We study query-efficient Probabilistically Checkable Proofs (PCPs) and linearity tests. We focus on the number of amortized query bits . A testing algorithm uses q amortized query bits if, for some constant k, it reads qk bits and has error probability at most2 k. The best known PCP construction for NP in this respect uses 3 amortized query bits [13]; at least one amortized query bit is necessary, unless P = NP [5]. This parameter is a fairly natural one and has applications to proving non-approximability results for constr aint satisfaction problems. Furthermore, a PCP characterizatio n of NP with less than 2 amortized query bits implies a separation of the PCP model from the 2-Prover 1-Round model. Our approach is to take an atomic verification procedure and then iterate it several times, saving queries by recycli ng them between different iterations of the atomic test. We first apply this idea in order to develop query-efficient linearity tests. Linearity testing is a problem closely related to testing theLong Codeand making PCP constructions. It is also a significant combinatorial problem still lacking ti ht characterizations, except for the case of three queries [4] . The best known linearity test uses 3 amortized query bits [4] ; a different one achieves 1 amortized free bit (a different pa rameter related to the Max Clique problem) but uses an unbounded number of amortized query bits [5]. We develop a general analysis technique and a linearity test achieving s imultaneously amortized query complexity 1:5 and amortized free bit complexity:5. This test answers an open question raised by Bellare, Goldreich and Sudan. We then show how to adapt a weaker result to the PCP setting, and we obtain a PCP for NP that makes5 queries MIT Laboratory for Computer Science, Room NE43-371, 545 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. email@example.com. and has error probability1=4, so that its amortized query complexity is2:5.


This study shows the comparison between Autoregressive Moving Average (ARIMA) model and Exponential Smoothing Method in making a prediction. The comparison is focused on the ability of both methods in making the forecasts with the different number of data sources and the different length of forecasting period. For this purpose, the data from The Price of Crude Palm Oil (RM/tonne), Exchange Rates of Ringgit Malaysia (RM) in comparison to Great Britain Pound (GBP) and also The Price of SMR 20 Rubber Type (cents/kg) with three different time series are used in the comparison process. Then, forecasting accuracy of each model is measured by examinethe prediction error that producedby using Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and Mean Absolute deviation (MAD). The study shows that the ARIMA model can produce a better prediction for the long-term forecasting with limited data sources, butcannot produce a better prediction for time series with a narrow range of one point to another as...


1 This study was designed to compare the effects of two selective inhibitors of certain phosphodiesterase (PDE) isoenzymes on arrhythmias induced by coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. The drugs used were zaprinast which inhibits guanosine 3′: 5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP)‐specific PDE (PDE V) and rolipram which inhibits cyclic GMP‐insensitive, adenosine 3′: 5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP)‐specific PDE (PDE IV). 2 Pretreatment of anaesthetized rabbits with zaprinast (300 μg kg−1 plus 30 μg kg−1 min−1) had no significant effect on ischaemia‐ or reperfusion‐induced ST‐segment changes, or arrhythmias. In contrast, rolipram (30 μg kg−1 plus 3μg kg−1 min−1) and (100 μg kg−1 plus 10μg kg−1min−1) increased the severity of arrhythmias. With the higher dose of rolipram, ST‐segment changes were increased in magnitude and mortality due to ventricular fibrillation during ischaemia or reperfusion was increased to 80% compared with 30% in controls (n = 10 per group). 3 Zaprinast caused small but significant increases in heart rate and arterial blood pressure whereas rolipram decreased diastolic arterial pressure, increased left ventricular (LV) dP/dtmax and substantially increased heart rate. 4 At the end of each experiment platelet aggregation was measured ex vivo. Pretreatment of rabbits with either dose of rolipram had no significant effect on platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), collagen, arachidonic acid or thrombin or on isoprenaline‐ or prostacyclin‐induced inhibition of aggregation. Aggregatory responses to ADP and collagen were increased in platelets obtained from rabbits which had received zaprinast. 5 These results indicate that in the dose used here, the PDE V inhibitor zaprinast had no significant effect on arrhythmias. The effects of the PDE IV inhibitor rolipram on haemodynamics, combined with its lack of antiplatelet activity, may have contributed to the exacerbation of arrhythmias observed during myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion.


The present review summarises data on the prevalence and concentration of fusaproliferin, beauvericin and enniatins in small grains, maize and processed grain-based foods. These fungal secondary metabolites possess interesting biological activities and are presently often referred to as 'emerging mycotoxins'. They have been considered as less important since they are likely not of acute toxicity. However, their high prevalence in foodstuffs, occasionally in higher mg/kg concentrations, warrants an assessment of their true importance for food (and feed) safety. Thorough surveys that determine the contamination of raw and processed foods with fusaproliferin, beauvericin and enniatins are still scarce and are generally limited to Northern Europe and the Mediterranean. The reported data suggest a connection between the observed concentrations and climate. The data further suggest that humans might be exposed continuously to low levels of enniatins as these compounds were of particularly high prevalence in the...


Field trials were conducted at Samaru and Maigana during the 2011 and 2012 wet seasons on the experimental farm of the Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University Samaru, Zaria and on the Research Farm of the Kaduna State Agricultural Development Programme, Maigana both in the Northern Guinea Savannah agro-ecological zone of Nigeria to determine the physiological indices of direct seeded upland rice varieties as affected by seed rates. The treatments consisted threesowing methods (Broadcasting, Drilling and Dibbling), three upland rice varieties (NERICA 4, 8 and JAMILA) and three seed rates (40, 80 and 120 kg ha). The treatments were laid out in a split plot design and were replicated three times with factorial combinations of sowing methods and seed rates in the main plots and three rice varieties in the sub plots. Results revealed that 40 and 80 kg ha had higher values for CGR, NAR andRGR at both locations. The seed rates of 40 and 80 kg ha significantly delayed heading and physiological maturity at both locations but seed rates did not significantly affect relative growth rate and shoot dry weight at both locations. Sowing method significantly influenced crop growth rate, shoot dry weight and days to 50 % heading only at Samaru where broadcasting and drilling methods recorded higher crop growth and shoot dry weight over dibbling method. However, dibbling method had higher crop growth rate than broadcasting and drilling methods only at Maigana while at Samaru, dibbling delayed in days to 50% heading. Thoughdibbling method delayed in days to 50% heading but was ststistically at par with drilling and drilling in turn was at par with broadcasting method. There was no significant influence of sowing methods on relative growth rate at both locations. There were significant variation and similarity among the varieties used in this study. It was observed that at both locations, JAMILA delayed in days to 50% heading and therefore matured late while NERICA 8 had the highest crop growth rate and shoot dry weight. However, NERICA 4 and 8 displayed similarities in crop growth and shoot dry weight. Based on the result obtained from the study, it can be inferred that JAMILA matured later than NERICA 4 buthad higher physiological indices in Samaru while NERICA 8 perform better in Maigana. Consequently broadcast or drilled rice performed better at 40 kg ha seed rate.


Abstract As market reform has progressed in China, state bureaux have adapted and become entrepreneurial. This contradicts expectations that states will either simply retreat in the face of encroaching markets to play a minimal role in the economy, or obstruct market‐oriented change through bureaucratic conservatism or rent‐seeking. This paper describes the state entrepreneurialism that has appeared in the Chinese city of Tianjin in the early 1990s and explains its emergence as the consequence of both market‐induced structural transformation and the resultant changing incentives and demands on officials. It proposes the 'entrepreneurial state' as a model of state adaptation to marketization and assesses its implications for both our conception of the developmental state and for anticipation of rent‐seeking and resistance to market reform.


Literature about fruit-bagging cultivation of Loquat at home and abroad is summarized in this paper to investigate the experiences on fruit-bagging cultivation of Loquat in its production areas especially in southern subtropical Guangdong and Fujian for many years,which include wholly orchard covering,wholly plant covering,and directly bagging fruit shoot,selecting bag(different standard,different type,and different production quality) and key points for manipulation.Attentions and exiting problems for fruit-bagging are also put forward.


Acetogens are anaerobic bacteria capable of fixing CO 2 or CO to produce acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) and ultimately acetate using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (WLP). Acetobacterium woodii is the type strain of the Acetobacterium genus and has been critical for understanding the biochemistry and energy conservation in acetogens. Members of the Acetobacterium genus have been isolated from a variety of environments or have had genomes recovered from metagenome data, but no systematic investigation has been done on the unique and various metabolisms of the genus. To gain a better appreciation for the metabolic breadth of the genus, we sequenced the genomes of 4 isolates ( A. fimetarium , A. malicum , A. paludosum , and A. tundrae ) and conducted a comparative genome analysis (pan-genome) of 11 different Acetobacterium genomes. A unifying feature of the Acetobacterium genus is the carbon-fixing WLP. The methyl (cluster II) and carbonyl (cluster III) branches of the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway are highly conserved across all sequenced Acetobacterium genomes, but cluster I encoding the formate dehydrogenase is not. In contrast to A. woodii , all but four strains encode two distinct Rnf clusters, Rnf being the primary respiratory enzyme complex. Metabolism of fructose, lactate, and H 2 :CO 2 was conserved across the genus, but metabolism of ethanol, methanol, caffeate, and 2,3-butanediol varied. Additionally, clade-specific metabolic potential was observed, such as amino acid transport and metabolism in the psychrophilic species, and biofilm formation in the A. wieringae clade, which may afford these groups an advantage in low-temperature growth or attachment to solid surfaces, respectively. the ecology and evolution of the Acetobacterium genus and highlight the potential of these species as a source for production of fuels and chemicals from CO 2 feedstocks.


