Data on baggage theft rates, by airport or airline

Question: Do airports or airlines disclose the number of checked-in baggage thefts reported by passengers every year, and is there a central database where one can find and compare those numbers?
Comment: The major problem with this question is the word theft. If your bag never makes it to its destination, is it theft? No, it's missing. There are many, many, many reasons for that to possibly occur, most of which are not even remotely "theft".
Comment: Near-duplicate: [What is the probability of "true" lost baggage (never returned to owner)?](http://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/89620/what-is-the-probability-of-true-lost-baggage-never-returned-to-owner)
Comment: Another complicating factor would be whether the theft is reported by the airport (& country) of origin, destination or connection. Even in cases when we know a theft happened somewhere on an itinerary, it's hard to attribute where exactly.
Answer: A 2012 Conde Naste Traveler article notes that

Statistics on baggage theft are hard to come by; the airlines don't compile them, and if a journey involves multiple legs, it can be difficult to prove where the theft occurred. The TSA, which collects information on lost property, reports that between 7,000 and 14,000 claims are filed with the agency each year. Just how many of those missing items were stolen by screeners, versus baggage handlers, will never be known. …

Airlines hand off bags soon after they are checked to screening personnel (who may work for a security contractor rather than the government), and then to ground handling companies (again, often a third party rather than airline or airport employees), plus customs inspectors on international trips. Considering this, each airline's Contract of Carriage includes a clause limiting their liability for missing or tampered bags, and insulated from litigation, they have even less incentive to involve themselves in how bags find their way on the ground.
There are a few proxies for this data. In 2012 ABC News requested personnel records from the TSA under the Freedom of Information Act and reported on employees dismissed for theft. You can also track the number of complaints filed by passengers regarding theft. But these are imperfect, and only cover the U.S.
Another imperfect source is a 2008 study by the Ponemon Institute, a security consultancy (and thus a company that might benefit from public concern over theft, sponsored by Dell Computer's security services division, which absolutely would benefit). The study is flawed (seriously, multi-dimensionally flawed), but I mention it in the hope that it inspires you or another poster to remember a better study or source.  LAX and LHR fare worst, but of course these are also two of the busiest airports in the world. In contrast, most anecdotal complaints of theft I have heard from travelers involve airports like NBO, LOS, and JNB.
The best assurance against theft is to have nothing of value in your checked bags, especially electronics, jewelry, drugs, or other small items that can easily be slipped out and concealed along the baggage handling chain. No one will be rifling through your bag to snatch toothpaste and socks. If you must, carry plenty of insurance as well.
Comment: I personally know multiple people who have been victims of baggage theft at JNB. Often by the baggage handlers themselves. The rule of thumb the victims told me was "if you pack it in your suitcase, don't expect to see it again". And yes, valuables attract attention.
Answer:
Do airports or airlines disclose the number of checked-in baggage thefts reported by passengers every year

Some do, e.g. there were 96 reports of stolen bags made to the San Diego airport (SAN) in 2022. That doesn't take into account reports of stolen bags only made to the airlines.
Source: https://youtu.be/WDOR0oT9PA4 (the screenshot is incorrect, it's not "96 stolen bags" but 96 reports of stolen bags):


When does an acronym lose its capitalization, e.g. RaDAR 'radar'?

Question: The reason that I ask is because this is happening to LiDAR, and I am inclined to use lidar because it is easier to read.
Comment: Came to this site to ask "What is the correct capitalization of `lidar`?"
Answer: I would assume acronyms lose their capitals once they become familiar and enter the English language as a standard word (laser, modem, ...)
Others won't be so quick to uses lowercase, like AIDS:

Part of the difference here is that "AIDS," the acronym for the disease, is in all caps to distinguish it from "aids" the word (as in "visual aids," "study aids," etc.).
  In the case of "radar" and other examples mentioned, there's no other, pre-existing word for it to displace, so there's no potential for confusion when writing it in lower-case.

LIDAR is:

not so widely used it could be written 'lidar'
actually written LIDAR instead of LiDAR, probably for convenience.
Comment: SCUBA has not been capitalized in such a long time I wonder how many people remember that it is also an acronym.
Comment: [Wikipedia backs this up.](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym#Case)
Answer: As Wikipedia points out, probably the best rule of thumb is "can you speak it as a single word?". For instance, Nato (Nay-to) and Unicef (You-Ni-Cef), but USA (You-Ess-Ay) and FBI (Eff-Bee-Aye). Another common rule seems to be that anything less than five letters (NATO, FBI) can be capitalized all the way through, but anything longer than that (Unicef, Unesco) shouldn't, just because it looks ugly as full caps, although you can use small caps to make that look less ugly.
Personally, I think you should go with whatever your target audience is expecting.
Comment: USA is not an acronym, it is initialism.
Comment: @Keltari: Well If you insist, then so is 'FBI'
Comment: @GlennSlayden do you say "fibi?"
Comment: @Keltari you might want to have a look at http://www.dictionary.com/browse/acronym , specifically definition #2.
Comment: [Wikipedia also says](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym#Case) that the most common case is ALL CAPS, except for those that have become accepted as regular words.
Answer: Several of the other answers use examples of acronyms that remain capitalized which aren't actually acronyms. Technically speaking, if you pronounce the individual letters of the term instead of phonetically abbreviating it into a word, it is an initialism.

initialism [ih-nish-uh-liz-uh m] noun
1. a set of initials representing a name, organization, or the like, with each letter pronounced separately, as FBI for Federal Bureau of Investigation.
2. a name or term formed from the initial letters of a group of words and pronounced as a separate word, as NATO for North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an acronym.

Dictionary.com
That distinction is commonly accepted, and makes it clear that acronym is a hypernym of initialism. Many references list the reverse definition for acronyms, but the ordering always agrees that initialisms are primarily pronounced separately and acronyms are wordinated wordified turned into a word. Etymology online cites the words acronym as originating in 1943 and initialism in 1957, and calls its own substitution of acronym for initialism a 'deliberate error'.
Note that RaDAR and LiDAR are not initialisms as they both derive their first two letters from a single word. That makes them even more distinguished as acronyms; if they were purely initialisms, they would be RDR and LDR, respectively.

To the question at hand, the reason I included the above preface is to establish that the capitalization of the acronym does not relate to the pronunciation; that is to say, capitalization is independent from the difference of initialism vs. acronym. Almost all initialisms are fully capitalized. Only when an abbreviation is a true acronym and pronounceable as a separate word does it appear to become eligible for alternate capitalization.
From the perspective of utility to the reader, the reason for this is obvious: initialisms must remain capitalized to signify that they are not regular words. Consider the following (terrible, contrived) example:

btw, the mfr's dvd has the html manual for operating the radar.

Half of this sentence looks like a typographical mistake.

BTW, the mfr.'s DVD has the HTML manual for operating the radar.

Capitalizing the initialisms signifies to the reader that these are not regular words. An experienced English speaker would instantly recognize an a-phonetic, all-caps character grouping as an initialism, pronounce it as such and be able to locate a definition more easily (internet search engine capabilities notwithstanding). A new speaker of English would recognize the capitalization as well and at least would know that these are not regular words.
Similarly, consider mfg vs. mfg.. Even though mfr is a common abbreviation for manufacturer, the period is included to indicate that it is an abbreviation; this is a very common and concrete, even universal, rule for abbreviations in (formal) written English. Remember that abbreviation is a hypernym for acronym and initialism.

So what sets radar apart? To answer that, let's take a look at a recent acronym that's graduated from caps to lowercase acceptance: lol.
LOL stands for laugh(ing/ed) out loud. The OED traces LOL to 1989 and the jargon file from 1990 both list LOL as an all-caps initialism. In fact, the Oxford English Dictionary made headlines when it added LOL as an entry in 2011. You may not have noticed, but their entry includes a pronunciation key for the word and that includes a single word pronunciation in addition to the initialism pronunciation of el-oh-el.
It should be clear now that the chief driving force behind an initialization losing its capitalization and entering the vernacular is the same for every other ongoing change in language: repetition of use, scale of adoption, spread of familiarity.
As such, I would err on the side of caution and print "LiDAR": it will never be wrong and it's the most easily understood to identify an acronym. LiDAR is not that much newer of an invention that radar – radar is only 30 years older and LiDAR is now ~50 years old itself – so if it were a matter of age, it would have lost its capitalization by now. But then again, the 1935 patent application dubs the invention "Radiolocation" and makes no mention of "RaDAR".
Finally, this whole debate for this specific term is somewhat moot. Wikipedia has two citations for Lidar actually being a portmanteau of "light" and "radar" rather than an actual acronym itself. As such, its inventors intended it to be a common noun from the start, and therefore the lower case "lidar" is technically correct.

So what about acronyms that have entered the vernacular but remain capitalized? There are two classes of these.
First, as VonC covers, AIDS remains capitalized to distinguish the deadly disease from the mundane, pre-existing words. Similarly, WASP should be capitalized to distinguish white anglo-saxon protestants from flying stinging insects. Short acronyms are more likely to collide with existing words, simply because there are fewer possibilities and most of the pronounceable combinations are taken.
Second, there are organizations known by their acronyms remain capitalized because the acronym itself is a proper noun and rules of style dictate capitalization of the first letter to signify or respect their uniqueness and dignity. But as Guarav points out, sometimes acronym names are fully capitalized and sometimes they are only capitalized in their first letter. This turns out to be a matter of style as well. Abridging that gramarphobia article:

The New York Times's practice is to print acronyms of proper names entirely in capitals if they have four letters or fewer: NATO, NASA, PIN, SALT. With longer acronyms, only the first letter is capitalized: Unesco, Nascar, Unicef, Nasdaq, and so on.
However, many publications—the Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, and Christian Science Monitor, among them—disagree and prefer [all-caps names].
The Chicago Manual of Style, which is widely used in book publishing, generally prefers the all-capital form unless the term is listed otherwise in standard dictionaries.

Finally, as names cross the boundary from language to law (in the form of copyright and trademarks), it can be necessary to bow to the desires of the named organization itself. UNICEF for example alternates between the all-caps and all-lowercase versions of their name on their website, seeming to prefer the former in text and the latter in their logo.

