The notion of isomorphism on stable AF-C∗-algebras is considered in this paper in the case when the corresponding Bratteli diagram is stationary, i.e. is associated with a single square primitive incidence matrix. A C∗-isomorphism induces an equivalence relation on these matrices, called C∗-equivalence. We show that the associated isomorphism equivalence problem is decidable, i.e. there is an algorithm that can be used to check in a finite number of steps whether two given primitive matrices are C∗-equivalent or not. Special cases of this problem will be considered in a forthcoming paper. 0. Introduction In [BJKR98] we studied an isomorphism of the stable AF-algebras associated with constant square primitive non-singular incidence matrices. This isomorphism is called C∗-equivalence of the matrices in [BJKR98] and weak equivalence of the (transposed) matrices in [SwVo00]. In this paper we prove that the isomorphism problem in this setting is decidable, even when the assumption of non-singularity is removed. Special cases of the problem will be considered in [BJKR99b] from the viewpoint of numerical invariants. This is a sequel and will also appear in Ergod. Th. & Dynamic. Sys. The decision procedure is spelled out explicitly in §6. This result was announced in [BJKR98], and it is interesting in view of the fact that the corresponding problem for non-constant incidence matrices is undecidable [MuPa98]. That an isomorphism is decidable means that there is an algorithm DOI: 10.1017/S014338570100178X 1626 O. Bratteli et al that can be used to decide, in a finite number of steps, whether two given primitive matrices are C∗-equivalent or not (see later). The significance of this result goes well beyond the theory of AF-algebras, since the result may be viewed as a decision procedure for isomorphisms of the ordered simple dimension groups associated to the AF-algebras, and this class of groups is important for a variety of other problems, especially in symbolic and topological dynamics, see [PaTa95, Han81, BMT87] and [Kit98]. The decision result is a fundamental and nontrivial fact one wants in all these applications. Bratteli diagrams were introduced in [Bra72] with a view to understanding the structure and the classification of those C∗-algebras which arise as inductive limits of finitedimensional C∗-algebras, the so-called AF-algebras. In fact, the equivalence relation on Bratteli diagrams which is generated by the operation of telescoping is a complete C∗-isomorphism invariant for the AF-algebras; see [BJO99, Remark 5.6]. It is the decidability of this isomorphism problem in the case of stationary Bratteli diagrams which is our main result here. The diagrams are called stationary if the incidence matrix is constant; in the general case it is not constant, but varies from one level to the next. However, it was the stationary class of AF-algebras which came from the problem addressed in [BJO99], and while special, this subfamily is still general enough for the study of substitution dynamical systems, as noted in [DHS99]. Consider, for example, a substitution dynamical system σ (letters to words) derived from a given alphabet S of size N . For i, j ∈ S, let aij count the number of occurrences of i in the word σ(j), resulting from the substitution σ , and let A be the corresponding matrix with dimension group G(A) (see (1.10)). In [DHS99], the co-authors use G(A) in their classification of these systems, which may also be realized as shift dynamical systems on the paths in the corresponding Bratteli diagrams. These systems have significance in formal languages, quasi-crystals, aperiodic tilings of the plane [Rad99], and p-recognizable sets of numbers. Hence the classification we address here has some bearing not only on the original setting of AF-algebras, but also on recent developments in dynamical systems. For a survey of other dynamical system classifications related to more standard shifts than those considered in [DHS99], and the relation of our present classification to these, see [BJKR98]. In particular, it is explained in [BJKR98] that the notion of C∗-equivalence of two primitive non-singular matrices is strictly weaker than shift equivalence, strong shift equivalence, or elementary shift equivalence. Specifically, formula (1.2) below shows that C∗-equivalence may be expressed also as a certain system of matrix factorizations, but these conditions for C∗-equivalence are less restrictive than those which define shift equivalence [BJKR98, Proposition 2]. This means that some techniques which are common in the study of shift equivalence, see, e.g., [BMT87], are also common in the study of isomorphism of C∗-algebras. The dimension group is one such tool, see [Ell76, Eff81]. Our approach is based on studying isomorphism of ordered dimension groups (the order is essential!). We introduce those groups in (1.6)–(1.11), and we formulate the associated isomorphism problem. We then go on to prove that this problem is decidable, in Theorem 5.9. A general algorithm which can be used to decide whether or not two primitive matrices A, B are C∗-equivalent is spelled out point by point in §6. The isomorphism problem for stationary AF-algebras 1627 By decidability of a class of problems, we will mean here that there is an algorithm (which could be converted into a computer program) to solve the problem [Her69, Her78, Knu81]. There may be no simple way to tell how many steps the algorithm will use, but it must eventually terminate in all cases. This is equivalent to saying that there is a Turing machine, which, given the necessary inputs (two matrices here), will give an output which is zero or one here according to whether the problem has an answer 'No' or 'Yes'. The theory of algorithmic decidability begins essentially with the proof that the halting problem, the problem of whether an arbitrary Turing machine on a given input will halt, is algorithmically undecidable; a result equivalent to this was proved by Gödel, although the theory was cast into different forms by Church, Kleene, and Turing. Its high-water mark was the proof by Davis, Matijasevič, Putnam, and Robinson [DMR76] that diophantine equations over the integers are algorithmically unsolvable (Hilbert's Tenth Problem). Since then many other problems have been proved undecidable (such as the result of [MuPa98] on a different class of C∗-algebras), though others like the diophantine problem over Q, have resisted all efforts. On the other hand, major decidability results have appeared too, such as the proof by Ax and Kochen [AxKo65a, AxKo65b, AxKo66] that it is decidable whether a given system of diophantine equations is solvable simultaneously over every p-adic field or ring, results on power series rings, Rabin's result on the theory of the Cantor set, and the Grunewald–Segal result [GrSe80a, GrSe80b] that isomorphism of forms over algebraic number rings is decidable (which is related to our work here as well as the proof in [KiRo79] that shift equivalence is decidable). Many conjectured decidability results remain open, such as the question of whether abelian and hyperbolic algebraic varieties have a rational point [HiSi00, Parts C and F4]. The classical treatise on decidability in the context of algorithmic algebraic number theory is the book [PoZa97], and we will, sharing the view of those authors, try not to give a definition of algorithm in terms of mathematical logic. There are some general blanket references which we will use throughout the paper: [Wei98, BoSh66] on algebraic number theory, [PoZa97] on algorithms of algebraic number theory, [New72] on integral matrices and their factorizations, and [Kit98, Wag99] on symbolic dynamics. In particular, [PoZa97, Wei98, New72] are used frequently in the proofs to follow, each one containing algorithmic constructions which we cite as they are needed. The proofs involve diverse areas of mathematics which are not always thought to be directly related. They fall at the interface of techniques from these different subjects. For that reason, we include slightly more detail and discussion than is customary in a paper which does not cut across boundaries between fields. In a subsequent paper, [BJKR99b], we will use the general algorithm given in §6 of this paper to derive special methods and invariants which are useful in deciding isomorphism in special cases. Other special cases, motivation, and much background material are contained in [BJO99]. 1. Equivalent isomorphism conditions Recall from [BJKR98] that two matrices A, B with non-negative integer matrix entries are said to be C∗-equivalent if there exist two sequences n1, n2, . . . and m1, m2, . . . of 1628 O. Bratteli et al natural numbers and two sequences of matrices J (1), J (2), . . . and K(1), K(2), . . . with non-negative integer matrix entries such that the diagram (1.1) below commutes.


The advance in the study of modification of silicone rubber in recent years is reviewed,and it mainly expounds:the blending modification of silicone rubber by others rubbers,RTV silicone rubber modified by nano-SiOx and silicone rubber toughing modified by minerals powder.


TT virus (TTV) is a newly discovered transfusion-transmissible DNA virus, which may cause posttransfusion hepatitis. The virus was detected in 12% of Japanese blood donors. The aim of the study is to investigate the prevalence and clinical influence of TTV in bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipients. Sera from 25 BMT recipients obtained 6 to 12 weeks after the transplant were examined for TTV-DNA by the seminested polymerase chain reaction. Serial samples were additionally analyzed in patients with TTV-DNA. Fifteen of 25 recipients (60%) were positive for TTV-DNA after transplant, whereas it was detected in only two of 20 BMT donors (10%). In patients positive for TTV-DNA before BMT, the amount of TTV-DNA decreased to an undetectable level during the myelosuppressed period after BMT. We also found that there was a novel group of TTV, G3, classified by the EPATIC DYSFUNCTION IS one of the frequent complica- tions after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Some of them are caused by drug toxicity or tumor infiltration. Hepatic venoocclusive disease (VOD), which is characterized by painful hepatomegaly, ascites, and jaundice, is considered to be a toxicity of preparative regimen before BMT. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) also causes severe hepatic injury, which is difficult to treat. We, however, sometimes meet with hepatic dysfunction of unknown etiology. Posttransfusion hepatitis, which has been reduced by screening for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), is still responsible for a part of hepatic problems. Hepatitis G virus (HGV), also called GB virus C, is a recently discovered transfusion- transmissible flavivirus and had been expected to be a responsible agent for posttransfusion hepatitis. 1 However, accumulating data showed that this virus rarely causes hepatitis. 2 Studies in bone marrow transplant recipients also failed to show the relationship between HGV infection and liver injury, although immunosuppres- sion associated with BMT might increase the risk of HGV infection after transfusion-related exposure. 3-6 Nishizawa et al7 cloned a novel DNA virus from serum of a patient with posttransfusion hepatitis. The virus was designated TT virus (TTV) after the patient from whom it was derived. The name also stands for a ''transfusion- transmitted virus''. TTV-DNA was detected in sera from three of five patients with posttransfusion non-A to G hepatitis, and the increase in serum TTV-DNA coincided with the elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). 7 Now, it is highlighted as a candidate for the causative agent for such hepatitis. TTV is an unenveloped single-stranded DNA virus of at lease 3,700 bases and resembles parvovirus in some features. 8 However, little is known about the clinical characteristics of the virus except for the 12% prevalence in Japanese blood donors. 8 Whether TTV is replicated in the liver is also unknown. In this study, we retrospectively investigated the prevalence and clinical impact of TTV in 25 BMT recipients at our institute.