Aims: The three different above ground biomass components (branch, crown, bark) of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) were evaluated, regarding energy and combustion properties. Study Design: The proximate, ultimate and calorific analysis conducted on components of European Beech tree from three different age stands (10-, 20-, 30 years old). For each group of sample, separate experiments were carried out under similar conditions and experimental findings presented comparatively. The results obtained may be suggested for the selection of the best parts and age group for the improvement of fuel properties of selected tree and could provide useful evaluation of the test methods employed. Methodology: The three different above ground biomass components (branch, crown, bark) of European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) were selected for the investigation. For comparatively determining the combustion behavior and energy properties of the of European Beech tree components, the chips were prepared. These chips were dried (air dried, 12%) in laboratory conditions at 20 °C and 50% relative humidity before being subjected to evaluations. Typically, the combustion is preceded by evaporation of the moisture, distillation and burning of the volatiles before the fixed carbon burns. However, fixed carbon is the solid combustible residue that remains after a wood or bark are heated and the volatile matter is expelled. It is determined by Original Research Article Sahin; AJOCS, 10(1): 8-14, 2021; Article no.AJOCS.68642 9 subtracting the percentages of moisture, volatile matter, and ash from the sample. The combustion properties of a given substrate can be found by ultimate and proximate analysis. For determining volatile and ash contents, a TGA instrument (Leco TGA701 Thermogravimetric Analyzer) was utulized according to the ASTM D 5142 protocol. The moisture content determined at 105 °C, ash at 750 °C, volatiles at 950 °C in this experimental process. The heat values were determined by a calorimetry bomb instrument (Leco AC–500). At the end of the process, the energy levels of samples were found in calorific value (Kcal/Kg). The sulfur and carbon content were determined by using a carbon/sulfur analyzer instrument (Leco SC-144) and was determined at 1350 oC at 3.0 min durations. Experimental Findings: It has found that selected variables (European Beech components and age groups) have influenced combustion and calorific properties in some level. However, bark was found to be show the lowest fixed carbon ratio of 13.7% in 10 years old samples. The highest volatile matter content of 84.6% was obtained with a 30 years old branch wood sample. Moreover, the highest level of ash content (3.7-9.9%) was found to be with bark samples in all three age groups, regardless of conditions. The measured calorific values looks like very similar in crown wood (4207.8 kcal/kg to 4263.8 kcal/kg) and branch wood samples (4137.8 kcal/kg to 4563.5 kcal/kg) while considerably lower for bark (3776.6 kcal/kg to 4200.7 kcal/kg). It is also important to note that European Beech tree have only showed trace amount of sulfur element (0.030.13%) in regardless of maturity and parts of tree.


The work presented in this thesis concerns computer simulations of the lubrication process. The main subject of interest is elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) and, to some extent, hydrodynamic lu ...


. Kinetics and mechanism of Cu 2 O oxidation have been studied as a function of temperature (973– 1273 K) and oxygen pressure (1– 10 5 Pa), using microthermogravimetric and marker techniques. It has been found that in early stages not exceeding 30 hours, CuO formation follows approximately cubic rate law and in later stages, the process can be described by parabolic kinetics with the rate being independent of Cu 2 O pretreatment. Marker experiments, confirmed by two-stage oxidation studies, have demonstrated that the growth process of CuO layer on the surface of Cu 2 O proceeds by the outward diffusion of cations, clearly indicating that the cation sublattice of CuO is predominantly defected. These results together with kinetic and nonstoichiometry data strongly suggest that in addition to intrinsic electronic disorder (i.e. electron holes and quasi-free electrons), doubly ionized cation vacancies are the prevailing ionic defects in this oxide.


The present study deals with study of diversity of Phytoplankton in relation to physicchemical characteristics of 'Nav – Talav', Bhandara (M.S.) India, during the period of one year 2013 - 2014. Nav – Talav is located at Bhandara - Tumsar Road. It is perennial lake receives water from rain. The water level remains more of less constant except the level decreases slightly in the summer season. In this Talav, the Phytoplanktons are abundant. The water spread area is 27 hect.and water is used not only for the agriculture activity but also for fishery activities. There are 30 species of Phytoplanktons are observed and identified the study. These identified Phytoplanktonsbelongs to various families like Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae. It was concluded that the dominant species are spirogyra, Euglenopolymorpha, Anabena and Spirulina.


PYRIMIDINE dimers in the DNA of E. coli are U.V. photoproducts responsible for mutations which suppress auxotrophy and for mutations which confer resistance to streptomycin. The evidence for this is that both types of mutation are induced by much smaller U.V. doses when the bacteria are defective in excision repair of photoproducts such as dimers thanwhen excision repair operates normally [ 1,2] and, more specifically, the yields of both types can be reduced by enzymatic photosplitting of dimers[2]. However, it has been reported that mutations which impair the ability to ferment carbohydrate fulfill only one of these two expectations for dimers as mutagenic lesions. Lacmutants were induced by much smaller U.V. doses when the strain was defective in excision repair but their frequency was not reduced by post-irradiation exposure to photoreversing light [2]. Thus either the mutagenic lesion for this type of mutation is a non-dimer U.V. photoproduct which can be repaired by excision or the U.V. photoproduct is a dimer which for some reason, perhaps its specific location in DNA, is not accessible to photoreversing enzyme [2]. The precise nature of the U.V. photoproduct for fermentation mutations became important during our current study concerning a possible synergism between the U.V. induction of this type of mutation and the action of a mutator gene[3]. Therefore the photoreversibility was re-examined. Our data show that a major fraction of u.v. lesions causing lacand galmutations aye dimers. The bacterial strains employed were E. coli WP2 hcr-the same strain as employed previously [ 2 ] and a lacderivative of it. Inability to ferment lactose was scored in the former and inability to ferment galactose in the latter. Cultures were grown by aeration in nutrient broth plus 0.5% NaCl. Cultures in stationary phase were obtained by growing 22-24 hr after inoculation with very few cells (10-50/ml); cultures in late lag phase were obtained by diluting stationary-phase cultures 1 : 10 in fresh medium, aerating for 40 min and chilling for 10 min[4]. The cultures were washed by centrifugation and resuspended in 0.85% saline or buffered saline (per liter: 17.6g N&HPO,. 12H20, 4-3g KH2P04, 4.0g NaCI, 0.2g MgSO, .7H,O). Techniques for U.V. irradiation, for measurement of U.V. dose and for photoreversal have been described previously [ 11. The U.V. dose rate was 0.45 erg/mmz/sec. Unfiltered photoreversing light was used and samples were exposed at room temperature (25°C) at a distance of 6 in. from the lamp. Treated samples were diluted appropriately and 0-05-0.1 ml spread on TTC indicator agar (0.8% nutrient broth, 0.5% NaCl,


Considerable hydrocarbon reserves are associated with heterogeneous stratified reservoirs. Many of these reservoirs demonstrate poor recovery efficiency, due to the low vertical and lateral sweep, if produced traditionally by depletion or waterflooding. Modern Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) methods have significant potential for such formations. A Norwegian sandstone field was evaluated in this study. This field is characterized by extreme contrasts in reservoir properties. Horizontal permeability in the formation varies from 2 - 20 mD in the lower reservoir to more than 2000 mD in the upper reservoir. The sweep is accordingly very low in the lower reservoir, which contains fit-70% of oil in place. A 3D model of the formation was constructed in order to investigate, in detail, potential IOR processes. The selection of the model area was conducted by a cross-discipline team. It was decided that a full field model was too resource intensive and a generic model would be too simplistic. A third alternative called, average pattern approach, was utilized. The cross-discipline team looked over the field and made a group decision to choose a specific area. A portion of the field that had average properties and well completion history was modelled. The area was large enough to capture different development schemes. The reservoir model reflects the main characteristics of the formation and, in particular, the high permeability contrast between the upper and lower reservoirs, interlayer communication and presence of faults. Actual operational and reservoir information was available for the selected pattern. This approach gives validity to predictions and evaluation of IOR processes and also minimizes the resources and time required for modelling. The simulation focused on three recovery technologies : (1) Water Alternated Gas injection (WAG), (2) Foam Assisted WAG or Surfactant Alternated Gas injection (FAWAG or SAG), (3) Separate-simultaneous Water/Gas injection (SWG) in combination with horizontal and vertical wells, with and without fracturing of injection and production wells. The commercial reservoir simulator STARS was selected for this study because it is today's most versatile model for foam and other advanced recovery processes. The best development strategy, yielding the highest recovery potential, resulted from a combination of advanced IOR methods with injectors completed vertically in the upper and horizontally in the lower reservoir. In addition, the wells in the lower low-permeable reservoir should be recompleted with propped fractures. There were two processes found to be particularly effective : (1) simultaneous injection of water in the upper and gas in the lower reservoir, SWG, and (2) WAG injection with and without time-phased gradual blockage of the upper reservoir by foam, SAG.


to talk about periodic catatonia, gives us instead a fascinating little essay on periodic phenomena in general. Dr. Richter, dealing with typtophan meta bolism in mental illness, is really concerned with the biochemistry of depression, and in the discussion following his paper Dr. Schildkraut gives the best brief account of the catecholamine hypothesis of depression that I have yet seen. Even without these unexpected bonuses, this is a most stimulating book which can be warmly recommended. J. L.GIBBONS.


