Abstract Ethylenediamine-tetrakis- [methylene(phenylphosphinic)] acid, piperidine [methylenephosphinio] acid and piperasine-bis- thylenephoaphinic] acid have been prepared by the method of Plaza and Grim1 and Meier2. Their dissociation constants and stability constants with Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ have been determined. Study of the dependence of the 1H, 31P and 13C NMR spectra of solutions of the acids mentioned above on the pH indicates similarity to amino acids than to analogous phosphonic acids.


The article describes two independent projects having investors of two different types – one using public money for the benefit of community, the other was purely private money of a private economic operator. Both investors included the green and/or sustainability building objectives in their projects, and examined possible defects and deficits in thereof, also in relation to the surrounding conditions and processes. Of course, each investor discovered the concurrent development of the other investor's plans, and determined overlapping areas of interest. In the article we describe the overlapping interest areas, variant solutions intended to lower projects costs, other pros and cons of the variants, their possible advantages and prospective degrading defects, and the harmonization of both investors' requirements. Next to this, public opinion on the solution was determined and evaluated, with trends and biases where identifiable. Then the variant best suited to both investors was agreed upon, just with slight final modifications to better satisfy the public and both investors, and to avoid possible future induced defects.


The contingent assessment method is a scientific instrument developed by economists in the 1950s for the valuation of what are ordinarily viewed as non-market resources. While the method has generated considerable scientific controversy, it came into being in a favourable social and political climate, and it is now widely used in public environmental policy in most industrialised countries.


Any operational telecom network usually has some spare capacity, called Excess Capacity (EC), at a given time to accommodate traffic variations and avoid exhaustion of networks resources. We investigate a novel shared-path protection approach that exploits the excess capacity and backup reprovisioning to improve the network's performance.


In this paper we study the number of rational points on curves in an ensemble of abelian covers of the projective line: Let $\ell$ be a prime, $q$ a prime power and consider the ensemble $\mathcal{H}_{g,\ell}$ of $\ell$-cyclic covers of $\mathbb{P}^1_{\mathbb{F}_q}$ of genus $g$.
We assume that $q\not\equiv 0,1\mod \ell$. If $2g+2\ell-2\not\equiv0\mod (\ell-1){\rm ord}_\ell(q)$, then $\mathcal{H}_{g,\ell}$ is empty. Otherwise, the number of rational points on a random curve in $\mathcal{H}_{g,\ell}$ distributes as $\ell + \sum_{i=1}^q X_i$ as $g\to \infty$, where $X_1,\ldots, X_q$ are i.i.d. random variables taking the values $0$ and $\ell$ with probabilities $\frac{\ell-1}{\ell}$ and $\frac{1}{\ell}$, respectively. The novelty of our result is that it works in the absence of a primitive $\ell$-th-root of unity, the presence of which was crucial in previous studies.


A condition for the equilibrium of a tubular high-current relativistic electron beam propagating in a coaxial drift chamber located in an external magnetic field has been formulated and investigated.


Community health workers trained in mitigating infection risk via a low literacy checklist can provide essential healthcare, such as prenatal care, during the COVID‐19 pandemic in LMICs.


FIELD: method and equipment for imparting charge to fibers composed of non-conductive polymer. SUBSTANCE: method involves spraying free fibers with polar liquid; gathering sprayed free fibers so as to form entangled fibrous nonwoven web, which may contain some amount of polar liquid; drying non-woven web. Owing to spraying of free non-conductive fibers with effective amount of polar liquid before said fibers entangle with one another to form entangled web, and owing to following drying of said web, free fibers become charged. Method does not require special following charging operation. EFFECT: increased efficiency by providing simultaneous entangling of fibers into web and charging without special processing thereof. 27 cl, 3 dwg, 10 tbl, 31 ex


This note explains translation problems encountered in the making of the English version of chapter 7 of the Precis du plurilinguisme.


Abstract β-Glucan has been reported for its health benefits on blood lipids in hypercholesterolaemic individuals for years. However, people have paid little attention to the effects of β-glucan in populations with mild hypercholesterolaemia as well as the various delivering matrices. Our objective was to perform a meta-analysis to analyse the effects of β-glucan with different delivering matrices in mildly hypercholesterolaemic individuals. After conducting a comprehensive search in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library, a total of twenty-one randomised controlled trials involving 1120 participants were identified to measure the pooled effect. The overall results indicated that consuming a dose of ≥3 g/d of β-glucan for at least 3 weeks could significantly reduce total cholesterol (TC) (−0·27 mmol/l, 95 % CI −0·33, −0·21, P < 0·001) and LDL-cholesterol (−0·26 mmol/l, 95% CI −0·32, −0·20, P < 0·001) compared with the control group in mildly hypercholesterolaemic individuals, while no significant difference was observed in TAG (−0·03 mmol/l, 95% CI −0·11, 0·06, P = 0·521) and HDL-cholesterol (0·01 mmol/l, 95% CI −0·03, 0·04, P = 0·777). There was evidence for modest unexplained heterogeneity in the meta-analysis. In conclusion, β-glucan can significantly reduce risk factors like TC and LDL-cholesterol for CVD in mildly hypercholesterolaemic individuals; furthermore, it appears that the effects of food matrices with both 'solid products' and 'liquid products' where β-glucan was incorporated into were ranked as the best way to exert its beneficial properties, while 'liquid' and 'solid' products were ranked as the second and third positions, respectively.


ABSTRACT This article describes the experience of two educators in a master program in Pedagogy in the Netherlands. Their experience is of an online gathering with students and educators that took place during the COVID-19 pandemic. Students and educators were not allowed to meet face-to-face, thus resorted to online education. What happened at that online gathering was that the educators observed how the group connected to each other in a way that was reminiscent of the 'normal' face-to-face gatherings before the pandemic, but had been absent since the group was forced to meet online. The article starts with individual, subjective descriptions of this experience by the two educators. Subsequently, these so-called thick descriptions are interpreted and analysed. The purpose of zooming in on this particular experience is to gain insight into what pedagogical forms contributed to the enabling of this perceived authentic connectedness in the digital sphere.


COVID-19 is still placing a heavy health and financial burden worldwide. Impairments in patient screening and risk management play a fundamental role on how governments and authorities are directing resources, planning reopening, as well as sanitary countermeasures, especially in regions where poverty is a major component in the equation. An efficient diagnostic method must be highly accurate, while having a cost-effective profile. We combined a machine learning-based algorithm with instrumental analysis using mass spectrometry to create an expeditious platform that discriminate COVID-19 in plasma samples within minutes, while also providing tools for risk assessment, to assist healthcare professionals in patient management and decision-making. A cohort of 728 patients (369 confirmed COVID-19 and 359 controls) was enrolled from three Brazilian epicentres (Sao Paulo capital, Sao Paulo countryside and Manaus) in the months of April, May, June and July 2020. We were able to elect and identify 21 molecules that are related to the disease's pathophysiology and 26 features to patient's health-related outcomes. With specificity >97% and sensitivity >83% from blinded data, this screening approach is understood as a tool with great potential for real-world application.


Objective This analysis of the Paliperidone Palmitate Research in Demonstrating Effectiveness (PRIDE) study (NCT01157351) compared outcomes after administration of once-monthly paliperidone palmitate (PP) vs conventional oral antipsychotics (COAs) or atypical oral antipsychotics (AOAs). Methods PRIDE was a 15-month study of 444 individuals with schizophrenia and a history of incarceration. They were randomly assigned to PP or to 1 of 7 commonly prescribed OAs. Primary endpoint was time to first treatment failure (TF). Event-free probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method; treatment group differences (PP vs COAs, PP vs AOAs, and PP vs oral paliperidone/risperidone) were assessed using a log-rank test. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. No adjustment was made for multiplicity. Results Compared with PP, risk for first TF was 34% higher with COAs (HR: 1.34; 95% CI: 0.80–2.25), 41% higher with AOAs (HR: 1.41; 95% CI: 1.06–1.88), and 39% higher with paliperidone/risperidone (HR: 1.39; 95% CI: 0.97–1.99). Incidences of extrapyramidal symptom–related adverse events (AEs) were 45.7%, 13.7%, and 10.6% in the COA, AOA, and oral paliperidone/risperidone groups vs 23.9% in the PP group. Incidences of prolactin-related AEs were 5.7%, 3.8%, and 3.5% vs 23.5%, and incidences of ≥7% weight increase were 11.4%, 14.9%, and 16.0% vs 32.4%. Conclusions Results suggest a lower risk of TF but a higher rate of some AEs after treatment with PP vs COAs, AOAs, and paliperidone/risperidone. Deselection of specific OAs and low patient-compliance rates with OAs likely biased the safety results.


A mathematical model for assessing the adequacy of the results of determining the likelihood of a direct lightning strike into ground structures by testing on a scale model is considered. The problems of matching existing models of different stages of lightning discharge development during mock-up tests have been analyzed. It is shown that the models of development of lightning and a long spark can be coordinated separately for the three stages: the stage of movement of the head of the upper leader before the formation of counter leaders; the stage of "orientation" of the movement of the head of the upper leader due to the attraction by the charges of the counter leaders; stage of the final breakdown between the converging heads of the counter leaders ("final jump"). A model has been developed for the distribution of the position of the head of the downward leader to the "choice and capture" stage. The similarity of the scale prototyping of the lightning discharge at the stage of orientation of a descending leader by one of the ascending ones has been substantiated. A method of adapting a prototype experiment within the framework of a probabilistic model has been developed.


