FGLRX Intel/ATI Hybrid Video, Dual-Display Flickering

Question: I'm sorry if the same question is already asked, I checked several ones but the reported problems are different or solution doesn't work.
So I've successfully installed FGLRX driver on my laptop DELL 5520 with Intel and ATI 7670 graphic cards. Had to install latest beta because stable one didn't work showing black screen. So now it seems to be working fine in Unity and Quake Live (don't have any other games or benchmarks installed). I only noticed some minor problems with graphics that can be probably solved by some tweaks (I believe so). But the problem appears when I plug second display. It is detected properly, resolution is correct I can move windows and so on but it flickers like crazy every time the picture updates. One of the solutions I've found is to run xrandr --output VGA1 --auto --left-of LVDS1 --output VGA1 --auto --scale 1.0001x1.0001. After that it really stops flickering but display proportions become incorrect (I see a part of the window on second display which is actually whole placed on the first). Also amdcccle doesn't have display config section.
My xorg.conf is generated by aticonfig:
Section "ServerLayout"
    Identifier     "aticonfig Layout"
    Screen      0  "aticonfig-Screen[0]-0" 0 0
EndSection

Section "Module"
EndSection

Section "Monitor"
    Identifier   "aticonfig-Monitor[0]-0"
    Option      "VendorName" "ATI Proprietary Driver"
    Option      "ModelName" "Generic Autodetecting Monitor"
    Option      "DPMS" "true"
EndSection

Section "Device"
    Identifier  "aticonfig-Device[0]-0"
    Driver      "fglrx"
    BusID       "PCI:1:0:0"
EndSection

Section "Screen"
    Identifier "aticonfig-Screen[0]-0"
    Device     "aticonfig-Device[0]-0"
    Monitor    "aticonfig-Monitor[0]-0"
    DefaultDepth     24
    SubSection "Display"
        Viewport   0 0
        Depth     24
    EndSubSection
EndSection

Answer: xorg.conf is obsolete now in Ubuntu 14.10 and I'm running a catalyst drivers without it.
I also had flickering with dual screens and I'm hoping I can fix it with something like:
xrandr --output DFP10 --primary
xrandr --output DFP9 --same-as DFP10

Still experimenting to see if that would fix the problem.


Why an unsaved asterisk appears after saving for web?

Question: This isn't a make-or-break type of problem, just a curiosity that has bugged me for a long time. Mainly in Illustrator, but I believe photoshop as well, when I take a currently saved document and use the "save for web" feature to export a jpeg, an asterisk then appears next to the file name on the tab at the top, representing that the file needs to be saved again. Can anyone tell me why? It doesn't seem as though anything could be changed in the artwork itself. I usually command+z back a step to get rid of the asterisk, but if I save again it also gets rid of the asterisk and there seems to be no difference between the two approaches. Just a curiosity. Thanks!
Comment: The same "unsaved" indicator does appear after using Save for Web in Photoshop, and if you then close the image it'll prompt you to save unsaved changes.
Answer: There's a similar question regarding InDesign and PDFs here somewhere. But darned if I can find it.
Basically.. the file saves the name of the export/web image. So that next time it'll default to the same name (allowing you to overwrite easily).
The software is just storing the file name you used. If you don't care about that, you don't have to save after using Save for Web.
Thanks to @AndrewH .. here's that Indesign question... inDesign document becomes "unsaved" after pdf export
Comment: Thank you sir! And thank you @AndrewH as well. There's a number of things that I understand how to get around them, but I'm scratching my head as to why the program works that way.


What adhesive can bond LEGO bricks to metal?

Question: The Scouts are making some Christmas decorations using LEGO, and we need to stick them on to some metal stands. Could anyone please advise the best glues and process (e.g. sanding, etc.) to join bricks to metal. Many thanks.
Comment: See also this question on [Gluing baseplates to wood](http://bricks.stackexchange.com/q/4408/56). The slight difference here is that neither of the surfaces are porous - (props to @Mr.ShinyandNew安宇 for the reminder).
Answer: Have you considered screwing your decorations to the metal stand, using Technic brick holes to pass the screws? If done properly no harm is done to the bricks, and you will not fear a bad glue joint!
Comment: A similar question recently asked about gluing baseplates to a wooden table, and the technic plates with holes were suggested; that would give the same effect as this brick but in the vertical orientation.
Answer: I'm always hesitant to recommend gluing LEGO as it is so much against the spirit of LEGO. Have you considered using the magnet bricks? They come in several regular LEGO brick sizes, and they stick to metal surfaces just fine.
If you must use glue, most glues will readily stick to the plastic, so that is no problem. What you need to check is what glues work well for metal. Personally I would go over to a home improvement store, hobby shop or craft store and ask, as there will be different glues available in different regions/countries.
Answer: Many thanks for all your help and ideas.
We have experimented with gorilla glue and a couple of others but settled on two part Araldite Rapid, which doesn't take long to set.  As they are tree decorations that we are selling to raise funds to build a new building (our old one is rotting away!) they needed to be fairly robust.
Sorry that we are sticking Lego forever, but for every brick we sell we get real bricks in return for our new building!
Comment: It's a self answer - Amanda tried a couple of suggestions, but found that Araldite Rapid to be the best solution to the problem ;)
Answer: Depending on how sturdy you need it, then a lot of glues will work.  In other words, if this is just going to sit on a shelf, you really don't need tremendous adhesive power.
In this case, I would recommend something like JB Weld or Gorilla Glue.  However, make sure you properly prepare both surfaces by roughing them up a bit and cleaning them.
If you need something stronger, I'd look at two-part epoxies that are used in automotive repair.  These are specifically formulated to bond metal to plastic.  Fusor 116 is one such product.
LEGO bricks are made from ABS, so any glue that will bind ABS to metal will work.


What is the difference between integration and interface tests?

Question: I have googled many times but still not understand clearly about interface testing in software testing, who can explain this , many thanks?
Comment: What do you mean with the word "Interface"? The GUI (Graphical User Interface), API (Application Programming Interface) or maybe something else. :)
Comment: @Cuong Nguyen it might help to state where you saw those terms used.
Comment: I saw it here(question #2) http://www.kiemthuphanmem.com/blogs/3/17/71-basic-testing-interview-quest, hope it helps define.
Answer: You have some choices here.  You can go with formal definitions like the ISTQB definition, or you can treat the definitions the way your organization handles them. Software testing is a field where definitions tend to vary depending on the understanding of the team and how they work.
That said, in my experience interface testing can be one of two things:

A type of integration test that focuses on the interface between components/systems.
A test of a defined interface into a component or system. This is usually the kind of interface testing I've done (I've also seen this called API testing).

