How much traffic is needed to effectively conduct split testing?

Question: A friend who's asking me for advice about getting more customers from his website (SEO, conversion rate, some other stuff), thinks he should finish getting a good conversion rate with split testing before spending money on Pay-Per-Click programs like AdWords. From what I've heard, you're supposed to use the traffic gained to test accurately. He wants to know why 100 visits/day isn't enough. Is it?
Answer: You can perform split testing with any volume of website traffic, but in order to identify whether any increases in conversion rate are statistically significant (as opposed to being down to chance) you would need to run the test for longer than you would for a site with higher traffic.
There are numerous sites that will calculate whether the results of your split testing are significant or not. A Google search for split test calculator returns many sites that perform the same service.
Visual Website Optimizer's A/B Split and Multivariate Test Duration Calculator will also calculate how many days you need to run a test for based on existing and desired conversion rates and visitor numbers.
Answer: Well there is no magic number of visits needed when it comes to running a split test or multivariate test. It really depends on what you are testing, and what you have selected as a conversion. If you set a sale to be a conversion and you don't have many to begin with you'll be waiting a long time to see stable results.
What you should be doing is focusing on a page which has the most visits. Your home page most likely, maybe category pages. Maybe even the combined pageviews of all your product pages is the highest number of all. So first figure out which page you're going to test. Then ask yourself what is the next logical step a visitor needs to take to start their checkout process. This is assuming eCommerce but can be applied to any site. So lets say from a product page the next step is clicking add to cart. So you set your conversion page to be the View cart page or Check out page whichever is seen after adding a product to the cart.
Now you'll create a test for content or elements on the product page. Since far more people will be adding products to their cart and starting the check out process you'll get results much sooner which will tell you what is it that's stopping or helping visitors decide to add a product to their cart. Once you have the results from that first test you can start another or begin a test on your view cart page. And little by little fine tune your websites flow to funnel your visitors to the check out process.
You also do not have to wait until Google tells you the test is finished. Give it some time for the up's and down's to settle in and eventually in the chart you'll see two steady lines indicating your test version vs original and one will be a clear winner steadily week after week. Once you see that end it and start another.
Answer: You can find the reason at the following URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_large_numbers.
However, it is difficult to know exactly what numbers you need. From experience, I do not feel comfortable with a split test unless there are a few thousands entries (5000+).
Then it depends of course by the nature of your website, and on what you want to test. The smaller the change, the higher number of entries you'd need to appreciate the difference.
When you have such a small traffic (100 a day), I believe one of the best solutions is to ask a few friends with different background (reflecting the type of users distribution that would normally visit your site), as described in this page http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usability_testing#How_many_users_to_test.3F.
Split testing is a very useful tool, but you need large numbers to make it work reliably.


Pathfinder not working well in Illustrator cc

Question: I am having an issue with the pathfinder tool in Illustrator CC. Every time I use minus front this happens (see image below). As you can see, it does not detract exactly to the path/curve. Is there a setting I am missing? why is this happening?
Answer: What might be happening is you have a stroke color that matches the fill color applied to your shape. You can do one of two things:
Option 1: Change the stroke color to NONE on your overlapping objects. (I prefer this option, because the shape remains an easily editable shape.)
Option 2: Make a duplicate of your objects, because what you will do next will make them more difficult to edit. Then, select your objects and apply Edit > Expand Appearance
In BOTH cases, you will then be able to apply Minus Front without the resulting shape "expanding" to match/include the stroke.
Comment: thanks dan but i will still need to edit manually  at the end.....i hope that adobe fixes this. I need to check at office, if its a cc issue or not coz my other fines are running on cs5 and cs6


how to connect blue yeti mic to galaxy nexus

Question: I'd like to use the blue yeti as audio input for recording video on the galaxy nexus. How can I achieve this? I know thus far that I need a USB otg cable, but when I plugged it in it didn't seem to be recognized. I'm running android jelly bean 4.2 and am using stock camera app for video recording.
Answer: I think you cannot do it yet because the drivers do not support it.
You can record audio on its own, though. USB Audio Recorder Pro from the Google Play store may work for this purpose. If you search for it, the description contains a link that will allow you to download a demo version for testing.
It definitely works with the Blue Yeti on Nexus 7 as reported by the developer, and a number of other devices.
Note that it has to be USB Audio Recorder Pro by extream software development (to which I am not affiliated), and not USB Audio Recorder which is a different product.
Whereas this is not a full answer to your question, I hope it helps.
Comment: You could then re-sync this to the video, using any good video editor, including the many free ones.


Dabinett Single Variety Cider - Cloudy!

Question: We have made 300 litres of organic single variety Dabinett cider - it was crushed in November 2013.  Nineteen months and four rackings later - it genuinely tastes divine and smells OK - but you can't see through it. It's not cloudy per se - more of a dark, dark brown fog really. We have added absolutely nothing to it. We allowed natural yeasts to ferment the juice and it completed this process without out our intervention with Campden tablets. The strength (6.5%) hasn't  moved now for four months so I guess to all intents and purposes it's slowly moving into decline now.  We have a number of local outlets who  will take this product for sale but as it stands - we can't really see how we can sell it looking the way it does.  We don't want to add finings as we'd prefer it to be wholy naturally  produced - but equally it doesn't look as though 'time' will do the job either.  We desperately want it to be ready in the next four weeks to hit the early summer market. Anybody any ideas?  Thanks.  Terry P
Answer: I think your options are a) finings, b) filtering, or c) cold-crashing.
You've already said that a) is not an option, as you don't want to introduce any other ingredients. Filtering will almost certainly remove the haze, but will also have an impact on taste by removing some compounds that carry flavour.
If you have the means, I'd try cold crashing. Quickly drop the temperature of the cider to 32 F., and leave it for a week or two. The haze-forming particles should drop the bottom, letting you rack the clear cider into clean, sterilized containers.
Maybe test the process on 10 or 20 litres to see if it's going to work before attempting to cold crash all 300 litres.

Dabinett Single Variety Cider - Cloudy!


What is the better approach to redraw a static background scene for game?

Question: Take for an example I have the background scene of a game which should remain static for an interval.Then for every time redrawing the scene,is it better for me to store the color buffer for every pixel on the viewport and redrawing using the stored color buffer or to applying a texture to the whole background or to draw the triangular,quad meshes?
Answer: In short:
If you are developing for a modern machine, you usually can redraw everything that should be on the screen, the only exception being images that are difficult to compute/are computed once every few frames because of perfomance hit.
Detailed: Try rendering the static parts just like the dynamic. Premature optimization is the root of all evil, and you should generally avoid it. Measure the timings, and there's huge chance you won't even need to cache the background at all.
If, however rendering the background is expensive, you should use FBO to store the data. The method of putting it back on the screen depends on the type of game you're writing, however textured quad rendered with basic fragment shader shouldn't be too slow compared to direct pixel-copy. It will also allow you to reduce the size of the background, if you feel that storing whole screen is too much.
Comment: +1; definitely just redraw the entire scene every frame.  It's not going to be a performance problem - honest! - and GPUs are intended to be used this way anyhow, so it will likely be much faster than trying anything clever or tricksy to avoid doing so.
Answer: Assuming you can draw on the buffer effectively and you're using a 'clean' scene (only the stuff you want in the background permanently) to render the initial background, using the buffer should be a faster way of rendering the composite scene.  This is especially true if the background isn't a simple image file but rather a separate redering.  Even if you are just using a bilboard image in the back of the scene, rendering the polygons and textures to the image buffer is much higher up in the graphics pipeline.


Why couldn't Parashurama recognize Rama as Vishnu's avatar during the breaking of the Shiva dhanush (bow)?

Question: Parashurama engages in a duel with Rama after Rama broke the Shiva dhanush (bow). But why couldn't Parashurama, an avatar of Lord Vishnu, recognize Rama who is also another avatar of Lord Vishnu, even before engaging in a duel with Rama?
Answer: Although Lord Parashuram is still living incarnation of Lord Vishnu. He is not full incarnation as Rama and Krishna..
To be called Bhagwan (God) one should possess these six qualities as per Vishnu Purana

aiśvaryasya samagrasya dharmasya yaśasariśrayaḥ
  jñānavairāgyayoścaiva ṣaṇṇāṃ bhaga itīraṇā [VP - 6.5.74]
Meaning
  Complete splendor, virtue, glory, opulence, knowledge, dispassion - these six are known as bhaga.