Caroline Cobb, Graduate Student, Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA. Kenneth D. Ward and Wasim Maziak, Associate Professors, Department of Health and Sport Sciences and Center for Community Health The University of Memphis, Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria, Memphis, TN. Alan L. Shihadeh, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon. Thomas Eissenberg, Professor, Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Syrian Center for Tobacco Studies, Aleppo, Syria, Richmond, VA. Address correspondence to Dr Eissenberg, Department of Psychology and Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Box 980205, Richmond, VA 23298. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Objective: To examine the prevalence and potential health risks of waterpipe tobacco smoking. Methods: A literature review was performed to compile information relating to waterpipe tobacco smoking. Results: Waterpipe tobacco smoking is increasing in prevalence worldwide; in the United States, 10-20% of some young adult populations are current waterpipe users. Depending on the toxicant measured, a single waterpipe session produces the equivalent of at least 1 and as many as 50 cigarettes. Misconceptions about waterpipe smoke content may lead users to underestimate health risks. Conclusion: Inclusion of waterpipe tobacco smoking in tobacco control activities may help reduce its spread.


The Agricultural Credits Act of 1923 resulted in two new types of financial institutions to serve farmers: first, the Federal intermediate credit banks, which were chartered under the Act; and second, agricultural credit corporations, institutions which were not created under the Act but which have developed as a result of having the privilege of rediscounting paper with the above banks. The Act created twelve Federal intermediate credit banks. The Federal government subscribed to $5,000,000 capital of each of these banks. Up to the present time only two of them have called the full amount. The principal sources of funds for these banks, however, is not the Federal government but the investment market in which their debentures are sold. The banks furnish two types of credit: first, marketing credit to farmers' cooperative associations on paper secured by warehouse receipts; and second, production or general agricultural credit to individual farmers by rediscounting their notes for various financial institutions, principally agricultural credit corporations, livestock loan companies, and state and national banks. Agricultural credit corporations and livestock loan companies (often identical in every respect, for many organizations specializing in livestock loans are called agricultural credit corporations) are organized generally under the corporation laws of the states in which they operate, although some few states have provided special statutes for them. These organizations, serving as connecting links between the Federal intermediate credit banks and the farmers, are in a sense similar to the national farm loan associations. They differ, however, in that they are not organized under the Federal law creating the banks and are more truly independent institutions.


This paper describes numerical simulations that are used to examine the interaction of viscous and inviscid instability modes in laminar-to-turbulent transition in a separation bubble. The results of a direct numerical simulation are presented in which separation of a laminar boundary-layer occurs in the presence of an adverse streamwise pressure gradient. The simulation is performed at low freestream-turbulence levels and at a flow Reynolds number and pressure distribution approximating those typically encountered on the suction side of low-pressure turbine blades in a gas-turbine engine. The simulation results reveal the development of a viscous instability upstream of the point of separation which produces streamwise-oriented vortices in the attached laminar boundary layer. These vortices remain embedded in the flow downstream of separation and are carried into the separated shear layer, where they are amplified by the local adverse pressure-gradient and contribute to the formation of coherent hairpin-...


This article examines the issues raised through an eight year research study undertaken for a PhD. Data was collected from 102 further education colleges and 9 universities. Student teachers' attitudes towards inclusion of students with learning difficulties and/or disabilities were investigated and compared with the content and delivery of their initial teacher education programmes. The issue of disability equality and inclusion was a central theme throughout the study.


The design of air conditioning equipment for mining and industrial machines has gone well beyond the provision of cool air in an enclosure with a hot external environment. Factors such as reliability, serviceability, support, structural integrity, performance, flexibility life and ergonomics are all important factors in the design of equipment for heavy industrial applications. This paper addresses the factors in the design of suitable systems in addition to pre-empting future trends which are likely to influence the selection of equipment. Both Sigma and Clima have had extensive experience in these areas and are now recognised as world leaders in the design and manufacture of systems for tough applications.


The two central claims of the loose cluster of conjectures known collectively as 'trace theory' are: (1) that there is an interesting parallel between transformational movement and certain types of anaphoric process in natural languages, and (2) that under 'trace theory' all semantic rules can apply to surface structure (instead of to deep structure or to some combination of structures at different levels). We argue that there is no justification for the confidence that 'trace theory' enthusiasts place in these claims. Movement cannot be shown to closely parallel anaphora in English or in languages generally, and semantic rules (rules for translating syntactic structures into representations at the level of Logical Form) can only operate on surface structures alone if they are permitted to miss certain significant generalizations and to reverse quite unnecessarily the effect of various transformations. Despite the rhetoric about explanatory power which often accompanies presentations of'trace theory'material, the current interest in it seems premature if not misguided. During the middle and late seventies, Noam Chomsky and a number of other transformational-generative (TG) linguists have defended a loose cluster of conjectures known (rather inappropriately) as 'trace theory' (henceforth TT). The key idea that distinguishes TT from earlier work in the Extended Standard Theory (EST; see Chomsky, 1971) is that transformational movement rules leave behind in the pre-movement site of the moved element an indexed empty node (i.e. a preterminal node dominating the terminal identity element e —the empty string — and associated with a numerical index). This empty node is called a trace. It is symbolized informally as i, or more precisely as [a/.e], where a is the category label and / is the index. The index assigned to a trace is also assigned to the moved phrase, as part of the operation of the movement rule. The value of this idea is claimed to lie in the fact that a number of Linguistics 18 (1980), 073-104. 0024-3949/80/0018-0073 $2.00 © Mouton Publishers, The Hague 74 G. K. Pullum and R. D. Borsley independent lines of evidence converge to support the postulation of traces: syntactic, phonological, and metatheoretical. In this paper we shall examine what we take to be the two central claims about syntax and semantics that are attributed to TT. The first claim we shall consider is that there is an interesting similarity (perhaps identity) between the configurations a language allows for constructions involving 'bound anaphora' and those it allows in 'movement' constructions. Phrases that have been moved (henceforth movers) are claimed to stand in the same sort of structural positions in relation to the 'traces' they control as antecedents do in relation to certain anaphoric elements such as reflexive pronouns, and it is claimed that because of this, particular grammars can be simplified in certain ways. The second claim is that TT permits semantic interpretation to be carried out solely on a superficial level of structure (variously referred to as 'surface structure' or 'shallow structure'), making no reference to deep structure at all, without concomitant loss of generalizations. (It is this proposal that is the defining feature of the 'Revised Extended Standard Theory' (REST).) Koster (1978:551-542) states these two claims particularly clearly. The idea of traces is unifying first because it brings the theory of movement rules closer to the theory of bound anaphora', he claims; and he continues: 'Another unifying effect of traces is connected with semantics. All interpretation can be done at the level of surface structure, because the deep structure aspects of meaning, like thematic relations, are still accessible in surface structure'. TT in the sense we intend here is defined by claims of approximately this general tenor. We shall argue in this paper that there is no foundation whatever for either of the two claims. Since the claims in question are so basic to all work within the TT framework, we believe that our critique constitues a challenge not only to the published works we cite below but also to the as yet unpublished elaborations and modifications of TT that are constantly being produced. Despite the rapidly changing nature of the different positions that fly the TT banner, therefore, we do not believe that anything less than radical changes in TT will alter the force of our objections. 1. Movement and bound anaphora Although the parallel between movement and bound anaphora is often cited as the most interesting insight of TT, it is difficult to obtain from the literature a clear idea of what sort of claim about grammars or about languages is intended. First, the term 'bound anaphora' has never been Comments on the two central claims of 'trace theory' 75 given a definition to our knowledge. Examples given suggest that English reflexive pronouns and reciprocal expressions (each other, one another) instantiate bound anaphora, at least when antecedent and anaphor are in the same clause. The control of null anaphoric subjects in constructions like [they, tried [[Np,e]f0 escape]] is also claimed to exemplify bound anaphora. Second, although the crucial claim made is that constraints on bound anaphora also constrain movement constructions (because traces are a type of bound anaphor), no indication is given in the TT literature of how similar in behavior a trace must be to other bound anaphors in order to offer confirmation for this claim. A strong version of the claim would say that EXACTLY THE SAME CONSTRAINTS HOLD FOR MOVER/TRACE PAIRS AS HOLD FOR ANTECEDENT/ANAPHOR PAIRS IN BOUND ANAPHORA. FiengO (1977:53) might be taken as espousing this strong position, though this is not completely clear to us. Freidin (1978:523) takes the strong position fairly explicitly, stating that: The relation between a moves phrase and its trace is interpreted here as that of bound anaphora ... This interpretation allows us to capture the striking generalization that traces and bound anaphors (e.g. reflexive pronouns and reciprocals (each other)) are subject to EXACTLY the same binding conditions ... [our emphasis — GKP/RDB]. The strong position, taken together with the extremely general rule schema 'Move a' (where a is some category) to which all movement rules are now reduced (see Chomsky, 1980), would entail that unless some constraint on movement (such as the Subjacency Condition of Chomsky, 1973) is infringed, movement of a phrase could place it in any position in which if it were an antecedent it could legitimately control a bound anaphor located in the position from which the movement took place. This position appears to be much too strong if taken at face value; but in fact it appears not to be testable given other features of the TT approach to grammar. In any case of potential counterevidence, such as an apparent bound anaphor occurring where a trace of movement can not, it can be claimed by the defender of TT either that (a) the apparent instance of bound anaphora is not really a case of bound anaphora at all (and without even an informal definition of 'bound anaphora' in terms of better understood syntactic or semantic predicates this is unchallengeable), or that (b) the interpretive rules that assign logical forms to syntactic structures treat traces differently from other bound anaphors in this construction (and since very few indications of what the system of interpretive rules can do are supplied in TT writings, this is also unanswerable). 76 G. K. Pullum and R. D. Borsley Consider an example. It has often been noted that in the clause of a tough predicate (i.e. an adjective like easy, hard, difficult, tough) there can be a reflexive or reciprocal element contained within the subject NP, its antecedent being in the /or-phrase that follows: (1) a. A recent picture of yourself/ should be easy for you/ to obtain, b. Those photos of each other, were difficult for the two men/ to


The optimum conditions of ion association of protonated 2 (3.5 dibromo 2 pyridylazo) 5 diethylaminophenol (3.5 Br 2 PADAP) with IO 4 and SCN formed in H 2SO 4 medium was investigated in this paper. The molar absorptivity is 1.51×10 5 L·mol -1 ·cm -1 and the composition ratio of 3.5 Br 2 PADAP: IO 4 :SCN is 1∶1∶1.A new method for the determination of trace amount of IO 4 was developed and applied to determine trace amount of iodine in table salt with satisfactory results.