K excitation and K-K transfer cross sections have been investigated in a systematic way for nearly symmetric collisions of 300 MeV Kr and 200 MeV Fe ions with various targets. Solid targets have been used and cross sections have been extracted by an analysis of the projectile and target K X-ray yield dependence on target thickness, taking into account the effects of non-immediate L equilibrium. The rotational model keeps some validity in this intermediate velocity range ( nu / nu K<or approximately=0.5): a quantitative comparison of summed experimental K vacancy cross sextions and theoretical predictions is allowed by a separate estimate of the 2p pi MO vacancy number, taking into account the dynamical couplings of the 2p pi MO in the first part of the collision. K-K transfer cross sections are also extracted from the K X-ray yield dependence on target thickness and discussed in terms of various two-state models.


Business model and business model innovation. E-business model and piggyback. Payments systems in progress: e-payment and m-payment. A benchmarking: the context of eletronic and mobile payments. Piggyback strategy: an absolute innovatio?


The artist investigates the abysses, the limits of his existence, and, from there, he tries to bring to the plane of the sayable his desires, his desires, that which distresses him, that horrifies him. Between those limits that he perceives and inquires, he discovers the possibility of dying as irrebatable; which, in his daily life, is hidden from him.Production and aesthetic experience —liberating time for something in which we regularly live together— give the existing human the viability of revealing his own possibility of dying, his existence as a temporality; and then, revaluing each moment as unique and unrepeatable in responsibility of having to choose, invariably, in your being until death. KeywoRdS Art; time; finiteness; aesthetic experience Art As A Prelude to the terrible Artículos Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons AtribucionNoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional


Peak water is a concept that is increasingly used to describe a tipping point in time for glaciated drainage basins, where annual discharge reaches a maximum and thereafter is in continual decline. Millions of people across the globe depend on glacial meltwater, especially in regions such as the Himalayas and the Andes, and therefore current and future changes in meltwater generated flow and downstream water availability are important for society and ecosystem services. Due to the long-term negative consequence of glacier retreat on freshwater resources, peak water in glaciated basins has received more attention in recent years. Using an example case study from the Peruvian Andes, we highlight crucial considerations around scale, process, and terminology when measuring, modelling, and communicating peak water in glaciated basins. Through the application of commonly used peak water calculation methods, we explore the influence of these considerations on the estimation of peak water timing. One such consideration is the processes affecting discharge aside from direct glacial melt, such as catchment storage (aquifers, wetlands, lakes), precipitation, and human activities. In our example case study of the Rio Santa basin in Peru, we find that these factors may all play a much larger role than originally assumed. Subsequently, some peak water estimates may not isolate glacial melt peak water, but instead represent “basin peak water”. Depending on the basin of interest, these aspects can play a significant role in water availability, and thus in peak water estimates. We believe that these nuisances are important for ensuring that the peak water concept is appropriately communicated to end-users, and to inform suitable water management. As a scientific community, we now have an opportunity to assess and find ways to move forward with a unified approach to the terminology and communication of peak water.


The ultrastructure of cardiac muscle from dystrophic mice was compared with that of their non-dystrophic littermates. Among the abnormalities observed in the fine structure of the muscle fibers in the dystrophic animals were increased lipid, swollen mitochondria, swollen tubules of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, supercontracted myofibrils, and partially separated intercalated discs. The ventricular muscle appeared to be the region most often affected; in only one of eleven animals did the atrium show discernible effects of the dystrophy. Although a progression of degenerative events seemed to occur, a time schedule could not be determined because of the large variation among hearts of dystrophic animals. The ultrastructure of the hearts from non-dystrophic littermates was normal. It appears that the depressed cardiac function caused by the myopathy may play a major role in the early death of the dystrophic mice, as in the case of dystrophic hamsters and men. Most of the ultrastructural abnormalities observed could be accounted for if there were an elevation of intracellular free Ca++ concentration.


Three discussions of a paper with the aforementioned title by Dounias and Potts, published in this journal (Volume 119, Number 12, December 1993), are presented. The first discusser focuses on the direct shear box (DSB) overestimated peak strengths compared with ideal simple stress. Day questions the conditions that cause the highest overestimate of 7.5 percent and the soil type to which it corresponds. The second discusser presents results from DSB tests on crushed glass that demonstrate the nonuniform distribution of stresses in the sample during shearing. Drescher's results are in qualitative agreement with the results of the writers. The last discusser suggests the use of a combination of stress and displacement boundary conditions for the numerical modeling of the DSB. Pan comments that the authors' conclusions could not be supported for various reasons. Discussions are followed by closure from the authors.


SUMMARY about its burden and people's health seeking behavior. Among 1,751 households (9,114 people) studied, 3.5% (317/9,114) had RI (fever, cough, and sore-throat) 30 days before the survey [6.3% in rural and 2.3% in peri-urban areas (P<0.001)]. Of all sick persons, 77% sought treatment [94% in peri-urban and 48% in rural areas (P<0.001)] and 31.5% of them selfmedicated [55.5% in peri-urban and 29% in rural areas (P<0.001)]. Sick people in peri-urban areas preferred to chose private clinics and pharmacies as their first treatment option while in rural areas they frequently consulted with village health volunteers and visited the health centre as their first choice. Distance, costs of care, and service availability are the most important determinants of seeking care. The differences in the RI burden and health seeking behavior between the two areas of Laos are probably due to the difference in health service availability and socio-economic status


Semiclassical transformation theory implies an integral representation for stationary-state wave functions ψ m ( q ) in terms of angle-action variables ( θ, J ). It is a particular solution of Schr¨odinger's time-independent equation when terms of order ¯ h 2 and higher are omitted, but the pre-exponential factor A ( q, θ ) in the integrand of this integral representation does not possess the correct dependence on q . The origin of the problem is identified: the standard unitarity condition invoked in semiclassical transformation theory does not fix adequately in A ( q, θ ) a factor which is a function of the action J written in terms of q and θ . A prescription for an improved choice of this factor, based on succesfully reproducing the leading behaviour of wave functions in the vicinity of potential minima, is outlined. Exact evaluation of the modified integral representation via the Residue Theorem is possible. It yields wave functions which are not, in general, orthogonal. However, closed-form results obtained after Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization bear a striking resemblance to the exact analytical expressions for the stationary-state wave functions of the various potential models considered (namely, a P¨oschl-Teller oscillator and the Morse oscillator).


agonist AZD9343 inhibits transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations and acid reflux in healthy volunteers: a phase I study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 30: 937–46. 10. Boeckxstaens GE, Rydholm H, Lei A, et al. Effect of lesogaberan, a novel GABA(B)-receptor agonist, on transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations in male subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 31: 1208–17. 11. Vakil NB, Huff FJ, Cundy KC. Randomised clinical trial: arbaclofen placarbil in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease–insights into study design for transient lower sphincter relaxation inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 38: 107–17. 12. Rodriguez L, Rodriguez P, Gomez B, et al. Long-term results of electrical stimulation of the lower esophageal sphincter for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Endoscopy 2013; 45: 595–604.


Previous research has classified smokers and non-smokers on the basis of their attitudes and behaviours towards smoking and smoking restrictions.1–3 Work by Poland et al ,1 using data from 1996, concluded that Ontario smokers clustered into three groups: (1) 'adamant' smokers who believe smoking restrictions have gone too far and are unlikely to accommodate non-smokers; (2) 'easy going' smokers who support smoking restrictions and will not smoke around non-smokers; and, (3) 'reluctant' smokers who support smoking restrictions and are concerned that others know they smoke. Similarly, non-smokers clustered into: (1) 'adamant' non-smokers who do not tolerate smoking in their attitudes and their actions; (2) 'unempowered' non-smokers who oppose smoking but tend not to act on it; and, (3) …


Condition of pedestrian way at Jalan Khatib Sulaiman is generally not good and many problems, that is suffered a lot of damage, the occurrence of the transfer function, and narrowing space pedestrian path. Based on the formulation of the problem then the question of this research is How is the Quality and Level of Service of Pedestrian in Khatib Sulaiman Street Corridor Padang City? The purpose of this research is to know the quality and pedestrian level of service on Khatib Sulaiman Street corridor. Pedestrian ways quality analysis was conducted using PEQI approach, while level of service analysis used Level Of Service (LOS) analysis with High Capacity Manual (HCM 2000) method. The method used in this research is quantitative method with descriptive analysis and evaluative analysis. Based on the analysis known that the personal characteristics of pedestrians are 18-50 years old with the type of student. The activity that dominates on the pedestrian track is important activity. Types of land use around the pedestrian lanes are residential areas, trade & services, offices, schools/campuses, and the mosque of Kota Padang as a tourist attraction and landmark. Based on the land use, the pattern of pedestrian movement is dominantly moving from the settlement area to the commercial area. The results of pedestrian path quality analysis showed the quality of the intersections are in category III (basic category) and the quality of the path in category IV (bad category). The result of level of service analysis shows that is service level based on current or based on entrance space at service level D (bad service level). The results of quality analysis and pedestrian level of service can be used as a basic reference for the government as a provider of pedestrian ways.