This paper explores the phenomena of 'persistence' and 'emergence' in the patterns of contrast, distribution, and alternation in the phonology of Malayalee English, a transplanted second language system, and argues for the need to supplement the theory of constraint interaction in Optimality Theory with an explicit theory of constraint generation. The proposal involves two parts. First, when two or more constraints share a common core but vary in the details of their manifestation, their redundancy can be eliminated by deriving them from an underspecified constraint core. Adding further specifications of domain, locus, trigger, or outcome value, would yield the fully specified constraints. The constraints derived from the same constraint core would form a constraint homologue, providing a basis for the study of invariance and probable variations in language typology, language change, and language contact. Second, to capture cross-linguistic probabilities in the ranking of constraints, we propose that each markedness constraint homologue be paired with its faithfulness counterpart, with a universal default ranking relation. Such a constraint pair with default ranking expresses a universal tendency. In a weak tendency, faithfulness outranks markedness; given a language, reversing the default ranking would activate the tendency. In a strong tendency, markedness outranks faithfulness; reversing the ranking would deactivate the tendency. Strong tendencies correspond to the unmarked state of affairs in the SPE sense of 'unmarked'. Our analysis also reveals that, contrary to expectation in language contact, some patterns in ME that it shares with neither its substrate nor its superstrate sources illustrate the emergence of marked configurations of facts. We suggest that these marked structures can be explained as the resolution of conflicting pulls from the parent languages within the space provided by universal grammar. * We are deeply indebted to Arto Anttila for detailed discussions and alternative accounts, and to Devyani Sharma for extensive and insightful comments. We gratefully acknowledge Joan Bresnan, Paul Kiparsky, and Peter Sells for conceptual clarification and useful suggestions, Bao Zhiming, Chin Seok Koon, Madalena Cruz-Ferreira, and Vivienne Fong for comments on an earlier version, and Sunita Abraham for also detailed editorial suggestions. We owe thanks to Joan Bresnan and the members of her Advanced LFG class (Winter 2003) for their significant contribution in directing our attention to important issues in OT, and stimulating the growth of the paper. The paper has benefited from questions and suggestions from the audience at the Stanford Linguistics Colloquium (April 2003), and from subsequent discussions with John Singler.


Acne vulgaris or acne, also known as acne, is a chronic obstructive and inflammatory skin disease in the pilosebasea unit that often occurs in adolescence. The prevalence of acne in adolescence is quite high, ranges between 47-90%. Acne mostly occurs on the face, characterized by the presence of inflammatory lesions and non-inflammatory lesions, namely blackheads. Blackheads can be in the form of open blackheads that occur due to melanin oxidation, or closed blackheads (whitehead comedones). Skin from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) has been reported to have antioxidants activity and have the ability to against free radicals from pollution and UV radiation from carotenoid compounds. Carotenoids are one of the compounds that can eliminate the appearance of blackheads from the skin of the face. Currently, treatment with chemicals is the first choice. However, the innovation for this product is needed. Treatment based on natural ingredients and formed as cosmetic products can be an alternative to treat facial skin and prevent blackheads from occurring puberty in adolescents. Mask is one of the facial care products that are loved by adolescents and becoming a trend nowadays. The advantages of this form are easy to use and relatively cheap, made this is the main choice for adolescents. A practice and suitable mask product are needed for adolescents, so a peel-off mask is a good choice for it.


Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is a flexible forming method allowing to shape sheet metal without the need for die. This process is particularly well suited for rapid prototyping and small series production. The classical setup for incremental forming is a specialised rig mounted on a standard milling machine. While this is an economic solution for small to medium size workpieces, large parts require the availability of a big and therefore expensive machining centre. A cheap solution consists in using a robot, which typically has a much better workable range to cost ratio. Unfortunately a robot is usually not a stiff machine, with the consequence that during forming, due to the forming forces, the deformation of the robot can be orders of magnitude greater than the accuracy of the process. In consequence the accuracy of the achieved part is significantly affected. To overcome this problem, a strategy for compensating the deflection of the robot at the level of the tool has been implemented. To support this strategy, two variables have to be examined: the forming forces on one hand and the stiffness of the robot on the other. In this paper it is demonstrated how, based on robot kinematics, the tool deflection can be computed from the knowledge of compliance of each joint in terms of angle deflection versus the moment load applied to the joint. Experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of this approach.


The people in Langsa City understand that when a wali adhal is considered more competent to solve it is the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA), because it is considered to have a better understanding of marriage issues. Whereas in regulations the juridical authority to resolve the problems of wali adhal is the religious court. The purpose of this research is based on the normative and sociological authority of the settlement of wali adhal. This research is field research with a sociological approach. The results show that there are several factors in the occurrence of wali adhal and the Office of Religious Affairs (KUA) is actively resolving wali adhal problems with mediation, emotional approach, discussion approaches and when the approach fails to be resolved by means of litigation.


According to clinical guidelines self-monitoring of blood glucose is a part of the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, self-monitoring of glycemia is associated with signifi cant costs. Th at's why the issue if there is a possibility to decrease the use of self-monitoring of blood glucose is actual. Since the United Kingdom Prospective Study (UKPDS) showed that every 1% decrease in glycated hemoglobin leads to a 37% decrease in the risk of microvascular complications and 14% decrease in the risk of macrovascular complications as well as it leads to a decrease in mortality, the article mainly examined the eff ect of selfmonitoring on the level of glycated hemoglobin in various clinical situations.


Although attention has been paid to creative individuals, their products, the various creative processes involved in creative activity (such as divergent thinking), and the environments or situations that afford or constrain creative activity, little attention has been paid to how these components converge during creative activity. The primary questions addressed in this study concern the role of self-regulation while children were engaged in drawing pictures of real and make-believe objects. The study questions were addressed by examining the private speech (i.e., spontaneous self-directed talk) and drawings of real and make-believe objects made by 108 children (36 in first grade, 36 in third grade, and 36 in fifth grade). The findings of this study illuminate differences in the use of private speech (overall and by subtype) for self-regulation purposes by participants based on the type of drawing task (real or make-believe), grade, and creative ability level of participants. This study also found a moderate, positive (r =. 28, p <. 005) correlation between the drawing and creative ability of participants. Avenues for future research are discussed.


1Patients with type 2 diabetes have premature mortality and high morbidity and with > 75% of these patients developing complications while of working age the direct costs to the economy are disproportionately high. 2,3 The care of people with diabetes accounts for about 5% of total NHS costs and 10% of hospital in-patient resources. 2 The impact of diabetic complications on NHS and social services costs have been reported in the T 2 ARDIS survey, which draws attention to both the direct and indirect costs of type 2 diabetes. 4


The food industry plays a major role in the culture, economy, and society of Filipino immigrants. Filipino-Americans see restaurant ownership, catering, and employment as opportunities to succeed in their adopted country. However, the success of Filipino owners like Marlyn is limited and guised; a restaurant's success entails the sacrifices of Filipino women and families. By analyzing the food and restaurant choices of Marlyn's clients, I also argue that foodways reflects the changing lifestyle and demands of Filipinos with busy and fast-paced lives in America. By analyzing foodways as symbolic means of maintaining and changing community identities, I show the process of assimilation and cultural change in an ethnic community.


Introduction-lente carbohydrate The concept of slow release or 'lente' carbohydrate owes much to the original dietary fibre hypothesis of the early 1970s (Trowell & Burkitt, 1975). In this it was suggested that many western ills are due to changes in the diet involving the refining of carbohydrate foods and the elimination of dietary fibre from the diet (i.e. the loss of the unabsorbable or 'unavailable' carbohydrate and lignin). Amongst this list was included diabetes (Trowell, 1975). A rationale then evolved that unabsorbable materials may interfere with the uptake of nutrients perhaps by increasing the thickness of the unstirred layer, perhaps even causing malabsorption. In man's original diet (Fig. I) foods with low energy concentrations were seen as releasing their carbohydrate products of digestion slowly and utilizing a greater length of small intestine for absorption. By contrast, refined western foods were rapidly absorbed high in the small intestine. The more primitive diet (Fig. 2 ) would then result in prolongation and flattening of the postprandial blood glucose response while the refined diet produced a large rise


N ONIONIZING electromagnetic radiation can adversely affect diagnostic and therapeutic medical devices that process bioelectric signals, transducer electrical signals, or radio telemetered signals. Frequencies of interfering radiation range from below 50 Hz. to beyond one gigahertz. This electronic "smog" may be sensed directly by the affected device; it may be demodulated and sensed. These effects are mitigated by limiting the level of emissions where medical devices are likely to be used and by decreasing the susceptibility of devices. An implantable artificial cardiac pacemaker is a well-known example of a device that can be sensitive to interference because of its widespread use and the publicly perceived dependence of pacemaker patients. The bad news about the potential electromagnetic interference with medical electronic devices is that these devices appear to be more sensitive to electromagnetic waves than organisms. The good news is that the effects of electromagnetic interference are more easily detected and it is possible to make devices less sensitive to it. Let us consider the mechanism of interference. The accompanying figure shows the general mechanism for interference entering a medical electronic device. The most susceptible types of devices are those that utilize low level electrical signals to gather diagnostic information or to perform a therapeutic function. Bioelectric sources, transducers, telemetry signals, and low level recordings are four areas where electromagnetic interference can distort essential device function. Examples of various devices and their effects are shown in Table I. With any type of medical device, the primary mechanism encountered is noise, distortion, and loss


"I have some bad news and some good news for you," the gynecologist said, face grim, eyes kind, as he intently looked at me.


