How to make disk Partition?

Question: I was using windows 10, then I installed Linux Elementary OS. During the installation, I deleted my windows. Now my elementary is working fine, just I want to install windows back cause I have work with Microsoft Office and I don't want to remove elementary.
Answer: You can download and use gparted software visually and directly vis AppCenter on the Loki. After partitioning HDD as you want, you can install windows on the region of storage partiotioned for windows. There are a lot of partiotion software on Linux but when you are a novice, I recommend gparted software on Loki and more thing is that you can use softwares such as LibreOffice or OpenOffice on many Linux distros instead of MS Office on windows.
Comment: Gparted is a good suggestion, but I think this answer is a little vague for a beginner. You could improve it by including a step-by-step example of how to resize the elementary partition, create a new NTFS partition etc. Screenshots would be very helpful. Don't forget that you will need to repair GRUB after Windows is installed - it certainly used to be the case that Windows would install its own bootloader on an MBR system.
Answer: You can use gparted software for your reasons, especially from live usb.
Also, libreoffice is full functionality and good alternative for microsoft office. For example in our company (one of the biggests banks of the country) we all using libreoffice and really happy with it.
Good luck!
Answer: I wanted to install windows on my PC after the installation of Loki, but I found out that you cannot partition the SSD/HDD if Loki is currently running on it. I tried with gparted, but it did not work. If it is a fresh install I would suggest that you reinstall it again and try to partition it before the installation.
Hope this helps.
p.s. In the end I installed windows on another HDD, but then the booting time with Loki went to heaven. With windows on the second drive, Loki was booting in like 2 minutes (less than 15 seconds usually). Just keep that in mind.
Answer: You could use the KDE Partition Manager.It also works on eOS
sudo apt-get install partitionmanager

How to make disk Partition?


I need an answer as to why i received a mother who makes me feel like an outcaste?

Question: Buddhism teaches to respect parents. I do follow. But when ever i bow down our relation with my mother, she constantly tries to bring me down. She makes me feel bad for the way i look. I cannot change my skin color or my height. She nags about my appearance. My childhood was ruined and now she is making me depresses by saying no guy would like to marry me. It is getting hard to listen to her day by day. I am a person who upholds goodcharacter above anything. I can never say a bad word to anybody's face. Yet i am facing this almost everyday by my mother. When she fell ill i could not leave he and i was the one who suffer her illness more than her mentally. I feel bad as why she cannot see me as a daughter and love me when all i want is to make her happy.
What mistake have i done in my past life to her that she is constantly taunting me to death.
Answer:
What mistake have I done in my past life to her that she is constantly taunting me to death.

If you are literally asking about your past Karmas, to figure out the reason behind your current life situation, then, it is impossible for other, you yourself have to reach that level of meditative awareness to remember your past life. The ways of Karma are not linear also the ripening of fruits is also not linear, you receive the fruits when the environment is right.
Furthermore, if you blame your past life for your present life, then you can again blame your past to past life for the deeds of past life, so the regression is infinite. So the first thing to solve the problem is that stop blaming past life or Karma or anything for that matter. The first step is to accept the situation. The first step is acceptance.
How can you solve this problem?
From a Buddhist context, you really have two problems here, one is Attachment and other is Expectations.
As much as I have studied human psychology I can tell you that hatred of mother for her child is usually dissociated, meaning she does not really hate you as a child but maybe she hated your father or something like that, but sometimes humans are not capable to locate the real reasons of hating somebody, so her nagging about your looks is simply her own misunderstanding of the exact thing that was bothering her about you. So the next step is to look at you mother as a human rather than 'your mother', this will free you from the attachment you have, and will be able to help you to solve the problem objectively.
Second is you stop expecting love and affection from your mother. This expectation is same as desires, which Buddhism talks of in great detail. The suffering here is caused because you desire your mother to behave in a certain way and she is not doing it, as the Buddha said, "not getting what you want is suffering". So this is the second thing you have to learn, to drop your desire.
The next step is to learn not to react, I suggest you should do a 10 day Vipassana  retreat of S N Goenka. Here you will learn to watch the sensations without reacting to them, you will have to apply the same to your relating to your mother. So whenever she insults you, you just watch, the unpleasant sensation arising in your mind and its impermanence. Ths will help you get rid of a lot of emotional trouble.

she is making me depresses by saying no guy would like to marry me.

So you are depressed by her words that no guy will like to marry you. Well, you have to understand something here, if you are depressed then your mother's prophecy will be self-fulfilling because no guy will want to marry a depressed girl. So instead of feeling depressed, you fill your heart and mind with loving-kindness and compassion. If you are loving then love will come in your life, but remember the inherent unsatisfactoriness of everything. To accomplish this, I will suggest that you should also learn some Metta meditation. Ajahn Brahm is the best teacher for this, see his Youtube videos on this topic. If you could give Metta to your mother under your current situation, then you have won, girl.
Look at the bigger picture
You take my word for this, and I assure you, that if it would not have been your mother bothering you it would have been someone else, something else. The first of the Noble truth is, There is Suffering in life. So instead of thinking that it was your bad karma that got you an undesirable mother, maybe it was your good karma that the suffering you are entitled has led you to ask important questions in life about Karma and past life. Life's plots are complicated, your mis-fortune sometimes is your greatest fortune.
Think about the story of the Buddha, He had a perfect father, His father kept Him in utmost luxury possible, gave Him everything, but still, you can imagine His suffering that He had to leave His palace in the middle of the night, teary-eyed, to find the end of the suffering.
So think about this, that getting a good mother or good father is also not the solution to life's suffering. Those who got have their problems. Follow the Dhamma taught by the Buddha, that's the only true way out.
Contemplate on this story told by Ajahn Brahm and last thing I will suggest you read the book 'Who ordered this truckload of Dung' by Ajahn Brahm. Thit will change your entire perspective.
Metta to you.
Comment:  Today is the day. I'm feeling blessed right now. I will surely change for better. Thank you.
Comment: @Palvi Zeus be with you!!!
Answer: Your mother has ignorance & suffering in her mind. Respectfully, your mother is mentally unbalanced. Your situation is unrelated to anything in an imagined past life. The Buddha taught in this world there are children who are morally inferior to their parents; children who are morally equal to their parents; and children who are morally superior to their parents. In your case, you are morally superior to your mother; who lacks moral sensibilities.
Answer: What you have done in your past life does not matter. What you do in your current life matters. Your childhood is the past, only your memories that bothers you and if you keep attaching to them, it becomes your obstacle for your present and future well-being.
Appearance is impermanent, and getting married doesn't mean they are better or worse in personal qualities.
Be compassionate to yourself, and to your mother. Of course you need to be respectful to your parents, but you can also be respectful to yourself by holding no ill-will neither against them, nor yourself.
Answer: Yes toxic parents create a delicate situation which becomes irritating and later on very draining of mental energy. It is very easy for the grown up child to see existence has being wasted.
 THe biggest mistake you can do, for you and your parents, is to be  angry, resentful, mad, mean, crossed with  your mom.
You ask about past karma, but until you can see for yourself the workings of the karma, speculating about this is detrimental to you, just like relying on the remarks of your mother.
You can care being criticized by a buddha and other arhants, but worrying about the remarks of a normal person who tries to be mean makes you miserable like you clearly  claimed. Caring about those words is not worth it, it goes against your sake. So the solution is to stop caring about her remarks. THe method for this really to become enlightened but that could be a lot of work if you care about what must not be cared.
To dilute her effects on you, you can do the simplest thing, to wit to put space and time between you and her.
You can leave in another house if you have the money and find somebody to rent you an accommodation. You can then later on still go to see your mom.
You can even enroll in a monastery if you can no longer stand her and fails to find an accommodation.
Second, you can talk regularly to her, but sometimes people do not change, even when they see that their actions lead to failure, even when they see that their actions do not give them what they want, especially when the claims and advises they hear come from a person that they do not take seriously, typically one of their children.
Perhaps you can get a person, like a bikkhu, appreciated by your mom for her words, to talk to your mom and you.
THe third way is the best way but requires far more work from you. THe method gives you endurance in face of negative people. You are upset at her words and perhaps her actions because you manage to care about her words and about the topic of her claims.
for instance, You claim that she makes claims about your height. Even if you are very small or very tall,  It turns out that the height is not significant, not relevant to follow the dhamma.
Height matters only to people who do not want to follow the dhamma, who care about living in the society and want what is wrong to want in order to stop being unhappy, like fame or being attractive to other people in the society.
Words are only words and as long as you ''do not take up'' the words, like words of insult or mockery, you will be fine.
See the sutta of some puthujjana insulting the buddha.
https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn07/sn07.002.than.html
In order to dilute the power of her words on you and for you stop being upset by her words, you can remember that you do not fall for her remarks and you stick to being a good person, you can dilute your attachment to what could be seen as the ''best years of your life'' (in order to weaken your view that many years of your existence have been wasted) by thinking that life is long and you are able to endure a few years of audible mediocrity.
See the sutta about being cut in half by mean people.

"In the same way, monks, there are these five aspects of speech by
  which others may address you: timely or untimely, true or false,
  affectionate or harsh, beneficial or unbeneficial, with a mind of
  good-will or with inner hate. Others may address you in a timely way
  or an untimely way. They may address you with what is true or what is
  false. They may address you in an affectionate way or a harsh way.
  They may address you in a beneficial way or an unbeneficial way. They
  may address you with a mind of good-will or with inner hate. In any
  event, you should train yourselves: 'Our minds will be unaffected and
  we will say no evil words. We will remain sympathetic to that person's
  welfare, with a mind of good will, and with no inner hate. We will
  keep pervading him with an awareness imbued with good will and,
  beginning with him, we will keep pervading the all-encompassing world
  with an awareness imbued with good will equal to a catskin bag —
  abundant, expansive, immeasurable, free from hostility, free from ill
  will.' That's how you should train yourselves.
"Monks, even if bandits were to carve you up savagely, limb by limb,
  with a two-handled saw, he among you who let his heart get angered
  even at that would not be doing my bidding. Even then you should train
  yourselves: 'Our minds will be unaffected and we will say no evil
  words. We will remain sympathetic, with a mind of good will, and with
  no inner hate. We will keep pervading these people with an awareness
  imbued with good will and, beginning with them, we will keep pervading
  the all-encompassing world with an awareness imbued with good will —
  abundant, expansive, immeasurable, free from hostility, free from ill
  will.' That's how you should train yourselves.