The present paper is a record of the ecological observations of Pinnotheres sinensis as pest in culture of Tapes japonica and the influence of the crab on the weight of the host's flesh. It was not observed that two or more female crabs were living in one host. Few male crabs were observed in host and five living with female were found among thirty-seven crabs. One of the writers caught a male crab walking on the outside of the mussels (Mytilus edulis) in the field. The berried crabs were found from July to October, exceptionally in June and December (Fig. 1) but the optimum hatching season ran from September to October at water temperatures ranging from 24°C to 19°C. From next May to July many young crabs were found in the host (Fig. 2) and they became to berry in Autumn. The biological minimum size was 5.3mm in carapace length. Large crabs (over 8mm) began to decrease in number from summer. The size of berried crabs varied in accordance with the period in breeding season. The highly infested region with Pinnotheres sinensis was situated along the channel (Fig. 3). In the laboratory, some female crabs free from the host were possible to live fairly long time viz. 4-6 months. Tapes japonica infested with Pinnotheres sinensis was lean without regard to their size or season (Fig. 4, 5).


A common view holds a clear separation between the act of diagnosing and that of planning/controlling. However, a framework exists, partially observable Markov decision problems (POMDPs), that is holistic for optimal decision and control in partially observable domains. In applications to systems with faults, its solution yields the best strategy, that includes repair and observation actions. In such a decision-based context, it is unclear what a diagnostic is, and under what conditions it is useful or even necessary. This paper discusses the use of POMDPs to the control, monitoring and repair of systems with faults, insisting on their structure and showing how it can be used to improve the scalability of POMDP solving techniques for application to the present domain. 1 A challenging problem When facing the real world, agents encounter many unexpected situations. Often, their expectation, that is their anticipated future state in the world, is violated. Monitoring det ects these violations. Diagnosis isolates one or more faults fro m the symptoms. Recovery brings an agent plan into alignment with observations[J.L. Fernandez and R. Simmons, 1998 ]. There are a number of unavoidable difficulties when articulating diagnosis, monitoring and recovery/control: • A common view holds a clear separation between the act of diagnosing and that of planning/controlling. Whenever a fault is detected, diagnoses are found first, before a correcting action is taken [Ghallabet al., 2001], [Nesnaset al., 2003]. • The system state, and thus the diagnoses, are rarely identified with certainty. • Short-term control or repair actions are preferred despite the fact they are myopic and fall into local optima. Unfortunately, neither the failure occurrence nor detecti on points are hardly good points for reconfiguration and repair 1. A well admitted problem in both scheduling and planning. This is because some faulty contingencies require anticipa tion. For example, switching to a backup system may require it be initialized in advance. For time critical operations, the optimal repair action is thus to preventively sta rt the backup system at some point before the fault is detected. Additionally, any equipment wears over time and becomes more likely to fail. Often, preventive actions can be taken that s imply avoids the occurrence of a fault. Finally, planning for a long-term horizon avoids the pitfall of locally good action s whose effects might prove counterproductive later. Typica lly, shutting off a potentially faulty equipment will shut senso r readings about its health, and prevent a finer disambiguatio n. Overall, diagnosis and recovery are seen as a single, dynami c, and practical activity by an agent acting in an uncertain and changing world[B. D'Ambrosio, 1996]. This short analysis suggests that diagnoses are in reality a n artefact between observation and control. The optimal chai n of controlling actions would most often not require the exac t diagnoses to be known. Most certainly, the computation of this chain does require some knowledge of a link between faults and observations. 1.1 POMDPs as a holistic framework A partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) models control problems for which actions have stochastic effects and sensors provide imperfect and incomplete state information. This model has been widely adopted by the AI community as a framework for research in planning and control under uncertainty. Its generality allows to model sens or and action uncertainty, uncertainty in the state of knowled ge, and multiple objectives. As such, and under the Markov assumption, it is the holistic model for control, monitoring a nd repair of complex systems. This is because a solution to a POMDP embodies the optimal chain of actions for all possible beliefs over the world states. This optimal chain of acti ons is referred to as the optimal policy, solution to the POMDP. If there exists any gain to be made by avoiding or mitigating certain faulty effects, the solution of a POMDP would captur e it in its optimal policy. Another useful advantage of POMDPs is their support of reasoning about whether to select actions that change the state, provide state information, or both. In domains with faults, this proves a key feature since it allows actions to b e used to remove ambiguities over the true system state. This i s especially true of actions that carry no utility or cost (mos tly used for responding to unlikely situations) and that most pl anners handle with difficulty since these actions can be insert ed anywhere in a plan. In a POMDP framework, any action that changes the state of the world is likely to generate informat ive observations, and therefore be positioned with accuracy. Unfortunately despite recent improvements, current solution algorithms still limits the application of the POMDP framework to real world problems. The standard approach to solving a POMDP involves two steps. First the POMDP is transformed into a fully observable Markov decision proces s with a state space that consists of all probability distribu ions over the core states of the POMDP. Second, it is solved in this form. For a POMDP withn core states, the transformed state space is the n-dimensional simplex, also called belief simplex. This continuous state space is a challenge but can be tackled in practice, either optimally or through approxi mations. Today, the most promising methods can solve problems with a few thousand states, and give approximation solution s to problems with millions of states. 1.2 POMDPs for control, monitoring and repair This paper discusses how to utilize the POMDP framework for control real-world artefacts that are subjected to many unforeseen faulty events. These systems can be characterized as being governed by a number of hard constraints: • Most actions are potentially risky [Kurien and Nayak, 2000]. Typically an action exhibits a few nominal effects, and a high number of faulty outcomes. • Many faults, even with low probability of occurrence, can occur anytime. Consequently, they exponentially increase the complexity of the control problem. Such faults are referred to as anytime faults. • As a consequence the state space is in general orders of magnitude larger than that of currently solvable POMDPs. • A side effect of anytime faults is that the whole space of faulty states is almost fully reachable from any belief state. This is because the same fault may occur in many different contexts. This suggests that new approaches could advance the articul tion of control, monitoring and repair to a point where it can consider real-world applications with focus on models with faults. This paper is tentative to make the point that techniques for diagnosis and efficient state estimation can bene fit the solving of POMDPs. It observes that models of the real-world artefacts that contain faults exhibit a charact erized structure: • Action effects are naturally partitioned into nominal and faulty outcomes. • Each fault occurrence builds up and becomes more probable over time. Consequently, the probability of faulty states is likely to be higher near the end of an artefact's life. • Under an assumption of single fault independence, states that embody multiple faults are expected to be orders of magnitude less likely than others. For this reason the order of a state refers to the number of faults it embodies. • Under a permanent fault assumption, each state of a given order may lead to states of a limited number of other orders. • Not all faults can be modeled or are even known. These events are modeled as putting the system into a special unknownstate. This structure may be used to design tailored computational methods capable of handling this class of problems. The applicability of the POMDP framework has been recognized for domains with faults such as ours. However, the structure of the models and problems that are typical of these domains do seem to have been at most briefly considered by the operation research and planning communities. It is not sure th e structural properties mentioned above can generalize to co ntrol and planning problems of other domains.


ABSTRACT Although the creation in 2018 of a pair of genome-edited HIV-resistant twins in China caused widespread condemnation, we question whether the law and ethics relevant to such cases are dealt with adequately in university programmes. Biology educators are entrusted with upholding the discipline's standards, but are they doing enough to guide students towards ethical and law-abiding practices? As it seems likely that events such as the recent COVID-19 outbreak will increasingly focus public attention on issues of research integrity and biosecurity, we assessed the world's top 20 undergraduate programmes in biology published by Quacquarelli Symonds. Most of these appear to lack any interaction between biology and law/ethics and the factual training for the next generation. Suggestions are made to improve teaching and learning processes in biological education.