Sexual dimorphism is a common feature of life. Researchers have noted that some species of Amblypygi (Class Arachnida) exhibit male-biased sexual dimorphism, but a broad overview of the prevalence of sexual dimorphism in the order does not exist. In order to provide such an overview, we imaged and measured morphological characteristics of 390 amblypygids from 36 species. Our aim was to gain insight into general patterns of sexual dimorphism across the order. We found that, generally, males have larger pedipalps, longer antenniform legs, but smaller carapace widths relative to conspecific females for nearly all species studied. Species ranged from no sexual dimorphism (Phrynus exsul and Charinus insularis) to eywords:


We report on BVR precise photometry of active late-type stars EK DRA and 29 DRA in the spring of 2004. The analysis suggests a reasonable fit with single spot model for both cases in the season as far as the V-curve is concerned. The spots are generally cooler than surrounding photosphere and are at high latitudes. The maximal brightness changes for both stars implying a non-rotating component of activity signatures, the spots. We expect that the spot configuration is stable over the period of approximately three months. .


The effects of brazing temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of vacuum brazed joints of 316L stainless steel were studied. Choose three soldering temperature. After soldering, observed the microstructure, element distribution, microhardness and shear strength of welding clearance. The results show that the welding temperature for 940 °C, the brazing clearance organization mainly by Ni-Cr-P phase composition. Joint performance is poor, element can't get enough spread. P element does not spread easily, mainly in the brazing clearance; Cr element can spread along the grain boundary into mother material; the ability of spread of Ni elements is less than the Cr element. While welding temperature of 970 °C, the shear strength is the highest, and the comprehensive performance is the best.


Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of aidi injection combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in patients with primary hepatic carcinoma.Methods: Patients with primary hepatic carcinoma(n=92) were randomly divided into two groups.Patients(n=46) were treated with intravenous aidi injection(60 mL in 500 mL 0.9% NaCl) for 21 days(d 1~21),and combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization(HCPT 10 mg,5-Fu 500 mg and iodinate oil 10 mL) for 28 days according to seldinger's technique.The control patients(n=46) were treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization alone.After 2 circles of 28-day treatment,the therapeutic effects were evaluated.Reaults: In aidi and control groups,the effective rates were 80.4% and 63.0%;the median survival time was 8.34 and 8.21 months;the mean survival time was 12.56 and 9.24 months;the half-a-year survival rate was 89.1% and 84.8%;one-year survival rate was 63.4% and 47.8%;and two-year survival rate was 28.3% and 17.4%,respectively.For the initial patients in the two groups,the overall half-a-year survival rate was 83.1%,one-year survival rate was 46.2%,and two-year survival rate was 18.5%;for the retreated patients,the corresponding rates were 96.2%,77.8% and 33.3%.The AFP decline rate was 69.4% in 25 patients of aidi group,and was 54.5% in 18 patients of control group.Conclusion: Aidi injection can enhance the effect of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,improve the quality of the patients' life and prolong the survival time in patients with primary hepatic carcinoma;the efficacy can be improved after repeated treatment.


Engineers and planners have realised that traffic volume is not the only component of traffic intrusion problems in residential areas; rather these problems are multi-dimensional. Vehicle speed is one of these additional dimensions. Residents have also demonstrated an unwillingness to greatly sacrifice their personal mobility to gain respite from traffic intrusion. Thus there has been a shift in local area planning from measures such as street closures to the use of devices for speed control (e. g. humps, narrowings, chicanes and roundabouts), and the imposition of special speed limits. This note provides some initial steps towards the formal definition of local area traffic planning objectives, and introduces some possible mathematical models. Language: en


This report examines the key areas of concern for women in benefit sharing in research raised by 5 cases studied in the Genbenefit project. Based on its findings, it puts forward recommendations for policy guidelines and strategies for protecting women's rights in benefit sharing in research. The report looks at gender inequality concerns within the larger context of the societies where the cases are located using a comparative analysis. It looks into the barriers to and opportunities for fair benefit sharing and how socio-economic, political and cultural changes impact gender-based vulnerabilites. A feminist framework is utilized to make sense of persistent inequalities. It is clear that in all 5 cases the most significant barrier to women's fair treatment is marginalization in decision making.This report proposes that in addition to international and national policies, research ethics guidelines should be mobilized to protect women's rights.


Abstract: In this paper, we discuss issues involved in defining an optimum placement of four electrodes for impedance pneumography. We observed a general trend where the change in impedance (ΔZ) decreased while the sensitivity (ΔZ/Z) increased with distance between the drive and receive electrode pairs. However, the theoretical study indicated that ΔZ/Z should decrease with distance. The scatter of points in the plots indicated that sensitivity was influenced by factors other than distance. The correlation coefficient between the theoretical and measured ΔZ/Z was low, but significant. This suggested that the best electrode configuration can be derived from the theoretical data. High ΔZ/Z was obtained when the drive and receive electrode pairs were placed close to the lungs and in different horizontal planes.


AXlthough this essay will focus on an evaluation of the small ICBM (SICBM) and its possible basing modes, I will begin with a brief review of the tortured history of America's effort to modernize its land-based ICBM force, in order to place this newest missile in context. For two decades, the theoretical vulnerability of silo-based missiles has occupied center stage in the ongoing debate over the proper structure of the U.S. nuclear retaliatory force. Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird brought the issue to the forefront in 1969 as the Soviets began deployment of their first crude "MIRV"-the SS-9 Mod4. The SS-9 Mod4 turned out to be not much of a threat to the Minuteman. But the ability to attack Minuteman appeared to be the motive behind the Mod4's design, convincing most American policymakers that the Soviets intended to develop the capability to destroy America's land-based ICBMs. By 1976, Paul Nitze had sounded the Klaxon even louder. The Soviets had begun deployment of true MIRVs, the SS-17, SS-18, and SS-19, and both the SS-18 and the SS-19 appeared to have substantial counterforce capability against fixed silos. In two impassioned articles, Nitze argued that the Soviets could "deter our deterrent" by launching a preemptive attack against U.S. land-based missile forces.1 The "window of vulnerability" was declared to be open wide. The Ford Administration, and later the Carter Administration, responded by moving to deploy the MX missile in a multiple protective shelter (MPS) basing mode. The MX itself had been conceived in the mid-1960s as the "WS120A" system identified in the STRAT-X study undertaken during Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara's tenure. But accurate MIRVs had rendered deployment in silos problematic from the standpoint of survivability, even if the silos were "super-hard." The mobility and deception inherent in the MPS basing mode seemed the only answer to concerns about surviva-


Electro(nic) scrap contains valuable resources of plastics, including high impact polystyrene (HIPS), acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene (ABS) and polypropylene (PP). Recovery of these secondary raw materials from e-waste is a challenging task since diverse polymer types are present in e-waste mixtures and many plastics contain high amounts of contaminants, which are listed in the European RoHS Directive. Former studies revealed that the solvent based CreaSolv® Process is capable of extracting valuable polymers out of polymer scrap from e-waste and to separate these from contaminants effectively. However, business models showed that revenues from recycled polymers typically only slightly exceed conversation cost, if at all.


transformation is at the heart of wealth creation and poverty reduction, and thus is the essence of economic development. It describes what economic transformation means, and the processes that drive it. These processes relate to development manufacturing capabilities, international trade, foreign direct investment, the role of the state, and the role of agriculture, among others. In doing so, it looks at historical experiences of countries that transformed their economies, but also at changes in the global political economy in the 21st century and what that means for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa that are yet to industrialize.


The macro-deformation of PP and PP/HDPE during equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) processing was studied. The results showed the rectangle mesh of PP specimen deformed to parallelogram mesh, the deformation angle was about 40° in ECAE processing and the angle was about 33° in A route ECAE processing, but in C route ECAE processing the parallelogram mesh returned to rectangle mesh, which showed the specimen would had different structure by different processing route. The optimal ECAE extrusion rate was 3 mm/min and should be constant for getting uniform deformation PP specimen. The ECAE processability of PP/HDPE composite was not only concerned with the friction coefficient, but also with the structure of the composite. When the content of HDPE was about 10 wt% , the ECAE processing was easy, but when the content was more than 10 wt% , fracture and breaking would took place during the processing. The optimal ECAE extrusion rate was 2 mm/min and PP/HDPE (90/10) composite had best ECAE processability.


The Analytic System and Software for Evaluation of Safeguards and Security (ASSESS) Facility module records site information in the path elements and areas of an Adversary Sequence Diagram. The ASSESS Outsider evaluation module takes this information and first calculates performance values describing how much detection and delay is assigned at each path element and then uses the performance values to determine most-vulnerable paths. This paper discusses new Outsider capabilities that allow the user to view how elements are being defeated and to modify some of these values in Outsider. Outsider now displays how different path element segments are defeated and contrasts the probability of detection for alternate methods of defeating a door (e.g., the lock or the door face itself). The user can also override element segment delays and detection probabilities directly during analysis in Outsider. These capabilities allow users to compare element performance and to verify correct path element performance for all elements, not just those on the most-vulnerable path as is the case currently. Improvements or reductions in protection can be easily checked without creating a set of new facility files to accomplish it.


Continuous fiber ceramic matrix composites require fiber/matrix interfaces which allow load transfer from the matrix to the fibers when the composite materials are stressed. Crack deflection and fiber pullout are also necessary components of the mechanical behavior of composites. Screening interface materials and determining their optimum characteristics is a lengthy and expensive procedure if standard chemical vapor infiltration composite processing is used. A procedure for fabricating minicomposites was developed to address this problem. Minicomposites require very little material and much less labor than is necessary to produce a standard composite. Also, the mechanical property measurements made on minicomposites target the behavior of the interface coatings and their effect on the properties of the composite. Tensile testing of minicomposites was used to optimize the matrix infiltration process and will be utilized in the future to study the mechanical behavior of new materials systems, and specifically, new interface coating materials.