Integration testing is generally what it says on the box: testing integrated components or systems to exercise the interactions between them and flush out any bugs. I've also seen integration testing used to describe testing interactions between the application in test and third party systems (where this could also be considered API testing of the AIT's use of the third party API).
As always, I tend not to focus on the official definitions because in my experience the official definitions are often modified in the field by the needs of the application in test and the testers working with it.
Comment: @Twaldigas - so many aspects of testing depend heavily on context, and that does include the definitions - which is not always a good thing. It would be nice to have more widely accepted definitions so we didn't need to build our own glossaries, but at the same time, we still need to communicate where we work which means using the definitions there.
Comment: "Software testing is a field where definitions tend to vary depending on the understanding of the team and how they work."  This is something I never understand. Each time I come to a company and see a own glossary with testing teams I think, "Why define people terms they already are defined? Why use the company not the standards? Many misunderstandings and disputes about definition of testing terms would be redundant." So this question and your answer with the nice example show me why these glossaries exist. Thank you!
Comment: @KatePaulk You have a typo in ISTQB
Comment: @Lord_Gestalter - thanks! I've corrected it.
Comment: @KatePaulk That's what reviews are for ;-)
Answer: I take a look into the ISTQB glossary and found this two definitions:

interface testing: An integration test type that is concerned with
  testing the interfaces between components or systems.
integration testing: Testing performed to expose defects in the
  interfaces and in the interactions between integrated components or
  systems. See also component integration testing, system integration
  testing.

http://www.istqb.org/downloads/viewcategory/20.html

After some research I also found this:

Integration tests means hardware and software tests. The whole system.
Interface tests do only check the software components like data transfers between the applications / modules.
Comment: This definition from ISTQB is very vague. Actually this reads like they are exactly the same, except that integration testing adds "interactions" to the definition. Don't we mostly test interactions even when testing an interface. This does not solve the problem of the original poster, even I am confused now. :)
Comment: @NielsvanReijmersdal For my understanding is interface testing a part of integration testing, but not integration testing at all. But yes, the definition is very vague. So maybe the clear answer is: No difference exist.
Comment: ISTQB is fantastic a providing definitions but less at giving examples for them.
Answer: Interface Testing:
•   Interface Testing is a software testing type that checks the communication between two different software systems.
•   Interface is the connection that integrates two components.
•   The interface could be anything like web services, APIs, etc. Testing of these connecting interfaces is termed as Interface Testing.
•   Interface testing is tricky and boring
•   Interface testing is performed only on the code
An interface is software that consists of sets of messages, commands, and other attributes that enable communication between a device and a user.
Example of Interface Testing
Suppose for any xyz application, the interface takes XML file as an input and delivers JSON file as an output. To test the interface of this application, all it requires is the specifications of XML file format and JSON file format. With the help of these specifications, we can create a sample input XML files and feed into the interface. And then validating the input (XML) and output (JSON) file with the requirement is Interface testing.

Integration Testing:
•   Integration testing is the process of testing the interface between two software units or module.
•   The focus of integration testing is to determine the correctness of the interface. Integration testing exposes faults in the interaction between integrated units.
•   After the unit testing of all the modules, integration testing is performed.
•   Integration Testing is the software testing type where software modules are integrated logically and tested as a group.
•   Integration testing is easy but lengthy.
•   Integration testing is performed on both code and GUI of the application.
A typical software project consists of manifold software modules that are coded by dissimilar programmers. Integration Testing focuses on verifying data communication among these modules.
Answer: When thinking of interface testing, u need to stop thinking of interface as GUI, but think as a point of interaction btwn objects. So when we say interface testing we mean are the objects able to interact without any problem. Remember it start with unit test, then component testing then integration testing that leads to system. Interface testing thus is part of integration testing as you are integrating the components together, seeing whether the components can interface/communicate with each other until its integrated to a system.
Answer: The major difference, (I see) is interface testing can be done in isolation whereas integration testing requires at least 2 entities to interact.

"Interface" is a very vague and broad term and can mean multiple things on
  many levels.

Interface Testing: In general, I would define it as a testing at the boundary where an entity interacts with the outer world.That entity may be from unit to system level.It can be a method,component,service or even an etire system.
Example: GUI of an web application, 3rd party Web services Public APIs.

Integration Testing: On the other hand it happens at that boundary level where 2
  entities interact with each other.It covers and validates those
  interaction scenarios(without testing the internals of those entities in isolation.

Again those entities can be from small components to entire systems.
Example: 2 modules of an application,Web services calls in Web Application.
Answer: Interface Testing is a type of software testing type that checks the proper communication between two different software systems. The interface could be anything like APIs, web services etc. Testing of these connecting interfaces is defined as Interface Testing. This is a very important task that is done in top software testing companies.
Mentioned below are the phases of Interface testing:
1) Configuration and development:
When the interface is configured, and once the development starts, the configuration settings need to be verified as per the requirement.
2) Validation:
When the development is completed, the interface needs to be validated and verified, this can also be done as a part of unit testing.
3) Maintenance:
Once the whole software is ready and deployed, then the interface needs to be monitored for its performance and any issue should be uncovered if there is any issue.
Once satisfied with the interface, we validate it for the workflow, functionality etc. We can run load, stress and performance tests.
Answer: Interface testing: means to check the connectivity between the modules or components.or to check the communication established between the objects.


Why did Krishna steal the Gopikas clothes from the tree when they were bathing in the little river?

Question: What is the reason behind the Lord Krishna stealing clothes of Gopikas and give them back after seeing their nudity ? What is the meaning of this story?
Comment: Are you sure he returned them after he saw them nude? I don't think so
Comment: @Mr.Alien If He didn't return their clothes, then how did the gopis go to their homes? ;D
Comment: I  don't know the entire thing happened there. If my question is wrong please re-edit according to the original story. :) , thanks.
Comment: @jabahar Nah, I what I meant was did he returned them the clothes ONLY after he saw them nude? because he could have returned them before as well...
Answer: It was just a pastime of Lord Shri Krishna to test and teach the gopis a lesson. The gopis loved Shri Krishna very much and desiring to obtain Him as their husband they performed Kātyāyanī (one from of maa Durga) vrat for a month. On the final day of the vrat finishing their puja, the gopis went to Yamuna for bathing:

evaṃ purṇe ca māse ca samaptidivase tathā
  snātuṃ prajagmugārpyaśca vastrāṇyādhyāya tattaṭe
Meaning
  Thus after the passing of one month, on the day of the completion, the gopis went to Yamuna for bathing carrying with them clothes, jewels, and many other things. [BVP - 4.27.8,9]

In a sportive mood they put their garments on the shore and went into the river without clothes. However, entering into water without clothes is offensive to varuna (the god of water). So to teach them a lesson, Shri Krishna and their friends took their clothes and hid at a distance:

vastrāṇādāya te sarve tasthurekatra dūrataḥ
  śataśaḥ punjikāstatra sthāpayāmāsurunpukhā [BVP - 4.27.18]
Meaning
  Collecting the garments they went away and hid at a distance. Thus they gathered and created a heap of hundreds of clothes there.

Then Shri Krishna told the gopis:

saṃkalpite vratāha ca māse magalakarmaṇi
  yūyaṃ nagnā: kathaṃ toye vratāṃgahanikārikāḥ
  vrate tu nagnā yāsnātitāṃ  ruṣṭovaruṇaḥsvayaṃ  [BVP - 4.27.21,23]
Meaning
   You have vowed to observe the auspicious vrat for one month. Then how are you bathing in the water naked  which is destroyer of the fruits of the vrat? Varuna (god of water )himself gets angry on him/her who baths naked in the water during the vrat.