But as per Padma Purana out of 10 incarnations only 3 incarnations (Nrisimha Rama, Krishna) possessed all these six qualities.

Padma Purana Uttarkhanda Chapter 229
  40-42. Thus the state of the inner-controllership of self consists in his being the innermost soul. Matsya, Kurma,Varaha, Nrisimha, Vamana, Rama, Parasurama, Krishna, Buddha and Kalki are the ten incarnations of Brahman, the highest soul. The group of six qualities is said to exist in Nrisimha, Rama and Krishna.

Hence as he wasn't full incarnation of Lord Vishnu so he couldn't recognize Lord Rama in human form at first time.. But this is only just a part of Leela of Lord Vishnu as it is not necessary that to recognize Lord one have to become full incarnation as just a devotee can also recognize Lord.


Creating a virtual wallet to display balance in a store

Question: I have a store that uses bitcoin as a payement.
I want to make users deposit to their balance in the site, as I saw in many sites,
a bitcoin address is generated for each user to deposit funds to it, and use his dashboard in the site to withdaw it to his BTC address anytime.
I am using PHP. How to do it?
Answer: It is a way much better practice to generate a new address for every new order and not per user, as this would imply address reuse for returning customers, which is generally discouraged. Then the users won't have to keep their funds on your website and will only pay the exact amount for each order.
You can take a look at these open source projects for bitcoin written in PHP for starters.
Comment: i accepted your answer. But can you explain more how do i add balance in the site automatically when funds are recieved?
Comment: The wallet keeps the balance for you. You will be notified for every each new payment as soon as it takes place. Allow for a few blocks to get confirmed, then you can dispatch the bought items from your store.
Comment: The link you gave me has many libraries that are useless, which library you're talking about?
Comment: None in particular. You can create a new question and ask the members who are into PHP to suggest the best for your case.


Disable extension in one of the store views that uses same theme as others

Question: Is there any way to disable a third party extension for one of the store views. Since, all the store views are using same theme, I can not do it through xml file in layout folder.
Comment: is this extension theme related ?
Comment: what is this extension meant for? Probably you need to see system.xml and add few checks in controllers etc to limit it store wise.
Comment: The extension is related to payment method which does not let the customers from wholesales group make an order in the wholesales website due to invalid vat Id error. So, I need to disable any external payment method for this view.
Answer: No this option is not available in Magento.
This is because, enabling/disabling an extension can only be performed GLOBALLY. It has no dependency on stores/websites that uses in the application.
If you want to have such features, then you need to add such functionality in the extension itself. But you need a through understanding of this extension in order to do this.
For an example, add this code in the helper class of the extension.
File : Data.php of the extension.
protected $_disabledStores = array('your_store_code');

public function isModuleEnable()
{
    if (in_array(Mage::app()->getStore()->getCode(), $this->_disabledStores)) {
        return false;
    }
    return true;
}

Update your store code in which you need to disable the extension at $_disabledStores and then check
 if (!Mage::helper('extensionHelperGroupName')->isModuleEnable()) {

      return $this;
 }

in every section of the extension where you need to disable certain functionality. Hope that helps
EDIT
If you go to System  > Configuration > Advanced, you can see the whole list of modules there. If you select the correct store configuration and then disble the module in store view scope, that extension will not be used in layouts. But this disbling is not a GLOBAL disabling.
But it may work in your case. Try it. Dont forget to clear cache.
Answer: since Magento offers theme fallback (read all about it here: http://www.classyllama.com/blog/depth-look-magento-theme-fallback) it should be easy to just define a separate layout XML for each store.
Right now your System > Configuration > Design settings look something like this

Per store fill out a different value for layout like this

Now you can have a structure for your template files like this
|- RWD
|   |- default
|   |     |- layout
|   |     |-    |- layout xml files
|   |     |- template
|   |     |-    |- all the template folders
|   |- store1
|   |     |- layout
|   |     |-    |- local.xml or some other fallback xml
|   |- store2
|   |     |- layout
|   |     |-    |- local.xml or some other fallback xml
|   |- store3
|   |     |- layout
|   |     |-    |- local.xml or some other fallback xml

Now you can make changes per store to your layout while the theme and templating files stay the same
Answer: You can disable extension by the system configuration for particular store.
System -> Configuration -> Advanced (left side)

You can select your particular store from current configuration scope (top left) and disabled your extension.
This will only disable your extension output in front area for your particular store and will work for other.
Your extension will be enable for both store but output at front will be disable for one store.
Answer: I think this may helps you
1.Go to admin panel and change the store view in the left side top
2.System -> Configuration -> Advanced (left side)
3.uninstall  third party extension
Answer: Magento Mage_Core_Helper_Abstract has one (two?) built in mehtods you can use to seperate loaded code between storeviews.
/**
 * Check is module exists and enabled in global config.
 *
 * @param string $moduleName the full module name, example Mage_Core
 * @return boolean
 */
public function isModuleEnabled($moduleName = null)
...
    $isActive = Mage::getConfig()->getNode('modules/' . $moduleName . '/active');
    if (!$isActive || !in_array((string)$isActive, array('true', '1'))) {
        return false;
    }
    return true;
...

and
/**
 * Check whether or not the module output is enabled in Configuration
 *
 * @param string $moduleName Full module name
 * @return boolean
 */
public function isModuleOutputEnabled($moduleName = null)
...
    if (!$this->isModuleEnabled($moduleName)) {
        return false;
    }

    if (Mage::getStoreConfigFlag('advanced/modules_disable_output/' . $moduleName)) {
        return false;
    }
    return true;
...

This should (?) be enough to use code based on storeview ...
if (!Mage::helper('my_helper')->isModuleOutputEnabled() {
    # in case of rewrites
    return parrent::someMethod();
}

Don not use isModuleEnabled, it just checkot if modules <active> XML node is set to true or 1. Also avoid direct use auf Mage::getStoreConfigFlag('advanced/modules_disable_output/' . $moduleName) because your module can be disabled from XML.


What is the purpose of the "default invoice payment page" field in the CiviContribute Component Settings page?

Question: All i can find on this is a fairly unclear thread on this site at Pay later online? - nothing in the documentation at all.
Answer: "Default invoice payment page" setting is used to set contribution page that can be used to pay pending or partially paid contribution using payment processor.
More about the setting and uses:
Wiki: https://wiki.civicrm.org/confluence/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=346750980
CRM Issue: https://issues.civicrm.org/jira/browse/CRM-19263
HTH
Pradeep


How to remove unused Symbols?

Question: I am wondering how to deal with the new Symbols in Sketch: If I don't need a symbol anymore, (deleting all instances or detaching) it seems to stay in the symbols palette anyway (for what reason?) So my Symbols collection just grows endlessly — Is there any way or plugin to tell sketch that if a symbol itself is not longer used in any instance in the document, that it should be removed from the symbols collection?
Answer: Just came across that exact plugin to "tell sketch that if a symbol itself is not longer used in any instance in the document, that it should be removed from the symbols collection".  http://sketchhunt.com/2016/05/28/remove-unused-symbols-official-plugin-sketch/
It appears to be created by a developer on the Bohemian team, and can also be found on Github https://github.com/sketchplugins/remove-unused-symbols
or by searching Sketch Toolbox for "Remove unused symbols"
Comment: Could you please explain a bit more what we'll find behind the link you provide and why it answers the question? That way, your answer is still of value in case the link breaks at a later time. Link rot is the main reason we really dislike link-only answers here. Thanks for your effort and keep contributing!

How to remove unused Symbols?


