When is the source address of ICMPv6 message types 133, 135 and 136 other than unspecified(::/128) or link-local(fe80::/10)?

Question: According to rfc4861 the source address for Router Solicitation(ICMPv6 type 133), Neighbor Solicitation(ICMPv6 type 135) and Neighbor Advertisement(ICMPv6 type 136) can be an address assigned to the interface. Am I correct, that this address can also be anything else than link-local(fe80::/10) address? The reason I'm asking is that I'm working on an ingress firewall and when I study example filters(for example rfc6192), then source address for NDP protocol is not restricted.
Comment: In the most scenarios ICMPv6 uses link-local as source. Of course when device advertises another address from interface, it can uses this one. But if we are talking about firewall rules, we don't need to use source address at all, only ICMP type.
Comment: Remember that packets with Link-Local addressing cannot be routed to a different network, so firewall rules play no part in that because those packets will not pass through a firewall.
Comment: @RonMaupin I meant the firewall which filters the traffic to router control plane, e.g punted traffic.
Comment: Be sure to also look at _[RFC 4890, Recommendations for Filtering ICMPv6 Messages in Firewalls](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4890)_. It has some good explanations, and what you should allow seems to shock many people with IPv4 experience.
Answer: The source address is not constrained to link-local and you should not rely on that, as per your own source. One good usecase for this is to expedite population of neighbor caches. If you send a ND you can inlcude a source link-layer address (usually MAC) that can be tied to the sending source IP. That can be used to pre-populate the neighbor cache on any receiving node (the entry will not be stable but that's a technical detail that does not matter). So when soliciting for example for a GUA neighbor, it actually makes sense to use an assigned GUA source from the same prefix on that interface if available.
There is also an informational RFC 4890 that can help with these things. Relevant here are sections 4.3 and 4.4, you'll see a similar conclusion, the differentiation is on ICMPv6 type and on destination (i.e. transit/local). One note though, this RFC is useful as a help, but it's informational, don't take it too literally (it is clearly written from the perspective of a specific kind of firewall and does certainly not apply in general).


Why is the sky in photos always too white?

Question: Why do I never seem to get a clear picture of the sky during the day, even with white puffy clouds in the sky? It always looks over exposed and whitened out? I am using a Nikon D3100, no lens hood, manual setting.
Answer: This is normal because in the day time, the sky is usually the brightest part of the scene.
If you lower the exposure by applying negative exposure compensation, your sky will get darker and more blue. This will cause other elements in the image to darken and some may end under-exposed. This is because a change in exposure is global.
What you need is to change the relative brightness of the sky compared to the foreground using one of these techniques:

Come back later or earlier during the golden hour. That is the period of time when the sun is within 6 degrees of the horizon. This is the ideal solution in terms of exposure.
Use a circular polarizer. This darkens the sky to varying degree depending on the angle of the sun relative to where you point the camera and the amount of moisture particles in the air.
Darken the exposure, use flash to brighten the foreground. This only works for foreground subjects which are sufficiently close and small to be lit be the flash.
Use Exposure-Fusion or HDR followed by tone-mapping. These are techniques to obtain an image from multiple exposures. You really need a static scene with no moving subjects for this to be easy.
Use a Graduated Neutral Density filter (GND). This works by darkening a portion of the image as long as the division between sky and foreground forms a straight line. Otherwise it looks unnatural. Great for shooting shoreline and beaches though.
Comment: another common option here is the graduated ND filter, which can affect only the over-exposed parts. You can also in many cases process a single image in different ways, one to do the sky, one for the ground, and then layer them together in photoshop or an HDR program. multi-image HDR is usually better, but not always practical
Comment: **Off-camera flash** lets you increase exposure on subjects even if they aren't in the foreground.
Comment: if one shoots in raw, with a good camera, at minimal ISO and the exposure is near optimal (all dynamic range is used but not overexposed yet - aka Exposure To The Right), then some amount of tone-mapping can be used with a single shot. and then it's OK for subjects to move. this can also be combined with no.2 and/or no.5 techniques.
Answer: The sky is being overexposed as it's brighter than your subject.
Try positioning your subject where the sun is behind you so that it's getting a lot of light and will be better balanced with the sky.  If you find the lighting on your subject to be flat or too bright for a model (he/she is squinting) then you should use a flash to light your subject and balance it with the brightness of the sky.
Answer: For a more technical approach Highlight Tone Priority/Active D-Lighting (Canon/Nikon) could help with this to some degree. Don't expect any wonders; capturing the image as suggested by the other answeres is the better solution, but if you don't have a choice you could at least give this feature a try.
It tries to preserve highlights, to my knowledge by taking the photo at one stop below what you choose (by alterting the ISO), and then extrapolate to what you chose, while applying a non-linear tone curve to save detail in the highlights. Naturally this will most importantly make you shadows suffer.
As another more technical tip you should also consider shooting in RAW and working with the 'Recovery' (that's what Lightroom calls it at least) slider in post-processing. That wont work of course if the sky is completely blown out (i.e. 255,255,255 RGB values).
Answer: White clouds - if it is continuous cloud cover - is just about one of the worst environments to get a nicely exposed image because it is actually quite bright.
If you have an image with a large dynamic range you need to decide what is more important to you - highlights and shadows and hence over or underexpose appropriately.
In the case of white clouds I would personally underexpose a bit - try 1/3rd stop or maybe 2/3rd of a stop.
In the end, trial and error is best.
Side note:
The problem here is that camera sensors read light intensity on a linear scale while human eyes use a logarithmic scale. The "range of values" is significantly larger for the sensor than for the human eye. The dynamic range you see, the camera cannot. (At the moment; apparently some Red cameras are getting close or better than it by now.)
Answer: I am relative newbie to photography, so take this advice with a pinch of salt, but I find when I accidentally use a high ISO during the day my skies come out really white, I guess as the light sensitivity is too high. Therefore I always keep my ISO as low as possible even when it is cloudy and I think this is helping reduce blown skies.
Comment: Sure — ISO is one of the three factors which affect exposure. The others are shutter speed and aperture. If you have a high ISO, long shutter speed, or wide aperture, and the other factors aren't adjusted down to compensate (possibly because your ISO is so high that they _can't_ go that far), you'll get overexposure.


US citizen with warrants in the US and want to enter with a foreign passport

Question: I have warrants in Texas for a traffic ticket and drug paraphernalia but I exited the US to Japan and I have dual citizenship. My US passport has my American name with my father's last name. I recently made a Japanese passport with my mother's maiden name. But my question is, are the two connected and if I were to enter the US again will I be stopped and arrested?
Comment: @AzorAhai: The idea that an individual has a single legal name at a given time is oversimplified, especially when multiple jurisdictions are involved.
Comment: @user76290 Please be aware that while the US recognizes dual citizenship, Japan does not. Japanese law (国籍法) requires that you renounce any foreign citizenship, or your Japanese citizenship will become void. If you are a minor, you are except from this requirement until you are 22. If you newly acquired Japanese citizenship, you have 2 years in which to renounce your non-Japanese citizenships.
Comment: @R which is exactly why the situation should be expanded on
Comment: @PatriciaShanahan: I don't think it takes a lot of creativity to imagine crimes that one wouldn't post publicly here...
Comment: How do you have a passport in two names? Did you change your name in the intervening time?
Comment: @Dono But in practice if the non-Japanese citizenship hasn't been declared, he's probably somewhat safe, unless he's [running for office](https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2979855) in Japan.
Comment: Finger-prints ?
Comment: @Mehrdad It would be very foolish for the OP to not be honest about the crimes in question. The advice in answers and comments is based on the content of the question.
Comment: If your Japanese passport says you were born in the US, then it's game over. Ultimately, this is not a game you are likely win.
Comment: Turn yourself in and face what you have done.
Comment: @Mehrdad I am just saying that not being accurate about the crimes invalidates the advice, and makes posting a waste of time.
Answer: Hire a Texas lawyer and ask their opinion. You may be able to deal with the offences in absentia, or get the warrants revoked with an agreement to appear on a particular date.
Whether you can or not, a Texas lawyer is the only person who can give competent advice.
Comment: Right.  For much less than the cost of an air ticket / travel, the OP can have the issue resolved.  Just pick up the phone and call one of a million Texas legal practices that fix this sort of thing.
Comment: Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been [moved to chat](https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/76032/discussion-on-answer-by-ben-us-citizen-with-warrants-in-the-us-and-want-to-enter).
Answer:
are the two connected and if I were to enter the US again will I be stopped and arrested?