In order to dilute the power of her words on you, you can remember that Sometimes a person can only stop doing bad things, stop saying bad words by dying. So you just have to wait. Her pollutions will not last long.
Always have in mind that this situation is not permanent and that taking her words seriously, that caring about the remarks, especially from a puthujjana, which have nothing to do with being a good person with respect to the dhamma is detrimental to you and would lead you to being an awful person too.
Always have in mind that your mom is not enlightened. Do not hold grudge against her.
Answer: Things we have to undergo or sufferings we meet in this life are not only the results of what we did in our past(kamma) lives..According to buddhism,things happen due to 5 reasons or dhammas..That mean that sufferings you have mentioned above happen due to 5 reasons..That's not only the kamma of you(what you did in past)..Those 5 reasons are called as ''the five niyamas''>>>you can see further deatails about it from here...
As you say those bad words and scoldings you have to be heard mostly may be due to 2 of above mentioned niyamas..those are ''kamma niyama'' and ''citta niyama''..kamma niyama is what you did in your past lives and this life,if you did a serious good/bad thing, result of that comes in the same life..But we can't tell surely your mothers behavior is a result of your kamma/acts you did in past...Because ,to tell that someone has to develop his ind to a special state,which is called ''pubbeniwasanussati gnana''..If you read buddhist stories ,you'll find such occasions where lord buddha,said about others past lives and karmas certain people did....
As you say mother fells from some illness, So we can think here about the other niyama  of that 5 i mentioned early..That is ''citta niyama''..Due to her age and illness, her mentality has changed,So here mind is not working as usual,and the thoughts come from her mind are varied weird or bad ones..As a result of those bad thoughts she blame you and try to make sufferings on you..
you can see as above, those sufferings you feel are  happen because of the bad state of your mother's mind or citta niyama..So that's not a fault of you and you have no reason to be sad or repent..As you say you spend a good life,Think about that and fit your mind...
As our lord buddha said when you lead a good life, if you meet with barriers/hard situations in your life think about your good behavior/how you avoid bad acts/''seela '' which you follow...Then the strength or results of your behavior increases..And otherwise try to speak good words,don't be sad about what your mother says..Try to keep in your good behavior and,increase them..When you increase good deeds and good behavior in you if there are bad  things affect on you,they'll decrease gradually, as the salt taste  of a salt crystal decrease step by step as we put it into a bowl and add water gradually..
triple gems bless you
Answer: It is easy to inherit seeds of sorrow, prejudice and favouritism from the side of the parents and then further transfer these onto the children and so on.
I say this as I was in exactly the same situation, but from the side of my father. My brother was the favourite one and I used to typically get a lot of grief, uneasy, depressing remarks and insults about my worthlessness and utter uselessness.
That made me, in the end, suffer from depression, anxiety and lack of confidence in the rest of my adulthood.
The result of our mental formations is not entirely dependant on us and our actions, it is also that of collective consciousness of the environment we participate in and historically used to revolve around.
If one looks deeply (and meditative insight helps), one might discover the cause. For my father, the case was that he was too, an underdog and his brother was the favourite of the parents. And it just happened that he was the eldest of two brothers - and so was I, the mimicked situation made it ever more resembling and worse.
It is in the end the case of mirroring.
Good news is that we can root out and transform all the childhood seeds of grief and misery and the key for that is plenty of Metta towards ourselves and our parent(s). So, here it is, I advise Loving-Kindness meditation to understand our parents suffering with compassion, and namely, where that suffering comes from. Only then we can unconditionally love ourselves and our parents.
It matters not that mother or father holds such views of us - it is about our reaction to these; we cannot change other people's way of thinking and deeply rooted bias, and we should not hope for that to happen.
Comment: Now that i think about her childhood, my mother seems to simply reflect what she faced. Isn't it wise to not let others face the situation because we know how it feels? Why isnt she able to realise that? Like in the story a gentleman shared here, she is carrying the dung around with her. Is it okay for me to ignore her and live my life on my own? But being a mother i am sure she would not listen to me. I will look into metta. Thank you Sir.
Comment: It is better to let things go, but not everyone  is capable of seeing through attachments to see wisdom. This clinging in the end causes suffering and delusions, but not everyone aspires for liberation.
Answer: Sounds like in the past you were very judgmental. You probably despised people who were not as righteous and idealistic as you. You thought they were lowly. As a result you now got into this situation. This is called "attachment to ideals".


How to install SQL Server 2005 evaluation on Windows XP?

Question: I am frustated because when I try to install the evaluation edition of SQL Server 2005 it shows only the books online check box. I have installed Visual Studio 2003 first and the .NET framework 2.0 SP1.
Answer: Which version of SQL Server do you have? The standard and enterprise versions require a server operating system, even for the evaluation version.
To install SQL Server on a workstation operating system, you need either the Developer Edition installation, which is basically enterprise version but with limits to production usage, you can use it for development.
Note that the developer edition usually follows a license for one of the full versions, or an MSDN subscription, I'm unsure whether you can buy developer licenses separate. In either case, Developer is not free, in the sense that you won't get it without giving Microsoft some money.
On the other hand, you can use the Express edition, which is a version that doesn't have all the enterprise-y features. It is free, but as I said, doesn't have all the features that Enterprise/Standard/Developer have, so it depends on what you intend to use it for.
If you intend to develop software for it for distribution over the internet, then I would advice you to use the Express version and limit yourself to the features it support. That way, more people would be in your target group.
Answer: Can your problem be that you've (or a program has) already installed a default instance of SQL Server 2005 on your machine and now you are trying to install another default instance, which is not allowed by design? You could check your Windows Services if there is a SQL Server service running.


is being threatened to death and toture enough to get refugee status in another country?

Question: Is claiming to be threatened to death or torture for political or religious beliefs without any supporting evidence that shows it actually happened (from a country which is prone to, and known for torturing, kidnapping and killing political oppositions without leaving traces) enough to get refugee status(get accepted as a refugee) in another country?
Answer: If the intent is to come to the US, you need to show that you are a refugee, that you need to be resettled, and that you are not inadmissible to the US – you might then be eligible for referral to the US Refugees Admissions Program. The referral might be by UNHCR (mostly), perhaps a US Embassy, or a qualified NGO. As a terminological matter, if you are already in the US, you apply for asylum, not refugee status. Either way, you have to show that you are unable or unwilling to return to your home country because you have been persecuted there in the past or have a well-founded fear that you will be persecuted if you go back, and that your persecution is connected to your race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or your political opinion. Your fear of future persecution must be "well-founded", and read INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421 to see what that means.
Establishing a "well-founded fear" of persecution is a lower burden than establishing that it is "more likely than not" that there will be persecution. If you are in the US and are applying for asylum, you only need to establish a well-founded fear of persecution. In that instance, Cardoza could establish that her brother had been tortured by the Sandinistas, but could not establish any actions by the government against herself. The immigration judge applies a "clear probability of persecution" test and found her case wanting: SCOTUS determined that the proper standard is "well-founded fear", based on the statutory definition of "refugee".
But ultimately, someone has to judge what constitutes a well-founded fear. It should be noted that under 8 USC 1158, "The Secretary of Homeland Security or the Attorney General may grant asylum", and nowhere does it say that asylum must be granted.
Answer: That depends on the desired destination country. In most it probably then depends on a judgment call by a local official. In the US that official is likely to be an Immigration Judge, or possibly an official with Customs and Immigration.


What are the advantages/disadvantages of press fit bottom brackets compared with threaded?

Question: Many standards for bottom brackets have been gaining popularity recently such as BB30 and PF30. What are the benefits of these press fit systems over the threaded system that has prevailed for decades? Any drawbacks to be aware of?
Comment: 1) It's cool.  2) It's cheaper to manufacture.  3) It's harder to maintain so you'll buy a new bike sooner.
Comment: Are you asking about external vs. cartridge style bottom brackets, press fit vs. threaded external, or a comparison of all three?
Comment: {All press fit} vs {all non-press-fit}. (So non-press-fit would include both external and cartridge lumped into one category.)
Answer: Advantages:

It's cheaper to manufacture cups, even with fine surface finish and reasonable tolerances than threaded shells.
Especially with carbon frames there was an issue with inserting threaded shells which needed to have perfectly parallel faces. With press-fit cups and cartridge bearings having some factory loose, the tolerances are not so strict.
A press-fit bearings are just a bit quicker to install. The difference may not be huge, but is significant when assemblig thousands of bikes.
Removing a threaded bottom bracket after a few years can be a daunting experience. Especially when no grease/thread glue was applied and it was mounted on a steel frame.
Thread could easily be damaged when replacing a bottom bracket without care.
A new standard is always a good opportunity to use for the advertising department.
Although sometimes recommended, no tools are usually needed for installation.

Disadvanteges:

Press-fit connections wear out more quickly when you replace the bearings often.
Bearings which have to account for imperfections in cup mounting, don't last quite as long.
It is possible to re-thread a damaged bottom bracket shell thread while it would be way more complicated to replace press-fit cups.
Bearing removal requires care and experience to protect cup surface from damaging.

There are more diferences, but they are more specific to a given type of bottom brackets, and the ones above are more general. Most of the advantages of press-fit are felt by the manufacturers rather than users, although I do appreciate the ease of installation of these bottom brackets.


PHPMyAdmin: "General relation features: Disabled"

Question: I've been looking around for something like this for a while, and I've found some tips on similar issues, but not exactly the same. I really don't know what to do.
I downloaded and installed WAMP, and I have a MySQL and PHPMyAdmin setup according to common indications that can be found everywhere (securing MySQL root account, etc.).
When I log into PHPMyAdmin (either as root or as pma), I see the following message at the bottom of the page:

The additional features for working with linked tables have been deactivated.
  To find out why click here.

