School closing - At what point must the parents be told?

Question: Yeshiva A or Bais Yaakov A has serious financial problems. They are doing all they can to stay viable, however unless a big donor steps forward they will be forced to close. If the school tells the parents how critical the situation is, that alone will make the parents look for other schools, and by the additional loss of tuition the school will for sure close. Yet if they do not tell the parents the situation and continue to try to find the big donor they need, they may be forced to close right before school starts and thus the parents may be stuck without a school for their children. What is the responsibility of the school towards the parents Halachically? How open do they have to be with the financial situation they are in?
Comment: +1 for a "hot" question. I've seen this occur in a few places; fortunately, not in my neighborhood. I think that not telling the parents up front is a case of "lifnei iver". If nothing else, it is almost impossible to register kids in another yeshiva at the last minute. In most situations, when the yeshiva is up front, the parents that really care make an effort to find the money. I.e. - among the parents there IS a big donor or a parent knows of a big donor. Seems that's a better chance of a positive outcome than worrying about it and doing nothing. There will always be panickers, anyway.
Comment: I was in a Yeshiva that closed. They were waiting for a big donor to come up with the money but as soon as they realized that it might not come they let the parents know about July 5th & a lot of parents were upset they did not know before even though they had a whole summer to find a new yeshiva for their sons.
Comment: Perhaps a deal can be done with a nearby school to handle the situation. i.e. A plan to transition students (and perhaps staff) should the need arise. That way hopefully the school can stay open, but if it does have to close, the students, and other school may benefit. (To facilitate the deal, perhaps enrolment fees and so forth for next year held in a trust until the decision is finalised)
Comment: Ask the Rosh Yeshiva.
Answer: The Torah says, "Do not place a stumbling block before the blind." It also commands to distance oneself from falsehood. It sounds like in your scenario, the parents have an understanding that the ability for their children to go to the school is secure, and they are trusting that there isn't a doubt about that by virtue of not looking to put their kids into alternative schools. By withholding the truth, you are implicitly letting the parents believe there is a school they can go to, and you are preventing the parents from having the information they need to make the decisions for their children.
Imagine a businessman trying to get investors into his business. And they initially are willing to invest because it seems like there will be a larger investor to make the business secure. If the businessman finds out the big investor might not end up investing, and he withholds this information from the smaller investors, he may cause them to lose their money that they may not be able to afford to risk. It would be dishonest and wrong.
In my opinion, you would be required to be honest about the situation before the parents lose the opportunity to put their kids into a different school.
Comment: It this your own logic that applies those two scriptural verses to this case, or do you some source or other evidence that says that they apply here? If the latter, can you [edit] it in? (And if it is your own logic, perhaps you should qualify "You would be required" with some terminology that implies it's your own opinion.)
Comment: @msh210 Conversely, I might argue that geneivas da'as might be a better fit - the seller is deceiving the buyer that the product is available for sale, preventing the buyer from looking elsewhere in the market to fulfill their need.
Comment: @Uncle. I took a course  on Civil Law v Halakha.  The business segment of your answer  was discussed in the context of "insider trading" . It is illegal in USA but halakhically it may be  permissible.  Especially if you were responsible for convincing others to invest in a business venture and you now have inside information that some unexpected factor will adversely affect the investment. (Such as a government agency will not approve the project, or a new regulation is about to be enacted, all as of yet, unannounced)
Comment: @IsaacKotlicky "the seller is deceiving the buyer" - possibly. That's hard to qualify. The yeshiva might be hoping for a donor, and if they tell parents too early, many will panic and leave the yeshiva, which would make any subsequent donation meaningless. In short, it's far fro ma straightforward answer. You can't even risk an honest explanation by saying, "We think we will get a donation to keep us alive".
Answer: if a parent asks the school for advice then as the Mesilat Yesharim writes in ch.11

The obligation of the upright man when someone comes to him for advice
  is to counsel him what he himself would have done in a similar
  situation, without looking at any purpose whatsoever, distant or
  immediate, other than the benefit of the person asking advice.

Rabbi Avraham Erlinger, a yeshiva Rabbi in Kol Torah, Jerusaelm comments there:

It is common among sellers of merchandise, or shadchanim (matchmakers)
  or anyone who has a yeshiva and seeks talmidim (students)... in all
  these things there is a great trial (nisayon) for one who has personal
  interests to advise according to what is good for himself and his
  relatives and students... even if his advice is good for the public,
  and there is a Kidush Hashem (sanctification of God's Name), or
  kindness to the public - all this is not a permit against this mitzva
  of "do not put a stumbling block before the blind", whose obligation
  is to give a beneficial and suitable advice according to the
  questioner.

and even if the parents are ignorant of the situation, then I think the words later on of the Mesilat Yesharim apply:

The Branches of the sin of "profanation of [God's] Name" (Chillul
  Hashem) are also numerous and great. For a
  person must be exceedingly concerned of his Master's honor. In
  everything he does, he must look and contemplate exceedingly that
  there will not come out of this something which may cause a
  profanation of the honor of Heaven, God forbid.

Rabbi Erlinger comments there:

ER - "which may cause" - hence not only actively profaning God's Name
  is forbidden but even causing this indirectly (grama), or doubly
  indirectly (grama d'grama). Namely, that one's deeds should not lead
  to a profanation of the honor of Heaven... We also learn here, that
  even when there is a doubt that one's deeds may lead to a profanation,
  this is also sufficient [to forbid] as can be seen from the examples
  given by Rabeinu which are just concerns that perhaps people will say
  he did not act befittingly...
Comment: I don't see this addressing the question. The base assumption in the question is what the yeshiva should do and they **haven't** yet told anyone. Thus, no parent or anyone has asked the yeshiva for advice.


How easy is it for people from Nepal to open a foreign bank account via the internet?

Question: Has anyone attempted opening a foreign bank account from Nepal as a Nepalese citizen, if so what was your experience? how easy was it? Which country's banks will allow this?
Comment: I'd suggest adding your country of origin and some of your reasons for opening the account. If you're doing business in Country X regularly and need an account, that's different than if you want to have money offshore or held in a different currency denomination.
Comment: I have never tried, but I assume not easy at all?! In many cases even opening a bank account online here in the UK is quite difficult, despite most banks offering this option in their marketing material, and you end up having to post many documents or later pop to a branch. And I believe most of this is due to money laundry prevention laws?
Answer: The answer is: IT DEPENDS ON THE BANK! And the country.
Many, many banks are only used to dealing with depositors from their own country. They may not even be able to handle street addresses or phone numbers which are not in their own country. Or worse, they may appear to handle it fine, but then not put the right stamp on the envelope when they send you your statements, which you will never get :)
Many countries have strict rules (like the US PATRIOT rules) that make it almost impossible to take deposits from people outside the country. I would go so far as to say that it's going to be incredibly difficult if not impossible to open a US bank account without physically going to the bank, AND having a permanent mailing address in the US.
That said, some banks (and countries) are particularly good at this. There are "offshore" banks in Jersey, the Isle of Man, the Cayman Islands, etc., which have been specifically set up for the purpose of allowing depositors from anywhere in the world to open accounts. If you search Google for "Offshore Banking" you'll find a lot of references and links to banks that are set up to do this.
Comment: Don't know about opening it via internet, but just to whom it may concern in US (at least California) you can definitely open a bank account if you go phisically there and bring them the money along with showing your passport. You dond't need US addrees. And more money you bring and more they are happy (as all banks in the world). I'm clueless if somone from US goverment will sooner or later audit you for where do those money came form, they never audited me, and if they did I had nothing to be afriad of because they were legally earned.
Comment: And about the "stamp", let me tell you that US banks are the best in class, I'm still receiving my statement at my address here in Italy from Chase (formerly Washington Mutual when I opened it).
Answer: I don't think its as hard as you might think.  I personally know of someone who set up an account at "Loyal Bank" and I know they didn't have to leave the country to do it:
https://www.loyalbank.com
I just went there and clicked on "Open Personal Account" and basically it looks like you just have to print and mail them signed documents and proof of identification, etc.
Pretty easy stuff...
Comment: Looking at loyalbank.com now. Although it looks legit, google searching doesn't find too much about the bank's reputation.
Comment: I would not put money in such type of bank, what makes you think that you will be able to withdraw your money back? It's not a critic, it's a consideration similar to the one made by user238, I mean how do you evaluate the bank reputation in terms of economic income? It seems is a bank in stange country, isn't that country black listed?
Answer: Opening a bank account in Canada as a US citizen requires you to physically go to Canada.
I'm not sure about other countries.
Answer: I opened an account with saxobank.com (Denmark) w/ no problem. Filled out online forms, scanned my driver's license and 1-2 other documents, wired them money, and was good to go.
Comment: Where are you located? US?
Comment: Yes, I'm in the United States.
Comment: From their website, it looks like saxobank is more of a foreign currency trading platform than a typical checking account bank, right?
Comment: Hmmm, you appear to be right. I opened it for FOREX purposes, but thought they offered regular banking as well. I may've been wrong.
Answer: I have worked in France and had to open a bank account there. Boy, the amount of administration that goes into that... But above all, you have to prove that you reside in France to be able to open the account. The catch: to reside in France, you need to have a bank account.
I can't imagine that you can open an internet account in a French bank with that complicated a system.
Comment: "The catch: to reside in France, you need to have a bank account." : no, you don't. What you need is a job contract, or a student ID, or a proof that you are retired and that you have enough fund to live on your own.
Answer: Your question isn't clear about which countries are "foreign", but it's basically impossible to open a USA bank account if you are not a citizen or resident.


Why do jet planes with multiple engines have separate throttle levers for each engine?

