a fusion of time and cost. The analysis reveals that the incorporation of PM improves the performance by 24% ~43%.


This is the final report of a three-year, Laboratory-Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL,). We have developed massively parallel algorithms and codes for solving the radiation transport equation on 3-D unstructured spatial meshes consisting of arbitrary combinations of hexahedra, wedges, pyramids, and tetrahedra. Three self-adjoint forms of the transport equation are solved: the even-panty form, the odd-parity form, and the self-adjoint angular flux form. We developed this latter form, which offers several significant advantages relative to the traditional forms. The transport equation is discretized in space using a trilinear finiteelement approximation, in direction using a spherical-harmonic approximation, and in energy using the multigroup approximation. Our discrete equations are solved using a parallel conjugate-gradient. All of our parallel algorithms were implemented on the CM-5 computer at LANL. Calculations are presented which demonstrate that our solution technique is both highly parallel and efficient. Background and Research Objectives The Boltzmann transport equation describes the transport of particles (photons, neutrons, electrons, ions, etc.) through space and matter.[ 11 The numerical solution of this important equation is an essential modeling tool in a wide variety of fields. Among these are nuclear reactor design and analysis, inertial confinement fusion, criticality safety, radiation therapy, medical imaging, nuclear weapons safety, and oil-well logging. All existing numerical methods for solving the transport equation can be broadly characterized as either stochastic or deterministic. Stochastic (Monte Carlo) methods are easily applied in complex 3-D geometries, but severe statistical errors often persist if differential rather than integral quantities are being calculated. Deterministic methods do not suffer from statistical error, but rather from discretization error. The most popular deterministic method in use today is the discrete-ordinates or S, method.[ 11 This method has proven to be extremely useful for nuclear reactor analysis, but for a wide class of problems it exhibits a serious lack of rotational invariance commonly known as ray effects. Thus, even though the S, method is widely used in neutron transport, it is unsuitable for many other applications. Indeed, there are many * Principal Investigator, E-mail: email@example.com


Emergency case is always considered as the important support in emergency response system.The massive emergency case information from network is exploded in exponential trend.However,because of the heterogeneous quality of opening Web,it is difficult in understanding and using these cases.An Emergency Case Ontology Model(ECOM) was proposed as the knowledge representation of emergency case,which was divided into upper Ontology and application Ontology.The upper Ontology named eABC was expanded based on the ABC Ontology,and the application Ontology,which was represented as a 5-array of concepts,relations,functions,axioms and instances,was composed of emergency case subject,emergency case object,and emergency event developmental process and so on.In ECOM,Web resource location was considered to assess the reliability of the cases information.Finally,the validity of ECOM was testified by an example of Wenchuan earthquake description.


Drastichova J., Z.Svobodova, M.Groenland, R. Dob‰ikova, V. Ilabek, D. Weissova, M. Szotkowska: Effect of Exposure to Bisphenol A and 17s-estradiol on the Sex Differentiation in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Acta Vet. Brno 74, 2005: 287-291. The effects of bisphenol A and 17s-estradiol on sex differentiation were investigated in the zebrafish, Danio rerio. The 20-day-old fry with undifferentiated gonads were fed with food containing bisphenol A at the dose of 500, 1000, 2000 mg⋅kg -1 and 17s-estradiol at the dose of 20 mg⋅kg-1 diet for 45 days. Sex ratio and gonadal development after the chemical treatment were determined by histological examination of gonads. In the control group, the sex ratio of fry was 1:1 (female:male), i.e. 50% of females and 50% of males appeared. The sex of fry fed with 17s-estradiol at the dose of 20 mg⋅kg -1 diet was all females. Feminization of the fry was induced by exogenic 17s-estradiol. The sex of fry fed with bisphenol A at the dose of 500, 1000, 2000 mg⋅kg -1 diet was 1.4:1 (p = 0.31), 3.8:1 (p = 0.01) and 11.5:1 (p < 0.01). Bisphenol A induced


With the rapid development of earth observation technology, high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (HR SAR) imaging satellites could provide more observational information for maritime surveillance. However, there are still some problems to detect ship targets in HR SAR images due to the complex surroundings, targets defocusing, and diversity of the scales. In this article, an anchor-free method is proposed for ship target detection in HR SAR images. First, fully convolutional one-stage object detection (FCOS) as the base network is applied to detect ship targets, achieving better detection performance through pixel-by-pixel prediction of the image. Second, the category-position (CP) module is proposed to optimize the position regression branch features in the FCOS network. This module can improve target positioning performance in complex scenes by generating guidance vector from the classification branch features. At the same time, target classification and boundary box regression methods are redesigned to shield the adverse effects of fuzzy areas in the network training. Finally, to evaluate the effectiveness of CP-FCOS, extensive experiments are conducted on High-Resolution SAR Images Dataset, SAR Ship Detection Dataset, IEEE 2020 Gaofen Challenge SAR dataset, and two complex large-scene HR SAR images. The experimental results show that our method can obtain encouraging detection performance compared with Faster-RCNN, RetinaNet, and FCOS. Remarkably, the proposed method was applied to SAR ship detection in the 2020 Gaofen Challenge. Our team ranked first among 292 teams in the preliminary contest and won seventh place in the final match.