When gopis found out that Shri Krishna and His friends had taken their clothes, they requested Shri Krishna to give them back:

O Śyāmasundara, we are Your maidservants and must do whatever You say. But give us back our clothing. You know what the religious principles are, and if You don't give us our clothes we will have to tell the king. Please! [SB - 10.22.15]

Then, to test their surrenderness  Shri Krishna spoke them as below:

The Supreme Personality of Godhead said: If you girls are actually My maidservants, and if you will really do what I say, then come here with your innocent smiles and let each girl pick out her clothes. If you don't do what I say, I won't give them back to you. And even if the king becomes angry, what can he do? [SB - 10.22.16]

After the gopis did as Shri Krishna told them, He returned their clothes. Thus after lovingly teasing and testing the gopis, the Lord granted their desire and told them that their wishes will be fulfilled:

Go now, girls, and return to Vraja. Your desire is fulfilled, for in My company you will enjoy the coming nights. After all, this was the purpose of your vow to worship goddess Kātyāyanī, O pure-hearted ones. [SB - 10.22.27]
Answer: The story is just symbolic.  Krishna did not participate in human relations with the gopis (Radha-rani included). The gopis represent human beings - their clothes represent our attachments to this world (and our limited thinking).  By taking away their clothes and asking them to come to him for it - he is is trying to teaches us to put away our worldly attachments and to go to him in a purified state.  Once we surrender to him, the clothes will be given back because we will have understood their limited worth/significance.  Radha-rani is the incarnation of the "Love of God" - that is why Krishna never married her - she was already "married", in a sense, to him from birth.  That was why (even though she was born before Krishna) she only opened her eyes once she felt his presence - and looked at him (the Lord) before anyone else.
Comment: Welcome ! Although your answer is correct ,here we need to add some sources in the answer to back up the claims made in it.So Pls .try to add sources in answer.You can also add explanation given by Gurus , Acharya etc. form their discourses quoting or pointing towards it.
Answer: My answer is in sync with the accepted answer. I would like to add that Shri Krishna was a kid when he played all these Leelas. This is a point that is usually missed. Hence, to read more than what is there in it would not be a good idea:

If you read the Srimad Bhagvatam, you will find that he performed
  this Raas Leela (meaning: a pastime of the Lord) when he was just
  14 years old. He was dear to everyone and would play with everyone. So do not emulate his ways but absorb all the knowledge that he has
  given through his life.
It is very difficult to be like Lord Krishna because he is Yogeshwar
  (Supreme among the Yogis). He could get away with hiding someone's
  clothes while they were bathing! (Laughter).
If you carefully read about the leelas of Lord Krishna, you will not
  find that it is limited to one place or has only one kind of flavor.
  You will find every kind of flavor and color of emotion in the stories
  of Lord Krishna's pastimes. There is humor, love, and even the pain of
  longing in his stories.
So he simply went through his pastimes to bring out each and every
  color and nectar of human emotion. It is impossible to completely
  understand the personality of Lord Krishna. From whichever angle or
  perspective you see him, you will find that he is complete and perfect
  in every way.

Excerpts from a Q&A with Sri Sri Ravi Shankar: http://celebrating-silence-of-life.blogspot.in/2015/08/why-good-people-suffer.html
Comment: Small correction - He was 8-9 at the time of rasa leela.
Answer: There are 8 fetters which bind a person to the world and as long as a person has even 1 fetter left, they can't realize God. The 8 fetters are shame, hatred, fear, caste, lineage, good conduct, grief, and secretiveness.
The significance of Sri Krishna's stealing Gopis' clothes was to free them from their last remaining fetter.
Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna / Volume 2 / At The Star Theatre (I)

A DEVOTEE: "Sir, what is the significance of Sri Krishna's stealing the gopis' clothes?"
MASTER: "There are eight fetters that bind a person to the world. The gopis were free from all but one: shame. Therefore Krishna freed them from that one, too, by taking away their clothes. On attaining God one gets rid of all fetters.


What is a good frequency for user onboarding emails?

Question: I am working on the onboarding process for an enterprise webapp. One of the onboarding elements is a series of emails to help the user get up and running and effectively using the application. My personal experience has been that if a company pesters me too much after signing up, I tue out and just start deleting emails. Is there any evidence that helps point to an effective post sign up email frequency (i.e. daily, weekly, ...)?
Answer: I don't provide any evidence or proof of best practice, but I've noticed a good thing in TripAdvisor. I signed up over a year ago, didn't think much about it and got one or two e-mail. Since I didn't care, the e-mail stopped coming.
However, I started posting stuff to TripAdvisor after our latest combined trip of Iceland and New York (just for the record :)), TripAdvisor began to interact with me. There are e-mails of "hey, your latest review got a helpful vote" and "Did you know your review of X has 500 readers" and all of this kind of positive e-mail.
Great work by TripAdvisor, but it takes a lot of work to set up all these rules. But with a little web analytics, a SMTP service and a design logic you're well on your way.
Advice? Follow your users frequency. If they log in 4 times a week, you can send 2 e-mails. If they don't, let them be.
Answer: Generally, I'd go with the 'make sure they're still alive' principle:
Register
Send them an email when they register. That can be a confirmation email or just a welcome email.
Interact
Send them more when they interact with the site, as Benny mentions. But not too many - lots of emails are annoying. If you really have to send lots, provide an option to turn them off.
Loss of interaction
If they stop interacting, stop emailing - until a point. After a couple of months (or whatever), you might want to send them another email saying 'Hey, are you still alive? Or don't you want your account?' Because if they no longer need the account and they confirm this, you can delete it from your servers and save some space.
Answer: My single biggest recommendation would be to think less about the emails themselves, and more about what you want them to get people doing.
For example, if it's impossible to get value out of your application without taking three initial steps (say, creating a project, uploading your logo, and sharing it with a client), then I would look to time the emails in accordance with when each of those might reasonably be accomplished, and only send the second after the first is done, and the third after the second, etc.
Remember, you're sending out emails to get people back into the app (with a purposeful activity), not just saying "hi."
Of course, that recommendation is trumped by an even bigger one, which is to set up anything and iterate based on how it performs. Fortunately, you can go even lower-fi than a typical A/B test simply by measuring opens/clicks/unsubscribes (not the most scientific approach, but a good first step!).


What is called in English the list with the marks that you get from the university?

Question: What is called in English the paper with the list of marks of the subjects exams, that students get from the university in the end of the year?
I have friend from Nigeria and he called it "transcription". But when I told it to other friends who are native English speakers they didn't understand what I am talking about.
Answer: You are talking about a transcript.
Although, I honestly have never received a "paper" with my college grades. Usually, if you are dealing with institutions like school or jobs, you will have to ask for an "official transcript". This is usually a sealed hard copy to prevent tampering. But nowadays, everything is electronic, so I don't think students usually handle a transcript themselves. The school or some online services will handle the official transcript for you. If you are allowed to view your transcript online and print a copy yourself, that copy is usually referred to as an "unofficial transcript".
In high school, or earlier, I remember receiving a paper. This was called a report card. There was also an official transcript, but that too was handled by the administration. You could also ask for an unofficial copy or an official copy.
Answer: in India we get paper with subject and marks  at every end of semester(every 6 month.) that's called marksheet.and at the end of graduation we get certificate showing overall performance in CGPA(Cumulative Grade Point Average).it is called degree certificate.
Answer: In the US, children 18 and younger receive "report cards" or "progress reports" detailing their grades about four times a year. In college, you have a "transcript." This keeps track of every grade you have ever received since starting college. Also, if you are applying to jobs after college, internships, or applying to another university, then the employer will likely want to see your official transcript - the transcript that is sent directly to them from the university so that you cannot fabricate better grades.
Comment: Worth to note that "report cards" can just be referred to as a "report"


Why do blimps have fins?