Acute leukemias and non-Hodgkin lymphomas together rank 4th among the most common neoplasms.  With curative treatment options, even in adverse situations, however, the decision-making process is delicate and statistical models can help. To identify the chemotherapy toxicity scales and their role in decision-making for the treatment of patients with acute lymphomas and leukemias, we conducted a scoping review on the PUBMED, BIREME, COCHRANE, and CAPES journal data platforms. Thirty articles were selected using the PRISMA protocol approach. There is no ideal scale for assessing chemotherapy toxicity, but there are common variables, such as comorbidities, functionality, age, LDH, renal function, and disease staging. Predictive models of treatment toxicity in patients with acute leukemia and lymphoma require more robust and prospective studies that include the validation of these models for better applicability.


Adopting the priming paradigm, the present study examined the impact of mode of presentation, either in isolation of in a coherent text on the auditory implicit memory of early EFL learners in China. The results showed that previous encounters with the English words sped up later processing in both groups. However, compared with listening to words presented in the context, listening to words presented in isolation contributed more to the implicit memory. The result confirmed the existence of auditory priming and context effect in early L2 vocabulary learning. Finally, the reasons why priming occurred and why context reduced the auditory priming effects were discussed in terms of the Logogen Model and Transfer-appropriate processing. In addition, teaching strategies for enhancing the auditory implicit memory of words presented in context were suggested.


SUMMARY When families have different numbers of offspring, Srivastava (1984) provided an easily computable estimator as an alternative to the maximum likelihood estimator of parentoffspring correlation. Some properties of this estimator are discussed vis-a'-vis with those of ensemble and pairwise estimators. Further, we derive the small sample distribution of Srivastava's estimator under the assumption of null parent-offspring correlation. In the process, we demonstrate that a certain function of the classical sib-mean estimator has Student's t distribution despite differing sib-ship sizes.


Previously reported experimental results on time evolution of Si/Pt profiles during Ar ion implantation have been analyzed on the basis of a theoretical model which accounts for the preferential sputtering and enhanced diffusion of Si atoms. Si sputtering yield reflects the energy dependence of the Ar nuclear stopping power at the SiPt mobile surface. Comparison with experimental results on metallic and dielectric systems has been performed in order to clarify the mechanism which induces the enhanced diffusion process.


This study is aimed at synthsizing high dielectric material, (Ba, Sr)TiO₃ through direct wet process. Pure and ultra fine particle of (Ba, Sr)TiO₃ Powder was synthesized from BaCl₂, SrCl₂ and TiCl₄ aqueous solution at KOH Solution in the N₂ gas atmosphere. BaCl₂, SrCl₂ and TiCl₄ were Mixed with the mole ratio of 1 : 9 : 10, 3 : 7 : 10, 5 : 5 : 10, 7 : 3 : 10, 9 : 1 : 10 and sythesized at 40℃~90℃ for 10min~15hrs. The particle size, particle shape, crystallinity and synthesis condition of (Ba, Sr)TiO₃ powder with the variation of temperature and reaction time in the aqueous solution studied by the exprimental instruments of DTA, TGA, X-ray diffratometer, SEM.


The analytical characterization of synthetic fibers has not kept pace with their development and production. Whereas the "second-generation" fibers have already conquered the market, the chemical investigation methods used until now for the three classical fiber polymers of the polyester, polyamide, and polyacrylonitrile types are still frequently unsatisfactory. Though they satisfy the requirements of production supervision and quality control, they do not supply enough information to enable us to understand and to explain the degradation of and damage to the polymers under hydrolytic, thermal, or thermooxidative influences. This report presents methods of chemical analysis that open up new possibilities for investigations of this nature on synthetic fibers. The results reported for commercial products must not be taken as an assessment of quality. They are simply intended to show the diversity to be expected in the chemical properties and to emphasize the practical basis of the chemical analysis of synthetic fibers.


Objective To determine the best extraction process of kanamycin B.Methods Based on the fermentation broth of Streptomyces tenebrarius spu46 producing kanamycin B,static adsorption and dynamic adsorption were studied to choose resin with the best adsorption capability.Effects of pH value,concentration and flow rate on performance of absorption were investigated using the chosen resin.Effects of different desorption parameters on extraction were also researched.Results Weakly acidic cationic resin had the best performance of absorption with pH of 7.5 and flow rate of 0.85 mL·min-1.Desorption rate could reach 85% when concentration of ammonia water was 0.15 mol·L-1,with flow rate of 1.00 mL·min-1.Conclusions Weakly acidic cationic resin CD180 has the best capability on the extraction of kanamycin B.


The new unconventional dual-system urban interchange (DSUI) design has the potential to improve interchange operations and provide additional access capacity to barrier-separated general purpose (GP) and managed-lane systems. Servicing both GP and managed-lane systems at one cross-street interchange location by using conventional interchange design has been viewed as difficult to construct geometrically, and conventional design also introduces undesirable operational issues. The DSUI design includes a system of one-way frontage roads parallel to the freeway facility that is used to manage traffic flows through a series of coordinated signalized intersections. Ramps to and from these frontage roads serve both the GP and managed-lane systems, providing both systems with either direct or indirect interchange access to a common cross street. The DSUI design was developed for a particular interchange location as part of a managed-lane project in Atlanta, Georgia, and has been viewed as a win–win solution by both the corridor design team and community stakeholders. The design has been shown to improve travel time and mobility measures of effectiveness for the corridor compared with other interchange alternatives, and it provides acceptable traffic operations through the project design-year life. To date, the DSUI design concept has been shown to be a viable interchange alternative that could be considered in other managed-lane corridor studies where managed-lane and GP lane access is desired at the same cross street.


This work has been devoted to certain microstructure peculiarities of anisotropic materials of the form (Pb,Ca)TiO3 - Σ2i=1 PbB'1-αB''αO3, where B' is W, and B'' is Mg, Zn or Co, Zn. To decrease contamination of the equipment and surroundings the traditional source of a PbO atmosphere (PbO-contained powder) has not been used when the sintering of the ceramics was carried out. In the ceramics under study, a second phase was detected based on titanium oxide whose content and elemental composition have been estimated. The influence of this phase has been studied on structural and electrophysical parameters of relevant materials as their sintering temperature is changed from 1140°C to 1210°C. The increasing content of the second phase in the ceramics diminishes the susceptibility of the material to domain switching resulting in the worsening of electrophysical parameters.


Time varying, inhomogeneous refractive index fields are every-where, from hot air rising above a fire and mirages above hot roads in the summer, to gases flowing from pressurized containers, and mixtures of different liquids. We present a novel method for imaging and volumetric reconstruction of time-varying refractive index fields, based on the Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) technique developed in the fluid imaging community [Meier 2002].


On the basis of Sun Yatsen's nationalism studies,this paper explores the development of his ethnic identification.It holds that his ethnic identification psychology was born in the then situations both at home and abroad and was influenced by his cultural traditions.Its evolution was sublimated from 'antithe Manchurian',to 'anti-the Qing Dynasty',to 'co-existence of all peoples' and to 'the Chinese nation',which reveals his value of 'saving the nation' and the significance that his great unyielding exploration spirit has in welding up the soul of contemporary Chinese nation.


ABSTRACT Citizen (or community) science has provided copious and valuable information about charismatic marine taxa such as heterobranch gastropods, thus contributing enormously to the known geographic distribution of many sea slug species. This study reports new records of elusive sea slugs in the coastal western Mediterranean (especially on the Catalan and French Mediterranean coasts) and contributes to new ecological information regarding their phenology, diet and behaviour. Out of 39 species reported here, 23 are new records for the Catalan coast (NE Spain), three are new records of pelagic pteropods for the Spanish Iberian coast, and eight are new records for the French Mediterranean coast. With 25 species found active at night, this study highlights the importance of sampling at night and in shallow, often under-sampled waters with high species diversity. Shallow waters usually have less diving activity and are harder to survey with heavy scuba equipment. We believe that the high-quality photos herein and the related species information will enable researchers, divers and the community to find and recognise these rare species in the Mediterranean basin.


We design an interpretable network model by introducing explainable components into a Deep Neural Network (DNN). We substituted the first kernels of a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and a ResNet-50 with the well-known edge detecting filters such as Sobel, Prewitt, and other filters. Each filters' relative importance scores are measured with a variant of Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) method proposed by [1]. Since the effects of the edge detecting filters are well understood, our model provides three different scores to explain individual predictions: the scores with respect to (1) colors, (2) edge filters, and (3) pixels of the image. Our method provides more tools to analyze the predictions by highlighting the location of important edges and colors in the images. Furthermore, the general features of a category can be shown in our scores as well as individual predictions. At the same time, the model does not degrade performances on MNIST, Fruit360 and ImageNet datasets.


Currently, one of the most challenging problems in oncology is predicting more precisely whether lesions that are detected by sensitive screening tests are indolent (hence, not requiring extensive treatment) or progressive and potentially life-threatening. For example, the increase in breast cancer "incidence" observed over the last 20 years is largely attributable to increased detection of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and stage I disease by imaging. Despite the increase in early-stage disease, the rates of advanced stage disease have changed only minimally, and the rate of metastatic disease has been virtually unchanged. Conversely, all screening tests miss some life-threatening cancers, known as "interval cancers," that are diagnosed between scheduled screening tests. Breast cancer best illustrates the problem of interval cancers. It is known that more-aggressive types of breast cancer are more likely to be missed by screening; the cancer grows so quickly it becomes symptomatic after a normal screening test. For example, interval-detected breast cancers are 1.8 to 2.6-fold more likely to be estrogen receptor (ER) negative compared to screen-detected tumors, are likely to be diagnosed at a more advanced stage and are faster growing on average than screen-detected cancers. Relatively little is known about the molecular and cellular differences between screen- detected lesions and interval tumors which might be used to distinguish among the two types of lesions and potentially point to more effective strategies and targets for intervention. The National Cancer Institute has established programs to identify cellular and molecular characteristics that distinguish progressive from non-progressive lesions. Recent progress in this direction will be discussed by the speaker.
 Citation Format: Sudhir Srivastava. The DCIS: A biological challenge and clinical dilemma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Rethinking DCIS: An Opportunity for Prevention?; 2022 Sep 8-11; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Can Prev Res 2022;15(12 Suppl_1): Abstract nr IA016.