We present lasing results of a SiC face cooled 4% Nd:YAG ceramic in an unstable cavity mode configuration (slope efficiency 35%) under quasi-CW pump conditions. This work demonstrates the first time lasing of a high temperature bonded, anti-reflection (AR) coated bonded SiC/Nd:YAG assembly. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) modeling of the temperature, stress, thermal lensing and polarization loss of the SiC/Nd:YAG stack under lasing conditions are presented.


are seeking. Controversy continues to swirl around discogenic pain and the ability of provocative discography to identify painful discs. The outcomes of hundreds of thousands of patients hang in the balance. Isolated discogenic pain is a common indication for both spinal fusion surgery and the implantation of artificial discs. If discography and other diagnostic tests cannot accurately identify the primary cause of pain in patients with back pain, then these surgical methods will be doomed to inconsistent and mediocre results. Studies by Eugene Carragee, MD, and others have raised questions about the value of discography in the identification of discogenic pain in a variety of common clinical settings: among patients with abnormal psychological profiles, in those with abnormal illness behavior, and in individuals with multilevel spinal disease. Now a cleverly designed study by Carragee et al. raises doubts about the ability of discography to identify discogenic pain under nearly ideal circumstances.


This article explores the peacebuilding contribution of the National Council of Churches of Kenya (NCCK), following the post-2007 election violence in Kenya. Faith-based organizations are increasingly taking an active role in peacebuilding in conflict prone and affected societies. The paper presents research findings that the NCCK perceived that it was positively involved in areas of humanitarian assistance and building of bridges among communities divided by the violence. The paper contextualizes the triggers or the causes of the post-election violence in Kenya after the December 2007 elections and offers suggestions for peaceful co-existence. occurred in a seen bastion and political stability a volatile region. The results of the violence were that after two months of bloodshed over 1000 people were dead and up to 500,000 thousand Kenyans became internally displaced. This study highlights the peacebuilding efforts undertaken by the National Council of Churches of Kenya (NCCK).


Agents are intelligent entities, situated in an environment and capable of flexible and autonomous behavior. Cognitive agents make use of different cognitive elements and processes in order to choose their behavior. Examples of such cognitive elements include an agent's beliefs, desires, goals, or his capacities of situation assessment or planning. In general, agents must interact to other agents in order to satisfy their desires. Because agents are not necessarily trustworthy, different mechanisms are used to ensure that the interaction takes place in a coherent manner. For example, an agent might use trust or reputation models to evaluate possible interaction partners (Sabater, 2004) or norms could specify the way agent interaction should be done (Boella and Lesmo, 2002).


Rab2 requires glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and atypical protein kinase Cι (aPKCι) for retrograde vesicle formation from vesicular tubular clusters that sort secretory cargo from recycling proteins returned to the endoplasmic reticulum. However, the precise role of GAPDH and aPKCι in the early secretory pathway is unclear. GAPDH was the first glycolytic enzyme reported to co-purify with microtubules (MTs). Similarly, aPKC associates directly with MTs. To learn whether Rab2 also binds directly to MTs, a MT binding assay was performed. Purified Rab2 was found in a MT-enriched pellet only when both GAPDH and aPKCι were present, and Rab2-MT binding could be prevented by a recombinant fragment made to the Rab2 amino terminus (residues 2-70), which directly interacts with GAPDH and aPKCι. Because GAPDH binds to the carboxyl terminus of α-tubulin, we characterized the distribution of tyrosinated/detyrosinated α-tubulin that is recruited by Rab2 in a quantitative membrane binding assay. Rab2-treated membranes contained predominantly tyrosinated α-tubulin; however, aPKCι was the limiting and essential factor. Tyrosination/detyrosination influences MT motor protein binding; therefore, we determined whether Rab2 stimulated kinesin or dynein membrane binding. Although kinesin was not detected on membranes incubated with Rab2, dynein was recruited in a dose-dependent manner, and binding was aPKCι-dependent. These combined results suggest a mechanism by which Rab2 controls MT and motor recruitment to vesicular tubular clusters.


Phosphorylation by protein kinases including mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is a major signal transduction mechanism used by eukaryotic cells to regulate different functions, virtually almost all activities that define their phenotypic behavior. Considering their diverse cellular roles, it was not surprising to find that significant portions of eukaryotic genes are devoted to code for protein kinases. For example, the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the budding yeast contains 130 distinct protein kinase encoding genes, representing approximately 2% of the entire yeast genome (Hunter and Plowman, 1997). The human genome contains 518 protein kinase genes comprising 1.7% of the genome (Manning et al., 2002).


The article is devoted to social entrepreneurship, i.e. entrepreneurial activity aimed at positive innovative changes in society, namely, mitigating or solving social problems at the expense of income received from one's own activity. In Ukraine, a separate organizational and legal form is not provided for the implementation of a social enterprise. That is, you can organize a social enterprise in any convenient of various forms (civil society organizations, business entities, etc.), with a wide choice of available taxation regimes. Social enterprises are designed to meet the needs of community members that the public sector cannot meet, and the private sector ignores. This is precisely the niche for the activity of social enterprises. Local communities are the main beneficiaries of the development of social entrepreneurship. Social entrepreneurship helps to provide public services in a new way and meet the needs of the community; create jobs; enrich the professional experience of people working in social enterprises for further employment under modern market conditions; to develop communities by involving them in public life socially vulnerable and marginalized population groups, providing their members with work; to expand the activity of citizens who can independently solve their problems and take responsibility for their lives; increase attention to socially disadvantaged population groups, not so much by providing them with charitable assistance, but by providing them with useful socially significant work; revive rural and urban areas and improve their social infrastructure, etc.
It is indicated that social entrepreneurship plays an important role in the mechanism of realization of constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen, in particular, the right to work, to a sufficient standard of living, to equality, to social protection of a new format. In this case, we believe that the concept of social protection should be interpreted broadly, go beyond exclusively state obligations (pensions, other social benefits), and include a model of responsible entrepreneurship. It can be argued that social entrepreneurship is an important step towards the departure from collectivism and the transition to individualism, where legal entities and natural persons-entrepreneurs create decent conditions for the life of socially vulnerable segmentsof the population through their activities on their own initiative.


By allowing viewers to interact with stories, interactive films have revolutionized how viewers engage with social issues and events. The emergence of immersive technologies and interactive storytelling has transformed traditional storytelling forms and methods. These technological advances have rendered interactive storytelling more complex by challenging users to reexamine understandings of the mediated world. Consequently, basic media literacy skills are necessary to benefit from these projects dealing with refugees stories.
Although interactive storytelling creates new forms of social engagement, the question about which social issues or subjects are most effectively addressed through interactive narratives remains. How do refugee stories and discourses contribute to interactive engagement? This essay analyzes a series of interactive projects focusing on refugees' storytelling, politics, and aesthetics in order to examine their socio-political engagement and their unique attributes. Refugee stories hold a strong emotional appeal, positioning them as ideal for interactive narratives. How do unique refugee experiences of displacement and disarray engage creators and viewers/users/players?
This essay argues that refugee storytelling interactivity contributes significantly to viewers' engagement with social issues and characters. While creating empathy and responsibility, these projects allow users to connect with people far removed from their own lived experiences. Characters with well-known and reliable stories make users feel closer in the position of moral concern to their situation and can instigate political accountability for their future. In interactive narratives, refugee characters redefine agency and storytelling. They offer the ability to recreate history, engender a change in the world, or revise a topic with a sense of justice toward dependable and trustworthy characters.


In this note we investigate three new pencils of symmetric surfaces in complex projective three-space. These have degree 6, 8 resp. 12 and are invariant under the action of subgroups of SO(4) containing the Heisenberg group. The pencils of degree 6 and 12 are invariant under the action of bigger groups, precisely under the action of the reflection groups F_4 resp. H_4. We compute equations for the generators of the pencils and describe the base locus of each pencil. We find also the singular surfaces and their number of singularities, which are, in fact, ordinary double points. In degree 12, we get a surface with 600 nodes. This confirms a conjecture of V. Goryounov and presents a new lower bound for the maximal number of nodes of such a surface.


Objective To study the ultrastructural characteristics of pulmonary cryptococcosis(PC).Methods Tissues obtained from 17 patients with PC were observed by light microscope and electron microscope.Results Microscopically,the cryptococcosis granuloma formation was observed.Vacuolar cryptococcus spore could be seen in plasma of multinuclear giant cell,macrophage and mesenchyma,which stained in red color with PAS and mucicarmine.Electron microscopy revealed that most of cryptococcus neoformans(CN) had a simple structure with a few organelles.The capsule was seen in all organisms.Gemmation of CN could be observed.Conclusion PC is an infrequent fungal disease in lung.The clinical manifestation and imaging of PC are nonspecific.It can be differentiated from other diseases based on histopathological features and ultrastrual observation.


