Reinforced Concrete columns with larger height with respect to lateral dimension are subjected to significant lateral deformation on application of external load (either axial or eccentrical) and subsequently develop secondary moment. This moment induces additional deflection and hence there is an increase in secondary moment. As a result the load-moment curve becomes non-linear. It is obvious that due to this secondary moment the load carrying capacity of the column is reduced. Prediction of ultimate load for reinforced concrete slender columns involves study of buckling through material non-linearity and cracking behaviour of cross section, since the failure occurs in inelastic range. The present design methods of reinforced concrete slender columns suggested by American, British and Indian code provisions are either empirical or involve cumbersome procedure. To circumvent the above, a simple, realistic and rational theory is proposed, incorporating the behaviour of reinforced concrete slender columns rectangular in cross section, bent in single curvature. The theory also incorporates the material non-linearity and effect of cracking at the time of failure. An experimental investigation is undertaken to validate the theory developed. In addition, design charts are prepared based on the theory and a realistic design procedure is proposed for practical applications. INTRODUCTION Slender Reinforced concrete columns are subjected to significant lateral deformation, fails mainly by buckling, due to development of secondary moment. It is obvious that due to this secondary moment the load carrying capacity of the column is reduced (Mac Gregor et al. 1970). In existing practice, the analysis is carried out by various methods like Moment Magnifier Method, Reduction Factor Method and Additional Moment Method (Mac Gregor et al. 1970). The loads thus obtained from first order analysis are modified to account for slenderness effect. Many authors (Guralinic, S.A. and Swartz,E. 1969, Guralinic,S.A. and Suresh Desai, 1970, Mac Gregor et al. 1970, Poun-Hewi Chaung et al. 1998 ) have proposed different procedures to assess the strength of slender columns and to design slender columns. But generally they have used the modulus for concrete as suggested by ACI Specifications and the moment of inertia as either transformed section or modified section (Poon-Hwei Chaung et al. 1998), based on the empirical formula incorporating the stability and cracking behaviour of the column. However, a rational approach for the moment of inertia calculation will be, to incorporate the cracking and variation of cracking along the height of the column. In general the current methods either lack rationalism or simplicity in accounting the effect of lateral deflection, non-linear material characteristics of concrete and cracking of the section in the analysis and design of slender RCC columns. Instead they are either largely empirical or tend to be too complex for every day design office use (Vijaya Rangan 1990). Hence, the aim of this paper is to present a rational, realistic and a simple method to design slender RCC columns which will also find easy application among design engineers. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE Among many researchers who had suggested design procedures for the design of slender columns, pioneering contribution had been made by Mac Gregor (1970,1993,1996), B.VijayaRangan (1990), Guralinic, S.A (1969 & 1970), Swartz,E (1969), Suresh Desai (1970), Poon-Hwei Chaung and Sia-Keong Kong (1998). The theory proposed by Guralinic, S.A. and Swartz, E (1969) is based on the use of transformed section to calculate moment of inertia (Itr) and the modulus of concrete is calculated based on ACI (1963) provisions, which are empirical in nature. Also the procedure is restricted with only two cases i.e., Slender column bent in single curvature due to equal end moments or eccentricities applied simultaneously, since the test data available are not sufficient for other complex cases. Further Guralinic,S.A and Suresh Desai (1970), suggested another procedure based on the moment magnification concept, incorporating second order theory. In which, the central deflection is calculated using Fourier series (Timoshenko, 1961). This procedure correctly predicts the collapse load and modes of failure, but a generalized procedure to analyse the slender column for complicated cases such as column with unequal end moments, column with double curvature, side sway etc., is not developed. Vijaya Rangan (1990) suggested a method based on simplified stability analysis incorporating all the general features including creep. But in this procedure also the modulus of concrete and moment of inertia calculations are more empirical. In the numerical method evaluated by Poon-Hwei Chaung et al (1998) to analyse slender reinforced concrete columns, based on transformation concept, a constant modulus for concrete is obtained from the different secant moduli of reinforcing steel and concrete (Carrasquillo et al.1981) Here, Transformed section is used to calculate the moment of inertia (Itr) which is again empirical. Need for the Present Work The effective flexural stiffness (EI) of a slender reinforced column is strongly affected by cracking and its variation over the height at the time of buckling and inelastic behaviour of concrete and reinforcing steel. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education Vol.12 No. 11 (2021), 6188 6197 Research Article 6189 Flexural stiffness (EI) is, therefore a function of many variables and does not lend itself to very simple analytical equations as suggested by American code (2002) British (1997) and Indian (2000) standards. Hence it is required to develop a theory based on a realistic modulus value of the material at the instant of buckling. Out of various moduli suggested by researchers such as Young's modulus, Tangent modulus, Double Modulus, Secant modulus etc., (Alexander Chajes, 1974), a suitable flexural rigidity is to be arrived at, such that it will truly incorporate the non-linear material characteristics as well as cracking behaviour of the concrete section. An experimental investigation is carried out to validate the proposed theory and a design procedure is suggested to design reinforced concrete slender column incorporating all the above parameters. THEORY A theory has been proposed and published (Parameswaran.P et al. 2004) by the author to analyse a pinended slender reinforced concrete column subjected to axial load with initial imperfections/eccentricity and deforming in single curvature, incorporating the material and geometrical non-linearity of the column. This theory provides a simple, realistic and rational approach to find the strength of the slender column based on the stability criteria. It is assumed that the critical strain occurs at the point of bifurcation and a suitable flexural rigidity (EI) values is evaluated based on the non-linear stress-strain characteristics of the material and the effective cross section at the time of failure. To account for the material non-linearity in concrete, out of many stress-strain relations available, the following (Levi 1961) expression is used for its general acceptance.   2 2 2 85 . 0          o


The traditionally accepted etiology of Scapholunate Advanced Collapse (SLAC) requires traumatic rupture of the scapholunate (SL) ligament which leads to abnormal wrist kinematics and thereafter severe localised degenerative arthritis of the wrist. The purpose of this prospective blinded kinematic analysis was to demonstrate that SLAC wrist also exists in the absence of trauma, and that abnormal carpal bone kinematics (specifically, decreased lunate flexion) is the initiating factor. Patients with SLAC and no history of upper extremity trauma were compared with an age matched control group. All patients completed a questionnaire, personal interview, and a physical examination. A specialised flexion / extension radiographic jig was designed to control for the magnitude of force and position of the wrist in all planes. A total of thirty-five subjects (sixty-nine wrists) were retained for the study, including thirty-three non-traumatic SLAC wrists and thirty-six control wrists. The non-traumatic SLAC group had significantly different radiographic kinematic analysis compared to the control group: increased Watson Stage (2 v 0), SL gap (3.4 v 1.8mm), revised carpal height ratio (rCHR) (77 v 68), SL angle in flexion (forty-one v twenty-eight degrees), and decreased radiolunate (RL) joint flexion (nine v twenty-seven degrees). Most importantly flexion of the asymptomatic non-degenerative wrist of the non-traumatic SLAC group was distributed 70% through the lunocapitate (LC) joint and only 30% through the RL joint (p Non-traumatic SLAC begins with abnormal wrist kinematics. Over time restricted lunate flexion and normal scaphoid flexion leads to increased SL angles and eventual attrition of the SL ligament and predisposes patients to SLAC despite having no history of trauma.


After local autonomy election at 1995, interlocalgovernmental conflict is happening frequently, proceeding to intense dispute in recent. The purpose of this paper is to analyzed the effect factor in locating NIMBY and PIMFY facilities, which institutional, actor's character, environmental factor in focused on dynamics of conflict. According to study, we searched a results that early stage has a good effected on actor's character factor, deepening conflict stage on environmental factor, solution stage on actor's character and environmental factor in Airport Construction Project. In Foreign High School Project, discovered a results that early stage has a powerful effected on the problem solving attitude and leadership type which is similar to leader of local government in both sides, deepening conflict stage on fight through combining a power of region NGOs and political group, solution stage on trust of arbitrator and accept of alternative. It is analyzed finally that interlocalgovernmental conflict has a decisive effected on actor's character and environmental factor than institutional factor in locating NIMBY and PIMFY facilities. In special, the leaders of local government play a important role in all processes of conflict. Also, we proposed that the condition for cooperation is necessary to positive role and problem solving will of leader, discussion organization, design of incentive system, autonomous cooperative organization, a mediator role of upper grade local government.