The prevalence of lower urinary tract storage disorders such as overactive bladder syndrome and urinary incontinence significantly increase with age. Previous studies have demonstrated age-related changes in detrusor function and urothelial transmitter release but few studies have investigated how the urothelium and sensory pathways are affected. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ageing on urothelial-afferent signalling in the mouse bladder. Three-month-old control and 24-month-old aged male mice were used. In vivo natural voiding behaviour, sensory nerve activity, urothelial cell function, muscle contractility, transmitter release and gene and protein expression were measured to identify how all three components of the bladder (neural, contractile and urothelial) are affected by ageing. In aged mice, increased voiding frequency and enhanced low threshold afferent nerve activity was observed, suggesting that ageing induces overactivity and hypersensitivity of the bladder. These changes were concurrent with altered ATP and acetylcholine bioavailability, measured as transmitter overflow into the lumen, increased purinergic receptor sensitivity and raised P2X3 receptor expression in the urothelium. Taken together, these data suggest that ageing results in aberrant urothelial function, increased afferent mechanosensitivity, increased smooth muscle contractility, and changes in gene and protein expression (including of P2X3). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that ageing evokes changes in purinergic signalling from the bladder, and further studies are now required to fully validate this idea. (Received 25 July 2013; accepted after revision 25 November 2013; first published online 2 December 2013) Corresponding author Professor D. Grundy: Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Abbreviations ACh, acetylcholine; DRG, dorsal root ganglia; OAB, overactive bladder syndrome; UI, urinary


The potential of Finite Element Analysis (FEA) as an analytical technique in biological research has been widely highlighted in recent years. In spite of its great power, only in the best of circumstances one can compare the behaviour of models that differ in size and shape. Here, a new and easy procedure to scale FE models of plane elasticity is presented for several species of extant bovids that significantly differ in size and morphology. The method is based on the modification of the values of the forces applied by taking into account the particularities of the elasticity plane models (plane strain and plane stress equations) using quasi-homothetic transformations. This approach is shown to be extremely useful when exploring the effect of the shape in front of the strength and the stiffness of vertebrate bone structures. Thus, the quasi-homothetic concept is a new and interesting proposal to be used in plane elasticity models of biological, and specifically of vertebrate, structures which can be modelled as two-dimensional finite element models.


This study deals with the empirical validation of the six linking patterns of evaluative and grammatical/categorial heads in Modern Greek compounding, proposed in Charitonidis (2014). To accomplish this goal 30 online interviews with native Greek speakers were conducted, on six attitudinal compounds and their constituents. Attributes lists and positivity ratings on a five-point scale were obtained. The analysis validated four out of six head-linking patterns. In the corresponding compounds, the constituent with the highest number of negative attributes points unequivocally to the evaluative head.


Let K be a compact subset of R, or, more generally, of an (n+1)-dimensional riemannian manifold. We suppose that K is mean-convex. If the boundary of K is smooth and connected, this means that the mean curvature of ∂K is everywhere nonnegative (with respect to the inward unit normal) and is not identically 0. More generally, it means that Ft(K) is contained in the interior of K for t > 0, where Ft(K) is the set obtained by letting K evolve for time t under the level set mean curvature flow. As K evolves, it traces out a closed set K of spacetime: K = {(x, t) ∈ R ×R : x ∈ Ft(K)}. Also, there is associated to K a Brakke flow M : t 7→Mt of rectifiable varifolds. We call the pair (M,K) a mean-convex flow. Let X = (x, t) be a point in spacetime with t > 0. Suppose (xi, ti) is a sequence of points converging to X and λi is a sequence of positive numbers tending to infinity. Translate the pair M and K in spacetime by (y, τ) 7→ (y − xi, τ − ti) and then dilate parabolically by (y, τ) 7→ (λiy, λi τ) to get new flows Mi and Ki. The sequence (Mi,Ki) is called a blow-up sequence at X . General compactness theorems guarantee that this sequence will have subsequential limits. A subsequential limit (M′,K′) is called a limit flow. Here M′ : t ∈ (−∞,∞) 7→M ′ t


Somewhere on this sun-parched island, on patches of green, amidst pedestrian and time-honored labors, mysterious rumors and tedium, and sometimes a wind so cool it makes you want to shout out someone's name, people live who keep on producing children, year after year. Flugdatenschreiber is its name. It used to be part of the peninsula, but the sea level rose at the end of the last Ice Age and made it an island. At the time, there was nothing surrounding this island but ocean. Time was its sole gift from the universe.


An apparatus for evacuating a filling chamber (10) of a die casting machine with at least one radial feed opening (15) for the liquid molding material, characterized, - that they are disposed one in the region of the filling opening (15), rotatably mounted on the filling chamber (10) mounted ring (11) which with a through bore (17) is provided for liquid casting material and with which the filling opening (15) opened and closed is and - that the ring (11) has a vacuum port (14) for evacuating the filling chamber (10) which is arranged in the closed position of the ring (11) above the filling opening (15) of the filling chamber (10).


We present a method for reducing the treewidth of a graph while preserving all the minimal $s-t$ separators. This technique turns out to be very useful for establishing the fixed-parameter tractability of constrained separation and bipartization problems. To demonstrate the power of this technique, we prove the fixed-parameter tractability of a number of well-known separation and bipartization problems with various additional restrictions (e.g., the vertices being removed from the graph form an independent set). These results answer a number of open questions in the area of parameterized complexity.


those who found human dissection repulsive on religious and anthropological grounds, but also by those who claimed that knowledge of the internal parts revealed nothing about their pathological disorders and provided no guarantee of successful therapy. But if the arguments against dissection were so strong, asks Carlino, what encouraged university medical men to resume the practice in the fourteenth century? Three factors explain the matter: the circulation of authoritative texts which argued that theoretical medicine should be grounded in anatomy; the institutionalization of medical teaching which helped to legitimize dissection; and the use of autopsy which gave medical men a familiarity with handling cadavers. But the public dissections which resulted were primarily didactic events that served to verify the anatomical knowledge of antiquity. How did dissection eventually become a tool for acquiring knowledge about the human body? Carlino finds the answer in the fact that masters came down from their lecterns and assumed the duties of dissectors, thus uniting theoretical learning with practical ability, while their students were permitted to open the bodies to see for themselves. This took place at a time when more bodies were becoming available, making possible more public and private dissections. The heroic figure in this story is Vesalius, who finally asserted the priority of observation over authority. Once this methodological principle was accepted, claims Carlino, the "epistemological norm that had constricted anatomy for over a millennium" was broken (p. 213). Some readers may find Carlino's nonlinear approach and his long sentences difficult going at times. Moreover, though he makes many insightful observations on the cultural context of sixteenth-century anatomy, he is primarily interested in epistemological issues of authority and observation, theory and practice, and teaching and research. In the epilogue Carlino could have responded to more of the research that has been done in this area since 1994. How, I wonder, would he reply to the claims made by Andrew Cunningham for the religious dimension to Vesalius' work (The anatomical Renaissance, Aldershot, 1997)? How would he react to Andrew Cunningham and Tamara Hug's reading of the frontispiece of De fabrica (Focus on the frontispiece of the Fabrica of Vesalius, 1543, Cambridge, 1994)? And what would he say to Roger French's functionalist explanation of the same material (Dissection and vivisection in the European Renaissance, Aldershot, 1999)? But even without this, Carlino's book still gives impressive evidence of the current vitality of research into sixteenth-century anatomy; and this translation now makes Carlino's contribution to the debate all the more accessible.