Similarly, Randall Munroe founded his non-acronym comic xkcd and defied common rules of language and phonics by decreeing that xkcd be capitalized like a word or like an acronym depending upon its place in a sentence.

How do I write "xkcd"? There's nothing in Strunk and White about this.
For those of us pedantic enough to want a rule, here it is: The preferred form is "xkcd", all lower-case. In formal contexts where a lowercase word shouldn't start a sentence, "XKCD" is an okay alternative. "Xkcd" is frowned upon.
Comment: I feel compelled to point out that (1) 'technically speaking' almost always means 'I've read in one or two particular references the following 'rules', and (2) while I prefer and use a definition of 'acronym' possibly the same as the one you do, that's only one of the conflicting definitions in use, and can't be claimed as 'the definition'. I think I've met about 8.  Where terms remain ill-defined, one has to give a balanced overview, and define which definition one is choosing top use in an article etc.
Answer: This is of interest to me b/c I'm writing a manual for an ISO shipping container custom-built to house a LiDAR unit.
This article gives some good insight:
https://geozoneblog.wordpress.com/2014/04/09/lidar-case-matters/
While totally subjective, it just feels "to soon" (in the life of the technology) to go the sonar, scuba and radar route. And there is one manufacturer spelling it "LiDAR."
However, since our customer seems to use Lidar the most (followed by LIDAR, but less than a as often as Lidar), that's likely the way I'll spell it.
Answer: NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) is firmly in all caps in the US, see Space Exploration SE posts tagged nasa for examples. However the BBC and Wired UK have made the bold leap and are using Nasa as the proper noun (see this question).
In fact everything I've read from the UK seems to use first letter capitalization only wherever possible where acronyms are proper nouns.


How do XBox Live Achievements Work if You're Offline?

Question: If you're offline when your game would normally assign you an achievement, what happens? Are you notified, and it syncs to your profile later when you are online? Do you just miss out on it?
Answer: You're in luck: the Xbox Engineering team posted about this just today: Achievements Unlocked.
The basic idea is that the achievement is added to your local profile, which is marked as dirty. The next time that you connect to LIVE with that profile, it syncs up with the copy of your profile on Microsoft's servers.
Comment: The link has rotten.
Answer: If you get an achievement offline, it will be transferred to your profile the next time you are online. However, it does not show the date that you earned the achievement.
Answer: There is some obscure behavior if you recover your profile from different consoles.
If you get an achievement while offline in console 1 and then you recover your profile in console 2, when you get your profile back to console 1 you will lose that achievement.
Comment: That is correct. You should transfer your profile from console 1 to console 2 using a memory unit or USB stick. Don't recover unless you've completely lost access to your console with your profile on it.


Are smart contracts unique to Ethereum?

Question: Is that why ethereum is considered to have a lot of potential?
In other words, what does ethereum offer that other blockchain technologies can't replicate.
Comment: Your question seems to carry an assumption that smart contracts are unique to blockchain systems, but they are not.
Answer: Bitcoin also supports a scripting language, which essentially allows a list of instructions (smart contracts) to be recorded with each transaction describing how the next person wanting to spend the Bitcoins being transferred can gain access to them.
However state storage on the Bitcoin blockchain is limited to transaction values and metadata limited to 80 bytes and its content is not verified on the blockchain.
This is the key gap that Ethereum addresses with its blockchain --i.e. you can store arbitrary state associated with the contract and its transitions are also verified on the blockchain, as defined by the rules set by the contract.
P.S. as mentioned by 5chdn, Turing completeness is an other distinction, however this distinction is only really practically relevant if your contract is heavy on loops.
Answer: First of all, the whitepaper is really a good read and even for non-techie people easy to understand.
The main uniqueness of Ethereum is the turing-completeness.

A computer is Turing complete if it can solve any problem that a Turing machine can, given an appropriate algorithm and the necessary time and memory.

The english mathematican Alan Turing imagined a machine in 1936 which could solve any (mathematical) problem.
Now, Ethereum has it's own programming languages which can be executed on the blockchain inside the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). This means, from now on you can solve any problem on the blockchain. This might change how the internet will work in the future. It might even change how computers work in the future.
There is no similar project that has tried such an approach before.
Answer: Blockchain or not, virtually all technologies can be replicated.  (If you consider the human brain and the universe as technologies, then they are the sort that haven't been replicated.)  What's not easily replicable with technologies and blockchains are their user base and network effects.  (On a legal aspect, patents can prevent replication for a time.)
Adding and synthesizing @Zanzu and @5chdn answers, Ethereum's Turing-complete programming language was what garnered attention.  However, the key to smart contracts is statefulness as Vitalik Buterin explained:

... some Bitcoin people continue to emphasize "Turing-completeness"
  when I have said multiple times that it's statefulness that is the
  point. Once you have Ethereum's philosophical model (and imo, our
  approach of viewing scripts as "doing stuff" rather than being
  "predicates" is massively superior and vastly easier to understand for
  developers), then Turing-completeness actually becomes harder not to
  have than to have - it's actually tricky to figure out what
  restrictions to put on recursive contract calling to eliminate the
  potential for loops, and some measure of gas is required in any case
  for the same reason why a block size limit is required in bitcoin.

Academic research on Zero-Collateral Lotteries in Bitcoin and Ethereum explains:

Ethereum provides a programming language resembling an actor-based
  process calculus — each "smart contract" process is defined as a
  behavior that reacts to each an input and potentially modifies a local
  state or sends messages to other processes. Although this language is
  fairly general, the environment is well-known to be error prone [30,
  15]. In principle, the language is Turing complete, however execution
  times are limited by transaction fees, called "gas", which are charged
  by the instruction. In contrast, the Bitcoin scripting language is
  mainly focused on signature verification, and can express a policy for
  accepting or rejecting a transaction, but cannot alter the effect of
  that transaction if accepted... A goal
  of our work is to better understand how the design of each language affects its usefulness by focusing on a
  particular task, the N-player lottery.

The paper concludes with pros and cons of Ethereum and Bitcoin programming interfaces:

Compositionality of Ethereum vs. Bitcoin. Bitcoin and Ethereum both
  provide smart contract programming interfaces. However, the philosophy
  between the two are markedly different. Ethereum favors generality and
  expressiveness, while Bitcoin is intended to provide a small attack
  surface. While Bitcoin has gradually expands the expressiveness [5,
  40, 17] of its language, Ethereum begins with a "Turing complete"
  language intended for general-purpose use. Many desirable
  functionalities, such as micropayments, joint accounts,
  kickstarter-style assurance contracts, can be implemented in either
  language [20, 13]. A virtue of the Ethereum language design is that
  contracts provide a nicely composable abstraction, which our Ethereum
  protocol makes use of. In fact, Ethereum's process-based model (each
  contract is effectively an independent process in the operating
  system) closely matches the pseudocode used in cryptography. [24, 29]
  Based on this experience, we make a general recommendation that when
  developing a new cryptocurrency application, one begins by first a
  simple model in generic Ethereum-model pseudocode, and then adapt it
  to a Bitcoin-specific implementation if desired.

Are smart contracts unique to Ethereum?


Is the Supergirl/Flash crossover understandable enough without watching the whole first season of Supergirl?

Question: I know everything from Arrowverse but I am not following Supergirl. Only checked it's leaked pilot. Do I need to see the whole Supergirl till the crossover or is the basic knowledge of Supergirl + pilot episode enough to understand the crossover episode?
Comment: Nah. All you really need to know is that Supergirl's gained a bad reputation after going a bit crazy (due to red kryptonite). There's a lot of other plot going on that you'll be unaware of (Kara's ill-chosen romantic triangle) but nothing you'll notice or really care about.
Comment: To be honest, I'm not sure you need to watch the crossover episode to get any additional story for The Flash, so you could give it a miss entirely.
Comment: @AnthonyGrist - Agreed. It's a completely self-contained episode from his perspective. He doesn't bring anything back with him, physically or emotionally.
Answer: Yes. The episode doesn't go into much lore, and the basic premisses are explained to the Audience via explanations to The Flash/Barry.
The biggest issues would be:

 How/Why Livewire became Livewire, why Silver Banshee hates Kara, and the bulk of the Kara/Jimmy UST.

But Callista Flockhart's character sums those up nicely (well, condescendingly) as well.


When did the first organ transplant operation occur?

Question: Is it in 800 AD or 1800 AD. Was it done in Rome? Was it done in India?
What was the name of the surgeon?
Comment: Do you mean human transplants or any type? Also, are you looking for only successful ones? Also, are you talking about internal organs, or would skin transplants count?
Comment: in human ,successful operation and any part of the body,skin or whatever.
Answer: Pre-19th century transplants are not well documented. The first possibly real human transplant was in India. It is unknown if it was successful or not:

The first reasonable account is of the Indian surgeon Sushruta in the 2nd century BC, who used autografted skin transplantation in nose reconstruction rhinoplasty. Success or failure of these procedures is not well documented. -Wikipedia

The first transplants known to be successful occurred in the 16th century:

Centuries later, the Italian surgeon Gasparo Tagliacozzi [1546 – 1599] performed successful skin autografts.

However, those were transplants from one part of the body to another in the same individual
The first between two individuals was in the 20th century:
In 1905, Eduard Zirm conducted the first successful transplant between two individuals. He transplanted the corneas of an 11-year-old boy into a Czech day laborer. That was the first successful human transplant between two individuals that has been verified.
Comment: ...which is why I didn't make it an answer. However, I think it backs up the timing you gave here, so I thought it might be helpful.
Comment: Note that until the late 1800's, the importance of hand-washing to prevent infections was not widely accepted. Trying to perform a transplant of an internal organ before then would have resulted in so many secondary infections that I can't see it ever having much hope of saving the patient.
Comment: True, but that wasn't the point of the question.


Can I add columns in MS Project Pro to display time-phased costs?