And when following the link, got a page with the following:
Server: localhost

$cfg['Servers'][$i]['pmadb'] ...  OK
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['relation'] ...  OK
    General relation features: Disabled

$cfg['Servers'][$i]['table_info'] ...  OK
    Display Features: Disabled

$cfg['Servers'][$i]['table_coords'] ...  OK
$cfg['Servers'][$i]['pdf_pages'] ...  OK
    Creation of PDFs: Disabled

$cfg['Servers'][$i]['column_info'] ...  OK
    Displaying Column Comments: Disabled
    Bookmarked SQL query: Disabled
    Browser transformation: Disabled

$cfg['Servers'][$i]['history'] ...  OK
    SQL history: Disabled

$cfg['Servers'][$i]['designer_coords'] ...  OK
    Designer: Disabled

Somebody please explain to me, why the heck if all settings are "OK" the features remain "Disabled"?
Note: at first all the settings were "not OK" and I managed to add the settings to config.inc.php, and then created the tables using scripts/create_tables.php.
Of course I have already tried restarting the server or clearing the browser cache (several times, so I am sure the problem comes elsewhere).
Answer: I just had to logout and login to see the new features, try that


NetBSD 5.1 NDIS Kernel Compile Error

Question: I have an old Toshiba Satellite 4015CDT, with Pentium II MMX, 32MB RAM, 4GB HDD. It also has one USB 1.0 port, parallel and serial ports, a 3.5" floppy drive and a CD-ROM drive (almost dead). I've installed NetBSD on this machine (full install) and now I want to connect it to the Internet. Although it has one PCMCIA modem card in it, it is obviously not an option.
In order to do that I tried to connect my Realtek RTL8192U wireless adapter, but although the system gives me the device's name (through dmesg) it fails to recognize it as a network adapter. I followed the instructions here and here to recompile the kernel with NDIS support (I gave this configuration the name "NDIS"). At compile time I got the following error messages:
cc1: warnings being treated as errors
../../../../dev/if_ndis/if_ndis.c: In function 'ndis_detach':
../../../../dev/if_ndis/if_ndis.c:1187: warning: passing argument 1 of 'mutex_destroy' from incompatible pointer type
*** Error code 1
Stop.
make: stopped in /usr/src/sys/arch/i386/compile/NDIS

I would very much appreciate any help on this matter. Thanks in advance.
P.S. If it is of any help, the system was installed by first booting off the installation floppies ("boot1.fs" and "boot2.fs" downloaded from the official ftp server), and then the packages were copied from a USB flash drive (packages also downloaded from the ftp server).
Answer: Remove the -Werror option which is passed to gcc somewhere in the Makefile.
The warning will then be merely considered as a warning and won't interrupt the compilation process.

NetBSD 5.1 NDIS Kernel Compile Error


What determines the usage of the three stress patterns of the past form "начался"?

Question: I've seen на́чался, начался́, and нача́лся listed as past forms of this verb. However, there's no explanation as to when one form is used over another. Is it a matter of register? Are some of the forms preferred over others in literary style vs. conversation? Is there a particular meaning associated with any one form?
Comment: @Quassnoi:  I don't agree that this is off-topic. Yes, you can find this information in dictionaries, but there's no explanation as to which form is in actual usage and in what contexts/registers. This user's question is about USAGE and should be allowed. I for one would love to know more about this, and have often wondered about it myself. – CocoPop just now   edit
Comment: http://slovana.ru/slovari/reznichenko/orfoepicheskij-slovar-reznichenko_0601.htm
Comment: No it doesn't, the normative stress is **начался́**, but regionally **на́чался** is widely used. ***нача́лся*** is grammarless in my opinon
Answer: Some works exploring stress variability in Russian show sufficient difference between the declared standards and real language spoken by educated natives. E. Marklund Sharapova (2000) tested 106 speakers in Moscow and found out that most of them considered it unnatural the 'standard' stress on -ся in начался́ / заперся́ / обнялся́. This conclusion might change my previous opinion: I used to think that the version на́чался was more typical for St. Petersburg (the words пока не на́чался джаз from a song by a local musician Grebenschikov never sounded strange to me), than for Moscow. The normative version начался́ sounds a bit formal to me, expectable to hear it in some news by a central TV channel, or maybe I'd even use it myself when speaking about the beginning of a concert, as opposed to the case of a sudden rain.
A page from the book Акцент и ударение в русском языке by Вернер Лефельдт, where E. Marklund Sharapova's work is quoted:
https://books.google.ru/books/content?id=tcrLAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116&img=1&zoom=3&hl=en&ots=EGW2WwvDbH&sig=ACfU3U3R40LLW0pIAcLRAfwTIzxhSoNhjw&w=1280
Answer: Russian doesn't care about stresses as much as, for example, Chinese.
There are obvious cases where putting a stress on another syllable would make the whole word sound really wrong (лЮбовь as an example). If you put your stress in the wrong part of the word you would either sound weird, or won't be understood at all.
In other cases while the form might not be in a dictionary, it's still valid as a vernacular, though using it will indicate that maybe you're not too educated. На́чался is that case here. A person might use non-dictionaried versions with some slightly different tonal meaning, but I won't be able to provide an example, so subtle that will be. It won't affect your understanding, and you would be quite right to stick to the dictionary.
Then there are cases where even a reasonably educated person doesn't know how a word should be accentuated, a common example is тОрты vs. тортЫ. The right one, according to dictionaries, is тОрты, but you are likely to hear both variants equally, and most people won't blink on either. Only people that have particulary strong feelings about "right" ways of speaking would care if you don't use the dictionary form.
And, as an edge case there are heteronyms, there aren't a lot of widely used ones, but замОк (lock) and зАмок(castle) are among the most common examples. You should know the difference with them and just you what you need to. In writing, the meaning is derived from context, just as with English examples (dEsert as area vs. desErt as an army desertion).
I'm not sure of an example, but those cases might mix and match - some stresses would be wholly invalid, while others would simply be less accurate
Comment: Stress *is* important to understanding spoken Russian. If you pronounce words with stress in an unexpected place then the listener might have no idea what you are saying. If a learner of Russian speaks with correct stress but uses the wrong endings then he/she will be largely understood, but a learner who uses correct endings but incorrect stress will have a lot of problems being understood.
Comment: I didn't say "DOESN'T care", I said "cares LESS". And the first example is where you can't say the word any other way. I guess I'll elaborate in that paragraph.


ford focus 2002 low idle problem varying

Question: I have a ford focus 2002. It has an idle problem. At a stop the idle will vary from normal down to about 500 RPM, almost stalling. It does this variation very cyclically, every 5 seconds or so. Recently while driving I hit a hard pothole, and the problem stopped (it has been gone for about a month now) so it seems like something was loose? I am waiting every day for the problem to return. Any ideas?
Comment: Idle air control valve, maybe?
Comment: I think you should check the vacuum lines connections and see if there is anything lose
Comment: A MAF or MAP sensor that's gone bad is a common cause for rough idling as they call it, if that's what you mean. It can't properly measure the incoming air, and thus it can't properly decide how much fuel to inject, causing a poor combustion, and rough idling.
Comment: I'd blame the crank, cam shaft sensors or the idle control valve
Answer: That is what it sounds like to me, the pothole shifting something.
things I would check

look for cracking around the rubber or plastic vacuum lines
is this an automatic or manual? if it is an automatic and it does that shift to neutral and see if it stops
was your air conditioning on before? or did it suddenly stop working after running over the pothole? It could be you had a loose wire turning the pump on even if the switch was off but this is unlikely. But this would be a consistent interval and if it was shorted it could bypass the computer which would increase RPM when it runs.
Do you have a large sound system? if so and you crank the bass this can put a lot of resistance on your alternator.
check the wires going to your fuel pumps many cars have 2 for fuel injection systems. The pothole could have made a connection work better or jostled a bad brush on the pump motor.
Answer: I would check the coil pack connectors and camshaft sensor connector and the vaccuum lines since they are in a relatively close proximity and MAFS Mass Air Flow Sensor my Focus did to and when it became colder weather to but be sure I threw alot of money at it using my ODBII it is for being close not exact at least mine is.


AIR plugins are missing

Question: I just updated to PT 10.1.2 and now all my AIR plugins are gone. Has this happened to anyone? And how I can get them back? Many thanks!
Comment: just checked mine and they all seem working after the update. Ive got MBP with latest Lion. Did you check any updates for the plugins?
Answer: 10.1.3 has been released as there were complaints of some major bugs with 10.1.2. Try downloading and installing that instead.
When you're installing there is a screen with the option to choose what elements to install. There's an option for the plug-ins, so make sure it's ticked.

AIR plugins are missing


countersinking screws

Question: I still don't understand about countersinking screws. I have been in lowes and home depot and have never seen packages that say countersinking screws. I still don't know the purpose of countersinking screws. I only know I drill a pilot hole for the screws insert the screws by hand a little bit then finish drilling the screws down with a power drill??? I am a novice not a woodworker, little jobs around house, hanging shelves, hinges, pictures,mirrors, etc. thanks
Comment: We have multiple prior Q&As on countersinking, drilling pilot holes and screw type including https://woodworking.stackexchange.com/questions/390/what-are-the-advantages-of-countersinking-screws and https://woodworking.stackexchange.com/questions/2708/are-there-specific-types-of-screws-i-should-use-for-woodworking/2714#2714. Also, https://woodworking.stackexchange.com/questions/5060/is-it-a-problem-if-my-countersink-bit-is-slightly-larger-than-it-needs-to-be and https://woodworking.stackexchange.com/questions/2787/what-size-pilot-hole-should-i-drill-for-for-a-specific-size-of-screw
Answer: A countersink is a feature of a hole. The corresponding feature of a screw is a taper under the head. This taper appears on flat head and also oval head screws. So in Lowe's or Home Depot you would see packages of flat head screws most commonly (where countersinking is concerned).
The primary purpose of a countersunk screw is achieving a flush surface; the head of the screw does not protrude above the work. On a deck, say, this is important because screw heads would be a tripping hazard, among other things.
Properly installing a flat head screw involves three operations (although they can be combined with a specialty drill bit):

Drill the pilot hole, the same or slightly smaller than the root diameter of the screw (the root is the solid shaft bit under the threads, roughly speaking). The pilot hole extends as far as the screw will into the back-most material.
Drill the clearance hole through the front-most piece only. It should be as big as the full diameter of the screw (measured across the threads, but not the head). The thread should not bite into the clearance hole.
Form a countersink as deep as the screw head. This can be done with a "countersink bit" which may just be called a "countersink".