The Rebirthing of God: Christianity's Struggle for New Beginnings. By John Philip Newell. Woodstock, Vt.: Skylight Paths Publishing, 2014. xvii + 135 pp. $19.99 (cloth).Minister in the Church of Scotland, spiritual director, author of many books, peacemaker, and scholar, John Philip Newell is surely one of the most centered speakers about anything, and his latest book is bound to be widely received, read, and pondered by many. Its title might seem at first glance to be yet another addition to "re-visioning" Christianity, probably more aptly "re-envisioning." But this work is freshly presented in the calm tone that is Newell's, a tone he skillfully uses both as writer and speaker.In the introduction, Newell pays homage to C. G. Jung, whom he names "one of the great prophets of the modern human soul" as well as the "founder of analytical psychology" (p. x). Newell relates the story of the twelve-yearold Jung perceiving an image rising up from the unconscious that horrified him. But it persisted on coming forth. Much later in his life, he allowed himself to name that image: above the spire of the cathedral in Basel was the throne of God, and coming down from the throne was "?an enormous turd' that smashed into the spire and the walls of the cathedral crumbled" (p. xi). It is this image that is, according to Newell, smashing into the "spire" of Western Christianity and aiding in its collapse.So, what to do about it? It can be denied, an attempt can be made to shore up the collapsed foundations, or Christians can "ask what is trying to be born that requires a radical reorientation of our vision." A midwife whom Newell met told him, upon hearing this story about Jung, that "the turd nearly always comes before the birth." So, Newell asks, "What is it that we need to let go of to prepare the way for new birthing?" (p. xi).Eight chapters follow this earthy introduction, each providing ways of "Reconnecting": with the Earth, compassion, the light, the journey, spiritual practice, nonviolence, the unconscious, and love itself. Each chapter focuses upon one or two authors who illuminate these ways of reconnecting and offers a geographical place or "station" on the Isle of Iona as a metaphor for new beginnings. The authors cited in the chapters are eco-theologian Thomas Berry, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, nonviolent leader Aung San Suu Kyi, poet Mary Oliver, English Benedictine Bede Griffiths, Thomas Merton, Mahatma Gandhi, Carl Jung, and Simone Weil. They are used skillfully and provide more than a simple nodding reference here and there.As one who has spent a week on Iona, I resonated strongly with the places Newell so profoundly names and that have deep meaning for him: the roofless Nunnery, the Crossroads, the Hill of the Angels, St. Columbas Bay, the Hermit's Cell, Dun I (the highest point on the island), the Well of Eternal Youth, and St. Martin's Cross. Pilgrims to Iona are richly blessed on the pilgrimage around the small island as they stop at each of these places to pray and to reflect on the power of God therein. Without visual illustrations it is easy to imagine these places, even if they have not been visited by the reader, so powerful are Newell's descriptions.So, the reader dives into the content of these chapters, each one bearing fruit in practice. Storytelling, sharing of dreams, quotations from the writings of the above-mentioned authors (Olivers poetry is liberally utilized)- all serve to richly illustrate the "reconnections." It is almost as if these writers are Newell's personal friends, so intimately are they referred to. …


Let a region?of the euclidean spaceRd(d?1) be decomposed as a polyhedral complex ?, and letSr(?) denote the set of all multivariatecr-splines on ?. Then, with pointwise operations, the setSr(?) turns out to be a finitely generated torsion free module over the ringR=Rx1, ?,xd] of polynomials indvariables. In this paper, the results of Billera and Rose on the freeness of thisR-module on triangulated regions are extended to the projective dimension of this module and on arbitrary polygonal subdivisions. Possible relationships between the projective dimensions of the spline modules on subcomplexes have been established. Examples illustrating the theorems and counterexamples limiting the possibilities have been presented. In particular, an example showing that freeness of the spline moduleSr(?) is not a local concept for general polyhedral complexes, as against the triangulated ones, has been constructed.


tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is the most potent congener of a family of environmental contaminants. We demonstrate that TCDD is a highly potent toxin in an invertebrate, the freshwater crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, with an LDsO of 30-100 pg kg-' of body weight. Toxicity was characterised by delayed mortality, typically 1540 days after dosing, and anergia. No gross histological changes were seen in hepatopancreas. Treat- ment of crayfish with 3 pg of TCDD kg-' body weight significantly induced cytochrome P450, as measured spectrally, but we were unable to measure associated enzyme activities, presumably due to proteolysis of NADPH-P450 reductase. TCDD is thus a potent toxin and enzyme inducer in crayfish. We hypothesise that the nature of this pleiotropic response, together with its exceptional potency, suggests the presence of a receptor-mediated mecha- nism of TCDD toxicity in crayfish.


Although research on acquaintance, or date rape, dates back to the late 1950's, only recently has the literature in this area focused on prevention. In Fidition, although research has shown that, conservatively, 1 out of 10 women on university campuses has been raped by someone with whom she is familiar, little appears to have been done about the problem in terms of widespread, well-funded prevention programs. The present review of the literature on acquaintance rape focuses on five areas: (1) the incidence of acquaintance rape on college campuses; (2) research into aspects of the perpetrator; (3) research examining aspects of the victim; (4) factors outside of either '-.he perpetrator or victim that may be associated with date rape, and lastly (5) studies examining the efficacy of preventioprogrlms. (Contains 32 references.) (Author) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Acquaintance Rape on Campus 1 Running head: ACQUAINTANCE RAPE ON CAMPUS Acquaintance Rape on College Campuses: A Review of the Literature Frederick J. Kier Texas A & M University 77843-4225 -PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY F TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC," Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association, January 26, 1996, New Orleans, LA. 3EST COPY AVAILABLS 2 S DEPARTMENT orEDUCATION EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) 0 Thm document has been reproduced as recovers1 bunt the poo,un III ofgantlatton origimition 0 %not !wen inaile to 1100101/111optluduchon quality l'utots of view or opinions stated in thii, 1101111111101 Ill nr,1 111010,001 I/1111010110 00'.1l1011 01 polio/ 1 Acquaintance Rape on Campus 2 Abstract Although research on acquaintance, or date rape, dates back to the late 1950's, only recently has the literature in this area focused on prevention. In addition, although research has shown that, conservatively, one out of 10 women on university campuses has been raped by someone with whom she is familiar, little appears to have been done about the problem in terms of widespread, well-funded prevention programs. The present review of the literature on acquaintance rape focuses on five areas: the incidence of acquaintance rape on college campuses, research into aspects of the perpetrator, research examining aspects of the victim, factors outside of either the perpetrator or victim that may be associated with date rape, and lastly studiesAlthough research on acquaintance, or date rape, dates back to the late 1950's, only recently has the literature in this area focused on prevention. In addition, although research has shown that, conservatively, one out of 10 women on university campuses has been raped by someone with whom she is familiar, little appears to have been done about the problem in terms of widespread, well-funded prevention programs. The present review of the literature on acquaintance rape focuses on five areas: the incidence of acquaintance rape on college campuses, research into aspects of the perpetrator, research examining aspects of the victim, factors outside of either the perpetrator or victim that may be associated with date rape, and lastly studies examining the effecacy of prevention programs. Acquaintance Rape on Campus 3 Acquaintance, or date rape, was only really recognized as a problem on college campuses within the last decade. Likewise, although research in this area was performed as early as the 1950's, only recently have their been a noteworthy number of studies done on acquaintance rape. These studies vary in their focus, and research on acquaintance rape can be broken down into five major areas: studies of the incidence of date rape, research focusing on victim variables, research focusing on perpetrator variables, research examining prevention or treatment programs, and lastly lesearch examining secondary and social factors that influence acquaintance rape. The present literature review will examine some of the more important studies done in each of these five areas. The present review is also delimited to literature on rapes against women perpetrated by men, although there is certainly other literature also available, such as literature about rapes of men perpetrated by women (cf. Anderson & Thompson, 1990). Prevalence of Acquaintance Rape Compared to other types of crime, rape in general is underreported by its victims, and acquaintance rape even more so. As Koss, Giclycz and Wisniewski (1987) point out, statistics put out by government and law enforcement agencies frequently underreport rape due to poor methodology on the part of the these studies, and the fact that many women are reticent to go to law enforcement to report rape and to bring up charges against the perpetrator, especially in the case of date rape, where the victim frequently has a social connection with the perpetrator (the rapist was a friend, a fellow member of a group, etc.). To get a better idea of the incidence of sexual aggression on university campuses, Koss, Gidycz and Wisniewski (1987) performed a major study using a sample of 6,159 college students from across the United States using a selfreport instrument. The results showed that 27.5% of the women in this sample


We present a Bayesian re-analysis of the sky-averaged 21-cm experimental data from SARAS2 using nested sampling implemented with polychord, spectrally smooth foreground modelling implemented with maxsmooth, detailed systematic modelling and rapid signal emulation with globalemu. Our analysis differs from previous analysis of the SARAS2 data through the use of a full Bayesian framework and separate modelling of the foreground and non-smooth systematics. We use the most up-to-date signal models including Lyman- 𝛼 and CMB heating parameterised by astrophysical parameters such as star formation efficiency, X-ray heating efficiency, minimal virial circular velocity of star forming galaxies, CMB optical depth and the low energy cutoff of the X-ray spectral energy distribution. We consider models with an excess radio background above the CMB produced via radio emission from early galaxies and parameterised by a radio production efficiency. A non-smooth systematic is identified and modelled as both a frequency damped sinusoid introduced by the electronics and separately from the sky. The latter is modulated by the total efficiency of the antenna and marginally favoured by the data. We consider three different models for the noise in the data. The SARAS2 constraints on individual astrophysical parameters are extremely weak however we identify classes of disfavoured signals. We weakly disfavour standard astrophysical models with high Lyman- 𝛼 fluxes and weak heating and more confidently disfavour exotic models with high Lyman- 𝛼 fluxes, low X-ray efficiencies and high radio production efficiencies in early galaxies.