Question: Can I add columns in MS Project Pro to display time-phased costs? I would like to see a cost column for each year of the project. The year-column would only include costs for that year. I can almost do it by using formulas in custom-cost columns, but the tasks split between years are missed.
Comment: Are you talking about a particular tool? Or an approach?
Comment: In a tool, I would like to see the columns in MS Project Pro project schedule
Comment: It is worth mentioning MS Project in your post and including it as a tag as you will get more responses. I'm going to edit your post and add the MS Project tag now.
Answer: Cost is timephased in either the Task Usage or Resource usage view (right hand side).  Add Cost (right click in the background of the right hand side and choose Cost from the shortcut menu).  Zoom out as needed.


Can I still have a relationship with Liara having said no to her at the beginning of the game?

Question: I romanced Liara in Mass Effect 1. In Mass Effect Two, however, I romanced Miranda as well.  In Mass Effect Three when Liara asks if were still  together in the beginning of the game and I said we should just be friends, will I have another chance to be in a relationship her later in the game?
Answer: Yes.
I declined her in the start of the game. And we ended up as a couple of sorts in the end.
Answer: I would assume that if you follow it up and pursue her romantically, you should be able to roamnce her just like a character who didn't romance her in ME1 can. The options to lock in the ormance are pretty far in, so I woudln't think this early response would lock you out.


Why does my shutter release multiple times using wireless remote in bulb mode? Canon t3i

Question: Recently when using bulb mode on my Canon t3i (usually doing some night long exposure shots) I have had problems. I press the button on the remote to open the shutter and again to close it, but then for some reason it starts taking another picture. In other words it opens the shutter again and the only way to make it stop is to press the shutter release button on the camera itself. If I just use the remote it will continually end one picture and start another over and over each time I press the button on the remote.
Answer: If you are using the RC-6 wireless IF remote, the possibility is that its being interrupted when you push it to close the bulb mode, the battery is dying on the remote (not likely if new but possible), or its being pressed for too long to close the shutter and then your camera thinks its time to start a new picture. try setting the camera to single shot and try again ensuring you have a clean line of site to the IF receiver on the handle of the camera.
personally, I would recommend just getting the wired trigger for bulb mode because you can ensure shutter control better. IE http://www.ebay.com/bhp/canon-rebel-t3i-remote
Comment: +1 for the recommendation of the wired remote. Much better option for bulb shots if you can.
Comment: I'm using a photive PH-RC6 - after reading your comment and pulled out the battery and put it back in and tried it again and it seems to have fixed itself. Could be the battery is getting old, I used the remote a fair amount and it worked just fine for a while. I didn't think it was the battery because the remote was still working fine for other uses not in bulb mode. Who knows, but it seems to be fixed, at least for now!


Do OS X Lion's Versions and Resume features store the cached data for encrypted .sparsebundle images in a secure way?

Question: I store sensitive information on my laptop in encrypted .sparsebundle images which are made with apps like Disk Utility, Knox and Espionage. The question is, if I upgrade to Lion, when I'm working on a file located in one of these mounted disk images and Lion is saving older versions of the file, are these older versions stored within the encrypted image (as they should be) or somewhere else? If the versions are stored somewhere else, are they encrypted or not?
Answer: I've done some testing, and can offer a (hopefully) authoritative answer.
Short answer: the versions are stored on the same disk (or disk image) as the actual file, so versions shouldn't leak information outside of your encrypted image.  But there might be another leak, see below.
Long answer: Versions creates an invisible folder at the top of each volume, named ".DocumentRevisions-V100" with an internal structure like this:
.DocumentRevisions-V100
    .cs
        ChunkStorage    (this is presumably used to store chunks of large files that didn't entirely change between versions)
    AllUIDs             (this is only created on disks that have permissions ignored)
    ChunkTemp
    db-v1
        db.sqlite      (this is the primary index of document IDs, etc)
    PerUID             (this is only created on disks that have ownership respected)
        501            (documents created/owned by user #501)
        502            (etc...)
    staging            (???)

For info on the sqlite index and the background daemon that mediates access to it, read John Siracusa's excellent review at ars technica.
The document versions themselves are stored in subdirectories in either AllUIDs or PerUID/youruserid.  Under that, each versioned document gets its own subdirectory, numbered starting at 1.  Under that is a single folder named "com.apple.documentVersions", and under that, each revision is stored as a separate document (unless it's broken into chunks -- I haven't experimented with large documents) named with a UUID and type extension.  For example, if I (user #501) edit a rtf document on my boot volume and save several revisions, they might be stored as:
/.DocumentRevisions-V100/PerUID/501/1/com.apple.documentVersions/0787B7C3-DE11-4065-9FD9-61870212011D.rtf
/.DocumentRevisions-V100/PerUID/501/1/com.apple.documentVersions/D533CF36-0D49-4910-B0EB-C92395C05726.rtf

If I then opened another rtf file and saved a version of it, it might be named:
/.DocumentRevisions-V100/PerUID/501/2/com.apple.documentVersions/74A6EF6E-A22A-4196-B560-40ABDBF46DF4.rtf

If I saved it on my SecretDocs image (mounted with ownership ignored), versions would be stored like:
/Volumes/SecretDocs/.DocumentRevisions-V100/AllUIDs/1/com.apple.documentVersions/2ED4DAFD-9BCF-4158-BFDB-F9EEC631E44A.rtf

BTW, permissions on the version files seem to be cloned from the original files.  Permissions on the enclosing folders tend to allow execute only (i.e. you can't see the filenames, but if you know the file's name you can access it).  For example PerUID/501 is set to allow execute only for user 501, no access for anyone else. The db-v1 folder only allows root access.  Without investigating in detail, it seems to be pretty locked-down.
Now, about that other leak I threatened you with: Lion apps tend to save their state when you quit, so if you have a confidential document open when you quit, some of its information (like I think a screenshot) may get stored in ~/Library/Saved Application State/someappid.savedState.  As long as you close before saving I think you're safe here.
Comment: What if the sparsebundle is located on an external disk (could be HFS, FAT or NTFS), or on a Snow Leopard machine on the network? Are the versions still stored on the same disk as the main file?
Comment: I would like to set this answer as the accepted answer but I don't see the button, I don't know why.
Comment: Does the "Saved Application State" leak exist in Mountain Lion?
Comment: @raxacoricofallapatorius: I haven't fully confirmed this (the format of the info in the .savedState folder is not obvious), but I strongly suspect the leak is still there in 10.8.
Answer: An excellent question from Phil M!
Data related to Apple versions is sometimes not limited to /.DocumentRevisions-V100
I'll keep this as brief as possible. Key concepts:

Transparent App Lifecycle (TAL) — auto save, versions resume
file systems support for permanent version storage.

In some circumstances,

… In 10.7 (Build 11A511): subdirectories of ~/Library are used, with access not limited to the root user. …

— https://discussions.apple.com/message/15739595#15739595 (2011-07-25)
Also, slightly adapted from https://discussions.apple.com/message/15741724#15741724

In my most recent test with the same AFP server, the versions for a remote .png screenshot:

are local and within the properly hidden ~/Library … please see auto save, versions, resume and the Transparent App Lifecycle (TAL): emerging technical information
are not locally at /.DocumentRevisions-V100
are not remotely at /.DocumentRevisions-V100

…
reunion:~ centrimadmin$ ls -ld  /.DocumentRevisions-V100
ls: /.DocumentRevisions-V100: No such file or directory

Locally there might be some related data at /.DocumentRevisions-V100 but in this case, the versions of the remote file are local, and not limited to the root user. See for example screenshot 001 at http://www.wuala.com/grahamperrin/public/2011/07/25/e/?mode=gallery demonstrating the local versions of the remote file, opened after disconnecting from the file server.

Back to the opening question here in Ask Different … encrypted .sparsebundle images,  security. Consider this:

In the context of an encrypted sparse bundle disk image, users may be more likely to use JHFS+ (supporting permanent version storage) than MS-DOS (lacking support)
However: someone should test to see whether unencrypted versions remain within the user's home directory — which may be unencrypted — after a volume such as that is unmounted.
Personally, I find fseventer most useful in test situations such as this. YMMV.
Separation
Some of this answer may raise questions that are not specific to encryption, not specific to sparse bundle disk images, not specific to security. These are potentially complex subjects so please: rather than ask questions in comments beneath this answer, I should probably encourage each question to be asked separately.
Comment: If you wonder why "… the versions of the remote file are local …", see **AFP, Apple versions and security/privacy** under http://apple.stackexchange.com/questions/19299/how-can-i-share-all-document-revisions-with-another-mac/21086#21086
Answer: I checked Apple's Developer documentation on the versions feature and it seems to indicate that the previous versions of a document are stored in the same "place" (meaning either the same file, or the same folder) as the current version of the document; but the documentation is scant on details.
There's also the article from AppleInsider titled "Inside Mac OS X 10.7 Lion: Auto Save, File Versions and Time Machine", which says:

Unlike Time Machine, Versions appends all the change snapshots within the local document file, avoiding a file system mess and the need to access backups from a Time Capsule or other external disk just to revert back to previous Versions created in the last several hours.