Variable calculus is a subject that requires students to have high mastery and competence. This is because the material presented requires students to think critically and creatively to solve problems. In fact the results of the previous semester's assessment analysis, the percentage of students who graduated with grades A or B was very low. The research method is research and development, with ADDIE development stages, namely Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The results of the needs analysis showed that students need teaching material for calculus variable which is assisted by a technology of mathematical applications, where students' opinions on the need for a mathematical application such as geogebra software in learning, there are 66.7% of students strongly agree, and there are 33.3% agree . The validation results show that the average of all aspects of the assessment of teaching materials obtained an average of 4.29 means that the teaching materials are valid. The results of the practicality questionnaire analysis of the 20 students who took the lecture obtained an overall average of 4.28, which means practical. The results of student responses to the teaching material questionnaire from the aspects of teaching materials and learning activities obtained an average percentage of total positive responses of students amounted to 81.67% meaning that teaching materials are effectively used by students in learning


General topics useful in evaluating and rating power systems are discussed including the space environment and its effects, reliability considerations in systems design, figures of merit and their use in system evaluation, power needs of the future and the importance of developing power systems, and an estimate of expected system weights. Environmental effects include meteoroid bombardment, interplanetary and Van Adlen radiation, electromagnetic solar radiation, and vacuum. It is shown that the efforts needed to guarantee high-power system reliability may be too costly. The relative position of nuclear, chemical, and solar power systems in a power level-mission duration continum is presented. (auth)


High-resolution numerical simulations including feedback and aimed at calculating the escape fraction (fesc) of hydrogen-ionizing photons often assume stellar radiation based on single-stellar population synthesis models. However, strong evidence suggests the binary fraction of massive stars is ≳70%. Moreover, simulations so far have yielded values of fesc falling only on the lower end of the ∼10%–20% range, the amount presumed necessary to reionize the universe. Analyzing a high-resolution (4 pc) cosmological radiation-hydrodynamic simulation, we study how fesc changes when we include two different products of binary stellar evolution—stars stripped of their hydrogen envelopes and massive blue stragglers. Both produce significant amounts of ionizing photons 10–200 Myr after each starburst. We find the relative importance of these photons to be amplified with respect to escaped ionizing photons, because peaks in star formation rates (SFRs) and fesc are often out of phase by this 10–200 Myr. Additionally, low-mass, bursty galaxies emit Lyman continuum radiation primarily from binary products when SFRs are low. Observations of these galaxies by the James Webb Space Telescope could provide crucial information on the evolution of binary stars as a function of redshift. Overall, including stripped stars and massive blue stragglers increases our photon-weighted mean escape fraction ( ) by ∼13% and ∼10%, respectively, resulting in . Our results emphasize that using updated stellar population synthesis models with binary stellar evolution provides a more sound physical basis for stellar reionization.


PurposeThis study seeks to investigate the impact of financial intermediation on economic growth in Turkey using annual data spanning 1970–2017.Design/methodology/approachBased on the results of the augmented Dickey–Fuller and Phillips–Perron unit root tests for stationarity, the authors employ the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing to cointegration to establish the long-run impact of financial intermediation alongside other control factors on economic growth. The study also examines the short-run relationship between financial intermediation and economic growth by estimating the Error Correction Model (ECM).FindingsThe authors' findings indicate that financial intermediation significantly influences economic growth in both short and long run. However, the effect is positive only in the short run, lending support to the supply-leading hypothesis. Regarding the control variables, the authors observe that while financial openness shows a positive significant impact on economic growth in the long run, gross fixed capital formation matters only in the short run. The results further infer that regardless of the time period, inflation impedes economic growth.Originality/valueIn the empirical analysis of the relationship between financial intermediation and economic growth, financial intermediation is always measured using a single variable. The authors argue that such studies could produce bias and misleading results given that a single proxy does not adequately reflect financial intermediation activities. Likewise, such findings may delude policy implementation. To provide a more vivid and robust analysis, the authors employ the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to construct a composite index for financial intermediation based on three broad measures. The researchers' are unaware of any study on the financial intermediation–economic growth nexus using a composite index of financial intermediation. Thus, this paper fills this lacuna in the literature.


Abstract An efficient multicomponent one-pot reaction was developed for the synthesis of α,α-disubstituted homoallylic hydrazides by treating ketones, acylhydrazines and allyl bromide with tin powder in tetrahydrofuran under reflux. The reaction proceeds smoothly without any catalyst under mild conditions to give the corresponding products in high yields.


Background: The microalga H. pluvialis shows a distinct pattern of carbon repartitioning upon nitrogen starvation. Results: Data-driven integrative modeling pinpoints metabolic adjustments underlying carbon repartition. Conclusion: In vitro and in silico experiments can dissect the systemic response to nitrogen starvation. Significance: Experimental data in conjunction with integrative modeling enables model-driven hypothesis testing. The green alga Hematococcus pluvialis accumulates large amounts of the antioxidant astaxanthin under inductive stress conditions, such as nitrogen starvation. The response to nitrogen starvation and high light leads to the accumulation of carbohydrates and fatty acids as well as increased activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Although the behavior of individual pathways has been well investigated, little is known about the systemic effects of the stress response mechanism. Here we present time-resolved metabolite, enzyme activity, and physiological data that capture the metabolic response of H. pluvialis under nitrogen starvation and high light. The data were integrated into a putative genome-scale model of the green alga to in silico test hypotheses of underlying carbon partitioning. The model-based hypothesis testing reinforces the involvement of starch degradation to support fatty acid synthesis in the later stages of the stress response. In addition, our findings support a possible mechanism for the involvement of the increased activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in carbon repartitioning. Finally, the in vitro experiments and the in silico modeling presented here emphasize the predictive power of large scale integrative approaches to pinpoint metabolic adjustment to changing environments.


Objective To investigate the plasma level of adiponectin,endothelin-1(ET-1),nitric oxide(NO) and von Willebrand factor(vWF) in the patients with coronary heart disease and their relationship.Methods Plasma level of adiponectin and vWF,ET-1,NO in 28 healthy outpatients(healthy control group) and 60 patients with coronary heart disease(CHD) were detected by enzyme-linked immuneosorbent assay(ELISA),radioimmunoassay(RIA) and enzymatic assay with nitrate reductase respectively.Sixty patients with CHD were divided into two groups:stable angina pectoris(SAP) group(n=35) and acute coronary syndrome(ACS) group(n=25).Results Adiponectin and NO in the patients with CHD were significantly lower than those in healthy control group,respectively(7.79±3.22) mg/L vs(11.35±2.90) mg/L;(41.57±14.73) μmol/L vs(67.51±18.69) μmol/L all P0.01,while ET-1 and vWF were significantly higher,(81.65±23.07) ng/L vs(52.17±13.65) ng/L;(119.3±54.59)% vs(96.45±32.10)%(P0.05-0.01),and the sameresults were observed between ACS group and SAP group,adiponectin(6.66±3.10) mg/L vs(8.60±3.09) mg/L(P0.05);NO(35.73±15.82) μmol/L vs(45.74±12.53) μmol/L(P0.01);ET-1(89.49±25.53) ng/L vs(76.05±19.65) ng/L(P0.05);vWF(136.63±53.94)% vs(106.95±52.35)%(P0.05).The level of adiponectin was negatively correlated with that of ET-1(r=-0.522,P0.01) and positively correlated with that of NO in plasma(r=0.415,P0.01),while adiponectin was irrelated with vWF(r=-0.129,P0.05).Conclusion The plasma level of adiponectin and NO decreased significantly in the patients with CHD,while those of ET-1 and vWF increased significantly.Plasma adiponectin may play a role in the protection of endothelial function.