Question: What are the reasons to not just use one throttle lever for all engines?
Answer: All multi-engine airplanes, whether jet or prop driven have separate throttle controls for each engine. There are good reasons for this:

If there is a problem with one engine you can separately control it for troubleshooting purposes
If one engine isn't developing the right amount of power you can independently increase the other engine(s) to compensate
If you have a control failure of some kind you can use differential thrust to steer the airplane, this has been done more than once, the example that comes immediately to mind is United 232
Comment: @Mike Sowsun: Turn the question around, though, and ask whether there are any good reasons to have a single throttle control.  I can't think of any, but then I'm used to just having one engine :-)
Comment: Differential thrust is also very helpful in taxi, not just in the event of control failure. I often use differential thrust as my primary directional control in taxi.
Comment: @RobVermeulen, the levers are always made such that you can grab them all at once and move them together. In many aircraft the significant settings (TO/GA, MCT, FLEX, CLB and IDLE) also have detents to assist in precise positioning of the levers.
Comment: Most modern engines use digital electronic FADEC control. It would be very easy to have one thrust lever and still accommodate separate control for all the reasons given above. I have to assume the really reason might be something else. ( like tradition)
Comment: To extend the question considering this answer and comments: are there devices that can selectively 'gang' all thrust levers, to avoid unintended differential settings? Like when a pilot wants to move all to TOGA but lets one slip?
Comment: There _are_ military twin-engine jets with a single 'throttle'. [Rafale](http://aviation.stackexchange.com/a/31953/13666), for example.


Is the tx-extra field publicly visible?

Question: If I put something in the tx-extra field of a transaction, will it be publicly visible and unencrypted?  That is, anyone can see it on the public view of the monero transactions?  And I assume the tx-extra field content can be of any length?
Answer: Yes, tx-extra can be of any length, as long as the transaction as a whole is not too large to be accepted into a block.
Only the parts of tx-extra that need to be encrypted are encrypted. For example, the transaction public key does not need to be encrypted, so that's just directly in tx-extra. But (the newer style) payment ids do need to be encrypted, so they are encrypted with the transaction shared secret that only the sender and recipient will know, before being put into tx-extra.
If you want to create your own tx-extra subfield and put sensitive information into it, then you'll have to decide for yourself how to encrypt it. If it's a bunch of text, then you'll need some kind of stream cipher. Perhaps use TweetNacl https://tweetnacl.js.org/ to encrypt what you need to store.
Comment: Suppose I wanted an arbitrary length message in the tx-extra to be publicly visible.  Is this possible?
Comment: Yes you can add whatever you want into txextra, encrypted or unencrypted. However, most block explorers display only the hex representation of the data in txextra, so the person that wanted to read the text would have to jump through some hoops to display that hex as ASCII text. You'd also need to write your own software or modify the existing wallet to create a transaction with the extra information in the txextra field. There is no feature in any wallet I know of that will simply let you paste in some text to be sent with a transaction.
Comment: Monero will only encrypt if necessary the stuff it needs to put in as part of a regular transaction. If you add your own stuff, that's unencrypted unless you find a way to encrypt it.
Comment: Ok, so monero doesn't encrypt the tx-extra by default.

Is the tx-extra field publicly visible?


Use the Tor service without using Tor browser?

Question: I just want to use the tor service in my ubuntu 16.04 and use the tor network without the browser of tor because i want to use it in palemoon browser. How i could do it? Some way to use tor service directly? Which are the steps ?
Answer: I don't recommend that as unlike Tor-browser, even browsers known for security (like Brave) do in fact connect to agencies, but if you just want an answer, try something like:
<code>sudo apt-get install tor
sudo systemctl enable tor
sudo systemctl start tor
</code>
In Palemoon, go to the Tools -> Settings -> Advanced -> Network -> Settings. Choose Manual Proxy configuration. Socks Host: 127.0.0.1 Port 9050. Check: Use Proxy to perform DNS Queries


Communicating weekly goals amid uncertainty

Question: If a project's inherent uncertainty prevents accurate planning or resourcing of task effort more than a month into the future, how can project managers best communicate, coordinate, and track employees' progress on a weekly basis without this constant planning/communication becoming a time burden?
Answer: As simple as it sounds, the daily scrum and a whiteboard are the two best tools for managing this kind of uncertanty.
At the start of the week plan out what you think you need to get done, given that it may change daily and introduce the plan to your team at your daily scrum meeting on Day one (Monday or whatever day your planning week starts on) and put the plan on the whiteboard for all to see.
Make sure the whiteboard contains this week's plan as well as the high-level plan for the next 4-6 weeks so everyone knows what is coming.
As the plan changes and as people get tasks finished, visibly change the plan on the whiteboard but don't interupt the team, they can see you get up to change the plan so they know somethings up and they can either read the board, come to you for more details or wait till the scrum the next day. Obviously if it directly affects their current work, you should speek to them directly.
Especialy if your whiteboard is in a noticeable spot in the office, like on the way to the coffee machine, you will soon see that almost everyone has a great high level view of where things are at and what is coming up next.
Now of course, you still need to keep the detail somewhere, like your tradditional project plan so you (and management know) the overrun, nitty gritty details etc
Answer: Don't try to over-decompose your milestones. Track and manage progress against the milestone without going lower than can given the information you have.  This is the tricky part of rolling wave planning but also the elegance of it.
The increased definition of the work packages themselves becomes progress and is a mark of progress.
Constant communication is a necessity on projects -regardless of the level of uncertainty. It's a fact of pm life.
Answer: Planning and communicating results always takes time, but both are valuable, necessary, and the alternative--no planning or communicating--will take up way more time.  The first thing that struck me was the "weekly reporting" for a month's worth of work.
If you are relying on the frequency of one week for a month's worth of a detailed plan, then you have too much time in between reporting periods.  I recommend increasing the frequency to three business days or even less.
Now you must be thinking I am crazy, that you are already complaining of a time burden and I am recommending something that will make it worse.  However, I think the results of my recommendation are counter-intuitive.
For a month's worth of work, you have a lot going at a high op tempo coinciding with the plan of your next month's work.  A week within that time frame is huge, where you have a lot of work (relatively speaking) that occurred, a lot of issues to work through, that I think is exacerbating the time burden.  In fact, if you lessened the period in between, you may actually bring your time burden down--less to talk about, dealing with issues and risks faster, etc.
Even if your time burden does not go down, reporting weekly on a month's worth of work is like reporting quarterly for year's worth.  Would you do that?


How do high-speed film cameras work?

Question: In Wikipedia's high speed camera page, there was this thing 'High-speed film cameras can film up to a quarter of a million frames per second by running the film over a rotating prism or mirror instead of using a shutter...'
There was no other info about this. So, can someone explain me this prism or mirror thing... with a diagram?
Answer: A normal film camera has a mechanism for stopping the film in the gate every frame while the shutter is open, then when the shutter closes pulling down the next frame, stopping it, exposing it, and so on. If the film isn't perfectly still while the shutter is open the image will be blurred.
To do this with high speed film is impractical, the forces involved in pulling down the next frame in 1/500,000th of a second and bringing it to a dead stop would simply destroy any film you could put in it. So in a high speed camera the film doesn't stop, instead there is a rotating prism, as stated in the article. The prism bends the incoming light as it rotates, and it does so in a way that the image follows the frame of film as it passes through the camera.
A good article explaining it here, this illustration in particular:

In this illustration the frame of film would be on the right side, moving downwards, following the spot of light.
The reverse of this can be seen in a Steenbeck editing machine that also uses a rotating prism to hold the image on the screen steady while the film moves continuously through the viewer.
Answer: There are also high speed cameras that use whats called a platter - think a large plate like wheel, with the film (a single layer) wrapped around the outside. The entire wheel is enclosed in darkness, sometimes so much as in a vacuum space to reduce both dust and friction of air/heat that would build up. The wheel is then rotated, using a high speed motor and perhaps a basic transmission, spinning up to a very very high RPM. And then the gate/shutter is opened. These cameras can achieve ridiculous speeds, the downside is they only record perhaps a few hundred frames a most. But that is suffice, for say capturing somthing like a bullet exiting a gun... triggering the timing of the camera to the event is the difficult part. Because in real time, the camera only records for a very short time, think 1/2000th of a second of "real time". But you have as a result, 300 frames which represent 1/2000 of a second. 300x2000 = 600,000 FPS  The cameras that do 1 Million plus, which actually capture light traveling across a room as in, light turns on you can see the light actually move across the room. That is a whole different technology, where by they actually take millions of executions, separately, triggering the camera to record a frame in steps of 1/1M of a second later each time.

How do high-speed film cameras work?


Doesn't indicate results are capped at 5,000 results

Question: On SO when a search returns > 5,000 results it indicates the results have been capped a 5,000 by displaying the number of results as "5,000+"
On P.SE it only displays the "5,000" without the plus at the end. This lead be to believe there was only 5,000 non-closed questions on P.SE when searching on 'closed:0'.
Cosmetic issue, put I thought I'd raise it since it can cause confusion.
Comment: Checked that the trilogy all have the +, as well as askubuntu, math.SE and english.SE
Comment: This appears to be fixed now. Perhaps a mod could add a status-complete tag?
Answer: I suspect a font issue, since the code is identical, but apparently fixed one way or the other.


Is there a way to cancel an auction in the auction house, or change the buyout price?