Software-Defined Networking (SDN), controlling underlying network devices (i.e., data plane) in a logically centralized manner, is now actively adopted in many real world networking environments. It is clear that a network administrator can easily understand and manage his networking environments with the help of SDN. In SDN, a network operating system (NOS), also known as an SDN controller, is the most critical component because it should be involved in all transactions for controlling network devices, and thus the security of NOS cannot be highly exaggerated. However, in spite of its importance, no previous works have thoroughly investigated the security of NOS. In this work, to address this problem, we present the NOSArmor, which integrates several security mechanisms, named as security building block (SBB), into a consolidated SDN controller. NOSArmor consists of eight SBBs and each of them addresses different security principles of network assets. For example, while role-based authorization focuses on securing confidentiality of internal storage from malicious applications, OpenFlow protocol verifier protects availability of core service in the controller from malformed control messages received from switches. In addition, NOSArmor shows competitive performance compared to existing other controllers (i.e., ONOS, Floodlight) with secureness of network assets.


The use of ranks has a long history stretching back to 1945 with the seminal work of Wilcoxon. Early nonparametric rank tests were developed for the basic one- and two-sample designs and then extended to the one- and two-way layouts. These tests are popular because of their nonparametric property along with their good efficiency and robust properties. In this entry, we describe and illustrate how to extend rank-based methods to the general linear model including regression, analysis of variance, and analysis of covariance. We also describe a coefficient of determination that is useful when assessing the fit of a model to the data.

Keywords:

rank test;
R-estimates;
linear model;
regression;
analysis of variance;
analysis of covariance


We briefly discuss the differences among several methods to generate a scenario tree for stochastic optimization. First, the Monte Carlo Random sampling is presented, followed by the Fitting of the First Two Moments sampling, and lastly the Michaud sampling. Literature results are reviewed, taking into account distinctive features of each kind of methodology. According to the literature results, it is fundamental to consider the problem's unique characteristics to make the more appropriate choice on sampling method.


Aeroengine thrust estimation is an important problem for direct thrust control since it is unmeasurable. Many methods and algorithms have been proposed to solve this problem. Unfortunately, almost all these methods can only estimate aeroengine thrust when the engine is in steady state. Hence, this study proposes an algorithm based on long short-term memory networks and gradient boosting for aeroengine thrust estimation in transition state. The newly proposed algorithm can estimate thrust of an aeroengine when its working state is changed from one steady state to another. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can be well applied to estimate aeroengine thrust in transition state and the estimated precision can meet the requirements of thrust estimation.


Self camera calibration based on purely rotational movement of camera receives the most attention among different calibration methods. The purely rotational approach, however, assumes the camera rotates around its optical center, therefore yielding no translation. This assumption is not realistic since in practice the precise location of optical center is often unknown and rotation is often performed about an unknown but fixed point near the optical center. The rotation is therefore not pure in the sense that relative translation is introduced between two rotated camera frames. In this paper, we introduce a new rotation-based self camera calibration method, which explicitly accounts for the unknown translation. The problem is mathematically formulated and solved taking the translation into consideration. Experiments with both synthetic and real data show that the systemic errors from the ignorance of the translation can be effectively eliminated by our approach.


The objective of this research is to find out the conditional relationship between beta and stock returns for the period 1999 to 2013 in the Sri Lankan market. This study tests whether the beta factor has an ability to influence on the stock returns and attempts to investigate the conditional relationship between beta and stock returns in Sri Lanka. This study reveals that the relationship between beta- return is positive during the up market condition and the relationship is negative during the down market condition in Colombo Stock Exchange during the study period. Therefore, the beta-realized return relationship is hold in the Colombo Stock Exchange with market condition such as up and down markets.


We have found one of the possible conditions under which the Beltrami equation with degeneration of ellipticity has a continuous solution of the Sobolev class. With some additional requirements, this solution is homeomorphic


The invention relates to an LED lens capable of being used for a direct LCD backlight. The lens is an axial symmetry entity made of transparent materials and comprises a bottom surface, a side, an upper curved surface and a center curved surface, wherein the bottom surface is a light incident surface; the side is a light refracting interface; the upper curved surface is the light refracting interface; and the center curved surface is the light refracting interface. The lens is arranged on an LED and enables the transmission direction of light rays entering the lens to change so as to obtain good light intensity distribution and realize the uniform illumination of the LED.


A unique filtration method and device (10) which continuously removes several gas phase contaminants from an air stream through the use of partially hollow wicking fibers (20) impregnated with a selected liquid which can capture the gas phase contaminants. The wicking fibers (20) are generally disposed parallel and are formed into a filter element (12) which extends from the air stream to be cleaned into another air stream which can strip and carry away the unwanted gas phase contaminants. The gas phase contaminants are conveyed to the stripping air stream by a concentration factor induced molecular migration. The air stream to be cleaned is directed through a compartment (16) across which the filter element (12) extends so the complete air flow is through filter element (12). Filter element (12) also extends into another compartment (18) through which the stripping air stream flows. The wicking fibers (20) include internal longitudinal cavities (22) each with a relatively small longitudinal extending opening (24). The wicking fibers (20) are filled with the selected contaminant removing liquid through capillary action by which the individual wicking fibers (20) rapidly draw the selected liquid, with which they come into contact, through the internal cavities (22). The absorption liquid remains within the wicking fiber cavities (22) and generally does not enter the space between the wicking fibers yet through the longitudinal openings (24) the liquid is in full communication with the air stream flowing past the fibers (20).


Frederic W. Whitehurst, the 50-year-old Ph.D. chemist whose whistleblowing led to a major overhaul of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's crime lab, has reached an out-of-court settlement with the FBI for more than $1.1 million and has resigned from the bureau. The settlement will provide Whitehurst with the salary and pension he would have received had he remained at the FBI until the bureau's normal retirement age of 57. In addition, the FBI has agreed to pay his legal fees of about $258,000. Whitehurst had been on leave with pay since January 1997 and was suing the bureau for retaliation triggered, he claimed, by his persistent charges of sloppy lab practices and policies. As part of the settlement, Whitehurst dropped this lawsuit. Separate charges—that the FBI and the Justice Department violated Whitehurst's rights under the Federal Privacy Act and the Freedom of Information Act—also have been settled out of court for $300,000. One of his ...


Among the universe of civil society organisations a special one gained significance in Germany in the last decades. It is an organisation of a higher order compared to ordinary civil society organisations in performing overall functions in the realm of civil society. These organisations among others stimulate civic engagement, gather and channel private and organisational engagement, support it and make it more visible to the public. Volunteering centres, community foundations and similar organisations can be seens as backbones and nodal points of a flourishing and independent civil society. This paper descibes the astonishing rise of civil society infrastucture (CSI) in Germany within the last decades. In doing so, the recent developments of the movement with regard to ownership, regional distribution, performed functions and financial ressources are described.Finally, the hypothesis will be posed that the emergence of CSI were accompanied and strongly influenced by a transition of the german state towards a more liberal state conception. ]


INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common chronic musculoskeletal diseases both in dogs and cats, affecting 20% of dogs over one year of age1 and about 60% of cats aged over 6 years2. OA is a significant cause of pain and disability. In dogs, it is characterised by lameness and pain with joint manipulation, whereas in cats joint pain is mainly manifested by behavioural changes, such as less jumping and grooming. One of the main mechanisms responsible for the generation of joint pain is the activation of nociceptors located on the terminal branches of joint type III (A-delta fibre) and type IV (C fibre) primary afferent nerve fibres3. Interestingly, synovial mast cells (MCs) have been identified in close proximity to both these types of knee joint afferents4. Neuromediators are known to stimulate MC degranulation, resulting in the local release of proinflammatory and hyperalgesic mediators5,6. Cytological studies have shown that synovial MC numbers are elevated in OA when compared with normal controls7. Particularly, MCs containing tryptase seems to be strikingly increased in OA synovial tissues8, and tryptase has a crucial role in the activation of pain pathways9. An established animal model of OA pain involves the intraarticular injection of the glycolysis inhibitor monosodium iodoacetate (MIA), which disrupts cartilage metabolism, thus leading to chondrocyte death and subchondral bone lesions consistent with the pathologic changes seen in naturally occurring OA. Electrophysiologic and behavioural studies have shown that joint nociceptors are sensitized in the MIA model, leading to the generation of joint pain10. Glupamid (N-palmitoyl-D-glucosamine) is the amide of palmitic acid and glucosamine, and is thought to incorporate both the effects of the aliamide palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and those of the chondroprotective compound glucosamine. PEA exerts a significant antinociceptive effect in a model of chronic pain11 and this effect is mediated, at least in part, by the down-modulation of local MC activity12. Furthermore, Glupamid has also been shown to fine-tune MC degranulation in vitro13. Given these findings, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Glupamid on experimentally induced OA pain.


Taiyuan the central city of Shanxi province,is the center of funds,information flow,talent flow and material flow,etc.It must give play to gathering,diffusion and radiating function of the central city.This text analyzes the development situation of Taiyuan city and the status in Shanxi province in recent years then proposes that Taiyuan must highly pay attention to developing the producer services,build the material flow center funds center information center communications and transportation center and research and development center of Taiyuan city and Shanxi province,and then promote industrial structure adjustment,promote the growth of new economy,reduce the environmental pollution,and finally realize the overall development of economy and society of Taiyuan city and Shanxi province.


This paper sets out the research and thinking associated with the development of a proposal to use a Regional Identity Collaborative model as a long-term solution to accelerate the development and growth of industrial companies. The issue of industry support for development and growth was identified in research interviews and discussion with companies in the Moorabbin project - a regional industry development research project being conducted in the Moorabbin area of Melbourne, Australia. The paper is presented in the context of using systems thinking and learning organization theory in a regional structure. The paper uses the results and experiences of the Moorabbin project research to define the perimeter of the situation in the region. It then draws on people and organizational learning behaviour to develop a Regional Industry Collaborative model to support companies in the region. The paper concludes with a review of the potential of the trial implementation of the model and identifies some of the impediments and critical success factors for the implementation of the model.