I have not yet found any more detailed descriptions of how the Versions feature works.
Comment: @Thilo: yes, you are right. I was misled by how the developer documentation ties the versions feature to the "auto saving in place" feature. As pointed out in the more detailed answers given by others, the older versions of a document are *not* stored in the same file or folder as the current version. The AppleInsider article is wrong in that regard.
Comment: I was under the impression that they are stored in `.DocumentRevisions-V100` (and not in the same file as the document)
Answer: Gordon, this is good news for everyone, as well as the software developers for Knox and Espionage (I use both of these apps).
Here's a scenario that users should watch out for though. If you're accessing a file within a mounted encrypted disk image on an external drive, the version files will probably exist on the user's System drive in an unencrypted form. One workaround for this would be to copy the .sparsebundle to the system drive before mounting it.
Another scenario is if the .sparsebundle is on another Snow Leopard Mac on the same network and the image is shared on the network, enabling mounting on a Lion Mac by browsing to it through the Finder. (I do this sometimes.) This would definitely result in any version files being put on the user's System disk in unencrypted form. One workaround for this would be to use screen sharing to control the Snow Leopard Mac, then mount and work in the image on that Mac.
The bottom line is that in Lion, people need to understand more and be more careful than ever when using encrypted disk images if the images are not located on the System drive. I hope the Knox and Espionage developers will warn their customers about these issues.
EDIT: Graham's answer seems to support most of my assumptions.
Comment: "If you're accessing a file within a mounted encrypted disk image on an external drive, the version files will probably exist on the user's System drive in an unencrypted form". Where do you get that information from? I'd assume it would be placed into `.DocumentRevisions` *on the encrypted volume*. @Gordon's answer also seems to confirm that.
Comment: @Gordon I DK where I got the idea that if the file doesn't reside on the system disk, the version files get stored on the system disk (external disks could have a different file system, don't know if this matters). I thought I read this somewhere, though I can no longer find the source. I assumed that Gordon was only referring to my specific case. Gordon, can you confirm that the versions are stored on the same disk as the actual file, regardless of the formatting etc. of the disk? I know Gordon says, "disk (or disk image)," but he didn't mention this kind of testing.
Comment: @Gordon Maybe the 2 specific scenarios mentioned (USB disk & over network on SL Mac) could be tested, I would LOVE to be proved incorrect, I really want this to work.
Comment: Good point about external disks in a non-Mac file format. Maybe they don't get versions at all? OTOH, the way this is "hacked" on top of the regular file system could mean that it also works on, say, FAT32.


Can airliners land with auto pilot in gusty wind conditions?

Question:

Why does the pilot make so many movements? I don't see that plane is moving all that much, but his yoke movements are strong and fast.
For someone who is not a pilot, it almost looks like panicked flying.

Can airliners land with auto pilot during the day with strong winds and does night make landing even worse in these gusty conditions?
Comment: Watch a Formula 1 driver on cockpit cam along the straights. Their steering wheel action is just as chaotic, because they are doing the same thing, preempting the effect of minor aberrations from the course they need the vehicle to follow.
Comment: StephenS' answer is so much better than my deleted comments. Michael Hall's answer adds a lot to it to explain that large inputs at slow speeds don't have as much of an effect as smaller inputs at much higher speeds. And, with such a large aircraft, there is a lot of inertia and momentum to counter.
Comment: Re -- "Why does the pilot make so many movements? I don't see that plane is moving all that much, but his yoke movements are strong and fast."  Good thing he had such a heavy watch on his wrist, or his hand would have moved even more, making all the passengers sick.
Answer: To the first part of your question, the airplane is not moving BECAUSE his yoke movements are "strong and fast". Experienced pilots can feel a gust and respond with a control input to counter it before it has enough time to affect the aircraft. (You really can't appreciate this from a camera fixed to the airframe.)  As mentioned in a comment, this is called "staying ahead of the airplane" or "flying by the seat of your pants". Quick and correct reactions are required to keep the approach on track when being buffeted around.
Another thing that is worth pointing out is that the magnitude of control inputs is higher at slower approach speeds because of the reduced effectiveness of the control surfaces. You wouldn't want to move the controls that much at cruise speed. Just like when driving on a bumpy road you move the steering wheel a lot more than when cruising on the freeway.
I have never flown an airplane with auto-land capability, so I cannot answer the second part. However, given the experience I do have with a couple different autopilots, my belief is that even the best systems would be stressed trying to keep up while landing in very gusty conditions. There are just some things you still need a trained and experienced human for...
Comment: Auto-land has a maximum wind component usually well below the max demonstrated crosswind. From googling it seems the 737 is limited to 15kts, 777 is 25kts.
Comment: @Kai The yoke isn't used for steering on the ground. That's done through the foot pedals and, for larger aircraft, a separate tiller control.
Comment: For the auto-land I think that the autopilot might struggle with the drift induced by crosswind, and fail to correct the orientation of the plane just before or after touchdown. Otherwise he might be way better than us to react to gust wind given the proper sensor are available.
Comment: @Kai However, you need to keep using the yoke and rudder until the control surfaces stop working due to low airspeed. A common private pilot mistake is to let go of the yoke/rudder too soon while airflow still has effects.
Comment: quick question, at 1:25 the pilot takes his hands off, has the copilot taken over at that point?
Comment: I studied aerospace engineering; and from knowledge during my studies the landing  limitations for auto pilots are more a regulations (and by extend testing) problem than a technical problem. An auto pilot can react magnitudes faster than a human being, it can use experience of a much wider variety and will prevent a lot of mistakes humans make. It's just that they do make "mistakes", different from what humans do and -by design- actually things we never even consider doing. This puts requirements very high  for regulatory authorities.
Comment: I'm pretty sure that auto-land can handle gusty conditions fine. Keep in mind that unmanned aircraft are quite common these days and they'd have to have that capability to be practical.
Comment: Well, I guess it all depends on the quality of the system and how bad the gusts are.  Yesterday we landed with winds at 24, gusting to 34.  It was quite sporty.
Answer:
Why pilot make so much input,I dont see that plane is moving even his yoke movements are huge and fast?

The plane isn't moving much because as soon as the pilot senses either wing lifting, he is making a correction to counteract it. Since he is flying in a gusty crosswind, that means many such corrections are required to keep the plane stable.

For person who not fly,it looks panic.

To someone who does, it looks fairly normal. Gusty winds and crosswinds are something that pilots train for almost from day one. It does take practice to develop this skill, which is why student pilots aren't allowed to fly alone in strong winds, but a licensed pilot will know what they (and their plane) can safely handle and will go elsewhere if needed.

Can airliners land with auto pilot on strong windy day

In theory, yes, but it will almost never be used. Pilots need to keep their skills sharp, so they will usually hand-fly the most challenging parts of a flight. The autopilot is there mainly for the boring parts or when the pilots have other important tasks to focus on.

and does night make landing even worse in this gusty condition?

Not really. If anything, night makes it easier to see the runway approach lights.
Notice the wide horizontal elements to the approach lights, which are there specifically to assist the pilot in keeping the plane wings-level during conditions like this.
Comment: I thought airline crews were required to use autoland every now and then just for currency? And also required to use it below certain visibility conditions?
Comment: @reirab For Cat II/III approaches, if the crew/plane/carrier are certified for that, yes. That's the "almost" in "almost never".
Answer: As already said in the other answers, the "huge" inputs to the yoke are to keep the aircraft stable on the approach path. There is no "panic" involved, it is simply necessary due to the gusty conditions.
Let me expand a bit more on your second question:

Can airliners land with auto pilot on strong windy day [...]?

The answer to this a clear no. First, there are the aircraft limitations to consider. An autoland has much stricter wind limitations than a normal landing:

Maximum allowable wind speeds, when conducting a dual channel
Cat II or Cat III landing predicated on autoland operations, are:

Headwind 25 knots
Crosswind 20 knots

Cat IIIb:

Crosswind 25 knots
Tailwind 10 knots.

(Boeing 737NG FCOMv1 L.10.5 - Limitations - Operating Limitations - Autopilot/Flight Director System)
On a strong windy day these limits can easily be exceeded during a strong gust. The YouTube video description of the video you show says:

Wind reported 340°, 20 knots gusting 35 knots.

The approach shown in the video was to runway 26L at EGKK/LGW (London Gatwick), which has a runway heading of 258°. That means a wind gust of 35 knots from 340° results in:
$$ \text{Headwind} = 35 \, \mathrm{kt} \times \cos(340^\circ - 258^\circ) \approx 4.9 \, \mathrm{kt} $$
$$ \text{Crosswind} = 35 \, \mathrm{kt} \times \sin(340^\circ - 258^\circ) \approx 34.7 \, \mathrm{kt} $$
This exceeds the limitations for autoland.
But there is a more important reason why you could not perform an autoland in the conditions shown in the video: you need a Cat II or Cat III ILS approach for autoland. Gatwick has an ILS up to Cat IIIb on runway 26L, but that does not mean the airport is operating in Cat II/III mode. This mode requires larger separation between aircraft as well as larger distance of aircraft and all vehicles on the ground to the runway. Furthermore, the ILS antenna need to be running on diesel generators. This results in a reduction of airport capacity and higher operating cost and will therefore only be done when absolutely necessary, meaning when the visibility is too poor for a normal Cat I ILS approach. The minima for Cat I for runway 26L are

DA(H) 396'(200') with RVR of 550m.

Such low visibility rarely occurs together with strong winds because the wind will cause fog to disperse or prevent it from forming in the first place.
Comment: @Michael The autopilot can certainly react quicker, but for an autoland the most important aspects are **accuracy and redundancy** (in case of partial system failure). A sudden strong correction could be to counteract a wind gust, but also due to a disturbance of the ILS signal. The actual limits are probably derived from what was demonstrated during certification. I guess one could certify autoland for stronger winds, but there is really no point if the visibility is good enough for humans to land anyway.
Comment: Is there a specific reason why autoland is only allowed up to a certain wind speed? I would assume that a good control loop can react quicker and with less overshoot than a human.
Comment: @Michael There's one more thing to consider: go-arounds. The goal of an auto-pilot is always to land, while a pilot can decide to go around. If there is an especially strong gust of crosswind, the autopilot will always correct, no matter how much this would upset the plane otherwise. An experienced pilot is able to think "Screw this, I'm unable to correct this in a safe manner, I'll apply full throttle and go around".
Answer:
Why pilot make so much input,I dont see that plane is moving even his yoke movements are huge and fast? For person who not fly,it looks panic.