Abstract Functionalized organozinc halides can be efficiently carbonylated under atmospheric pressure in the presence of cobalt(II) bromide in THF:NMP leading to polyfunctional symmetrical ketones in 56–80 % yield.


Heat transfer characteristics in a miniscale laminar confined slot-jet on a heated plate at uniform heat flux are experimentally investigated. The effects of the jet Reynolds number (Re = 120–180) on the heat transfer and flow are considered. An electrically heated gold film Intrex (a very thin gold-coated polyester substrate sheet) is used to create a uniform heat flux on the flat surface. The temperature on the surface is measured by thermochromic liquid crystals and a digital color image processing system. Recorded color images of liquid crystals are then used to determine the local Nusselt numbers along the surface. The results show a peculiar behavior in that the Nusselt number increases between Re = 120 and Re = 140, suddenly drops at around Re = 150–160, and increases again beyond Re = 160. This sudden drop of Nusselt number at around Re = 150–160 may be caused by a sinusoidal fluctuation of the jet flow.


Abstract This article asks what happens when the colonial dream of a road does not materialize as intended, and becomes instead a permanent project for distant state managers and rural Amazonian settlers. Roads have featured prominently in Brazil's development designs, and ethnography along an unpaved road demonstrates how a wide array of actors negotiate the tension between the material challenges of moving in Amazonia and the bold modernist figurations that guide highway construction and territorial planning. Over the past 40 years, the unpaved road has itself become a central but unpredictable player in the plans and practices of colonists as well as in emerging governance projects of the Brazilian state. Colonists' arrival in the region via what they perceive to be an abandoned and impassable road repositions their prefigured relationships with the histories, narratives, and infrastructures of colonial occupation and state-making. Newly local to a frontier zone not yet 'connected' to the rest of Brazil, colonists leverage an intimate knowledge of roadside material conditions in an effort to anticipate and influence future state actions.


The purpose of the study was to analyse trade structure of Korea's main export goods by specific continent. For the purpose, this study selected...


The concepts of golden section, golden ratio, golden rectangle and golden spirals have fascinated mathematicians for centuries. It is hoped that the concept of a golden ellipse introduced below for the first time will be found to be equally fascinating.


When Nigeria got her independence in 1960 there were high hopes that she would become one of the greatest nations in the nearest future. Those who made this prediction were not wrong because Nigeria has what it takes to become great. In terms of population, it is not just the most populous but also one of the most talented in the continent. In natural resources, very few countries in Africa can boast of the resources the country parades. However, when these endowments are placed side by side with development in the country, the result becomes discouraging. Currently, one may assert that Nigeria is or at the point of becoming the poverty capital of the world looking at the rate her citizens are fleeing to other countries in search of greener pastures. Using the method of documentation and conceptual analysis, this study examines why Nigeria has not been able to translate its potentials into development indexes. The investigation centres around two research questions: 1) what is the relationship between the lack of development in Nigeria and electoral malpractice and 2) is Nigeria's inability to translate its potentials to development caused by executive abuse of powers. The paper discovered that moral decadence in the form of electoral malpractice and executive recklessness are the root causes of Nigeria's political and economic backwardness. It recommended the formation of an enlightened populace who will not only reject but also fight these two ills through civil resistance as the philosopher's stone that will save Nigeria.


The mass resettlement of Rusins in the Russian Empire in the 19th century included a study migration. The largest influx of Rusin students happened in the second half of the 1860s – 1870s with the emergence of Slavic scholars. The gymnasium reform caused an urgent need for teachers of ancient languages, who were invited from the Habsburg monarchy. They were practicing teachers, graduates and university students, representatives of the Slavic peoples. After moving to Russia, they attended refresher courses and studied Russian in St. Petersburg as students of the Institute of Slavic Scholars (1866–1882). In total, about 160 Austro-Hungarian philologists attended the Institute. Of them, almost a third (45 people) were Rusins: Galicians (35 people) and Bukovinian and Ugric Rusins (5 persons each). They were mostly young people from the families of rural priests. Moving to Russia allowed them to get a teaching profession and find a job on more favorable terms than in their homeland. Subsequently, the overwhelming majority of Rusin scholars successfully adapted to the new conditions. Many of them worked in Russian educational institutions for many years; one in five eventually reached the post of director of a gymnasium. Thus, the Institute of Slavic Scholars can be considered a main channel for the emigration of the Rusin intelligentsia to the Russian Empire in the post-reform period.


Experimental studies of gas slug motion in an annular channel were performed. The channel consisted of two concentric pipes with the diameters of 32 and 10 mm. Experiments were performed for different values of liquid velocity. Slug velocity was measured using optical sensors. Wall shear stress measurements were performed using an electrodiffusional technique. It was shown that the shape of the slug in the annular channel differs significantly from that in a pipe. The distribution of wall shear stress along the slug was presented for different positions of the slug.


The purpose of this study was to comprehend specific characteristic of interface and present the standardized interface of Long Life Housing, which could be obtained by the total and various approaches. With this in mind we analyzed related studies of interface through previous studies, and based on the analysis we created standardized factors of categorization in view of characteristic of interface. Using these factors, we can determine whether the interface could be used systematically in Long Life Housing. And as these were presented in the form of Key Map for expedite the synthetic understanding of interface, we could easily reconize types of interface. Especially, we only dealt the wall of flexible interface of Long Life Housing. Throughout systemizing and standardizing works, we can expedite the understanding of interface of Long Life Housing and finally, we want to make basic data used for date base of interface which can be available for Long Life Housing.


A mixed-reality web shopping system using in-store panoramic images can provide customers with a highly realistic shopping experience on a web browser. To implement this system, a product chosen by a customer from a panoramic image must be identified automatically. Although we previously proposed a product identification system using a convolutional neural network (CNN), it does not work well enough. The study in the current paper proposes a novel method to identify products by using multiple images in panoramic images, in which the product appears multiple times. From experimental results, it is verified that the performance of the system is improved by using this method.


The results of experiments and planned work of the Department of Chemistry, Arkansas University, in nuclear chemistry and physics, theoretical physics, and organic isotope chemistry are discussed. The absolute activation cross sections for 14.8-Mev neutrons were determined for a large number of isotopes, and a new isotope was found in the Fe/sup 54/(n,t) reaction. The (n,2p) reaction was studied in detail. A number of (n,He/sup 3/) and (n,t) reactions were studied. A literature survey (up to 1958) was made for cross sections of neutron-induced reactions around 14 Mev. The (n,p) reaction survey was continued up to date. The literature data have a large spread with factors of 2 to 10. Equations were derived from the (n,p) data giving the cross section as a function of atomic number and mass. The yields for U/sup 238/ 14-Mev fission were measured at mass numbers were studied. The theoretical aspects of molecular excitation resulting from beta decay of a constituent atom are being studied. Calculations were made on the wave functions of the ground state of the helium atom. The acid-catalyzed rearrangements of ketones were studied with both labeled and unlabeled compounds. No cyclic ketones were found to rearrange. The mechanism of the oxygen exchange between benzyl and substituted benzyl alcohols and water was studied with O/sup 18/ tracer. The oxygen exchange between water and benzophenones was also studied. The chlorine isotope effects in displacement reactions of benzyl and substituted benzyl chlorides with various nucleophiles were investigated; the results show a relation between isotope effect and reaction kinetic order. The C/sup 14/ isotope effect on the S/sub N/2' reaction of 3-chloro-1-butene-1-C /sup 14/ with diethylamine was measured. A preliminary measurement was made of the N/sup 15/ isotope effect in the Curtis rearrangement. (See also ORO-182.) (D.L.C.)


A variety of highly functionalized allenes and allenamides are prepared by an intramolecular propargylic ene reaction of benzyne. A particular benzyne precursor having chlorodiisopropylsilyl group served as a platform to link with various propargyl alcohols via a Si–O bond, expanding the scope of this reaction. Also noted was a complete transmission of point to axial chirality was demonstrated to give a chiral, non-racemic allenamide.


The utility model relates to a belt conveyor multiple-spot side-dumping device for filling, which is mainly characterized by comprising an intermediate stand, a hydraulic tilting cylinder, a cylinder tilting seat, a tilting soil separating board, a support seat and a conveying belt; and a plurality of side-dumping devices can be arranged on a belt conveyor, thus realizing the large-scale multiple-spot side-dumping of fine materials for filling and having dripping effect; the device has advanced and reasonable design, compact structure and small occupied height, is not easy to generate interference with other matching equipment, realizes unloading, throwing, multiple-spot side-dumping and uniform side-dumping of materials, and has high practical value, good effect, fast speed, safety, stability, reliability, and convenient installation and use, thus being an ideal belt conveyor multiple-spot side-dumping device for filling; in addition, the device can also be used for multiple-spot transportation of ground fine materials.