Question: Why do blimps have fins? Can't the two (or so) engines already control direction?
Answer: What if the engines fail? In early airships this happened frequently, and many ships limped home on a reduced number of engines.
Note that all airships were both vertically and laterally unstable. The helmsman had to continuously adjust the rudder angle to keep the ship on course. In NACA TN 204, Frank Rizzo concluded that enlarging the fins would be beneficial, and reducing them would be unwise. They were just as large as needed to control the ship, but not sufficiently large to give it static stability.
Static stability in aircraft means any attitude change creates forces which return the craft to its old attitude. In airships, several types of static stability must be observed:

Buoyancy: If the ship rises or sinks, the rate of cooling of the atmosphere and the gas in the hull might differ. If the cooling rate of the atmosphere (lapse rate) is above the adiabatic rate, the ship is unstable.
Pitch attitude: If the ship pitches up or down, the lifting gas will shift towards the highest point, and the heavier gas in the ballonets will shift to the lower point, creating an unstable pitch condition.
Directional stability: When moving forward, any heading change will cause a side force which is centered at the forward hull and pushes the ship further off course. The fins create a counteracting force, but due to their size this force is too small to turn the ship back. Only by adding rudder the helmsman can keep the ship stable.
Longitudinal stability: In a similar way, pitching the ship up or down while in motion will create a destabilizing force on the forward hull which is mitigated, but not eliminated, by the horizontal fins. Elevator deflection is necessary to keep the ship at the desired pitch angle.
Roll stability: Since the center of gravity is below the center of buoyancy, the mass of the gondola will pull an airship right side up. This is also valid when flying turns: Then the gondola will roll the ship into the turn such that a rudder command into the turn will also cause a nose-down pitching moment. Now all control surfaces need to be coordinated to keep the nose of the airship up.

Note that only the first and last type of static stability are ensured, and the first only for special atmospheric conditions! The other three are lacking!
Zeppelin airships used two helmsmen, one for directional and one for pitch control. Due to the size of the ships any movement was very slow, so the task of keeping them on course was easier than it might sound. However, taking any of the fins away or even reducing their size would had made the ships uncontrollable.
Comment: @ratchetfreak: In roll airships are stable. That's boring.
Comment: You mentioned pitch stability twice but didn't mention roll stability at all.
Comment: Does the lapse rate matter to rigid and semi-rigid airships? I thought their envelope does not allow expansion, so both volume and mass should stay almost constant, making the ship always stable in altitude, no?
Comment: @JanHudec: The expansion still happens in the single gas cells and pushes air out of the ventilated hull - since pressure cannot be controlled, volume changes with temperature, making all types of airships unstable as soon as the lapse rate is higher than the adiabatic rate.
Comment: Do you mean there was no active roll control? I.e. if there lateral load unbalance (e.g all cargo or all fuel on one side), there is no way to put the airship laterally horizontal?
Answer: Fins, which are also known as stabilizers, increase the horizontal and vertical stability of the blimp.
Without the fins the blimp would porpoise and sway, especially at low speeds.
For example, if the blimp encounters an updraft, the nose would want to rise up, and the tail down. The horizontal stabilizers resist the pitching moment, the same way as the feathers on an arrow.
Answer: The fins that are present in the blimps serve two purposes:

They help in controlling the aircraft, much like the normal fixed wing aircraft- the movement of control surfaces in fins (the vertical fins and horizontal stabilizers) helps in rotation of the airship about cg while the engine (i.e. propellers) are used solely for providing thrust in the forward direction.
They also aid in stability- for example, if the airship pointed into the wind turns in one direction due to a disturbance, the wind on the fins creates an opposing moment about the cg and tends to return the craft to its original position. This is especially important in case of tethered blimps or aerostats, which usually lack engines.
Comment: @KevinFegan: I tend to possibly agree, some conditions pending. Padding answers with weasel words maybe doesn't sometimes enhance potentially the desired clarity, sort of.
Comment: @PeterKämpf - "tends to return", not "will return". Perhaps "tends to return" is a very small bit overstated, but "creates a force that contributes to returning the craft to its original direction" is perhaps a bit wordy. But, of course, you are correct.
Comment: No, the fins on airships are too small to return them into the original direction! -1!

Why do blimps have fins?


Sites/books with math problems for bright 5th graders

Question: I'm looking for sites, or books, for bright 5th graders or above, with math problems and respective solutions.
Answer: Check out the three books by James Fixx (Solve It, Games for the Super-intelligent, and More Games for the Super-intelligent).  I don't think they are super difficult, but of course please examine and make sure they are not too tough for your advanced 5th graders.  (If so, look for some other puzzle books a little easier.)
Answer: Aimed at students or teachers?
For the latter, Cut-the-knot is quite good, with many resources at this level. For the former, Khan Academy is free, and Beast Academy from the Art of Problem Solving is good (only workbooks for now, but online classes are supposedly coming soon).

In terms of puzzle books, I can add Smullyan's books to the other recommednations. Those are all logic puzzles about truth-tellers and liars (which he calls knights and knaves) and are very entertaining to reason through together with children. The Lady or the Tiger is a good one to start with.
Answer: A slightly different approach is to watch short videos like those in Numberphile together with the child, to stop often and discuss the material. This requires more involvement from the adult, but is a much more open-ended learning experience.
The basic idea comes from research about how children interact with educational tv programs; and it (i.e., my recollection of the take-away conclusion) seems to suggests that it's not very effective in general unless accompanied with parental (or equivalent) interaction around the material. I think Numberphile videos are particularly suitable, as they are short and often contain very simple proof ideas which lend themselves to further examples, discussion, and generalisations.


Can I take a soft suitcase on Qatar Airways?

Question: Are you allowed to take a soft suitcase on Qatar airways I have heard that some airports are starting to ban soft suitcases but I am not sure if this is true or not
Comment: Could you link to the source? I doubt there is a general ban of soft suitcases, but maybe it is a mistranslation of "soft" or just some items could not be stored in soft suitcases (fragile, liquids, etc.).
Comment: Which airports are you referring to? And where have you heard that rumour?
Comment: You have heard some *airports* or *airlines*?
Comment: Why do you ask this question online instead of emailing/phoning them?
Comment: Not an outright ban but at certain airports soft bags may need a piece of cardboard (or similar material) clingwrapped to the bag to create a "flat" surface on at least one of its sides. See my answer below..
Answer: In these situations the best thing you can do is check the company rules
https://www.qatarairways.com/en-gb/baggage/allowance.html

Baggage allowances may vary according to route and cabin class; please
  check the exact baggage regulations printed on your ticket.
Baggage guidelines:
Maximum dimension = length + width + height;
A single piece of checked baggage should weigh no more than 32kg (70lb). Any bags weighing more than 32kg (70lb) must be broken down so that each piece weighs less than 32kg (70lb).

So only weight and dimensions are taken into account for your baggage, not materials
Answer: Whilst Qatar Airways might not have restrictions on luggage materials, at least one of the airports they fly from/to does:
OR Tambo Airport (aka Johannesburg Airport) in South Africa has recently (25 May 2019) implemented a "no irregular shaped checked baggage" restriction for passengers departing from OR Tambo Airport. This includes bags without at least one flat side and bags with long straps. There is a infographic floating around which also includes soft bags, but I am yet to find the official source so will not link to it just yet.
The reasoning behind it is apparently to do with the airports automated baggage handling systems getting jams from errant bag straps and from bags which continuously roll back on the sections the conveyor belts go uphill.
Passenger baggage will be screened at check-in and passengers with bags that the check-in agents deem not to qualify as "regular shaped" will be guided to the "cling-wrap" stands where for the approx price of ZAR90.00 (about USD6.00) their bag will have a "flat insert" cling-wrapped to the side of it (or will have the long straps cling-wrapped out of the way).
So in answer to your question, Qatar Airways might allow you to fly with a soft suitcase, but depending on the shape the airport you're flying through might not (without a temporary cling-wrap modification).
EDIT: In trying to find the infographic, it appears Dubai Airport implemented the same rule in 2017. Having not flown through either airport since 2017, I cannot personally vouch for these restrictions. But if you think your bag might possibly be classed as "irregular", I'd budget some spare cash for check-in time in case you need to get a "flat insert" cling-wrapped to your bag.