Understanding communication signals, especially in noisy environments, is crucial to social interactions. Yet, as we age, acoustic signals can be disrupted by cochlear damage and the subsequent auditory nerve fiber degeneration. The most vulnerable—medium and high-threshold—auditory nerve fibers innervate various cell types in the cochlear nucleus, among which, the small cells are unique in receiving this input exclusively. Furthermore, small cells project to medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons, which in turn send branched collaterals back into the SCC. Here, we use single-unit recordings to characterise small cell firing characteristics and demonstrate superior intensity coding in this cell class. We show converse effects when activating/blocking the MOC system, demonstrating that small-cell unique coding properties are facilitated by direct cholinergic input from the MOC system. Small cells also maintain tone-level coding in the presence of background noise. Finally, small cells precisely code low-frequency modulation more accurately than other ventral CN (VCN) cell types, demonstrating accurate envelope coding that may be important for vocalisation processing. These results highlight the small cell–olivocochlear circuit as a key player in signal processing in noisy environments, which may be selectively degraded in aging or after noise insult.


Dense corpora have been put forward as necessary tools for corpus studies of language acquisition. Despite their great interest, they are not yet frequently used, probably because of the high cost involved in their creation. The goal of the present study was to predict the optimal size of a dense longitudinal corpus when used to infer, manually or automatically, the details of lexical or syntactic development in child language. The results show that corpora of at least 30 to 40 one-hour recordings are necessary, but that longer corpora using the same protocol provide little new information. Dense corpora are indeed very useful, but do not need to be overly large to study grammatical development. This has important consequences for corpus-building projects, which can be optimized. The existence of a limit to the amount of information provided by large corpora also has important consequences for linguistic theory, as this helps locate the threshold between learning frozen forms and generalizing knowledge about language structure.


The utility model discloses a solar energy pest killing lamp with double lamps and double wave bands, which comprises a solar energy panel, a supporting rod, a battery, a hanger rod and a pest attracting lamp bulb, wherein electrical power of a storage battery of the solar energy panel after being charged is transmitted to a controller and then transmitted to a black light lamp with the visible wave band of 300-400nm and the other black light lamp with the wave band of 450-580nm respectively through the controller. The solar energy pest killing lamp has the following effects: as the voltage of a high-voltage grid is as high as 2300-3000V, but the current is small, the pests can be killed at different time intervals; the working time is long; and the black under the lamp due to the threats of the pest to crops under the lamp is avoided.


This report concerns the results of a retrospective study of deaths from asthma in Tasmania during the period 1964–1966. It compares the deaths found in the Registrar‐General's return with those found by other means, and suggests reasons for the differences. By recording details of the duration of asthma, the age of death, the months in which they occurred, and some details of the investigations and treatment, the report lays the foundation on which later studies of deaths from asthma in Tasmania might be based. The circumstances of some deaths are described in detail.


included many in the early stages of the disease. In 24 with stage I (clinically imperceptible) prostatic cancer high values of enzyme were detected in 12 (500%) compared with 3 (12%) using standard enzyme assay, while in 33 cases with stage II (palpable tumour confined within the gland) the corresponding ratio was 7900 compared with 15%. Nevertheless, raised values were also occasionally found in controls; some suffering from other forms of cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and, surprisingly, after total prostatectomy. Many of these falsepositive results could be eliminated by raising the "cut-off" point of the test to 8-0 ng per 01 ml serum. With this modification, radioimmunoassay remains considerably more accurate than standard enzyme assay. The specificity and practical application of radioimmunoassay in diagnosing prostatic cancer may not be fully established yet, but the technique merits recognition. The raised values in other cancers, some patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia, and others who had previously undergone total prostatectomy suggests, however, that the method may not be entirely specific, possibly owing to the similarity of prostatic acid phosphatase to that from other sources. This has always been a problem with the biochemical tests; but one important difference may be that the radioimmunoassay must measure the immunological part of the molecule, which may not represent the biologically active part. Furthermore, though both techniques show more positive results with increasing spread of the disease, no relation has been established between phosphatase production and the malignancy of the tumour. As with any new screening test, only practical experience will show whether radioimmunoassay will prove to be of value to clinicians or whether it will remain of essentially academic interest.


Digital images of food for later analysis tend to be heterogeneous in terms of color and luminosity. Improving these images by using filters is necessary and crucial before further processing. This paper compares the non-use of filters and the use of high-pass filters in the images of hand-cut Iberian ham that will be used in a multifractal analysis for the study of fat and its infiltration. The yielded results show that with the use of a high-pass filter, more accurate fractal dimensions were obtained, which can be featured in predictive techniques of Iberian ham quality.


The Mexico City region has several flat plains formed on exceptionally porous (60–90%) lacustrine deposits overlying a highly productive regional aquifer. Severe land subsidence due to consolidation of the lacustrine aquitard caused by aquifer exploitation has resulted in restrictions on pumping in the core of Mexico City. This has led to large increases in aquifer pumping in the outlying lacustrine plains where satellite communities are rapidly expanding. The Chalco Basin is one of these lacustrine areas where pumping began in the 1950s and greatly increased in the 1980s. The lacustrine sequence in the Chalco area is significantly thicker than anywhere else in the Basin of Mexico averaging 100 m and reaching a maximum thickness of 300 m. Consequently, this area is susceptible to the highest potential land subsidence effects as a result of groundwater extraction of anywhere in the basin. Land subsidence in the central part of the Chalco Basin has increased to 0.4 m/yr since 1984 and by 1991 total subsidence had reached 8 m. The rapid land subsidence in this area is causing the accumulation of meteoric waters during the rainy season resulting in extensive flooding of farmland. This study first demonstrates a methodology for combining hydraulic data from a network of monitoring wells, geotechnical data from core samples, and a compilation of historical information on land surface elevation to quantify groundwater flow and land subsidence phenomena within the rapidly subsiding Chalco Basin. Then a one‐dimensional mathematical model is employed to develop predictions of future land subsidence under a range of pumping conditions. The model permits the hydraulic properties of the aquitard to vary as transient functions of hydraulic head and porosity. Simulations suggest that under current pumping rates, total land subsidence in the area of thickest lacustrine sediment will reach 15 m by the year 2010. If pumping is reduced to the extent that further decline in the potentiometric surface is prevented, total maximum subsidence would be significantly less, ∼10 m, and the rate would nearly cease by 2010.


Literature pertaining to girls with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and more specifically high-functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder (HFASD), is sparse. Characteristics associated with ASD impact greatly upon one's ability to form and maintain friendships, however how and to what extent this is true for primary school age girls is unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore friendship experiences in this group of girls, including any that may be gender specific, from their parents' and teachers' perspectives. Fourteen participants (eight parents and six teachers) were interviewed surrounding their perceptions of the barriers and strengths surrounding friendships, their importance, and strategies employed to develop them in their daughters or female students with HFASD. The semi-structured interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis and results triangulated between participant samples. Fourteen themes were identified and categorised into three sections; the objective characteristics of friendships in girls with HFASD, barriers to forming and maintaining friendships, and facilitating factors for social interaction. Although participants perceived friendships as challenging for girls with HFASD, they considered them vital for social development and wellbeing. The typical nature of girls' friendships at this age was perceived to exacerbate social difficulties. Additionally, evidence emerged in support of theories suggesting the current ASD diagnostic criteria may not adequately capture the female phenotype; for example, girls may demonstrate apparently superior social skills learned by mimicking peers. Further research should build upon these findings, perhaps considering the views of girls diagnosed and their peers, in order to better inform gender-specific interventions and supports.


workshop held in Rome in October 2012, dedicated to the topic " Rebuilding Europe's Competitiveness " , also contributed worthy insights. Our thanks also go to the research team of Roland Berger Strategy Consultants for their valuable input. We thank Madhur Singh and Fabienne Stassen for their superb editing work, as well as Kamal Kimaoui, and Yoren Geromin for their excellent graphic design and layout. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the World Economic Forum.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficiency, effectiveness, and impact of a trainee's control over the pace of instruction when using interactive video (IV). The study revealed that the interactive video training program designed for this study was as effective and significantly more efficient than a successful traditional training program commonly used for sanitary food handling and personal hygiene training. Pre- and post-test scores were compared between the control and experi mental groups. In addition, an outcome not originally designed as a part of this study emerged from placing students in small groups as they used the interactive systems. Scores and time to train were analyzed, comparing those who trained individually and those who trained in groups. It was discovered that students grouped on interactive hardware scored higher than those who trained alone.


Abstract This article explores the dating of the Book of Lord Shang (Shangjunshu 商君書). Despite the importance of this text as one of major ideological products of the Warring States period (453–221 b.c.e.), it remained largely ignored in mainstream Western Sinology, in part because of the confusion about the dates of its composition. The article analyzes different criteria employed by earlier scholars to ascertain the dates of individual chapters of the Book of Lord Shang and investigates the relative weight of each of these criteria. This results in a methodologically transparent discussion, which not only advances our understanding of the complex textual history of the Book of Lord Shang but also makes a step toward establishment of a commonly acceptable set of dating determinants which may be employed in investigating the dates of other pre-imperial (i.e. pre-221 b.c.e.) texts. 提要 本文討論《商君書》各篇的寫作年代。儘管《商君書》是戰國時代政治思想最重要作品之一, 但它長期被西方主流學術界所忽略。其被忽略的主要原因是該書的寫作年代不清晰。我在文章中討論了其他學者在判斷《商君書》各篇的寫作年代時所採用的標準及該標準的得失。文章所採用的極具透明性的研究方法, 不僅有助於提高我們對《商君書》的本質和寫作過程的了解, 而且也初步嘗試了提出適用于其他先秦文獻寫作年代研究的共同標準。作者希望这种標準能被廣泛接受以改善我們對諸子百家文獻年代問題的研究方法。


This dissertation piece is about how the 'Body Snatchers' adaptations posit the question about the individual and how he or she relates to wider society, and how each text can be seen as representative of particular tensions of the particular context of each film. This dissertation argues that there is tension and conflict highlighted in the adaptations between the collective group and the individual in particular the periods in which they were made. What this dissertation has uncovered is that the individual's civil liberties in America have constantly been violated by the American government, and the American dream is not all that was promised to date as this is exemplified through the 1950s right up to a post 9/11 context. This dissertation heavily relied on historical textbooks and cultural readings from secondary and primary sources, which informed societies and political readings of the 'Body Snatchers' adaptations and helped formulate the argument around the individual and society.