Webster's adds, unhelpfully, "There is a wide divergence of opinion as to what constitutes a sport." In that I think of Ernest Hemingway, a devotee of athletic contests of every sort, who observed (if perhaps apocryphally), "There are only three sports: bull fighting, mountain climbing, and automobile racing. All else are games." Just so, the Ainslie's Complete Hoyle, the bible of game rules, includes gin and klaberjass but not curling, badminton, or any other recreational pursuit in which adhesive bandages play a meaningful role. It often helps to look inside the roots of words when such puzzles present themselves. Not so much here: The etymology of "game" takes us to a Germanic root meaning "enjoyment," with a Gothic cognate meaning "participation," while the Latin disportare, the origin of "sport," has the sense of something that turns us away, transports us, from the ordinary woes of living—in short, to complicate matters, a pastime. Both add up to the same thing, save that each originated on a different side of the Alps. We're left with a distinction so fine that few of us detect or observe it. But there's one more thing: A sport is something only the athletically minded have to train for, only the devotee has to watch, whereas in a game, we're all meant to be players. So, at any rate, says the quarterback of North Dallas Forty, played to perfection by the normally laid-back Mac Davis. "You had better learn how to play the game," his Seth Maxwell, voice throaty and meaningful, says. "And I don't mean just the game of football." Sport vs. Game


Visceral larva migrans (VLM), described by Beaver et al.' in 1952, is a disease chiefly of young children who have a history of pica and is caused by the ingestion of infective-stage eggs of the dog or cat roundworm, Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati. The clinical picture varies widely, but it is usually characterized by eosinophilia and hepatomegaly, resulting from an immunological response, and eosinophilic Although scientists have speculated that VLM due to T . cati is common because T . cati is the most common intestinal parasite of cats, which are popular pets worldwide, we can only find 3 cases of VLM caused by T . cati diagnosed in living patients in the medical literature. This may be due to lack of effective diagnostic procedures. We found 4 patients with hepatic granuloma of VLM due to T. cati, diagnosed by ultrasonography and serological techniques. Seroimmunological Study


We report the synthesis of 46 tertiary amine-bearing N-alkylated benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-ones, imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-ones, imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2(3H)-ones, benzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-ones, oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridin-2(3H)-ones and N,N'-dialkylated benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-ones. These compounds were evaluated against 5-HT7R, 5-HT2AR, 5-HT1AR, and 5-HT6R as potent dual 5-HT7/5-HT2A serotonin receptors ligands. A thorough study of the structure-activity relationship of the aromatic rings and their substituents, the alkyl chain length and the tertiary amine was conducted. 1-(4-(4-(4-Fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl)butyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one (79) and 1-(6-(4-(4-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl)hexyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-one (81) were identified as full antagonist ligands on cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, KB = 4.9 and 5.9 nM, respectively) and inositol monophosphate (IP1, KB = 0.6 and 16 nM, respectively) signaling pathways of 5-HT7R and 5-HT2AR. Both antagonists crossed the blood-brain barrier as evaluated with [(18)F] radiolabeled compounds [(18)F]79 and [(18)F]81 in a primate's central nervous system using positron emission tomography. Both radioligands showed standard uptake values ranging from 0.8 to 1.1, a good plasmatic stability, and a distribution consistent with 5-HT7R and 5-HT2AR in the CNS.


Twisted-tape inserts are frequently used in heat exchangers as a passive and inexpensive heat transfer enhancement method. However, their use results not only heat transfer coefficient increments, but also pressure drop penalties. The present study analyses the literature on single and two-phase frictional pressure drop inside tubes with twisted-tape inserts focusing on the physical mechanism and the effects of the use of twisted-tape in comparison to plain tubes. Experimental data were gathered from the open literature and compared against the available correlations developed in order to predict two-phase frictional pressure drop in tubes containing twisted-tape inserts. It was found that none of the correlations was able to predict such a database accurately. A new correlation to estimate the friction factor for two-phase flows inside tubes with twisted-tape is also proposed. Contrarily to previous studies, the proposed correlation presents reasonable predictions under single and two-phase flow conditions and obeys the trends when the twisted-tape ratio tends to zero and infinite.


A multi-phase current supplying circuit comprises a diode bridge (2), an intervening circuit (3a), an inverter (4), a control circuit (6) and a lightning arrester (7). A single-phase AC power supply system (1) is connected to the diode bridge (2) via the lightning arrester (7), whereby a single-phase AC voltage (Vin) is full-wave rectified. The intervening circuit (3a), which has a capacitor (31) and an inductor (32), is constituted by a choke input type of lowpass filter. Specifically, an end of the inductor (32) is connected to an end of the capacitor (31), and an output of the diode bridge (2) is received between the other end of the inductor (32) and the end of the capacitor (31), whereby a rectified voltage (Vdc) occurring across the capacitor (31) is outputted to the inverter (4).


This text,on the basis of defining sports culture resources and relevant concepts,has analyzed the question existing in the brand construction of competitive sports of our country from four respects of management system,market environment,contest subject,management mainstay.It combines the successful experience of the foreign outstanding competitive sports,develops the corresponding competitive sports products,and promotes the corresponding competitive sports brand image based on the concrete content of sports culture resources.