There is probably no way to know for certain.  CBP has been experimenting with facial recognition technology; they might match the passport photos.  They might have a data sharing agreement with Japan that would allow them to match your passports using other biographical data.
The most likely way for them to connect you to the warrant is that when you apply to enter the US on the VWP, you will have to give your fingerprints.  I suspect very strongly that they check those prints against the NCIC.
While you won't be penalized for violating 8 USC 1185(b), because there is no penalty, you could well be prosecuted for violating 18 USC 1001 if you lie on your ESTA application by failing to disclose your US citizenship.  Of course, if you do disclose it, you increase the chance of being connected to your US passport, not to mention the chance of having the ESTA denied.
This of course assumes that your warrant has been entered into the NCIC database.  If it hasn't been, then you could enter with your US passport without trouble, just as you would not have trouble if you were stopped by police in another state.
Comment: In these days of anti-terror data sharing between intelligence agencies I would expect that this exact exercise of linking passports for a single individual is already in place.
Comment: Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been [moved to chat](https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/76033/discussion-on-answer-by-phoog-us-citizen-with-warrants-in-the-us-and-want-to-ent).
Answer: You may get away with it but you will be getting in more legal troubles in the process. All US citizens must enter on a US ID. Don't complicate your life even more.
It is illegal for a US citizen to enter US on another country's passport even if dual national.
I would talk to a Lawyer yesterday but still enter on my US passport.
Comment: Hire a lawyer and deal with the charges.  While the legal process is grinding away, the warrants can be revoked, probably.  Getting caught with a active warrant is far worse then properly engaging the legal system.
Comment: @phoog if they find out that you were trying to evade an arrest warrant by using another nationality then this may well add to their existing legal troubles even if there is no penalty for the act itself. I obviously don't know the legal technicalities but trying to evade arrest by hiding your identity may well be another real crime
Comment: @HankyPanky *that* is correct.  There's a penalty for lying to federal officers, and it can be [quite severe](https://travel.stackexchange.com/a/87252/19400).  I sincerely doubt that anyone lying on an ESTA form would be prosecuted for this if the reason is benign, such as a lost or expired passport and an urgent need to travel to the US, but the chance of prosecution would be orders of magnitude higher for someone seeking to evade a warrant or do anything else illegal.
Comment: I'm pretty sure the OP knows about the warrant, and is deliberately using the alternate passport to evade it.  This is outright fraud.  Very bad idea.
Comment: @HankyPanky there is [no penalty for unlawful entry of a US citizen](https://travel.stackexchange.com/q/85389/19400).  Whatever legal troubles user76290 may have, violating 8 USC 1185(b) will be among the least of them.
Comment: @phoog OK so you present yourself to an immigration officer with a fragile artifice of truths omitted.  You hope they won't probe.  Guess what. *Immigration officers smell that a mile away*, and will probe!  Just to see *how* you will respond!  Will you come clean?  Or will you commit a deception? *Gotcha!*
Comment: @Nelson of course the OP knows about the warrant; the question begins with the phrase "I have two warrants...."  It's not fraudulent to present oneself truthfully as a citizen of a foreign country, though that might quickly develop into a situation where the person does start lying.  I think the practical considerations are more compelling here than any additional legal trouble that might arise: the chance of actually evading the warrant at the border seems quite slim.
Comment: @phoog this information may be accurate, but I don't think it's helpful
Answer: I live in Texas and have studied both Texas and federal law for nearly 20 years, and have been very active in multiple courts -- state and federal civil and criminal.  The assertion that a lawyer is the only person who can give competent advice is ridiculous and the kind of willful ignorance upon which the suited vultures prey.
The filing of charges in Texas tolls the statute of limitations, and the charges are filed when the traffic citation is processed by the court (typically within a few days from the issuance of the citation).  On a Texas citation you sign a written promise to appear, typically within around 20 days (with a few days variance, depending on the issuing municipality).  If you do not appear as promised, a second charge (in addition to the charge stemming from the original alleged transportation code violation) of failure to appear is filed.  At this point there are 2 charges filed and the statute of limitations is frozen (never expires) for both.
99% of the time a lawyer can get traffic-related warrants recalled (squashed) merely by filing a notice of representation with the court.  However, the accused can also get the warrants recalled by a couple of means.  First, 90%+ of the time, Texas courts blatantly ignore the code of criminal procedure as to prerequisites for filing warrants.  Not only is this a very useful tool to get the warrants recalled, it provides ground to have the issuing judge prosecuted for official oppression (see Texas Penal Code 1.07(a)(41) and 39.03(a)(2)) (although actual prosecution is rarely required -- the prospect of it is almost always enough to make the judge realize that if he doesn't recall the warrant he's likely to face severe political problems that could end his career).  Also, in Texas warrants, the judge or magistrate commands any and all officers to "arrest this individual and bring him before me."  So the warrant is satisfied and extinguished once the individual appears.  Several times I have walked into Texas courts with pending warrants and informed the magistrate of who I am and the fact that the warrant is now satisfied.  Every time they have set a trial date and required me to post bond to ensure my appearance at trial.  Of course, the OP STILL has the initial problem of getting back into the US to get to the court.
Comment: "Several times I have walked into Texas courts with pending warrants", and not that I am a lawyer but "studied Texas and federal law for nearly 20 years". Aka, "I am a career criminal, listen to my sage advice"
Comment: Finally, someone who knows the system! And has named themselves John Doe. And answers on the Internet. And has been a member for exactly one day ( as of the time I am writing this comment ).....
Comment: So to summarize your answer, the suggestion that the OP should talk to a lawyer is ridiculous, and in order to get his problem resolved he needs a lawyer. Did I get that right?
Comment: This answer is... problematic for several reasons, but it could be improved by providing any sort of sources of the numbers & tendencies claimed.
Comment: Finally, someone who knows the system!  Getting back to the US shouldn't be a problem. First if he proves citizenship they must land him.  Even a noncitizen who shows up saying "My business is to appear in court to answer misdemeanor charges, I am in contact with the court and on the docket for " shouldn't have any trouble (unless there's *other* trouble.)
Comment: @CGCampbell my apologies. I meant the legal system, not the SE system.
Answer: The problem here is that you're trying to juggle too many balls.
To start with, you had the Texas traffic matter.  You didn't resolve it, creating more balls.  Now you're trying to reenter this country without arrest or disclosing your warrants - creating yet more balls to juggle.  When you inevitably, inadvertently lie to immigration officials just to keep all the balls in motion -- How many more balls do you think you can juggle? It keeps getting exponentially more complicated.
You're only human.  You will mess up, and the more you tangle it up, the more it'll come crashing down in a way you have absolutely no control over.
Pretty weird, considering that you're trying to keep control.  This strategy is a dead-end.
I like control.  In your shoes I'd grab the traffic matter by the longhorns and wrestle it to the ground.  I don't like lawyers either, but a good one (not a TV scheister) can make all the difference in the world.  I find the right lawyer by calling top-rated lawyers slightly off field and the conversation goes like this: "I need help with a _______ case. .... Oh, you don't do those?  Who would you hire for that?" You'll keep getting the same name over and over.
You've made it worse by fleeing, and it'll cost you more, but pay the price and move on with your life.
You will then be able to enter the US.  Generally, authorities are rather unlikely to arrest you if say forthrightly that you placed yourself on the court docket to answer a misdemeanor charge and are going there for that purpose.
Comment: Cough, cough, I don't think the Texas matter is 'traffic', reading the OP's account. I think it's more serious than that, like at least possession.
Answer: See Hanky Panky's answer.
But also consider that if you are entering the US as a Japanese citizen as it seems you're consider, that such an entry will be on a Tourist Visa and you must leave the USA within 6 months or be forevermore on-file as an Illegal Immigrant, with few rights and subject to detaining and deportation back to Japan at any time.
You can bet that at your detention/deportation hearing, your little game will be discovered.
Unless of course you really plan to renounce your US citizenship and never return.


Why did Harry want the Philosopher's Stone in the first place?

Question: In Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, in the end Harry's most desperate and desirable wish was to retrieve the Philosopher's stone (which he does).
I know about the enchantment placed by Professor Dumbledore. But my question is why was Harry's desire to retrieve the stone in the first place?
He didn't want to use it anyway. Wanting the stone at that time only increased the risk of letting the stone slip into Voldemort's hand. What did I miss here?
Comment: Faizan, it strikes me that some of your Harry Potter questions are really about the books. Aren't they better suited for Science Fiction & Fantasy SE? (Though if you didn't read the books, nevermind.)
Comment: @Walt Yes I didn't read the books, but does it mean I can't ask questions about the movie? (Is it a requirement somewhere?)
Comment: On the contrary; as I said, if you didn't read the books, this is perfectly OK.
Answer: First of all, Harry didn't know about the magic that Dumbledore had put on the Mirror of Erised. So, Harry, when he retrieved the stone, did it by accident.
You are asking why Harry went to retrieve the stone. Well, simple, he knew Dumbledore was not at Hogwarts but at the Ministry. He suspected Snape to be the one
to steal the stone. He couldn't tell other professors because nobody would trust his allegations against Snape, not without proof. And Harry was only close to
Dumbledore to say anything (accusing Snape) to him, but he wasn't around.
So, Harry went into the trap door to take the stone/stop Snape taking the stone. His
motivation was its safety. It was an accident that he unknowingly performed the magic that retrieved the stone from the mirror.
Comment: @FaizanRabbani Harry wasn't the smartest of kids. But his heart was in the right place. He was impulsive & brave.
Comment: @KharoBangdo ... Only to split hairs with you, but Harry was a very smart and savvy boy. He is also very capable ... while not in the movie, he later becomes head of the Auror department. *Minerva McGonagall* says, "... *they only take the best*." He was smart, but as you stated, he was also impulsive & brave, as any small boy would wish himself to be.
Comment: It makes quite sense (+1). But I think Dumbledore already placed the stone in a safe place (as it was not Harry's duty to guard the stone). I mean no wizard with wrong intentions can retrieve the stone from the mirror, it was perfectly placed. Anyhow thanks.
Comment: I totally agree.
Comment: @Paulster2 Was he the greatest wizard of them all?
Comment: @FaizanRabbani ... I would think not, but he was not stupid by any means.
Answer: To address your first question:

why was Harry's desire to retrieve the stone in the first place?

Harry came there in an attempt to prevent Snape to get the stone, but then realized that Quirrell was the one who was actually trying to get it.
However, the key thing is Snape's/Quirrell's motivation, as Harry rightly guessed it: the return of Voldemort. Given their history (Voldemort murdering Harry's parents and trying to murder him), Harry's intention at that moment is to prevent Voldemort's return.
Since he doesn't know of Dumbledore's spell, he believes that the only way to do that is to get the stone himself before the other guy does. This translates to  his greatest desire being "get the stone (to stop Voldemort)".
There was no doubt, at that moment, in Harry's mind that if he fails to retrieve the stone, the other guy will take it. In other words, he doesn't know that this "increased the risk of letting the stone slip into Voldemort's hands". He believes the exact opposite.