Abstract The stability to pH and denaturing agents of crystalline leucine aminopeptidase (bovine lens) (EC 184.108.40.206) is reported. The native enzyme exhibited a molecular weight of 327,000. In 7 m urea below pH 3 and in ≥3.7 m guanidinium chloride below pH 8.5, both leucine aminopeptidase and its reduced and carboxamidomethylated derivative exhibited a molecular weight on equilibrium centrifugation of 54,000 ± 4000 in the presence or absence of mercaptoethanol. A similar value (57,000) for the subunit of the enzyme or its carboxamidomethylated derivative was found on gel electrophoresis after incubation in 0.1 to 1.2% sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of mercaptoethanol.


For the third consecutive year the Editors of the American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology have supported the research efforts of Early Career Investigators whose work provides new insights into the mechanisms, from the molecular to the organismal levels, underlying integrative physiology in health and disease. The 2018 award was shared by Luana Schito (Sunnybrook Institute, Toronto) and Anna Stanhewicz (Penn State University) (4, 6). The 2019 New Investigator Review Award competition has now concluded and four manuscripts were considered for the top prize. We are pleased to announce that the manuscript entitled "Revisiting the roles of protein synthesis during skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by exercise," submitted by Vandre C. Figueiredo (University of Kentucky) has been selected by the Editors for this distinction. Dr. Figueiredo began his review by reminding the reader that there remains considerable debate regarding the molecular factors that contribute to resistance exercise skeletal muscle hypertrophy. The review addresses this topic by balancing an overview of traditional models that have focused on increases in acute protein synthesis rates (i.e., translational efficiency) with a revised model focused on ribosome biogenesis (i.e., translational capacity). Central to the traditional model are numerous experimental designs that demonstrate increases in protein synthesis rates with acute resistance exercise, but do not adequately account for chronic adaptations. Dr. Figueirdo (2) presents evidence that rodents and humans both demonstrate ribosome biogenesis in response to chronic resistance exercise. Ribosome biogenesis increases translational capacity, which contributes to elevated rates of muscle protein synthesis even at rest. This challenges the concept that protein synthesis is "short lived" and primarily associated with the acute bouts of intermittent loading. Instead, the revised model posits that ribosomal biogenesis and translational capacity, and not simply translational efficiency, are important contributors to protein synthesis and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Dr. Figueirdo (2) acknowledges that the relative importance of translational efficiency versus capacity in muscle hypertrophy remains unknown and identifies this as a key area of future research. Three additional finalists for the award have been accepted for publication. Nicholas T. Kruse (University of Iowa) proposed "Nutraceuticals as a potential adjunct therapy toward improving vascular health in chronic kidney disease (CKD) (3)." Dr. Kruse points out that the vascular dysfunction in CKD can be ameliorated by reducing oxidative stress-mediated inflammation and proposes that approaches designed to reduce oxidative stress and restore nitric oxide bioavailability might prove salutary. This review highlights novel information about three classes of nutraceutical approaches (polyphenols, dietary nitrates, and mitochondrial targeting) that might, if studied further and translated to humans, provide a novel approach to the treatment of CKD. The review entitled "Exercise stimulates beneficial adaptations to diminish doxorubicin-induced cellular toxicity" by Ashley J. Smuder (University of Florida) reminds us that the antitumor agent doxorubicin (DOX), which is effective in the treatment of multiple cancers, carries its own numerous side effects resulting from off target cellular toxicities (5). Since exercise has been demonstrated to protect against some dysfunction during DOX therapy, Dr. Smuder suggests that by establishing patient-specific exercise regimens in advance of chemotherapy, some of the pathophysiological effects of DOX might be reduced, particularly those in the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, and kidneys. Helene N. Daou (Sorbonne University, Paris) reviewed the literature on the possible role of interleukin-6 (1) in "Exercise as an anti-inflammatory therapy for cancer cachexia." Although IL-6 is considered by most to be a negative factor by acting as one of the many cytokines that stimulate tumor growth and metastasis, as well as driving skeletal muscle atrophy and wasting, Dr. Daou points to the emerging body of knowledge identifying IL-6 as a protropic myokine that exerts anti-inflammatory actions by suppressing TNFproduction during exercise. If the proand anti-inflammatory pathways can be isolated uniquely, not only will more knowledge be gained concerning the pleiotropic actions of the IL-6, but also that information may leverage the development of novel antiinflammatory agents. We congratulate all four finalists for their work and their contributions to the journal. Each in their own right provides excellent evidence of the importance of integrative and translational physiology to the development of novel approaches to clinical care. These manuscripts also highlight the commitment of the Editors of the American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology to provide opportunities for early career physiologists to demonstrate their ideas and accomplishments.


Objectives: Testicular tumors are the most common malign tumor in men aged 15-35 years. Early diagnosis and treatment is crucial in testicular cancer because if detected at an early stage, testicular cancer can be completely cured. Because of this reason increase in awareness and regular testicular self-examination (TSE) is recommended in the early diagnosis of testicular cancer. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude and behaviors of students about testicular cancer and testicular self-examination. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in Health care vocational schools of 2 different universities between November 2018 and January 2019. Data were obtained by a self-applied questionnaire comprised of four sections. Results: One hundred and six (37.7%) participants could not answer any question correctly. While 65.8% (n = 185) of the participants stated that they had heard of testicular cancer, the rate of those who heard about TSE was 17.8% (n = 50). Only 5.7% (n = 16) of the participants reported performing TSE. Binary logistic regression analysis was shown that the following factors increase men's intention to perform TSE: Students' academic unit [OR = 4.36, 95% CI: 1.37-13.88], age [OR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.008-0.72], city [OR = 0.64; 95% CI: 1.151.49], those who have heard of TC before [OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.016-0.917], received information about TC [OR = 0.001, 95% CI: 0.015-0.309], and those who have heard of TSE before [OR = 0.01; 95% CI: 0.0010.079]. Conclusions: One-third of the university students had never heard of testicular cancer, and TSE was not sufficiently practiced. There is a lack of information on this issue. It was thought that organizing training programs on the subject would raise awareness and save lives by early diagnosis.


Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to offer insights into university asset management (AM) and describe the impact that the various determinants have on the process of university AM. The process of university AM is influenced by a range of determinants. Design/methodology/approach – A literature review and a case study were used to achieve the research objective. The case study involved two data collection techniques – interviews and document analysis. Findings – Changing conditions of state-run universities, such as decreasing number of students and a tendency to increase the proportion of scientific research activities, require flexible adjustments to the size and structure of the universities' facility base. Reductions in government grants and increasing maintenance costs of university assets have made it necessary to manage both existing and future assets more effectively to achieve measured improvement of environmental and social performance, to fulfil strategic responsibilities and to create shar...


As China launched the direct election in the township head level, the incremental grass-root politics is paving the way to build a reformed incentive mechanism and low-level democracy. There is an on-going debate between innovation theory and stability theory for the township head elections. The former argues that direct election does not involve any violation of constitution Therefore election is the solutions to claim regime legitimacy, remain party control over rules and proceedings, strengthen political check and balance, reduce the bureaucratic corruption, and moderate social conf1icts. But the stability theory contends that direct election is not the only effective way of governance. It maybe revives family-based inf1uence; legitimize mafia, cause vote-buying, and contributing to negative impact on social control. This paper examines the direct election cases to illustrate the main motivation of promotion comes from the tacit consent and support of local party-state system. Local leadership launches various political innovations in village elections in order to obtain performance and promotion. But the efforts create dilemma and controversy, including the debate of benign violation of constitution vs. reform in violation of the law, the ambiguity of reform attitude, and principle of party-controlled cadres. This paper concludes that most reforms in township elections are only case-by-case trial and have not developed into a comprehensive systematic reform. Individual local innovation can not make a wave to change the "isolated island" phenomenon and dilemma.


Machine learning is the study of how programmed algorithms can learn useful knowledge from data automatically. As a sub-field of machine learning, reinforcement learning (RL) focuses on problems that require sequential decision making. In particular, it is about interacting with the environment and taking action according to the environment information sequentially to maximizing some rewards. Reinforcement learning attracts many interests due to its recent successes in robotics as well as playing video games, GO, and poker. However, the fundamental challenges in reinforcement learning still limit its applications to real-world, cost and risk sensitive applications. One major challenge is relatively low sample efficiency in most systems. Sample efficiency is a term used to describe how well the samples are used to train the model. Because of low sample efficiency, it requires a huge number of samples to reach a certain level of performance. In most algorithms of reinforcement learning, methods such as experience replay are used to increase the sample efficiency. In the experience replay, a certain number of samples are saved in a buffer and new data will replace the oldest data in the set. When training, data will be randomly selected from the buffer. However, this will generate the problem of distribution mismatch, as the data chosen this way may not match the current model. In my research, methods are designed so that the samples collected from the past can reflect the current model. That will allow the model to use the data more effectively and thus increase its training efficiency.


The paper presents basic first order results of nonlinear elastic theory by Murnaghan for elastic wave propagation in isotropic solids. The authors especially address the problem of resonant scattering of two collimated beams and present analytical solutions for amplitudes of all possible types of resonant interactions for elastic plane waves. For estimation of nonlinear scattered waves they use measured elastic parameters for sandstone. The most profound nonlinear effect is expected for interactions of two SH waves generating compressional P wave at sum frequency. Estimations show that nonlinear phenomena is likely to be observed in seismic data. Basic equations of nonlinear five-constant theory by Murnaghan are also presented.