What documents required when traveling to Japan with Codeine based meds

Question: Traveling to Japan in April, to join cruise ship to Vancouver , will have one overnight stay in Yokohama , then three ports of call in Japan as lart of the cruise What documentation if any required and when would it need to be presented ? Also , will there be any problems taking a single dose of Codiene ashore during a port visit.
Answer: You must obtain prior approval from the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare. The forms are here: fill them and mail them to the bureau with jurisdiction over your port of entry (address on the last page), along with a prescription, a self-addressed envelope and an International Reply Coupon (or Japanese stamps if you can get them). Then wait for it to come back, and keep it with you when you pass customs. Since codeine is a "restricted article", you must declare it (this will be mentioned on the customs form you will be given on the plane).
Comment: It is to note that although checks are extremely infrequent (unless you announce you intent to the world or are specifically questioned about medicines), getting caught can send you to Jail within Japan for many years. There are (by comparison much weaker) alternatives available within Japanese 'drug' stores if you don't feel all the paperwork is worth it for a single Codeine shot.


Rabbit Eating Dog Food

Question: My rabbit has been eating dog food for 2 weeks now. I can't explain why but I'm just wondering if it is ok for her to eat it. I have a dog kennel outside and when I let my dog out she goes in to eat the food. Is there any health concerns about her eating dog food? Should I attempt to stop her from eating dog food?
Comment: How/why is dog food available for your rabbit to eat?
Comment: I have a dog kennel outside with my dog in it. When I let him out she goes in and starts eating. @JamesJenkins
Comment: Last time this happened to me, my rabbit was recovering from a massive op . I dont know if rabbits fo this if they feel they're lacking vitamins.
Answer: Rabbits are herbivores and should not eat food containing meat or dairy. A little is unlikely to have hurt her yet, but allowing her to have regular access to it is not good for her.
Answer: My rabbits will eat dig food if they have access to it. One would even chase away the dog from his dinner aggressively in order to eat his kibble. They are not attracted to tinned dog food. It is because dog kibble has very high cereal and grain content. That being said, it is NOT good for them as it has animal protein and fat added as well as other derivatives, high fat content, vitamins and minerals that would not normally be a part of rabbit's diet. I would be worried if my rabbits consumed any large or regular amounts of it but a tiny quantity they occasionally managed to steal has not caused any trouble so far.
Comment: This is a very good answer but it could be improved with some references and added detail about rabbits consuming animal fat and proteins.   We could also use a related question and answer about rabbits and yogurt.  There is some [research here](http://pets.stackexchange.com/questions/1961/how-fresh-should-cecotropes-be-when-used-to-recolonize-a-different-rabbit/2010#2010) that you are welcome to leverage on if you would like to post a question and answer about yogurt.

Rabbit Eating Dog Food


Why is there more activity on Stack Overflow than on Super User?

Question: Is it because programmers are more willing to help people?
Answer: People come to SU when they have a problem. When the problem is solved, they stop coming. That's not the case on SO, where people also want to learn, to perfect themselves. When they help people they also learn from others. This is a big difference from SU, which is viewed as nothing more than tech support, unfortunately.
A second major factor is that SO has a much larger userbase, almost 10 times larger than SU.
Answer: For one thing. it's almost one whole year older. SU launched on Aug 18, 2009; SO launched on Sep 16, 2008.
Stack Overflow launched with two fairly large programmer audiences from Coding Horror and Joel on Software, so it had a substantial head start as well.
Mostly, it will take time to grow the community. We're looking into a few different ways to help that happen.
Comment: http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/26689/How-do-we-grow-the-Server-Fault-and-Super-User-communities
Answer: That has nothing to do with it at all.
Stack Overflow has a direct audience; a definable audience that spends its life on the intertubez.
Normal people (and people who might need tech help) do not necessarily realize that Super User is even here.  It'll take far longer for it to gain widespread adoption than it took Stack Overflow.  I gather it'll have that widespread adoption, but only if it is very well maintained, and if people treat it like they do Stack Overflow and edit posts; fix things, and generally don't leave Broken windows lying around.
Answer: SO users are 99.99% developers. Developers helping each other, nice! A search on Google brings you to SO easily.
SU users are mixture of all sorts, and people who had questions do not have idea that SU exists. A search (if done properly in the first place) probably give them a lot whole other resources too.
If a user has network/bootup issue (very common) and can't get online, he/she ain't gonna ask on SU (unless using another terminal elsewhere). WHen he/she is back online, problem solved, nothing to ask. :P
Answer: I think that of all computer users, it's the software developers who are looking for answers on the Internet. Regular users first read the manual, the helpfiles, ask a colleague, friend or anyone else. Developers will first go to a forum, ask questions and in the meanwhile they're trying to solve the problem in some other way or work on somthing diofferent first.
The difference is that developers will freely share their knowledge with others, and that most development is very generic. Superusers are often asking more specialized questions and thus asking on a large, generic forum isn't really helpful. For example:
When I ask something about writing assembly code in Delphi, the question would be a bit obscure but I have no doubt that I will get 50+ views with at least 3 answers. It's very likely that one of those would be the right one too.
When I would ask about how to import a Collada model into Poser Pro, I do have more doubts about getting a few views and probably no good answers. (Okay, some will just google for Collada and Poser Pro, hoping they can find an answer and thus gain reputation thus it's the reputation hunters who will most likely answer this Poser question.)
Comment: No one reads the manuals! That's almost universally true. Where do you think rtfm comes from?
Comment: No one, except non-technical users. :-) They will start reading, get more confused, then ask someone for help. (Just like my mom, btw.)
Answer: The simple answer I find is that SO is a definite heavyweight in programming related questions. SU is not so in its circle. Of course, and, the other reasons ppl mentioned here.


How does the title fit in the context of the story?