Using eye drops during fast as a medicine

Question: if we use eye drops during fast will it break the fast or not. some people says that it breaks the fast and some says that it does not break the fast. kindly someone solve my confusion related to this problem i use eye drops as medicine.
Answer: The best way to use the eyes drop in night when you are going to be sleep.
But if you put drops in the morning or day timing while you fasting also then your fast is broken. Because when you use any eye drops and injections eyes are connected to your throat when you put some drops into your eyes you can feel the taste of drop which becomes the reason of fast expiring.
If you capable to spit out the liquid than your fast is not broken.
Answer: The application of eye drops in one's eyes does not invalidate the fast, even if the taste of the eye drops can be felt in the mouth and throat.If any one felt the taste of that particular drop in the mouth and throat then of course the eye drop invalidate the fast otherwise not.
Comment: Your first and second sentences are contradicting each other.
Answer: Medicated ear and nose drops not permissible for those on fast. ... However, the use of eye drops while fasting is deemed permissible as per the fatwa.
The department's fatwas are meant to help Muslims observe their Ramadan fast in the right manner. Muslim scholars, however, differ about using eye drops while fasting.Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah was of the view that kohl does not break the fast, not even if the taste of the kohl reaches the throat. He said, this is not called food or drink, and it is not like food or drink, and it does not have the same effect as food or drink. There is no saheeh hadeeth from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) which expressly indicates that kohl breaks the fast, and the basic principle is that it does not break the fast.
But if you feel taste in your throat try to avoid its usage during fast; else choice is urz


Best place to display error message in the page?

Question: Need to place error message. (also info message, success message) on page submission. or any error occurrence on the page.
Problem statement - Right now, in the layout if we show the error message on top(image) it hides page name.
Does hiding page name is not acceptable while showing error message?
Can anybody help me out for handling this scenario? Happy to help with further info, if needed!]1
Comment: Is this a web page?
Comment: I like to have error message overlay the page, so user will always see it no matter where they scroll.
Comment: yes it is a web page
Answer: Locate the error next to the call-to-action which caused the error.  For instance, user clicks the "Save" button, and the error should be displayed next to that button.
Answer: If this is a web application, I agree with the recommendation to place the error notification close to the call-to-action.  An alternative thought is to place the error notification flush right so that it is visible (even during scrolling) but does not obscure the page name title text.
Answer: If accessibility is important then do both techniques, e.g. message block at the top to help screen readers and in-line where the error occurred for everyone else.
Success messages should be treated differently and ideally should be transient, i.e. fades out after 5 seconds so that the user does not need to manually dismiss it (a user only needs confirmation something was saved). Error messages need to persist until the error has been corrected.
Answer: It is always a good practice to place the notification message in the same consistent location. Personally I don't think its too much of an issue to hide the page name unless your error message is related to the page name. The user should be focus on reading the message and nothing else.
Sometimes its unavoidable to hide the information underneath the notification message especially if you have a long message. This becomes even more challenging when you view the notification message on smaller device where white space is limited.
Aside from what Karen has recommended (although I think having a consistent location for notification is key) to place the message next to call-to-action. You could explore using time based notification, to auto dismiss the message after a certain time has elapsed.
I believe user wouldn't kick up a big fuss over the placement of notification message. I would be more concern with guiding the user to rectify the error than anything else.
Comment: Agree with @adamsoh on the mention about exploring intermittent (time-based) display of the notification, just be sure it's displayed long enough so that the user has time to understand the message implications.
Answer: Place it at the top if it applies to the entire page, for example it applies to an entire form in that page. If it applies to a particular module within the page, position it relatively. Positioning it near the save button may not work if the page scrolls up and the save button is at the bottom - then you won't notice the error.
The close button within the error message as you already have in the mock, will be useful to disclose - providing user with control over the popup message. Can consider an error log page where the user can get to view history of messages appeared.
Narrow down the width of the error message so some part of the page title is visible. The user would definitely get hints of what page he/she is currently on.


How do we ask and answer subjective questions?

Question: On RPG.SE, we deal with a fair number of questions that don't have a strict, objectively correct answer.  Some game rules questions do, but we also have a good number of questions about how to run a game, how to play a game, which game meets certain criteria, how to handle issues within gaming groups, et cetera, which are by their nature subjective in part or in total.  Are these questions on topic and how do we ask and answer them in the spirit of Stack Exchange, where we want people sharing real expertise and not random opinions?
Return to FAQ Index
Comment: Related: [What are the citation expectations of answers on RPG Stack Exchange?](https://rpg.meta.stackexchange.com/q/8696)
Comment: Related on [Is this site for experts or not?](https://rpg.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/4765/is-this-site-for-experts-or-not)
Answer: This topic was initially addressed in the beginning days of the site under How much subjectiveness is OK? but our understanding of this issue and best practices surrounding it have changed somewhat so this is the new normative guidance on RPG.SE and subjective questions.
Some, but not all, subjective questions are on topic, and there are rules you need to follow in answering them. Only constructive questions and answers are on topic.
Asking Subjective Questions
Many questions on this SE will have some element of subjectivity, except for pure history and rules questions. "What's the best way to do something" has some to a lot of subjectivity within it depending on what the topic is.
Read the site help center under What types of questions should I avoid asking. It's basically all about the boundary between good subjective (constructive) and bad subjective (speculative) questions.
Rule #1 for any SE is "You should only ask practical, answerable questions based on actual problems that you face." Most qualities of a bad subjective question flow out of deviating from that basic premise. Polls, hypotheticals, rants, brainstorms, list questions, and idle curiousity where there is no real problem to solve do not qualify as a legitimate question. These kinds of questions will be downvoted, closed, and/or deleted.
Answering Subjective Questions
The blog post Good Subjective, Bad Subjective is the gold standard for understanding how to make good on topic answers to subjective questions. The heart of it is using the Back It Up! principle, which states that you should only answer based on:

Something that happened to you personally
Something you can back up with a reference

Here, "happened to you personally" means real play experience. We understand that some people believe that given their wide experience in games they think they can tell someone the right technique or system or solution to use for their particular need even though they haven't done it themselves - but when everyone does that, it leads to opinion-laden chaos.  "Good Subjective" is constructive and is based on experience and expertise.  "Bad Subjective" is speculative and is based on conjecture and opinion.  Speculative answers will be downvoted, commented on ("Back It Up!"), and/or deleted.
A popular specific subjective question type is the game recommendation question; see Are game recommendation questions on topic? for guidance on that but it boils down to the same thing; if you haven't used that game for the questioners' purpose, don't suggest it. Expertise stems from actually doing something (or having something specific you can cite like a fact or someone else's experience); armchair theory is not welcome here.
Why?
Some new users don't understand why we are so strict in our format on RPG.SE. The reason is that there are many discussion forums out there in the world, and if you want to conduct random discussion and have free flow of ideas you can use those.  Stack Exchange sites present a pure question and answer format, where experts answer well defined questions. It makes the whole site full of high value information as the community collaborates and votes on high quality answers so that we can capture the wisdom of many gamers while minimizing noise. We would rather have fewer, longer and more complete answers that have passed peer review by other gamers than many dashed-off and unsupported thoughts. Think of us as being midway between a wiki (one answer only, wrangled over and refined by all users) and a forum (an answer per user, only refined through long discussion if you're lucky). We don't aspire to fit every informational need, but when you want a well thought out answer to a real problem you have with gaming, we believe this is the most effective format.
Comment: Undetectable illegitimacy is unactionable. Simply by observation, I know that we don't go witch-hunting otherwise fine-seeming questions to find out whether they have "real" standing. Pragmatically, site guidance should reflect reality, not wishful thinking. "Probably won't make for a good question anyway" is accurate, useful guidance. Presenting guidance that implies we have some way of knowing the motive behind all questions? Not accurate, not useful. It may, in fact, make the reader believe that we do engage in some kind of weird zealotry to try to enforce that impossible fantasy.
Comment: To be fair/precise "I was just curious" should be clarified as "usually not resulting in legitimate questions" rather than being automatically illegitimate. (We can't read minds.) There are some "just curious" questions that, when well-written, are indistinguishable from problems motivated by actual problems faced. In pratice we don't care about ferreting those out because they aren't problematic questions.
Comment: +1 I support this answer.
Comment: I have no idea what you're on about.
Comment: @mxyzplk _"Polls, hypotheticals, rants, brainstorms, list questions, and "I was just curious" do not qualify as a legitimate question."_ We might be better off replacing the "I was just curious" quote with "idle curiousity where there is no real problem to solve".
Comment: Just because someone asked a question they were curious about doesn't mean it won't provide value to someone else down the road--as long as the question *could* be a legitimate problem for someone (remember, sometimes people use SE as reference), it should be allowed.
Comment: Just because it's not detectable doesn't mean it's not illegitimate.
Comment: Good answer; I would like to see something in here about proposed action for BS (no pu--okay, pun intended) answers. Should we downvote? Flag as very low quality? Just a little unclear :]
Comment: Downvote, comment why, vote to delete if you have enough rep, flag if it's egregious and you think we'd like to have our attention brought to it.
Comment: @JonathanHobbs done.
Comment: And that edit makes moot the objection I raised, good.