Summary form only given. As high density integration of magnetic devices are realized, the role of interaction between small single domain islands becomes a very important concern. In a previous paper (IEEE Trans. Magn. vol.37, p.2049-2051, (2001)), we established that interconnected 30 nm thick Ni/sub 81/Fe/sub 19/ segments switch at a single field and the process appears to be governed by parallel rotation as described by modified Jacobs-Bean chain-of-spheres model. In this study, we focus on the switching characteristics of interelement submicron Ni/sub 81/Fe/sub 19/ segments as a function of spacing. A salient result is the increase of the switching field with decreasing spacing between the segments reaching the maximum value for zero spacing. Interestingly when the segments overlap, the switching field becomes lower than the maximum. In disjointed segments, effective external field is a combination of applied field and the monopolar stray-field from neighboring islands. In connected segments arrays, the spin-spin interaction dominates so that the switching field is determined by the reverse nucleation field at the ends of the array. We also investigated the reversal behavior of the connected segments as a function of the angle, /spl alpha/ and the external field, H. The switching field dependence on /spl alpha/ is also shown. The reversal field reaches minimum at 45/spl deg/. A coherent rotation model which includes the effect of the array geometry will be used to explain these trends.


Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is widely employed in electrical insulation systems, which demands a high stability against degradation due to the effects of salinity and oxidation in the presence of moisture. PTFE can be used at high temperatures up to 250/spl deg/C. In this paper a study on the loss of hydrophobicity of PTFE in the presence of moisture, different sailinities and temperatures is reported. The hydrophobicity is a property of the surface, which gives indication of the degree of resistance to the formation of a continuous film of water. The loss of hydrophobicity is due to the degradation of the material in wet and polluted conditions. PTFE specimens were immersed in saline solutions where the conductivity was varied from 5 /spl mu/S/cm to 100 mS/cm. The temperature of the solutions were 23/spl plusmn/2, 44/spl plusmn/2 and 73/spl plusmn/2/spl deg/C. The loss of hydrophobicity was measured by determining the contact angle of a droplet of distilled water on the PTFE surface. It was observed that the decrease in the contact angle depended on the combined stress of salinity, temperature and duration of immersion. The influence of a radio frequency (RF) discharge and dc stress on the loss of hydrophobicity was studied. The increase in the weight and the change in the surface roughness and their correlation with hydrophobicity of the specimens are also reported.


The therapeutic use of Bisphosphonates has increased in the last decade. The long-term use of bisphosphonates has led to a challenging complication related to jaws knows as Bisphosphonate- induced osteoradionecrosis of the jaw BIONJ. In this paper we report a case of BIONJ in a renal sarcoidosis patient with clinical implications and management.


Background: Intercropping is the more profitable cropping system in Agriculture for marginal hold farmers. In this system risk cover in abiotic stress and farmers have gain one crop mostly who are using herbicide to control weeds. Crops raise fast and with controlled weeds. Scientific approach of intercropping increases the productivity per unit area and per unit time under a situation where two crops are grown in a certain row proportion. The selection of compatible crops is one of the important considerations, in deciding economically viable and feasible intercropping system. Chickpea with mustard is a prominent intercropping system in Indian subcontinent. The majority of the farmers adopt this system under recourse constraint conditions. Since Chickpea is a poor competitor for weeds because of its slow growth and limited leaf area development at early stages of crops growth and establishment.Methods: An experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture Farm Gwalior during Rabi season of 2011-12 and 2012-13. The experiment was laid out in Split-Plot Design with three replications. Eighteen treatment combinations comprising three intercropping systems, viz, chickpea (sole), mustard (sole) and chickpea with mustard were taken as main plot treatments and six weed management practices viz, weedy-check, weed free, fluchloralin@ 1.0kg/ha pre-plant incorporation (PPI), pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha as pre-emergene, (PE), Isoproturon 0.75 kg/ha as post emergence (POE) and quizalofop -ethyl @50 ml/ha (PoE) as sub plot treatments. The recommended dose of fertilizer in chickpea 18 kg/ha of nitrogen and 46 kg/ha of P2O5 were applied with equal distribution to both the crops through 100 kg /ha diammonium phosphate as basal application at the time of sowing in rows below the seed. A seed rate of 70 kg and 5 kg/ha for chickpea and mustard was used in their sole crops respectively. Result: Chickpea with mustard intercropping system proved to be the most promising system which obtained more net returns and benefit: cost ratio. So for realizing higher net returns and benefit: cost ratio, chickpea with mustard may be recommended to farmers who are interested in taking both the crops instead of their pure stands as it proved to be economically better and feasible in generating more monetary benefits by spending fewer amounts for their better lively hood security as well as land use efficiency.


A stochastic linear optimization approach for studying demand uncertainty in the aggregate production planning problem is proposed. To realize the integrative decision of production planning and inventory policy, inventory variation in stochastic demand is analyzed, and the average inventory in planning periods is invited into the APP model. The planning output in every period is stochastic variables having the same distributions with the production demands. The approach is demonstrated in case of a Chinese automobile company sensitivity analysis shows the significant influence of production cycle and standard deviation on optimal reproduction point and the expected profit


Aims:  Most of the researches investigating immobilized fungi in chromate [Cr(VI)] bioremediation have used dead cells to adsorb Cr(VI). Therefore, the aim was to identify a Cr(VI)‐reducing fungus with the ability of reducing the toxic Cr(VI) into the much less toxic Cr(III) and to apply the immobilized living fungus in continual reduction of Cr(VI).


Many people are cynical about the potential impacts that travel planning can have in reducing travel by car and increasing mode shift to sustainable transport. Evidence shows that personalised travel planning is a method which achieves real modal shift! It encourages people to use sustainable travel modes for some or all of their journeys, and to reduce the need to travel, through direct liaison with individuals. It is well known that people react better to personal contact than general marketing initiatives. There are a growing number of successful personalised travel planning schemes across Europe and elsewhere, which have resulted in significant levels of mode shift. Successful schemes target specific groups of people who are more likely to be responsive to making changes in their travel behaviour. Concentrating on these groups, surveys are carried out to find out their current travel behaviour and the type of journeys made, and this information is then tied in to the provision of a tailored package of information and incentives to encourage the trial of more sustainable transport modes. Usually, some kind of individual contact will be made with the intended participants in the scheme. This paper aims to focus on both the positive and negative outcomes from the comprehensive review of the regional Personalised Travel Planning pilot schemes carried out across Wales. This detailed appraisal was carried out by Halcrow in conjunction with the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG) who commissioned and funded the 5 pilot studies, each costing £50,000. The paper will also outline comparisons between the Welsh projects and other personalised travel planning schemes in the UK and abroad. As a result of the appraisal, the paper will conclude with a series of best practice examples and recommendations for conducting future schemes across Wales. It is important that the analysis and appraisal from the Wales schemes is shared, as the recommended outcomes are equally applicable to other countries and can therefore be used to encourage other successful schemes. In particular the paper will look at the following: The Welsh Pilot Studies - outlining the positive and negative aspects of each pilot scheme through assessing their suitability, methodology and evaluating their success; Comparisons With Other Personalised Travel Planning Schemes - comparing the Welsh personalised travel planning experience to that of other countries. Successful Personalised Travel Planning - outlining pre-requisites for successful personalised travel planning schemes. Recommendations: Key factors for success including value for money, methodology and monitoring methods of personalised travel planning schemes, for various land use sectors. Personalised Travel Planning: The Future - including thoughts about how personalised travel planning can hold the answer to future mode shift, in line with the emerging Welsh and European transport guidance, targets and aspirations. For the covering abstract see ITRD E135582.


This paper outlines approaches and prospects for the development of genetic and management technologies to address short and long-term effects of climate change on the livelihoods of cassava farmers. Uncertainty has always been a way of life for farmers. Further, they are one of the most vulnerable groups likely to be affected by the looming uncertainties of climate change. The long-term climate trends - drier or wetter, warmer or cooler - are what get the attention in the press, and the most consideration at the policy level. But for farmers, their compelling anxiety is more often about how climate change can increase short-term uncertainty - within a growing season and from one year to the next. Current climate change models have limited power to address these seasonal variations. There are no models of any reasonable reliability that tell a farmer what to expect throughout a growing season, especially when that growing season is for nine months to a year or more, such as for cassava. These short term challenges need to be a high priority for research, while also taking into account projected long-term trends that include higher temperatures, change of long-term precipitation patterns and higher levels of atmospheric CO². Among the most effective of these responses will be biologically-based, effective and low-cost solutions such as genetically improved varieties and integrated pest management. While breeders have a long experience in raising yield potential and selecting for tolerance to predictable drought, the new challenge will be to combine yield potential with resilience in the face of unpredictable variations in the production environment. A resilience strategy has two broad fronts. One is to incorporate specific resilience traits, and the other is to provide a wide range of variability to farmers, in order to cover an array of biotic and abiotic stress scenarios. Climate change means higher research investment if new technologies are to adequately address risk arid uncertainty. (Resume d'auteur)


way for Jews to stake their claim as a collective, as a national minority. She describes Czechoslovakia's interwar Zionist activists as cultural and social entrepreneurs seeking to construct a new kind of Jewish society and a new type of Jew. Lichtenstein argues that Zionism served varied purposes, most significantly as a vehicle of cultural revival and integration. Finally, she demonstrates that Jewish activists, although not always successful, asserted influence in numerous ways, helping shape Czechoslovak state policy towards its Jewish minority between the wars. This richly detailed monograph, based on an array of archival and contemporary secondary sources, is a welcome addition to modern European, but especially modern Jewish, historiography. The excellent maps of the successor states and interwar Czechoslovakia will increase the utility of this book for non-specialists. I would have liked to have seen images of both some of the many historical figures who populate this volume and some of the Jewish spaces, for example, the Hagibor sporting grounds in Prague or the training farms, that Lichtenstein describes so well. One caveat to this engagingly written, interesting and useful analysis of interwar Zionism in Czechoslovakia: I suspect that the myth of that country as 'an exceptionally democratic and western state in interwar Eastern Europe' (55) has long been debunked.