Look at the artificial horizon. It has a scale at the top that allows you to see even small variations in bank angle. When looking there, you'll see that the plane IS actually moving a lot. E.g. at 00:44 in your video you see that the wings are level and within that second that plane suddenly banks to the right without any obvious reason so the roll was probably induced by changes in wind. The pilot immediately makes a roll input to the left. If you pause the video to go through the situation really slowly, you can also see this quite well, also with the "real" horizon.
Note, that the effectiveness of rudder deflection is reduced with reduced airspeed. The slower the airplane gets, the bigger the inputs got to be in order to achieve the same roll/jaw/pitch rate. In a traditional fly-by-cable airplane a bigger rudder deflection means more yoke/stick input is needed. However while flying slowly means that the rudder has less authority it also means less air resistance, which means that it requires very little force to move the control surfaces. In a real classic low-tech airplane (such as a Cessna 152) you'd actually feel the air resistance directly and when flying slowly, the yoke moves easily quite a lot with only a minimum force required. To apply the same yoke movement at high speed, you'd need a lot more force and the airplane would move way more erratically.
In contrast to a Cessna 152 the flight control systems a of 737 are somewhat more complex, involving hydraulics and an artificial feel system, but it is all built to feel similar to a very simple plane like the C152. This means that while the large inputs make it look like the pilot is going to have aching muscles after that landing, he won't because he needs only very little force and thus there is nothing "panic" about that.
Aside from that it is true that there are a number of pilots that make more inputs than necessary. From watching the video I cannot tell whether some of the inputs shortly before touchdown might have been unnecessary. However this is something that is often found in fly-by-wire airplanes (for example most Airbus planes, B777, B787,...). In contrast to classic airplanes the pilot (normally) does not command the control surface deflection by moving the yoke/stick, but rather commands a certain behavior (e.g. roll rate) and a computer will calculate and command the appropriate rudder deflection needed. That means that a fly-by-wire system "in theory" can fly with wings level continously even in gusty weather without pilot input. Of course in reality these systems are far from perfect and thus the pilot will still need to make inputs, however significantly less inputs are needed in contrast to fly-by-cable. Since most pilots received their original flying training on conventional planes this often results in overuse of yoke/stick.

Can airliners land with auto pilot on strong windy day

The auto land system is historically designed to make it possible to land the airplane in bad visibility, where a human pilot cannot land manually, simply because he cannot see anything outside. This usually means fog and these weather conditions usually come with calm weather as wind tends to clear the fog. While to auto land system can typically work with some crosswind and some gusts, limits are much lower compared to manual landing. This is not necessarily because it would be very hard to design a computer that could do this. Designing, implementing, testing, certifying such a system is expensive as hell and it is simply not needed: Performing an auto land means that the radio signal used for navigation (ILS) must be much more accurate than for a visual landing. However metal reflects radio waves and disturbs accuracy. Thus for an auto land it means that no other metal should be near the runway. That in turn means that no planes may cross the runway shortly before your landing and plane that landed previously must have cleared the runway area earlier than usual. This of course degrades the capacity of the airport and thus auto land is usually not used unless required due to weather. Since "required due to weather" and "lots of (gusty) wind" seldomly fall together, why design such a system?
What can actually happen when you use auto land anyway, although low visibility operation is not in progress at the airport and some other metal disturbs the radio signal? On 1st November 2011 Singapure Airlines demonstrated that for you in Munich. Her is the official report. It is in German, however look at the pictures on page 28-30. Additionally here is a video on YouTube covering the landing.

and does night make landing even worse in this gusty condition?

Landing at night may require more concentration, especially when the airport has only a very basic lighting system as is the case on many very small airports or in regions where low visibility is very rare and thus a basic lighting system is deemed sufficient. Since gusty conditions also requires extra brain cycles the combination might lead to a quicker depletion of brain cycles, however usually this is not a "problem".
Answer: I think it is interesting to look at this problem from a control engineering perspective.
Towards the runway, it is more important to track the centerline and glideslope. In control terms, better reference tracking is achieved by a higher control bandwidth ('crossover frequency').
As a crude first approximation, an airplane is a rotational inertia system and the control inputs act as moments on the airplane. This means that the transfer function from control input to attitude angle goes with $1/s^2$, with $s$ the (complex) frequency.
Since in the final stage of the landing, the pilot wants to control to a higher frequency. Due to the aircraft dynamics, this means they have to make quadratically larger inputs to achieve the same effect. This explains why you would see slow, small control inputs during cruise and large, quick control inputs during approach. (A non-pilot may compare flying to driving a car. However, in a car the steering angle directly controls the yaw rate of a car (until slip), so we have a transfer function of $1/s$ as opposed to the above $1/s^2$ so rapid steering inputs are undesirable)
Autoland limitations are usually more stringent than hand-flying in terms of allowable wind conditions. This is not because an autopilot would be incapable of handling the situation (in fact I daresay the oppositie might be true) but because the pilot must at all times be capable of monitoring the autopilot and initiate a go-around if necessary. A well-designed controller will manage to keep the aircraft on the glideslope until the physical limits of the aircraft are reached with disastrous consequences, whereas a human pilot will have initiated a go-around well before that point is reached.


How can I learn combinations without a chess book?

Question: I would like to become better and stronger at spotting combinations. I can't buy any chess books at the moment. What's a good website for learning combinations?
Answer: Chesstempo has a tactics trainer with solving against the clock and a tactics rating. I think there are a bunch of other sites out there with similar features.
If you are rather old school WTHarvey has 10,000 chess puzzles, just as a collection of diagrams with mouse over solutions.
Chessgym also has tactics against the clock and some other features like playing endgame positions against tablebases.
Answer: You certainly do not need a book in order to learn combinations.
Chess.com has in my opinion the best tactics online. Unfortunately, you only get 5/day if you have a free account, so it's not the best. Personally, I work on other websites with free tactics for a while, and then finish up by trying my best on these 5.
Chesstempo has a lot of good tactics too. And they're all free.
Lichess.org also has a lot of tactics under their Training section. It has good puzzles related to the coordinates of the board and/or opening theory as well. Currently their tactics seem to be more checkmate-focused than other websites, but I've seen this site improve constantly for a year now and every aspect of it (including the tactics section) has truly been getting better and better every week.
Answer: I encourage practicing tactics puzzles whenever you have free time. You don't need to go to a website on the Internet; you can also use apps on your Android phone or Tablet. TacticTrainer has a large problem set, and you'll get presented with problems that are generally rated within 200 ELO of your level. You can specify a starting level, but the app keeps track of progress, and as you get better, gives you harder problems to solve.
I also use Chess King apps from ChessOK; Combinations I and II are good, but cost a few dollars.


What is this shadow in my photo?

Question: I'm pretty sure the subject didn't move, the shutter speed was ok @1/80s. I was using Canon 70D + 18-55mm IS STM and a built-in flash and shot in RAW. What it could be? What may be causing this?
Answer: It is either subject motion or camera motion. 1/80 second is pretty slow for human subjects not making a specific effort to be still. It is also pretty slow to use hand held if you are going to pixel peep at 100% magnification.
The flash is much shorter in duration than the shutter, so the motion that is only illuminated by the ambient light is much dimmer than the light that came from the flash and froze the motion.
For more about how Av exposure mode with automatic flash exposure (TTL) works in many cameras including pretty much all Canon SLRs, please see this answer to How do I get my Canon 60D to use short shutter speeds with flash in Av mode? as well as this answer to Why is flash TTL metering independent from ambient light metering?
The way Canon (as well as many other) cameras behave when using TTL flash with Av exposure mode is called slow speed sync or dragging the shutter. For more on slow speed sync please see this answer to What is "Dragging the Shutter"?
For more on how Canon's TTL automatic flash exposure systems works, please see this answer to How do TTL flash metering systems calculate how much power is needed?
Comment: Please see http://photo.stackexchange.com/a/46440/15871
Comment: And also http://photo.stackexchange.com/q/45455/15871
Comment: Oh, now I get it, the flash has been messing up my photos, I don't know why, for example, When I shot this picture I was in Av mode, why would the camera choose 1/80s shutter speed when there's so much light coming from the flash and it was sunny outside. Also I've noticed that when shooting in low light situations with flash, the camera chooses very slow shutter speeds, like I was shooting with no flash. I don't know why this is happening..
Comment: As well as http://photo.stackexchange.com/a/36211/15871

What is this shadow in my photo?


Toddler screaming "no" for hours

Question: My toddler is 2 and twice she has screamed for hours straight. Last night she screamed "no" for 3hrs straight, panicked more when I tried to hold her to calm her down, and was calling for her "TT" (her auntie she spend the night with occasionally). I don't feel it was a nightmare because she was awake but I'm just worried, she was perfectly fine then out of nowhere started screaming no in like a painful terrified voice.. What should I do? (PS already planning to take her to the ER to ensure she hasn't been sexually abused)
Comment: could it possibly be a night terror? These can look like the child is awake, but is a dream... The doctor will likely know...
Comment: If you're worried about sexual abuse, please don't take her to the emergency room. Take her to her doctor who hopefully has a fair amount of training in pediatrics.
Answer: Sounds like classic symptoms of a night terror, which is when the child seems to wake up in the middle of the night, but they are not actually awake, more like sleepwalking. They may not even recognize Mom or Dad because they are still in their dream state.
It is terrifying for the parents to watch, but usually the child has no memory of it the next day, and does not affect them psychologically afterwards.
3 hours is very long, though. Typically these should last an hour or less. Definitely call your doctor to consult.
Answer: I would like to know if you truly suspect sexual abuse or if you just cannot figure out why your daughter is so upset.
It really does sound like a classic night terror to me. These are terrifying to observers too. Often you would be certain the child is awake, but they are sleeping.
There are other symptoms of sexual abuse though. Are you seeing them? These might include, fear of a diaper change, fear of the potty, new fear of a person or persons or strangers. (This also can by cyclic with children -- all kids 'make strange' some of the time.) There maybe signs of bruising or redness or rough patches of skin. Sexual abuse is a very scary thought. I agree with anongoodnurse that your pediatrician is a far better choice than the ER.
Comment: Then if you must use the Health Dept., please call and make an appointment. Tell them that your child is having three hour long night terrors and that you have a concern that she may have been sexually abused. Ask for them to find a person qualified to deal with a very young child in that situation. Try not to ask her yourself. Do not put words in her mouth. A trained professional is the only way to make sure she has not been hurt. That said, I still think it is more likely that changes in her life or 'just' bad dreams are the root of the problem. I wish you luck.
Comment: She doesn't have a regular pediatrician since she goes to the health dept. I honestly don't know it's odd she was calling for her auntie through the mix of everything, I mean she's whined while being bathed down there but I assumed she's like me and can't handle things like bubble bath so I just lightly use a damp washcloth.. My ex (which its his family that she calls auntie) has been molested by a family member before (the person has since died) so Idk if I'm just overly paranoid about everything

Toddler screaming "no" for hours


Nobel prize for empirical work

Question: Did any recipients of the economics Nobel prize receive their prize for work that was primarily or substantially empirical (rather than theoretical) in nature?
Comment: Fama, Hansen, Shiller (2013) is a recent example, where Fama and Shiller were mostly awarded for their empirical work.
Comment: I would say that the work of the behaviorists is also empirical, and then you have to include Kahneman and Smith (2002).
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/2002/
Comment: Sargent and Sims.  Fogel.  Klein.  Kuznets.
Answer: In 2011, Tom Sargent and Chris Sims were jointly awarded the Nobel Memorial prize for empirical work.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel for 2011 to Thomas J. Sargent and Christopher A. Sims "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy."