In streptomycete taxonomy and nomenclature the most important species is Streptomyces albus (Rossi-Doria) Waksman et Henrici. It is the type species of the genus. No type strain of this species has yet been designated nor are there any of Rossi-Doria's original cultures extant. The descriptions of this species that appear in a number of publications suggest that one of the strains isolated by Waksman and Curtis or Waksman could be designated as the type strain. There have existed, since about 1916, two entirely different concepts with regard to the nature of Actinomyces (Streptomyces) albus. One concept centers around strains with the following characteristics: flexuous fruiting bodies, colors of aerial mycelium in tints and shades of olive-buff (yellowish gray or tan); nonchromogenicity (inability to form brown, deep brown, or black diffusible pigments in organic substrata); and marked abundance in nature. The other concept concerns strains that are characterized by coiled or spiralled fruiting bodies with catenulate ovoidal spores; by aerial mycelium colors generally interpreted as cretaceus (chalk-white, often with faint tinges of pink); by nonchromogenicity (inability to form brown, deep brown, or black diffusible pigments in organic substrata); and by their relative rareness in nature. No type strain of the species was designated, although the collective works of Waksman and Curtis (1916), Waksman (1919), Waksman and Lechevalier (1953), and the material on Actinomyces albus and Streptomyces albus appearing in the several editions of Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1923 through 1957) suggest that one of Waksman's strains might be most representative of the type.


The modified algorithm for calculation of the six matrix polynomial of the linear models of bipolar and field-effect transistors in the electrical and wave parameter systems is developed and realized on the base of the analytical two-port theory. This is enough for analytical description in these systems of all six matrix forms for any (from three) circuits of transistor connection. Two methods are suggested to reduce the matrix order (in operator and time domains) depending on the frequency application area for the transistor, which simplifies designing of radio electronic and information-communication systems.


Bleeding patterns in people with hemophilia A cannot be predicted solely by factor VIII (FVIII) levels. Some of the variance in bleeding may be attributed to differences in plasma protein composition, and specifically other coagulation factors where the normal ranges span 50-150% of the population mean. We recently used a mathematical model of thrombus formation that identified factor V (FV) levels as a strong modifier of thrombin generation in FVIII deficiencies. Counterintuitively, the model predicted low normal FV levels enhanced thrombin generation. Here, we tested this prediction and investigated its mechanism. Thrombin generation in plasma from people with FVIII deficiencies (<5%) were negatively correlated with FV levels. A substrate competition mechanism wherein FV and FVIII compete for activation by FXa during the initiation of coagulation was tested in three models: In a purified system containing only FV, FVIII, and FXa, reducing FV enhanced FVIII activation. In synthetic plasma containing the essential proteins of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, low normal FV levels resulted in enhanced thrombin generation both in the presence or absence of TFPIα. In mixture studies using FVIII-deficient human plasma immunodepleted of FV, thrombin generation was enhanced at lower levels of FV. In all models the trend was nonlinear as the effect size was significant at low, but not high, FV levels. Our data show that low normal plasma levels of FV enhance thrombin generation in hemophilia A by reducing FXa substrate competition for FVIII activation and implicate FV levels as a strong modifier of bleeding in hemophilia A. Key Points Low normal levels of FV enhance thrombin generation in hemophilia A by reducing substate competition for FVIII activation. Plasma FV levels are a strong modifier of bleeding in hemophilia A.


The main reason for earthquake-induced landslides is liquefaction of soil,a process considered to occur mostly in sandy soils.Liquefaction which occurs in clayey soils has also been reported and proven in the recent liters- ture,but liquefaction in clayey soils still remains unclear and there are many questions that need to be addressed.In order to address these questions,an depth study on the liquefaction potential of clayey soils was conducted on the ba- sis of field investigation and a series of laboratory tests on the samples collected from the sliding surface of the land- slides.The liquefaction potential of the'soils was studied by means of undrained cyclic ring-shear tests.Research re- sults show that the liquefaction potential of sandy soils is higher than that of clayey soils given the same void ratio; the soil resistance to liquefaction rises with an increase in plasticity for clayey soils;relation between plasticity index and the liquefaction potential of soil can be used in practical application to estimate the liquefaction potential of soil


Originating from econometrics, the concept of Granger causality (GC) has been widely used in a variety of fields, including climate sciences, to infer directional dependencies between stochastic variables. Going one step further than the simple detection of lag-correlations, GC evaluates the directed interaction of a variable Y on a variable X by quantifying the improvement of prediction of future values of X when past values of Y are considered or omitted. Although not prescribed initially as such, GC is routinely computed from an estimated vector autoregressive model of the data of interest X, with and without the exogenous variable Y. However, such a modelling is somewhat restrictive and not suitable for filtered, sampled and noisy time series which may contain a moving-average component, impairing at the same time the quality of the GC estimator. Conversely, state-space representation offers a much more general framework for linear time series modelling.


This paper investigates the effects of Zr capping on nickel silicided n + /p shallow junctions. Although nickel silicide possesses many benefits compared with titanium and cobalt silicide, some potential problems still need to be addressed for ultrashallow junction applications. In this work, a Zr protective cap is used to preserve the silicide from oxygen contamination and to suppress the increase of junction leakage during the silicidation process. Due to the suppressed leakage current and the appropriate series resistence, formation of a 30 nm ultrashallow junction can be accomplished.


The formal structure of density-functional theory in the constrained-search formulation is analyzed and a theory is derived which is symmetrized with respect to the symmetry group of the Hamiltonian operator. This theory is valid for an arbitrary given electronic system and takes into account symmetries in spin as well as in ordinary space. The symmetrized theory is based on the totally symmetric part of the density instead of the density or spin density itself. In the corresponding symmetrized Kohn-Sham formalism no symmetry dilemma can occur. The concepts of symmetrized N-representability and symmetrized υ-representability are defined. Known examples of non-υ-representable densities are shown to be symmetrized υ-representable


This study deals with the associated fauna of Sabellaria alveolata (Annelida: Polychaeta) colonies on the central coast of Portugal. Samples were collected on two shores, Magoito and Avencas and a total of 137 taxa were found on both shores. In qualitative terms, χ2-test shows significant differences between shores. In Magoito crustaceans are the most abundant associated fauna while in Avencas polychaetes are the most abundant. Relative biomass and abundance per kg of sediment is much higher in eroded colonies than in developed ones and diversity seems to increase with reduced wave action.