Abstract 2-Deoxy-glycosides, in which the C-2 hydroxyl group is replaced with a hydrogen atom, are important motifs in numerous bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical molecules. Herein, an improved dilauroyl peroxide-mediated radical deiodination reaction by using cyclohexane and ethyl acetate as co-solvent is reported. This is an environmentally benign protocol, which operates smoothly under mild conditions and allows efficient preparation of a series of 2-deoxy-glycosides in up to 98% yields. Graphical Abstract


A charge-modulation device (CMD) image sensor that has active pixels and an X-Y addressing scheme is described. The X-Y address type image sensors have the capability of performing various scanning schemes and, with the CMD pixel size, can be reduced without degrading sensor performance. The 2/3-in optical format 2-M-pixel CMD image sensor, equipped with an electronic shutter, operates in both the interlaced and the progressive scan mode. The performance of the sensor in the progressive scan mode is described. The saturation signal and sensitivity are 28 mu A and 760 nA/1*, respectively. The blooming level is less than -110 dB with a V/10 exposure. Image lag is under the detectable limit (0.1% of saturation signal). Power dissipation is 160 mW. Dynamic range, defined as a shot noise of dark current, is estimated at 64 dB.<<ETX>>


The paper presents a new dataset that captures the effect of mood on visual and auditory perception of music. With an online survey, we have collected a dataset of over 6600 responses capturing users' mood, emotions evoked and expressed by music and the perception of color with regard to emotions and music. We describe the methodology of gathering the responses and present two new models for capturing users' emotional states: the MoodGraph and MoodStripe. Also, general research questions and goals, as well as possible future applications of the collected dataset, are being discussed.


Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are a significant cause of morbidity and some mortality globally. Identification of STIs is important for prevention, treatment and public health. 'Increases in STI transmissions are a concern in their own right, but also because they can increase the possibility of HIV transmission. Condoms are the best way to reduce the risk of acquiring STIs, however regular comprehensive sexual health testing is also vital, as this is the only way that cases can be diagnosed and the cycle of transmission can be broken.' 1 Seventy percent of medical decisions rely on laboratory results. 2 The RCPA Quality Assurance Programs Pty Limited (RCPAQAP) offered 45 surveys in 12 modules in 2014 for potentially sexually transmitted infections, and 536 participants enrolled in these modules. RCPAQAP reports enable participants to review the validity of their assay results and identify procedural and technical problems through the comparison of data from other participants performing the same test. Participants receive recommendations with regard to possible reasons for results outside the consensus as well as suggested testing algorithms where appropriate. Multiple surveys throughout the year facilitate trend analysis for ongoing monitoring of performance in testing for STIs. 3


Using eye tracking, we study the way viewers look at photos and image based NPR illustrations. Viewers examine the same number of locations in photos and in NPR images with uniformly high or low detail. In contrast, viewers are attracted to areas where detail is locally preserved in meaningfully abstracted images. This accords with the idea that artists carefully manipulate detail to control interest and understanding. It also validates the method of meaningful abstraction used in DeCarlo and Santella [2002]. Results also suggest eye tracking can be a useful tool for evaluation of NPR systems.


Part of teaching is acting. Like it or not, in the classroom you are a performer. But unlike most performers, you have a captive audience. Use that to your advantage, but don't take it for granted. Perhaps the most important thing is not to be boring. Of course that is easier said than done. And how you "entertain" is entirely up to you. Don't assume a somber class atmosphere is somehow more "professional." Healthy laughter in a class is always a good sign. Students are paying good money to learn from you. The least you can do is treat their commitment in time and effort with respect. A teacher can be entertaining and not particularly good...but it's almost impossible for a dull teacher to be effective. Most important, have fun. A fun and intellectual learning environment can be contagious. If you enjoy teaching, students will reply in kind. Your job, in part, is to entertain your students. Not for the purpose of entertainment, but with the goal of learning. A sleeping student certainly isn't learning. And blaming students for not learning despite your innate brilliance is a cop-out. If nothing else, keep your students awake. A sleeping student isn't good for you, the appearance of your classroom, or the student. If students can't stay awake, they shouldn't be in the classroom (Professor Wynn has an alternative view in Classroom Management). And when a student really needs to sleep — and sleep deprivation is common among our students — the classroom isn't the place for quality Z's. Students can describe professors in a few words. And they will describe you. But it is up to you how you wish to be described. There are a few basic categories by which most professors are described. There are different personalities you can present as a professor. Pick one or a combination that most comes naturally to you. If nothing comes naturally, do your best and have fun. Part of the job is improvising and making things up as you go!


We report the case of a 21 years old man with renal cholics in whom the diagnosis of renal hydatid disease was established by FNA. Considering the high risk of anaphylactic shock reactions and dissemination of daughter cysts, the use of FNA for the diagnosis of hydatid disease has to be limited to unexpected cases with unusual primary localization.


Linnaeeae is a small tribe of Caprifoliaceae consisting of six genera and c. 20 species. In Linnaeeae, floral nectaries are located on the corolla-filament-tube and nectar is produced from unicellular glandular hairs. We studied 23 taxa using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and found two distinct nectary morphologies, zonate and gibbous types, and two distinct types of glandular hair, clavate and smooth base types. Plesiomorphic characters associated with the nectary and identified in the tribe include hypocrateriform corollas, dichogamous flowers, zonate nectaries, wet papillate stigmas, vestigial nectary disc and smooth pollen grains. Apomorphic characters include bilabiate corollas, homogamous flowers, bulging nectaries, dry papillate stigmas and echinulate pollen grains. The nectary structure is similar in Vesalea and Linnaea and differs from the rest of the tribe, in accordance with recent phylogenetic results. Nectar secretion is typically granulocrine with subcuticular accumulation of nectar, which we compared with the secretion in multicellular hairs of Adoxa moschatellina. The cuticle on the hair becomes detached from the cell wall and large subcuticular spaces filled with nectar are formed. Nectar is probably released in areas with a thin cuticle. In Zabelia, the smooth basal part of the hair could help to build up the hydrostatic pressure.


An automated assembly apparatus, characterized by comprising an assembly robot having a plurality of hands, the plurality of hands being movable in an X-axis direction and a Y-axis direction by an X-axis moving unit and a Y-axis moving unit, and a plurality of workbenches which are provided with Z-axis moving unit and which are movable in a Z-axis direction by the Z-axis moving unit. A work area is independently provided for the plurality of workbenches, a width of a predetermined work area among the work areas is larger than clearance widths of the plurality of hands, widths of the work areas other than the predetermined work area are smaller than the clearance widths of at least some of the plurality of hands, and the hand which performs a job on the predetermined work area is disposed at a lowermost level in the Z-axis direction.


OBJECTIVE: The classic manifestation of Clostridium difficile (CD) infection is pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) with diarrhea. Rarely, it can be present as toxic megacolon without diarrhea. We present a case of CD PMC without diarrhea to heighten awareness of its atypical presentation.

DESCRIPTION: An 80-year-old male with multiple comorbidites and history of recent antibiotic treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exacerbation presented with fever, shortness of breath, and abdominal pain. The patient had no complaints of diarrhea. An abdominal x-ray showed markedly dilated transverse colon with a diameter of 14.5 cm. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed thickened loops of transverse colon. A diagnosis of toxic megacolon was made. The patient was treated with intravenous metronidazole. The patient then underwent colonoscopic decompression that revealed PMC and vancomycin was added to the drug regimen. A stool study was positive for CD cytotoxins. There was complete resolution of the patient's colonic dilation following the colonoscopic decompression.

CONCLUSION: The unusual combination of toxic megacolon without antecedent diarrhea should be recognized as a possible manifestation of CD PMC. Atypical presentations of this common disease necessitate an aggressive diagnostic approach for an appropriate therapeutic plan.


The causality of relations suggested between four roles of human resources and their value for the company was analyzed, as Chilean mining faces productivity and competitiveness challenges that must be overcome. The roles embraced by the human resource management were evaluated from the union's perspective. Statistical demonstration was made and the suggested hypotheses were accepted, and the role of interdependence was corroborated. In addition to it, human resource professionals must have proper leadership and competences to provide continuous management of the four roles identified. Clearly, it is a necessary, but insufficient condition, because the executives keep concentrating company power in the great Chilean mining business. Hence, human resource managements must improve performance, since only 70 %80 % of each role's requirements is met, which generates discontent and blocks personal efforts to overcome the challenges posed by their own companies.


Several high-energy femtosecond laser systems at MHz repetition rates developed in our group together with their scientific applications are described


Using an appropriate grouping of terms, a radiation force expression for cylinders in a standing wave based on far-field scattering [Wei et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 116, 202–208 (2004)] is transformed to an expression given elsewhere [F. G. Mitri, Eur. Phys. J. B 44, 71–78 (2005)]. Mitri's result is from a near-field derivation for the specific case of a circular cylinder. The far-field derivation also applies to noncircular objects having mirror symmetry about the incident wave vector. Some aspects of far-field derivations of optical and acoustical radiation forces are noted as are some implications for the radiation force on cylinders in travelling waves.