Violation of the law of energy conservation between photosynthesis and respiration?

Question: For the production of one glucose molecule in the Calvin cycle a plant uses 18 molecules ATP, but when the same glucose molecule is oxidised — first in the cytoplasm and then in the mitochondrion — it can obtain approximately 36-38 molecules ATP. How is the theory of conservation of energy maintained here?
Comment: @sreekara plant uses 18atp to fix **light energy** which is more than energy released during respiration.
Comment: Please add references for the numbers you cite. Wikipedia or Berg et al. (NCBI Bookshelf online) would be suitable.
Comment: @JM97 — When you open a comment box to a question you see the following: "Use comments to ask for more information or suggest improvements. Avoid answering questions in comments." Please do what it says, otherwise you are breaking the Stack Exchange system. In the present case your answer is contentious (I contend that it is incorrect), but unless it is formulated into an answer I cannot vote it down or comment on it (without compounding your behaviour). If the poster thinks it correct, he cannot accept it as an answer and the question would appear unanswered.
Comment: @David, I studied it in our text book and even our teachers taught the same.
Comment: @David: But if you put a simple & obvious answer into an actual 'answer', you will get numerous complaints about it not being supported by references &c.  As to 'breaking' the SE system, the only thing that breaks it are the over-officious moderators who insist on short-circuiting good discussions.
Comment: @jamesqf — Stack Exchange is *not* a discussion site. Please read http://biology.stackexchange.com/tour to  understand its philosophy and how it works. If you use this site you should abide by the rules. You have paid no subscription — someone else has covered the expenses of setting it up. If you don't like the rules, go elsewhere or build your own site.
Answer: The Fallacies in the argument
The question contains two main fallacies (some would say sleights of hand) in the energetic comparison of glucose synthesis from CO2 in the Calvin cycle and glucose oxidation via glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transport chain:

The descriptions of the two reactions are incomplete — important co-substrates are ignored.
The formulation of the question seems to assume that the energetics of a biochemical reaction series is reflected solely in the
  interconversion of ATP and ADP, rather than the free energy changes
  that occur in all associated reactions.

Detailed explanation
To make a valid comparison of the thermodynamics of glucose oxidation to CO2 with its synthesis form CO2 we have to consider the single reversible reaction:

 (The '6H' may appear rather odd, but it is accounted for in the reduction of cofactors etc.. We cannot include oxygen in the equation because it is not involved chemically in the synthesis of glucose. Therefore for this treatment the electron transport chain is not included, although it is discussed later.)
The reaction from left to right is associated with a certain decrease in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) and that from right to left in a corresponding increase of the same value. In a non-biological context this might involve the evolution and use of heat energy, but in the cell it involves the chemical energy of bonds between atoms. We therefore have to consider all the chemical reactions to which the reaction above is coupled, i.e. which receive or transfer free energy. The additional reactions and the free energy changes they involve can be found in the chapters on glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the Calvin cycle in Berg et al. and are (omitting water, hydrogen ions and inorganic phosphate):

From which it can be seen that the chemical energy input required for synthesis is greater than that obtained, contrary to what is asserted in the question
What about the ATP?
Yes, the cell oxidizes NADH and FADH2 and uses the free energy change to build an electrochemical gradient, the dissipation of which generates ATP (30 molecules per glucose molecule is the current estimate). However that is separate process, with no counterpart in the Calvin Cycle, where the NADPH is generated from photosynthetic reduction and not from ATP. However, if you perform a naive 'currency conversion' at the rate of 3ATP per NAD(P)H and 2ATP per FADH2, the balance is: input for synthesis 54 ATP, output from oxidation 38 ATP, i.e. the same general result as above.
Popularizing science is not easy, and those who make the effort can be excused for equating energy with ATP (often as clip-art lightening flashes). However if you wish to study metabolism you need to think scientifically about chemical thermodynamics and free energy. The fact that the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is accompanied by a decrease in Gibbs free energy is not particularly chemically remarkable in the context of the free energy changes of other chemical conversions in the cell (including NAD(P) oxido-reductions). What is remarkable is that the cell has evolved enzyme that catalyse reactions in which the free energy change from this conversion is not lost as  heat, but can be used to offset the +ve ΔG of a reaction to which it is coupled. Reactions involving NAD(P)H do the same thing, but they are limited to reductions, and the free energy change is inconveniently large.
Why the accepted answer to this question is a red herring
The accepted answer addresses a different question to that posed. It cites a calculation of the photon energy required for converting carbon dioxide to glucose. This is irrelevant to the thermodynamics of the Calvin Cycle, which can occur in the dark. It is relevant only to the efficiency of the use of photon energy in phosphorylating ADP and reducing NADP+ (incidentally in an open system) — a distinct reaction. The thermodynamics of the reactions the question refers to — glucose / carbon dioxide interconversion processes — do not involve the generation of their co-substrates.
Comment: Thank you@David, I wasn't considering the NADPH if we consider them and then equate 12 NADPH produces approximately 12×3= 36 ATPs, and adding 18ATPs it gives 54 ATPs ,which are more than that produced in oxidising it that is 36ATPs.
Comment: @ David I have another doubt, the mechanism of ATP synthesis in mitochondria and chloroplast are almost the same, but there is a big difference in mitochondria the f1 particle uses 2 H+ ions to synthesis one ATP and whereas in chloroplast it uses 3H+ ions for the same, shall I post it as a separate question?
Comment: @sreekara — I'd definitely post that as a separate question. (And a small linguistic point. I realise that 'doubt' is used in Indian English to introduce a question. However in British and US English it is never used that way. 'Doubt' only conveys the idea of disbelief or uncertainty.)
Comment: I will post the question tomorrow because I have posted one today.
Comment: I have now revised my answer as I thought it important to address the misaprehensions about ATP and "energy" clearly with a table of free energy changes. The gist is the same as before.
Answer: Background: Law of conservation of energy states that energy in a  closed  system remains constant.
So the amount of energy in a molecule remains same when its annihilated( also consider law of energy mass equivalence).
Before answering this I would like to point that in the formation of glucose not only energy from ATP is utilised to fix carbon but also light energy is also utilised, which is about :

It takes eight (or perhaps 10 or more) photons to utilize one molecule of CO2. The Gibbs free energy for converting a mole of CO2 to glucose is 114 kcal, whereas eight moles of photons of wavelength 600 nm contains 381 kcal, giving a nominal efficiency of 30%. $^{(1)}$

So, how is the light energy utilised in Calvin cycle?
This light energy is used for formation of NADPH which used in Calvin cycle. Therefore not only ATP but also NADPH are required for generation of energy.
So after considering the above facts one can argue quantitatively that law conservation of energy is not violated in case of oxidation of glucose by mitochondria.
Comment: I do not think this answers the question posed, as it relates to the energetics of the generation of ATP and NADPH by light in a thermodynamically open system. The Calvin cycle does not involve light. I believe my own answer is correct in addressing the failure to consider the energetics of anything other than the hydrolysis of ATP.
Comment: @David  I never said that Calvin cycle directly utilises light energy. The OP asked broadly about violation of law of energy conservation between photosynthesis and respiration. My answer too says that the NADPH is the entity which the OP has forgotten. Just to have a broad perspective I highlighted the fact that a lot more of light energy is used to form glucose than the energy released on oxidation. How is my answer misleading?
Comment: I am sorry, but the poster did not ask broadly about the violation of energy conservation, he argued specifically from figures for ATP involvement in glucose synthesis and oxidation. By answering in terms of the energetics of a different reaction (the light reaction) you were implying that it was relevant to the thermodynamics of the dark reaction. It isn't.
Comment: I can't force OP to accept your answer as accepted.
Comment: That's not the point. The accepted answer need not be the best answer. It is valid to comment with diagreement, however. I am just copying the practice common of the original SE StackOverflow, which I was familiar with before joining this SE.


Timer Job Completes, but fails on one or more machines in the farm

Question: I am trying to configure the Business Data Connectivity service. The last service was corrupt in and an error state so I removed the service and added it back in. When adding it back to the SharePoint site I receive an error stating "The Timer Job Completed but has failed on one or more machines in the farm."(We only have the one server/machine in the farm). The service doesn't provision but goes into an "error" state and the Application Proxy for Business Data connectivity is stopped. Have been pulling my hair out with this.
Comment: Are there any exceptions in the ULS or Event Viewer on the server when you try to do this?
Answer: Your trying to create a BCS but it looks like the service itself is not started. Start it if its not started. Else stop and then restart it.
Open the central administration -> Application management -> under "Service Applications" click "Manage services on server".
find "Business Data Connectivity Service" and start the service -> click "Start"
now go back to "Manage service applications" and it should be in started stage
Answer: Things to check

The Business Data Connectivity Service is started in Services on server http://CentralAdminURL/_admin/Server.aspx
The Account creating the application is a member och local administrators group of the SharePoint server
The SharePoint Timer job is running in services.msc
The account creating the BDC service have DB_Creator server role on the SQL Server, and is db_owner of the Config_DB.
Answer: In order to recreate(delete and create), I would follow these steps

delete the bcs service application
stop the service instance from central admin > manage service on server
now start again the same service
create the bcs service application

If it did not work then try 2 things extra

restart the sharepoint timer service from services console
also clear the config cache on the server
Answer: We just had the same issue. ULS showed an error creating the Database. In our case the default database location in SQL Server was wrong.