In view of the difficult utilization of a large amount of coal-based solid waste produced by coal electrification in the Ningdong mining area, especially the large storage and low utilization rate of gasified slag, combined with the advantages of high paste filling concentration, fast efficiency, and low construction cost, it is of great significance to study the appropriate proportion of fly ash-based multicontent gasified slag paste filling material for green mining and large-amount utilization of gasified slag. Based on the microstructure, composition, and particle size distribution of gasification slag, fly ash, broken coal gangue, furnace bottom slag, and desulfurization gypsum tested by XRD, SEM, and particle size sorting screen, the mass fraction (X1), gasification slag content (X2), m (c): m (FA) (X3). 29 groups of schemes are designed by four factors : mass fraction X1 refers to the proportion of solid in the filling paste, the amount of gasification slag in the solid X2 refers to the proportion of gasification slag in the solid, and m (c): m (FA) X3 refers to the proportion of fly ash and cement in the solid excluding gasification slag, coal gangue, desulfurization gypsum, and furnace bottom slag. The amount of desulfurization gypsum in the solid X4 refers to the proportion of desulfurization gypsum in the solid. The flow and strength characteristics of each group are analyzed. It is found that before proportioning, coal gangue of 2.5∼5 mm accounts for 80.8%, furnace bottom slag of less than 2.5 mm accounts for 56.5%, fly ash of 20∼80% μm accounts for 80%, and fly ash of 10∼20% μm accounts for 90%. XRD patterns reveal that the main components of four solid wastes and cement are SiO2 and Ca3SiO5, and the chemical composition of desulfurization gypsum is Ca(SO4)(H2O)2. The regularity of size change tends to be consistent, and the uniaxial compressive strength of 3 days later in group thirteenth exceeds 0.991 MPa. Combined with the flow characteristics, it is determined that there are 6 optimization groups in the inclined ladder area with the expansion of 200∼250 mm and the uniaxial compressive strength of 0.6∼1.4 MPa. The compressive strength increases with the increase of the mass fraction of single-factor analysis. The response surface method of C shows that the significance of X1, X2, X3, and X4 decreases in turn. The central combination design is used to predict that the mix proportion of X1 is 84%, X2 is 15%, X3 is 1 : 5, and X4 is 7%, the content of coal gangue is 10%, and the content of furnace bottom slag is 5% which is the best. The supplementary experimental results show that σ3d is 1.35 MPa and the expansion is 200 mm. Combined with SEM, it is found that the microstructure before and after optimization is rich in hydration products and the internal structure is well cemented, which further explains σC. The above research provides important basic parameters for large-scale disposal and green filling mining which is difficult to deal with a large amount of stockpiled gasification slag.


Experimental studies have been conducted with dry particle packing methods on separation characteristics in a liquid choromatography column. The maximum theoretical plate number is obtained by the use of a multistage suction method. The column composed of surface modified SiO2 particles indicates a smaller standard deviation in the output response curve than particles without surface modification. A greater theoretical plate number is obtained by passing ionized air over the particles. When the average packing fraction of the particle is high, but the particles are packed non-uniformly in the column, the theoretical plate number of the output response curve decreased.


We report on the equilibrium binding affinity and rotational reorientation dynamics of intact polyclonal anti-dansyl antibodies (anti-DAN) sequestered within sol−gel-derived biogels. Our results show that the nanosecond rotational motions that are intrinsic to immunoglobulin G antibodies when they are dissolved in aqueous buffer are arrested in an aged biogel. However, even though the anti-DAN rotational mobility is not detectable in a biogel, the equilibrium binding constant (Kb) that describes the anti-DAN association with its target hapten (dansyl, DAN) in a biogel is only 5-fold less than the value for anti-DAN dissolved in aqueous buffer (4.09 ± 0.10 × 108 M-1 vs 9.04 ± 0.32 × 107 M-1). Long-term storage experiments on the anti-DAN-doped biogels stored at room temperature show that Kb remains constant for at least 8 months.


Ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru NPs) were synthesized from the reduction of Ru(2-methylallyl)2(cod) under an atmosphere of H2(g) in a series of phosphonium and imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs): [P4,4,4,1]NTf2, [P4,4,4,8]NTf2, [P4,4,4,14]X (for −X = −NTf2, −OTf, −PF6), [BMI]NTf2 and [BDMI]NTf2. The Ru NPs embedded in each of these ILs were used as biphasic hydrogenation catalysts for the reduction of cyclohexene. The properties of the NPs, in terms of NP stability and catalytic activity, were dependent on the nature of the IL and these differences were rationalized through a Walden plot analysis of the IL ionicity. This analysis supports the idea that the formation of ion associations, in terms of ion-pairs or supramolecular aggregates, plays a key role in IL stabilization of metal NPs. A correlation between this stabilization mechanism and the NP stability and catalytic activity is hypothesized.


1. Entitlement to the first and largest component, known as the 'Basic State Pension' depends only on the number of years an individual has been in work (or been doing other 'creditable' activities – such as caring for young child). Those with a full working life between ages 16 and 64 (or those with 30 or more years for those born after 1945) would be entitled to a fixed amount worth around £3,800 per year in 2002 while those with a less complete work history would receive an amount that was pro-rated by their period in work.


A ̄ow cell has been commissioned to monitor in situ precipitation reactions under non-ambient conditions. The majority of highpressure systems use anvils and presses to obtain high pressures around a small reaction area; however, this prototype is unique in that solutions may be examined as they ̄ow through the cell under pressure. The cell is made of single-crystal silicon, which is capable of withstanding the high pressures created by liquid ̄ow within the cell. With the capability of reaching pressures of up to 4 10 Pa, the cell is ideal for work on geological and oil®eld systems. Here it is used to examine the formation of barium sulfate scale in situ under nonambient conditions using angle-dispersive XRD on beamline X17b1 at the NSLS.