Question: Like many others I am a big fan of The Departed (2006). But the title of the movie makes me curious. What is the justification for use of this title? I mean how does this title fit in the context of story?
Answer: The Departed stands as a honorable and respectful way to refer to those who have passed away. As correctly explained in the first line by coleopterist.
In the movie, every action and consequence happens due to the death of somoneone, or because someone has departed.
The first scene and character, Collin Sullivan is introduced to Crime and Frank because he is now brought up by Frank (his parents have departed).
Billy Costigan is made an undercover cop by Captain Queenan and Sgt. Dignam because of his family ties to crime. The crime syndicate decide to hire him because of his family (father, uncle, et. all) - All Departed.
The Psychiatrist, Madolyn, is in business because cops come to her whenever they have killed someone (The Departed).
Queenan is killed (Departed) and this causes all hell to break loose.
Later, Frank and his entire crew are killed (All departed), and Sullivan is frantic because Frank was an FBI informant. Killing Frank, Sullivan becomes the hero of the cop force.
Later, Billy catches Frank at the building where Queenan died (the place where he departed). Officer Brown shows up, and all three go down the elevator in a stand-off. Once the doors open, officer Barrigan shoots Billy and Brown. Sullivan shoots Barrigan in return. Now, Billy is The Departed.
This earns Sullivan his keep, and no one knows that he was the real mole. However, Madolyn had heard the CD recordings and she knows what must have happened when Billy died. (again, the departed have changed the course of events).
Later when Dignam arrives, he goes over and kills Sullivan. Finally killing all the pieces of the story.
Thus, at every turn The Departed (whether people who have died earlier, or have died at that moment) change the course of the story and the characters. Hence it is a very unique way to name the film for something that is very subtle to notice, and yet has such a powerful impact on every aspect of the film. Therefore, the name The Departed.
Answer: The Departed refers to death and the dead. The movie has plenty of both.
When Costigan is at his mother's grave, he sees a wreath from Costello with a note reading, "Heaven holds the Faithful Departed". The phrase "faithful departed" appears to be used by Christians to refer to deceased members of their congregation. Considering the movie's plot dealing with identity and mixed loyalty, it is a rather ironic turn of phrase.
Answer: Just to add: The Departed was a remake of the Hong Kong movie 無間道. In Chinese-Buddhist religion/mythology, that is the worst hell. It corresponds to the (Sanskrit/Pali) Avīci.
In Buddhism there are many "hells/purgatories", but Avīci is the worst hell and usually inescapable. (In other hells, you usually get to be reborn into something better. In Avīci you just keep getting reborn there.)
The Chinese name is also an evocative phrase that may be transliterated as the "non-stop way".
Sometimes (usually?) Hollywood remakes simply translate the original title. But in this case there is no good equivalent translation (especially since "hell" is an over-used cliché in English). So I guess they decided to settle on a similarly dark title like "The Departed".

(P.S. The HK movie used the somewhat unremarkable English title Infernal Affairs, which has pretty much nothing to do with the Chinese title.)
Comment: Cool info about the chinese version, but how does that explain the title in English?


Struggle to keep up with the Imam during prayer at the mosque

Question: I struggle with reciting prayer in my head. I can say it out loud but when it comes to saying it in my head it is very hard. I can't explain why. It just is. It will take me almost an hour to do it sometimes. What should I do if I go to the mosque and read with the Imam because I cannot keep up with him and I am often behind? When everyone stands up I am still down. It is very hard for me. What should I do?
Comment: When you're with the Imam, in the beginning it's OK if you don't recite it in your head and/or pronounce the words accurately as long as you feel the meanings of those, but gradually you ought to pace up. And asking one good question would suffice here rather than duplicates.
Comment: Which school of fiqh do you follow? According to Hanafi school of fiqh imam's recitation is enough, muqallid (one who is following) does not need to recite. So, in your case one can simply follow the imam.
Answer: In most madhabs the Imam's recitation is enough (and this seems the most proper view). That means if the Imam recites loudly you don't need to recite, you just have to follow/listen to his words (see for example this hadith and this one)... so far for the Qur'an recitation in case of jahr ("loud") prayers or prayer-parts. Now in silent prayers try to recite only short surahs after the fatiha. You must do your best to recite at least al-fatiha as it is considered as fard/farz by most madhabs. So if your Imam made takbir to transit to ruku' you should just end the recitation of the verse you are at and follow him (avoid doing this in the recitation of al-fatiha unless you don't expect to catch or keep up with the imam again, see the hints at the end of my post).
When it comes to sujud, ruku' etc. what you necessary need is saying the words/dua's at least once: subhana raby-al-'Adhim (wa bihamdih) (during ruku', saying it three times is recommended) and rabana (wa) laka-l-Hamd (when you stand up from ruku') and subhana raby-al-'Alaa (wa bihamdih) (during sujud, saying it three times or any du'a is recommended).  Note that saying the words with "wa bihamdih" in ruku' and sujud is optional.
So as you see from this point of view the major parts of prayer could be done easily unless you'll having some kind of learning disability as Darth Vader is pointing at. In that case I'm pretty sure that your efforts would be considered by Allah as HE say's:

Allah does not charge a soul except [with that within] its capacity. ... (2:286)

General hints: The Imam leads the prayer, so he is "responsible" for the congregation. You have to do your best to say at least the minimum necessary of the words of the prayer, if the imam moves to an other "position" you should follow him as soon as possible. Try to avoid being more than one position behind: For example Imam does 2nd sajda while you are in the first. If the Imam is praying too fast try to let him know.
See also this fatwa on following the imam in prayer.
And Allah knows best!
Answer: Have you ever thought you may have Auditory Processing Disorder? This is a learning disability that makes it hard to process sound. It's not a problem with hearing, its just a problem with how the brain perceives the auditory data. If my assumption is right, then you may want to look into this and maybe inform your Imam this, then that way you can adjust how you are receiving the information.
For me I have dyslexia, and  I cannot read the Qur'an. I need it read to me for me to understand it. It doesn't mean that I am dumb, it just means that I process information differently.
Answer: Are you a muqallid or Ghaire Muqallid?
If you are Muqallid, then, In Hanafi Madhab, Imam's recitation is enough for those who are attending the prayer behind him.
If you are not, then, you'd better try to imitate what Imam has to recite with utmost sincere intention.
And it is intention that will be counted in the judgement day, if Almost all resorts are exhausted.
So, I'll suggest you try at your best if you are not muqallid of Hanafi Fiqh.
If not, then, you do not need to recite because Imam's recitation will suffice for the followers.
And Allaah ta'ala knows best.


Errors while running Upgrade from the terminal. Can anyone help me analyse it?

Question: <code>Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
3 not fully installed or removed.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y
Setting up linux-image-extra-3.8.0-30-generic (3.8.0-30.44) ...
Running depmod.
update-initramfs: deferring update (hook will be called later)
Examining /etc/kernel/postinst.d.
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/apt-auto-removal 3.8.0-30-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.8.0-30-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/dkms 3.8.0-30-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.8.0-30-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools 3.8.0-30-generic /boot/vmlinuz-3.8.0-30-generic
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-3.8.0-30-generic

gzip: stdout: No space left on device
E: mkinitramfs failure cpio 141 gzip 1
update-initramfs: failed for /boot/initrd.img-3.8.0-30-generic with 1.
run-parts: /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools exited with return code 1
Failed to process /etc/kernel/postinst.d at /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-extra-3.8.0-30-generic.postinst line 1010.
dpkg: error processing linux-image-extra-3.8.0-30-generic (--configure):
 subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 2
No apport report written because MaxReports has already been reached
                                                                    dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of linux-image-generic:
 linux-image-generic depends on linux-image-extra-3.8.0-30-generic; however:
  Package linux-image-extra-3.8.0-30-generic is not configured yet.

dpkg: error processing linux-image-generic (--configure):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of linux-generic:
 linux-generic depends on linux-image-generic (= 188.8.131.52.48); however:
  Package linux-image-generic is not configured yet.

No apport report written because MaxReports has already been reached
                                                                    dpkg: error processing linux-generic (--configure):
 dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
No apport report written because MaxReports has already been reached
                                                                    Errors were encountered while processing:
 linux-image-extra-3.8.0-30-generic
 linux-image-generic
 linux-generic
E: Sub-process /usr/bin/dpkg returned an error code (1)
</code>
Answer: The line "gzip: stdout: No space left on device" is the key to your problem: you're out of free space on that hard drive partition!
You can run "df" (disk free) command in terminal for fast check of free space on mounted partitions.
Comment: This looks like it could be the cause!

/dev/sda1 233191 208170 12580 95% /boot


Why is my vector files printing fuzzy?