Dr. Sargent's contribution was related to the use of structural macroeconometrics in policy and analysis and Dr. Sims' contribution was to the use of vector autoregressions (VAR) to analyze temporary changes in policy and other factors.
Source: Nobel Prize Website
Comment: One might argue that Sims won this award for a theoretical contribution that greatly improved our ability to engage in empirical macroeconomic research.
Answer: In 1971, Simon Kuznets received the Nobel Memorial Prize for empirical work. The famous Kuznets Curvee, is based on empirical evidence, made on the basis of data collected by Simon Kuznets.

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred
  Nobel 1971 was awarded to Simon Kuznets "for his empirically founded
  interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened
  insight into the economic and social structure and process of
  development".

Source
Answer: In 1993, Robert Fogel and Douglass North received the Nobel Prize for applying quantitative methods in the field economic history

The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred
  Nobel 1993 was awarded jointly to Robert W. Fogel and Douglass C.
  North "for having renewed research in economic history by applying
  economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic
  and institutional change"

Source

Nobel prize for empirical work


QA Testing Seminar Presentation - Suggestions please

Question: QA needs technical knowledge and out-of-box creative thinking to be successful and demonstrations, meetings and presentations are critical to share knowledge and stay current.
Can you suggest me some interesting topics for QA Testing Presentation?
Comment: The most useful topics I found were related to people experience in testing: what problems/challenges they have found and how they solved it. You could think of challenges you encountered.
Answer: Below are some topics which can make an interesting story for QA testing presentation:

Gamification Assurance
Assurance to IoT
Strategies for Big Data Testing
Why should cloud migration be assured

Hope it helps
Answer: It depends on the audience, really.
QA, A person in this role is someone who consistently questions all parts of the process. So the presentation should cover all aspects of QA Testing.
These are the some interesting topics for QA presentation

Testing Life cycle
Test Strategy & Test Plan
Defect Prevention (Take one project and explain)
The Challenge of Effective and Efficient Testing
Answer: Please feel free to pick from this list:

Basic definitions of test terminology, such as black box, white box, grey box;
Several methodology to come up with a test idea, such as brainstorming;
what are the differences between manual testing and automated testing? Pros and Cons for each;
Why automated tests will never replace manual tests? E.g. automated tests will never find random bug, such as easter eggs.
How to estimate testing effort?
How to track testing progress?
How to review testing results?
How to talk to a developer after finding a bug (this is never an easy task, people get very defensive when presented with their own mistakes)
Answer: You could organize a reading club. At each meeting you could pick up one lesson from "Lessons learned in software testing" book and discuss it with others:

Did we have same problem?
Are recommendations in this lesson applicable to my context?
Answer: QA Testing Presentation -
Non-Technical audience:
I would like to start with little brief about QA Testing. That includes,

Definition, What is QA Testing?
Advantages and Necessity/Importance
Diff. types and Methodologies

Technical audience:

Current QA Strategy
How it could be optimize and what are measures of effectiveness?
New effective tools available for Bug Reporting, Test management, Project management etc
Scope of Automation Testing?
Feasibility and Advantage of Automation.
Suggest tools available and Its power + what level can be achieved?
Time and Resources matrix to rise Testing quality with minimum time period


How to emulate an RFID tag with the RC522

Question: Is it possible to emulate an RFID tag with the RC522? (Spec sheet: nxp MFRC522.pdf)
I want the RC522 to act like a NTAG213 nxp.com/documents/data_sheet/NTAG213_215_216.pdf and to be read/write by other readers/writers.
Are there libraries for that purpose?
Comment: Hi and welcome to the Arduino.SE site. To better help people answer your query you need to enhance your question with more information. At present it is not clear what you wish to achieve. Can you provide a usage example and more detail about what exactly you want to do?
Answer: No. Looking at the datasheet, card emulation is not a feature provided by the RC522.
Another popular chip, the PN532, does seem to indicate support for that feature, however, looking at the most popular library for this chip from Adafruit, it does not implement this feature. Another library from Seeed, does seem to implement it, but it looks rather limited as to which cards can be emulated, and the library itself hasn't been updated in a while.


SharePoint 2010 Modal Dialog body color

Question: I have a link which opens my visual webpart inside Modal Dialog. I need to change the background color of Modal Dialog content area..dont want to make change in my custom css which is overiding corev4.css ..just want to make a change for a specific modal dialog.
Answer: Apply this css..
.ms-dialog body #s4-workspace
{
<code>     background-color:#F6F6F6;

   }
</code>
Answer: You could write out the CSS as part of your web part if that's the only place that web part is shown. Unfortunately, you can't reliably target CSS for a child frame, so you can't include that background color as part of the link (and have it work across all browsers).
You could also add a user control to the masterpage that checks for a query string. If that query string is set, override the background color. That's likely a bit overkill for what you want (if it's a one off scenario), but that would allow you to assign the background color through the URL to the dialog source.

SharePoint 2010 Modal Dialog body color


If gypsum turns into plaster around 210 F, is there any natural plaster deposits or formations out there?

Question: For a while I have been working with gypsum I mined from a site in Utah, and I realized how low the temperature is to turn it into plaster, so I was wandering; has there ever been any cases of large deposits of gypsum being naturally heated into plaster and coming in contact with water?
Answer: Water is removed from gypsum hydrate about 300 F+ making it dry powder gypsum. Water is added to gypsum to make "plaster of Paris" , no particular temperature is involved. Not sure it answers the question , but gypsum commonly deposits in oil production tubing. The produced oil/water/gas  mix cools as it comes up the well tubing and deposits in the tubing,; very difficult to prevent or remove.
Comment: Oh I have made plaster from raw gypsum crystals before around 250 F, so I am going to take it there is no cases of natural plaster casts out there.


What is the effect of the natural logarithm in the frequency domain?

Question: I have read that taking the natural logarithm of a signal $x$ in the time domain will introduce a spectral broadening and hence "up-sampling" process before the logarithm is required. I tried to test that by plotting the spectrum (for example: from $-B$ to $B$) for an arbitrary limited band signal from $-B/2$ to $B/2$ and taking the natural logarithm in the time domain but I didn't see any effect of the broadening in the frequency domain, I tried the same method to show the effect of up-sampling and down-sampling (decimation in time) and it was working.
Answer: First note that when you use a logarithmic function you shall avoid negative arguments if it's output should be real valued. Then consider the following relation:
$$ y[n] = \ln( 1 + x[n] )$$
where the input $x[n]$ is conditioned such that $ 0 < 1 + x[n] \leq2$ is maintained. Then a Maclaurin series expansion of this expression will be
$$ y[n] = \ln(1 + x[n]) = \sum_{k=1}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^{k-1}}{k} x^k[n] .$$
For very small $x[n]$ the following approximation can also be taken:
$$ y[n] \approx x[n] - x^2[n]/2 $$
Applying DTFT on this last line yields:
$$ Y(e^{j\omega}) \approx X(e^{j\omega}) - \frac{1/2}{2\pi} \left( X(e^{j\omega}) \star X(e^{j\omega}) \right) $$
The spectrum, $Y(e^{j\omega})$, of the logarithm of $1+x[n]$ will include multiple convolutions of $X(e^{j\omega})$ with itself. The relation becomes exact (with added terms which were ignored) as $k$ approaches infinity, showing that the spectrum will be broadened.
Indeed for any nonzero bandwidth input $x[n]$, the exact output $y[n]$ would have infinite bandwidth (or equivalently unavoidable aliasing) and no finite upsampling is enough to properly represent it. However in practice as $|x[n]|<1$ is maintained, its high powers, $x^k$ will tend to go zero quickly and can be ignored compared to some suitable threshold...
Answer: I suppose that you will get more responses on this, but in case you don't, here's my takeaway: You do not want to operate on the time domain signal with a logarithm. It is a horrible distortion of the signal spectrum. The only exception that I know of is when you are trying to get information about the envelope (outline of the peaks) of the signal for the purpose of estimating signal power. Since signal power is often analyzed on a dB scale, it is a shortcut to getting the rms level in dB to take the absolute value, lowpass filter it to get the envelope, and take the log for expressing that in dB. Or square it and filter, then take the log. This approach is sometimes used in automatic gain control (AGC) circuits, where the log is done using a diode (due to the exponential I-V characteristic of a diode or transistor B-E junction). Gain is usually regulated on a log scale, as evidenced by the input range switches on oscilloscopes, volume controls on audio equipment, and RF attenuators. Controlling those is probably the only valuable application of the log of a time domain signal.


Why did Avraham arrange Yitzchak's marriage?