Nell1{sup 6R} is a chemically-induced point mutation in a novel cell-signaling gene, Nell1, which results in truncation of the protein and degradation of the Nell16R transcript. Earlier studies revealed that loss of Nell1 function reduces expression of numerous extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins required for differentiation of bone and cartilage precursor cells, thereby causing severe skull and spinal defects. Since skeletal and cardiovascular development are closely linked biological processes, this research focused on: a) examining Nell16R mutant mice for cardiovascular defects, b) determining Nell1 expression in fetal and adult hearts, and c) establishing how ECM genes affected by Nell1 infl uence heart development. Structural heart defects in Nell16R mutant fetuses were analyzed by heart length and width measurements and standard histological methods (haematoxylin and eosin staining). Nell1 expression was assayed in fetal and adult hearts using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis using public databases (Stanford SOURCE Search, Integrated Cartilage Gene Database, Mouse Genome Informatics, and NCBI UniGene) was undertaken to investigate the relationship between cardiovascular development and each of twentyeight genes affected by Nell1. Nell1-defi cient mice have signifi cantly enlarged hearts (particularly the heart width), dramatically reduced blood fl ow out of the heart and unexpanded lungs. Isolation of total RNAs from hearts of adult (control and heterozygote) and fetal (control and homozygous mutant) mice have been completed and RT-PCR assays are in progress. The bioinformatics analysis showed that the majority of genes with reduced expression in Nell1-defi cient mice are normally expressed in the heart (79%; 22/28), blood vessels (71%; 20/28) and bone marrow (61%; 17/28). Moreover, mouse mutations in seven of these genes (Col15a1, Osf-2, Bmpr1a, Pkd1, Mfge8, Ptger4, Col5a1) manifest abnormalities in cardiovascular development. These data demonstrate for the fi rst time that Nell1 has a role in early mammalian cardiovascular development, mediated by its regulation of ECM proteins necessary for normal cell growth and differentiation. In addition, understanding the mechanisms by which Nell1 and its associated ECM genes affect the cardiovascular system can provide future strategies for the treatment of heart and blood vessel defects.


Two structured interviews, the present episode version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for children (K-SADS-P) and the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA), were administered to 30 8− to 12-year-old children and their parents on admission to an inpatient psychiatric facility. DSM-III axis I interview diagnoses were compared with best estimate diagnoses made from chart review and all available information after the child was discharged. Kappa scores were modest because the initial structured interview tended to make diagnoses that were not subsequently verified. Reasons for this include: (1) the fact that interviews were done at a time when stress levels were highest, leading to symptom overreporting, in contrast to the longitudinal observations available for best estimate diagnoses: and (2) the phenomenological distinctions between such disorders studied in children in inpatient settings (conduct disorder, attention deficit disorder and oppositional disorder are blurred.


Liquid water is considered to be critical for life. Gibbs free energy is another factor that is important to sustain life for long durations. Gibbs free energy is obtained by reactions between reductants and oxidants, or from any other non-equilibrium state of matter. As an example , aerobic organisms use carbohydrates and oxygen to obtain energy. Many types of chemoautotrophic mechanisms are known for this process as well. On the sur face of Mars, methane and oxidat ive compounds such as ferric oxide, sulfate and perchloride, which could provide redox-derived Gibbs free energy, have been detected. Irondependent methane oxidizing bacteria have been found in marine environments on Earth. This finding suggests the possible presence of methane-oxidizing bacteria on the Mars surface, if the local thermal environment and other resources permit proliferation and metabolism of bacteria. Our project aims to search for methaneoxidizing microbes on the Mars surface. Martian soil will be sampled from a depth of about 5 10 cm below the surface, where organisms are expected to be protected from the harsh hyper-oxidative environment of the Mars surface. Small particles less than 0.1 mm or 1 mm will be sieved from the sample, before being transferred to the analysis section by a micro-actuator. The particles will be stained with a cocktail of fluorescent reagents, and A combination of fluorescent dyes has been selected to identify life forms in samples. A membrane-specific dye or a combination of dyes will be used to detect membranes surrounding the "cell". An intercalat ing fluorescent dye such as SYBR Green will be used to detect genetic compounds such as DNA. A substrate dye that emits fluorescence upon cleavage by a catalytic reaction will be used to detect the catalytic activity of the "cell". A combination of staining reagents has been chosen based on the definition of Received: July 16, 2010; Accepted: October 13, 2010 *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tel: +81-(0)426-76-7139; Fax: +81-(0)426-76-7145; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Biological Sciences in Space, Vol.24 No.2, 67-82, 2010


A model of the coordination level of Saridis's intelligent machine paradigm is presented. The role of the coordination level is to translate a high-level command into a schedule of low-level primitive activities. The model presented is based on hierarchical Petri nets and stochastic learning algorithms. An analytic cost measure of the scheduling structure of the coordination level is presented. For each high-level command, there are numerous ways to schedule the primitive activities that achieve that command. It is desired that the schedule that results in the minimum execution time of the intelligent machine. The cost measure derived, called structural complexity, predicts the expected execution time of an intelligent machine given a particular schedule of its primitives.<<ETX>>


Background: Cytokeratin expression is helpful in differentiating between specific breast cancer subtypes and as prognostic indicator.
 Objectives: To compare the cytokeratin-18 levels between breast cancer and healthy control. To compare cytokeratin-18 levels before and after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and to correlate cytokeratin-18 levels of pre and post chemotherapy with the percentage response to chemotherapy as evaluated by the RECIST criteria.
 Methods: Thirty patients of histologically confirmed invasive breast carcinoma and ten healthy individuals were taken as controls. The estimation of cytokeratin-18 was done at presentation and after two cycles of NAC. The change in level of serum cytokeratin-18 levels following two cycles of chemotherapy has been correlated with the RECIST criteria of response to chemotherapy.
 Results: Mean age of the patients was 48.73 years (range 28-80 years). The mean cytokeratin-18 level in carcinoma breast patient pre-treatment was 156.27 IU/L and in control group was 279.30 IU/L. The mean Cytokeratin 18 levels in patients before and after chemotherapy was 156.27 IU/L and 181.77 IU/L respectively (p<0.05). The average diameter of tumor before and after chemotherapy was 5.33 and 3.73 cm respectively. On correlation of percentage change of Cytokeratin 18 levels before and after chemotherapy and response to chemotherapy as evaluated by the RECIST criteria the following result was obtained: complete response (n=2): 76% rise of CK-18, partial response (n=21): 24% rise of CK-18, stable disease (n=5): 22% decline of CK-18, progressive disease (n=2), 21% decline of CK-18.
 Conclusion: The expression of cytokeratin-18 is a useful biomarker in breast cancer patient. Serum levels of CK-18 can be used to judge the efficacy of neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. Depending on post chemotherapy changes of CK-18 levels, the most appropriate chemotherapy regimen can be selected for individual patients.


Data-adaptive (machine learning-based) effect estimators are increasingly popular to reduce bias in high-dimensional bioinformatic and clinical studies (e.g. real-world data, target trials, -omic discovery). Their relative statistical efficiency (high power) is particularly invaluable in these contexts since sample sizes are often limited due to practical and cost concerns. However, these methods are subject to technical limitations that are dataset specific and involve computational trade-offs. Thus, it is challenging for analysts to identify when such methods may offer benefits or select amongst statistical methods. We present extensive simulation studies of several cutting-edge estimators, evaluating both performance and computation time. Critically, rather than use arbitrary simulation data, we generate synthetic datasets mimicking the observed data structure (plasmode simulation) of a real molecular epidemiologic cohort. We find that machine learning approaches may not always be indicated in such data settings, but that performance is highly context dependent. We present a user-friendly Shiny app REFINE2 (Realistic Evaluations of Finite sample INference using Efficient Estimators) that enables analysts to simulate synthetic data from their own datasets and directly evaluate the performance of several cutting-edge algorithms in those settings. This tool may greatly facilitate the proper selection and implementation of machine-learning-based effect estimators in bioinformatic and clinical study contexts.


The purpose of this study was to determine the demographic and pharmacogenetic covariates that influence the disposition of efavirenz (EFV) and its major metabolites. A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model was developed from a randomized, cross‐over, drug‐interaction study in healthy male Korean subjects (n = 17). Plasma concentrations of EFV and its hydroxy‐metabolites (0–120 hours) were measured by LC/MS/MS. Genomic DNA was genotyped for variants in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2A6, 2B6, 3A5, and MDR1 genes. A PK model was built in a stepwise procedure using nonlinear mixed effect modeling in NONMEM 7. The covariate model was built using the generalized additive modeling and forward selection‐backward elimination. Model‐based simulations were performed to predict EFV steady‐state concentrations following 200, 400, and 600 mg daily oral dose among different CYP2B6 genotypes. The final model included only CYP2B6 genotype as a covariate that predicts EFV clearance through the formation of 8‐OH EFV that represented 65% to 80% of EFV clearance. The total clearance of EFV in CYP2B6*6/*6 genotype was ∼30% lower than CYP2B6*1/*1 or CYP2B6*1/*6 alleles (P < .001). Clopidogrel reduced both formation and elimination clearances of 8‐OH EFV by 22% and 19%, respectively (P = .033 and .041). Other demographics and genotype of accessory CYP pathways did not predict EFV or metabolites PK. CYP2B6 genotype was the only significant predictor of EFV disposition. The developed model may serve as the foundation for further exploration of pharmacogenetic‐based dosing of EFV.