Crystal structure analysis from powder diffraction data has become, for a decade, an effective and powerful technique when the single crystalline state of a sample cannot be maintained due to hydration, dehydration, or phase transition as well as when single crystals are not obtained. One of the big reasons is that several one-stop software have widely been used, providing all the features required for the structure analysis. However, the last step of the analysis "refinement of crystal structures" is still challenging. In case of, in particular, powder samples of organic compounds and metal complexes, the crystal structures are usually refined by setting restraints to bond lengths and angles to keep the molecular structures from collapsing. However, good results will not sometimes be obtained without setting proper restraints: the molecular structure may collapse if the restraints are weak, or the observed pattern may not agree with the calculated pattern if the restraints are strong. The effect of restraint strength factor on crystal structures and calculated profiles varies with observed intensities, peak profiles, etc. Therefore, the restraint strength factor should be estimated for each analysis. We will report several analysis examples from organic powder samples and validate the way of estimating restraint strength factors by comparing each result with the corresponding single crystal structure.


submitted to DRC 2006 Field-effect transistors and photodetectors based on solutionsynthesized nanowires A. Singh, A. Khandelwal, X. Li, H. Xing, M. Kuno, D. Jena University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 Phone: 574 631 8835, Fax: 574 631 4393, email: djenagnd.edu Various semiconductor nanostructures, including nanotubes and nanowires have been grown and studied recently. The primary growth technique has been chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-based, such as the rather popular vaporliquid-solid (VLS) technique. [1] Growth techniques utilizing solution-based synthesis, on the other hand, have a number of advantages over the CVD technique such as low cost, scaling of production, ability to passivate the semiconductor surface chemically during growth, and the ease of transfer to any substrate. One such synthetic method is the solution-liquid-solid (SLS) technique, which has been used by various groups to produce colloidal quantum dots or nanocrystals.[2] Rudimentary photodetectors have been demonstrated using closed-packed "solids" of the SLS-grown nanocrystals. Though photon absorption and electron-hole pair generation in nanocrystals is efficient, the extraction of carriers is difficult, involving hopping transport between the dots before being collected by the electrodes. In this work, we demonstrate photodetectors based on CdSe nanowire networks, or "quantum-wire solids". Nanowires allow band-transport along their axes, therefore potentially offering a drastic improvement over nanocrystals for the efficient collection of optically generated carriers. To evaluate the transport properties of the nanowires, we have fabricated field-effect transistors using both single nanowires and networks of nanowires as channels on SiO2/Si substrates with back gates. For single nanowire FETs, focused ion beam has been employed to define Pt source-drain contacts. Typical nanowires diameters are 10nms, and lengths vary from 1-10 microns. For multiple nanowire channels, we have used ac dielectrophoretic alignment for precise placement of the nanowires between the source-drain contacts (Figure 1, right).[3] The nanowires FETs thus fabricated require a negative gate bias for pinch-off indicating that the wires are n-type, and drain-source current on/off ratios of 105 are observed for FETs with dense nanowires network channels, as opposed to -10 for single nanowires FETs (Figure 2, right). The temperature-dependence of the source-drain current (Fig 3, left) indicates that the charge transport is dominated by thermally generated carriers in the dark. Metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector devices are then fabricated using conventional optical lithography and metal deposition. The photodetectors are found to have very low dark currents (10 nA at 5 V), indicating very few free carriers in the nanowires at room temperature. The spectroscopic photoresponse of these photodetectors is measured using a xenon lamp coupled with a monochromator, and a lock-in amplifier in a photon energy range of 1.4 3.5 eV. We observe a sharp turn-on in the photocurrent, at 1.80 eV, near the absorption edge of the nanowires measured independently using an UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Figure 3, center). The photoresponse is estimated to be higher than 50 mA/W at a bias of 5 V at 550 nm (2.25 eV) illumination. With increasing photon energy, the responsivity of the NW-based photodetectors shows a very slow decrease, 18% drop at 3.4 eV compared to that at 2.25 eV. This is in sharp contrast to traditional photodetectors, where the photoresponse decays rapidly with increasing photon energy. The photoresponse, and the resultant quantum efficiency can be enhanced for particular wavelengths by a cavity effect by tuning the thickness of the underlying SiO2 layer and using multiple reflections from the SiO2/Si interface, as demonstrated in Figure 3 (right). In conclusion, we have demonstrated that solution-synthesized semiconductor nanowires can be used as channels in traditional FET structures, and their high optical absorption and high quantum efficiencies can be exploited for fabrication of photodetectors. With solution synthesized narrow bandgap semiconductor (PbS, PbSe) nanowires, the photodetector spectral range can be extended into the IR regime, and can be transferred to flexible substrates in the future. [4] [1] Y. Huang, Duan X., Y. Cui, L. Lauhon, K.-H. Kim, and C. Lieber, Nature (London) 294, 1313 (2001). [2] C. B. Murray, C. R. Kagan, and M. G. Bawendi, Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci. 30, 545 (2000). [3] R. Zhou, H.-C. Chang, V. Protansenko, M. Kuno, A. Singh, and D. Jena, unpublished (2006). [4] H. Petersson, J. Tragardh, A. I. Persson, L. Landin, D. Hessman, and L. Samuelson, Nano Letters 6, 229 (2006). 0-7803-9749-5/06/$20.00 ©2006 IEEE 67 Abstract submitted to DRC 2006submitted to DRC 2006 Fig. 1: Solution-synthesized CdSe nanowires (left, center), and their ac electric-field assisted dielectrophoretic alignment between contact pads in solution (right).


In a code division multiple access system, multiple access interference coupled with near-far problem is one of major factors limiting system performance. To overcome these issues, various multiuser detection schemes have been proposed multiple access interference limits the capacity of Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access systems. In CDMA systems MAI is considered as additive noise and a matched filter bank is employed. Traditionally, multiuser detector code-matched and a multiuser linear filter are used which increases the complexity of the system due to its nature of operation. Multiuser detection is an approach which uses both these filters for the optimization. However, the main drawback of the optimal multiuser detection is one of complexity so that suboptimal approaches are being sought. Much of the present research is aimed at finding an appropriate tradeoff between complexity and performance. These suboptimal techniques have linear and non-linear algorithms. In this work, we introduce Successive Interference Cancellation which is a nonlinear suboptimal method of MUD and is based upon successively subtracting off the strongest remaining signal. Further analysis is to be carried out and simulations to be done for better understanding of SIC. Index Terms Successive Interference Cancellation, Multiple Access Interference, Multiuser Detection, Code Division Multiple Access ——————————  ——————————


Questions of control by difficult nonstationary plant in changing environments are considered. The approach to the decision of a problem is offered on the basis of use of intellectual self-organizing control systems. Realization of the law of control is carried out on the automatically designed artificial neural network.


The numerous applications of rare earth elements (REE) has lead to a growing global demand and to the search for new REE deposits. One promising technique for exploration of these deposits is laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Among a number of advantages of the technique is the possibility to perform on-site measurements without sample preparation. Since the exploration of a deposit is based on the analysis of various geological compartments of the surrounding area, REE-bearing rock and soil samples were analyzed in this work. The field samples are from three European REE deposits in Sweden and Norway. The focus is on the REE cerium, lanthanum, neodymium and yttrium. Two different approaches of data analysis were used for the evaluation. The first approach is univariate regression (UVR). While this approach was successful for the analysis of synthetic REE samples, the quantitative analysis of field samples from different sites was influenced by matrix effects. Principal component analysis (PCA) can be used to determine the origin of the samples from the three deposits. The second approach is based on multivariate regression methods, in particular interval PLS (iPLS) regression. In comparison to UVR, this method is better suited for the determination of REE contents in heterogeneous field samples.


Developed as a numerical device for fast computation of shock hydrodynamics, hugonions have been successfully used for analysis of strong shock waves in non-reacting media [Lee et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140, 3435 (2016)]. Hugonions are particle-like hydrodynamic discontinuities that travel, interact with one another, and annihilate. In this paper, we demonstrate that the concept of hugonions can be extended to detonation waves in reacting media, in which the chemical reaction of positive thermicity leads to different equations of state ahead and behind the detonation shock. The Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) model of detonation is recast in such a way that the D-discussion remains the same as in the classical CJ theory while the piston problem is solved more efficiently using hugonions. Tested for both non-reacting (the Sod shock tube problem) and reacting (1-D detonation waves) media, the hugonion-based approach is shown to be superior in speed to the existing computational methods such as Godunov's scheme.


Amphipods were originally chosen as a sensitive group of organisms for use in sediment toxicity tests based on documented concentration-abundance distributions relative to pollution gradients, e.g., the Palos Verdes Shelf of California. Acute mortality tests were developed for sensitive species which have resulted in what are among some of the best correlation between exposure, toxicity and field effects of any lab-based test (sediment or water). Initial behavioral end-points in acute tests provided little useful information and have been replaced by sublethal measures of growth and reproduction under chronic exposure conditions. Incorporating mortality and these sublethal responses, full life-cycle toxicity tests comprise the most ecologically relevant, lab-based endpoints currently available. Ultimate applicability of these, or of any other lab-based toxicity tests requires linkages between responses in the lab and responses of populations in the field. Population models to effect this linkage are being developed which will specifically assess the probability of local population extinction, which is essential to attain the ultimate goal of protecting indigenous populations of benthic fauna. This goal will not be attained by simply developing new tests, particularly if the only endpoint measured is mortality. This paper reviews the history of amphipod sediment toxicity tests, the state-of-the artmore » for measuring acute lethality, the state-of-the-art for life-cycle tests with sublethal endpoints, the development of models linking toxicity tests and population dynamics, and concludes with recommendations for future applications in research and regulatory programs.« less


Superior transparent conducting properties of indium oxide realised by molybdenum donors resonant in the conduction band, avoiding detrimental effects of tin doping.


of interventional pain management techniques in palliative care and then pass on through separate chapters on defining the problem, assessment of pain, pain syndromes, choice of technique, simple peripheral nerve blocks and injections, regional nerve blocks, spinal drug delivery, electrical stimulation and, finally, ethical issues. All of this in 130 pages! Good illustrations would have made the authors' task easier, but images of x-rays are of poor quality when compared with what is achieved by other publishers; whilst some annotations, e.g., the 'Scottie dog' on page 50 are incorrect. (The overlaid outline includes the inferior articular process.) The diagram showing the trigeminal ganglion on page 55 is unlabelled and difficult to comprehend; others are just too complex. Proof reading appears to have been rushed, with 'co-agulopathy' throughout (coagulare Latin verb: to curdle, therefore the word is not hyphenated) intra-pleural blocks, instead of interpleural, to sample but a few. The writing is sometimes more opaque than one would have liked and would have benefited from better editing, again reflecting poorly on the publishers. Many of these criticisms just reflect how busy these practising clinician/authors are. Publishing this little book will help make the palliative care community more aware of what can be achieved through the use of interventional procedures. If these treatments are properly considered for each of our patients, Hicks and Simpson will have reduced the burden of suffering. If they also stimulate palliative care teams and their local interventional pain services to develop interventional treatment guidelines, multimedia information and training packages for patients and for staff in hospitals, hospices and in the community, then that really would be something!