The screw is then pushed through the clearance hole, started and screwed into the pilot hole, and cinched up tight such that its head fits into the countersink tapered hole and sits flush with the top of the work.
Comment: The specialty drill bit that combines these operations is often called a "taper bit."
Comment: I know what you're talking about, but it may be a bit difficult for a novice to visualize. Here is [a picture](http://www.carpentry-tips-and-tricks.com/images/450x350xpilotholes.jpg.pagespeed.ic.IYhsZXgygj.jpg) that shows the countersink, the clearance hole and the pilot hole.
Comment: Sometimes these operations are best done in exactly the reverse order given :-) Countersinking first is the main one as it prevents chatter, a problem with many modern countersinks esp. if not sharp. ref. [Why is my countersink bit making hexagonal holes?](https://woodworking.stackexchange.com/questions/2986/why-is-my-countersink-bit-making-hexagonal-holes/2992#2992)
Comment: This is the way I was taught to screw wood 45 years ago, but modern screws and power screwdrivers make it much less important (particularly for rough carpentry) - one can just power drive the screw all the way through the joint.
Answer: GRK makes what they call a "self-countersinking" screw.  Above the screw threads there are some "cutters" that widen the hole and allow for the screw to be set flush with the surface without having to use a countersink drill bit.

From GRK's web site:

GRK's R4™ self-countersinking screw has a patented underhead with
  saw-blade like cutting teeth and six self-contained cutting pockets.
  Together they act similar to a circular saw-blade, transporting the
  drill dust away from the edge of the screw hole while cutting a
  perfectly clean hole into even the most brittle materials without
  cracking any surface treatment.
This design enhances the R4's versatility by allowing the fastener to
  countersink into even the hardest woods. The head of the screw closes
  the hole off with precision leaving no damaged fibers around the head.
R4™ screws 2" and longer have a four threaded CEE Thread. This
  enlarges the screw hole for the non-threaded portion of the fastener,
  allowing the wood to settle easily. It increases the screw's drawing
  strength and reduces the friction on the screw shank that lowers the
  driving torque.
Comment: I'm surprised a screw could cut its own countersink in basically one rotation. If you were using a countersinking bit it would take many more revolutions than that.
Comment: Doesn't really answer the Question but good to know about these, although frankly I'm a little sceptical they work as well as the manufacturer claims!
Comment: The OP specifically mentions "countersinking screws".  I took that to mean the product, not the process.
Comment: @Graphus  I love my GRK screws.  They have cabinets, self-countersinking (R4) and structural (RSS) screws and I like them all.  The quality is very good.
Comment: I agree, this does answer the question as asked, but possibly not as intended.Oh, and I can go buy a box of these and I think I'll have some screws my FIL doesn't! :)

countersinking screws


How to export maximum quality in minimum size

Question: I want to export (i'm using premiar / edius ) video at maximum quality but my target size have to be maximum 400 mb (the movie length its about 40 min. ) and if it can be lower then 400 mb its even better.
what is the best way to export the movie so its will be quality and steel in a minimum size?
(by quality i want something Hd or more if its possible , if not so the most quality i can get in this size target)
Answer: You will want to use the H.264 codec, as it has one of the best quality/filesize-ratios of all the codecs out there. For this codec, your file size (and consequently it's quality) is mainly determined by the bitrate settings.
Let's do the math:
<code>40 min = 2400 sec
400 MB = 3200 Mb (Megabit)
3200 Mb / 2400 sec = **1.33 Mb/s**
</code>
So you can set your Maximum Bitrate to 1,33 Mbps and the Target Bitrate to the same value or slightly below that. Make sure to change your Bitrate Encoding to VBR, 2 pass for best results (this will take longer than exporting with 1 pass though). This is already quite low, with these settings you will probably get significant artifacts in your video. However, Youtube uses an even lower bitrate for it's video encoding (at least up to Full HD, not sure about 4k), so you could argue that people are used to it anyway. The amount of quality loss also depends on how much entropy (that is, small particles et c.) is in your video, watch this for an explanation.
Comment: If you set the target & max bitrates to the same value, you've nullified their use - and the point of 2-pass VBR. The bitrate is not "variable" anymore, and the 2nd pass' analysis won't be used for much. Might as well do a 1-pass CBR.
Answer: First, you meant 400MB, not 400mb.
It is extremely small for a 40-minute video. Probably best to lower the resolution to something like 480p.
Use 2-pass VBR, set the target bitrate to 1.33Mbps, that will ensure a 400MB file size. The max depends on whatever the playback systems can handle, and the video's content. In this case, without knowing those variables, I'd guess you can set it to 4Mbps and reap benefits from that.


Is whirlpool vulnerable to length extension attack?

Question: Is whirlpool vulnerable to length extension attacks?
I did not find anything on the topic and hardly anything interesting about whirlpool at all. I am trying to build some HMAC for a program and consider using whirlpool to do so.
Comment: HMAC prevents length extension attacks, so it shouldn't matter.
Comment: Yes, it is vulnerable.
Answer: Let's split your question into two parts: first the length extension attack problem with Whirlpool, and next your HMAC tool idea.
1. Is whirlpool vulnerable to length extension attack?
Yes, Whirlpool by itself (as a plain hash, not HMAC) is indeed vulnerable to length extension attacks.
Besides Crypto.SE Q&As like "Understanding the length extension attack", the SkullSecurity.org website offers an explanation in their article "Everything you need to know about hash length extension attacks". Here's an excerpt:

The attack
An application is susceptible to a hash length extension attack if it prepends a secret value to a string, hashes it with a vulnerable algorithm, and entrusts the attacker with both the string and the hash, but not the secret. Then, the server relies on the secret to decide whether or not the data returned later is the same as the original data.
It turns out, even though the attacker doesn't know the value of the prepended secret, he can still generate a valid hash for {secret || data || attacker_controlled_data}! This is done by simply picking up where the hashing algorithm left off; it turns out, 100% of the state needed to continue a hash is in the output of most hashing algorithms! We simply load that state into the appropriate hash structure and continue hashing.
TL;DR: given a hash that is composed of a string with an unknown prefix, an attacker can append to the string and produce a new hash that still has the unknown prefix.
Example
Let's look at a step-by-step example. For this example:
let secret = "secret"
let data = "data"
let H = md5()
let signature = hash(secret || data) = 6036708eba0d11f6ef52ad44e8b74d5b
let append = "append"

The server sends data and signature to the attacker. The attacker guesses that H is MD5 simply by its length (it's the most common 128-bit hashing algorithm), based on the source, or the application's specs, or any way they are able to.
Knowing only data, H, and signature, the attacker's goal is to append append to data and generate a valid signature for the new data. And that's easy to do!

In that article, they also link to a tool which allows to practically do a length-extention attack on every algorithm you could wish for – including WHIRLPOOL.
The tool – coded in plain C – is available for free and hosted at Github under the name hash_extender. Quoting its description, hash_extender…

… implements a length extension attack against every algorithm I could think of:

MD4
MD5
RIPEMD-160
SHA-0
SHA-1
SHA-256
SHA-512
WHIRLPOOL

I'm more than happy to extend this to cover other hashing algorithms as well, provided they are "vulnerable" to this attack -- MD2, SHA-224, and SHA-384 are not. Please contact me if you have other candidates and I'll add them ASAP!

2. I am trying to build some HMAC for a program and consider using whirlpool to do so.
This again lifts the length extension attack problem described above, since a HMAC construction (which securely hashes data with a secret key) prevents length extension attacks. For details on how a HMAC construction achieves that, you can check the Crypto.SE Q&A "How does the secret key in an HMAC prevent modification of the HMAC?" which explains that HMACs were designed to void length extension attack issues.
When trying to attack a HMAC,

…the attacker only controls variable-length input to the inner hash, not the outer hash…

So, the answer which practically considers your question title as well as your description is extended to:
Yes, Whirlpool by itself (as a plain hash, not HMAC) is indeed vulnerable to length extension attacks – but since you plan to use it in a HMAC construction (which prevents length extension attacks) you can safely ignore that attack vector. Yet, it should be noted that I'm assuming you implement the HMAC construction correctly.
TL;DR

Yes, Whirlpool as a plain hash is vulnerable to length extension attacks.
HMAC constructions prevent length extension attacks, which voids that problem.
Comment: You _could_ just truncate the Whirlpool output. It would be totally acceptable to truncate it to 256 bits for an HMAC, and that would leave another 256 bits of the internal state hidden from the attacker.
Comment: @forest Well, in the last paragraph before the "TL;DR" I do point out one *could* use Whirlpool (in a HMAC construction). As for your suggestion: I'm not really confident an simple truncation would be able to provide the same security properties a HMAC construction provides. — But that's probably material for a separate Q&A… ;)
Answer: Yes, it is vulnerable but as mentioned in a comment this is irrelevant when used in HMAC.
I'm not sure what you mean you cannot find anything interesting about Whirlpool:

Official website: http://www.larc.usp.br/~pbarreto/WhirlpoolPage.html
Publication including reference implementations: http://www.larc.usp.br/~pbarreto/whirlpool.zip
ISO standard: https://www.iso.org/standard/39876.html

Hope that helps!
Comment: About Whirlpool *regarding length extension attacks*. I don't see how listing the official documentation is any help./
Comment: @MaartenBodewes The official website describes it as a Merkle-Damgård hash, which implies length extension attacks being possible.
Comment: Hmm, OK that's true - in case there are no pre/post processing steps added to avoid these attacks anyway. But in that case this should be put in the answer. I looked at the pages (not the code) but I could not find a mention of length extension attacks. The same with HMAC, just stating that it is not vulnerable is not enough imho. Assuming that the asker already knows why they are not applicable is not helpful.


Should I take seed casings off newly sprouted cucumber seedlings?