Vector and relative position

Question: suppose a straight river 0.5km wide flows due east at a constant speed 3km/h.Suppose a boat row at 2km/h from a point A on the south shore to point B,which is k km downstream from the point directly north of point A of the other shore.What direction should you head to cross the river.
Answer: I assume you want to wind up at the point $B$ and that the direction of travel is
constant.
Let $\theta$ be the angle at which the boat travels with respect to the south shore.
The velocity vector of the boat is
${\bf v}=(3+ 2\cos\theta) {\bf i}+   2(\sin\theta ) {\bf j}$.
To find $\theta$, solve the system of equations:
$$
(3+ 2\cos\theta)t = k,\quad \text {and}\quad  2(\sin\theta )t =\textstyle{1\over2}
$$
where $t$ is the time it takes for the boat to reach point $B$.

Vector and relative position


Tail emission in Aeon

Question: Tail emission in Monero is implemented in cryptonote_basic_impl.cpp, but I don't see it in Aeon's counterpart.
Will it be added to Aeon in the future?
Answer: There appears to be a community consensus for an AEON tail emission based on what I have seen on Bitcointalk, Reddit and IRC. I think most AEON users consider tail emission to be part of the AEON roadmap. Other users at various times have had the false impression that it has already been implemented. However its implementation has not yet formalized or codified.
One proposal being considered by AEON core developer Smooth is described as follows:

Once the base reward declines below 0.3/minute, then reward will switch to inflationary at a target rate of 0.8888888....%/year (actual rate may deviate slightly in practice due to variations in block rate, block reward penalty, rounding, etc.)

The above proposal is similar but not identical to the system used by Monero where the reward is set to a pace of 0.3 XMR per minute (.6XMR per block with an average block time of 2 minutes).
Answer: Late into 2017, during the code rebase bounty discussions, contrary to the earlier coined 0.8888…% inflation rate per year, it seems there's growing consensus to actually adopt the same tail emission rate of 0.3 AEON per minute (thus 1.2 AEON per 4-minute block), which proposal was posted on Reddit by smooth_xmr.

Tail emission in Aeon


Continuous Dice rolls

Question: A dice is being rolled continuously. Suppose you roll a 3 ( or any number ). What is the probability that you will get the next "3" exactly after n rolls?
Comment: I suspect you mean "A die is being rolled continually".
Comment: You are right.. I do mean continually.
Answer: I will interpret "after $n$ rolls" as meaning that we want the probability that our next $n-1$ rolls do not yield a $3$, but the $n$-th roll does give a $3$..
The probability of a non-$3$ on any toss is $\frac{5}{6}$.  So the probability of $n-1$ consecutive non-$3$'s followed by a $3$ is
$$\left(\frac{5}{6}\right)^{n-1}\frac{1}{6}.$$
The reason that we simply multiply is that the results on successive tosses of the die are independent.  The die does not remember what results it has come up with in the past.
We can also get the result by using a counting argument. Imagine tossing a die $n$ times, and recording the results. So a record of $4$ tosses might read $4,5,4,1$.
There are $6^n$ possible records of the results of $n$ tosses, all equally likely.  There are $5^{n-1}$ records in which the first $n-1$ results are a non-$3$ and the last result is a $3$. So our probability is
$$\frac{5^{n-1}}{6^n}.$$
Answer: Well, if you do roll a $3$, then there would be a $1\over 6$ chance of rolling another $3$.  So, for the next two rolls after rolling just once, if you roll two more times, then there will be a $1\over 36$ chance of rolling two $3$s.  Here's a thing to help: Rolls to Get the Number | Chance the Number Will Appear Again Those Rolls$$2|{1\over6}$$$$3|{1\over 36}$$$$4|{1\over 216}$$$$5|{1\over1,296}$$
So, after one roll, the chance starts at the second roll and then multiplies by $1\over 6$ from the beginning as you go.  This works for any number on a six-sided die.

Continuous Dice rolls


Why did J remember about K when no one else did?

Question: In Men in Black 3, when J is about to do the time jump thing, he asks Jeffrey why he remembers about K while no one else does. Jeffrey says something like "Oh, so you were there", but it's never actually explained (or at least, I didn't get it) what that means, or why J is the only one that has his memories from the other timeline. So, why is that?
Comment: Because terrible writing.
Answer: As the Jeffrey says,

He was there.

Agent J, at the very end of the movie, sees K

neuralize a young child who has just seen his father shot by the villain

When K asks the child his name, the child responds

James, the name that J was born with, as seen in MiB 1 and 2.

Further, we see the child show K

a watch, which is the same watch J showed Griff earlier, saying it was his father's watch.

Therefore, it can easily be concluded that

J is the child.

Thus, he remembers it because he was there.  J(ames) was there in the original timeline, as a witness to the event (no, he didn't see everything, but he played an important part in the timeline, which was significantly changed by the changed timeline.
No one else who played a significant part in the original timeline (Griff, O, or other MiB personnel) were present at the points where the timeline significantly diverged from the original timeline.
J could recall the true timeline because the changes in the timeline had a direct, personal, and significant change on his own personal timeline, and he was present when the timelines diverged, as is made patently clear in the movie.
Comment: @AJotr: Jeffrey's comment "That means you were there", along with the revelation that the child is James' younger self (meaning that he was there originally) isn't enough?  Does it have to be explicitly spelled out, with visual aides?  I was actually applauding the movie for not treating me like I was 4.
Comment: @JavierBadia: Apparently, the rules of time travel in the MiB universe mean that if the past changes, people who were at the event when history was changed by a temporal interloper remember the true timeline.
Comment: @AJotr: my response is direct from the movie, with examples and demonstrative quotes.
Comment: I got the thing about J. I don't understand why that means he remembers everything about K.
Comment: Given the information provided to us by the movie, I'm not sure how we could assume other than what Jeff has suggested.  That was certainly the impresssion I was left with when I left the movie theater.  It certainly seemed to me that, even though the screenwriters didn't explicitly say that was the rule, that was the trail they were leading us down.  Though I'm certainly open to hearing other interpretations.
Comment: Jeff - "apparently"...?  That is like saying "it is this way because I wrote it."
Comment: My comment was on your reply to Javier.  Nothing in your answer nor the movie expressly supports your premise in that comment.  Its pure speculation.
Comment: In MIB, J asks K whether he had ever used the flashy thing on him. K is evsasive. Might this be in reference to the earlier, other time-line events in MIB 3?
Comment: This answer is wrong. In altered timeline, if his memory wasn't erased, he would never remember Agent K being his partner as K was dead when he was kid. Remember how he asked about K in office in altered timeline...
Comment: @SachinShekhar: I never say J's memory was erased in the altered timeline.  It wasn't - he clearly remembers K and the entire 'true' timeline, but he's the only one who does.  This is because he was there as an important figure in the original timeline, as was the entire point of my answer.
Comment: Why would that let you remember things of another timeline? Seriously, which theory are you using?
Comment: @SachinShekhar: To quote my earlier comment on this point: "Apparently, the rules of time travel in the MiB universe mean that if the past changes, people who were at the event when history was changed by a temporal interloper remember the true timeline"
Comment: And, your citation for that?
Comment: @SachinShekhar: Um....that's what the movie showed?  In explicit detail?  What's you alternative hypothesis, supported by quotes from the movie?
Comment: Aren't you going in circular explanation?
Answer: I just watched it last night. This what I am getting out of reading these answers. Older K nuerolizes Young J. He tells him something and walks away with him and I'm guessing brings him home. Now considering Js' father saved K. I going to guess their was a sense of obligation of debt that K felt he needed to pay back. Considering the military / agent both saving the world code. So maybe K in life watched out for him and time to time guided him in the right direction. Possibly neutralizing him more than once in life. Because I never got that from any of th MIB's that K actually physically took care of J. I'm going to leave the question how J was the only one to remember him. I kinda get it from the readings above. But still unclear. But it is a movie after all.
Comment: Sorry. In the beginning I said Older K nuerolizes young J. I mean young K.
Answer: The problem lies with the first timeline change. K gets killed, everyone knows that he's dead, and everyone in the future forgets about him living. At this point we can ignore everything J's arrival at the past is going to change, because of the way the movie works. Those things haven't happened at that point of that timeline, otherwise the movie would just go on without K ever disappearing at all.
(I'm not completely sure how the timeline worked out during Boris' time there, so I can't say whether young J was there to see K die or not, not to mention how J's father died at that timeline. I'm assuming that he was there to get killed, since the movie implies that K had been taking care of J all along. Needless to say, Boris was successful, since everyone forgets about K.)
Now, the change affects the entire universe, including young J. His father lives, he never gets picked up by K for MiB, earth would probably have been screwed in the previous films if he hadn't been there. I can't see any reason why he wouldn't be affected.
The "You were there" line would indicate that either the young or old J being there would change something specific to that local place or time. (Which we all assume to be the moment K arrested Boris/K died/J's father died, since that's the only moment that seems to fit, right? Also, was J's father dying supposed to be the thing that turned K into a grumpy old man? Seems a little extreme for someone you've just met, especially when K works in MiB and I'm sure that wasn't the first time he's seen death up close. And if not, what was it?)

"Place" would indicate that something J witnessed or did in the past changed the entire timeline in a way that his personal timeline was in it's entirety ripped from the timeline and goes on as it would have, merging back into the regular timeline at the time Boris jumped. This seems highly unlikely. What this means is that the J who has the memories of the first timeline replaced the J from the changed timeline. The J who had that 10 hour stakeout with his "new" partner just disappeared. So we have some things from one timeline, and some from another. No amount of memories can make any sense of this.
"Time", as I see it, would mean that since he's been traveling in time, he had already been there once? It's a little far fetched, but he might've made more than one trip around this circle, and... well yeah, I'm completely out of ideas.

note: When Boris kills K, he seems to disappear at a strange time. Let me try to explain.
    A=The time of Boris' departure from the future towards the past. B=The time K disappears in the future. C=The time Boris arrives in the past. D=The time K dies in the past. What I'm trying to say is that the time between A and B, and C and D are equal, as if the future and past move side by side at a steady flow. This could probably be just for reasons of the movie looking cool and being more easily understandable, but that's a pretty cheap excuse. Could anything be deduced from this?