The article aims to identify the impact of climate change on cities in a pandemic. It is shown that the improvement of the ecological state in the world as a whole at the initial stage of the pandemic began to change to the previous levels of environmental pollution as restrictive measures were weakened. Predictably, the impact of COVID-19 has been most devastating in poor and densely populated urban areas, especially for the one billion people living in self-contained settlements and slums around the world. Overcrowding in such places has made it difficult to comply with measures recommended by the World Health Organization such as social distancing and self-isolation. The article raises questions about the reversibility of the transformations that occurred during the pandemic in the daily life of urban residents and the role that cities will play in the future. Particular attention is paid to the initiatives of the European Union to include cities in the implementation of the Green Deal, taking into account its actualization under the influence of the pandemic. Conclusions are drawn that the role of cities in the implementation of environmental objectives and reformatting urban space and infrastructure in the interests of nature and man is increasing. The pandemic has accelerated the process of transition to new environmental standards in the context of increasing the sustainability of cities and the flexibility of their adaptation mechanisms in case of crisis situations. The experience of the European Union in this case can serve as a good example for other regions, countries and cities. The impact of climate issues on the existing and projected infrastructure of cities in the context of the tasks of increasing their sustainability and further application of "smart" technologies to ensure the safety and comfort of human life in the city has increased. The author concludes that for cities that have taken the brunt of the COVID-19 virus, there is still a time lag for transforming their planning and infrastructure in such a way as to enhance the quality of life of the population, its security and saturation of the "desired image of the city" with new elements based on digitalization tools. It is precisely this behavior of cities that is being pushed by the demand of the population - according to surveys of various regional and global agencies, during the pandemic, the proportion of respondents who consider climate change as one of the acute problems of our time has increased.


Volcanic eruptions inject tens to many hundreds of megatons of SO_2 into the troposphere and stratosphere. The
intensity and duration of climate cooling are dependent on the residence time of sulfate aerosols, which in turn are controlled
by oxidative pathways of SO_2 by ozone, H_2O_2, or OH radicals. These reactions lead to mass independent fractionations (MIF)
of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in sulfate aerosols (Bao et al. 2003 and Savarino et al. 2003a,b), measured in ash leachates
and Antarctic ice. Previous studies have not revealed a clear relationship between the sizes of volcanic eruption and
magnitude of MIF's in the sulfate deposited by those eruptions. We present results of a survey of stable isotope
compositions, including Δ^(17)O, of sulfate associated with 9 explosive eruptions between 2 Ma and the present that cover
much of the diversity of sizes and the character of volcanic eruptions. We studied the 0.64Ma, Lava Creek Tuff of
Yellowstone in particular detail. We also measured pedogenic sulfate cements in loess, till, soil, and salts that underlie and
overly ash layers; we found that they either do not contain sulfate, or contain sulfate with Δ^(17)O <0.2‰. Thus, the
observed anomaly in the ash is a property of the volcanogenic sulfate and not of other sulfate.


The invention relates to a method for operating a track-bound vehicle (10), wherein a track-side device (40) detects the presence of the vehicle-side train control device (20) by sensing a signal (S) which is emitted by a vehicle-side train control device (20) of the track-bound vehicle (10), and the track-side device (40) transmits to a control device (60) an information signal (IS) which indicates the detection of the vehicle-side train control device (20). Furthermore, the invention relates to a track-side device (40) and to an arrangement having such a device.


The group-14 tetrahalides ECl4 (E = Si, Ge, Sn) react with two equivalents of Li[C(PMe2)2(SiMe3)] to give the trans-hexacoordinated complexes Cl2E[C(PMe2)2(SiMe3)]2, which were characterized spectroscopically and by structure determinations in the solid state. The complexes were found to crystallize with or without tetrahydrofuran (THF) molecules, depending on the presence or absence of this solvent. In the case of the silicon complex, the structures of both crystal forms were determined, showing slightly different molecular structures of the complexes in the solid state. Without cocrystallized THF, Cl2Si[C(PMe2)2(SiMe3)]2 has no crystallographically imposed molecular symmetry, while in the presence of THF its crystallographic symmetry is C2h (2/m). The tin and germanium complexes were crystallized either with and without THF molecules, respectively, their crystal structures being isotypic with the respective ones of the silicon complex. In all cases, small amounts of the cis-hexacoordinated isomers were also observed in solution, but only in the case of the silicon complex, it was isolated in pure form. It rearranges to the trans isomer at ambient temperature. trans-Cl2Si[C(PMe2)3]3, trans-Cl2Si[C(PPh2)2(SiMe3)]2 and cis-Me2-Si[C(PMe2)2(SiMe3)]2 were likewise obtained.


increased in the unconscious patients. The mean arterial-venous Pco2 difference was normal in conscious patients but significantly reduced in the unconconscious patients in this latter group the mean Pco2 difference between CSF and jugular venous blood was significantly elevated. They concluded that CSF acidosis, present in unconscious patients, both in lumbar and ventricular fluid, is associated with low bicarbonate and relatively high Pco2 values due to acid metabolites and co2 production. The suggestion is that the primary disturbance is a cerebral metabolic acidosis caused by the brain lesion and that the hyperventilation is a secondary compensation mechanism to restore normal intracranial pH. The CSF pH, however, is only correctable by relatively high levels of ventilation, and they suggest that these patients should be artificially ventilated to relieve the respiratory work load, and that the CSF acid-base status is probably a better guide than blood acid-base status for the setting of a mechanical ventilator. However, this view is not generally supported; Froman reported on 2 patients in 1968 and suggested that lowering of the arterial Pco2 had an adverse effect on the patients, presumably by the concomitant reduction in cerebral blood flow. A criticism which can be levelled against the work already mentioned is that comparisons are often made between measurements which are grossly separated in time, and that the intracranial pathology is often mixed. There appear to be no 'follow through' types of study. In a modest pilot trial at Oxford we have tried to follow the time course of events in patients who have received severe head injuries. These patients had an average age of 33 years and all were ventilating spontaneously, in most cases via an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy. It was not considered wise to take CSF samples, so our attention was concentrated on the ventilation and acid-base status in arterial blood. Thirty patients were studied over a 12-month period; 10 patients (33%) died within 3 days; the total deaths were 16 (53 %), the mean survival time being 6-2 days and the median 3 days; some of these patients had other injuries, such as injuries to limbs, and 7 had a mild chest injury; this was not thought to complicate the picture unduly as the percentage venous admixture breathing oxygen was not significantly different from that breathing room air. Hyperventilation was seen only on the day of injury and the succeeding day; thereafter the minute volume settled at about 8 1./min with Paco, values within normal limits. The mean Pao2 on the day of admission was 64 4 mmHg (s.d. 17-9 mmHg). A low arterial pH (mean 7-413) was seen only on the day of injury, thereafter being abnormally raised for the next 11 days of study; this was associated with a nonrespiratory alkalosis of 3 to 5 mEq/litre base excess from the second to the eleventh day following injury. The reason for this finding is not clear; serum chloride, sodium and potassium levels were within normal limits and the effect was not due to the transfusion of stored blood. It is suggested that future studies should include a full metabolic balance and a comprehensive report of our findings will be presented elsewhere (Rucklidge et al., in preparation.) 4cknowledgments: We wish to thank Mr J Pennybacker and Mr J M Potter for their assistance in studying patients under their care.


tivo (sicut in cruce exercitum est in ordine physico), quatenus Christus ipse, victima crucis, se subicit sacramentali ac reali mactationi quae, quamvis de se non sit sacrificalis, tarnen in actu exercito reproducit quidquid physice actum est in ipsa cruce, ac ita ipsam tragoediam et sacrificium Calvariae realiter ac mystice reddit praesens in altari" (p. 1018). Doronzo expresses the hope that this return to the earlier simplicity will put an end to "incessantibus nee foecundis inquisitionibus modernorum de essentia sacrifiai Missae" (p. 1026). This reviewer can only say regretfully that the hope is unfulfilled in his case. The clock has merely been turned back, and it seems that the modern theories are necessary, if not too successful, attempts to explain how it is the identically same Christus passus on Calvary and in the Mass. I t seems that either Doronzo is not clear in defending his position on this point (an unlikely supposition in view of his shining clarity elsewhere in the book) or the theory in its core defies clarification. A final observation may be permitted. In view of the fact that the scholarly author objects to De la Taille's theory chiefly on the score that it can scarcely be reconciled with the mind and words of Trent, his book in complete fairness should carry some reference to an article by De la Taille entitled "The Last Supper and Catholic Divines from Henry VIII to the Council of Trent" (Irish EccL Record, June, 1925). It is the conviction of many serious students of history and of theology that that article (reprinted in the volume, "The Mystery of Faith and Human Opinion Contrasted and Defined," Sheed and Ward, 1930) answered the fearsome objection quite satisfactorily.