STEFANSSON, V. 1955. Clothes made the Eskimo. Nat. Hist., 64 (1): 32-41. SWIFT, R. W., AND C. E. FRENCH. 1954. Energy Metabolism and Nutrition. Scarecrow Press, Washington, D. C. WEBSTER, A. P. 1952. Caloric requirements of man in cold climates: theoretical consideration. J. Applied Physiol., 5 (3) : 134-142. WEN,!. C. 1934. The development of the upper eyelid of the Chinese with special reference to the Mongolic fold. Chinese Med. J., 48: 1216-1227. WEYER, E. M. 1932. The Eskimos. Yale University Press. YOSHIMURA, H., AND T. IIDA. 1952. Studies on the reactivity of skin vessels to extreme cold. Part II. Factors governing the individual difference of the reactivity or the resistance against frost-bite. The Japanese Jour. of Physiol., 2 (3) : 177-185.


The problem of natural law rights has been periodically discussed in Russian liberal legal literature. The new wave of discussion has begun after adoption of the Russian Constitution of 1993. The author analyzes the western conceptions of human rights and compare them with distinct approach in Russian legal thought.


Abstract Enzymes are proteins that functions as biological catalyst. It is now a known fact that enzyme can catalyze many synthetic operations better than the conventional reagents. Not only in the synthesis of natural products, they can also be applied for construction of varieties of unnatural compounds. In this chapter, Pariyar and Ghosh have discussed in brief synthesis of various biologically active heterocyclic compounds using different enzymes as catalysts. Among various enzymes, laccases, trypsin, α-amylase and Bakers' yeast are few that are easily available and have been extensively explored for various synthetic strategies. This chapter will definitely serve as valuable source of information to the readers in the field of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.


The use of smaller subapertures on some recent adaptive optics (AO) systems seems to yield difficulties in wavefront reconstruction, known as spider effect or pupil fragmentation: the size of the subapertures is small enough so that some of them are masked by the telescope spider, dividing the pupil into disconnected domains. In particular, this problem will arise on the E-ELT.We have studied pure wavefront reconstruction on a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, for a simplified AO system similar to VLT/SPHERE in size, with and without pupil fragmentation, and compared the performance of various wavefront reconstructors for different signal-to-noise ratios, using priors (minimum variance) or not (least-squares), and with different assumptions for the damaged wavefront measurements. The missing measurements have been either discarded (corresponding subapertures are not active), replaced by zeros, or interpolated by preserving the loop continuity property of the gradients (curl operator). Priors have been introduced using the FrIM (Fractal Iterative Method) algorithm. In our perfect conditions, we show that no method allows the full recovery from the pupil fragmentation, that minimum variance always gives the best performance, especially the one without any interpolation. On the opposite, the performance with least-squares somewhat improves when correcting for the missing measurements. In this latter case, preserving the curl property of the gradient is preferable only for very low measurement noise.


Abstract This paper presents the solution for the optimal lift and bank modulation of a reentry vehicle using the method of matched asymptotic expansions. The solution, which contains all effects of aerodynamic, gravitational, and centrifugal forces, is uniformly valid everywhere. The solution for the outer region, where gravitational force is predominant is obtained in closed form. To date, for the inner region, only four of the five adjoint equations for the free time problem have been integrated in closed form. The fifth equation has been integrated by considering the free range problem, or by using a linear approximation of the drag polar near the optimal lift control. By a new invariant relation, and a transformation of the fifth adjoint variable, it will be shown in this paper that, for the most general drag polar, the fifth equation can be integrated by quadrature. The equation will be completely integrated for a generalized drag polar. The inner solution will be matched with the outer solution providing a composite solution uniformly valid everywhere.


The literature available on organizational psychology has largely neglected the issue of industrial conflict, and little is known about individual psychological effects of industrial conflict such as labour disputes and strikes. Psychological consequences of involvement in a strike were assessed in this research. Data were collected from 117 full-time, white collar union members immediately following a 22 day strike, and again two and six months later. Negatively perceived industrial relations events (e.g. 'strike or lockout', 'being involved in negotiations') were associated with marital adjustment, psychosomatic symptoms and a lack of psychological well-being on completion of the strike, and predicted unfavourable changes in psychological well-being over the next two and six months. A framework for understanding the negative effects of labour disputes and strikes is proposed, and the role of the organizational psychologist when such conflicts occur is considered.


Focusing on the characteristics of 10th-order LSF (line spectral frequencies), this paper proposed an efficient method based on Newton–Raphson. Experiment and analysis was given to compare the precision and computational quantity between our method and the traditional Kabal's method. Our algorithm not only avoids polynomial deflation but also is more efficient than traditional rootfinding algorithm and it is fit for being realized by VLSI. Furthermore, our method could be deduced to high-order LSF application.


As the recession intensified in 2008, rural economies held firm. Through the first half of the year, strong commodity prices supported robust farm incomes and contributed to relatively stronger gains on Main Street. Moreover, the housing correction was less intense than in urban areas, and the financial crisis was less severe than on Wall Street. ; While these factors shielded the rural economy from the worst of the recession, rural America was not immune. The foundations of rural economic strength in 2008--high commodity prices, robust export activity, and rising ethanol demand--were crumbling. Consequently, the booming farm economy began to slow, and, following national trends, the nonfarm economy continued to falter. ; Henderson and Akers review the state of the rural economy and explore how the recession could affect the rural economy in 2009. They suggest that a rural rebound will rest on whether the fiscal and monetary stimulus packages spark demand for rural goods and services.


Emigration rates of Evarthrus sodalis LeConte and Harpalus pennsylvanicus DeGeer were compared in fenced tomato monocultures and polycultures of tomatoes and bean plots grown at two plant densities, as suggested by results obtained from pitfall traps in southern Michigan. Results show higher emigration rates at low plant-density treatments and a negative interaction between density and diversity (cropping system). In high plant-density treatments the emigration rate was higher in polycultures than in monocultures. The reverse was true for low-density treatments.