And I'm not even going to touch the whole paradox of Boris killing K, meaning that he never gets captured, meaning that he never goes back in time for revenge, meaning that he loses his arm and gets captured in the past, so he goes back in time to kill K, and so on and so on.
The only sensical thing to me seems to be that each person has his own personal timeline, and each possibility happens, J is just changing the timeline he is currently in. That would explain a lot of things, but I'm going to have to call bullshit on that one because of Griff. As he said, he sees all possibilities, but only one of them comes to pass.
So, yeah. It's a popcorn time travel plot with lots of holes in it. Name one that doesn't, I dare you.
Also, the whole "There will always be death" bullcrap? I read that someone said that they appreciated that the movie didn't treat you like a 4 year old. One might wonder if you've been in some other timeline where this movie didn't just pull things out of it's ass.
Geez, this was supposed to be just a nice, calm and short plot analyze rant, did not mean it to become this long-winded and full of tangents. But hey, it's the internet, this is what people do, right?
Answer: Agreed, K neuralizes him.  In the alternate reality K dies instead of J's father (where there is death there will be death) and Child J doesn't get neuralized  so he would remember that day on the cape, BUT not the details of being K's partner as an adult.  Scientifically there is no accounting for his memory.  If this were a real scenario (srsly?) There would be no "reset" K would from hence forth remember meeting Agent J in 69
Comment: Totally disagree with Jeff.  I think Arcanan's idea is valid & logical, albeit hypothetical.  That said, it does not explain why J DOES remember K, only that logically he should not.  And the last sentence needs grammatical work to be more clear.
Comment: I'm sorry, but you are mistaken.  Grossly mistaken, even.  [There's a Youtube video that describes the enormity of your mistaken response.](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEkWH8DB7b0)
Answer: jeffrey could be saying that (young) J was there when K did/would die (not necessarily witnessing it) or that he was there (again close by) at the time when boris did/would leave 1969 and return back in time (presumably into the present) ...
Answer: All answers here are plain simple wrong.
It's been a while since I watched the movie, but I am pretty sure that the correct answer involves Temporal Fracture and Chocolate Milk. When the original timeline was altered, he somehow became a paradox because of temporal fracture around him. And, due to this, he was shown to have affinity for Chocolate Milk.
Answer: I think it is a lot simpler then all of that.
J was always meant to be there I the timeline saving k
When he is told, it means your there tell me what it's like, it doesn't mean younger self it means older j.
This means that K has always known J would come back in time to save him he just didn't know when it would happen and so couldn't prempt things by opening up to J and risk changing the past/future.
K always knew Js father but he also always new J.
Now in this version however (the film version of the timeline) K kills Boris this stops the loop and allows j to return to his own time and he and K to continue.
The important charachter explaining all this is griffin who defines the facts that every action creates a new universe.
Answer: The Grandfather paradox must apply in a single timeline scenario. All possible outcomes must be explored and actuated by all beings possessing a minimum expression of awareness but that cannot manifest unless you expand into many worlds. It would require a type two civilization with the capacity to capture the amount of energy needed to expand the multiverse and attach the death dynamic to the story line of agent's J and K. As has been noted Griff is a 5th dimensional being that can live in ALL probability and outcomes simultaneously. The Griff that we see appears seamless but note the uncertainty as to which outcome he is about to experience. I would propose to you that his uncertainty is not his but ours. He would be aware of actual outcome but our fourth wall experience could not. Manifestation of a single reality under these conditions must be accompanied by uncertainty of the lesser observer or the outcome itself would subject to change. In effect we the lesser observer can never be aware of what dimension we are seeing. If we use the original Men In Black film as an introduction and a baseline I suggest that the realities of that possible outcome are not the same as the  discussion here. We are looking at the Griff effect and another possible outcome similar but separate from our original experience.
Comment: Welcome to SFF:SE, does your answer address the question of "*Why did J remember K when no one else did?*". I can't seem to see a clear train of thought, but if it does or if you're able to clear up your wall of text (and if possible provide some forms of canonical evidence) feel free to [edit](http://scifi.stackexchange.com/posts/150347/edit) them into your answer!
Answer: Because "before" young K was killed the older J was there with him in the past. Young K interfaced with an older J that was aware of future K and therefor old J must remember future K.
J went back in time to save K multiple times and didn't always save him but he always tried and therefore he has to always remember.
It helps if you don't think about there being one timeline that was modified. All timelines happen concurrently. Not only are the timelines happening concurrently but the future and the past are happening at the same time. It is indirectly explained by the alternate reality, space-time peeping unicorn alien dude.
Comment: Griff didn't say he went back multiple times.  Griff sees every potential future, every possible event that could ever happen.  He sees every way J could have gone about his mission, and all the ways it could have failed (not to mention the few ways it could succeed).  There is a single timeline that actually happens, and he doesn't know which of the many possible ones it will be until he sees key details ("the one where K forgot to leave a tip") that differentiate the possible futures (like J's watch being broken)
Comment: That's entirely wrong.  In fact, it completely contradicts everything that was in the movie.
Comment: I think this is a good explanation as well.  Yes he did "go back multiple times" - this was related in a very brief quip by the "snow hat alien" who gave them the Arc.
Comment: Giff didn't say it, the son of the guy that invented the time jump device said something like "because you were there" when J asks why he remembers.
Comment: Griff says "This has become my favorite memory of human history" and "Unless we're in the one where K forgets to leave a tip".If he can see all possible futures and histories then they must exist.There no difference between a possible future and a timeline.Griff can't even tell which timeline he is in at any moment.Basically there are many-worlds(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation) but Griffs conscious is unlike ours and is spread across them, he is a 5th dimensional being after all.If there is only one timeline then wave form collapse is real and Griff can't be conscious.
Answer: we all saw how Boris killed J's father, then K neutralized J and he lost his memory. However, in the alternate  version of the story - the one that made J travel to save K- K died instead of J's father.That means that J was not neutralized - at least by K -and thus he could remember him. Besides, Griff showed J's father the future or maybe different versions of the future or maybe EVERYTHING so that he could help K and J and of course Griff also showed J's father that grown up J was his son, so he knew that he had to die to save the world and that's the reason why he said he could not be a man in black as a response to young K suggestion. So, if J's father did not die and J did not lost his memory, J's father knew that grown up J could save the world because he would be the only man that would remember K. Probably, J's father took the neutralizer from K's pocket after he died and then he neutralized his son and told him only the things he had to know. Maybe he avoided telling him that he would die, maybe they spent an entire life together as father and son with J being neutralized several times as years went by or maybe J's father left him so that he could fulfill his destiny as the saviour of the world - so it was necessary to neutralize him anyway -and then J's father told his son everything he had to know about K even though J would forget his own father. So, back in the alternate future, K is the only man that remembers K - thanks to his father-. His travelling in the future changed the events - as Griff implied, there are alternate stories or versions or universes or whatever-. So this time, J's intrusion originated another version of the events, J's father died this time - that's the reason of K's rude manners since he knew that his best friend's father died for him and he could not save him because then the world would be destroyed. The only thing K could do was neautralize young J and take care of him until he was an adult   so that he could become  his mate or companion in the future. That's why he loves J, J's father saved him and K became J's father so he loves him as a son. Probably K spent an entire life taking care of J and neutralizing him through the years. Maybe it was painful for him to know that he had to wait 43 years until J knew the truth. K also was more aware of the importance of him as the other saviour of the world and when the time came when he had to leave his girlfriend - as stated in Men in Black I- to take care of J and save the world, that might have made K's manners even more rude. Maybe K met Griff again to have more answers and Griff explained him the entire plot. After all K always knows everything.
Comment: Wall of text answers rarely receive upvotes; http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Wall_of_Text. May I suggest you edit out the unnecessary detail and split this into paragraphs to highlight the important bits.
Answer: Well as much as I enjoyed all the explanations above, there was a line in the movie where one of the characters describes observing an unusual "emotional connection" between K & J.  LATER we find out that K is actually J's surrogate father, but prior to that J always had an obvious (albeit sometimes conflicted) bond with K as evidenced by J's devotion to his partner above and beyond mere camaraderie.
There are endless SciFi stories detailing that a strong emotional connection can transcend time & space, and in this case parallel universes and alternate time lines.  BUT ADD TO THIS...
... the VERY REAL FACT that the University of Edinburgh, Scotland has one of the world's few Parapsychology departments wherein they are studying various levels of ESP and finding that EMOTIONAL CONNECTION is one of the Main Factors in thoughts being transferred between subjects in different rooms (i.e. Transcending Space-Time) - e.g. a couple in love performs better than two randomly paired individuals.
(+++ SOURCE - I actually sat with the head of the U. Edinburgh head of Parapsychology and went over all this with him PERSONALLY in his office +++)
If we can agree with that character in the movie (the guy who had the Arc???) who described J as being "unusually bonded / connected" to K than I think its a fair extrapolation that J's Emotional Connection (parent-child +) to K is what allowed J to make that final transference across the parallel realities where no one else could, despite the fact that in the resulting dead-K universe K would never have been J's father.  Remember that J came from the universe where K WAS his father (surrogate-father that is) and he came in with the consciousness from THAT universe.
p.s. its pretty obvious that the surrogate-father connection is what is implied as J watches the scene at the end with the pocket-watch.  Not my fave part of the story - too Darth & Luke for my taste.
Comment: I agree with Javier - there's no indication that K spent more than a few hours in James' presence.  The scene where James shows K the watch (and J looks at his own) is purely there to confirm that James is J's past self - saying, "I've got to give this back to my father" is something a kid would do to explain why he has to see his father, and why his father can't be dead.
Comment: I don't know, I don't think he's his surrogate father, or J would surely remember him. I think he just went for a walk and sent him to his mom or something.
Comment: Pretty sure K says something to little James r.e. [sic] "I am going to take care of you."  If that is not an implication that K became James' surrogate father (albeit perhaps from a distance and / or secretive support) then what is?