Question: I want to put more items for sale in the auction house, but I have already reached the limit of 10. Is there a way to end current auctions early, or change the buyout price to sell the items currently being sold quicker?
Answer: Edit: Updated for 1.0.4
You can cancel any auction, so long as no bids have been made on it yet.
If you want to change the buyout price, you will need to cancel the auction (assuming no current bids), and re-list it with the new starting/buyout prices).
The ability to cancel auctions with no bids was added in patch 1.0.4.  Prior to that, the following historical answer was valid:
You have 5 minutes from the start of the auction to cancel it.  Once you are past that 5 minute mark, there is no way to end the auction early, short of someone purchasing the item via buyout.
You cannot change the minimum bid or buyout price once the auction is started.
Your only options are to wait and see if someone buys it, or possibly give someone else (that you trust!) the money for the buyout, have them buy it, give it back to you, and put it back on the AH at a new price.  Keep in mind that you will wind up losing money this way to the AH fees, however.
Answer: Yes there is actually a way to cancel auction early. What you need to do is have the auctions page open showing the current auctions you have posted up. Then you need to go to your system tray in the bottom right and double click the time. From here go to the calendar and set the day back roughly 2 days. Once you apply this change you should see your auctions allow you to cancel them right away.
Comment: Attempting to cancel an auction via this method results in an error.
Comment: This is correct, I just tried this and it worked for me.
Comment: The last patch broke this method.
Answer: As of the 1.04 patch on 8/21/2012, it is possible to cancel an auction at any time if no bids have been placed on it.  Once a bid is placed, the auction cannot be cancelled and you have to wait for it to end or for the buyout price to be paid.
Answer: There is no way to cancel your auction once the first minutes are over. My guess it's so you don't abuse the auction house and get "new slots" (cap of 10 auctions) for free or see your item will only sell for less than expected. It's to prevent abuse.
You can not change the buyout price either while the auction is still running. Same reason, you could edit the buyout once you see high demand and it would be terrible for the whole system.
Comment: Note that the OP is asking about canceling an auction, and the question you linked is addressing canceling a bid. While it is the same answer (no, you can't), the concepts are rather different.
Comment: Ah sorry, you are right... gonna edit that out to not confuse people >.<


Can Buddhism be called as Atheist, Agnostic or Theistic?

Question: I am reading this book currently called Buddhism without beliefs. In this book the author claims that Buddhism is Agnostic. Now Agnosticism is a claim that you are ignorant, or not sure whether God is there or not. I am sure that Buddhist suttas mention several gods, like Brahma etc. Also most modern scholars promote Buddhism as Atheistic, as there is no central creator. What's your take on this?
Answer: Yes, it can be called any of these three things; and it is called different things by different people, for the reasons you described.
Three further comments:

The terms (like "atheist") were originally invented and used by other cultures for other religions; for example, Socrates was (legally) accused of atheism and condemned (to death) for it -- so the distinction (between "atheism" and "non-atheism") mattered. I'm not sure how or why the distinction matters in Buddhism, unless it affects practice etc.
Buddhism as I understand it doesn't deny there are Gods (it doesn't say "there are no Gods") so it isn't atheist. But it also doesn't say "God can save you" in the way that Christianity does, or that "The purpose of life is to obey God" etc. The importance of Gods is de-emphasised, people are responsible for their own karma and their own salvation, so it isn't exactly like a Theistic religion either. The story of Siddhartha's going forth and so on is told (at least n the West) as a more-or-less human story.
Bhikkhu Bodhi's book In the Buddha's Words has chapter titles, "The Human Condition", "The Bringer of Light", "Approaching the Dhamma", "The Happiness Visible in This Present Life", which are this-worldly and human rather than other-worldly and Theistic.
Calling Agnosticism "ignorance" is a bit confusing when it's applied to Buddhism. "Agnosticism" means (etymologically) "without gnosis" or without knowledge (of God).
I might describe myself as "agnostic about God" if I have no personal knowledge, no personal experience, of God.
In the West people use "Agnostic" as a middle way between theist and atheist: "theist" means, "I believe in God"; "atheist" means, "I believe there is no God"; and "agnostic", "I neither believe nor disbelieve, I have no personal knowledge of it." (I probably wouldn't say that I'm "agnostic about Antarctica" -- I believe it exists although I haven't experienced it personally).
"Ignorance" is a term which features in Buddhism too: Avidyā (Pali: avijjā). Avijjā too means "without knowledge".
In Buddhism, though, it isn't used to mean "ignorance about whether God exists" (because, IMO, whether God exists isn't the important question). Instead it's used to refer to ignorance of dhamma, ignorance of right view, ignorance about topics like anatta (i.e. whether the self exists), anicca, and dukkha, and so on.
Comment: The [Top customer reviews](https://www.amazon.com/Buddhism-Without-Beliefs-Contemporary-Awakening/dp/1573226564) on Amazon say the book/author misrepresents Buddhism. I gather (from [other topics on this site](https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/search?q=batchelor)) that the author claims to be atheist, denies "rebirth", and is associated with "[Secular Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_Buddhism)".
Comment: Look up for Buddhadasa. He has a lot of pdf datas free for download. Just google him. Many researchers use him to gain knowledge into Buddhism. He has a no non-sensd approach and refutes literal rebirth. For that you can also look up the User Dhammadhatu. He is also familiar with it.
Comment: @ChrisW there is no reason why one needs to believe in literal rebirth. It is a worldly teaching. Even in right view it is only mentioned in mundane right view.
Comment: I haven't read _Buddhism Without Beliefs_ and my answer isn't trying to comment on that -- only trying to answer the question asked.
Comment: No, your answer makes sense...I understood what you say...I am just confused about this book which repeatedly maintains its stance that buddhism is agnostic...now this particular author has few books on Buddhism...so was just wondering what to make out of this...in my opinion if i have to choose between the three i will call buddhism as atheist...as we dont believe in some creator god whom we have to worship...
Comment: The book had 5 stars and so many reviews...its a terrible book...some kind of new age art of living...its so difficult to pick up a good book...
Comment: @Val Actually, there are reasons to believe in literal rebirth. See "[Does DN2 and MN36 provide an irrefutable statement on the fact of rebirth?](https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/q/22995/471)" and "[What would be the secular interpretation for the Assu Sutta and the Mata Sutta?](https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/q/23106/471)".
Comment: @ruben2020 After I read the answers to [this question](https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/q/3420/254) I thought I should be agnostic about rebirth -- neither believe nor disbelieve. See also e.g. [Then where did the concept of "rebirth" come from?](https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/q/10122/254)
Comment: @BodhiWalker What kind of book[s] are you looking for? What sort of information, perhaps what school?
Answer: You may have heard of "sabbe dhamma anatta", the Buddhist teaching that "all phenomena is not-self". A complete discussion on the topic can be found in this answer.
Basically, there is a self, but it is not standalone or independent. Rather, it is changing, arising and ceasing, dependent on other conditions. There is no permanent eternal self.
Buddhism can be considered theist, if you take into account the teachings on the existence of beings called devas and brahmas in the higher realms. Also see this question.
However, Buddhism can be considered atheist, if this refers to the non-existence of a permanent eternal God, because that would imply an unchanging permanent eternal self.
Also, Buddhism can be considered agnostic, if you are looking for an explanation on the origin of the universe and samsara. Was the universe and samsara created by someone or did it appear on its own or was it always there eternally? This is not commented on in Buddhism (see the Acintita Sutta and the Parable of the Poisoned Arrow).


Why do we refer to "power" for turboprop engines and "thrust" for turbojet/fan engines?