Here we give a rigorous account of the consistency and asymptotic normality for certain solutions of estimating equations, of which least squares and maximum likelihood estimation are special cases. Though the material and the proof in particular are technical, it is worthwhile to understand the conditions under which these types of estimators have such desired properties, and how those conditions can be verified, as is done in the examples that follow. Let be given n ∈ N and a set χ, a random vector X ∈ χ, a parameter set Θ ⊂ R with non-empty interior and a function Un : χ ×Θ→ R. We consider the estimating equation


In order to help the information users learn the latest developments of the enterprises and make a sound prediction on the prospect of the enterprises according to their performance, interim financial reports come into being. An analysis of the evolution process shows that the reform on interim financial reports reveals the trend of relevance in content and flexibility in form.


Abstract By means of a toroidal oscillating viscometer, logarithmic decrements of dampings have been measured in presence of HgT1 amalgam at 28.1 atomic percent thallium, at different temperatures, ranging from 12,5°C to 17°C, with fluctuations every 0.25°C. In addition, the solidification process of Hgln amalgam has been investigated.


The objective of this historical study, based on social history and developed in 2008 was to identify Mental Health Brazilian Federal Legislation from 1935 to 2001 and analyze treatment modes used on patients with mental disorders. Thirty-six legal displays were accessed. From 1935 to 1990, Brazilian legislation treated administrative questions in mental health with references to terms like psychopath, mental alienation, and psychopathic reactions, which are now considered pejorative and prejudicial. The results of the legal displays show that in recent years mental health assistance has suffered several transformations. In the period from 1991 to 2001, treatment modes have focused on the care model which seeks a rupture from the hospital-centered model and which emphasizes humanization, social reinsertion, the preservation and rescue of the citizenship of people with mental disorders, as well as the evaluation of these services in order to guarantee these patients' rights. DESCRIPTORS: Mental health. Legislation. Treatment.


A craniomedial approach to the scapulohumeral joint of the dog is described for the removal of large, intraarticular cartilaginous bodies from the medial aspect of the joint. This technique was used successfully in 4 dogs with chronic osteochondritis dissecans in which the medial aspect of the joint was inaccessible through a standard lateral approach.


We investigated detailed species accounts for 26 species of amphibians (belong to 19 genera,8 families and 2 orders),and 50 species of reptiles (belong to 38 genera,12 families and 2 orders) from Chebaling National Nature Reserve,Guangdong province,China,based on several surveys from April 2011 to May 2012,which include 1 revised species and 4 new records of Guangdong province.Its rich in herpetological resources makes an ideal base of science research and education,and it's important to the protection and usage of endemic species of China.


This paper discusses the problem of automatically creating reusable software artifacts. A fundamental model for the structuring of reusable artifact libraries, the acquisition of reusable artifacts into libraries, and the location of reusable artifacts in libraries is described. A knowledge-based method for automatically generating reusable artifacts based on a domain knowledge base and consistent generalization is given. Tools based on this method and employed in the DProto system are described.<<ETX>>


Given the existent risk of opportunism in transactions, formal and informal contracts play a central role in the decision of cooperation of the agents. The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of formal and informal contracts in the decision of cooperation of the agent and also to investigate their joint effects of substitution or complement on the cooperation of the agents. For that, an experiment was performed to test in a laboratorial environment the behavior of agents under the pressure of both contracts. The results of the experiment showed that informal contracts are more effective to guarantee cooperation among agents. Furthermore, formal and informal contracts can be used as substitutes or complements according to the order in which they are applied. When formal contracts precede informal ones, there is an increase in cooperation levels among agents.


In this chapter we outline the conventional accounting rules that are commonly adopted in practice and the legislation that governs accounting. We then examine the role of the UK's Accounting Standards Board along with the International Accounting Standards Board in the preparation of financial statements. The chapter closes with a review of the attempts made to develop a framework of accounting based on generally accepted principles. The Financial Services Authority needs to avoid drawing up a 'lengthy rule book' in response to the financial crisis and instead adopt a principles-based approach in its reform of banking regulation. In its submitted response to the Turner Review, the ICAEW said the City regulator should instead address operational fallings as well as weaknesses in system design and regulatory policy. It should also strive to avoid losing the positive aspects of the work it had previously under-taken from the pressure to change. 'The arguments that the FSA should move towards a more principles-based approach remain valid not least in that such an approach deals better with changing financial markets than a lengthy rule book,' said PwC partner and chair of the ICAEW Financial Service Faculty's Risk and Regulation Committee, John Tattersall. Iain Coke, head of Financial Services Faculty, added: 'Communica-tion, cooperation and coordination between the tripartite authorities can, and should, be improved. It is vital, however the system is structured, that it is made to work effectively at both policy and operational levels. Part of the solution here is for there to be closer dialogue between the FSA and the audit profession on systematic risks.'


How to well apply Support Vector Machine (SVM) technique to multi-class classification problem is an important topic in the area of machine learning. In this paper, we propose a novel method which is different from all the existing ones. By constructing the least number of classifiers, it makes better use of the feature space partition, and can fully eliminate the unclassifiable region. The method is specially designed for 2k-class problems first and could be possibly extended further. We compare the proposed method with several existing ones as one-against-rest (OAR), one-against-one (OAO), decision directed acyclic graph (DDAG), and decision tree (DT) based architecture. Experimental results exhibit good feasibility of the proposed model in term of generalization capability, training time and testing time.


With the number of applications of electronic memory continuing to grow there is an increasing demand for smaller and faster memory products. With the scaling limit ofDRAM approaching and the high power requirements, limited endurance, and radiation sensitivity of Flash there exists the need for a new memory technology. One of the most promising candidates to fulfill this need is based on phase-change materials [1]. Phase-change RAM (PCRAM) does not have the scalability issues of DRAM, consumes less power and has a higher cycle lifetime than Flash, and is radiation resistant [2].


The Residual Analytical Methods of Probenazole in rice have been studied for understand the Residual things of Probenazole in rice after being used.The experiment results show.By increasing,the recovery rate is 80.33%~99.13% in the field soil,water,brown rice and rice plant,meets the need of remain examining.


Context. The theory of remote sensing shows that observing a planet at multiple phase angles (α) is a powerful strategy to characterize its atmosphere. Here, we study this observing strategy as applied to future disc-integrated direct imaging of exoplanets in reflected starlight. Aims. We analyse how the information contained in reflected-starlight spectra of exoplanets depends on the phase angle and the potential of multi-phase measurements to better constrain the atmospheric properties and the planet radius (Rp). Methods. We simulate spectra (500−900 nm) at α= 37◦, 85◦, and 123◦ with a spectral resolution of R∼ 125−225 and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) = 10, consistent with the expected capabilities of future direct-imaging space telescopes. Assuming a H2-He atmosphere, we use a seven-parameter model that includes the atmospheric methane abundance ( fCH4 ), the optical properties of a cloud layer and Rp. All these parameters are assumed to be unknown a priori and are explored with a Markov chain Monte Carlo retrieval method. Results. No single-phase observation can robustly identify whether the atmosphere has clouds or not. A single-phase observation at α= 123◦ and S/N = 10 can constrain Rp with a maximum error of 35%, regardless of the cloud coverage. We find that combining small (37◦) and large (123◦) phase angles is a generally effective strategy to break multiple parameter degeneracies. This enables us to determine the presence or absence of a cloud and its main properties, fCH4 and Rp, with higher confidence in all the explored scenarios. Other strategies, such as doubling S/N to 20 for a single-phase observation or combining small (37◦) and moderate (85◦) phase angles, fail to achieve this. We show that the improvements in multi-phase retrievals are associated with the shape of the scattering phase function of the cloud aerosols and that the improvement is more modest for isotropically scattering aerosols. We finally discuss that misidentifying the background gas in the retrievals of super-Earth observations leads to systematic underestimation of the absorbing gas abundance. Conclusions. Exoplanets with wide ranges of observable phase angles should be prioritized for atmospheric characterization in reflected starlight.


ENSO is a phenomenon that is suspected to influence rice production in Indonesia. In this study, we try to find a direct correlation between ENSO and rice production in this region by using various latest computational time series methods, such as Dynamic Time Warping, Wavelet Coherence, and Bayesian Structural Time Series to quantify the statistical relationship between the Multivariate ENSO Index on annual rice production in 1961 - 2019. We did not find a direct correlation between these two variables, which may be due to the local influence of ENSO on different rice production areas in Indonesia.


In this paper, a spectrally efficient protocol for cooperative transmit diversity is proposed. By allowing multiple nodes to transmit simultaneously, relaying transmission only consumes limited bandwidth resource. To facilitate the performance analysis, the lower and upper bounds of the outage probability are first developed. Then the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) behavior of the cooperative protocol is studied, our analytical results show that the proposed strategy can achieve full diversity. To achieve the performance gain promised by cooperative diversity, an iterative soft interference cancellation minimum mean-squared error (SIC-MMSE) equalizer is then proposed, which utilizes the structure of the cooperative strategy and can provide fast convergence speed.