Question: According to Rashi Yitzchak was 37 at the time of the akeida. If that is the case why did Avraham have to arrange for Eliezer to find a wife for Yitzchak? Why couldn't Yitzchak find a wife himself?
Comment: @Scimonster really? why didn't yitzchak or yaakov do that? Also, Avraham doesn't seem to be one for conforming to local customs for no reason.
Comment: I'll see if I can find a source, but there's something about Yitzchak being sanctified as an offering, and subsequently not being able to leave the land of Israel; finding a wife in Canaan doesn't help him, because they are all ineligible.
Comment: Because that was the custom of the time.
Comment: @rikitikitembo I don't see why you think that. He is certainly comfortable breaking from local customs for good reason, but we have no evidence that I'm aware regarding neutral customs. What evidence do you have that Yitzchak or Yaakov didn't help with their children's marriage?
Comment: Chassidic and Kabbalistic sources see this as an expression of Yitzchak's personality as the man of yirah/gevurah, who is afraid to do anything on his own (the only source for this I can think of now is the Mei Hashiloach but I know it's found in other Chassidic sources as well)
Comment: @Matt can you provide that source?
Comment: This is the one that I remember offhand: http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=19936&st=&pgnum=20
Comment: Related but not quite addressing your question:מסר (אברהם) ע״ה (ענין) זה לאליעזר ולא ליצחק ואע״פ שלא היה אז יצחק צעיר בשנים אלא בן ארבעים שנה או קרוב להן מפני כמה ענינים הראשון בהם כי אליעזר היה נכבד מפני הידורו הרוחני ובפרט אצל יצחק שהוא גידלו וטיפל בו ובכן מצד הנימוס היה יצחק מוכרח לקבל ממנו והטעם השני הצניעות הנטועה (אפילו) בפחות שבתלמידיהם והבושת מזכרון הנשואין ובכן היה אברהם ירא שמא ישיג אותו מה שנגזר ויתבייש יצחק מלשוחח (עמו) בענין הנשואין וימהר אליעזר אליו במה שיתבייש יצחק מהיסוסו בו והטעם השלישי שהוא ע״ה התכוון שילך אליעזר עצמו ליקה את האשה כמו שאמר כי אל ארצי וג׳ R. AvrahamBenHarambam
Answer: This is my own idea here.
Avraham didn't want his son to marry one of the accursed Canaanite girls. As seen later, Yitzchak didn't want Yaakov to marry one of them either, so he presumably agreed.
Rashi to Bereishit 26:2 says that Hashem told Yitzchak not to go to Egypt because he had been prepared as a korban, and so חוץ לארץ - outside of the Land - was not good enough for him.
Perhaps Avraham also saw this, and so he didn't want Yitzchak to leave the Land and go to Charan himself, and so he sent Eliezer to find him a wife.

Alternately, as i mentioned in a comment, the custom of the time (and for a long time after) was that parents arranged their childrens' marriage.
Comment: 1st answer: why couldn't Yitzchak appoint a someone instead of Avraham doing it? 2nd answer: then why didn't Yitzchak find or someone to find wives for either of his two children?
Answer: Following though on  @rikitikitembo comment on the answer 0f @scimonster asking why Avraham did this but Yitzchak did not.
Avraham was the leader of his clan and as such it was his responsibility to follow through with Yitzchak. Just as he followed Hashem's command to bring Yitzchak to the Akeidah, he realized that, just as Yitzchak had been placed in his hands for be raised to the level of kedushah (which also prevented him from leaving Eretz Yisrael), so too  was he responsible now for following through on providing the wife that would be worthy of the bracha and inheritence. Note Avrohom lived until Yaakov and Eisev were 15 (another 35 years after the marriage of Yitzchak). He actually raised Rivkah (especially according to the commentary that she was three years old at the time).
Yitzchak could not go himself and (apparently) did not have an Eliezer to send. Note that he sent Yaakov specifically to Lavan to marry into the family. Also note the meforshin on Leah having "tender" eyes. It had already been arranged that Eisav was supposed to marry Leah and Yaakov was supposed to marry Rachel. In fact, this arrangement may have been set up by Avraham as well.
Had Esav fulfilled his father's expectationsa that is being Yaakov's partner, like Yissachar and Zevulun, that would ha been the course of events. Because Eisav had "turned bad", Yaakov obtained both parts of the the inheritence, the physical (Leah) and the spiritual (Rachel).
Answer: According to this shiur this was done to show that marrying into the Avrahamic family was like marrying into royalty. A royal family wouldn't send the prince to find his own wife. Furthermore, it is argued in the shiur, that doing so provides some 'space' such that if the girl would turn down the offer Yitzchak wouldn't be embarrassed.
Answer: Possibly because it is a father's duty to find a wife for his son:
Kiddushin 29a

האב חייב בבנו למולו ולפדותו וללמדו תורה ולהשיאו אשה וללמדו אומנות
The father is bound in respect of his son, to circumcise, redeem,
  teach him Torah, take a wife for him, and teach him a craft. (Soncino
  translation)


How was the wipe transition done historically?

Question: A classic example being Star Wars, but I am aware that it was used way before that, at the turn of the century. I get that today it can be done relatively "easily" with the aid of a computer, but back in the analog days, how was it accomplished?
Answer: The same way Méliès did his transformations or equal exposure on different planes.
By partially blocking camera lens and then rerecording the picture.
For wipes there were two easiest methods:

You've put a screen that was locked into camera mechanism so when the operator turned crank the screen travelled some space before the lens so the film was not fully exposure. Then, movie reel was backed, blocking screen was turned into reverse and turning the crank exposed the previously not exposed film while blocking exposed one from double exposure. This method is usually recognized by the blurred line of the wipe
Second one was done manually on the assembly line. It was regarded as more labour, time and material consuming as you needed to manually cut each frame by hand and pair it with corresponding one. It was used very rarely and can be recognised by clean wipe line and sometimes "jump" of the wipe while travelling.
Answer: A quick search for history of film wipes reveals:

Some extremely effective (and expensive) wipes were used in the otherwise very low-budget Laurel and Hardy short film Thicker than Water. For each of the scene changes in this film, either Laurel or Hardy or both of them would seize a curtain or some other object at the edge of the frame and move it across the screen. The opening frames of the next scene were optically printed onto this object, so that—when the object entirely filled the screen—the movie had "wiped" the last shot of the previous scene and begun the first shot of the next.
The earliest known example of a wipe was George Albert Smith's Mary Jane's Mishap of 1903.


White text on black background

Question: Are there any reasons to avoid using white text on a black background?
Comment: This does not qualify for an answer, but what about console? I spend a lot of time using linux console and I keep it white on black. Light backgrounds always made me get a headache after some time. Could anybody find scientific material on that? Every answer here is subjective at the moment.
Comment: I second this, you'll often find that developers use dark schemes when coding to reduce eye strain. black on white has me seeing stars after 20min.
Comment: The question is very biased. You should ask for pros and cons and not for support for what you think is correct.
Answer: Here's an article on it. To quote the article's quotes:

However, most studies have shown that
  dark characters on a light background
  are superior to light characters on a
  dark background (when the refresh rate
  is fairly high). For example, Bauer
  and Cavonius (1980) found that
  participants were 26% more accurate in
  reading text when they read it with
  dark characters on a light background.

and

People with astigmatism (aproximately
  50% of the population) find it harder
  to read white text on black than black
  text on white. Part of this has to do
  with light levels: with a bright
  display (white background) the iris
  closes a bit more, decreasing the
  effect of the "deformed" lens; with a
  dark display (black background) the
  iris opens to receive more light and
  the deformation of the lens creates a
  much fuzzier focus at the eye.

If you do want to use a dark theme, see how others use it:
Windows console

Gray on black
Large font
Bold
Semi-serif

Expression Blend

Eggshell on gray
Sans-serif
ClearType (zoomed out on an LCD, the text looks yellow-white; you don't notice the blue)
Comment: @RCIX - Totally. These studies don't take into account extended reading, and the first study was done *long* before the advent of LCDs. I'm not saying black-on-white is always better (indeed, my open-source app is white-on-gray). I was just pointing to what research was out there.
Comment: I think it's subjective to an extent; i use white (ish) text on black for programming, and normal for editing documents. It's much more painful to have a bright screen in a dark room.
Comment: @Fraser you should point this out in your answer, right after the quotes, not in a comment that may not be read.
Answer: Timothy Samara in Design Elements: A Graphic Style Manual provides interpretation of the colors black and white. Samara tells us that the color black is "extreme [...] the strongest color in the visible spectrum." He further calls it dominant and also typical of the feeling of nothingness. The color white, on the other hand we know is "all" colors, that feeling of wholeness and clarity.
A dominant darker-value color region (the black field) will cause our brain to expand lighter-value colors placed within it. The effect is that lighter-value objects will tend to bleed into the void of the very dark-value region. Practically, white characters will look heavier in a dark background.
Letters require a certain amount of space between each other to be readable—they need to be close enough to look like a grouped collection (and look like a word) but not so close that the boundary between letters becomes indistinct (and makes the group look like a blob). As the letters look thicker, the apparent space between them decreases and words tend toward bright white blobs. Unless the font presentation is modified, this makes white-on-black less readable and therefore undesirable.
White-on-black can be achieved, however, with a little extra effort in the interface's style sheets (or whatever is used to define how/what text is presented).

First, a "thin" or "light" (not "narrow") font or font-weight will reduce the effect of the letter body bleed. Alternatively, a larger type size will provide the letter glyphs with enough surface area to successfully battle the black background for visual dominance.
Secondly, an increase in letter spacing (more-so for the smaller font sizes) will give the glyphs the bit of extra room they need to look like letters. These two effects can mitigate the usability losses of standard fonts in white on a black background, allowing you to use said alternative color combination.
Comment: So, in both cases, white is "all colors", the model just describes which direction you start from. In Additive, you start with black and add colors to get to white. In subtractive, you start with white and remove colors to get to black. Thanks for inspiring the clarification!
Comment: Actually, the white is made of all colors in `additive` and vice versa in `subtractive` model.
Comment: I wouldn't have ever understood this black-vs-white if I had not read your post. Loved the logic and the way you explained. Thanks.
Comment: @Salman, glad it helped!
Comment: A typesetter (Carola Di Bartolo) on twitter/quora made the analogy to "black is thinning". Whereas white in the negative space (counter) of a letter is "fattening" the negative space, black is "skinnying" the negative space--enlarging the letters (perceptually only of course).
Answer: It's mostly about the contrast and the medium. If the contrast is too high than glowing letters on a dark background may strain the eye.
Here is an interesting conversation on the subject with lots of thoughts.
Answer: White text on black background does have very practical uses, especially when the ambient light is dim or even zero, and the device showing the text emits a fair amount of light (like an iPad on full brightness).
Answer: Eye strain. But everything is appropriate in certain circumstances.
Answer: When you are in a room with a lot of sunlight, it can be very difficult to read white text on a black background. Same problem when you have a laptop and you aren't sitting right in front of the screen. Dark themes look awesome though.
Answer: I suggest you take a look at Blackle.
It's an inverted Google - white on black.
Take the extra click and go to the site and compare your experience to the regular Google.
(they do it to save energy, but user experience definitely suffers, at least in my opinion)
Answer: A few points:

The eyes' iris' adjust to according to the amount of light the eyes receive.
If most of the area is black and then you have a very bright light it can strain the eyes, therefore if the screen has a strong intensity level gray on black is more recommended than white on black, however, the intensity level of screens can be adjusted so this is less of an issue.
As Matt quoted, in our perception of the images we view, bright areas expand to darker areas, thus regular text seems more bold when the text is brighter than the background. If the text is bold to start with, the result of white on black may seem too bold, however, for regular text, I find that the text seems to "stand out" more and is easier to read.
If I am not mistaken, most text is not bold, therefore it makes more sense to optimize the viewing of regular text that that of bold text.
If you are reading in a dark environment, then a white background will strain the eyes when ever you look away from the screen or back at it.
If you are reading in a bright environment, then refer to this answer.
If you are reading formatted text with many colors/shades (e.g. reading/writing code) or working with images then darker colors on a black background will be easier to perceive than brighter colors on a white background (see formula for contrast here).
It is a common (mis)conception that white backgrounds are preferable, however, those I know that have really tried working with modern screens and dark backgrounds with suitable foreground colors prefer it.
As Fraser pointed out, the studies quoted are outdated and not enough factors were measured (e.g. period of time in front of screen, screen type, room lighting, diversity of text shades and colors).
Cleartype is used on modern LCDs (new "LED" screens are really LCDs too, just with LED backlight instead of florescent) for white on black and for black on white. It is a method of anti-aliasing by using sub-pixels and has nothing to do with which is darker.
Answer: Sometimes the style dictates using white font on black background. If you must, make sure to use only a sans serif font, and preferably one that's not too thin.
Answer: Not really an answer but:
So is an off-white on a black background better to use?
Most notable case recently would be Microsoft Expression Blend.
Answer: Number plates of vehicles in Indian standards follow dark on light style, which makes it more readable even at distances. So should we consider using black font on lighter back grounded screens.
Comment: This might be because they need to be readable at night (headlights shining off them), or with sunlight. Reading on-screen is different.
Answer: While it has since been fixed, there was a time when Safari (the default browser on Mac OS X) antialiased light text on black very differently than dark text on white, making it look too bold (which looked especially bad on very bold text tracked tightly).

White text on black background


In the Walking Dead, how did Rick determine who committed murder?

Question: In S04E03 of The Walking Dead, Isolation, Rick discovered who murdered two of the sick people in prison. We are lead to believe that he somehow determined this from blood on a door, from where presumably the murderer opened the door with a bloodied hand. How did Rick make the connection that this was probably their hand?
Comment: He is a policeman. He used his policeman skills.
Answer: It was a combination of 2 things:

The size of the hand print was smaller than Rick's hand, which means the person has a smaller hand.
When Rick saw Carol was willing to go to great lengths to ensure the safety of the group, he realized she would be willing to kill too.  This was due to Carol heading outside the fence to fix the hose that is the group's water supply.  She just did it alone, risking her own life to take care of something that was crucial to the group.
Answer: What Keen said + Carl told Rick about Carol teaching knife skills to children in secret so they can take care of themselves in an emergency.
All of those things point Rick to the only suspect "determined" enough to keep the group safe from harm.
He establishes the motive very quickly.
With that in mind he than mentally crosses people of a list. Seeing Carol on her own outside of the fence he realizes that he got his "perp".
Answer: He didn't know for sure. He made a guess based on the evidence. Whether his guess was correct or not, remains to be seen for sure.
This is just a theory, but I wanted to put it out there as a possibility. Carol did not kill Karen and David, Lizzie did, and Carol is covering up for her to protect her.
Possible evidence supporting this theory;

The small bloody hand print on the door was low (Rick had to bend down to see it)
Carol had trained Lizzie how to use a knife
Lizzie treated walkers as friends (e.g. she had named one 'Nick') and was upset about the group killing walkers at the fence. She saw Karen and David killing walkers there (possible motive). As a side note, its also possible she was the one feeding the walkers at night.
At the beginning of S04E04 a scene is depicted where Lizzie insist that she is strong, and it shows her carrying a knife Carol had given her. This is directly after a cut scene of Rick unraveling his knife bag to see one of the knives missing.
Lizzie was in the sick ward with those killed. Note, she also had somewhat of a "fake" cough to get in there (albeit, that may have been poor acting).

Re-watch the beginning of S04E04, where Carol is talking to Lizzie, and see if you are not convinced. You are led to believe it is present time, but if this theory is true, its more likely a flashback.
Comment: I actually agree with your theory, but this doesn't really answer the question.
Comment: Looks like I was wrong :( Carol did it. But I was right about Lizzie feeding the walkers mice.
Comment: This answer provides an excellent perspective. I also agree with your theory. That cough was so bad..i hope that wasn't poor acting.
Answer: Adding to what's been said, the first visible indication that Rick suspects Carol is in S4E3 around the 11 minute mark. Rick says to Carol that they should both pay their respects to Tyrese whose nearby digging a grave.
Carol coldly says she'll bring up the water first. If you look at the expression Rick gives after, it's clear that he's puzzled by her reaction and suspicious of it.


Anonomous alternative to skype - voip?

Question: I want to use skype, but it is not anonomous enough for me, is there a more anonomous alternative that I could use? I don't want anyone to be able to see my IP, including the other people in the call.
I deem this question on topic because it is difficult to find one of these just from using a search engine, and the TOR community I would expect would have some info on this
What I have found so far:
1) Orbot - You can run skype through this on an android, and it is more anonomous, but I don't have an android so this won't work for me.
2) You cannot run voice directly over TOR, because it is too slow.
3) jitsi does not protect you from the other people in the call.
- Also, Video is not necessary, I wont be using it.
Answer: If I remember correctly, Mumble is good for this. The only slight problem is that it's based on client-server architecture so, so as best case some of you needs to host it. (Not that complex to setup)
Answer: I started Asterisk VoIP server over OpenVPN in Tor hidden service.
It's working with 1s delay.
First create OpenSSL CA with Easy-RSA or OpenSSL for OpenVPN.
This is OpenVPN server configuration file:

tls-server
port 1194
proto tcp
dev tun
ca /etc/ssl/ca.crt
cert /etc/ssl/server.crt
key /etc/ssl/server.key
dh /etc/ssl/dh2048.pem
topology subnet
server 10.0.0.0 255.255.0.0
ifconfig-pool-persist ipp.txt
keepalive 10 120
cipher AES-256-CBC
max-clients 100
persist-key
persist-tun
status /var/log/openvpn-status.log
log /var/log/openvpn.log
log-append /var/log/openvpn-append.log
verb 3
auth SHA512

This is OpenVPN client configuration file:

client
dev tun
proto tcp
remote svntrqfgsa7jgnpm.onion 1194
resolv-retry infinite
nobind
persist-key
persist-tun
ca /home/norbert/new/ca.crt
cert /home/norbert/new/demo-alice.crt
key /home/norbert/new/demo-alice.key
cipher AES-256-CBC
auth SHA512
verb 3
socks-proxy 127.0.0.1 9050
remote-cert-tls server

This is Asterisk sip.conf configuration file:

[general]
transport=udp
port=5060
bindaddr=10.0.0.1
disallow=all
allow=ulaw
allow=alaw
allow=gsm
directmedia=no
nat=yes
localnet=10.0.0.0/255.255.0.0

[friends_internal](!)
type=friend
host=dynamic
context=from-internal
disallow=all
allow=ulaw
allow=alaw
allow=gsm

[demo-alice](friends_internal)
secret=password

[demo-bob](friends_internal)
secret=password

This is Asterisk extensions.conf configuration file:

[from-internal]
exten=>6001,1,Dial(SIP/demo-alice,20)
exten=>6002,1,Dial(SIP/demo-bob,20)

This is Tor hidden service server torrc configuration file:

HiddenServiceDir /usr/local/torhs/winternight/
HiddenServicePort 1194 127.0.0.1:1194

This is Tor client configuration file:

SOCKSPort 9050

That's all. It's working with 1s delay.
Documented in these tutorials:

How To setup Asterisk VoIP server over OpenVPN in Tor hidden service on FreeBSD system
https://forums.freebsd.org/threads/59190/

Enjoy. :)

Anonomous alternative to skype - voip?


Automatically convert video podcasts to "ipod or iphone version"

Question: I'm downloading a regular video podcast for use on my ipod.
I like that the podcasts download automatically, but the problem is that I have to manually select all the videos I want to sync and then select "Create an iPod or iPhone version" from the advanced menu in iTunes.
This is a real pain, and if I forget even one video then iTunes comes up with a message saying that 100+ videos aren't in the right format for the sync to work (if they were converted they sync fine though).
Is there any way to get iTunes to do this conversion automatically once the download is finished, so then whenever I sync my iPod the videos will be synced automatically?
Answer: Unfortunately, iTunes just won't do this.  :(


Position and Sizing OS X windows to Exact Pixel Dimentions/Locations

Question: Is there an OS X application and/or system utility that will allow a user (me) to position application windows at exact screen coordinates, as well as size windows to exact pixel dimensions?  I'm going to creating some documentation, and I'd like things to be positioned and sized exactly the same for each screen capture session.
Answer: You could try using an AppleScript to set the window size and position.
You could do something similar to:
<code>tell application "Safari"
    activate
    set the bounds of the first window to {100, 0, 1000, 700}
end tell
</code>
You could also set size and position of subsequent windows using 'second window'.
Hope this helps.
Answer: MercuryMover is a shareware System Preferences module close to what you want. I bought it a while back and use it all day, everyday. It lets you move and resize windows using the keyboard, and gives you an overlay telling you where the window is with co-ordinates. You may also want to write a little AppleScript as per JT.WK's suggestion (more details here).