Question: I have planted some cucumbers (forgot what species) and they have all sprouted, however, I have noticed that one still has the seed shell/case thing (not sure how to describe it). I am not planning on doing anything to it but it got me wondering, would taking it off actually do anything?
Answer: Some people call it a hammerhead. Some will tell you to just leave it and it will come off on it's own and if you try to remove it you risk damaging the plant.
In my experience, if the seed shell is still attached to both cotyledons (the first seed leaves) then it usually doesn't come off on its own. In some cases the cotyledons will grow out anyway but still stay pinched together and growth will be stunted. In other cases so much of the leaves are covered the plant won't grow any more.
If you can remove the seed then the plant will grow normally. You can try to remove it but there's a chance you can accidentally rip of one or both cotyledons or damage the plant in some other way but if you remove it the plant will grow better. At least that's been my experience.
What I do is spray water on the seed and let it soak in about a minute or so. Then I try to pinch the sides of the seed to open it up like you might do with a sunflower seed. Then slowly see if it will pull off gently. If not I might wait and try again the next day. Most of the time I get it off without incident. Cucumber seeds are pretty big so easy to handle but try to get it off before the cotelydons get too big.
Comment: I have more often killed than improved seedlings when trying to "help" with  removing these.
Comment: @Ecnerwal I've done it dozens of times with tomatoes and peppers and only hurt 2 or 3. Cucumber, zucchini, melon not as much experience but no plants hurt. You have to be delicate with the plant but at the same time slightly forceful with the seed coating. It can be tricky.
Answer: Just leave them alone. Nature has had millions of years to deal with them. I've seen the same on my spring onions, left them, and they eventually fall off. If they don't, and the plant suffers, well, that's evolution. And that plant won't be propagating.
Answer: I faced that same dilemma with some cucumber seedlings and decided to remove the seed casings. Out of 24 seedlings I damaged one of them. The damage was slight and the seedling did fine.
I was going to leave the seed casings on some of them as a test but could not resist taking them all off. So I'm not sure whether it would have been fine to leave them. I did notice on one runt of a seedling the cotyledon never developed fully and parts of them were still a pale white as though part of the seed.


Client libraries available for Flutter/Dart?

Question: Probably not typically needed for an IoT device, but a general app that uses the Iota ledger might be on a mobile device, and the Flutter framework seems pretty handy (I like how it can output iOS and Android code, and probably by now, the browser). And I would think there would be many use-cases for mobile devices. Live search results presented when typing this suggest that access is through REST calls, so it sounds like a Dart wrapper wouldn't be that hard (I just don't now how to do that). So might there be any plans to do this? Thanks.
Comment: I'm voting to close this question because it is about the legacy-network and it is a good idea to keep only Shimmer/ShimmerEVM and latest IOTA Chrysalis questions
Answer: I am not familiar with Dart. In most languages you are able to write your library in C and create an API in the target language. So, you should take a look into the iota.c library and wrap it in Dart, if possible.
Comment: OK, thanks. That's kind of what I thought I would have to do. I had looked into this method in the past when I looked at other Flutter packages calling/wrapping iOS-specific functions. It looked like it might have been tricky in aligning/matching data types, but I'll take a look at what might be needed.


What are some tips for a speed run through Fallout: New Vegas on hardcore mode?

Question: The title explains it all. I've played the entire game "regular" but now I'd like to play hardcore but not try and do every little quest all over again-- just the important ones. What are some tips for a "speed run" through New Vegas on hardcore mode? Thanks!
Answer: The way of the hardcore is not easy or quick, but you can be the one to conquer it with just a few simple steps.
On water: You should devote as much space as you need to water, both purified and dirty. this will give you the stamina necessary to accomplish your quests with out the bouncing out to drink from the rad free sources convientiently located around the map. The best of these are Good Springs Source, the camp in the far south where you get Rose, and the NCR tenant farm. Also, remember that even an irradated source will reset you to zero so drink when you can to save bottles for when you can't.
On food: You should be able to scavange more than enough food from those you kill through the quests and just laying around to never even need to touch a campfire. Concentrate on things that have a high food to weight value like the squrriel-on-a-stick and the brahmin steak. I would recommend not using food to heal as the hit points aren't worth it on a weight basis, although if your hurt and hungry, they are a nice bonus.
On healing: Med supplies still don't have weight so get those! I also like to use soda but only when I have a ready source of water (irradiated or not).  The sunsets are a better option than the nukas but dealers choice. I would save your stimpacks for your companions as they have a tendancy to drop quickly if it ever drops in the pot with things that are over your level. (As your speed running, your level will still be low at the end of the game).
On storage: I wouldn't worry about it. You take what you need along with you and leave the rest behind with out a backward glance. The fallout games make you want to be hoarder, but those guys smell funny and you don't even get be on T.V. so don't do it!
On quests: The trick with the quest is do the main plot and the ones you can do along the way. That's it. You can beat the game by the quickest method at level 24 or 25 as long as you don't do any of the long trek quests.  You can also keep all the various factions off you until you have already gotten a bunch of fast travel spots in the strategic spots, which will save you time in the long run.  To this end skip the Booted! quest as you don't want to have to run and gun all those assassins.
On companions: Boone and Ed-e, 'Nuff said.
On ammo: Ammo is a great way to make money, it's by far the lightest trade good in the game.  I would suggest picking what you are going to use as a weapon and keep only that ammo and sell the rest. This also lets you ignore 3 skills entirely so that you boost your chosen skill even quicker.  I would also grab the best gun for your skill even if it makes you go out of your way. That machine is a great choice if you're focusing on guns and there is a great energy gun in the factory just south of new vegas, if you'd rather go that way.
On the end game: This contains some spoilers so don't read it if that's going to upset you, kthxbye

 The easiest and quickest path to the
 end of the game is the Mr. House path.
 It has the fewest hoops to jump
 through and least amount of exposure
 to inevitable pissed off other
 factions. If you drive to the end
 along this path you can hit the end at
 an extremely low level, especially if
 you invest in a higher speech.

Anyway, hope this helps you get that last little achievement with a quickness :)
Comment: "those guys smell funny and you don't even get to be on T.V." -- hah!
Comment: "by the quickest method at level 24 or 25" Seriously? 24 or 25 is a slow leisurely stroll through the game. I beat the game in 8 hours a couple weeks ago. I think I was in the low teens. I'm sure you could do it a lot quicker than that without even using any exploits.
Answer: Bloatfly Slider is very nice for keeping both hunger and dehydration under control. Only 0.5 WG (where as water or food alone is usually 1 WG). Components are very easy to get and only requires 20 survival.
Lead does have weight (even though pipboy claims otherwise) so if you melt lots of ammo hoping to get around ammo weight issue, then be sure to unload Lead somewhere.
Companions are not marked as essential in HC, so save often and avoid using melee types.
There is a nice little place just south east of Primm (in the mountain pass) called Prospector Den. It is overrun by Viper gang, which you can clean out and make it your home (place to drop off junk) until you get a real one.
Comment: If you wast time on making sliders and establishing a home, you're not doing a speed run.
Answer: Quickest way to complete in hardcore is stick to the roads to avoid as many potential fights as possible. Having companions are very useful especially is those firefights and will make playing the quests a lot easier. One thing to note if a companion dies in combat they are gone for good, so save frequently and keep an eye on them in hardcore mode.
Always keep stocked up on food, water, stimpacks and doctors bags. You will find dehydration is your biggest problem in hardcore mode.
Ammo has weight in hardcore mode so plan your attacks and conserve your ammo.
Finally, remember to save frequently.
Comment: Dehydration is not a problem at all if you take advantage of clean water sources like sinks. One sip completely zeros out your thirst meter. Don't carry more than 5 or 6 bottles of water. Maybe let ED-E carry a few extra.
Answer: The record for new game to the ending scene is 32min. The console version is a bit more but not that much, and I started myself a speedrun of New Vegas with all the expansions.
The fact is that you don't need money, water or food if you speed run the game.  If you go through the expansion, each start and end restore your HP, water, and food meters. So no need of any of these.  Zion is done in usually 8 minutes and the other expansion becomes easy after the divide (Lonesome Road). Don't sweat about the hardcore mode focus more on the pathing you will use and what to do next.
Answer: Also try to get a good amount of lockpicking skill,so that you manage to open metal boxes lockers etc. If you have the dlc and have the canteen you won't have to worried about dehydration makes everything easier not to mention they give you one of a kind weapons witch are usefull. One final tip sneaking will help you avoid tough battles on the road
Answer: Primm, Nipton, Novac and Boulder City can be bypassed altogether by crossing through the areas containing dangerous enemies to the north and northeast of Goodsprings. This road can let you skip a couple of hours of running going south and then around the mountains to get to New Vegas. Stealth boys help a lot to do this. My own route starts from Sloan, go to Neil's Shack close to Black Mountain, keep following the road up to black mountain until you find a small path on the left side of the road where boulders will roll down if you approach. Go up that slope then turn left just past the first set of cliffs, head through the hills and activate a stealth boy. Set course for Repconn Headquarters and keep an eye out for Death-claws. Keep separate saves in-case you end up being detected by enemies.
Answer: Important skills: Speech 100, Guns 50-65, Medicine 60, Science 75, Survival 50-75. Important SPECIAL: Endurance, Strength, Intelligence. Keep to using one weapon for the whole game as it will save on weight, 9mm or 10mm smg or pistol as it is vastly available and Leather/Leather Reinforced or maybe Explorer's Outfit for armor. Follow House storyline as there are less places to go. Biggest challenge for his storyline will be the BOS. Turn their turrets against them before attempting to destroy the bunker so your escape on the first level will be easier with less of them shooting at you. Speech of 100 will be necessary for the Legate during Hoover Dam. Convince him that the battle is won and he'll leave without attacking you. Make sure your inventory is comprised of mostly food and water, Stimpacks, few Doctor's Bags (for areas where a doctor is not around), RadAways, some Weapon Repair Kits (again for areas where weapon repair npc isn't near), limited weapons, ammunition, and items to repair your armor. I suggest don't do any quests that would take you away from the primary area (no DLCs, Vault exploring, Snowglobe hunting).
Answer: I completed the game at level 23 but I wasn't doing a speed run and going at my leisure. I reckon you could complete the game by level 20 maybe even earlier if u ignore all side quests and only if you stick to the main story quests and after Ring a Ding Ding, you then opt to join Caeser's legion in the battle for Hoover dam. Make sure the difficulty is on very easy, as it will be very hard to fight the final battle on hardcore mode otherwise.
Also, invest in a moderate to high sneak skill for the penultimate mission 'Arizona killer'  a high med skill +75 I think (to kill Caesar without being noticed) a very high speech skill (100)(avoids some battles), a high science, repair and barter skill are all time savers.
Don't bother with lockpick, unarmed, survival or explosive skills if you're doing a speed run. The other combats skills  are according to ur preference. I found a high melee skill took out enemies pretty quickly (chainsaw or ripper fully modded out cut through enemies like butter) without needing to constantly pause game in VATS - and everyone knows u need to use VATS for any type of weapon that requires ammo. This is not a game for FPS fans who like aiming down their sites on the run.
Love this game though despite freezes. Save often.