Using the 3D elasto\|plastic FEM to simulate the whole process of shiel driven tuneling is the most effective way to investigate the ground movement during the tunnel construction.Based on the simulation of the actual constrution condition, the influence of the nearly constructed tunnel on the old tunnel located vertically on the new tunnel being studied. \[


When Poussin depicted epidemic disease in his Plague of Ashdod (1630–31), medical theories linking the imagination to health considered such disturbing subjects dangerous, even as objects of thought. Poussin's image, however, was fashioned to immunize the viewer against the very disease it depicts, through application of Aristotle's tragic catharsis. This hypothesis is developed through comparisons with Raphael's Morbetto and Boccaccio's account of plague. Other paintings by Poussin, The Empire of Flora, Landscape with a Man Killed by a Snake, two self-portraits, and The Vision of Saint Francesco Romana, are also discussed in terms of art's impact on health.


The authors describe a suite of four climate model simulations that use topography and boundary conditions representative of the Eocene-Oligocene transition (∼ 34 Ma ago). The use of a recent reconstruction of the 34 Ma topography (Baatsen et al. 2016) and of relatively high resolution (∼ 1◦ in the horizontal, 50 levels in the vertical) in the model ocean distinguishes these numerical experiments from previous attempts to model the late Eocene climate. The sensitivity of the simulated climate state to the prescribed level of atmospheric CO2 (400 vs. 800 vs. 1600 ppm) and to the parameterization of ocean vertical mixing (bottom-enhanced mixing vs. Bryan-Lewis


"March. 1994, Vol. 120. No.3, by Che-Hao Chang. Yeou-KoungTung and Jinn-Chuang Yang (Paper No. 6129). "Sr. Engr.. Hydrology and Water Resour. Branch, A.C.T. Electricity and Water. G.p.a. Box 366. Canberra. Australia, A.C.T.. 2601. 'Assoc .. Greg Wong and Associates Ltd., Unit D. 8th Floor, Seabright Plaza. Shell St.. North Point. Hong Kong. The authors present a practical multivariate Monte Carlo simulation that preserves the marginal distribution of random variables and their correlation structure without requiring that the complete joint distribution be known. This is achieved by transforming the original correlation coefficient into an equivalent correlated coefficient in standard normal space. The procedure was applied to the reliability analysis of a bridge pier against scouring. There are other reliability methods that overcome the two major concerns in the practical application of Monte Carlo simulations mentioned by the authors. These concerns are: (I) the requirement of tremendous computation for generating random variables; and (2) the presence of correlation among stochastic system parameters. The point estimate method (PEM) is one reliability technique that is more straightforward to implement and seems to be more efficient than the Monte Carlo simulation for problems involving correlated random variables. PEM usually refer to those methods that require only the knowledge of the model response, Y = f(X), at a specific set of values of the n random variables, X = (XI' X2' ... ,x,,), for calculating the statistical moments of the model response. Rosenblueth (1975) developed a second-order two-point PEM, which uses the mean, variance, and correlation coefficient of the random variables and only requires 2" evaluations of Y = f(X). Li (1992) developed a new PEM that is more accurate and efficient than Rosenblueth's method. The fourth-order three-point method only requires (n 2 + 3n + 2)/2 evaluations of Y = f(X) and uses the mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and correlation coefficient of the random variables. For Li's second-order three-point method, which requires the same number of evaluations of Y = f(X) as the fourthorder method, the expected value of a function, with several correlated random variables, can be expressed in the form of 6 5 3 2


The application of advanced process controls to the fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) at Conoco, U.K. Ltd.'s Humber refinery boosted the unit feed rate, reduced flooding, and stabilized the column. This article reports on the system's performance over a full year of operation on the FCCU's vapor recovery unit, main fractionator, and reactor/regenerator.


In metapelitic schists of the north-eastern Weekeroo Inliers, Olary Block, Willyama Supergroup, South Australia, syn-S1 and syn-S2 assemblages involving staurolite, garnet, biotite and another mineral, most probably cordierite, were overgrown by large syn-S3 andalusite porphyroblasts, owing to isobaric heating from metamorphic conditions that existed during the development of S2. Conditions during the development of S3 probably just reached the andalusite—sillimanite transition. During the development of S4, at somewhat lower temperatures than those that accompanied the development of S3, the following reaction occurred:

staurolite + chlorite + muscovite ± biotite + andalusite + quartz + H2O.

The amount of retrogression is controlled primarily by the amount of H2O added by infiltration. As the syn-S3 matrix assemblage was stable during the development of S4, but the andalusite porphyroblasts were no longer stable with the matrix when H2O was added, the retrogression is focused in and around the porphyroblasts. With enough H2O available, and if quartz was consumed before biotite in a porphyroblast, then the following reaction occurred:

staurolite + chlorite + muscovite + corundum ± biotite + andalusite + H2O.

This reaction allowed corundum inclusions in the andalusite to grow, regardless of the presence of quartz in the matrix assemblage.


This review describes the historical development, current status, and future prospects for non-equilibrium plasmas (NEPs) and its application for quality of life and safety. In particular, this review focuses on the latest examples of NEPs technology applications in air quality (indoor air, diesel exhaust), water purification, and sterilization of biomaterials, decomposition of CBW agents, and food safety assurance (sterilization, pesticide degradation and insect control), etc. The current status and the future trends of NEPs applications for quality of life and safety were also discussed. Depending on various potential applications for quality of life and safety, the information of NEPs can have pronounced fairly diffuse appearance.


Background: Previous research has not been consistently found that Lactoferrin (LF) is influenced by maternal factors, during pregnancy and postpartum. In Indonesia, the effect of mother's nutritional status to their milk quality has rarely been studied. Objective: This study aimed to determine how the mother's nutritional status during pregnancy and the lactation period is associated with LF. Methods: This cross sectional study was performed from September to November 2017 at three primary health care centres working area in Semarang, Indonesia. Seventy-nine lactating mothers were recruited. LF was analysed from about 5 ml of human milk. Data on the mother's general characteristics and anthropometry (weight, height, and mid-upperarm-circumference (MUAC)) were collected. Results: Mother's average age was 28±5 years old, mostly multipara and non-working. Average haemoglobin concentration at the third trimester pregnancy was 11.3±1.09 mg/dL MUAC at the third trimester pregnancy and postpartum was 25 cm and 26.4 cm, respectively. Body mass index at postpartum was 23.74 kg/m2. Median human milk LF was 1.52 g/L. Milk was collected from mothers with ten-day-old infants (median), at 10.00 a.m. and stored 73 days before analysed. Median LF in colostrum (1.60 g/L) did not differ significantly from transition (1.99 g/L), but did with mature milk (1.07 g/L). Conclusion: Better nutritional statuses of mothers during pregnancy (as indicated by MUAC) and early stages of lactation resulted in significantly higher LF concentration in human milk. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science www.foodandnutritionjournal.org ISSN: 2347-467X, Vol. 08, No. (1) 2020, Pg. 174-181 CONTACT Mohammad Zen Rahfiludin email@example.com Department of Public Health Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Enviro Research Publishers. This is an Open Access article licensed under a Creative Commons license: Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY). Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.8.1.16 Article History Received: 28 October 2019 Accepted: 20 December 2019


I. INTRODUCTION Private sector employees who report actual or suspected violations of law--or "whistleblowers"--are now entitled to strengthened and expanded legal protections in many jurisdictions. Congress passed significant legislation that protects various types of whistleblowers, including anti-retaliation provisions of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act* 1 and the Dodd-Frank Act. (2) Many states, including California and New Jersey, enacted comprehensive whistleblower laws to protect employees. (3) New York is not among these jurisdictions. Although New York was one of the first states to adopt a whistleblower protection statute in the early 1980s, which was groundbreaking at the time, it has been slow to update the law. In 1984, New York enacted section 740 of the New York Labor Law, which protects private employees who disclose or threaten to disclose "an activity, policy or practice of the employer that is in violation of law, rule or regulation." (4) The statute is limited to whistleblowing activities related to "a substantial and specific danger to the public health or safety" or health care fraud. (5) White-collar crimes are not "placed on the same plane as threats to public health or safety." (6) As a result, New York's whistleblower statute is inapplicable in most cases. Both the New York legislature and courts have largely resisted efforts by policy makers and litigants to expand the scope of section 740 of the New York Labor Law. (7) However, most recently, the Court of Appeals considered the whistleblower statute in Webb-Weber v. Community Action for Human Services, Inc. (8) In that case, the court specifically overruled longstanding appellate division precedent by holding that an employee filing a retaliation claim under section 740 is not required to plead the specific law, rule, or regulation that was allegedly violated by the employer. (9) The court's decision, although narrow, lowers the pleading burden making it easier for some employee whistleblowers to state a cause of action and withstand an employer's motion to dismiss. (10) This article will explain the development of private sector whistleblower protections in New York. Part II will provide a brief overview of the New York whistleblower statute and its history. Part III will describe the statutory language and scope of section 740. Part IV will discuss the Court of Appeals decision in Webb-Weber v. Community Action for Human Services, Inc. Finally, Part V will discuss recent legislative efforts to extend further whistleblower and anti-retaliation protections to employees in New York. II. THE ORIGINS OF NEW YORK'S WHISTLEBLOWER STATUTE New York's whistleblower statute was enacted in 1984 following the New York Court of Appeals' important and widely cited decision in Murphy v. American Home Products Corp. (11) In that case, the court reaffirmed the common law doctrine of "at-will" employment, which has been closely adhered to in New York since 1895.12 The "at-will" employment doctrine is the simple presumption that absent statutory or contractual restrictions, the employment relationship may be terminated at any time and for any reason by either an employer or an employee. (13) Whistleblower and other forms of anti-retaliation statutes are primary examples of statutory restrictions on the at-will doctrine. In Murphy, plaintiff, Joseph Murphy, was employed as assistant treasurer by defendant, American Home Products, before his employment was terminated. (14) Murphy was in many ways a classic whistleblower. Murphy, an at-will employee, claimed that he was fired from his twenty-year employment with American Home Products for his disclosure of "accounting improprieties" to senior management and because of his age. (15) Murphy alleged that he uncovered accounting manipulations of at least $50 million resulting in inflated bonuses to management and that the company retaliated against him for his refusal to engage in the purported fraud. …