Which was the power level of Broly when he was a kid, 10,000 or 920?

Question: So there is an unofficial summary of the Dragon Ball Super Broly movie from apparently someone who watched it in Japan in an exclusive event, and there it claims Broly when he was a kid had a power level of 920 (stated in the movie). But in the Dragon Ball wikia, they state the new Broly (the Broly from the new movie) had a power level of 10,000 when he was born (as stated by the old non canon movie IIRC). Which was the power level of Broly when he was a kid, 10,000 or 920?
Comment: So, you're really asking if his power level was over 9,000, right?
Answer: I have not watched the new movie, but if in the new movie they have stated that his power is 920 when he was a kid, then that is his "true" power level.
The old DBZ movies were never considered "canon", since we can not fit them anywhere in the storyline. The Broly movie was not even directed by Toriyama as you can see here, so it is kind of a "spin off" series, events that happened here had no impact on the DBZ storyline.
Regarding Super, things are a different. The first two movies "Battle of Gods" and "Resurrection of Freiza" were showed in the anime itself, although there were some differences between the anime and the movie. The Broly movie is direct continuation to the anime story line, since it picks up after the conclusion of The Tournament of Power. Furthermore the movie is written by Toriyama which kind of establishes it as part of the canon now.
So to answer the question, his power level is 920. The Broly in the new movie is a new character (which is based on the popularity of the old one) that is part of the canon storyline.
Answer:  When Paragus scans Broly's power level, it is shown to be 920. However, there is supposedly a scene in the movie where a Saiyan Personnel's on attempting to scan Broly's power level receives abnormal readings and one of the scouter even breaks due to his fluctuating power level. You can read about it in the plot summary here.You should completely disregard all information with regard to Broly from any of the previous series while watching the new movie as Broly has been written as a completely different character and this character is canon to the original series.
Answer: The New Broly movie states his power level as over 100,000 as an adult.  That doesn't mean it's 100,000.  It just means its more than 100,000.  In comparison to his father, which was 4,200 (4,200 was supposedly impressive to Chirai).


CMYK to PMS - which PMS color should I use?

Question: I am developing brand guidelines for a particular sub-brand where I work. Certain details are specified with a rich black, which is a CMYK mix of
C10, M10, Y10, K100. Mostly process printing will work but if I have to spec a PMS-Coated color, what would be closest to 10-10-10-100?
Comment: Rich Black is **not** defined as a mix of 10/10/10/100. It's a blanket term for any 100K that has been enriched with any amounts of C, M or Y. The answer to your question depends heavily on exactly what kind of rich black you are trying to emulate.
Comment: @Vincent, Our defined rich black is C10, M10, Y10, K100, not necessarily anyone else's, and that is what I need to emulate in a PMS-C color. I don't know how to be more specific than that. Thanks.
Comment: @Vincent I changed the wording to help make it more clear. Thank you.
Comment: ispaany if you say your rich black is c10, m10, y10, k100 then i dont know what color that is unless you tell me what profile the printer is calibrated to. Terefore i can not answer what PMS color that would be. So what profile is that?
Comment: I read it as if you stated that in general, rich black is always defined as 10/10/10/100. I wanted to clarify the distinction to other dumbasses like myself who read it that way ;)
Comment: @joojaa Honestly I dont know what profile it would be. Im looking for a PMS black to spec rather than 100% black that has a little richness to it.
Comment: In that case it hardly matters which one you choose your guessing stuff anyway.
Comment: @joojaa I was hoping for a recommendation of a black PMS color to match based on experience. Thanks though.
Comment: yes but if you dont know what colorprofile your cmyk values are in then i dont know what the color is. Therefore i cant advice. see the cmyk vales are not a color they are a mixing guide for a specific device. If i dont know how that device behaves then i dont know what to choose. No experience can help here.
Comment: I think you could try this site: http://www.ginifab.com/feeds/pms/cmyk_to_pantone.php
Answer: Something to contemplate over. In the image below you can see 3 colors 2 dark ones and a lighter gray to make it easier eye adapt to the color and not shine the white background so much.

So look at that image, maybe just that image in a separate webpage. And answer the following questions:

Is there a difference between the colors?
Is the difference meaningful?
Would it be acceptable to get some prints in one color and one prints in the other.

Now i can not really, guarantee that those colors look right on your monitor. But if your monitor is reasonably calibrated they should, if not they should give you a idea. Now for some analysis on your answers

if you answered yes, then congratulations either you have a passable color vision or your monitor collaboration is out of whack (note the fact you can see difference does not mean it can not be out of whack anyway).
If you think the difference is meaningful, then we have a problem. You see these are both simulations of the mix C10, M10, Y10, K100 in two different print standards. The one on left is Coated FOGRA39 And the one on right is Coated GRACoL 2006. Since they are meaningful as per your opinion then you should consider using a different PMS color for each. To solve this ask whoever deals with your printer what profile you and they were using, they will know. Hopefully next time you will also.
If on the other hand you think the difference is meaningless. Then all is good choose one suitably dark color and go with that. Why stress about color anyway since your results have quite big variation anyway.
If not acceptable then you need to know the color profile.
If acceptable then its does not seem so important to say that the color is C10, M10, Y10, K100 but something around those values.

Now once you know what profile you have then you can ask Photoshop or some other color match library to give you a close match and start searching with that. Then print a piece in the color and by eye look up in your PMS swatch sheet and choose one. It is also possible that you want the PMS color to be different because you can.
Answer: You have this backward...
You do not start with a relative value to find an "absolute" one.
The rich black "mix of C10, M10, Y10, K100" is only the mix you wanted to "specify". And it is not specific at all.
To define a CMYK value you need to define the proper color profiles, mainly the RGB space and the CMYK profile.
Once you define that you could just use the color picker and let find your application find the nearest Pantone color.
But there are some other issues here. The nearest Pantone color could be not what you "expect".
I am guessing you want a neutral black because you defined equal amounts of CMY inks... but that is not neutral.
A neutral color, depending on the specification could need more amount of Cyan to balance the red tint produced by the two additional inks, Magenta and yellow.
For example, the SWOP 2 defines the CMYK deepest RGB black when converted, as
c75 m68 y67 k90. You can see the cyan has a bigger value.
Your current value has, therefore, a warmer look, so the tool could look for a warm black.

Define a Pantone first, and then translate to CMYK using the proper profile.


What does it mean to cultivate a team's Agile mindset?