How can I find the the serial number of a Canon EOS DSLR when the stamp on the camera is unreadable?

Question: I have been looking for the serial number of my Canon T5i. I have searched around the Internet and the Internet tends to say that the serial number is on the bottom of the camera and on the box. Now, I would be all set other then the fact that (a) the stamp on the bottom of the camera is smudged and 100% unreadable, and (b) the box is long gone. Is there anywhere else that I can find the serial number of my camera?
Comment: Possible duplicate of http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/67523/how-to-find-the-serial-number-for-a-canon-g1x-if-it-has-rubbed-off
Comment: The low resolution and moire makes your photo totally illegible in terms of seeing the data. Can you take a screen shot and generate a .png using Paint?
Comment: There's a significant enough difference in the the way the Canon EOS cameras and the non-EOS cameras handle the serial number vis a vis EXIF to make it two totally different questions. If the other question were about another EOS model, I would agree with you, since the way EOS cameras record the serial number in the EXIF is the same. But non-EOS cameras often don't include the serial number in the *maker notes* at all, so it is an entirely different situation with entirely different solutions as starting points.
Comment: Not a duplicate because the methods that don't work with the G1X, which doesn't seem to include the serial number in the EXIF info, do work with EOS cameras.
Comment: @MichaelClark, indeed, it seems the G1X doesn't include the serial, but the answer is still the same for all (Canon) users searching to recover the Serial Number from EXIF or other metadata.
Answer: Most image viewers and editors will allow you to view the EXIF info included in the photos. Some do include more and others include less of the information contained in the EXIF data. Most Adobe products tend to strip the "maker notes" section of the EXIF when exporting the image to another format (e.g. .dng, .jpeg, etc.). They may ignore the serial number when displaying EXIF info even when the data is still there in an imported image.
If you can't get the serial number to display using the "Camera Data" in Photoshop Elements 10, you have a few other options.
Digital Photo Professional is included on the disc of applications shipped with every Canon DSLR. It is a fairly straightforward process to view the serial number of an EOS camera from the EXIF of an image made with that camera using DPP.
Select an image, click the Info button and a new window will open displaying the EXIF info. Scroll all the way down to the bottom and the Camera Body Number will be displayed as the next to last item.

A free image viewer that displays the serial number in the EXIF info is Irfanview. (To open and display raw .cr2 files you will need to install the main program and the plugin. Click on the "plugin" link on the main page and follow the instructions for CRW under the *Plugins updated after the version 4.0.)
With Irfan view, just open an image, click the info button (the blue circle with a script "i" in the middle), then click on the EXIF info button in the lower left corner of the information window.

Scroll about halfway down and you will see the camera's serial number.

Note: Some EXIF viewers may display some Canon Camera Body Number/Serial Number values as a hybrid hex/decimal notation. The actual value recorded in the EXIF "maker notes" section for at least some Canon cameras seems to be encoded in such a hybrid format. When I wrote this answer in early 2014 Jeffrey's EXIF viewer displayed the undecoded hybrid number for an EOS 50D, a 7D, and a 5D Mark II. By late 2015 when this answer was written, Irfanview displays the same number stamped on the body for a 7D Mark II and 5D Mark III. For the same 50D, Irfanview still displays the "Serial Number" as "1520708485 (5AA411141)". The number stamped on the bottom of the body is the first number, while the number in parenthesis is the encoded hybrid value that actually appears in the EXIF Info. Images from the older 7D and 5D Mark II also displays both values, while images from the newer 5D Mark III and 7D Mark II only display the stamped serial number with no "encoded" hybrid hex/decimal value in parentheses.
Answer: You can use free exiftool http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/index.html
<code>exiftool -serialnumber YourOutOfCameraJPEG.jpg
exiftool -serialnumber YourRawFile.cr2
</code>
or some exiftool-based metadata viewer, for the list and links scroll the exiftool home page down to "Related Utilities"
Answer: In Digital Photo Professional 4, you can import a photo that was taken on your camera, then click Command+I or go to View>Info, and all the way at the bottom of the opened window it says "Camera Body No.". The number next to that is the serial number. By the way, this is on Macintosh.
Comment: *DPP 4* is not compatible with the EOS T5i is it? Last time I checked all of the Rebels still needed to use *DPP3*
Comment: I have the t5i and it works just fine with DPP4.
Comment: @MichaelClark - I actually just did this on DDP 4
Comment: It seems when Canon introduced *DPP 4* they started with the newest models only. As they introduced updates for other various reasons (newer camera bodies introduced, bug fixes, etc.) they also began adding the most recent cameras not already compatible and worked their way backwards until most of the Digital bodies in the EOS system are now compatible with *DPP 4*.
Answer: The serial number should be included in your photo metadata. Most image editors (e.g. Photoshop, Lightroom) allow you to view this information. In Photoshop, open an image taken with the camera and choose File > File info… and click on 'Camera Data'. The serial number is displayed next to 'S/N'. In Lightroom, view the image in the Library module and use the 'Metadata' panel in the right hand side.
If you don't have access to this software, and your current software doesn't allow you to view this information, you may want to download a free trial. If it's still not visible, then I'd suggest the information isn't being stored with the photographs for your model of camera.
Comment: All Canon EOS cameras store the serial/body number in the *maker notes* section of the EXIF info. Just because most Adobe products ignore the *maker notes* doesn't mean it isn't there.
Comment: can this be done in PS Elements 10?
Comment: As far as I can tell, it should be in the same place as in Photoshop. https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop-elements/using/file-information.html
Comment: Did you see my edit?
Comment: @Dopapp It can be seen with just about any image viewer/editor that includes an "info" button or "exif info" button. For PSE 10 use Menu-->File-->File Info.
Comment: I know. The photo is of the 'Camera Data' tab
Comment: I cannot find it in the photo that I attached. I am looking in the right place, right?
Comment: I've edited my answer to take your edit into account @Dopapp
Answer: Some retailers include the serial number on the invoice when you purchase a camera. Just another possibility, if you still have it...
Answer: Just another idea out of the box:

(a) the stamp on the bottom of the camera is smudged and 100% unreadable,

I have a camera where anybody would swear that it never had a serial number since the respective label is just blank.  Take a good sharp photograph of the blank label at lowest ISO setting, preferably with a large sensor camera in order to have low noise, crop it to contain just the blank part, do histogram equalisation and, well, there it is again.
I was quite surprised.  Of course it requires you to be wrong about the "100% unreadable" part, but at least with my camera, it turned out I was wrong.


How can container user and host user both have access to same files in volume?

Question: I'm using Docker namespaces in an effort to allow files created within a volume to be arbitrarily read and written to by both the container user and the host user (please let me know if this is even a valid approach to what I'm trying to do!).
My host username is aryzing. So I'm running the docker deamon as
dockerd --userns-remap=aryzing

The volume maps my host's ~/workspace/app to the volume's /usr/src/app.
From the host system I have no issue modifying the files, but from within the container, I have access errors. Specifically, I'm running NPM's install command from within the container, npm install, and it's unable to install the packages due to a permissions error:
Error: EACCES: permission denied, access '/usr/src/app/node_modules'

As per this post I've also tried running the container with the --user flag, and ran into the same issue.
Any suggestions on how to achive the functionality I'm after?
Answer: I was tripping myself up: when I was trying the --user flag, I still had --userns-remap set. Running the daemon without --userns-remap did the trick.


Relationship and sex between a muslim woman and non muslim man

Question: Is a relationship and sex between a Muslim woman and non Muslim man permitted in Islam?
Comment: Why the down votes and close votes? How can this question be improved?
Answer: Short answer: NO!

First of all, sex before marriage constitute zina, between anyone - muslims or not.

وَمَن لَّمْ يَسْتَطِعْ مِنكُمْ طَوْلًا أَن يَنكِحَ الْمُحْصَنَاتِ الْمُؤْمِنَاتِ فَمِن مَّا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُكُم مِّن فَتَيَاتِكُمُ الْمُؤْمِنَاتِ ۚ وَاللَّهُ أَعْلَمُ بِإِيمَانِكُم ۚ بَعْضُكُم مِّن بَعْضٍ ۚ فَانكِحُوهُنَّ بِإِذْنِ أَهْلِهِنَّ وَآتُوهُنَّ أُجُورَهُنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ مُحْصَنَاتٍ غَيْرَ مُسَافِحَاتٍ وَلَا مُتَّخِذَاتِ أَخْدَانٍ ۚ فَإِذَا أُحْصِنَّ فَإِنْ أَتَيْنَ بِفَاحِشَةٍ فَعَلَيْهِنَّ نِصْفُ مَا عَلَى الْمُحْصَنَاتِ مِنَ الْعَذَابِ ۚ ذَٰلِكَ لِمَنْ خَشِيَ الْعَنَتَ مِنكُمْ ۚ وَأَن تَصْبِرُوا خَيْرٌ لَّكُمْ ۗ وَاللَّهُ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ
  And whoever among you cannot [find] the means to marry free, believing women, then [he may marry] from those whom your right hands possess of believing slave girls. And Allah is most knowing about your faith. You [believers] are of one another. So marry them with the permission of their people and give them their due compensation according to what is acceptable. [They should be] chaste, neither [of] those who commit unlawful intercourse randomly nor those who take [secret] lovers. But once they are sheltered in marriage, if they should commit adultery, then for them is half the punishment for free [unmarried] women. This [allowance] is for him among you who fears sin, but to be patient is better for you. And Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.
  4:25
وَلَا تَقْرَبُوا الزِّنَا ۖ إِنَّهُ كَانَ فَاحِشَةً وَسَاءَ سَبِيلًا
  And do not approach unlawful sexual intercourse. Indeed, it is ever an immorality and is evil as a way.
  17:32

and many other verses regarding this. So sex is only allowed under marriage.

Second of all, regarding marraige. Only a disbeliever marries a disbeliever and an adulterer marries an adulterer:

الزَّانِي لَا يَنكِحُ إِلَّا زَانِيَةً أَوْ مُشْرِكَةً وَالزَّانِيَةُ لَا يَنكِحُهَا إِلَّا زَانٍ أَوْ مُشْرِكٌ ۚ وَحُرِّمَ ذَٰلِكَ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ
  The fornicator does not marry except a [female] fornicator or polytheist, and none marries her except a fornicator or a polytheist, and that has been made unlawful to the believers.
  24:3

Basically Muslim are not permitted to marry a polytheist nor an adulterer, otherwise he/she will be considered as the same.