This paper established the multi UAV incomplete information dynamic game model under uncertain environment based on incomplete information dynamic game theory and the problem of multi UAV attack-defend; for the interval information payment matrix under the uncertain environment, solve the incomplete information dynamic game Bayesian Nash equilibrium solution and get the optimal UAV combat strategy sequence. The simulations results show that the model could apply to the problem of UAV attack-defends campaign under uncertain environment reasonably and have better application value.


Introduction My intention in this talk is to study, grosso modo, the dominant trends in present-day mathematics, and to draw from this study principles that should govern the choice of content and style in the teaching of mathematics at the secondary and elementary levels Some of these principles will be time-independent, in the sense that they should always have been applied to the teaching of mathematics; others will be of special application to the needs of today's, and tommrow's, students and will be, in that sense, new The principles will be illustrated by examples in order to avoid the smt of frustrating vagueness which often accompanies even the most respectable recommendations (thus, "problem solving [should] be the focus of school mathematics in the 1980's" [1]) However, before embarking on a talk intended as a contribution to the discussion of how to achieve a successful mathematical education, it would be as well to make plain what are our criteria of success Indeed, it would be as well to be clear what we understand by successful education, since we would then be able to derive the indicated criteria by specialization. let us begin by agreeing that a successfUl education is one which conduces to a successfUl life. However, there is a popular, persistent and paltry view of the successful life which we must immediately repudiate. This is the view that success in life is measured by affluence and is manifested by power and influence over others. It is very relevant to my theme to recall that, when Queen Elizabeth was recently the guest of Piesident and Mrs Reagan in California, the '"successes" who were gathered together to greet her were not Nobel prize-winners, of which CalifOrnia may boast remarkably many, but stars of screen and television As the London Times described the occasion, "Queen dines with celluloid royalty" It was apparently assumed that the company of Frank Sinatra, embodying the concept of success against which I am inveighing, would be obviously preferable to that of, say, Linus Pauling The Reaganist-Sinatrist view of success contributes a real threat to the integrity of education; for education should certainly never be expected to conduce to that kind of success At worst, this view leads to a complete distortion of the educational process; at the very least, it allies education far too closely to specific career objectives, an alliance which unfortunately has the support of many parents naturally anxious for their children's success We would replace the view we are rejecting by one which emphasizes the kind of activity in which an individual indulges, and the motivation fOr so indulging, rather than his, or her, accomplishment in that activity The realization of the individual's potential is surely a mark of success in life. Contrasting our view with that which we are attacking, we should seek power over ourselves, not over other people; we should seek the knowledge and understanding to give us power and control over things, not people. We should want to be rich but in spiritual rather than material resources We should want to influence people, but by the persuasive fOrce of our argument and example, and not by the pressure we can exert by our control of their lives and, even more sinisterly, of their thoughts It is absolutely obvious that education can, and should, lead to a successful life, so defined Moreover, mathematical education is a particularly significant component of such an education This is true for two reasons. On the one hand, I would state dogmatically that mathematics is one of the human activities, like art, literature, music, or the making of good shoes, which is intrinsically worthwhile On the other hand, mathematics is a key element in science and technology and thus vital to the understanding, control and development of the resources of the world around us. These two aspects of mathematics, often referred to as pure mathematics and applied mathematics, should both be present in a well-balanced, successful mathematics education Let me end these introductory remarks by referring to a particular aspect of the understanding and control to which mathematics can contribute so much Through our education we hope to gain knowledge. We can only be said to really know something if we know that we know it. A sound education should enable us to distinguish between what we know and what we do not know; and it is a deplorable fact that so many people today, including large numbers of pseudosuccesses but also, let us admit, many members of our own academic community, seem not to be able to make the distinction. It is of the essence of genuine mathematical education that it leads to understanding and skill; short cuts to the acquisition of skill, without understanding, are often favored by self-confident pundits of mathematical education, and the results of taking such short cuts are singularly unfortunate for the young traveller The victims, even if "successful", are left precisely in the position of not knowing mathematics and not knowing they know no mathematics For most, however, the skill evaporates or, if it does not, it becomes out-dated No real ability to apply quantitative reasoning to a changing world has been learned, and the most frequent and natural result


IT TALES LOOKS WESTWARD. To the east have been ancient VV fears and invasions, but the sea meant hope. Thus it was natural that Welsh explorers claimed to have discovered the New World 322 years before Columbus. The so-called Welsh Indians of North America rather sensationally publicized supposed Celtic migrations. Yet, for all their seafaring feats, it is strange that the Cymri have not been known as great colonizers. Certainly thousands of them migrated to English America where colonial chronicles counted famous Welshmen from Roger Williams to Thomas Jefferson. In the nineteenth century they settled particularly in Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Iowa, and, eventually, in California during the gold rush. Least known of all is their most interesting pilgrimage, to one of the world's nearly forsaken eorners, Patagonia. The story of their coming is a curious one. The spirit of nationalism which swept nineteenth-century Europe did not spare Wales. Although the land problem caused some suffering among the Welsh, it was not the urgent issue found among their Gaelic cousins across St. George's Channel.' In fact, Louis Kossuth influenced them more than did the Irish Home Rulers. For Wales, national consciousness was based primarily on cultural values. In religion, Welsh Nonconformity felt itself hindered by the official Anglican church. A more emotional issue was that of the Welsh language itself, basis of all that is Welsh and unifying force of the Cambrian people. With good reason, nationalists believed that their peculiar tongue was declining as more Welshmen became bilingual or worse, wholly English-speaking. Without the preservation of language and literature and through them Welsh customs, beliefs, and values, * The author has received his graduate training at the University of California at Los Angeles. 1 A. W. Wade-Evans and others, The Historical Basis of Welsh Nationalism (Cardiff, 1950), p. 115.


Various methods for obtaining meso-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrins, additionally modified with polyfluoroalkoxy substituents are considered. One of the variants for macrocycle assembling includes synthesis and condensation of polyfluoroalkylbenzaldehydes obtained by substitution of paraand ortho-fluorines in the starting pentafluorobenzaldehyde by polyfluoroaliphatic alcohols. Direct substitution of fluorines in mesotetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin by polyfluoroaliphatic alcohols was carried out as an


Background: Dementia is a disease in which memory, thinking, and cognitive skills are impaired, with Alzheimer's being the most common type of dementia. Brassica nigra is useful for eliminating memory loss in traditional Persian medicine. This study aims to examine the effect of B. nigra fixed oil (BNO) on the changes in memory caused by β-amyloid. Methods: This research was conducted on 42 Wistar rats divided into 7 groups (n=6) including 1) control (received vehicle), 2) the group receiving BNO (925 and 462.5 mg/kg), 4) sham group 5) Alzheimer group (receiving 50 ng/µl/side β-amyloid in CA1 area of hippocampus) and 2 groups receiving β-amyloid along with two different doses of BNO. The daily gavage of BNO was done 2 to 21 days post amyloid injection. The spatial memory was evaluated in Morris water maze from day 21 to 26. Results: The results of this study revealed that the gavage of BNO (925 mg/kg) to rats receiving β-amyloid, as compared to those receiving β-amyloid alone, significantly decreased the traveled distance and the required time for finding hidden platform on the training days and increased the time of presence in the target quadrant on the test days. The analysis of BNO with GC-MS revealed that Erucic acid (24.79%) and 11-Eicosenoic acid (17.23%) had the highest content in the BNO. Conclusion: Regarding the presence of unsaturated fatty acids, it is likely that the consumption of BNO can play an important role in the prevention of memory degradation which warrants further clinical studies.


SummaryTrichomonas vaginalis can attach to monolayer cultures of human cervical epithelium and damage them. The organisms erode the epithelial cell layer by burrowing through, between and under cells. Micro-spikes attaching the cells to a glass substrate tend to be unaffected. Trichomonads often attach to cells lying on their sides, but are sometimes seen to have their axostyles in contact with damaged epithelial cells.


Nitrification yield can be affected by fixed biomass or biofilm density. Infact, biofilm detachment may influence the nitrification. The present experiment investigated the effect of detachment biomass cells on nitrifying bacteria expressed via nitrification rate. We monitored nitrification rates before and after biomass detachment from gravel sampled in a small-scale model of wastewater treatment using macrophytes in vertical and horizontal filtersystems. The ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) number decreased after cell detachment whereas the number of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) was lower and saving a constant value of 3.0 MPN/100 ml. Despite this detachment, the yield of ammonium oxidation in the vertical filter remains constant but the reaction required more time. After washing, the NO3--N concentration at the bottom of horizontal filter with fine gravel is more important (1.24 mg/l) than that observed at the medium (1.1 mg/l) and the top (0.8 mg/l) of basin; whereas, at the horizontal filter with coarse gravel, the nitrification performance is more important at the medium of basin with NO3--N concentration value of 1.14 mg/l than those obtained at the top (0.7 mg/l) and the bottom (0.98 mg/l).