Question: If team strictly follows Agile's core values and principles and they started living as per the Agile manifesto, does this mean the team's mindset is now changed to Agile? Or does anything else need to be done?
Answer: I'm a little hung-up on how you strictly follow values and principles, but I'll take that to mean that they genuinely believe in them and try in earnest to let them guide their actions.
To your question, I'm afraid there is far more to do still. Think of it like an athlete. When you first start in sports, you have to develop a mindset that training hard and taking care of your health lead to better performance, but once you achieve that, you aren't done. You have to live that mindset and constantly refine how you train and live to perform better and better.
Also like athletics, there is a natural pull back to the easiest option - to stop being so disciplined and stop working so hard. This is often true for agile teams too and that mindset needs constant tending.
I once heard a coach and trainer put it this way: our skills are constantly deteriorating, so we have to constantly be rebuilding them.
Here is a concrete example of a practice that does this: periodically go through an exercise where the team ranks the 12 principles from strongest to weakest in the team. For each of their strongest 3, the team identifies 2 - 3 concrete things they do that make them strong in that principle that they can double-down on or share with others. For each of the weakest 3, the team brainstorms 2 - 3 concrete things they can do differently that may help strengthen those principles in the team. From this exercise, the team has 12 - 18 items for their improvement backlog to chose from.
Comment: So how can we rebuild that ? This means just following Agile Manifesto doesn't cultivate Agile mindset .
Comment: The short answer is to constantly ask the team how we can be more agile. I've updated the answer to include a concrete example of one such practice.
Answer: I often found that the opposite is true. "Strictly following" something is IMO against the agile principles. I worked with several teams who were conducting agile rituals every day and talking agile language but who were far away from being agile, especially in terms of "valuing individuals and interactions over processes and tools"
My experience so far was that it is much harder to keep the team agile than starting an agile process. The process easily takes over the control over the individuals even if it is an agile process (like Scrum).
So not to be too long with the answer, I found these methods are helpful to maintain agility:

make clear to every team member that what he/she is doing, thinking and feeling really matters to the team
make clear to the team that the process is here to support them, not vice-versa. That is, encourage thinking about and changing the process
make progress tangible - not only for the artifacts the team is creating but also for the way the team is collaborating

Do this every day (not literally but more than once per sprint/iteration or whatever you call it) until you have a strong confidence that the team has established a robust process of self-reflection and self-improvement.
Answer: Reinforcing the agile principles is best done by inspecting and adapting.
Once your team understands and applies the agile principles they should look to continually check that changes they make have a positive impact.
This can be done by:

Retrospectives, reviews, health checks, etc.
Metrics (used carefully to avoid gaming)
Surveys
Speaking with customers and people your team works with to get their feedback

By continually inspecting and adapting your team will grow to understand how much their mindset has really changed.


How far away must a galaxy be for its light never to reach us due to the expansion of the universe?

Question: My understanding is that at the present rate of expansion of the universe some galaxies are growing more distant from us at such a rate that light from them will never reach us. My question is how far away a galaxy must be for this to be true of it.
Answer: If our ideas about cosmic evolution are correct, galaxies that are visible today will in principle remain visible in the future. As time goes on, light from more and more distant galaxies will be able to reach us, and the number of observable galaxies will increase.
However, there exists a cosmic event horizon$^1$, so this is an asymptotic growth: There's a maximum number of galaxies a future observer will in principle be able to detect.
The problem is that redshift will make receding galaxies appear fainter and fainter, so in practice, you will see fewer and fewer galaxies, and someday you will be unable to detect distant galaxies at all. This is due to purely technological limitations, not fundamental reasons like galaxies leaving the Hubble sphere (there's not really anything special about the distance where recession velocities reach $c$) or crossing the cosmic event horizon (galaxies get frozen in time while approaching the horizon instead of crossing it).
The distance to the farthest galaxy that will be observable of course changes with metric expansion of space. If you go by Pulsar's answer to a related question, the size of the asymptotically observable universe will be about $60\mathrm{Gly}$ as measured in co-moving distance:

$^1$ If there exist galaxies beyond the cosmic event horizon (which is plausible), the light from beyond the horizon is on its way towards us - it just takes a longer-than-infinite time to arrive. In the picture above, there's nothing special about the region outside the red cone.
Answer: In this paper by Gott et al., on p. 466 they define the "future visibility limit", saying in the published version that "No matter how long we wait, we will not be able to see farther than this", and on p. 7 of the arxiv preprint they similarly say "If we wait until the infinite future we will eventually be able to see the Big Bang at the co-moving future visibility limit. Stars and galaxies that lie beyond this co-moving future visibility limit are forever hidden from our view." The text under Fig. 1 on p. 467 of the paper (p. 43 of the arxiv preprint) gives the future visibility limit as 4.5 times the Hubble radius, mentioned on p. 465 (p. 7 or the preprint) to be 4220 Mpc, which is 13.76 billion light years. So if the future visibility limit is 4.5 times that, it should be about 62 billion light years, which matches with where the cosmological "event horizon" cone hits the "comoving distance" axis in the third diagram in fig. 1 in this paper by Davis and Lineweaver (the text underneath says that "Our event horizon is our past light cone at the end of time, $t = \infty$ in this case", so evidently this is the same as the future visibility limit).
Note that this may actually not be exactly what you're asking, because the diagram in the second paper indicates that the event horizon they're talking about is the comoving distance such that we will never see light emitted from that location at any point in time, even arbitrarily close to the Big Bang. (If you're not familiar with the term, comoving distance is defined so that an average pair of galaxies will have a fixed comoving distance, basically leaving out the expansion of space, and it's also defined so that the comoving distance to a galaxy at present is identical to its present proper distance, i.e. the distance that would be measured by a series of small rulers laid end-to-end at the present cosmological time.) You may have been asking instead about the comoving distance such that if light was emitted from that location now, it would never reach us. I don't have a paper that gives a precise number for this distance, but looking at where the event horizon (the past light cone of our location at $t=\infty$) intersects the "now" axis in the third diagram in Fig. 1 of Davis/Lineweaver paper, along with the pretty much identical diagram created by Pulsar that appears in Christoph's answer, if you use a drawing program to draw a straight line between the intersection point and the "comoving distance" axis, it appears the answer is very close to 16 billion light years.
Answer: In addition to the answers already given:
You have to differentiate between the galaxies whose light which they emit today can be received by us in the future, and the galaxies whose light which they emitted in the past all the way back to the big bang that we can receive today and in the future.
The first one is the cosmic event horizon (16 Glyr), which is currently a little farther than the Hubble radius (in a few billion years when the matter density will become neglible compared to dark energy those will be the same). It converges to a proper distance of about 18 Glyr, while its comoving distance is shrinking.
That means that galaxies behind the Hubble radius (14 Glyr), but within the event horizon (16 Glyr) with a recessional velocity greater than c can still send us a signal that we will be able to receive in the future. In later times both radii will converge to 18 Glyr.
The second is the particle horizon (46 Glyr), that one has an exponentially growing proper distance, while its comoving distance converges to 64 Glyr.
That means the objects whose light that we receive today was emitted soon after the big bang are now 46 Glyr far away, while later we will also see the early childhood of objects which are currently 64 Glyr away.
The reason why the proper distance of the event horizon and the comoving distance of the particle horizon converge to a fixed value in the future is because the Hubble parameter is also converging to a constant value due to the accelerated expansion (cosmological constant), which will be about H0√Ωλ, which is about 83% of today's expansion rate (also see here).
That can be seen on the proper distance versus comoving distance diagram, for a comparison see here (it looks a lot like the image in the other answer, but the time axis is linear, while in the image shown in Christoph's anwer the curves are flattened out by using a conformal time axis).
Answer: I have argued that the Universe is rotating rather than expanding by connecting the Newtonian velocity and acceleration to the cosmic velocity and acceleration respectively using a simple algebra. The argument for rotating Universe instead than expanding Universe is the following :
$$v = \sqrt{\frac{G M}{r}} = \frac{r}{r} \sqrt{\frac{G M}{r}} = r \sqrt{\frac{G M}{r^3}} = r H$$
$$a = \frac{G M}{r^2} = \frac{r}{r} \frac{G M}{r^2} = r \frac{G M}{r^3} = r H^2 = v H$$
$$H^2 = \frac{G M}{r^3} = (G \cdot \text{mass density}) = t^{-2}$$
where $v$ is the Newtonian velocity, $a$ is the Newtonian acceleration, $v = r H$ is the Hubble law or the cosmic velocity, $a = r H^2 = v H$ is the cosmic acceleration affecting the light and the Pioneer spacecraft, and so on.
This means that the Universe is rotating rather than expanding and hence there is no place for the expansion within the laws of gravity. In this scenario the cosmic redshift is due to the time dilation of light rather than to the recession of galaxies from each other. The expansion that the Holy Quran is talking about is the one that occured during the formation of the Universe and which has stoped early in cosmic history leading the place for the gravity.
Second thing is that the speed of light is found to signify the escape velocity of light at the position of the Earth in the cosmic gravitational field from equalizing the light energy to the cosmic gravitational potential energy. The argument for the equivalence between the speed of light and the escape velocity of light in the cosmic gravitational field is as following :
$$E = m  c^2 = \frac{G M m}{r}$$
which gives $$c = \sqrt{\frac{G M}{r}}$$
Consequently, we can use the equation $c = r H$ to derive the distance from the center of the Universe to the position of the Earth in the Universe, which is calculated to be around $1.28 \cdot 10^{26}$ meters or $13.80$ Billion light-years. This distance has nothing to do with the radius of the measured Universe nor the observable Universe as generally believed.
The third point is that the thickness distance of the Universe is obtained by looking back in time to the instant of Big Bang to be around $63$ Billion light-years using the technique of comoving distance in theoretical cosmology.
Thus, the distance separating the Earth to the end of the Universe could be calculated by subtracting the distance between the center of the Universe and the Earth which is equal to $1.28 \cdot 10^{26}$ meters or $13.80$ Billion light-years from the thickness distance of the Universe which is equal to $5.78 \cdot 10^{26}$ meters or $63$ Billion light-years.
Following this approach, it is found that the distance separating the Earth to the boundary limit of the Universe is around $4.50 \cdot 10^{26}$ meters or $50$ Billion light-years, that is $r' = (5.78 - 1.28) \cdot 10^{26}$ meters =  $4.5 \cdot 10^{26}$ meters or $r' = (63 - 13.80)$ Billion light-years = $49.20$ Billion light-years.