Third of all, any relationship that involves haram actions are haram (not permitted). As of relationship which does not involve any haram interaction:
See Relationship according to Quran
or Courtship and dating in Islam
Answer: God made this world to test us. The real life is the next one. Being a test, you are given a free will to choose whatever you want. Whatever you choose, will have consequences in this world and the next.
As for sexual relation before marriage, please consider that fact that human being is one the weakest creature at his birth. He need the love of mother and care of father for a long time from his birth. This can only be provided in a family. Thus the institution of family is one of the basic needs for the survival of human race. Allah recognizes this fundamental need and thus given us instruction to uphold the sanctity of this institution. One of it that sexual relations are only allowed within marriage.
As for marrying a non-muslim, please consider that within a family, the man has the upper hand. it is observable across cultural and ethnic boundaries. Thus you will be putting yourself as well as your children in a difficult position, if he tries to force you out of it. You can say that he is not like that but, believe me, things CHANGE after marriage.
If he choose to embrace Islam, before marriage, then, hopefully, you (and your children) would be in a better position with regard to religion.


For Eastern Orthodox churches, what are the main references concerning Biblical Interpretation methodology?

Question: The Catholic Church has several encyclicals giving guidelines for Biblical Interpretation, such as Divino Afflante Spiritu or Providentissimus Deus.  Are there any Eastern Orthodox equivalents to these encyclicals? I imagine they use the writings of the Church Fathers such as Augustine's De doctrina christiana, but I was wondering if there is any later reference work that they use to define their interpretation methodology. (Any other references concerning Eastern Orthodox Biblical interpretation methodology would be appreciated, including Slavonic / Russian or Greek works).
Comment: Just a comment: I thought I read somewhere that Orthodox typically regard Augustine's exegesis as improper, but I could be wrong. Did you ever find the answer to this good question?
Answer: Being Orthodox Christian myself, I haven't heard of any authoritative book mainly because the Church structure is not like in the west with a single Papal authority. We, as you probably know, with our different jurisdictions and patriarchies are self governing but are in communion with one another through love and common Creed. However we do have an overall methodology and it's is the same through out. Scriptural interpretation is derived from the lives, experiences and writings of the saints.
Some of the great sources of biblical interpretations come from Saints not recognized by the Catholic West. A good example would be of St. Gregory Palamas who probably is one of the more important theologians of the Orthodox East. His works outline, in great detail, the mindset of the Orthodox Church in terms of sin and salvation, and the fall of man. A good book I found title "Passions and Virtues" by Anestis Keselopoulus brings many of the Saint's works together to form a Orthodox mindset. It's with this mindset we begin to interpret the holy scriptures.
Of course works by many other Church fathers like St.Chysostom, St.Basil the Great, St. Gregory of Nyssia, St. John Climascus, and St. Anthony the Great, are greatly used as well. Among theologians of today look at the writings of Metropolitan Kallistos Ware. There is also the Didache.
All the best and I hope this helps.


Straight Wings VS Delta Wings, Variable wing with Forward swept capability

Question: What are the Pros and Cons (Advantages and Disadvantages) of a Delta wing and a Straight wing against each other, and if a Variable wing with a capability to become a Forward Swept wing is even possible to create.
Comment: Pretty sure this is a dupe, but not finding it...
Comment: @FreeMan: Yes, it is a dupe, but of more than one question. [Here](https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/22198/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-a-delta-wing-compared-to-a-swept-wi) is the part covering delta wings and [here](https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/33262/could-a-variable-sweep-aircraft-also-use-negative-angle) the part covering forward variable sweep.
Comment: guys, I'm sorry if you misunderstood, but this is not a dupe(duplicate?), it is just that i am new to this stuff, and i'm curious about wings, again sorry for my poor English grammar/words
Comment: No need for apologies. I hope you enjoy the additional answers!
Answer: At low speed, the key to reducing "induced drag" is to have a high aspect ratio, that is, you want wings that are long and skinny. Think gliders. Now of course, these are not easy to build, and for entirely practical reasons you might want something that's more square-ish than a glider. That's one of the many engineering trade-offs every aircraft design requires. Check out the svelt wings on this Q400:

Things become more interesting as speed increases.
First, as you enter the transonic area above around 450 mph, a new form of drag begins to form, the so-called "wave drag". The way to reduce this is to make the wing as thin as possible, or to be more specific, have as little curvature on the top and bottom edge. Ultimately you want an almost flat plate.
Now of course, lift is generated by that curvature, so that's a problem. And when you try to reduce that curvature to lower wave drag but still want the same lift, well then you have to make the wing larger front-to-back (think about it) and now your induced drag goes up, and skin friction too in most cases.
So then there's a trick. If you sweep the wing to the rear then the air flowing over it travels across a longer distance. So it thinks the wing is longer front-to-back and has less curvature, and that lowers wave drag. Yet at low speeds, the air smoothly flows over the curves and sees the original wing profile. So you get a thick wing that looks thin. Check out this F-86, notice that the wings are actually pretty thick:

Now as you go supersonic, things change yet again. In this case the drag is minimized by having the least width you can get away with. So for these sorts of designs you want short stubby wings with lots of chord (front-back) and you end up with the F-104.:

Now you have a wing that is absolutely terrible at low speeds, and for that reason, lots of F-104s crashed while the pilots tried to keep up with the plane while landing at redonkulous speeds needed to keep the thing in the air.
Deltas are mostly just swept wings with the inside filled in. If you want to see an example that really illustrates this, look at the English Electric Lightning:

If they filled in that little part, it would be a delta. But there is one trick that you get in a delta you don't get in a swept wing...
At very high angles of attack, with the nose high, the air along the leading edge of the wing can generate a vortex right along the fuselage. If there is a wing under it, this generates lift. Poorly, with lots of drag, but lift. So then you get this little one-trick-pony effect; this will works really well at high speed, but also works OK at really low speeds too. But it only works if the vortex is above actual wing, so the Lightning didn't get all the advantage here.
The problem with deltas are that they are big and heavy, but they also get more room inside for fuel. More trade offs. But then someone came up with a new idea: make a normal swept wing and then add a little bit of delta:

You can even see the vortexes in this image. In this case the little-bit-of-delta is called a "leading edge extension".
Variable wings are simply an attempt to put all of these on a single aircraft. Rotate them forward and you have a nice long skinny wing like the Q400. Rotate them back and you have a really swept wing or even a delta, and at the same time the width is being reduced. So now you can go fast or slow. Just weighs a lot.
Swept forward is basically identical to swept back. This isn't about lift in this case but an attempt to control something called spanwise flow. Check out this MiG-17's wing:

Do you see those metal plates? What happens on a swept wing is that the shape causes some of the air to move sideways. This is a Bad Thing. So these plates grab sideways moving air and redirect it over the wing again. The same thing happens on deltas, check out the notch on the CF-105, same idea:

Now the idea here is that the wind is following the wing's leading edge. So what happens if you sweep it the other way? Well then it follows the wing into the fuselage, and stops. Presto, problem solved and no plates or notches! The problem is that it's really hard to actually make one that doesn't snap apart, which is why it's not common.
Comment: Your explanation of wing sweep could be improved (see [here](https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/4992/why-are-swept-wings-better-for-breaking-the-sound-barrier/4997?s=1|90.5770#4997) for the correct explanation) and vortex lift is a matter of leading edge sweep and can be achieved with a swept wing if sweep and angle of attack are sufficient.
Comment: @PeterKämpf - why do you think the explanation you linked to is different than mine?
Comment: You claim that the oblique flow angle makes the airfoil appear thinner. But there is more to it. The explanation that only the normal component of flow is affected is better because it is able to explain the [3D flow effects](https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/38482/where-is-the-spanwise-flow-how-does-the-span-wise-flow-point-the-air-towards-th/38579?s=1|38.9950#38579) that follow.
Answer: The big differences between a delta wing and a straight wing break down into thinking about them in two ways: aspect ratio and sweep.  A delta wing is going to have a small aspect ratio (short and stubby) as well as sweep.  Straight wings can have a small aspect ratio (think F-104) or large aspect ratio (more like a U-2).  Delta wings have high induced drag (not good for slow flight) but have favorable characteristics at high speed (like low wave drag).  Straight wings can be stronger because they can be easier to manufacture (this is quite a generalization).  When you make them high aspect ratio, you get lower induced drag and good high altitude performance but of course there are downsides.  You can have aircraft with swept wings that are not delta wings (B-52) for reasons like manipulating the spanwise flow or keeping the wings out of shockwaves.  You can find a lot of literature on wing design; these are just some highlights.  A couple examples of swing-wing aircraft that transition from straight to highly swept in flight are F-14s and B-1Bs.  The X-39 had a forward sweep (made the aircraft very maneuverable) and it flew successfully but it is difficult to build structure like that to handle loads.


Connecting USB mouse to Galaxy SIII

Question: I bought a basic female to female USB adapter and connected my Galaxy SIII USB cable to the mouse. This didn't work. What am I doing wrong? Do I need an OTG cable? Something about USB hosts? I don't understand how to get this to work.
Answer: Yes, you need an OTG cable. The pin layout is different than a regular micro USB to USB cable; essentially, it's equivalent to shorting pins 4 and 5 on a normal cable. This is what causes the phone to know that it needs to be the host rather than the slave.
In fact, you can do this yourself if you're handy with electronics and have a cable you don't mind taking apart, though they're also readily available at many online retailers (Amazon, Newegg, Monoprice, etc).
Answer: To connect any device to your Galaxy S3 (or any other host-capable Android device), you need a OTG host cable.  Without that host cable, the phone doesn't know it's supposed to act as the host rather than as a peripheral.
This is an example of such a cable.  Most online retailers carry similar ones.