 Key words: Autotrophic bacteria, detachment, nitrification, turbidity.


The corrosion environment and corrosion mechanism for flue gas cleaning equipment are introduced and discussed.The dew point of flue gas is heightened by acidic gases of SO_2,SO_3 and HCl etc.The flue gas may dew on the surface of the cleaning equipment and produce an acidic electrolyte and thus corrosion cell forms and electrochemical corrosion occurs.The technology of anticorrosion for device of wet flue gas desulfurization(FGD) process is reviewed.Some self-made anticorrosion conductive coatings are introduced for flue gas cleaning equipment by corona discharge.


Current suicide assessment relies primarily on the patient's oral history. This article describes the case of a patient who was hospitalized after making an impulsive suicide attempt. Subsequently, social media was used to identify the events leading up to the attempt and to reconstruct a timeline. This evidence helped the patient gain more insight into the severity of his condition and agree to participate in treatment. Facebook and other social media may prove to be helpful adjuncts to suicide prevention efforts both in treatment and in screening for high-risk individuals who may not voluntarily come to clinical attention. (Journal of Psychiatric Practice 2014;20:141–146)


Numerical methods are proposed for the numerical solution of a system of reaction-diffusion equations, which model chemical wave propagation. The reaction terms in this system of partial differential equations contain nonlinear expressions. Nevertheless, it is seen that the numerical solution is obtained by solving a linear algebraic system at each time step, as opposed to solving a nonlinear algebraic system, which is often required when integrating nonlinear partial differential equations. The development of each numerical method is made in the light of experience gained in solving the system of ordinary differential equations, which model the well-stirred analogue of the chemical system. The first-order numerical methods proposed for the solution of this initialvalue problem are characterized to be implicit. However, in each case it is seen that the numerical solution is obtained explicitly. In a series of numerical experiments, in which the ordinary differential equations are solved first of all, it is seen that the proposed methods have superior stability properties to those of the well-known, first-order, Euler method to which they are compared. Incorporating the proposed methods into the numerical solution of the partial differential equations is seen to lead to two economical and reliable methods, one sequential and one parallel, for solving the travelling-wave problem. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


This paper studies the linearization of a similar large-scale nonlinear control system using differential geometry methods. The large-scale nonlinear control system consists of N n-dimensional subsystems which have similar characteristic and relation. It is shown that the large-scale nonlinear control system is linearizable at the neighbour of one point if and only if each subsystem has m output functions and the sum of the corresponding characteristic index is equal to the dimension of the subspace n and the index matrix has rank m.


Tourism and Hospitality industry has witnessed many changes over a period of time due to global expansion of tourism, changing patterns in customer preferences, industrialization, revolution in transport and aviation, etc. It has brought paradigm shifts in the operations of hospitality industry. The demanding customers and increased sense of customer satisfaction led to the use of the new service parameters making hoteliers to implement quality management as an effective aid. During the last few decades there is phenomenal change experienced in the hospitality industry and the reason being is Service Quality.


Decompression practice is simply developing and implementing decompression procedures for operational diving with the goal of avoiding decompression sickness (DCS). Operationally useful procedures take into account not only the decompression procedure required to avoid DCS but also factors such as the time required for decompression, the number of different breathing gases required, the complexity of the ascent profile, and other factors which may make the procedure too complicated for routine use. In addition to diving some other situations require decompression; several of these are covered also.


A novel 12-molybdophosphoric acid (HPM)-based complex (H2PI)2(H3O)[PMo12O40][Mo2O5(H2O)2(PI)2]·11H2O (PI-HPM) was prepared by modification with picolinic acid (HPI) and characterized by the methods of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray powder and single crystal diffraction. The complex retained the classical Keggin structure of bulk HPM, there were some strong hydrogen bonds existing between the [PMo12O40]3- polyanion, the [Mo2O5(H2O)2(PI)2] coordination moiety, the protonated HPI and the lattice water molecules. Then PI-HPM was employed as heterogeneous catalyst for esterification reaction to evaluate its acid-catalytic activity. The complex exhibited high activity and good durability in reaction mixtures, indicating that it was a promising heterogeneous acid catalyst for esterification that including the conversion of oleic acid to oleates.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to suggest a polynomial complexity method for determining the range of the active and reactive power consumed in AC uncertain parameter circuits whose uncertain parameters are given as intervals.Design/methodology/approach – First, the original problem is formulated as a corresponding interval quadratic range determination (IQRD) problem. Next, it is shown that the IQRD problem can be transformed equivalently into an interval linear range determination (ILRD) problem.Findings – An efficient numerical method for solving the associated ILRD problem has been developed, capable of tackling the present active (or reactive) power range problem. It is based on the use of the outer solution y of an associated interval linear system defining the constraints in the ILRD problem.Research limitations/implications – The method yields the exact active and reactive power range if the number of the components yi of y containing zero is relatively small (which is most often the case)...


The rate coefficients for the de-excitation of the two lowest-lying excited levels of Ne (3s 3P2 and 3P1) have been investigated in the afterglow of a pulsed discharge in pure neon using absorption and fluorescence techniques. The pressure dependences of the decay rates of the population densities of the two levels and the population density ratio of these levels at low electron and metastable densities yield the de-excitation rate coefficients for these levels by collision with neutral atoms, the diffusion coefficient for the 3P2 atoms and the effective transition probability of the imprisoned resonance radiation for the 3P1 atoms. In addition, from the decay rate of the 3P2 atoms in the early afterglow at appreciable electron and metastable densities, the de-excitation rate coefficients for this level by collisions with electrons and with other 3P2 atoms (metastable-metastable ionization) are deduced.


Frost protection effect experiments in tea fields were conducted according to wind machine operation timing on different time scales. The treatments of starting to use wind machines before tea sprouting,starting before frost occurrence and stopping after sunrise were set up respectively. And the impact of wind machine operation on the growth of tea trees,temperature rise in the canopy and protection coverage was measured. The results indicated that starting to use wind machines 20 d,15 d and 7 d before tea sprouting increased the length of young shoot,bud density and 100-bud weight by over 20% compared with the control test; Starting wind machines 2. 0 h,1. 5 h and 1. 0 h before frost occurrenceled to better protection and enlarged the coverage radius by more than 60% compared with the control test. Delayed stopping of wind machines by 2. 0 h,1. 5 h and 1. 0 h after sunrise reduced the temperature rise of the canopy by 45. 76% in the first hour,and narrowed the reduction of the photosynthetic intensity of tea leaves. Therefore,to protect tea trees from late frost cold for better growth and yield,the appropriate application of wind machines should be more than 7 d prior to the tea budding, and the operation timing of starting and stopping for a certain frost event should be 1. 0 h before frost occurrence and 1. 0 h after sunrise,respectively.


Gas solid headspace combined with gas chromatography was applied for simultaneous determination of residual DMF and DMAC in textiles.After being cut to pieces,0.5g of sample was heated at the headspace temperature of 120℃for 30 min.Then the headspace gas was separated with CAM column and detected with NPD.The matrix effect was eliminated by matrix-matching calibration.External standard method was used for quantification.Linear relationship between the peak area and the weight of DMF and DMAC was in the range of0.2-400μg,with detection limits(3S/N)of 0.1μg·g-1.Recovery rates measured by standard addition method were in the range of 88.4%-95.3% with RSD′s(n=6)in the range of 2.4%-3.5%.


Objective: To study the relationship of the expression of EGF-R(C-erbB-1) and C-erbB-2 in prostate carcinoma (PCa). Methods: By means of immunohistochemical ABC method, we studied 29 cases of prostate carcinoma. Results: Staining for EGF-R was found in five of 29 PCa (17.2%), and this tissue in PCa was stained positiviely for C-erbB-2 in 44.8% (13/29). The expression of EGF-R and C-erbB-2 in PCa showed significant meaning (P0.05) and no significant relationship was observed between tumor stage, grade and expression of EGF-R. Significant statistical meaning was observed between tumor stage, grade and expression of C-erbB-2. Conclusions: These findings demonstrated that the EGF-R expression might not associate with tumor stage and grade, but the C-erbB-2 expression might associate with other features of prognostic importance such as stage or grade.


. The English term religion is used to refer to local Christian churches, their organizations, and their practices. Nevertheless, Western anthropologists have tried to utilize it as if it were a technical term with universal applicability. Anthropologists have sought to characterize religion by several dichotomies, although their own field researches have revealed the irrelevance of such dichotomies as well as the fact that non-Western peoples do not recognize an entity equivalent to religion. Were the characteristics used by anthropologists in defining religion precisely applied to Western societies, then several other kinds of organizations, ceremonials, and practices would have as much, or even greater, claim to being included within the rubric of religion as the Christian and allied churches. The consequence of this conceptual imprecision has been the theoretical stagnation noted by eminent theorists.


Predictive controllers are often only applicable for open-loop stable systems. In this paper two such controllers are designed to operate on open-loop critically stable systems, each of which is used to find the control inputs for the roll control autopilot of a jet fighter aircraft. It is shown how it is quite possible for good predictive control to be achieved on open-loop critically stable systems.