THE connection among law, exchange, and human welfare has been recognized at least from the time of Adam Smith.1 Voluntary exchanges obviously play a central role, if not the central role, in a market economy by allowing goods and services to be transferred from lowerto highervalue uses. The existence and frequency of exchange does not depend, however, solely on the desires of the trading partners. In addition, the law can either lower the costs that private parties must bear in exchanging goods and services, or raise these costs so that in the extreme case no exchanges can take place at all. The most prominent legal foundation for exchange is the judicial enforcement of contractual promises. But there are additional legal prerequisites for exchange that are less obvious but of equal importance. This paper explores one of those additional prerequisites by analyzing how the assignment of rights and obligations by courts or legislatures can either facilitate or hamper exchange.2 This legal foundation for exchange is illustrated in a broad range of common-law and (to a lesser extent) statutory contexts. The assignment of legal rights takes place at two separate times. First


Abstract New features of thermoplastic polyurethane (PUR)/2-butanone gels are investigated, using dynamic viscoelastic measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. The work is focused on the effect of the hard-segments content on the gelation process. In the case of PUR with the highest hard-segment fraction (30%), soft segments are not able to crystallize on cooling from solution; consequently, gels are not formed. The copolymer with the lowest hard-segment content (12%) gives the shortest gel times. This is attributed to the low solution viscosity of this copolymer, which enhances the crystallization rate. All gels melt at 7°C, giving rise to a viscoelastic solution in a thermoreversible process. The critical gelation concentration is below the critical concentration for polymer chain entanglements.


The collection CL(T) of nonempty convex sublattices of a lattice T ordered by bi-domination is a lattice. We say that T has the fixed point property for convex sublattices (CLFPP for short) if every order preserving map f from T to CL(T) has a fixed point, that is x > f(x) for some x > T. We examine which lattices may have CLFPP. We introduce the selection property for convex sublattices (CLSP); we observe that a complete lattice with CLSP must have CLFPP, and that this property implies that CL(T) is complete. We show that for a lattice T, the fact that CL(T) is complete is equivalent to the fact that T is complete and the lattice of all subsets of a countable set, ordered by containment, is not order embeddable into T. We show that for the lattice T = I(P) of initial segments of a poset P, the implications above are equivalences and that these properties are equivalent to the fact that P has no infinite antichain. A crucial part of this proof is a straightforward application of a wonderful Hausdor type result due to Abraham, Bonnet, Cummings, Dzamondja and Thompson [2010].


Safe food public interest litigation is currently the focus of discussion.In judicial practice,the center of discussion is not its necessity and feasibility but its specific demands in law and how to meet these demands.The present study takes the prosecution of public interest litigation over food safety as an example,uses economical externality theory,analyses the object of safe food public interest litigation and the basis of claim right from the perspective of the protection object of the public welfare lawsuit,takes the basic proposition of procedure law into consideration,demonstrates the relevant issues such as the litigation requests loss calculation and the burden of proof,and then divides the borderline of public interest litigation and administrative right,private right in the civil law.


Starshine 3 is principally a passive experiment measuring atmospheric density and does not need electrical power to complete its mission. The requirement for a highly reliable power system is therefore greatly reduced. This creates an excellent opportunity to test new power technologies. The Starshine 3 satellite has a power supply that uses triple-junction, GaInP/GaAs/Ge solar cells and rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. This satellite is the first to use both of these advanced technologies for a primary power system. In addition to the power system, several other PV related experiments are on board Starshine 3. The results from the first 3 months of operation are presented.


The article considers the twenty year-old history of accreditation in the system of higher education. The authors argue that socio-economic and demographic conditions determined the specific features of modernization in the structure of higher education and the development of the Russian model of accreditation in the form of institutional evaluation. The reasons for establishing two types of accreditation - state and public-professional - are pointed out. Taking into account the influence of the state educational policy and the expansion of global cooperation, in particular, the Bologna process, three stages of the development of accreditation of higher education institutions and study programmes are identified: innovation stage, European stage and separation stage. Analyzing the experience of the development of the accreditation system as a social phenomenon the authors focus on its specific features, achievements and problems, and also outline the tendencies in its further development.


In a very interesting article, occurring in theNew York Medical Journal, on the history of anal fistula, Bodenhamer shows that this disease was well known and well treated in very ancient times. He says, in fact, that the ancients "possessed all the indications in the treatment of this disease, as well as the numerous measures and methods of putting them into execution. They had incision and excision with the bistoury; they had the ligature: and they also had cauterization in all its many forms; indeed, we are indebted to them for almost all we know upon the subject of anal fistula." In the absence then of any particularly new ideas concerning this subject, there would appear to be no sufficient reason for taking it up. But in the face of the frequent failures attending its treatment, we are often driven to examine the subject afresh, in order to reassure


Based on the relationship between network capability and innovation performance, this paper focuses on the research that uses relational dimension of industrial network and structural dimension of industrial network as intermediary variables, and the type of industrial network as a moderator variable. By using the method of empirical research and verification of structural equation model, the mutual influence of network capacity and industrial network,network capacity and innovation performance of enterprise and industry network and innovation performance are studied,At the same time intermediary role of industrial network and regulating role of industrial network type is verified.


We present measurements of the magnetic susceptibility and of the thermal expansion of a LaCoO 3 single crystal. Both quantities show a strongly anomalous temperature dependence. Our data are consistently described in terms of a spin-state transition of the Co 3 + ions with increasing temperature from a low-spin ground state (t 6 2 g e 0 g ) to an intermediate-spin state (t 5 2 g e 1 g ) without (100-500 K) and with (>500 K) orbital degeneracy. We attribute the lack of orbital degeneracy up to 500 K to (probably local) Jahn-Teller distortions of the CoO 6 octahedra. A strong reduction or disappearance of the Jahn-Teller distortions seems to arise from the insulator-to-metal transition around 500 K.


The purpose of this study was to assess, by means of structured questionnaire, dental students' attitudes to the use of rubber dam. Cross-sectional study, with anonymous structured questionnaires was distributed to final year dental students in Ajman University of Science and Technology in Feb 2012. Information sought included attitudes to the use of rubber dam for a variety of operative and endodontic treatment. The sample consisted of 75 dental students (response rate 83%). Rubber dam was routinely used by 94% of the respondents during root canal treatment on molar teeth of adult patients, but only 73% of respondents had used rubber dam on child patients (P < 0.05). Forty five percent of the respondents (n=34) who placed composite in anterior teeth never used rubber dam for this procedure. However, 44% of the students felt that the application of rubber dam is difficult. Around 97% of the respondents felt that patients do not like rubber dam. The findings revealed that our students showed positive attitude towards the use of rubber dam. However there is a room for improvement to overcome the difficulty in rubber dam application by increasing the preclinical training on phantom heads and hands-on training in clinics particularly for operative procedures and in pediatric patients in order to improve treatment quality and patient safety. Clinical article (J Int Dent Med Res 2013; 6: (1), pp. 20-24)


This article discusses a prevalent phenomenon in western ethnic areas of China,which is the psychology of traditional politics and its negative effect.And it also brings up that the modern political psychology which benefits western areas and the viable approaches for that.Meanwhile,this thesis points out that the construction of pre-warning and intervening mechanism of political psychology of ethnic area effectively accelerate the inversion of traditional political psychology,then lays the psychological foundation of stability for western areas.


Methyltrioxorhenium-catalyzed oxidation of sulfides with hydrogen peroxide in ethanol has been found to be an efficient catalytic system for the selective formation of sulfoxides and sulfones. The oxidation using an equimolar amount of hydrogen peroxide afforded sulfoxides in excellent yield, and the use of two molar amounts of hydrogen peroxide gave sulfones quantitatively. Strongly deactivated sulfide, bis(4-nitrophenyl) sulfide, was converted smoothly to the corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone in excellent yields. The functional group in the side chain of sulfide such as a carbon–carbon double bond was not affected under the reaction conditions, and the sulfur atom was selectively oxidized.


Master the latest version of Excel

Get more out of Excel than ever before with help from this hands-on guide. Learn how to create powerful and easy-to-use spreadsheets and bring yourself up to speed on all the new and improved features available in Excel 2007. Discover how to enter and format data, use graphics effectively, create formulas, build tables to store and analyze data, and share workbooks securely with other users. You'll also learn how to save files to intranet sites and Internet servers, and publish workbooks to Web pages. Plus, you'll find valuable shortcuts that will make it even easier to use the world's most popular spreadsheet application.