Connecting USB mouse to Galaxy SIII


Source of saying migdol / magdil in Bentching

Question: I was once told by someone that saying migdol instead of magdil in bentching on Shabbos and yom tov is an error. That a siddur had the source in pesukim in short form on the side and people mistook it for say on Shabbos. Has anyone heard of this or have a source for it?
Comment: I have heard that as well, but no source.
Answer: This idea, that it's based on a mistaken expansion of 'בשב (meaning 'בשמואל ב) to mean בשבת, comes from R. Baruch Epstein's Mekor Baruch.
However, it is demonstrably untrue. The custom of alternating between מגדיל on weekdays and מגדיל on Shabbos is mentioned by Avudraham, who lived in the 14th century. (He doesn't mention the custom of doing so on Yom Tov or Rosh Chodesh - thanks DoubleAA.) The division of Shmuel into two books (along with the chapter numeration of Tanach, both of non-Jewish origin) didn't make it into Jewish life until the printing of Bomberg's Mikraos Gedolos in 1524-25.
Comment: That's awesome. Where does Avudraham say this?
Comment: Alex, Avudraham only mentions Shabbat, not Yom Tov or Rosh Chodesh. (He may have been speaking _lav davka_ but no way to know.)
Comment: @ShimonbM Here http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=26840&st=&pgnum=173 (h/t jake for the link)
Comment: @Alex Can't the theory still work? If it said  'בש without the Bet couldn't it have been confused with בשבת? I see why this Avudraham shows that R Epstein's exact theory is untrue, but I don't see why it is not still a possiblity in this slightly modified way.
Answer: I always learned that yes people mistook it saying Shmuel Bet (22:51) instead of Tehillim (18:51) (the pasuk appears twice, with this small change) and started saying it on Shabbat.
However I found this source which says that the study of Ketuvim was forbidden on Shabbat and therefore the Shmuel verse had to be recited instead of the Tehillim verse, and even though this ban has been lifted the tradition continues.
"The Rabbis forbade reading from Ketuvim1 on Shabbat in earlier times because of neglect of the study hall." (Gemara Shabbat 115a) The complete source (it is a word document so I don't know that the link will work.
Comment: Odd reason, considering that _birkas hamazon_ has several other verses from _T'hilim_ (as, of course, do the _Shabas_ prayers).
Comment: @msh210 But the study of ketuvim isnt forbidden on rosh chodesh and other days we say mussaf. I am not so sure its forbidden on yom tov either.
Comment: @shulem But the earliest source for this custom (Abudarham) only mentions Shabbat. Yom Tov and Rosh Chodesh may be later additions to the custom.
Comment: I think because the ban was lifted we add those in, however, for whatever reason (possible the Shmuel being mistaken for Shabbat) this one stuck.
Answer: I found a link here that quotes the following:

This passage includes the words magdil y'shuot malko. On Sabbaths, festivals, and Rosh Hodesh, the word magdil is changed to migdol. Various explanations for this have been given (O.H. 189 in M.A. 1). The verse in question comes from Psalm 18:51, where magdil is used. However, in 2 Samuel 22:51, where Psalm 18 is repeated, the word migdol is read, It has been suggested that the original text of the Grace had magdil, but that someone added the parenthetical phrase v-b-s-"b m-g-d-v-l indicating that the reading is migdol in 2 Samuel. This was later misread as an abbreviation for u'vshabat, and it was assumed that we are to say migdol on the Sabbath. Whatever the reason, this has become the established custom, and as usual in such cases, it is easier to reinterpret than to abolish.
Answer: For an extensive study of the Magdil-Migdol issue, see Rabbi Raymond Apple's article that appeared in the Jewish Bible Quarterly. It is reproduced at http://www.oztorah.com/2013/03/magdil-migdol-liturgical-responses-to-textual-variants/
Comment: Hi Harry and welcome to Mi Yodeya.  Could you summarize what it says here?  We're generally looking for more than just links in answers, though this would be great in a comment.  (I can convert it to a comment if you like.)
Comment: Abudarham provides a rather far-fetched explanation that Shabbat is melech gadol ("the great king") of the week (as against the weekdays, which are only melech katan, a small or lesser king), indicated by the stronger vowels of migdol. It is possible that Abudarham read migdol as a contraction of the words melech gadol.
Comment: @Monica Cellio,Not sure what he meant. But my own answer is this. magdil is a present verb, migdol is a noun. On weekdays it gets greater all the time so we use the present verb. On days we say mussaf it is translated mikdol a tower. It has already attained its greatness which it received from the weekdays.
Comment: @shulem, is that in the linked material?  (I haven't read it.)  I asked the question in hopes of getting the answer improved, rather than starting a comment conversation.  (Comments are meant to be more ephemeral; the "meat" of the site's content should be in the questions and answers.)
Comment: @Monica Cellio, My first comment was in the linked material. The second was my own. Well the answerer didnt provide it so I did.


Lyapunov function for stability

Question: How can I solve this question:
Find the values of the positive constants $a, b$ and $c$, so that $v(x,y)=ax^2+bx^4+cy^2$ is a Lyapunov function for the stable equation
$d^2x/dt^2 + 5dx/dt + x +2x^3=0$.
Comment: No it is not a homework ,but I am having an exam and this is one of the questions that I have found but I could not solve it
Answer: The idea is to make your $2$nd order differential equation to a $1$st order system, and then solve by differentiation.
I will denote $\dot{x}=\frac{dx}{dt}$ for short. Your differential equation is then of the form $\ddot{x}+5\dot{x}+x+2x^3=0$. By doing the standard substitution $y=\dot{x}$, we get the equaivalent $1$st order system $\dot{x}=y$ and $\dot{y}=-5y-x-2x^3$ (note that $\dot{y}=\ddot{x}$).
Then by differentiating the Lyapunov function $v$, substituting the differential equation system and partial derivatives of $v$ to it, it follows that
\begin{align*}
\dot{v}(x,y) &=\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}\dot{x}+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y}\dot{y}=(2ax+4bx^3)y+2cy(-5y-x-2x^3) \\
             &=2axy+4bx^3 y-10cy^2-2cxy-4cx^3y \\
             &=xy(2a-2c)+x^3y(4b-4c)-10cy^2.
\end{align*}
To obtain asymptotic stability, you want $\dot{v}(x,y)<0$ for all $(x,y)\in\mathbb{R}^{2}\setminus\{(0,0)\}$. This guarantees that the solutions converge to origin as $t\to\infty$, since the solutions pass smaller level surfaces of $v$ in $\mathbb{R}^{2}$ as the time elapses. This happens for example when $a=b=c>0$, since in this case $\dot{v}(x,y)=-10cy^2<0$. I don't know if this is the maximal set of values for $a,b$ and $c$, or if you're even looking for all of them (which would, in fact, be very unusual for these exercises), but at least all these values do the job.

Lyapunov function for stability


Sending Money with Dwolla's API and using PHP to do it?

Question: Hello everyone I'm back again, In my last post I was attempting to use the SOAP api (Integrating Dwolla with PHP with their API) but I found out the SOAP API is deprecated and apparently Dwolla has more efficient way such as the REST/oAuth2.0 which is why I'm here today asking how to use the rest API as its been almost 2 weeks and I'd really like to learn this.
First off I'll say that I've successfully been able to get an access_token I have no problem doing that. The issue is that when I try to use an a Send Endpoint(https://www.dwolla.com/developers/endpoints/accountapi/send) basically trying to send money to and account. My exact issue is that I can never get a successful response; only false or error message responses.
So on the index page I have "Add funds to your account" link. Users will click that link and it will take them to the Dwolla Page that will accept them to Sign in to their Dwolla account an then accept the permissions the website is asking for. After the user presses "Accept" it will redirect to the selected URL that I chose and send back an access_token to use for authorization purposes. Here is my code (This is the page that Dwolla redirects too and sends the access_token too)
<code><?php
//Define variables
    $key            = 'redacted';
    $secret         = 'redacted';
    $dwolla_client_id   = urlencode($key);
    $dwolla_secret_key  = urlencode($secret);
$code = urlencode($_GET["code"]);
//get token
    $retireve_token = file_get_contents("https://www.dwolla.com/oauth/v2/token?client_id=".$dwolla_client_id."&client_secret=".$dwolla_secret_key."&grant_type=authorization_code&redirect_uri=http://localhost/purchase_order.php&code=".$code);

    $decoded_json = json_decode($retireve_token, true);

        var_dump($decoded_json);
        if($decoded_json["access_token"]){
                    $arr = '{
                            "oauth_token": "'.$decoded_json["access_token"].'",
                            "fundsSource": "balance",
                            "pin": "1111",
                            "notes": "Payment for services rendered",
                            "amount": 1.01,
                            "destinationId": "812-111-1111",
                            "assumeCosts": false,
                            "facilitatorAmount": 0,
                            "destinationType": "dwolla"
                    }';
                    $opts = array('http'=>array('method'=>"POST",'content'=> $arr, 'header' => 'Content-Type: application/json'));

                    $ctx = stream_context_create($opts);
            $send_request = file_get_contents('https://www.dwolla.com/oauth/rest/accountapi/send', false, $ctx);

            var_dump(json_decode($send_request));
        }

?>
</code>
I receive messages like this for example

array(1) { ["access_token"]=> string(50)
  "redacted" } Warning:
  file_get_contents(https://www.dwolla.com/oauth/rest/accountapi/send):
  failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 503 Service
  Unavailable in /home/swiftbitcoins/purchase_order.php on line 47 NULL
Comment: Its all good I've renewed my credentials and the old ones are no longer valid
Comment: based on your log, I think you should ask dwolla. It said 503 Service Unavailable. This give clue that there's problem with the server.
Comment: Thanks I forgot about that :D
Comment: Dwollas API documentation says that any errors will result in a disconnection. I've been able to successfully do a GET request with this same method its only when I'm required to send data to the server it does not work which is a POST request.
Comment: Well this is "one" of the posts I've been having with Dwolla http://getsatisfaction.com/dwolla/topics/post_request_doesnt_work_bet_get_requests_do_php5_code
Comment: I would not encourage the use of file_get_contents on an API like this. I personally would be using Curl  which will give you a bit more control
Answer: what you are trying to make is a get request whereas Dwolla documentation refers to this as post request.
better you can do is user their php Library with built in methods to make calls. this is a standard library for making restful calls and much better than writing the way you have written in the code snippet above.
https://github.com/Dwolla/dwolla-php


Title bars on Chrome and Firefox changed after update 1/20/17

Question: Did anyone notice after the update today (Jan 20) that the title bars in Chrome and Firefox have changed? There is a clear division between the tab bar area and the top window border. This did not exist before. Even loading themes into the browsers does not fix it.
Answer: This was part of a recent set of updates. The elementary GTK+ stylesheet was updated to make older (gtk2) applications look more like the new ones with the big header bars. Check their new blog post.