Question: In jet engines, I read that thrust is related to the fuel flow rate, whereas in turboprop engines power produced is related to the fuel flow rate. What is the reason and brief math behind this?
Answer: Ultimately what you want from all three types of engines is quantification of thrust available to push an airplane through the sky. The turbofan/jet engines are self contained and produce thrust directly but a turboprop engine requires the addition of a propeller, which may have differing characteristics based on the installation.
Since thrust is not known for a turboprop until its installation has been determined, manufacturers instead quantify the power available to drive a prop. This allows engines to be compared so that an airframe manufacturer can make the proper selection.
Fuel flow is then related to either thrust or power as a measure of efficiency, depending on type of engine. There is generally no published mathematical relationship between power and thrust for a given engine. It is not needed for turbofans/jets and not possible to determine at time of manufacture for turboprops.
Comment: This is the only post that directly answers the stated question.
Answer: Jet engines directly produce thrust by exhausting gas (and in a modern turbo fan also moving a lot of air around them), so fuel flow rate is directly related to the thrust that is generated.
In a turbo prop the engine produces power which, via a gear box spins a propeller that generates the thrust. Since most turbo props have the ability to adjust the propeller pitch the engines power output is not always directly related to the thrust generated at a given time.
Comment: why you wrote that turboprop engines generate power, whereas while writing for jet engines you wrote that they generate thrust. This was my actual question?  I understand mechanics of both, but why is it intentionally written different? Am I missing something?
Comment: @user5349 Turboprop engines generate shaft power: P = 2*pi*M*n via a low pressure turbine which connects to a shaft. The shaft drives a propeller through a gearbox.
Answer: To expand on what Dave said, the term Power is used for turboprops because the thrust produced by the prop is a function of horsepower applied to the prop, that is, torque @ RPM.
The gas generator of a turboprop - the jet engine part - has its output indicated as a percentage of maximum torque it can apply to the propeller gearbox, whereas a pure jet engine, who's push results from the mass airflow accelerating through the engine, has its output indicated by Engine Pressure Ratio, the difference between the air pressure going in vs the air pressure going out.
Turbofans are kind of in the middle of the two, being sort of a turboprop with a fixed pitch many bladed propeller. Because the fan is fixed pitch and has no constant speed regulating ability, you don't need to know the torque being applied to it and it's sufficient to go by just fan RPM (N1, indicated as percent of max).  Turbofans also show core engine RPM (N2), but the fan speed N1 is the primary power setting measurement.
For turbofans vs turboprops, its similar to how piston airplanes with fixed pitch props just measure RPM, like a turbofan, whereas piston planes with constant speed props need to show RPM and manifold pressure (MP being more or less equivalent to torque in a turboprop).
Not sure what you mean by the math part.
Comment: 1. In turboprop engine, Is it that this torque produced by gas generator is constant ? the ultimate thrust generated by the power plant will be depending on the propeller pitch ? Which is a variable ?
Comment: No the torque that acts on the propeller varies with gas generator speed.  Think of a turboprop as a pure jet engine where you point the tail pipe at a windmill to make it spin.  You could call the jet engine part a "gas generator".  The windmill getting blown on is connected to a huge fan by a gearbox.  The air blowing on the windmill generates torque to make it spin, driving the fan.  You speed up the jet engine itself to increase the torque on the power turbine (the windmill). Move the windmill to inside the jet engine to just behind the compressor's turbine, and there's your tubroprop.
Comment: @John K Your opinion please.  Thrust produced by the prop (propulsion force) is determined by pitch and rpm of prop.  Power to turn prop = DRAG of prop.  Would not Power to turn prop be THRUST of pistons no matter how it was geared?  Would not the Propulsion force actually be the LIFT of the propeller.  Just being academic, but it is interesting to consider in light of the trend towards efficiency in jets (fans are getting bigger and slower).
Comment: I would say that difference is due to the fact that the thrust of the jet pretty much all is from the air that is forced to accelerate out the convergent tailpipe nozzle, whereas the thrust of the propeller is a secondary result of torque applied the propeller.  So, the go lever in a jet just controls how fast the air comes out, whereas the go lever in a TP controls the torque to the gearbox, and torque x RPM = HP, so POWER is a more appropriate term.  With turbofans you have a kind of half TP and half jet, but there is no measurement of torque vs RPM for the fan so thrust lever does the job.
Answer: The real reason is that, by definition, a jet engine does not output any kind of power but outputs the thrust force instead.   Turbopropeller engines do not output a thrust force but rather output a mechanical power through a shaft and gearbox supplied by said power by either a power turbine or the gas core itself.
That arrangement has to do more with how the FAA and other governing bodies defined these engines, not so much based on physics.   I am aware that both engines are, in fact, generating energy and power, it's just we don't typically quantify energy output from jet engines that way.
Ironically many turbopropeller engines are often rated in equivalent shaft horsepower (ESHP) this is a sum of both the mechanical power delivered by the driveshaft and the reaction thrust created by the engines exhaust gases.
This also has regulatory impacts as well.  Pilots of jet aircraft do not require neither a complex nor high performance endorsement in their logbooks to log PIC time in a jet, but it is required if your aircraft is powered by either a reciprocating or turbopropeller power plant.
Comment: Agree 100%.  This appears to be a matter of convention, a little like saying, ok, from now on we're going metric.  Nope, not happening.  Maybe, in the future...
Comment: Definitely not ironic for turboprops to rated ESHP as mechanical power + engine exhaust thrust.  This is in fact correct.  Shaft horsepower is torque at a given rpm, which for piston engines is the AVERAGE thrust (cylinders firing per minute x Lever Arm of crankshaft divided by diameter of drive shaft x any other gearing ratio).  At constant rpm this = DRAG of prop (thrust = drag) and produces a forward force WRT aircraft.  Thanks for allowing my opinions to be aired.  I will try to learn the conventions.
Answer: Oau, a lot of answers and almost nobody touching on the real issue.
Propellers will produce a thrust that decreases with increased speed. Since power= thrust x speed, this means the engines will produce (more or less) an (almost) constant power throughout the speed range of the aircraft. Given a specific fuel flow, it will produce a specific (calculatable) power, which will translate to a varying thrust depending on the current speed. Therefore fuel gives you power.
Jet engines will produce a constant thrust (almost) regardless of current aircraft speed. This means "power" is not really a usefull measurement in jet (all of them are thrust-rated, not power-rated), as you can just double the current speed and the jet is now producing twice the power, even though you have not changed the fuel flow. A specific fuel flow to the jet engine will produce a specific (calculatable) thrust, but it can produce any amount of power depending on the current velocity of the aircraft. Therefore fuel gives you thrust
Answer: You wrote in a comment on Dave's answer:

why you wrote that turboprop engines generate power, whereas while writing for jet engines you wrote that they generate thrust. This was my actual question? I understand mechanics of both, but why is it intentionally written different? Am I missing something?

So it sounds like the main question you're trying to ask is: what is the difference between power and thrust?
Power and thrust are two different measures of the output of an engine (just like how height and weight are two different measures of the size of a person). All engines generate power, and all engines generate thrust, but they're two different numbers with two different meanings.
Thrust is a bit easier to describe. Thrust is often measured in pounds or newtons. If an engine is producing 500 pounds of thrust, then it's pushing on the aircraft with the same amount of force that a 500-pound weight would push on it. The difference is that the engine pushes forwards while the weight pushes downwards.
Output power is a bit harder to describe. Power is often measured in horsepower or kilowatts.
For rocket engines, the formula for output power is simple:
$$\text{output power} = \text{thrust} \times \text{exhaust speed}.$$
Unfortunately, most airplanes aren't powered by rocket engines, so this simple formula no longer applies, though. But the basic principles are the same:

As an engine produces more thrust, it will also produce more power.
Even if an engine is producing a constant amount of thrust, as the airplane flies faster, the engine will end up producing more power.

Power production is directly related to power consumption. If you make an engine produce more power, then it will consume more fuel.
Comment: I see that this answer has gotten a downvote. As far as I know, there's nothing wrong with it; it seems correct and useful.
Comment: I was not the downvote, but it might be because of the 'power= thrust x exhaust'. For any thrust, , force x velocity (of that force)  will produce power
Comment: @Radu094 Does that contradict what I said? If it does, I don't see how.
Comment: Not contradicting, just unclear I'd guess. A sitting (fixed/bolted) rocket spweing exhaust at high speed produces a nice display and a lot of thrust, but 0 power. Not really related to the asked question, I know, but it caught my eye and someone prob downvoted because of it
Comment: @Radu094 That's a good point. I want to say that the rocket still is producing a lot of power, but all of it is going into the exhaust. But I don't know how the "output power" of an engine is usually defined.
Comment: Glad you folks are seeing it.  How far it moves has nothing to do with thrust or power.  Definition is by convention, and it was good to go back to James Watt to see what was going on. P=thrust/time.  How many cylinders fire per minute.  How much fuel the jet uses per minute.  Interestingly, a jet WILL have more power with speed due to air ram effects, exactly the same as a supercharged piston engine!  More fuel!  Will not pursue any further, enjoyed sharing it with you all.
Answer: It is because in a turboprop, almost all of the energy extracted by the engine turbines is used to run a propeller. So, it is all about how much power that is required to turn the propeller. To measure the amount of force required to rotate the propeller, we use a sensor to measure the amount of twisting force acting on the propeller shaft. This sensor is called a torque sensor and in almost all turboprops, torque is the indication used by the pilots to control the engine power. But we all know that according to the power equation:
Power = Torque x RPM
From the equation we understand that power can be increased by either increasing the torque or the RPM. So, how do turboprop pilots only use torque to control the engine power? Well, it is simple. In a typical turboprop engine, the propellers are variable pitch or you could say that they are run at a constant speed or RPM. This is achieved by a propeller control unit (PCU). In simple terms, as the pilot pushes the throttles forwards, and as the torque increases, the RPM remains constant at the pilot set value using the condition levers. The way it is done is very simple. As the pilot increases power or torque, the propeller tries to run at a higher RPM. But the PCU senses this and increases the propeller blade angle and slows it down until the set RPM is reached. Similarly, if you try to control the propeller RPM using the condition levers there will be a change in the torque. That is, if you pull back the condition levers (increase blade angle) to reduce propeller RPM, there will be a corresponding increase in engine torque. So, at high torque settings, you have to be very careful because you could over torque the engine. When we set power in turboprops and if requires a reduction in propeller RPM, we reduce the torque using the power levers first by a bit before reducing RPM using the condition levers. This is particularly important, when setting climb power after a take off which is done close to the maximum allowable engine torque.
So, in a turbprop engine, the combination of torque and propeller RPM gives a certain amount of shaft horse power (SHP). At full RPM and at full torque setting the engine will produce the maximum SHP. In a typical take off, the engine produces an SHP that is very close to this maximum SHP.

On the other hand, the turbofan engines measure pure thrust output. Some engines measure it as a percentage of low pressure compressor RPM (N1 percent). Why do we use N1? Because low pressure compressor or the fan produces most of the thrust in a turbofan. The amount of thrust produced by the hot section is quite small compared to the thrust produced by the fan or the bypass. In some other turbofans including old turbojets, the thrust measurement is given as a pressure ratio or more specifically an Engine pressure ratio (EPR). This is a more direct measure of engine thrust, as it is the ratio of engine exit pressure over inlet pressure.
Answer: I thought even the engine design would be a bit different depending on your application.  For a pure turbojet, you want maximum thrust out the rear, so maximizing torque turning a shaft isn't the goal.    On the other side of the spectrum, going past the turbo fan to the turbo prop or even max torque application like a turbine generator, you want to minimize thrust and convert all expansion gas energy to torque.
That is why most turboprops use centrifugal compressors at at least one stage, and pure turbo jet engines use axial compressors.   The former converts most of the expanding gas energy to circular motion (we will call it torque) and the latter accelerates that expanding gas for maximum air/gas velocity out the back for thrust.
A turbocharger in an auto engine or the turbo charger in a piston aircraft engine use centrifugal compressors similarly because they want to generate circular motion (torque) on an air compressor to increase the amount of oxygen in the combustion chamber.
I'm not sure if this is correct, because I just thought of it, but I did some research to confirm that pure jets want thrust, and axial flow, and high gas velocity at exhaust, and turboprops want torque, to turn a shaft into a psru then a propeller, so these engines have different compressors that convert the energy into different types of motion.
Comment: Posts made as 'Answers' should provide an answer, not a guess.


How do I tune a Bandsaw so the blade doesn't drift?