Sync between chrome extensions

Question: do you know any way how to synchronize DATA from chrome extensions between 2 computers? (Windows and Ubuntu)
I know there is option to synchronize bookmarks and extensions (it works), but DATA from these extensions wasn't transferred.
For example: I use 'Calendar and Countdown' extension, I would like to have my dates also in Ubuntu, I would rather not add all these dates again :(
(Extension was add to my second computer but without inside data).
Please help.
Answer: That service would have to be provided by the extension itself, i.e. you'd sign into the extension on your Windows machine with an account, and then sign into the same account but on your Ubuntu machine.

Sync between chrome extensions


Is it worth patenting something before submitting to the W3C?

Question: Is it worth patenting something before submitting to the W3C, even if it's a royalty free patent?
Answer: The basic answer to your question is that all parties who submit ideas to a W3C specifications development process agree to license those patents to anyone who creates or uses an implementation of the specification. (The full license is here.) This is simplified a bit, and will depend on how you submit the idea, but that is the basic goal of the policy.
So you will not get much (if any) revenue from patenting an idea that you then submit to W3C. If you do file the patent, you can still use it against people who are not implementing the relevant W3C specification, so depending on the nature of the patent you could perhaps use it against competitors to the specification. But that is highly speculative at that point.
If your goal is to protect the specification (i.e., you want to support W3C), your best bet is not to file a patent, but rather to provide very good detail on the patentable idea to relevant, public W3C forums as quickly as possible.  Publishing it in this way makes it prior art for future patents as quickly as possible, and would help W3C or supporters of W3C should someone try to later patent the same idea. This is also much cheaper and easier than filing a patent, which is an expensive, multi-year process.
This process is known as defensive publication. There are tips for writing good defensive publications at defensivepublications.org (though that site is down right now - I'll update this with better links when I have a chance.)
Note that this is not the case for all specifications or standards bodies; they all have different rules about this sort of thing. For example some allow for royalties, or some have compliance rules; i.e., only compliant implementations get licenses, so anyone who embraces/extends the specification might be sued.
Comment: That was a good answer with respect to W3C.
Answer: In the more general case of submitting to any random standards body - that submission will likely be considered prior art for terms of patent-ability. So, if you do submit to the standards body BEFORE doing any patent filings, it is quite possible that you'll be unable to patent the thing later. Whether this is a good or bad thing depends on the body in question and their views on patented materials in a standard.
Answer: Having a patent on an idea also helps protect you against someone else patenting it later and then trying to use the patent against you.
Comment: See my comment below for more detail, but the short answer is that defensive publication is almost always a better idea for this purpose unless you have very deep pockets.


Software that will print everybody related and unrelated -- what should I look for?

Question: I am new to genealogy and looking for a software package that will list/chart/print "Everybody" that I have entered in the database, related and not directly related. I realise this will result in a large chart but it will be useful at this stage of my work. What else should I look for in such a package? Any advice appreciated.
Comment: Heather, when you specify "Everybody" is that literally what you mean or might you want to list everyTHING? The difference is important because as well as people your genealogy database will include EVENTS and SOURCES.
Comment: Heather, we've edited your question to encompass all the factors you should consider when choosing your first genealogy software package, and make it a better 'fit' for this site; I hope this is in line with what you are looking for, and I suspect you'll get some thorough answers. If you also have a specific question about working with 'Everyone' and how to do that effectively, that would make a superb second question.
Answer: The List and Print in your question is pretty easy to answer in that most if not all of the FH programmes will do this, we all have our favourites. It is the chart part that is more difficult. If for instance you have 100 unrelated people in your programme and you select a chart printout you will likely end up with 100pages with one person on each page. Some of the programmes allow you to have custom reports and this may give you a more manageable result.
Comment: @lkessler, which is why I think everyone who has answered has said that 'Everyone' **charts** rapidly become unsuable (except maybe on a screen, which nobody has addressed) but reports (especially if hyperlinked) might work. We still don't understand what Heather wants to achieve with an 'everybody' chart, which was why I originally closed this, so we might all still be barking up the wrong tree.
Comment: Really? Most programs can produce an organized report or chart with everybody in it? I disagree and think very few can.
Comment: Well the 4 I currently have on my machine can all do custom reports with everyone in the database on. Ancestral Quest 14, Family Historian 5, PAF 5 and Brothers Keeper 6. So I think that is a pretty good starter for "Most". BTW I never said a chart I said a report if you re-read what I wrote.
Comment: @lkessler, Any package that allows you to select individuals for a **report** is likely to allow you to select all individuals in the database as the basis for that report.  Family Historian 5 does, and will also do an Everyone **chart** (although, as Colin says, and I've said at http://genealogy.stackexchange.com/a/3076/104 these rapidly become unwieldy to work with as your database size increases). I also understand that Family Tree Maker will allow you to define a custom report with everyone it, although I don't have access to a copy to try it.
Comment: @ColeValleyGirl - You will notice at http://www.family-historian.co.uk/features/feature-list that they state: "Everyone and 'All Relatives' tree (unique to Family Historian)". This indicates that they do not believe there are very many, if any, other programs that can do this.
Comment: @lkessler, for **charts** (trees) I suspect that's true, because of their limited usability. **Reports** are a different matter. I wonder if we have a different understanding of "report" and "chart". Terminology is a b*gger sometimes.
Comment: @ColeValleyGirl - Although the OP says "list/chart/print", the next line says "will result in a large chart" to which I interpret being an organized representation of the people with relationships - which to me is more than just a report listing everybody in some order (e.g. alphabetically).
Comment: @ColeValleyGirl - Unfortunately, Heather's profile shows her as last seen on Jan 23 at 9:38, which means she posted her question and then either never came back, or did come back but decided not to log in again.
Answer: What to look for in a genealogy/family history software package?
The important thing is not to select it on the basis of a single feature now, when (with luck) you'll be using it for years to come and your requirements will change and mature. Take time to think about how you like to work — consider what's been right for you in other circumstances (work, education, other hobbies) and take advice from the experts on what you'll want in the future even if you don't realise it now. And, of course, consider your budget, your level of comfort with computer and web technology and how much effort you're willing to put into getting the best out of the package you choose.
The very basic requirements for a software package are to allow you to store, view and edit the conclusions you reach about the people you are interested in.  All modern packages will allow you to do this; how well each suits you will depend on how you like to work. Some of us are 'visually-oriented' and are most happy navigating around a diagram (chart) of people on the screen. Others are 'data-oriented' and revel in lists of people with the associated events/attributes. Some people are happier with a 'plain English' presentation that reads like a story; others want "just the facts, ma'am". It's important to make certain that the package you choose will support your preferred method of editing and viewing your data, and ideally makes the other options available for those times when nothing else will do.
There are other factors you should want to consider about data recording, like how flexible the package in in what it allows you to record. I'd recommend looking for something with maximum built-in flexibility — you will discover something about an ancestor that doesn't fit the standard offering from your package!
The next essential requirement is to be able to share what you've learned -- by producing reports, printed charts, website files or exporting a data file that others can use.  Reports and printed charts are also valuable to those of us who like to take a step away from the screen and cogitate with a printout in front of us.
The absolute minimum requirement is the ability to export (and import) an valid GEDcom file, which will allow you to share your data with others directly or via the web (on sites such as Ancestry or Genes Reunited). GEDcom isn't perfect, but it's the best data-transfer mechanism we've got at the moment, so it's the bare minimum you should be looking for.
For reports and charts and prettier printed presentations, again look for the widest choice and the most configurability. You've specifically asked about 'Everybody' charts. As others have said, these can be OK when you're dealing with a small number of people, but rapidly become difficult to work with as the numbers of people in your file increase. If you're happy with a just-the-facts report for everybody (everybody, every fact, every source), most packages will deliver it.  And 'plain English' is a common option as well, although it can be a bit stilted (computers still don't do well with the complexity of the English language). There are fewer packages offering an Everybody diagram (it becomes very complex as number increase) but they do exist -- but consider the implications of multiple sheets of paper taped together (or specialist printers/printing) before insisting on this requirement. You may find that working from an 'Everybody' digram on the screen or an 'Everybody' report meets your needs.
For website generation, it will depend on how confident you are with web technology. Many packages will deliver a 'turn--the-handle and out it comes approach'; others need more technical expertise which can be rewarding if you know what you're doing.
The most essential requirement (although you might not realise it yet) is the ability to record exactly where you find the information that led you to believe the facts that you've recorded about an individual, AKA "citing your sources". If I had a £1 for everybody who said to me "if I'd only known when I'd started to keep track of what documents or websites or conversations led me to record which 'facts'" I'd be a very rich woman. There will come a time when you wonder how you 'knew' something -- or question whether it's true. If you're recorded exactly what source you've used and what it said that led you to the conclusion, the chances of you having to repeat research is reduced (but never eliminated).  The package I use is brilliant in very many regards, but no better than GEDcom (aka execrable) for recording sources unless you're very disciplined. You may want to look for a package that takes a very standardised/systematic approach to recording source details, or put in place your own disciplines for how you do it, if you're that kind of person.
Other bells and whistles? Most packages offer them. The one I use provides an API and a scripting language and a query language and a data storage format that allows others can develop facilities the the main developer hasn't got to yet; but it's been said by some that it's got a daunting learning curve. Others are very easy to learn but prove limited as your requirements mature. Yet others promise a lot, but are in development and have not yet proven what or when they will deliver. You may want facilities to track your research activities ("What's the next search I need to do?") Or to track information about places and addresses (which isn't something Genealogy and Family History Software has been good at). Don't discount using multiple packages to get what you want -- I use one main package to record my conclusions, another to track what I've done and need to do as well as generate detailed and consistent source citations, another to standardise data input for common events, and yet another to generate a website. Definitely look for a package with an active and helpful user group!
Answer: To see the relationships between people, most programs then require you to generate a report or a chart. The most common reports/charts are for a person and their ancestors, or for a person and their descendants. But these don't give all people.
Some programs have reports that are for all relatives of a person. These are more difficult reports because they require going up to each ancestor and producing a descendant report for each one. In order to prevent people occurring multiple times, any additional occurrences of a repeated person needs to be linked back to the first. This is difficult to do in a pleasant manner so most programs have not bothered to implement an "all relative" report.
All-relative charts are even more problematic than all-relative reports, because you either have to repeat people (ugh), or alternatively will need to have connecting lines that will cross over other lines (double-ugh). You will find very few all-relative charts because of this.
Now what you are asking for is to include everyone. That will include people related through marriage, whose families should be then connected to the above mentioned all-relatives report, This would cause even more duplication or crossed lines.
You are also asking to include everyone else, who would then be in disconnected islands that need to be shown in the report or chart in their own separate sections - each of which could be as complicated as the original all-relatives with related through marriage report.
So you see, what you are asking for is not easy to design or present in a logical and easy to navigate manner, and very few programs have implemented this.
Answer: This is only a partial answer, in that it's only relevant to you if you use a Mac or an iPad, and it is only a visualization solution, not a printing solution.
Synium Software's Mac Family Tree software and companion iPhone/iPad app has a "Virtual Tree" view that allows you to visualize unrelated families. The picture below shows several families of Hainsworths from near Leeds in Yorkshire, who I am chasing down in order to work out which is the ancestor of my in-laws.
Unfortunately you cannot print these trees, only view them on-screen, and moving the 3D view on-screen can be a bit counter-intuitive.
Answer: I have used Family Tree Maker and Mac Family Tree to do it, the catch is when printing to define your page sizes correctly. I have done this for a 1700 person family tree database as both standard sheets of paper (which you have to tape together and sometimes get cut off and there is a lot of blank sheets of paper) but also done it can be to a plotter but that is MUCH more expensive.
I printed to PDF knowing the height dimensions of the plotter (i.e. 3ft paper), printed it to PDF with the dimensions I believe of 36" (3ft) by 360" (30ft) and took it to Kinkos/FedEx and let it go wild. It was I believe at least a $100 to print last time I did it, but what it did do let me visualize and draw on it and see areas and opportunities for expansion on my tree without trying to figure it out based on the real estate of my screen or program provides. So I understand your intent.
A photo of it from several years ago before I started writing all over it.