Control Excel using the new Ribbon interface instead of menus and toolbars
Configure and customize Excel to suit your working needs
Add visual impact to your worksheets with pictures and diagrams
Develop formulas to perform custom calculations
Analyze data using PivotTables and organize your information to show exactly what you need
Use what-if analysis to solve complex and time-grabbing business problems
Share workbooks and collaborate with colleagues
Transfer data easily among other Office applications

Table of contents

Part I: Get Started with Excel
Chapter 1: Navigate the Excel Screen
Chapter 2: Configure Excel to Suit Your Working Needs
Chapter 3: Create Spreadsheets and Enter Data
Chapter 4: Format Worksheets for Best Effect
Chapter 5: Add Graphics and Drawings to Worksheets
Chapter 6: Check, Lay Out, and Print Worksheets
Part II: Calculate, Manipulate, and Analyze Data
Chapter 7: Perform Calculations with Functions
Chapter 8: Create Formulas to Perform Custom Calculations
Chapter 9: Organize Data with Excel Databases
Chapter 10: Outline and Consolidate Worksheets
Chapter 11: Analyze Data Using PivotTables and PivotCharts
Chapter 12: Solve Problems by Performing What-If Analysis
Part III: Share, Publish, and Present Data
Chapter 13: Create Effective Charts to Present Data Visually
Chapter 14: Share Workbooks and Collaborate with Colleagues
Chapter 15: Using Excel's Web Capabilities
Chapter 16: Use Excel with the Other Office Applications
Part IV: Customize and Program Excel
Chapter 17: Customize Excel's Interface
Chapter 18: Use Macros to Automate Tasks
Appendix: Keyboard Shortcuts
Index


Blockchain is considered to be a disruptive innovation of the computing model after mainframe, personal computer, and it has become the necessary technology sustain of information sharing and effective cooperation for supply chain. To research on the problem of trust evaluation among supply chain enterprises, through introducing four factors of transaction satisfaction, product ability, risk probability of information concealment and reward and penalty factor, a trust evaluation model to evaluate enterprises' joint credibility and association credibility under blockchain environment was presented.


This paper compared the United States and United Kingdom's corporate governance, focusing on a 10 year retrospective on the failed efforts of Sarbanes-Oxley. It proposes a modification of the United States system by incorporating both UK law and a federal body with a mandate akin to the E.E.O.C to rapidly hear and decide corporate governance standards.


T1ρ describes the spin‐lattice relaxation in the rotating frame and has been proposed for detecting damage to the cartilage collagen‐proteoglycan matrix in osteoarthritis. In this study, a multi‐slice T1ρ imaging method for knee cartilage was developed using spin‐lock techniques and a spiral imaging sequence. The adverse effect of T1 regrowth during the multi‐slice acquisition was eliminated by RF cycling. Agarose phantoms with different concentrations, 10 healthy volunteers, and 9 osteoarthritis patients were scanned at 3T. T1ρ values decreased as agarose concentration increased. T1ρ values obtained with imaging methods were compared with those obtained with spectroscopic methods. T1ρ values obtained during multi‐slice acquisition were validated with those obtained in a single slice acquisition. Reproducibility was assessed using the average coefficient of variation of median T1ρ, which was 0.68% in phantoms and 4.8% in healthy volunteers. There was a significant difference (P = 0.002) in the average T1ρ within patellar and femoral cartilage between controls (45.04 ± 2.59 ms) and osteoarthritis patients (53.06 ± 4.60 ms). A significant correlation was found between T1ρ and T2; however, the difference of T2 was not significant between controls and osteoarthritis patients. The results suggest that T1ρ relaxation times may be a promising clinical tool for osteoarthritis detection and treatment monitoring. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Abstract With the velocity de-projection technique, we derived the averaged 3 dimensional local velocity distribution using only the line-of-sight velocity for the 200,000 FGK type main-sequence stars from the LAMOST DR1 data. Taking the effective temperature as a proxy for age, we investigate the variation of the velocity distribution as a function of Teff and disk height within 100 < |z| < 500 pc. Using the mean velocities of the cool stars, we derive the solar motion of (U⊙, V⊙, W⊙)=(9.58±2.39, 10.52±1.96, 7.01±1.67) kms−1 with respect to the local standard of rest (LSR). Moreover, we find that the stars with Teff > 6000 K show a net asymmetric motion of 〈U〉~2 kms−1 and 〈W〉~3 kms−1 compared to the stars with Teff < 6000 K. And their azimuthal velocity increases when |z| increases. The asymmetric motion in the warmer stars is likely because they are too young and not completely relaxed.


The article discusses aspects of corporate governance and bad metrics. Certain finance studies have suggested that even when shareholder activists have been able to change firm governance structures the changes have not translated into improvements in operating performance. There is no definitive research suggesting that increased director age leads to impaired judgment. One dimension or standard said to promote good governance is for directors to own significant amounts of stocks in their firms. The thinking is that directors with an ownership stake will have a heightened incentive to govern well.


Pityriasis rosea (PR) is frequently proposed to result from a viral etiology. In line with the current pandemic, COVID-19 vaccines are noticed to trigger PR development. Our patient is a 23-year-old female who developed an itchy skin rash following the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. Examination showed one erythematous plaque on the left shoulder and multiple small scaly plaques of similar appearance distributed over the trunk and proximal extremities. The patient was clinically diagnosed, educated, reassured, prescribed topical mometasone ointment and oral chlorpheniramine, and was given a follow-up appointment. We report this case to increase awareness on COVID-19 vaccines as potential triggers of PR.


This study explores the potential of stakeholder dynamics as they affect policy learning among government administrators in Kazakhstan, particularly in the case of the implementation of the Concept of Transition of Kazakhstan to a "Green Economy" (The Concept). While the Concept represents a commitment to strengthening environmental protection and policymaking in the country, the nine years since its adoption have revealed certain deficiencies. Based on field research conducted between May 2020 and September 2021, I have found that stakeholders in advocacy coalitions hold different views on the implementation of the Concept. One example of the many barriers to realizing the "green economy" goals is related to economic performance, which benefits from hydrocarbon and fossil fuel development. My research illustrates that the government has not emphasized collaboration with non-governmental stakeholders within its efforts to realize a Green Economy policy.


Fix a positive (1, 1)-class on a compact Kahlerian manifold. Given a Kahler form representing this class, define its Calabi energy to be the L2-norm of its scalar curvature. This note proves that a critical metric for the Calabi energy, if any, is a global minimum among representatives of the chosen class, and that the critical value is determined a priori by the Kahler class. This answers affirmatively two questions of Calabi ([2, p. 99]).


Objectives To establish an animal model of cortical spreading depression(CSD) in rats and to study the optical imaging of intrinsic signal (OIIS) and electrophysiological characteristics of CSD. Methods The inducement and observation windows were made respectively by bur drill in the SD rats' skull and CSD was evoked respectively by needling and 5 mol/L KCl in the cortexes of the experimental rats. The control group consisted of rats in whom 0.9% saline solution was used instead of 5 mol/L KCL in the cortexes. CSD waves were recorded by OIIS and electrophysiologyical technique and analyzed. Results CSD waves were observed through the observation windows and accompanied with the depolarization potential in both the experimental groups, i.e. needing and KCl inducement groups. However, this phenomenon was not found in the control group. Conclusions The CSD model is easily made by our technique in rats. The course of the CSD waves may be observed directly by the OIIS systems, and is accordant with the depolarization potential monitored by electrophysiology. This animal model is suitable to studying in vivo the mechanism and the possible function of the CSD.


This paper intends to analyse the impact of global economic crisis on the economy of Kosovo with the focus on the impact of crisis on financial system of the country. For the purpose of analysing the global crisis impact on specific sectors of the economy of Kosovo, this paper begins by explain the roots of the global crisis, and the impact of the crisis in the region of Western Balkan by identifying and analysing fluctuations of major macroeconomic indicator of the economy, which is the GDP of Kosovo and Western Balkan countries for comparative analysis. In this regard the paper furthermore analyses the trends of macroeconomics indicators that reflect the development and macroeconomic balances of Kosovo economy in period of 2007- 2012, such as GDP, Trade Balance, CPI, Unemployment Rates, Remittances, and FDI. Furthermore, specifically analysis the reflection of global crisis in financial system by analysing the main developments of banking sector and pensions fond as major pillars of financial system .Additionally this paper by considering reports, academic journals, and different studies in view of economic development of Kosovo during the global economic crisis, presents applied fiscal policies of government during that period and the respond of financial system itself toward crisis. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2016.v5n3p163


Objective To study the correlation between the polymorphism of Interferon γ( IFN-γ) ( + 874 T/A) gene and susceptibility to the development of lung cancer. Methods The polymorphism of IFN-7 gene( + 874 T/A) in 42 patients with lung cancer and 60 healthy control subjects was detected by using sequence-specific primers polymerase chain reaction( PCR-SSP) and their susceptibility to development of lung cancer was analyzed. Results The genotypic frequencies of AA of IFN -γ Gene( + 874 T/A) in the control group and the patient group were 0. 533, 0.786 .respectively and the genotypic frequency of AA in control group was significantly lower than that in the patient group ( P < 0. 01) , in contrast with which the genotypic frequencies of AT and TT in the control group were significantly higher than those in the patient group (P < 0. 01 ,P < 0.05). The A allele frequency of IFN-γ gene in the patient group was statistically higher compared with that in the control group(0. 869 vs. 0.7 ,P <0.01 ) ,in which the relative riskrate(RR) was 2.84,95%CI 1. 31 ~6.15 ,P<0. 01. Conclusion The polymorphism of IFN-γ gene ( +874 T/ A) could be associated with susceptibility to the development of lung cancer,so it could be considered one of the genetic markers to be used to early identify individuals at high risk of lung cancer.

Key words:
Lung neoplasms;  Interferon-γ gene;  Polymorphism;  Susceptibility