Question: I just bought a 9-inch Delta bandsaw and I know there are some things you have to do to get it tuned right so the blade doesn't drift etc., but I have no idea what those are.  What are some tips I should follow to get this tuned correctly?
Answer: The users manual for the saw should have all the information you need to get the saw setup. This is important because each model of saw will have different guidelines. If it is new saw such manual should have been in the box with the unit.
For a used saw that you purchased at some auction, sale or craig's listing there was not likely a users manual delivered with the unit.  :^(
There is help available on line though. Do a search on "Delta Bandsaw Users Manual" will turn up a good bit of information.
One link I found was here.
Key items that they list that would be applicable to band saws:

Ensure the blade is the correct length
Make sure the teeth are pointing in the right direction (up/down) when blade is installed.
Set the tension levers to apply tension to the blade
Hand rotate the tires that the blade rotates on to see if the blade tracks and centers.
If there problem then check the blade tension and adjust if necessary
Finally if the blade seems to want to come off the wheels it will be necessary adjust the coplanarity of the wheels to make sure that they are correct.
Answer: he best way is to get it running correctly and there should not be any drift.
Follow this THE BEST FROM A BANDSAW 'Alex Snodgrass of Carter Industries has an excellent video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGbZqWac0jU  on a tune up method that works well, but if you want to get the best use of your bandsaw on an ongoing basis, then the Steve Maskery DVD's will show you far more and they are a real investment.   http://www.workshopessentials.com/shop/ '.
My bandsaw (Record BS400) works like a dream.
Malcolm
www.badgerwoodcrafters.co.uk


how can I determine that I am consuming SQL CAL license?

Question: assuming I have bought 5 User CALs and now I need to tag these licenses, can some tell me how to determine this?
Answer: Microsoft SQL Server CAL licence is used by physical user that accesses the database. If the application that uses the database can differentiate users they need CALs. Even if all your users are using the same database login (which is very common with web apps) but they are differentiable by the application (again, majority of web apps) they they all use CALs.
In other words, if you set some set of "users", be it in application using SQL Server or in SQL Server itself (when the application is smart enough to use database authentication), each and every one of them needs a CAL. In most cases this means that any employee using the system needs to have a CAL assigned.
What's more, with SQL Server, you need CALs on the Windows Server running underneath (and it has to be Windows Server, desktop version licences disallow running network services other than file and printing to other computers) unless it's Windows Web Server.
As with all licensing questions: don't believe me, contact your local MS representative, they're the authoritative guys.


I broke a promise with a condition

Question: Salam Aleikum
I am a revert Muslim since November 2016 but before I reverted although I used to believe in Allah (SWT) as one and only true God and in Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as the last Messanger of Allah (SWT) I was not a practicing Muslim at all and during that time unfortunately I made a huge mistake which today I strongly regret, I am addicted to porn and masturbation and In June 2016 I promissed Allah (SWT) that I would quit watching porn And masturbation and if I would return back to my addiction then he could throw me in the hellfire on the day of judgement even if I worship him in this life and even though I repent to him.
Unfortunately i only lasted 33 days and after that I returned to my addiction and and so unfortunately I broke that promise which I made to Allah (SWT),  now I'm truly worried that Allah (SWT) might not forgive me for my foolishness and im worried that he might punish me on the day of judgement even though  I became a Muslim and even though I seek his forgiveness, my question is that although I made a huge mistake by making that type of promise, do I have a chance to truly repent to Allah (SWT) knowing that I made that promise in 2016 and is there hope for me despite having made that promise in 2016 which I am truly sorry for now?
Answer: There are two separate actions you did:

Made an oath that you would never commit one sin
Prayed that Allah punish you into Hell-fire if you break that oath

Since you broke the oath you need to give the expiation for that.
As far as the dua is concerned, it is not valid. This is based on the following hadith:

"The supplication of a slave continues to be granted as long as he does not supplicate for a sinful thing or for something that would cut off the ties of kinship and he does not grow impatient." It was said: "O Messenger of Allah! What does growing impatient mean?" He (ﷺ) said, "It is one's saying: 'I supplicated again and again but I do not think that my prayer will be answered.' Then he becomes frustrated (in such circumstances) and gives up supplication altogether."

Your dua was obviously sinful, thus it will not be granted. Next time do not make such duas.
Answer: Bismillah hir rahman nir raheem
As sallamu alaykum wa rahmatullah wa baraktuhu
May allah have mercy on me and you and grant us jannah.
You must fast 3 days if you cant you feed 10 poor People.
If you need evidences i can send .
Never lose hope in mercy of allah but never feel safe from punishment of allah.
You must worship Allah upon hope and fear when you sin repent but hope for mecry of allah .
Allah knows best as sallamu alaykum
Answer: Assalamwalikum.
Allah is very merciful, just seek for forgiveness and do "tawba" . And just feed ten poor people or distribute clothes among them, those ten poor people will have to be Muslim.

I broke a promise with a condition


UK patent, early publication risk for PCT?

Question: The UK offers 'accelerated publication', aka early publication. Will a publication of a UK national patent, after for example 9 months, pose any risk for a PCT application based on this patent, submitted in the allowed 12 month window for converting a national patent to a PCT application?
Answer: Good answers here are expected to be longer than one word. In this case the answer is the one word no.
Comment: Funny, but it should probably still be "No, because the priority right dates the PCT filing back to the first filing, unless you add new subject matter in which case etc." Enough for, well, 2-3 sentences ;-)


Why do we need 50 reputation to make comments?

Question: You need to have 50 reputation to make a comment on an answer but you can post an answer to a question with far fewer reputation. I was curious what the mindset was behind this decision? I know I'd like to add a comment at times but do not have enough reputation to do so. My comment really isn't an answer, so posting there would be wrong which leaves me not really being able to be of any help or add any insight to the OP.
Comment: Spam is, I believe, the only underlying reason.
Comment: @J.Steen - Here is a comment from the link rene mentioned, "I've often thought this restriction just turns good comments into bad answers, and spam comments into spam answers. What spammer would be discouraged by needing to make their spam more prominent?".
Comment: You can also suggest edits with a reputation of 1!
Comment: [Reputation Cheat sheet](http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/17204/six-simple-tips-to-get-stack-overflow-reputation-fast)
Comment: @iCobot: Answers both a) bump the post to the front page, where others see it and flag it b) go through a First Posts review automatically. (Having said that, I've long though the requirements for comments should be more like 25)
Comment: Whoever thought it was a good idea to not allow anyone with less than 50 rep to comment clearly didn't think this through... If I got a penny for every time I've seen a new user post an answer like `This should be a comment, but I don't have enough reputation points to comment yet`, I'd be rich. Not only does the inability for new users to comment encourage them to post comments as answers (due to the lack of alternatives), the subsequent, aggressive downvoting and/or deleting of such poor answers will only discourage well-meaning new users from participating in this community altogether.
Comment: There is an answer on Meta Stack Exchange: http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/120454/revisit-new-users-cant-ask-for-clarifications-except-as-answers
Comment: I see these sometimes in the lqp queue and to be frank they are the most annoying type of user.  Maybe the software can intervene if the answer contains a single paragraph ending with "?" and say "Are you sure this is an answer?"  My view is that using an answer to make a comment is petulance!  Not very tolerant on that one, sorry.
Comment: If you couldn't comment or answer, how would you get reputation?
Comment: I agree with @JohnSlegers. Comments are the most natural way to gain entry into our community, and the reputation barrier forces them to write poorly thought out answers before understanding the expectations.
Comment: @iCobot: I would give you at leats 100 upvotes for this question. I had this problem many times. The ONLY thing I could do, is not be active on those SE websites anymore. It's just sad how on such a big community driven websites you cannot help someone.
Comment: I never said it was a reason that covered *all* avenues of spamming. I'm just saying that's the reason. =)
Comment: @podiluska through the painful process of asking a good question and waiting for something like badges to happen. Only one question, but if its good enough, it just might work(?) perhaps.
Answer: A new user who posts an answer will most likely know (if they know anything at all) that their answer is going to be voted on and will affect their reputation on the site. New answers are also generally more visible than comments are. They are shown in some of the review queues. A new answer will make the question appear earlier in the active questions list. And so on and so forth. So they are going to get some eyeballs. There's a good incentive there to post good answers. And even if the people posting don't know all this, there's still a whole system in place for evaluating answers.
Comments do not contribute in the reputation system. There are no downvotes for comments. Comments are not as visible as answers are. So there's not as much of an incentive to post good contents in comments. Then other people have to flag bad comments for removal, and moderators have to act to remove them, etc.
The reputation requirement is an imperfect means to help prevent bad contents. It surely does not prevent all problems and there are surely people with a reputation of 1 who could post great comments.
Comment: I still think it's strange to not allow an asker to upvote or downvote answers to their own questions while allowing them to comment on them and mark them accepted cc @iCobot
Comment: Also, I would up vote your answer but I do not have enough reputation to do so.
Comment: @iCobot: Well, un-upvoting is different from downvoting...
Comment: That is understandable.  I have said this before and I am not one to be on here to just gain reputation nor am I on here enough to be looking for questions I know I can easily answer to get my reputation up more quickly.  Most of the time I find a post it has already been answered so posting another one just to gain reputation is kind of pointless to me.  I was above the 50 point mark at one point and 2 questions were down voted to an oblivion which killed my reputation points.
Comment: @Lundin The OP asks: "you need to have 50 reputation points to make a comment on an answer but you can post an answer to a question with far fewer reputation points. I was curious what the mindset was behind the decision between the two?" Saying that you need 50 rep to post comments because of spam does not explain *why you don't need the same rep to post questions and answers, which are also subject to spam*. Furthermore, the fact that comments are not given as much visibility also affects how likely trash *other than spam* will survive in a comment vs trash in an actual post.
Comment: If we limited the amount of daily comments to 5 or 10 before the 50 threshold people would think smartly when they add any comment. Especially, if it's not only the be awesome! +1! It won't be perfect, but it would be a better solution that restricting them to no comment and allowing bad answers.
Comment: @dlf Yeah, I went and checked your answers. They are actually answers, so no problem there. :)
Comment: @Louis: I deleted my comment at the exact moment you posted yours, so I guess that means I have to put it back. :) I'm new here myself. There were several occasions where I wanted to post a comment asking for more information, but since I couldn't I just took my best guess and answered instead. And got rep for it since I happened to guess right. :)
Comment: @BoltClock - Another beauty is lets say I make a mistake and up vote a post.  If I try to down vote that same post, I can't do it if I do not have 125 reputation points.
Comment: I don't think this is the reason why at all, these are just your personal opinions - you are essentially making up a rationale. The reason why was some spam prevention debate. This has been discussed on meta many times before.
Comment: @Louis I'm actually pretty sure that I have asked the very same question myself at some point - because the 50 rep limit doesn't make any sense, given that answers have higher expectations. A mod or dev replied that it was because they didn't have the same kind of spam prevention mechanisms and moderator tools for comments as they have for answers. In addition, users can moderate answers but not comments. So this has nothing to do with vague things like visibility or impact of answers compared to comments, but rather with site moderation limitations. The answer from Brad Larson confirms this.
Comment: Love the last line of this answer, it is imperfect, but it is there for a good attempt at solving the problem.
Answer: Comments were added to the site after questions and answers existed, and remain second-class citizens here. We have robust moderation tools and review systems for handling questions and answers, but lack similar tools for comments.
Stack Overflow (like all user-contributed-content sites anywhere near its size) is constantly under attack from spammers and trolls, but most people don't see any of that due to how effective community moderation and anti-spam countermeasures are at blocking and removing this. Spam and trolling would overrun comments here if we didn't have some minimum barrier for posting them.
We also want to prevent YouTube-style noise in comments, pruning comments to only those that add to the information contained in the posts they are left on.
However, I believe that with proper tooling, Stack Overflow might be able to open up comments to new users in the way that we do questions and answers. I expand on this a bit in this answer, but something like the current review queues for posts by new users could be applied to incoming comments. It would be a great help to have the ability to search comments and more easily remove problematic ones. Other things would need to be put in place as well, but these are a few suggestions to start with.
I think we eventually need tools like this in any case, since we've now seen several incidents where spammers used sock puppet accounts or plagiarized answers to gain enough reputation where they could leave comments and then proceeded to spam comments on hundreds of highly-voted questions or answers. This spam hung around for months, because it was hard to see, difficult to find, and a pain to remove. We also need better ways of dealing with patterns of rude and abusive comments left by certain users.
The inability of new users to post clarifying comments or requests for additional information in order to answer a question leads to a lot of frustration by new users and is one of the primary causes of non-answers being left to questions. I believe proper moderation and review tools to handle comments could make for a more pleasant new-user experience and possibly cut down on moderation workload by reducing the number of non-answers we have to delete.
Answer: Stack Overflow shares a history of success with Wikipedia. It also shares the challenge of balancing the desire to attract new contributors with the need to manage the varying quality of contributions from new and anonymous users.
Wikipedia also has a gradation of user privileges. The contributions of new and anonymous users are queued for review. Once you are a member of the club, you earn the right to create articles that are immediately visible. Even so, there are races to claim article titles and other such monkey business. One difference is that every keystroke in Wikipedia is traceable to a user. There is no anonymous voting.
I am writing this answer because I am a newbie. I have no authority to post a comment. As a result of being an answer, it is out for votes. I raised a similar (but not identical) topic. It was quickly downvoted 17 times. The comments were not kind, but I had no opportunity to respond.
Specific to questions in the main site, a review of the recently posted questions will uncover many rapid responses with short, if correct, answers.  Because they are not formal answers, the author does not risk rejection of the response. When the proper response is that the question is vague, duplicative, or lacks sufficient data, the new user has no choice but to write that in the formal answer box. What will be the result? Brickbats.
Responses on Wikipedia are no less edgy, but the new contributor is not restricted from responding or looking at the website traffic statistics. Sure, there may be a review gate, but it's not locked. New users even have a special moderated chat board. Instead of looking at a locked gate, the new contributor gets a guided tour from an experienced contributor. It's worth a thought.
I am surprised that a commenter to this discussion writes "You can earn 50 reputation in 2 minutes if you answer a question well enough." And I can make the U.S. Olympic team if I run 2:10 at the trials.
Stack Overflow would do well to watch what happens on Wikipedia. The subhead in Pacific Standard magazine read, "A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia. They might also be killing it." I point out the words hardened volunteers. Here are a couple of sentences that capture the essence.