Christopher
Comment: wow, this looks awesome :) do you have a bigger resolution image ? :)
Answer: Look like Gramps and the Graph View addon is what you need.
https://gramps-project.org/wiki/index.php/Addon:Graph_View


How to handle tasks from previous Sprint on current Sprint Burn down chart

Question: Let's say a project has 2 or more Sprints and for each sprint you are using a burn down chart to track the Sprint progress. If at the end of the first Sprint there are tasks that have been started but are not completed and hence will go into the next sprint to be worked on how would those tasks be handled in the next sprint burn down chart - do you adjust the estimated time for the tasks to reflect the fact that some work has been done on them or use the original estimated time? Thanks.
Comment: Closely related: https://pm.stackexchange.com/q/15707/4271
Comment: Read what  Mike Cohn thinks: https://www.mountaingoatsoftware.com/blog/handling-work-left-at-the-end-of-a-sprint
Answer: TL:DR: Use the original estimate. It keeps your data consistent, holds the team accountable and reflects the actual nature of work in a Scrum setting.
This answer is based on making a living as a full-time agile coach and having experienced both the healthy and unhealthy ways to deal with unfinished work.
Why: One of the great things about agile is its binary nature for tracking work. Work is either Done or Not Done. There is no ambiguity to this. At the end of the sprint, the story is "potentially shippable" or it is effectively "not even started". There is never a grey area of "Oh we're 90% done" and then be 90% done for three sprints.
Caveat: I'm going to talk about Shu level Scrum, or "starting scrum". As a team gets too high performing (or Ri level) they can start experimenting with the basics. Until they do, I always recommend you start with the basics. The reason is there is 30+ years behind why those basics work. If you've got issue with this premise, I recommend Ron Jefferies "We Tried Baseball, it Didn't Work" Blog.
First off, when you reach the end of the sprint, everything is moved from the sprint backlog to the product backlog. Planning starts all over. It's been two weeks and the Product Owner needs to prioritize the backlog based on the current reality. Even though the team just spent two weeks on something, it may no longer be a priority and the product owner may decide to drop it. This is 100% okay, it's not sunk cost. Instead, it's realizing something isn't valuable anymore and deciding not to ship it and thus incur the cost of supporting it. A company I worked for once ended up over a barrel with eBay because they'd deployed this "cute" feature, that didn't really work which eBay then ended up relying on for mission critical business. They ended up having to support this poor feature for over a decade.
Next up, you don't re-estimate work in progress. There are a number of reasons. The top of the list is the rest of the world didn't just sit still for the last two weeks. Even if the story is "90% done" (see above), it hasn't been deployed and I know of very few systems that don't change over the course of two weeks. That code is likely out of date to the current system. You need to go back through the whole story and make sure it works with today's environment.
Re-estimating will also completely shred you velocity metrics. This will lower the team's ability to predictably plan the work.
End of the day, if you are not finishing stories in a sprint, you need to be asking why not putting a bandaid on the problem and moving forward. Make your stories smaller, plan less work, fix your release process, whatever is. Just don't re-estimate.
Oh and don't split the story into done and not done work. That's a whole other agile anti-pattern.
Comment: @Joel Bancroft-Connors "Re-estimating will [...] lower the team's ability to predictably plan the work." I'm having trouble understanding... why. I mean, obviously, if you just mindlessly go "We estimated it taking 5 days and we're about 80% done, so there's 1 day left" then yeah, that won't work. But that's not re-estimating; that's just taking bits off your original estimate. Why would actual re-estimating, that is, looking at all your new information and creating a (more!) realistic estimate for that work lower predictability?
Comment: @Sarov It's a longer explanation that I can fit in 500 characters. Good metrics look at starting points, ending points, and the trends. If you're changing your points at the end of the sprint, it corrupts the data. This is one of the lesser reasons not to. It's the not focusing on "Getting to Done" that is the greater issue.
Comment: I'd love to read a comment from you regarding @CodeGnome 's answers [here](https://pm.stackexchange.com/a/21835/27136) and [there](https://pm.stackexchange.com/a/15753/27136).
Comment: thanks for your input. The team lost almost a couple days of work effort working on an emergency. My concern here is that lets say one of the tasks was originally estimated for 5 hours of effort and 3 hours have already been used in the past sprint. Assuming in the current sprint the developer spends another 1 hr on hte task and actually completes it - my concern with having that task in the sprint 2 with the original estimate is that it may significantly skew the Burn down chart Sprint Adherence data.
Comment: @KTBFFH First off, don't estimate in hours. Almost no point in estimating if you use hours. Too long to explain here. Second, don't sweat a few points here and there. A single sprint's data is not what we care about for estimating. What we want is multi-sprint trends and with those, a couple points here and there isn't important. It's the greater trend. Guess I should blog on this some more.
Comment: Having tried both for a while I very much agree with this. Our team went from reestimating everything to no reestimating and that seems to work much better. We don't spend unnecessary time bickering about "how many points were left" at planning, as bad or good as estimates are, they aren't trashed by reestimating anymore: now we at least have some numbers for planning, before we had none.
Comment: Though the last point, we have found splitting stories somewhat useful in some cases. Minor things that were discovered during working and added to the story, thinking it was "trivial" when of course it wasn't => new separate story. Also things that shouldn't have been part of the story to begin with, like "finish this separate document or task" which ends up just blocking it from being completed for weeks/sprints for no good reason. Both these types should probably have been separate stories in the first place, but things change and hindsight etc yadayada...
Answer: I've tried both with my Team. The one we found to make more sense is to adjust the estimate. The whole idea of Agile is to update your plan based on new information. Updating your estimates to reflect the work remaining for your Stories will make estimation much easier, and will better reflect what is actually happening in Sprint 2.
The only thing you've really 'lost' is the overall effort that was required for that Story, but it was decided (in our case) that we didn't really even need that.
Comment: Upvoted as a good answer. However, other than for retrospective purposes, I'd go further and say that tracking effort expended rather than effort remaining is a Scrum anti-pattern growing out of the CYA principle rather than an agile one.
Comment: Good answer. We've found that it also helps to just use Story Point burndown charts in some cases, rather than time.
Answer: TL;DR
A Sprint burn-down chart tracks work remaining, not work completed. If you want to track work completed, use a burn-up chart instead.
Inspect-and-Adapt Incomplete Work
The fourth value of the Agile Manifesto is responding to change over following a plan. Carrying work forward automatically not only violates the time-boxing principle that underpins the Scrum framework, but it also reduces a team's ability to adapt to evolving requirements.
When implemented properly, work in Scrum is never carried forward automatically from Sprint to Sprint. Increments of work, whether done or not-done, must always be inspected and adapted at time-box boundaries. Any work that is incomplete at the end of a Sprint is placed back onto the Product Backlog, where the Product Owner can reprioritize it (or even discard it altogether) based on changing business needs or the current Sprint Goal.
The next time the work is in scope for Sprint Planning, the team replans and re-estimates the work based on new information, current context, and level of effort remaining to complete the work. While lessons learned about the work from previous Sprints can inform the estimation process, historical estimates are discarded as irrelevant to the current time-box.
See Also
The following answers are related, although the questions they address are not necessarily exact duplicates of the one you're currently asking. They offer additional explanation and guidance about the importance of re-estimation and replanning.

https://pm.stackexchange.com/a/8569/4271
https://pm.stackexchange.com/a/9319/4271
https://pm.stackexchange.com/a/9727/4271
https://pm.stackexchange.com/a/11313/4271
https://pm.stackexchange.com/a/15753/4271


How to make a filter to archive messages on "Promotions" category?