Question: I'm printing a document from InDesign that contains vector and raster images. My raster images print great, but my vector images are fuzzy around the edges; in some cases the edges are downright jagged.
I've gone back to Illustrator and set the Document Raster Effect Settings to have the Anti-alias checked. I double checked that the resolution was also set to high. I've tried setting my InDesign print graphic settings to All.
Nothing has worked, my vector images (imported to InDesign as .ai files) still print with blurry/jagged edges. Please help!!!
Edit from original Post:
I've tested a few new things.

Printing the vector images from Illustrator - they turn out great
Creating a new document in InDesign and re-importing the .ai files - still print poorly
Co-worker printed one of the .ai files from InDesign on his computer - turned out good
Exporting the InDesign file as a PDF and printing that - the images turn out great
Turning all the vector images to PNGs - the images turn out great

With the last 2 things I tried, I have a work around, but am still puzzled why this is happening. It'd be nice to figure this out for future projects. Could my InDesign program be corrupted?
Thanks!
Comment: I assume your links are not broken?
Comment: to be clear: "imported to indesign" means "Used 'Place' feature and they are linked files"?
Comment: Yes, I used 'Place' and none of my links are broken. As far as InDesign is concerned, I have no errors in the document what-so-ever.
Answer: Going with Emilie's comment, are you inserting the images as links? If you don't the vectors will be downsized to a thumbnail, which may cause your issue.
Comment: No, none of my links are broken.

Why is my vector files printing fuzzy?


Dense Open Sets and Cocountability

Question: Are all dense open sets in R cocountable?
That is, are all dense open sets in R such that their complements are at most countable?
It would seem like they must be since the closed sets that are uncountable are all intervals, so their complements are not dense.
Answer: No, the cardinality of their complements can be as big as that of all of the real numbers.  For an explicit example, the complement of the Cantor set is dense and open.  It consists of all of the "middle third" open intervals removed from $[0,1]$ together with the unbounded intervals $(-\infty,0)$ and $(1,\infty)$.  The Cantor set is a closed uncountable set whose connected components are points.
The complement of a dense open set can be "big"in respects other than cardinality.  Let the rational numbers be listed as $r_1,r_2,r_3,\ldots$, and for each $k$ let $I_k$ be an open interval of length $1/2^k$ containing $r_k$.  Then $U=I_1\cup I_2\cup I_3\cup\cdots$ is a dense open subset of $\mathbb{R}$, but $U$ is a union of intervals the sum of whose lengths is $1/2 + 1/2^2 + 1/2^3+\cdots=1$.  So in a sense the complement of this dense open set must take up "most of the space" in the real numbers.
Answer: No; the complement of the Cantor set is a dense open set in $\mathbb{R}$ that is not cocountable.
The Cantor set is closed and uncountable, so its complement is open. By the by, the Cantor set is a closed set that is uncountable but not an interval; in fact, the Cantor set has empty interior, so it cannot contain any intervals. Every open neighborhood of every point in the Cantor set contains both points of the Cantor set and points not in the Cantor set, so the complement is dense.
Answer: Here is something even more spectacular. Let $\epsilon >0$.  Let $z_n$ be an enumeration of all points in $R^d$ with all rational coordinates. We know this sequence's range is dense in $R^d$.
About each $z_n$ choose an open ball of small radius $B_n$ whose volume is less than $\epsilon/2^n$.  Now write
$$U_\epsilon = \bigcup_{n=1}^\infty B_n.$$
This is a union of open balls and is therefore open.  Its total Lebesgue measure (volume) is less than $\epsilon$. It is an open dense subset of $R^d$.  An open dense subset of $R^d$, can be very small indeed.

Dense Open Sets and Cocountability


What is the opinion of Buddhism on the caste system and untouchability of Hinduism?

Question: The Varnashrama dharma (caste system) is the backbone of Brahminism (Hinduism), untouchability is a part of that social order. We all know that Gautama Buddha was against Varnashrama dharma, and rejected the Vedic religion. But unfortunately, we see caste system and untouchability in many 'Buddhist' countries. For example, the Burakumin/Eta in Japan, Baekjeong in Korea, Ragyabpa in Tibet, etc. As we know as Buddhists that the Buddha was no hindu, then why this system is also in the societies of Buddhist countries?
Answer: Actually, Gautama Buddha was not against the caste system in mainstream non-Buddhist Indian society however he did emphasize social status ('caste'/'jati') was dependent upon here-&-now kamma rather than on physical & social birth (refer to MN 93, MN 98 and other suttas in the Brāhmaṇa Vagga). For example, he often emphasized a Brahman priest or caste member that does not adhere to the five moral precepts is not a Brahmana or Holy Man.
The Pali suttas have the following examples:

It was declared the Buddha "does not seek any harm for the line of brahmins" (MN 95).
The Buddha criticised Brahmans who marry & have sex with non-Brahmans. (AN 5.191)
The Buddha said wives who are immoral are expelled or caste out from families (MN 37.30).

The Pali suttas show no opposition to the non-Buddhist Indian caste distinctions however the Pali suttas do explicitly say when a person joined the Buddhist Community (Sangha) they automatically lost their former caste status or name (AN 8.19).

(4) "Just as, when the great rivers … reach the great ocean, they give up their former names and designations and are simply called the
  great ocean, so too, when members of the four social
  classes—khattiyas, brahmins, vessas and suddas—go forth from the
  household life into homelessness in the Dhamma and discipline
  proclaimed by the Tathāgata, they give up their former names and clans
  and are simply called ascetics following the Sakyan son. This is the
  fourth astounding and amazing quality that the bhikkhus see in this
  Dhamma and discipline….

As for contemporary Asian societies, many of these societies were previously or concurrently Hindu in relation to the arrival of Buddhism. Similar to when the Buddha was alive, Buddhist monks generally do not act to oppose & destroy other religions. Buddhism is not like Judaism or Christianity. Thailand is an excellent example, where most religious people still follow other religions, such as spirit, ancestor or Brahma worship (even though they consider themselves "Buddhist").
Comment: At least a dozen criticisms of the caste system by the Buddha claimed by and several referenced in http://www.buddhisma2z.com/content.php?id=70
Answer: The most important idea in Buddhism with regards to caste is that regardless of which background one is from, if one is righteous, consummate in virtue, and earnestly seeks the path to the end of suffering, he would definitely find it.
As to why certain Buddhist majority countries have some kind of caste system - well, that does not come from Buddhism. It comes from the natural tendency of human societies to form socioeconomic clusters, which applies to all countries in the world, including the fully developed countries. Please see this article on inequality in the USA.
However, what is special in Hinduism is that the caste system is found in the religious scriptures and is part of the religion. A religion-enforced caste system is not found in Buddhism. Buddhism also does not comment on the political ideology of lay societies e.g. democracy, capitalism, monarchy, socialism, communism etc.
From the Gihi Sutta (AN 5.179):

In the same way,
  wherever one is born
  among human beings —
noble warriors, brahmans,
  merchants, workers,
  outcastes, or scavengers —
  if one is tame,
  with good practices,
  righteous,
  consummate in virtue,
  a speaker of truth,
  with conscience at heart,
  one who's abandoned birth & death,
  completed the holy life
  put down the burden,
  done the task
  fermentation-free,
  gone beyond all dhammas,
  through lack of clinging
  unbound:
  offerings to this spotless field
  bear an abundance of fruit.

From the Sundarika Sutta (SN 7.9):

Then Sundarika the brahmin went up to the Buddha, and said to him:
  "Sir, in what caste were you born?"