Forced to defend the site's integrity, incumbent editors become
skeptical, even hostile, toward the newcomers who could ensure its
future. If Wikipedia eventually fades away, the reasons will lie in a
culture that worked brilliantly until it devolved from dynamism to
sclerosis.

Sure, I'm a newbie at Stack Overflow, but I believe that I understand how a cooperative knowledge base can work. I created 94 articles on the English language Wikipedia and made 6000 edits in the last year. Really, truly, it's not that much different. Both are evidence-based repositories of human knowledge.
Please think first before you downvote or use your comment authority to reprimand a newbie. That person may have something to offer in the long term, but not be ready for the rough-and-tumble.
Comment: "The comments were not kind, but I had no opportunity to respond." You can always post comments on your own posts, or on answers to your own questions, unless they are locked (in which case *no one* can post comments).
Comment: If you're good at editing, edit 25 posts to get 50 reputation.
Answer: ADDITION:
One aspect of reaching the 50 point threshold is the ability to post comments freely on the OP and answers to the OP. But that means there is no further risk in providing answers. I notice people doing a lot of conversational posts, suggestions, and requests for info using comments to the point of answering or solving the OP, while no formal answer is ever given. People such as me, who are new, have no choice but to use formal answers, try to build up points, and take hits when answers are not well received. People have downvoted a couple of my answers, not saying why, just because it isn't liked for some reason. Because of that I have difficulty reaching 50 points where formal answers aren't even needed anymore. Doing a proper answer requires research. A suggestion does not and can be put in a comment. I fail to see how this is fair and tends to retard participation. I hope to reach 50 points, but I must say it takes a lot of extra effort, along with a tad bit of frustration that I can read what other people post without being able to do so myself.
ORIGINAL:
I was recently chastised on one of my answers by being told it was more of a comment than an answer. But I don't have enough points to make comments. So I can't do anything it would seem. I was going to post in the meta forum about this, but instead found this thread, and am putting my comment here. Maybe this will go to the top, too.
If a person has sufficient points to post comments in one forum, there may not be enough in another forum. What if a person has been using Stack Exchange a long time before joining the new site?
Why not represent points across all Stack Exchange sites? If a person is good in one site, that person should also be good in others. At least comments should be allowed based on points across all sites, but maybe other functions should be allowed, too.
Comment: Anybody can post. And as @Deduplicator already mentioned, the association bonus gives you enough rep to comment on any site once you get 200 on one. I occasionally visit other SE sites, and found that the culture can be quite different from SO. It makes sense to me to get the basic privileges, but still have to earn anything more. BTW, you're not allowed to call this site a "forum".
Comment: So, you really want someone established on [cooking.SE] to have that same towering reputation on [SO]? Not a good idea. Anyway, if you gain 200 rep on any SE-site, you will get a 100 point association-bonus on all sites for all connected accounts, whenever you get around to connecting / opening those accounts (including all previous ones). That gets you beyond all new-user-restrictions, due to basic familiarity with the system.
Comment: @Reto: Stack Exchange sites are fora... but they are Q&A fora, not discussion fora.  Go ahead and stomp on people calling using the term "discussion forum", or bare "forum" in a way that implies discussion forum.  But when you see "in this forum" or "in any forum", that's correct usage of the English word forum, meaning a public place.
Comment: Did not know about connector points, thanks. But to a great extent, what applies in one forum applies to all forums, at least what I've seen in the stackexchange forums. If a person has experience in any forum here, that person [most likely] will have enough sense not to answer a question without reasoning or evidence, So yes, I would favor a person from any SE site being able to post in stackoverflow if he or she wanted to.
Comment: @BenVoigt I don't really care myself, the remark was slightly sarcastic. I've seen people get all bent out of shape when somebody just used the word. I used it by accident once around here, and people jumped on me like I had said something very dirty. I sort of understand where they're coming from, but it's really a very generic word.
Comment: If this is not another forum we must necessarily have another definition, and bureaucracy to make that happy. If not "forum" then what?
Answer: The irony of the Stack Overflow reputation system is that it creates more question and answer traffic, but at the expense of answer quality.
In order to answer questions to improve your reputation, you need to spend time monitoring unanswered questions and then try to answer them. This self-selects for people who are into the hobbyist gamified aspect of the site, or those with the free (or work) time to trawl through Stack Overflow answering random questions, or more often those who are happy to flip off a 1 line answer that helps but does not answer the question. The most authoritative answers come from those who reply when they are already on the site looking for something else, however these people are often excluded from contributing due to low reputation from not answering tons of random questions.
In my case, I've been using Stack Overflow since it began; I use it at least once per week, but my reputation is 11. Over the years, I've had hundreds of opportunities to correct or improve a wrong accepted answer, update an outdated answer which no longer works or is allowed in a particular platform, or to address incorrect or outdated comments. I've been in the tech industry for 40+ years across countless platforms, and yet unless I spend a heap of time managing each individual step in the Stack Overflow reputation process, my knowledge isn't welcome.
Sure, that's just the nature of how this imperfect process works, but keep in mind that they intentionally designed the process this way. Stack Overflow by now has the resources to improve the reputation system if they wanted to, but this isn't the end goal. Eyeballs and user traffic is the end goal, not knowledge or answer quality. A quick look at the questions with lots of different answers clearly shows this.
In answer to your question, the mindset is that they designed the reputation system this way because it gamifies it in a way that brings in the most traffic. You, as an expert in your domain, aren't a "primary" design goal.
Comment: You can post authoritative, high-quality answers without needing any rep whatsoever, so I really don't understand how your complaint is germane.
Comment: If an answer is wrong, or does not get things sufficiently right, and you have the expertise to point that out and explain things properly, then you can do readers *and* yourself a favor by pointing it out. That way, others will get a more informative answer *and* you'll probably get an upvote or few. If you try answering a few questions, you can get to 50 rep in no time at all.
Comment: No, it was designed for quick answers. And it worked (too well - so [the Eternal September event](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eternal_September) happened before anyone was prepared to deal with it (even though both founders had lived through the pain and misery of the original one. And the following horrible, horrible forums)).
Comment: 7 upvotes on comments, all supporting comments saying that I can answer questions without reputation, implying my point is invalid, when I didn't say any such thing. Read my answer more carefully before commenting or upvoting so quickly and offhandedly, which arguably validates my point regarding the quality of many SO answers. I really do appreciate the advice on how to fix my reputation, but I also do understand the reputation system. I'm not complaining about it or demanding change, I'm just pointing out how inadequate the system is, in answer to a question on why 50 reputation points.
Comment: If you had used the "opportunities to correct or improve a wrong accepted answer", chances are that some of those edits would have accepted and you'd have enough reputation to comment, no? Regardless of the gratification of reputation points, comments are less monitored than Answers, and even accounts created ages ago are used for spam. One can just create one and let it sit for a few years before using it for nefarious purposes.
Answer: There's a workaround for that (that I use myself):
You could post an answer with your solution that could be devised from the information provided and requesting more info in order to provide a complete solution (probably pointing out the asker should do it as an update to the question rather than a comment if the author is a novice themselves). Then just update the answer appropriately as they add the information requested.
Of course, this would only work if you're genuinely trying to resolve OP's problem and not just dump your idle thoughts (tangentially) on the subject - that's another major reason for the threshold to exist.
Sure, this is only possible when a question gives anywhere enough information to give just any answer that would not be flagged and deleted as a comment. I assure you, this isn't much of a problem: the vast majority of questions that don't do that get closed or deleted anyway.
Examples of my answers that were composed in this way:

Python application using Twisted stops running after user logs off of Windows XP
Pythonic way to find the file with a given name closest to a specific directory location
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14812613/site-visible-on-new-ip-client-sees-old-ip-ping-request-timed-out-on-new-ip/14812791#14812791 - the OP never provided the info requested but the answer never got downvoted as iCobot fears either
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/24873185/flask-windows-service-doesnt-spawn-child-process/24888762#24888762 - same as the previous one
Hierarchical SQL select-query
Comment: Yes I read your answer as you updated it like 4+ times since the initial posting.  It starts out as a comment and you eventually formulate it into an answer.  Regardless how you spin it, you are still bending the rules to try and make your case more valid.  Some of the examples you gave do not have any editing from the OP.  So it's not like the OP was providing more detail to his original posting.
Comment: @iCobot okay, I didn't think this was needed, but - a few counterexamples are in order!
Comment: @ivan_pozdeez - You do not need counter examples.  This isn't a whose right and who isn't.  The rules state comments shouldn't be answers and trying to disguise your comment as an answer is against the rules.  Comments, from what I have seen, are used to ask for more information not the answers.
Comment: @iCobot Did you read my answer carefully? The whole point is to provide an answer that *is not a comment* and *request clarification at the same time*.
Comment: Where am I bending the rules? Think out of the box. The meaning of posting an answer is to provide a complete answer to the quesiton. If there's not enough info, a complete answer *at this point* is what can be devised from existing info and requesting more if the author wishes me to be able to help him any further.
Comment: This is not a good idea; only answer if you can actually answer the question. As @iCobot has insinuated, answering questions in a roundabout way to ask for more information will get your posts into review queues that you do not want them to be in.
Comment: I believe people refrain from doing this suggestion because initially they would be down voted as it would be going against the grain so to say.  In the end, it could have its totals reversed but then again maybe not if people are not revisiting the answer they down voted already.   See user1671787 as an example below.
Comment: I am all for thinking out of the box and what programmers need to do at times.  It's kind of a necessary trait to a degree.  If you are posting an initial comment and then turning it into an answer eventually, that's bending the rules as you are posting an initial comment and then turning it into an answer.  I am not here to argue with you about it.  If you have a partial answer and then update it to a complete answer, that is different.  Also asking me if I read your answer thoroughly after you updated it a bunch of times is pretty shady.  Take care.


How to find Exomoons?

Question: How would we be able to detect Exomoons? We detect exoplanets by seeing if the light gets faint from a star, but could we really use the same method for determining if there is an exomoon around that exoplanet? Thanks for your thoughts and answers!
Comment: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exomoon#Proposed_detection_methods Also relevant: http://news.discovery.com/space/alien-life-exoplanets/exomoon-possibly-detected-around-alien-planet-140410.htm and http://scitechdaily.com/new-exomoon-detection-technique-find-solar-system-like-moons/.
Comment: Frankly, this shows lack of research effort.
Comment: Read http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.1210 and references therein.
Answer: I'm going to try to take a stab at answering this. With our current technologies, detecting exomoons can prove hard however there are various techniques being used today such as:

Analyzing data from the Kepler Spacecraft
Dynamic effects – the exomoon tugs the planet, which causes deviations in the times and durations of the host planet's transits. This is similar to the radial velocity technique for detecting exoplanets. Source: UniverseToday
Transit effects – the exomoon may transit the star immediately before or just after the planet does. This will cause an added dip in the observed light. See this video for a great demonstration. This is similar to the light curve technique for detecting exoplanets. Source: UniverseToday
Gravitational Microlensing - which is a technique used to detect exoplanets like you stated above however it may also reveal signs of an exomoon. Read this source

I found this information doing some simple googling, feel free to edit or add to.
Comment: I wonder if there can be a vertical measurable component based on the orbital path of the exoplanet. Likely part of your Dynamic Effects reseaech, but with attention to vertical telemetry distortion readings when inline transit data which can be measured. Thanks for posting. Likely earth like planets in the habitable zone with moons have the greatest chance of earth-like life.

How to find Exomoons?


Adding Skype Chat in Thunderbird

Question: I would like to set up Skype on my Thunderbird software.
However I do not see any way to add Skype. This would be really useful and interesting, particularly for professional purposes.
I know it is possible to use third programs or websites to access skype (like imo.im) so I assume there is a way doing it on thunderbird.
Please note that I already contacted Skype Support, and they forwarded me to Thunderbird Support (if necessary, I can provide the logs here). Furthermore I tried to contact thunderbird support but I didn't received answers, explaining why I am asking here.
Thank you all in advance for your help.
Answer: You can't use Skype chat in any application anymore because when Microsoft bought Skype they shut off XMPP protocol and made their proprietary protocol encrypted so that only their client software can connect.

Adding Skype Chat in Thunderbird


How can I get boarding card in UK Gatwick airport with Direct Airside Transit Visa (DATV)?

Question: I am from Iran and I have been issued a UK DATV (Direct Airside Transit Visa). In London Gatwick airport, I've got a connection from from Turkish airline to British Airways. But as long as there are limitations for this visa how should I get British Airways boarding card while I change my flight from Turkish airline. Unfortunately British Airways agency in Iran in closed. Is it possible to get boarding cards with DATV in London Gatwick airport or not?
Comment: BA normally offer online checkin, along with printing your boarding pass, 24 hours before departure. Could you not do this, and print your boarding pass before setting off from home?
Comment: British Airways and Turkish Airlines use different terminals at Gatwick. I confess I am not a regular Gatwick user, but is there actually an airside bus? I am not sure your DATV is valid in that circumstance.
Answer: There are two options available to you.
One option is to take advantage of the fact that BA offer Online Checkin and Mobile Checkin. This opens up 24 hours in advance. You head to the BA website or mobile app, type in your flight details (or BA Executive Club details, if you're a member and have associated it with your booking). You can then enter any advanced passenger information that's needed, pick your seat, and complete checkin. If checking in online, you're then given your boarding pass to print. With the mobile app, it downloads the boarding pass to your phone/tablet, and shows it on that. This option lets you sort it all out a day in advance, and as a bonus lets you pick a good seat!
Otherwise, when you land at Gatwick Airport, you'll need to follow the signs for Flight Connections. There's a lot of information on it on the airport's website, including an example of the bright pink signs you need to follow. That'll take you to an area where all the airlines have counters. Find the BA one there, queue up, show your passport, and they'll issue you your boarding pass. You can then clear security, and go to wait for your flight.
Speaking of flight connections, I presume from your question that you're flying Iran -> Istanbul, Istanbul -> Gatwick, Gatwick -> elsewhere. As such, you'll be going through flight connections at Istanbul when you arrive in Turkey. BA fly to Istanbul, so if the timing is right, you might even be able to get a BA agent in Istanbul to print your boarding pass there. If not, it's fine (and quite normal) to get it when you reach Gatwick.
(Because Turkish Airlines is in Star Alliance, and British Airways is OneWorld, it won't be possible for Turkish Airlines to issue you with a BA boarding pass when you check in).
Comment: Is there an airside inter-terminal bus in the FCC? It is not mentioned on the website, and I don't remember seeing one, but I am not a frequent LGW user. TK and BA use different terminals.
Comment: Gatwick is in the process of shuffling airlines between terminals, partly so that Easyjet can have all its flights in the same place. They're doing lots of building works for those changes, so I don't know what the situation is right now, but TK and BA should end up in the same terminal when it's all done...
Comment: Yes BA are changing terminals, but not until November 2016. Right now BA/TK are in separate buildings, and I have a feeling one has to go landside to change terminals.


Is standing in salah with chest a little forward incorrect?