: Introduction : Green care includes a variety of therapies based a natural relationship between humans and nature which manifests itself in their inborn positive emotional reaction to the natural environment. Natural settings are particularly favorable for patients as they help them recover mentally and physically, and they can be used for reha- bilitation. Worldwide it is increasingly common to consider the use and adaptation of hospital gardens for therapeutic purposes. The aim of the study was to describe and discuss the current state and use of Wrocław hospital grounds for the needs of nature walk therapy and horticultural therapy. Material and methods : Green spaces on Wrocław hospital grounds were analyzed. Each hospital was evaluated and the data were recorded on an evaluation sheet (general description of the hospital, location, state and development of green spaces) accompanied by a photographic documentation and interviews with the hospital staff and patients. Results : Nature walk therapy and horticultural therapy are hardly ever used in hospitals in Wrocław. If they are used, it is always a passive form of activity. Conclusions : Lack of adequate facilities and green spaces make the hospital surroundings unfriendly and inacces- sible to patients.


Recent advances in digital holography in the far‐infrared region of the spectrum have demonstrated the potential use of digital holography in homeland security as a tool to observe hostile environments in which smoke, flames, and dust impair vision. However, to make this application practical, it is necessary to simplify the optical setup. Here, we show an off‐axis, self‐reference scheme that spills the reference beam out from the object beam itself and avoids the need for a complex interferometric arrangement. We demonstrate that this scheme allows the reconstruction of high‐quality holograms of objects captured under visible as well as far‐infrared light exposure. This could pave the way to the industrialization of holographic systems to enable users to see through fire. Moreover, the quantitative nature of the holographic signal is preserved. Thus, the reported results demonstrate the possibility to use this setup for optical metrology.


The human Fc3,RI (CD64) is a high a~nity receptor for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin (Ig), and its constitutively low expression on the cell surface of monocyte/macrophage and neutrophils is selectively upregulated by interferon 3' (IFN-3') treatment (Perussia, B., E. T. Dayton, R. Lazarus, V. Fanning, and G. Trinchieri. 1983.J. Extx Med. 158:1092). Three distinct cDNAs have been cloned and code for proteins that predict three extraceUular Ig-like domains (Allen, J. M., and B. Seed. 1989. Science [Wash. DC]. 243:378). Several differences in the coding region of these cDNAs suggest that in addition to polymorphic differences a second Fc3,RI gene could possibly exist. This alternative Fc3,RI gene (Fc3,RIb) was defined by the lack ofa genomic HindlII restriction site (van der Winkel, J. G. J., L. U. Ernst, C. L. Anderson, and I. M. Chiu. 1991. J. Biol. Chem. 266:13449). We describe the characterization a second gene (Fc3,RIb) that has a termination codon in the third extracellular domain and therefore predicts a soluble form of the receptor. We also define two distinct IFN-3'-responsive regions in the 5' flanking sequence of Fc3,RIb that resemble motifs that have been defined in the class II major histocompatibility complex promoter. The Fc3,RIb promoter does not possess canonical TATA or CCAAT boxes, but does possess a palindromic motif that closely resembles the initiator sequence identified in the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase/human leukocyte IFN/adeno-associated virus type II P5 gene promoters (Smale, S. T., and D. Baltimore. 1989. Cell. 57:103; Seto, E., Y. Shi, and T. Shenk. 1991. Nature [Lond.]. 354:241; Roy, A. L., M. Meisterernst, P. Pognonec, and R. C. Koeder. 1991. Nature[Lond.]. 354:245) virus type II P5 gene promoters raising interesting questions as to its role in the basal and myeloid-specific transcription of this gene.


In this paper, a bridgeless buck PFC converter further improves the low line efficiency of the buck frontend by reducing the conduction losses by reducing the number of semiconductor components.Conventional buck PFC correction rectifier have high conduction losses and low switching losses, so the conduction loses get reduced. The bridgeless buck rectifier also works as a voltage doubler. Although the output voltage is doubled, the switching losses of the primary switches of the dc/dc output stage are still lower than that of the boost power factor correction.


Electrical resistivity is calculated on the basis of the effective nuclear Hamiltonian above and below the nuclear ordering temperature T c . The conduction electrons are scattered by the nuclear spins mediated by the f-electrons through the s-f exchange interaction and the hyperfine interaction. By the short range order, the resistivity increases or decreases from the value of the non-interacting nuclear spin system depending on the sign of the RKKY interaction and the size of k F . In low temperatures the resistivity is calculated by the spin wave approximation. The T -dependence reflects the crystal field anisotropy through the dispersion relation of the spin wave. It is shown also that the aspherical Coulomb interaction, which works sometimes to the resistivity at high temperatures, is not effective in this low temperature region.


This thesis compares the relative plausibility of three contemporary Synoptic Gospel source critical hypotheses: the Two-Gospel Hypothesis (2GH), the Two-Document Hypothesis (2DH), and the Farrer Hypothesis (FH). The plausibility of each hypothesis is evaluated by the extent to which the implied redaction of miracle tradition is consistent with: (a) the evangelist's synchronically detected apologetic aims; (b) the generic conventions of ancient biography; and (c) first century narrative rhetorical conventions based on the elements and virtues of narrative in Theon's Progymnasmata. The method is first demonstrated for two authors approximately contemporary with the Gospel writers, namely Josephus (Antiquities of the Jews) and Plutarch (Lives). Their narrative re-presentation of known source material at both a macro-level (order and selection) and microlevel (adaptation of specific narratives) is shown to be influenced by their apologetic aims, generic conventions, and the elements and virtues of narrative. Subsequent macro-analysis (order and selection) of Gospel miracle traditions indicates that implied changes are more plausibly explained by Markan priority (2DH and FH) than Markan posteriority (2GH). While the 2DH and FH display similar degrees of plausibility, the lack of evidence for Luke's direct use of Matthew slightly favors the 2DH. The situation is similar for a


Groundwater quality assessment and the application of WQI in Oyo State, Nigeria were studied. Twenty five of the 33 LGAs in the State were selected while five villages were randomly selected from each for this purpose. Samples were collected from each of the villages and analysed. The results revealed that the groundwater is generally fit for human consumption by World Health Organisation standard. Weighted average water quality index analysis showed that the groundwater in the 24 LGAs fell in the 'excellent water' while one fell in the 'good water' category indicating its potability. Multivariate analysis showed that four pairs of water quality variables (EC and TDS, EC and NO3, TDS and NO3, Na+ and K+) have positive correlations. Only EC and TDS correlate positively with WQI results and so positively influenced WQ analysis results. Regular investigation is recommended for the optimal relevance of WQI in water quality management.