Infectious bronchitis(IB) is one of the most important viral diseases of poultry;it causes major economic losses to the poultry industry.Variation of IBV may be caused by not only gene mutation and recombination,but also the pressure of immunization.The worldwide scholars have been deeply studying IBV and make important progresses on molecular biology and structure proteins.This article summarized the progress on the structure and biological function of structure proteins.These studies offer a scientific basis for the pathogenic mechanism of IBV and molecular variation mechanism.


The Uniform Asymptotic Theory (UAT) of diffraction has been applied to arrive at expressions valid at both near as well as far field E -plane patterns of a pyramidal horn. The theoretically computed results agree very well with the experimental results and better than that reported by earlier authors (1) in the far side lobe and back lobe region.


Stroke is one of the leading causes of paralysis. It is defined by being the sudden death of some brain cells due to lack of oxygen when blood flow to the brain is lost. Stroke leaves a large number of people with cognitive, affective and motor impairments depending on assistance in their daily lives. Many studies have proved that motor imagery (MI) based Brain Computer Interface (BCI) is an effective technique for post-stroke rehabilitation. It requires a real time response with high achieved accuracy. In this paper, we present a real time rehabilitation system for post-stroke patients. The system consists of a Virtual Reality (VR) 3D game controlled by a BCI system. We utilized various schemes of pre-processing, features extraction, feature selectors and classifiers to ameliorate the performance of the system for dataset IV 2a [Four class motor imagery (001–2014) – Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Graz University of Technology]. We achieved a maximum accuracy of 79% for the signal processing part using CSP feature extractor and SVM classifier with signal processing time of 0.02 seconds and 0.6 seconds for the response of whole system as a current status.


The particular work refers to a fundamental photo-physical study, of new organic molecules, by recording their fluorescence emission. Dendrimer organic molecules assigned to the category of "Push-Pull" molecules, have recently attracted the interest of researchers, mainly due to their application as artificial light harvesting systems. This type of molecules may be used for imaging in medicine and biology and in an alternative case for building non linear optical devices due to their admirable non-linear optical properties.
 The subject in this project was the study of new dipolar, quadrapolar and octapolar organic molecules. Our investigation was concerning the effect of the bridge between electron donor and acceptor(s) substituent units, the number of acceptors and also the effect of the surrounding bath (solvent), in each individual system.
 The use of two time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy setups, allowed us to determine the lifetimes of the different excited electronic states of the molecules. In addition, the high temporal resolution of our system allowed us to detect the time constants for ultrafast energy transfer mechanisms (time scale of hundreds of fs) and also to determine time constants for different chemical processes (until the ns timescale). The combination of the data from time resolved measurements with data retrieved from steady state measurements (emission and absorption), allowed us to give a complete scenery (from the photo-physics point of view) of the different organic molecules.


Cost reduction, productivity increase and creating value for the client are just a few of the arguments that managers use when they adopt Lean philosophy. Businesses' concern is to create products that have value in the eyes of the client, continuously analyzing the existing value stream in order to improve it. Value stream mapping (VSM) is a technique used to visually present the chain of processes, within the company, necessary to obtain the product. Due to the many advantages and to the ease of use experienced by Toyota since the '80, VSM use has constantly increased as this activity improvement technique was discovered by managers. The article presents a case study of the application of VSM in footwear industry.


The invention relates to a coding method applied to digital video data available in the form of a video stream consisting of consecutive frames. These frames, divided into macroblocks, include at least I-frames, independently coded, or P-frames, temporally disposed between said I-frames and predicted from at least a previous I- or P-frame, or B-frames, temporally disposed between an I-frame and a P- frame, or between two P-frames, and bidirectionally predicted from at least these two frames between which they are disposed, said predictions of P- and B-frames being performed by means of a weighted prediction with unequal amount of prediction from the past and the future. According to the invention, this coding method comprises the following steps : a structuring step, provided for capturing coding parameters characterizing the said weighted prediction ; a computing step, for delivering statistics related to said parameters ; an analyzing step for determining a change of preference regarding the direction of prediction ; a step provided for detecting the occurrences of gradual scene changes ; a step provided for generating description data of said occurrences ; and a step for encoding the description data thus obtained and the original digital video data.


Osteoarticular tuberculosis comprises 10-15% of the all cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercular involvement of the sternoclavicular joint is very rare. We hereby present a rare case report of the 38 year old female with sternoclavicular joint tuberculosis with cold abscess. The diagnosis was confirmed by FNAC and on ZN staining AFB was isolated. Patient was managed successfully by the anti-tubercular therapy at the end of the treatment. So, a degree of suspicion of the tuberculosis at these rare sites along with investigation followed by anti-tubercular therapy leads to successful treatment of the disease.


Modern timber products are available in both long lengths and large sections. This combined with development in connection design has made several new structural forms possible and viable for timber. The following paper aims to demonstrate innovate and economical structural forms using timber.


Linguistic diversity and the fundamental freedom of users of language technology (LT) to access information and knowledge in their own language(s) or dialect(s) lead to certain requirements with regard to truly multilingual language technologies, in particular for under-resourced languages and application domains. One key issue is the low-threshold creation of high-quality speech corpora and the corresponding annotation data to train powerful analysis or classification algorithms as a base for state-of-the-art language technology. Dialects constitute an important part of the mentioned linguistic diversity. In this contribution, we shortly discuss basic concepts of automatic dialect classification (ADC) with a focus on methods that do not require expensive prior annotation or labeling. Starting with text-independent ADC methods for well-studied major languages and summarizing our results of a case study on read and spontaneous German, we convey necessary development steps for under-resourced language data and a possible processing chain.


In this work, numerical simulations have been used to study laser–induced breakdown in air and interaction of a laser–induced plasma with isotropic turbulence. A parallel compressible Navier–Stokes solver has been developed for the purpose. The solver uses Fourier spectral spatial derivatives, a skew–symmetric representation of the nonlinear terms to suppress aliasing error and a fourth order Runge–Kutta explicit time integration scheme for time advancement. A predictor corrector based shock capturing scheme (Yee et al. 1999) is used to capture strong shock waves obtained as a result of laser energy deposition. A non–linear limiter (Ducross et al. 1999) is used to prevent excessive dissipation of the background turbulence. A logarithmic formulation for the continuity equation is used to stabilize the solution in regions of very low density in the plasma core. Three different models for air with increasing levels of physical complexity are used in the simulations. Both the solution and the corrector step are suitably extended for high temperature flows using data for thermodynamic and transport properties of air (Boulos et al. 1994) under equilibrium conditions. A formal derivation for the above extension is presented. Spherical energy deposition is studied as a model problem to understand some aspects of laser–induced breakdown. A spherically symmetric shock wave is observed to form and propagate into the background. The shock wave is very strong at initial times but in time its intensity decreases due to the radial nature of the problem. Shock formation and propagation is described based on pressure gradients developed in the flow. Shock radius evolution in time is compared to the strong shock solution (Taylor 1950, Sedov 1959) and found to agree well at short times but deviate towards the acoustic limit at longer times. A symmetric reverse flow is observed behind the shock front and is explained based on conservation of mass. Laser–induced breakdown in air is studied using all three simulation models. Evolution of the resulting flow field is classified into formation of a shock wave, its propagation into the background and subsequent collapse of the plasma core. Each phase is studied in detail. Formation and propagation of the shock wave is explained


Recently, high-speed switching circuits using SiC and GaN power devices have been developed for next-generation power electronics circuits and applied to actual traction systems in Japan. Stray inductance caused by the wiring structures between dc capacitors and power devices is one of the most critical parameters that influences high-speed switching circuits. This paper presents a design procedure of acceptable stray inductance for high-speed switching circuits based on a scaling method. It should be noted that the stray inductance is designed for not minimization but optimization, and also is shown not as an absolute value [H] but as a percentage value [%]. By applying the proposed procedure, a maximum stray inductance can be designed for power electronics circuits, considering the switching period, the voltage, and the current ratings of the circuits. To verify the proposed procedure, the experimental results are demonstrated using a SiC-MOSFET and a SiC-Schottky Barrier Diode, with voltage and current ratings of 500 V and 400 A, respectively.