Question: In Qiyam, I stand with a straight back and eyes looking at the place of prostration however I've seen some (elderly) brothers who stand with their upper body a little forward so it's not vertical. Funnily enough I was listening to a Fiqh of Salaah lesson and the teacher said to not stand like that. Is this common with some Muslims or a misunderstanding? I thought with the elders it could be due to back pain.
Answer: In the hadith of Humaid as-Sa'adi we find a description on how the prophet () was standing during the prayer:

... 'When Allah's Messenger stood for Salat he would stand with his back straight and raise his hands until they were at the level of his shoulder. Then he would say: (Allahu Akbar)  ... (See for example in Jami' at-Tirmdihi and Sunan ibn Majah)

We may also find a link in the hadith of the man who didn't pray correctly:

... So he said: 'Alright. When you stand for Salat then perform Wudu as Allah ordered you. Then say the Tashahhud, and the Iqamah as well. If you know any Quran then recite it, if not then praise Allah, mention His greatness, and the Tahlil. Then bow such that you are at rest in your bowing, then stand completely, then prostrate completely, then sit such that you are at rest while sitting them stand.  ...
  (See for example in Jami' at-Trimidhi, Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim)

Basically the prayer is an act in which people witnessed and prayed according to what they witnessed as the prophet () told us:

... and offer your prayers in the way you saw me offering my prayers, ...
  (See for example in Sahih al-Bukhari)

But nevertheless this doesn't mean that a person should burden himself more than he can take:

The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Leave me as I leave you, for the people who were before you were ruined because of their questions and their differences over their prophets. So, if I forbid you to do something, then keep away from it. And if I order you to do something, then do of it as much as you can."
  (See for example in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim)

which goes ahead with:

Allah does not charge a soul except [with that within] its capacity.  ... (2:286)

So fear Allah as much as you are able and listen and obey and spend [in the way of Allah ]; it is better for your selves. And whoever is protected from the stinginess of his soul - it is those who will be the successful. (64:16)

This means if you can't stand with the back straight you are allowed to stand in the manner that suits you.
Moreover we are also taught that in case we are not able to stand we may pray otherwise:

Imran bin Husain had piles. Once Abu Ma mar narrated from `Imran bin Husain had said, "I asked the Prophet (p.b.u.h) about the prayer of a person while sitting. He said, 'It is better for one to pray standing; and whoever prays sitting gets half the reward of that who prays while standing; and whoever prays while Lying gets half the reward of that who prays while sitting.' "
  (See in Sahih al-Bukhari and other hadith compilations)

Narrated `Imran bin Husain:
  I had piles, so I asked the Prophet (ﷺ) about the prayer. He said, "Pray while standing and if you can't, pray while sitting and if you cannot do even that, then pray Lying on your side."
  (See in Sahih al-Bukhari and other hadith compilations)

This goes ahead with verses like:

Who remember Allah while standing or sitting or [lying] on their sides ... (3:191)

And when you have completed the prayer, remember Allah standing, sitting, or [lying] on your sides. But when you become secure, re-establish [regular] prayer. Indeed, prayer has been decreed upon the believers a decree of specified times. (4:103)

So if you are young and have no excuse and can stand with your back straight it is the best to pray this way, if you can't stand like this you may stand in a manner that suits you, if you can't even stand you may sit etc. All this is a correct manner to pray, if the conditions of ability are met.
See also:
How do you pray salah lying down?
How am I supposed to pray when I'm having terrible headaches?


How exactly MOV AX will load data from RAM?

Question: Somewhere on Internet I read  : Whenever word size is greater than memory cell size, then there is a need for accessing multiple memory cell
Example:
for 16 bit processor:
MOV AX [2000]
To transfer memory content, we need to transfer 16 bit data , so we need to access 2 memory cells
M[2000 H]
&
M[2001 H]
But I didnt get this. Why 2 cells ?
I interpreted as follows:
1) 8 bit binary code will be fetched which decoded as MOV AX.
2) From next memory location , (00 H ) will be fetched as memory is byte addressable.
3) From next memory location , (20 H ) will be fetched.
4) In IR register it is treated as ( 2000 H ) and data at (2000 H) memory location is       fetched and moved to AX register.
So why to access M[2001 H] memory location ??
Comment: Does this concern a specific processor? In that case, it's probably offtopic here.
Answer: I am not sure if this is actually on-topic here, but anyway.
The main memory in x86 architectures is addressed byte-wise. If you want to retrieve 16 bits from address 2000h (note that AX is a 16 register), then you will need to read 8 bits from 2000h and 8 bits from 2001h. This is why the operation needs to read "2 cells". Note that the term "cell" is not the correct one, as it typically refers to individual 1-bit memory units without addressing logic.
Note that the processor actually doesn't read the two bytes separately. Rather, the content from bytes 2000h and 2001h are fetched at the same time as the data bus to cache and main memory is >8 bits and the addresses you have here as examples are aligned, so the underlying architecture supports the parallel read.
Comment: I got your point.Thank you. But I got new info from your post i.e. parallel read. Do you have any video or link which will show how this parallel read happens ? Because I want to understand its Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle and to know , how many cycle this parallel read instruction will take.
Comment: The term "parallel read" is probably misleading. It is a single read instruction of multiple consecutive well-aligned bytes. Most likely the Hennesy/Patterson book explains this in Section 2. How many cycles it takes is hardly predictable on modern CPUs, as it depends on whether the data is in the first or second level cache and whether branch prediction has led to pre-buffering of the data. In "good old times", the x86 reference manual of Intel listed numbers of clock cycles for some operations. Such numbers are almost meaningless today.
Answer: I am assuming that you are talking about an Intel 8088 CPU.  In that case, the CPU is a 16-bit processor, but it only has an 8-bit data bus.  The 8086 has a 16-bit data bus.  When a MOV AX, [ADDR] is encountered, the CPU must initiate two bus cycles to read in all 16-bits.  Since Intel machines are little endian, it must read in the low byte then the high byte.  See my answer on endiness here.  So with a memory address of 1600h, the low byte is in 1600h and is loaded into the AL portion of the register while the high byte is in 1601h and is loaded into the AH portion of the register.
On a 8086, only one bus cycle is used because that CPU reads the entire 16-bit word in one go.
So, from a hardware standpoint, when the MOV instruction is decoded, it looks at the source and destination operands.  MOV AX, [2000h] (from your example) is interpreted as "copy contents of memory location 2000h into the AX register using 16-bits." The microcode inside the execution unit makes this interpretation and initiates two bus cycles (one on a 8086 for the reasons already given).  Because the lower 8 bits of the address bus is multiplexed with the 8 bit data bus, the CPU has some control signals that enable the address to be de-multiplexed from the data.
There are other control signals that goes to a separate decoder chip that decodes the bus cycle into one of the following operations: *MEMR, *MEMW, *IOR, *IOW which are Memory Read, Memory Write, I/O Read, and I/O Write (The * indicates an active low signal which means that the signal line is active when a logic 0 is present.).  The address is latched onto the bus for the duration of the cycle so the memory decoding logic can select which memory chips are to be enabled.  It uses the high order bits of the address for this (bit x to bit 19).  The lower bits are sent to the actual memory chips to select which cell to access (bits 0 to x).  The read and write signals tell the memory chips if they should transmit the contents of the cell onto the data bus, or to take the data that is on the data bus and place it into the cell.  In the case of a read, the memory chip transmits the data in the cell, either a 1 or 0 onto the data bus and to the CPU that is waiting for it.
When the bus cycle ends, the CPU takes whatever is on the data bus and loads it into the appropriate register.  It does this entire operation twice to load a 16-bit value into a register.  Then the instruction is complete and the CS:IP register pair is incremented to the next instruction to be executed.


ResultSet not open. Operation 'getString' not permitted. Verify that autocommit is off.?

Question: I am using apache derby and getting the above error here is my code, actually   I'm just not getting all the children under the parents, it only give me one level of children, so kindly tell me how to make tree parent and child but this gives only one level of child with above error
getting connection
public static Connection getConnection(){

    Connection connection = null;

    try {
        Class.forName("org.apache.derby.jdbc.ClientDriver").newInstance();//
        //Get a connection
        connection  = DriverManager.getConnection(dbURL);
        connection.setAutoCommit(false);
        connection.getAutoCommit();
    } catch (Exception except) {
        System.out.println(except);
    }
    return connection;
}

and error in second loop at last reading rs1
    Statement stmt;

        stmt = MainUI.getConnection().createStatement();

Comment: the answer accepted because the part you said one connection open for 1 statement i have tried to acess the same connection with other statement
Answer: Nesting the result sets is your problem, I believe.
To have two different result sets open, you must have two separate Statement instances, so each can have its own ResultSet. Otherwise, running the second query on the same Statement instance will close the first ResultSet.
See this answer for more information: https://stackoverflow.com/a/8579669/193453
Also, have a look at the Javadocs for the java.sql.Statement class:

By default, only one ResultSet object per Statement object can be open at the same time. Therefore, if the reading of one ResultSet
  object is interleaved with the reading of another, each must have been
  generated by different Statement objects. All execution methods in the
  Statement interface implicitly close a statment's current ResultSet
  object if an open one exists.
Comment: the answer accepted because the part you said one connection open for 1 statement i have tried to acess the same connection with other statement


what happens if I accept an answer and later accept a different one?

Question:
Does the first user lose the reputation points he/she had earned?
If not, is he/she somehow informed that I changed my mind and accepted a different answer?
Answer: Yes, the originally accepted user will lose the 15 points he gained. Yes, he'll be notified about that in the reputation notification widget doohickey at the top of every page with the reason "unaccept".
Comment: But only if the unaccept took place on a later day. Accept, then Unaccept again *on the same day* clears the reputation notice in the reputation tab. Same for an unaccept, then re-accept pair on the same day.
Answer:
Yes.
They can see the reputation change.  There are no other notifications.
Answer: Yes to both questions. The original answer's author loses the points and is informed that he or she lost the points and why.