A composite railway sleeper (1; 50; 100) comprising an outer coating shell (2; 51; 101) made of composite plastic material and a shaped structural core (3; 52; 102), made of a material comprising at least concrete contained within said outer coating shell (2; 51; 510; 101), wherein said outer coating shell (2; 51; 510; 101) presents in the upper outer face (2a; 51a; 101a) two distinct and opposite groups of grooves (4; 53) suitable to receive the angular guide plates (G) belonging to pre-assembled elastic type fastening systems (64) for the connection of two respective rails (R) with said railway sleeper (1; 50; 100).


Here, we have studied the impact of nanocrystalline cerium dioxide (NCD) particles on erythrocyte membrane state in a model of hypothermic storage of blood samples by examining the content of lipid peroxidation (LPO) primary products and hematological indices (free and total hemoglobin, hematocrit and hemolysis levels). After hypothermic storage of blood samples within 5 weeks, no significant difference in hematological indices between the control and experimental groups was revealed. In 2 weeks of hypothermic storage, the cells from experimental group in NCD presence showed an increased content of mainly those primary LPO products, which precursors were polyunsaturated fatty acids with two double bonds (conjugated dienes and oxidienes), thereby indicating the free radical processes activation. Four weeks' storage demonstrated significantly decreased content of all primary LPO products in the experimental group cells in contrast to the control group. To the final step of the study (5 weeks of storage), the content of all primary LPO products in experimental and control groups was similar, that was an evidence of the ability of NCD particles to affect the erythrocyte membrane as well change the LPO intensity depending on storage period.


Abstract We describe a course that highlights mathematical experimentation as an introductory course for first year mathematics majors. We discuss the benefits of an experimental approach as an alternate pathway into the mathematics major. We also explain how this course serves as a gentle lead-in to later research experiences.


- RJ: e presente. J. Aquat. Sci. 21(1). v21n1. This study aims to compare the current information on artisanal fishery practised in Atafona harbour, São João da Barra, RJ, with the artisanal fishery practised in this region 15 years ago. Currently, there are 133 boats operating with the following fishing gears: a) fishing nets – trawl net, purse seine net and gill net and b) fishing lines - handline and longline. According to the fishermen, the local fishery is affected by the increase in fishing effort, reduction in captures, changes in the preferred fishing grounds, fishing costs increase and competition with boats from other sites. The main changes in the local fishery were increase in fishing technology and fishing capacity of boats, changes in fishing gears, in mesh size of the gill nets and in the preferred fishing grounds. Fishery management measures should be undertaken to ensure the maintenance of local stocks in viable levels for exploitation, minimizing the fishery impacts.


This study examines the altered uses of Chinese ceramics sporadically found in Europe before the Portuguese arrived in China for ceramic customization and thus opened up the ceramic trade in the sixteenth century. Subsequently, the images of ceramic glaze crazing (crazed ceramics) are used as an example to explore European consumers' conception or imagination of Chinese crazed ceramics. Finally, this study concludes that, in addition to inspiring the European imagination of mosaics, Chinese crazed ceramics and their images could have been associated with stained glass mosaics in Europe.


—The research on 5G systems is intensively conducted in order to deliver systems by 2020, driven by the exponentially increasing internet traffic, in addition to the emergence of new services and use cases with specific sets of requirements. This paper is a literature review on 5G requirements, use cases and standardization picture. It presents existing and new enabling technologies towards future mobile systems and discusses challenges they face following two aspects: wireless technologies and network technologies.


The study was carried out to identify the effect of yogic practice on selected physiological and psychological variables among physically challenged male children's.  To achieve the purpose of the study, thirty students were selected from residential handicapped school, kelampakkam, Kanchipuram district, Tamilnadu.  The age ranged between 10 to 15 years.  The subjects were randomly selected and divided into two groups.  The experimental group underwent yogic practice during morning and evening hours over the period of six weeks.  The control group left out from the yogic practices.  The criterion variables selected for this study were resting rate, breath holding time, stress and anxiety.  The following standardized test items were used to assess the dependent variables such as resting pulse rate was estimated by radial pulse method, breath-holding time was measured with stopwatch, stress was assessed with stress questionnaire constructed by Dr.Laitha Satich and anxiety was assessed with taylor's manifest anxiety scale.  The data were collelcted before and the after experimental period.  The data pertaining to the variables in this study were examined by using analysis of covariance [ANCOVA].


experimental data to perform a three-dimensional bond density refinement of the Si(111)-7x7 surface. These two experimental techniques are quite complimentary as electron diffraction is rather more sensitive to the core-screening effects of bonding, while only the x-ray dataset is three dimensional (and is a direct transform of the local charge density). By utilizing a combinatorial ab initio Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach, we have developed a parameterized model for fitting valence charge density in silicon to experimental diffraction data which enhances performance, but adds no additional adjustable parameters. When bonding effects are properly accounted for, the improvement to the refinement of the overall structure is significant to >99% confidence (using a degree-of-freedom reduced Chi figure of merit), and site-specific perturbations due to adatom bonding at the surface are also possible. The experimental results will be compared to a full-potential, allelectron DFT structural relaxation of the Si(111)-7x7 surface slab.


The complexity of heat exchange mechanisms and difficulties in accurate determination of their coefficients make the thermal analysis a complicated problem at the beginning of the design process. In reality, only numerical calculations and specialized simulation programs can solve the systems of differential equations with very complicated boundary and initial conditions. The paper presents some aspects of describing of thermal model of the thick-film microcircuits with equivalent models (based on RC elements) which are used in temperature field simulation using PSPICE program