Question: I use Gmail on Outlook (IMAP) and all messages from "Promotions" category are displayed on Outlook together with those from "Primary" one, and that messes up all my Outlook inbox. Is there a way to create a filter in order to archive all "Promotions" messages under a label (it would be a "Promotions" label) so they won't appear directly on Outlook inbox? It's important to mention that that filter would need to exclude some messages, in my case for example, messages already being filtered and targeted to go under some specific labels. E.g: messages got from Medium's website go to a "Medium" label, and the same to another ones, like Evernote, Google etc. I mentioned that because sometimes Gmail categorize them as "Promotions" I don't know why.
Any good ideas?
Answer: From gmail > search bar > use the little dropdown arrow > add the following to the 'Has the words' section: category:promotions > click create filter > add you actions > save
:)


Mixing rounded corners and square corners

Question: The question of the usability of rounded corners versus square corners has already be answered here.  My question revolves more about the consequence of having them intermingled.  I've heard some people espouse the idea that once you go down a rounded corners path, your design should really stick to that approach rather then, for example, having a square box inside a rounded one.  Is this simply aesthetic or is there some usability concern to back it up (e.g. cognitive switch from a softer less threatening to something more jarring)?  I would be very interested in any research that attempts to answer this question.
Comment: Does the question not already answer that? Rounded are friendly and square are noticeable. Do you want to be consistent or a moody interface which is friendly sometimes and noticeable sometimes? http://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/11150/how-do-rounded-corners-affect-usability/11151#11151
Comment: The question answers why you would want to do it.  My question is really why you would not want to do it.
Answer: Mixing rounded and square corners is usually considered poor design from an aesthetic point of view.  From a usability perspective, the different kinds of corners would imply a difference between the two box types.  If there really is a difference between the box types and the different corner treatments help communicated that, then that would tend to improve the usability.
Answer: I support the consistency issue but I think slightly different. Your browser viewport, windows and screen have no round corners. But content elements on web page could have it. Is it consistensy issue? Definitely no.
So my answer is to think of consistensy of logical elements' level. For example, all content blocks of same semantics are square cornered, but popup messages have rounded corners.
Answer: This is less an issue of rounded vs. square corners as it is an issue of consistency.  Yes, you could do it, but your design would be inconsistent and look very much inconsistent - as if elements from competing designs were just thrown together.
Why don't we change the font for every alternating line between serif and sans-serif fonts? Why don't we mix sketchy and glossy items in a design? Consistency.  Each option on their own works fine, but when you mix them together you are in effect highlighting the differences between them rather than having the various elements work together to form a consistent message.


Sandals in the winter? Other winter footwear options?

Question: I used Shimano cycling sandals during the summer months here in the Chicago, Illinois area.  I'm wondering if I can use these during the cold winter months also or if different shoes are required.  In favor of continuing to use the sandals, I could add SealSkinz and/or wool sock layers as the sandals are expandable.  Other than looking strange in the winter, are there problems with doing this?  What other winter cycling footwear should be considered?
Comment: I am not sure how cold it gets there in the winter, but if there is snow slush I would defiantly not want to be out in sandals.  Your feet will be wet wet wet!
Comment: One little hint:  When I first got my "clipless" shoes I got some silicone bathtub caulk and filled in the empty holes around the cleats.  This, I suspect, results in significantly less water coming through in wet weather, and also likely reduces air infiltration slightly.
Comment: Also: I really don't like this brand of clipins but these are designed for winter riding.  http://www.mec.ca/Products/product_detail.jsp?PRODUCT%3C%3Eprd_id=845524442619907&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=2534374302692667
Comment: Chicago has snow slush and averages 38 inches (94 cm) of snow with temps averaging 14-21F (-10C to -6C) in January.

The SealSkinz are waterproof, breathable socks.  They even have a fully immersible one. (http://www.danalco.com/) Combined as an outer layer over wool socks, this should let feet be warm and dry even if the sandals are wet.
Comment: I hope my edit to the title is what you had in mind; I think It'll read better in a list of questions.
Answer: I go through 3 different types of shoes as the seasons change:

Hot (80F+): sandals
Variable (30-80F): indoor soccer shoes (eg adidas sambas)
Cold (30F-): light hiking boots/trail running shoes

For cold weather, you not only need to be comfortable while pedaling on your bike, but also confident off your bike. Lightweight hiking boots, with windproofing, waterproofing, and breathable layers, not only keep your feet happy while pealing but also let you feel like a mountain goat when you put your foot down in the slush at a stop light, or dismount on top of ice, or have to portage down wet stairs. Trail running shoes with these attributes are also a great choice if you want something even lighter and without the additional ankle support.
As others mention, wool/smartwool socks and switching to platform/toe clip/half-clips on your pedals are both good changes in addition to changing up your footwear. My winter setup is smartwool socks, size 13 light hiking boots from North Face and Velo Orange half-clips.
Answer: In the winter I wear neoprene overshoes/galoshes. (Some kind of socks on the outside of my shoes):

These are not intended for walking. They wear very much, and the nose slides up, even after a few steps. The bottom is open, so you can use your SPD or other clickless pedals. But while cycling they keep your foot dry and warm. And they protect your shoes from dirt and mud.
In the autumn and winter, I always wear them for "sport cycling" (mtb, road). I wished they were around when used to cycle to school (20 km through open terrain).
Comment: How are those for walking off the bike?  If they are solid across the bottom, does it wear much?  If they are open, do they slide up your shoes?
Comment: These fail quickly if you walk on them because they're only cloth - mine only lasted a few months before my left foot wore out the toe, because that's the foot I put down a the lights.  You can get overshoes for normal shoes too, they lack the cleat hole and have a thin full sole for walking a bit.
Answer: I haven't tried it myself, but according to the quite informative ICEBIKE website, sandals with layers of socks, including breathable waterproof ones, works quite well.

There are a number of cyclists, not always in the coldest of climates, but plenty chilly never the less, that swear by SPD Sandals, either from Shimano, or those pictured at right from Lake.
What's this, you say, are they Daft?   Not at all.
Sandals adopt quickly to the addition of another layer of socks, Gore-Tex Oversocks, or neoprene booties.  When out in the cold wet, you won't have wet shoes, as no water accumulates, it all runs off.

Personally, I just wear boots, and use toe clips or bare platforms depending on the size of the boots.
Answer: I have done the sandals and socks through the winter, living in Minnesota. I usually would wear 3 layers of wool socks. When it was wet, I'd put a plastic bag between the outermost sock and the next one in. It worked very well and my feet were never cold.
There are companies that make specialized products for the socks with sandals in the wintertime though.
You sure do look kinda funny when you do that though.
Answer: I've got some "toe warmer" type things that slip over the front of my cycling shoes.  Has an opening in them to go around the clipping mechanism.  Works surprisingly well.  I go cycling in the snow with them, but have not gone out in days colder than upper 20's (F).
Answer: Living here in Southern California doesn't make me the best judge of "wet and cold" cycling gear, but I have had a few experiences in heavy downpours. Being low on a budget, I find that it's often easy enough to slip a plastic bag over my socks and then lacing up my shoes, but there is a serious lack of style there, not to mention that your feet can't breath.
I have found a better alternative to keeping my feet dry regardless of what shoes I happen to wear, but it requires a little bit of work. I happen to be lucky enough to own one of those wooden shoe inserts that help retain the shoes' shape. Anyhow, through layering plastic bags and ironing them together, I was able to make a thicker "fabric" of sorts which was molded to the shape of the inside of my shoe. I also made some that fit over the shoe, and it has done an incredibly good job at keeping my feet dry, on a low budget, with minimal weight increase.
Another solution which works quite well are neoprene socks which you can wear directly over your feet, or over a few layers of socks. While they are a little pricey, it helps your feet breath and keeps the cold water out.
And while I have not tried it myself, I hear that shoe covers work just as nicely.
There are many winter foot wear options so I thought I'd list a few.
Comment: Plastic bags make for a great emergency tool - I've been caught out in the slashing cold rain with only liner gloves, and a (clean unused) poop bag on each hand was enough to get me home.
Answer: I've been using Lake's winter biking shoe for many years.  The latest model (MXZ302) is absolutely superb.  They fixed the main problem the shoe had which was the escape of heat through the cleat.  Now with the latest MXZ302, two inner wool sock layers, and an external booty (of any brand) I can ride in temps down to -15 (minus fifteen) celsius (I think that's about 5 degrees farenheit) without frozen toes.  And I have chronic low blood pressure which causes my feet and fingers to go numb easily.
Now, if I could only fix the frozen finger issue...
Comment: If I do say so myself, there's some good advice here: [What gloves work well for winter riding?](http://bicycles.stackexchange.com/q/5662/8)
Comment: Thanks Neil.  Seems I don't have enough rep yet to upvote your comment though.
Answer: In the winter I use Shimano MT60 MTB shoes - really comfy, gore-tex, warm and you can run cross-country in them with a bike on your shoulder. They were fine down to -20 Centigrade last winter.