Biopesticides are pest and pathogen management agents based on living microorganisms or natural products (botanical origin). Due to their natural origins, they stand out as an environmentally friendly tool, since they quickly decompose and minimize pollution problems produced by synthetic pesticides. However, these products present significant challenges that affect the bioactivities of the active components, due to the degradation of the biomass or bioactive metabolite by factors such as air, light, and temperature. Therefore, in this study, a systematic search of the Scopus database was conducted and scientometric tools were used to evaluate formulation techniques and approaches that seek to improve the bioactivities of natural preparations. The results showed that published research on biopesticides has significantly increased by 71.24% in the last decade (2011–2021). Likewise, the bibliometrics showed, through temporal flow analysis, and in the period from 2010 to 2021, investigations evolved have toward the use of nanotechnology, with the purpose of improving and potentiating the formulations of biopesticides. Consequently, nanotechnology tools can be classified as current strategies of interest that allow the increase and protection of bioefficacy to a greater extent than traditional biopesticide preparations. This review constitutes an important contribution to future research and expands the panorama in relation to biopesticide formulations for the control of agricultural pests.


The article regards the youth giftedness as the thinking initiation connected with the contradictions discovery. The author carries out the review of researches (K. Dunker, J. Gilford, G. Sekey, D. B. Bogoyavlenskaya, V.E. Klochko, S.L. Rubenstein, O.K. Tikhomirov) devoted to studying of ability to contradictions discovery. According to author's opinions the ability to contradictions discovery is the thinking source. The empirical research of development of ability to contradictions discovery of preschool and school age children are presented in article. The research was conducted with use of techniques of G. Sekey and J. Gilford modified by V.E. Klochko. The dynamics of the development abilities to contradictions discovery in different age periods are shown and the dependency of this ability development on various intellectual and personal factors. The author correlates initiation of thinking to development of initiative style of thinking and carries out the analysis of dynamics of his formation at school age. Use of the factorial analysis has allowed to allocate the factors connected with detection of contradictions for children of preschool age. The importance of the collaborative thinking activity usage for the thinking development and the giftedness is substantiated.


Background & objectives: Tuberculosis is a social disease with medical implications. A presumptive diagnosis of tuberculosis sometimes can be made on basis of patient's medical history, clinical and radiological findings. It may also include a tuberculin skin test and a serological test. Hence this study was carried out to study the feasibility of various patient characteristics and clinical parameters as a diagnostic aid in tuberculosisMethods: This prospective study was conducted over a period of one year (1August 2009 to 31 July 2010) in the Department of Microbiology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana. From 269 suspected cases of tuberculosis admitted in various wards and ICUs, 300 pulmonary and extra-pulmonary samples were received. The patients were diagnosed as suffering from tuberculosis after Auramine staining and culture on Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT).Results: Majority of the cases were in the age group of 45-64 years. Male: female ratio of 3.33:1. Among the subjects with pulmonary tuberculosis, cough with expectoration (74.19%) was the commonest complaint, whereas among the subjects with extra-pulmonary tuberculosis fever and breathlessness (37.50%) each were common. Among positive cases, consolidation (48.73%) was the most common X-Ray finding followed by pleural effusion (7.69%), whereas in negative cases, consolidation was seen in only 0.43% and pleural effusion in only 0.87% of cases. The mean induration of 16.28 ± 3.95 mm was seen in the positive cases while the mean induration of 6.51 ± 3.96 mm was observed in the negative cases on Mantoux testing. The positive cases had mean ESR (Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate) of 66.86 ± 20.98 mm/hr while the negative cases had mean ESR value of 16.21 ± 5.48 mm/hr. The mean haemoglobin (Hb), value in the positive cases was 11.74 ± 1.82 g% while the mean haemoglobin value in the negative cases was 11.85 ± 1.70 g%. The positive cases had mean TLC (Total Leucocyte Count) of 7.40 ± 2.62 × 10 /L while the others had mean of 7.35 ± 4.84 × 10 /L. Out of the 269 subjects, 187 were immunized with the BCG vaccine and 82 were nonimmunized.Interpretation & conclusions: Among the various laboratory parameters studied, Mantoux test and ESR values were found to be significantly raised in patients with tuberculosis.


Chinese domestic pig breeds have abundant genetic resources, but definite information about the geographic specificity and genetic structure is lacking. In this study, we analysed 359 mitochondrial D-loop sequences, including 86 sequences from Chinese domestic pigs and the rest downloaded
 from GenBank. The haplotype and nucleotide diversity indices ranged from 0.467 ±0.132 (Duroc) to 1.000 ±0.500 (Thailand, North Korea and Cambodia) and 0.00067 ±0.00019 (Duroc) to 0.02000 ±0.01000 (Thailand), respectively. The neighbour-joining tree revealed two
 clads in the individual pigs, with a Chinese domestic breed distributed discontinuously among several breeds. The network data indicated that the gene pools of Chinese domestic pigs are likely related to Chinese, Japanese and some other Southeast Asian wild boars.


Multiple myeloma stem cells (MMSCs) have been considered as the major cause resulting in relapse. Eradicating MMSCs may be an effective strategy to improve the outcome of multiple myeloma (MM). Increased activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) has been found in MMSCs, but whether inhibiting ALDH activity can eliminate MMSCs remains unknown. Disulfiram (DS) has been reported as an inhibitor of ALDH, and increasing studies showed it has anti‐cancer effects in a copper (Cu)‐dependent manner. In this study, we isolated ALDH+ cells of MM by Aldefluor assay and demonstrated they possessed tumorigenesis capacities in vitro and in vivo. Next, we investigated the effects of DS with or without Cu on suppressing the stemness of MM both in vitro and in vivo. We found that DS/Cu eliminated the stem cell‐like ALDH+ cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that DS/Cu inhibited the expression of stem cell transcription factors NANOG and OCT4, and abolished the clonogenicity of MM. We also showed that DS/Cu reduced the tumor growth and inhibited stemness of MM in xenograft model. We further found the specific target of DS/Cu is ALDH1A1 and DS/Cu inhibited the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway transcription factors Gli1 and Gli2 regulated by ALDH1A1 at least in part. Our data suggest that DS/Cu can inhibit the ALDH+ stem cell‐like cells through ALDH1A1 and Hh pathway, which may be a promising therapeutic agent in eradicating stem cell‐like cells of MM.


Purpose: To assess the performance of CT automatic exposure control (AEC) system by using a newly developed automated noise level measurement technique. Methods: Twenty pediatric patients' CT image data of chest routine protocol taken with AEC (CARE Dose4D, Siemens Healthcare) were collected. A newly developed automated noise level measurement technique was applied to assess the noise level consistency across the varying body size. Subcutaneous fat region was segmented by applying thresholding of predefined intensity range followed by morphology operation on noise filtered image. A novel structure feature was calculated by combining sum of gradient and directional entropy of gradient at each pixel within the segmented subcutaneous fat. Five ROIs were randomly selected which have feature values less than 10 percentiles. The representative noise level was determined as an average of the HU standard deviations on 5 ROIs. Variation of noise levels were evaluated for the 20 CT data with the above noise measurements. In addition, 3 body factors such as water-equivalent body diameter (WBD), AP, and LAT diameter were extracted on each slice, and Pearson correlation coefficients between the noise measurements and body factors were compared. Results: Most of the ROI placement (98%) by automated technique were accepted by an expert observer. Variation of noise standard deviation per patient ranged from 0.83 to 2.17 HU, whereas the mean noise ranged from 5.80 to 12.38 HU. Pearson correlation coefficient was highest between WBD and noise level by showing 0.76±0.06. Conclusion: Performance of CT AEC system could be assessed with a fully automated technique. Our proposed technique is a potentially useful tool for investigating various characteristics and optimal use of AEC system in clinical setting.


This paper deals with the read/write (R/W) gap delay measurement and estimation problem in self-servo track writing. Kalman filtering approach is applied in the estimation of the RAV gap delay. The technique presented in this paper is expected to save the process time for capturing the R/W gap delay during self-servo track writing. The simulation result demonstrates the effectiveness of the presented technique


Objective:To evaluate the clinical Value of Gram staining,culture and real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reation(FQ-PCR)in detection of gonococal infection in women Patients and find a fast and sensitive method to detect gonococcus.Methods:123 urogenital specimens were obtained from patients with suspected gonorrhea.These specimens were tested by Gram stain of smear,culture and FO-PCR.Culture was considered as the "gold standard".Compared with the culture,the sensitivity,specificity positive predictive predictive value(PPV)and negative predictive value(NPV) of two detection methods were calculated.Results: The positive rate of smear detection was 76.4% and that of culture and FQ-PCR detection was 66.7%and 69.9%,The results of paved comparison X2 test indicated that the difference between both of the FQ-PCR and culture were not significant(P0.05).In comparison with the culture,the sensitivity,the specificity,specificity,PPV and NPV were 94.2%,66.7%,87.2%,82.8% for smear and 97.6%,89.7%,95.3%,94.6% for FQ-PCR.Conculsion:The FQ-PCR detection is more accurate and costs less time than the culture detection.The FQ-PCR detection possess features of accuracy,fast,higher sensitivity and higher specificity.FQ-PCR provides a fast method which is feasible in clinical practice for detection of gonococcus.