We consider the low-energy effective action of string theory at order α ′ , including R 2 -corrections to the Einstein-Hilbert gravitational action and non-trivial dilaton coupling. By means of a convenient field redefinition, we manage to express the theory in a frame that enables us to solve its field equations analytically and perturbatively in α ′ for a static spherically symmetric ansatz in an arbitrary number of dimensions. The set of solutions we obtain is compatible with asymptotically flat geometries exhibiting a regular event horizon at which the dilaton is well-behaved. For the 4-dimensional case, we also derive the stationary black hole configuration at first order in α ′ and in the slowly rotating approximation. This yields string theory modifications to the Kerr geometry, including terms of the form a , a


The studies of bone growth in rickets thus far reported have been concerned chiefly with disturbances in growth of endochondral bone. Reports on the rachitic disturbances in endomembranous bone, uncomplicated by the presence of growing crtilage, are lackings except for frequent statements that the bone trabeculae are characteristically bordered by osteoid (Erdheim,lBecks and Ryder,2 McLean 3). Simiarly, little attention has been given to a consideration of the resorption pattern in rachitic bone. The alveolar bone of the incisor and molar regions of the albino rat may serve as a good test object in the analysis of both apposition and resorption, since this bone is undergoing relatively rapid and continuous architectural reconstruction coincident with the physiologic movement of the teeth. In addition, the bone is always in a relatively constant relationship to the tooth which serves as a ready point of reference. An analysis of the alveolar bone, therefore, promises to be of special signifince for the understanding of rachitic bone changes in general. MA R METODS


A new inexpensive, simple to construct, PC based deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) system has been developed that efficiently digitizes and analyzes capacitance and conductance transients by conventional DLTS methods (boxcar, rectangular, and exponential) as well as by several transient methods (nonlinear least squares, modulation function methods, and correlation method of linear predictive modeling). A unique ''pseudo‐logarithmic'' sample storage scheme allows each transient to be sampled at more than 11 different rates, permitting 3 to 5 decades of time constants to be observed in one thermal scan allowing the resolution of closely spaced defect energy levels. The high system flexibility allows weighting times (or transient observation times) to be selected between <200 μs to 3 days. This is the first report that details the merits, including faster response and recovery times, of using the new Boonton 7200 capacitance meter in a DLTS system. This is also the first reported use of the pseudo‐log...


Ionic current rectification (ICR) refers to a phenomenon that an ionic current flowing through a nanopore exhibits a preferential direction. In this paper, we investigate the ICR phenomenon in a conical nanopore embedded within a dielectric membrane using a continuum-based model, which is composed of the Nernst–Planck (NP) equations for the ionic mass transport, the Poisson equation for the electrostatics, and the Navier–Stokes (NS) equations for the flow field. Different from the existing studies, the emphasis of this investigation is placed on the polarization effect of the dielectric membrane on the ionic current and ICR in a conical nanopore. The results show that the polarization effect can influence the ion current and ICR, especially under the conditions of a relatively low κRt, which is the ratio of the nanopore tip radius and the Debye length, and a relatively low surface charge density of the nanopore.


The distributed solar generation possess the potential to overcome the energy deficit in a power system network. However, its high penetration reshapes the system's power flow and causes high fluctuations in voltages and frequency. To overcome the uncertainty and variability issues faced by the solar systems, storage plays a vital role. In this paper, Electric Vehicles (EVs) are used as a Demand Side Management (DSM) tool to mitigate the solar fluctuations. The behaviour of EV's battery to act as a load/source is controlled by three parameters; State of Charge (SoC), output power from PV and system's voltage. Different scenarios have been analysed on a 2MW distributed solar generation system integrated with an IEEE-33 bus radial network using MATLAB/Simulink. The results show that the over/under voltage conditions are mitigated and excess energy generated is utilized effectively by using EVs as a DSM tool.


Introduction. The problem of penetrating ocular injuries with a retained intra-ocular foreign body is socially important; the assessment of the prognosis of the visual outcome in patients remains relevant. Materials and Methods. The objects of the study were 122 patients (119 men, 3 women) with a penetrating ocular injuries with the presence of an intraocular foreign body, who were treated in the microsurgery department № 2 of the 10-th city clinical hospital for a 10-year period. A set of methods was used, including a basic ophthalmological examination and additional instrumental methods. Two groups of patients were distinguished – with favorable (final best corrected visual acuity ≥0,3) and unfavorable (<0,3) outcomes. Results. The general group of the patients was characterized by the predomi-nance of people of young working-age (34.0 [26.0; 47.0] years). The percentage of unfavorable visual outcome was 40.16 %. Retinal detachment (p = 0,012), vit-reous hemorrhage (p = 0,041), inflammatory complications, incl. endophthalmitis (p = 0,001), intraocular foreign body volume (U = 984,0, p < 0,0001) were signif-icantly associated with poor outcome of penetrating injury. The intraocular for-eign body volume associated with poor visual outcome was determined to be more than 4,5 mm3. Conclusion: Establishing of the factors associated with an unfavorable out-come will make it possible to develop effective predictive models for identifying risk groups at an early stage and improve the tactics of treating patients with a penetrating ocular injuries with a retained intraocular foreign body.


FIELD: electricity. SUBSTANCE: electron beam is transported along the curving evacuated channel (1) with a direct-axis (8) as smooth line and the wall (4), fabricated from the material capable to electrisation. Meanwhile the channel, used for transportation, is fitted with the conducting shell adjacent to the external surface (6) of its walls (2), or this surface has a conductive coating (7). The shell or the coating (7) is energised by the potential using the terminals (9), which induces on the internal surface (5) of the channel wall a negative charge with obtaining in the channel of the potential barrier exceeding the maximum energy of electrons of the transported beam. EFFECT: possibility of transportation of high energy electron beams in combination with ensuring of wide freedom of selection of geometrical parameters of the channel without hitting the channel wall by electrons and elimination of necessity in use of devices of magnetic beam control. 3 cl, 3 dwg


inability to fill deeper defects, as subcutaneous fat is usually trimmed from the graft to enhance survival. Additional possible complications include pin-cushioning, persistent dyschromia, and graft failure secondary to skin-edge tension associated with primary closure of the adjacent donor site. In patients who prefer to avoid more involved surgical approaches, a local Burow's graft provides a simple, singlestage, single-site reconstructive option to minimize surgical intervention, and maximize cosmetic and functional outcomes for small(<1.5 cm) to moderately-sized (1.5–2 cm) helical rim defects.


This article analyses participation by the Czech Republic in
United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations. It aims to answer
the question of how and why the Czech Republic participates in
UN peacekeeping. Does it do so because of a commitment to the
values of the international community, or rather because its
own interests are at stake? Using the theoretical notions of
the logic of appropriateness and the logic of consequences—and
the mutual relationship between them—the article attempts to
strengthen the theoretical underpinnings of UN peacekeeping,
which are overwhelmingly thought to be unsatisfactory at
present. The analysis presented reveals that the Czech
Republic's participation in UN peacekeeping operations follows
from the logic of consequences rather than the logic of
appropriateness; the latter is present to a certain extent, but
appears to be secondary at best.


This paper presents a prototype of a three degree of freedom mannequin simulator for rehabilitation education. A three degree of freedom (shoulder 2, elbow 1) model which is similar to the human body is developed. In addition design of mathematical model with consideration about the resistance of muscles and ligaments is proposed. To apply ROM inspection method to the mannequin simulator, this paper introduces the PID controller of the mannequin simulator prototype with the ROM inspection method. Rehabilitation specialists verify the mannequin simulator with the ROM test method, and the validation experiments show that the simulator has "good" levels of similarity.


Based on data of 88 poor counties in Guangxi Yearbook in 2006,the poverty index system was established by using factor analysis method.Types of poverty degree was classified by using standard classification scheme in ArcGIS,the spatial pattern of poverty degree in 88 counties of Guangxi Province and its influencing factors were evaluated.The results showed that there are significant differences among the 88 counties,generally,the poverty degree of counties in the north part was higher than that of in the south part,and counties in the west part was higher than east.The distribution and poverty-driven factors mainly related to topography,location choice,level of urbanization,agricultural production and so on.


taken within each institution and adapted to the particular organization's structure. In some cases clarification of policies and practices requires further guidance from the nursing organizations. Some practices-such as the administration of intravenous therapy by nurses for instance-must be examined in terms of the laws of each state. To keep interest alive and to continue the useful dispersal of findings, we will present the gist of the findings in a series of nontechnical articles which will appear in the Journal. The first step for nursing organizations and institutional administrators will be to analyze the findings and ask, "Is this acceptable practice in nursing?" Their second step will be to state, "If these practices are acceptable, let it be known that they are duties or functions to be assigned to certain categories of personnel." Then, to determine within each institution if the designated personnel have been taught to perform the functions agreed upon. Finally, to ask, "Do the laws of this state permit nurses to carry out this function?" Where fundamental changes in curriculum and practice are involved, educational institutions and accrediting agencies, including state boards of nursing, should be working on solutions. Our primary purpose in this article and in those to follow will be to reach the individual nurses, and their colleagues in allied fields, with interpretations that they can use-to increase their own understanding of the nursing profession, and to promote communication, exploration, and experimentation.


United States Geological Survey, Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Chief Scientist: Mike Bothner. Data of field activity 2011-023-FA (L-23-11-MA) in Oyster Pond,Trunk River, Falmouth, Massachusetts,United States, North America from 04/04/2011 to 04/12/2011, http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/infobank/l/l2311ma/html/l-23-11-ma.meta.html.


An attempt is made to investigate local time linearization techniques for implicit flux-difference splitting and flux-vector splitting schemes in the simplest settings (i.e., first-order spatial schemes and one-dimensional Euler flows). It is noted that first-order spatial schemes provide the simplest examples of schemes which are collective extensions of scalar TVD schemes. Simple analytical results concerning the local linearizations are highlighted and subsequently verified using a numerical fixed-point analysis on selected problems. It is noted that while primary emphasis is on asymptotic behavior, many of the results have implications for time-accurate calculations as well.


This article explores vocal trends associated with hip hop artists of the millennial generation. New vocal techniques such as the use of stylized Auto-Tune, a widening of pitch range, and increased use of paralinguistic utterances associated with emotional distress have permeated the soundscape of hip hop in the twenty-first century. These techniques starkly contrast with the vocal styles associated with Generation X rappers in the 1980s and 1990s, affectively embedding vulnerability into the voices of underground and mainstream hip hop. This chapter approaches the shift in the soundscape of hip hop vocality as a point of embarkation in exploring evolving musical representations of Black masculinity by rappers of the millennial generation.