Why can't I get any miner to work on my PC?

Question: I've tried BFGminer, CGminer, and GUIminer. I'm registered on Slush's Pool. I can't get BFGminer.exe to even open though and GUIminer refuses to connect to Slush's Pool even if I manually put in the new address. I have no idea what I'm doing wrong. Can someone please help me? I'm super new to this if you can't tell.
Answer: You cannot mine Bitcoin on a desktop (or laptop) computer these days.  If you are trying to mine Bitcoin on Slush, you will need an ASIC.  You can potentially mine ZCash on Slush, if you have a high performance graphics card.  Slush does not support directly mining any other coins.
Answer: Currently you can't mine BTC on your normal PC or laptop because now bitcoin blockchain dificulty lavel is too high . So you have to mine using cloud mining system and best performanable machine (E.G. Intel i9 board & processor, 8 GB  DDR 4 RAM, Coller master SMPS also with a 1000 watt power supply and Nvidia TitanXP - Pascal - 3840 Cuda Cores - 12GB GDDR5X ) .
That is a only one way to mine BTC now days .
Comment: Mining on any kind of CPU is pointless now, ASICs are the only way you'll see any returns. Additionally, the wast majority of cloud mining is a scam.


Yom Kippur havdalah

Question: Why are there no besamim used at havdalah at the conclusion of Yom Kippur?
Comment: what about Y"K shechal b'shabbat?
Answer: The Artscroll machzor says it's because we get no "extra soul" on Yom Kipur as we do on Shabas, so one doesn't need to b'samim to "assuage oneself" (their words) for the extra soul's loss when it leaves.
Comment: This is consistent with the idea that the "extra soul" is embodied in our ability to eat and enjoy more on שבת than on the other days.
Comment: That's interesting considering the fact that the Rosh in arvei pesachim says that we do not use the besamim after yomtov because the extra soul does not leave after yomtov.
Answer: Tosfos in Pesachim asks why do we not use Besamim in Havdala which is recited in the Kiddush on Yom Tov which immediately follows Shabbos?
Rabbi Frand answers by quoting the Avnei Neizer who states that there is a Neshoma Yiseira on Yom Tov and therefore we do not smell Besamim in Havdala after Yom Tov? Since the Neshama Yiseira does not depart after Yom Tov, therefore there is no need for the Besamim. Unlike the Neshama Yiseira which comes on Shabbos without work on our part, the extra Kedusha on Yom Tov requires that we work to prepare for it. Since we have earned this Kedusha, it does not depart when Yom Tov ends.
Comment: See my comment below Shalom's answer. Maybe, you have an idea?
Answer: Rashi says the Neshama Yeseira is so we can eat more.  On Yom Kippur we don't eat!  (But according to Rashi, what about other yomtov ...)
Comment: Where does Rash"i say this? I could use that ref. as support when my wife warns me not to eat stuff on Shabbat b/c I'll get fat. (I'm fat, already!)

Yom Kippur havdalah


How do i Focusing on the breath and letting thought go

Question: Now this may sound silly but I'm new to mediating and I hear that when you have a thought you just let it go. But if I'm focusing on the breath do I go off it, accept that I'm thinking then go back to the breath or just stay on the breath and if I get distracted go right back to it and not even focus on my thoughts?
Comment: samatha or vipassana?
Answer: You should stay with the breath as much as you can. Therefore, if a thought arises & it will just float away, then let the thought float away; like it is a passing visitor.
You only have to 'let go' of something after you have 'picked it up'. Therefore, if you have not picked up (attached to) the thought, you do not need to let it go. Instead, just stay with the breathing & let the thought float by & away.
This method develops both samatha (calmness) & vipassana (insight).
Answer: Mindfulness of breathing consists of paying attention to the sensation of breathing at the nose. When you are distracted (which is natural) you return to the breathing. The objective is to maintain a state of objectivity. The key is not to avoid distraction but to not get involved with it. By maintaining a state of objectivity, you automatically engage your Bodhicitta. Later on, the Bodhicitta will become more conscious and become something like "focusing" as defined by Eugene Gendlin.
Comment: what is "state of objectivity"?
Comment: The most important attribute of objectivity is to not get caught up by emotion. Objectivity is an investigative tool needed to uncover the historical causes of unwholesome sankhara. It is also a state of mind from which one can explore the truly vast mental universe.
Answer: This article, "Generosity First" by Thanissaro Bhikkhu will help you IMO. If you take to heart what he says and follow it to the letter, then,

...this confidence is what allows you to overcome a lot of the initial difficulties: the distractions, the pain. At the same time, the spaciousness that comes from generosity gives you the right mindset for the concentration practice, gives you the right mindset for insight practice—because when you sit down and focus on the breath, what kind of mind do you have? The mind you've been creating through your generous and virtuous actions.


Are women's hands colder, and their hearts warmer?

Question: I heard on the radio today that apparently a woman's hands are colder than a man's hands, but her heart is warmer. I didn't really believe this, but they stated that it was apparently scientifically proven, and what really astounded me was that they actually stated the margin: a woman's hands are 2.4°C colder than a man's, and her heart is 0.4°C warmer. Is there any evidence proving or disproving this?
Comment: I wonder if the size of blood veins is different between men and women as well.  Perhaps it makes sense for men to have larger blood veins to support more muscle mass, and if that's the case then could it help to explain why there's less variation between hand v. heart temperatures in men?
Comment: I have to give this a plus one, solely because you stated a specific difference in temperature.However, depending on how this information was gathered, it could be a false correlation produced by data mining individual fluctuations in body temperature.  I'll be interested to see how this one turns out.
Comment: I love the questions of skeptics
Answer: The study the radio is talking about might be this one:

Physician Han Kim and his colleagues
  surveyed 219 men and women, from
  babies to octogenarians, and measured
  the temperatures in their ears and on
  their fingernails, which they took to
  be measures of core and hand
  temperature, respectively.
They
  reported that for women:

core temperature was on average 0.4
  degrees higher than for men (97.8
  degrees instead of 97.4 degrees).
But hand
  temperature was 2.8 degrees lower than for men
  (87.2 degrees instead of 90.0
  degrees).

[Source]

But there might be caveats with this study, since core temperature possibly varies due to things like age, level of fitness and menstrual status [1, 2, 3, 4]
This study did a "Comparison of thermoregulatory responses between men and women immersed in cold water":

They found that the rate at which
  rectal temperature dropped was related
  to peoples' body fat as well as their
  surface-area-to-volume ratio.
People
  who are smaller, as women on average
  are, tend to have higher
  surface-area-to-volume ratios, which
  means they're likely to lose heat and
  to experience drops in core
  temperature more quickly.
Still, if a
  man and woman were matched for both
  measures, they should have the same
  response to cold, says researcher Peter Tikuisis.
[Source]

more reading material:

Slate Magazine - Are women really more likely to feel cold than men?
The New York Times - The Claim: Men and Women Differ in Their Tolerance to Cold
Straight Dope - Why are women always cold?
Comment: In that study, one would have to evaluate if womans nails were generally thinker than mens and whether that affected the readings.
Comment: Is 0.4º F really a significant deviation amongst around 100 women?
Comment: Also: "have higher surface-area-to-volume ratios, which means they're likely to lose heat" So shouldn't they have colder cores in that case?
Answer: Here is an interesting quote which may support the claim. From the article Why do women always feel colder than men?:

Mark Newton, a scientist at W.L. Gore,
  the company that makes Gore-Tex, and a
  researcher at the University of
  Portsmouth, explains: 'Women have a
  more evenly distributed fat layer and
  can pull all their blood back to their
  core organs.'
However, this female heating system
  means that less blood flows to their
  hands and feet, and as a result they
  feel cold. So there is literal truth
  in the old saying cold hands, warm
  heart. One theory as to why women have
  evolved this system, says Newton, is
  to enable them to survive freezing
  temperatures. Women carry less fat and
  muscle mass than men, and so need a
  more efficient technique of protecting
  their core body temperature.

I have just found an article from 2011 where this suggestion is reinforced by the same Mark Newton, who is now a Professor Mark Newton. So hopefully that will suffice.
There was also a quilt that was sold in Australia a few years back (I can't source it now). Where the women's side was actually made from warmer material than the men's half of the quilt.


Affirming the Consequent Reasoning You See in Everyday Life

Question: What are common examples of affirming the consequent reasoning you see in everyday life?
Comment: See [Affirming the consequent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affirming_the_consequent) : "The room is dark, so the lamp is broken".
Comment: Seems like for this to be affirming the consequent it would need to be:

If the lamp is broken then room is dark.

The room is dark.

Therefore, the lamp is broken.

Am I right?  And, of course, this is a fallacy.  That's what I'm interested in.  Everyday examples where people use Affirming the Consequent fallacy and get tripped up.
Answer: Many examples of this fallacy I can think of are committed when trying to reason about diagnosis and cause of diseases.
When someone has AIDS, people jump to the conclusion that he had unprotected sex or he is on drugs (same for smoking...etc).
It is obvious that these conclusions are generally built on an affirming the consequent fallacy. Because if we were to translate it into propositional logic, we would have

Premise 1 : If SMOKING then HEALTH-PROBLEMS
Premise 2 : HEALTH-PROBLEMS
Conclusion : Therefore, SMOKING

As you can see, the first premise is true (assuming that HEALTH-PROBLEMS here means anything that is linked to smoking, even coughing).
It is not the case that anyone who is coughing, or having lung disease is necessarily smoking, and yet people assume that one is smoking if one has lung cancer, or conclude that one has had unprotected sex if one has AIDS.
So, from this perspective, it is an affirming the consequent.
Note : Of course we cannot consider it an affirming the consequent if the argument were of this form :

Premise 1 : If HEALTH-PROBLEMS then SMOKING
Premise 2 : HEALTH-PROBLEMS
Conclusion : Therefore, SMOKING

If someone concludes that one is smoking following the previous form of reasoning, then it is not an affirming the consequent, but rather a valid Modus Ponens.
Although it is valid, in this case the first premise is false, since HEALTH-PROBLEMS does not necessarily imply SMOKING.
So, this type of reasoning about disease problems is generally built on:

An affirming the consequent fallacy (with the conditional being true)
Or, a valid Modus Ponens (with the conditional being false).

Most of these arguments are either valid with a false premise, or invalid with a true premise.
Except for the cases where a disease is caused by one and only one factor (which is very rare).
Answer: Affirming the consequent is a common reason for jumping to a conclusion by ignoring alternative explanations.  Since ignoring alternatives is part of the logical flaw, this is often also black-and-white thinking or a suppressed premise that eliminates options.
But in this case what makes the statement seem credible, excusing the more serious fallacy to which one might not otherwise fall prey, is that the converse of what is being said is logical.

If you didn't support Hillary Clinton, you must be a Republican

Well, there was a Libertarian and a Green Party candidate in that election.  So this is not logically certain.  Republicans usually don't vote for establishment Democrats, but other people also don't.

If you are well-informed, you must read a lot.

Well, there are other sources of information.  Maybe this person listens to a lot of taped lectures.  Reading is a way of being informed, but only one.

If a woman makes a pass at you and you ignore it, you must be gay.

Maybe I am married.
Comment: Yeah there's a lot of crossover between converse error and false dilemma. Some things are such bad arguments.. it's hard to know which fallacy is most prominent. The Clinton argument above being a great example. My favourite false dilemma is Trump's you're either with us.. or against us.
Comment: @Richard Don't give that man any credit -- you mean Jesus's!  That is a Bible quote, both ways around. "Who is not with me is against me" is in Matthew and "Who is not against us is with us" is in Mark.  But yeah, I generally see the more formal error as a failed check against the less formal error -- you had one extra opportunity to not be wrong because of the form of the proposition, and you missed it.  After all, every fallacy is already 'non-sequitur', so there is never just one fallacy at play.
Comment: I wasn't aware that it was a biblical quote. It's a ludicrous fallacy whoever said it.. but amusingly it rather excuses Trump if he was quoting.
Answer: Affirming the consequent is not a flaw in thinking: it's a rhetorical tool, like redirection or enthymeme, that people use from time to time in order to convince others of their position.
Formally speaking, affirming the consequent is a true description of the first two clauses of the Declaration of Independence:

In Congress, July 4, 1776.
The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America

Before these words became the consensus of Congress, no such thing as "the united States of America" existed.  The writers affirmed the consequent, that they were no longer obligated to the throne.
Affirming the consequent is also used during antagonism, as when somebody says, "You're stupid."  Will this statement be followed with evidence that "you're stupid" that proves that "you're stupid"?  Maybe... but the opening line, "you're stupid" affirms the consequent and attempts to re-frame "your" idea of what kind of person you are even before the evidence comes out.
And if you believe that you're stupid, then the other person is not only right, they are your best friend because they told you something true about yourself that you were too stupid to see.  So of course whatever else they are going to say is a good idea, too.


Are there 3D projections other than orthographic and perspective?

Question: The question is pretty much in the title. Are there notable 3D projections other than orthographic and perspective that could be used in a 3D system such as OpenGL?
In particular, are there any that have a particular use in game design?
Answer: Yes, To name a few:

Pannini
Mercator
Fisheye
Miller

The Pannini projection, for example, can capture wide fields of view in nice ways. (totally just my opinion)
I think implementation details would be beyond the scope of this specific question.

EDIT: Thanks for the comment, I did misspell Pannini. And to make this edit worthwhile here are a few more:

Paraboloid / Dual-Paraboloid (Useful for reflections, shadows, stained glass)
Equirectangular (Can produce a world map view of a sphere)
Spherical
Sinusoidal
Comment: +1 for Panini projection; I hadn't ever heard of that one before.  BTW, as long as we're talking non-linear projections, [dual-paraboloid](http://graphicsrunner.blogspot.com/2008/07/dual-paraboloid-reflections.html) is one that's sometimes used for environment maps and shadow maps.
Comment: Being very picky, but it appears to be the "Pannini", not "Panini" projection.
Comment: Very cool! I'm guessing these are all non-linear, like Nathan Reed says?
Comment: I believe so, you most likely have to use hardware tessellation or image processing to achieve them in practice. I'm having trouble thinking of another projection which maps straight lines into straight lines but I will add it to this answer if I come up with something.
Comment: It probably doesn't exist, this is exactly the kind of think I was thinking of!
Answer: It depends on what you mean by "that could be used in a 3D system such as OpenGL". :)
Narrowly speaking, 3D graphics hardware and APIs like OpenGL only deal correctly with linear projections - projections that map straight lines in world space to straight lines on the image.  They never distort something into a curved shape (unless it was curved to begin with).  This is because GPUs depend on triangles having straight edges in order to rasterize them correctly on screen.
If we limit ourselves to linear projections, there aren't too many choices.  In addition to the standard ortho and perspective, there are also "off-center" variations which are obtained by shearing the view frustum.

An off-center ortho projection is called oblique projection and is often used for engineering diagrams but doesn't show up much in games.
Off-center perspective projections are used in stereo 3D rendering, since it turns out that the left and right eye views fuse better in the brain if you shear the frustums instead of rotating them to focus on an object.

These projections can be represented with the usual 4×4 projection matrix and used in a 3D API without problems.
Then there are the nonlinear projections, which don't have the restriction of mapping straight lines to straight lines; they're allowed to distort things into curves.  There are lots of these, including cylindrical, spherical, various types of fisheye, and others.
With nonlinear projections, you can't simply use a projection matrix; you have to somehow implement the projection yourself using shaders.  One way is to write a custom vertex shader to do the projection per vertex.  The GPU will still draw the triangle with straight lines between the vertices, so while small triangles will be pretty close to correct, larger triangles will be noticeably wrong.  This can cause problems, and geometry may need to be subdivided very finely in order to render correctly.
A second approach to getting a nonlinear projection is to render the scene using a regular perspective projection first (maybe to a cubemap, which has a perspective projection for each cube face), then apply a post-process pixel shader to resample it to the desired nonlinear projection.  This has the advantage of not requiring geometry modifications, but it can be more expensive due to the extra rendering work required, and the result can be blurry in some areas if the first-pass render doesn't have enough resolution.  The post-process approach is used by Oculus Rift games, for example, to implement the nonlinear projection the Rift requires to work with its lenses.
Answer: I can't believe it but nobody has mentioned Isometric Projection which used to be quite common.
Comment: As far as I know, isometric projections are specific use cases of the other two projection types, orthographic and perspective. For example a ortho projection with a view in a certain angle gives you an isometric camera.


Is it inappropriate to ask department staff for syllabi previously used for courses I am to teach in upcoming year?

Question: I've been hired to teach two courses as an adjunct professor in the US (my first time teaching). I would like to review syllabi previously used for these courses, simply to inform my thinking on these courses. Is this an inappropriate request? It is likely I would ask the department head's administrative assistant for these documents. (As far as I can tell, they are not available online.)
Comment: As my boss told me on the day I started work, only an amateur starts every task from the beginning
Comment: Perfectly reasonable. The syllabus is a public document. When I was at universstiday it was all in the annual Handbook.
Comment: Can you give a reason why that might be *inappropriate*?
Comment: It's definitely appropriate - it would actually be inappropriate _not_ to request/view these materials before designing your course, particularly as you are new to teaching and it can be hard to pitch at the right level. Consistency between this course and previous versions is valuable for students (gauging content, difficulty, expected attainment) and other professors (who may assume knowledge from this course in further study).
Answer: Actually, it is quite appropriate. You could also ask for a list of the professors who previously taught the course. You could then ask them if they are willing to share materials to help bootstrap the course.
In fact, the administrative assistant might not have easy access directly, partly due to the pandemic. But the professors would normally retain their materials.
You might also find recent course information online if each course has a website or if professors have websites with course material.
Comment: In fact it would seem somewhat *in*appropriate to not review previous syllabi
Comment: For what it's worth, my daughter did her undergraduate work in the same department that I did mine (32 years earlier).  When she headed off to school, I dug around and found some of my first year notes that I'd squirrelled away in boxes.  It happened that the calendars of the two years lined up perfectly - the result of which was that her first day of class was the same day and date as mine.  In one of the classes, she looked at my notes after the first day - it was the same course.  She did that periodically during the semester.  Each day covered the same material in roughly the same way!
Comment: To make it more explicit, sometimes the department may expect the course to cover the same material as previous years, especially if it's a prerequisite to other courses.
Comment: +1 Moreover, it would be inappropriate for the person you ask to say no (unless they don't have them).
Comment: @Flydog57 I don't think that's possible. Identical fall calendars can happen 33 years apart, but not 32.
Comment: @Flydog57 far be it for me to suggest the later professors updated little from what you provided... But I have seen that happen!
Comment: The department I did PhD work in kept all course syllabi on file going back years and years. Admin staff just pointed us to the drawers and let us photcopy whatever past syllabi we wanted. I'm surprised to realize that this isn't the norm.
Answer: The first thing I did when asked to teach already existing courses was to ask the previous lecturers for copies of syllabi, teaching materials, exams, tutorials....
Probably depends a little on office politics, but I was just handed everything in a nice manner and took over from there.
Comment: To be honest, the *second* thing I have done when teaching already existing courses was to drop most of the previous syllabus and build my own thing (unless badly stressed for time). It turns out that teaching is a very personal activity, where it is actually quite hard to fit in somebody else's way of understanding or explaining a specific subject. So, while it is very useful to get a feel for what has been done, it also turns out that you're likely to end up rebuilding the whole course anyway (unless you're standing in for just a year, maybe).
Answer: It is completely appropriate, and can be valuable in the context of the greater curriculum.  When I used to teach classes, I would ask the previous lecturer for the syllabus.  Most importantly, I would also speak to whomever is teaching a follow-on class to see if there's something that should be added or removed based on the changes to the general curriculum.
As an example, I was teaching a sophomore electrical engineering course as an introduction to analog circuits.  I ended up spending a week on the actual device physics because students were going to be required to have either device physics or analog design as a follow-on.
Answer: I do the adjunct hiring for my community college department, and we have a certain set of problems that we see repeatedly. One is people teaching a course at the wrong intellectual level (usually too low). Another is not assigning enough work or not giving enough feedback. I would not want a newly hired person to go to an administrative assistant, get a syllabus from one of those people, and then replicate that.
I suggest  that you start by talking to the person who hired you and who will be making the decision on whether to rehire you later. Say that you're interested in seeing what people have done in the past when they did a good job of teaching this course. If you said that to me, I would respond by handing you a sample syllabus and also telling you in writing about my expectations. (Well, actually, I would have done those things without your having to ask.)
Answer: You should also check to see what classes have your class as a pre-requisite.  You want to ensure your students are prepared for what follows.
Comment: @JeffreyJWeimer, while that seems like something that ought to be true, it doesn't seem like something that's likely to be true at most universities and is probably up to most departments or colleges to decide how to handle. I'd at least ask my department. "Is this a required course? What are the required elements? Is there a sample or recent syllabus? Etc." If this course is a prereq. for something else, I'd want to see its syllabus, too, or talk to a prior instructor.
Comment: With regard to prerequisites or certifications, the responsibility falls on the department to inform the instructor about content that **must** be covered. The instructor is not responsible to assure anything further than that such content is covered.
Comment: @JimM Nuances perhaps but, I would take out the "You should ..." and "You want to ..." directives in favor of "You can also ..." and "This can help you better prepare your students for what follows".
Answer: In the one department I have taught in, it was stated that you have to run the course along similar lines to previous/other instructors (some courses run w/ multiple sections so they need consistency). So absolutely, ask for the existing syllabi. And good luck with your first teaches!
Answer: A possibility to consider in addition to the other answers:  there may be a syllabus template, and you may be required to use it.  So yes, ask for existing documents.


Canon MX printer series with Apple AirPrint support?

Question: Does somebody know if the Canon MX printer series has a native Apple AirPrint support? In product specification they only say that it is possible to print documents from your iPhone or iPad. But i guess this means that there is a Canon app for iOS devies which can send documents to the printer.
Answer: I contacted the Canon support. They say the MX series does not support AirPrint. You need to use a Canon App to print documents from iOS.
Answer: I have a Canon MX892 and I'm able to print to it wirelessly from any of my Mac equipment (Mid 2010 Macbook Pro, iPad Mini, iPhone 5).  Without any additional software or work around.