"Don't ask about birth, ask about conduct.
    For any wood can surely generate fire.
    A steadfast sage, even though from a low class family,
    is a thoroughbred checked by conscience.
Answer: Thought, and food for such:
There is not really any evidence that the Buddha ever thought on such as "social reforms" and no where he actually denied the difference of peoples social status. He "only" explained it as a matter of kamma, deeds, whether one might be born in a good family or not, and that one to be called, become this or that, being a matter of ones deeds and not something inherent, gained by birth, or being given by someone.
People who believe in Kamma (even if not total understanding, not seeing escape), whould be the first to be accepted in his community. So it's merely unlikely that the good Dhamma, not corrupt, could ever appear in regions where people believe that all are equal by birth, have inherent equal capacities...
What ever region, society, has not fallen into the ideas that beings are equal, going after cutting all down to the lowest equal level (marxistic, pseudo-liberal), still has certain right view and respecting differences, will care certain casts on, an may it be between self-employers, professionals, workers... or what ever.
People of different social background, virtue... will always gather together according to their tendencies. Even there where it's different declared as "should be such and such". And it's naturally that the most wise are the first to disappear, or will be ever very small groups.
Or has one traced any society which has not it's "casts"? Even thought the Buddha told that the best dwelling would be accordingly to ones attainments, a sotapanna equal a sotapanna... Arahat equal an Arahat. Even his hierachy points out classes very clear, yet not by birth or as something given, of course.
What ever the Buddha had taught was never thought to use it as politics or to design worldily societies and at least it's a matter of Upanissaya, strong condition causes (vy kamma) where one appears, takes birth, tended to. If one seeks for change, then only ones own work, own sacrifices, will have long term effects. Nothing really gained when wishing to pull those in current better situation down to ones level.
So this path of liberation is open for everyone, everyone willing to leave house, his stand, which goes along with the lose of the low fetter of group(identification)view.
Becoming really Buddhist and holding on house, group ones society wouldn't really work. It's simply hypocritical if thinking to holding on both.
(Not given for trade, exchange, stacks, entertainment, what ever binds to this going on, but for liberation, encouragement for own skilfull work and letting go)
Answer: I cannot agree with the following i think everyone followed caste system it is because of westernization and modernization that they are disappeared and by the way division of society shall remain dalits also discriminate against mahadalit the only way to fight such inequalities is to follow sardar vallabhbhai patel
Answer: In your question, you have performed what is called the logical fallacy of 'False Equivalency'.
The caste system in Hinduism as practised in India and Nepal is a decree of the Hindu scriptures. It is mentioned in Hindoo scriptures like Gita and Manusmiriti. So the professions in India have originated from the Caste of a person. Moreover, the Hindoo caste system tells you that if you are a Dalit then you have to do good karma to first become a Brahmin and then you can attain the moksha (as per Manu Smriti).
In the examples you have given, it is more like a class system taken to an extream. That was originated as a discrimination in the society and not handed down by Buddhism. Buddhism as such has nothing to do with that inequality. All the people if Buddhist in these countries are on an equal footing of Dhamma and not discriminated by the Dhamma.
As we know as Buddhists that the Buddha was no hindoo, then why this system is also in the societies of Buddhist countries?
Again, if a hindoo follows their Dharma strictly then they have to adhere to the caste system.
And if a Buddhist will adhere to the Dhamma strictly then He/She will NOT adhere to any discrimination.
So, why is this still practised in some Buddhist countries?
Its because people are not well instructed in Dhamma. People there are Buddhist just for namesake because their parents are Buddhist or the society is Buddhist.
The Dhamma is not practised by them, that way.


What is the difference between these styles of helmet?

Question: What is the difference between these two styles of helmet? Most "serious" cyclists (e.g. in spandex with clipless pedals) seem to have the first type, whereas I've seen more "casual" cyclists (e.g. on single speeds, cruisers) hanging around Brooklyn with the latter type. Is there an advantage to either? (in safety, performance, etc.)
Comment: The left is a road helmet, made to be aerodynamic and have additional venting for keeping your head cool. The right is a "skate" design generally used for BMX, and often times are safety certified for both skating and bike, they are more common with less "serious" riding, meaning more recreational than serious speed endeavors. There are other factors as well but these are the most basic. Generally the one on the right offers more rear protection over road helmets as well.
Comment: The vented helmet offers poor rain/hail/sandstorm/snow   protection compared to the hardshell one.  Vented one will be a lot nicer to ride in the heat, and the hard one would be warmer in the extreme cold.
Answer: During longer periods of fast road cycling, the venting in the first helmet will make more and more of a difference. It's impossible to lose trapped heat otherwise and then you'll have sweat pouring down your face..
If you're commuting then the shell helmet is fine.
Comment: The vented road helmet is also considerably lighter, which makes it easier to sustain more aggressive road positions as there is less weight pulling the head down.


certificate based network authentication

Question: In certificate based network authentication, is the user tied to just the system the certificate has been installed on such that if he tries to authenticate using another system access is denied?
Answer: When authentication uses a certificate, the important element is the private key: the mathematical object which corresponds to the public key (the one which is in the certificate). When a certificate is "installed on a system", this means that the private key is stored somewhere within that system. The authentication protocol implies usage of the private key: the key owner demonstrates that he has access to the private key, by doing some cryptography with it, which can be verified by using the public key in the certificate.
If the same (human) user tries to do the same thing from another computer where his private key is not, then he won't succeed and authentication will fail.
However, in some types of computer systems, and in particular the Microsoft / Active Directory world, the user's private key can be stored in the user's "profile", which means in some files which really are in the AD server and travel with him. The user opening a session on any computer in the network will find his certificate and private key as part of his profile, and thus will be able to use the private key for certificate-based authentication from any computer on the network.
Similarly, still with AD, authentication (as in "session was opened") on one machine can hop from machine to machine through the magic of Kerberos, even if certificates were somehow involved at some point.
Answer: The user is tied to holding the private key.  That private key can be installed on as many different systems as the user desires.  Ideally, the private key should also be password protected so that the system in use must have the key and the person using the system must have the password.


Can/Have cancer cells be/been used in stem cell culture lines?

Question: Since Cancer cells have unlimited growth potential, can they be induced towards totipotency and pluripotency?
If so, can cancer cells be used in stem cell culture because of similar properties of unlimited replication?
Can they be used in cell lines to culture viruses even?
Comment: Some murine embryonic carcinoma cells are pluripotential and can differentiate and develop to mice.
Answer: Cancer cells can be and are used in cell culture. HeLa cells were the first human cell line to be grown in culture and they were derived from a cervical tumor.
That being said, Cancer cell lines would not necessarily be used for stem cell work. They have sustained too many mutations to study the type of questions that stem cells are used to study, though as MattDMo points out, teratomas, tumors that originate from stem cells, can be used in stem cell research as a model for Stem Cells in culture. Also, they could never be used for therapeutic purposes.
As for viruses, HeLa cells were used by Jonas Salk to develop the polio vaccine, so cancer cells are used in viral research.
Edits in italics.
Comment: This is actually not true. I have used [teratoma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratoma) lines to simulate stem cells in some experimental protocols.
Comment: Teratoma lines are from stem cell derived tumors. Can you prove that the cells that formed the stable lines weren't still at the stem cell stage? And would you use those cells therapeutically? Would you make a chimeric line of mice from teratoma derived lines or would you use ESC lines? And what were the assays you ran?
Comment: see my answer below for some additional details. No, of course we wouldn't use them therapeutically or for chimeras - we used them purely for *in vitro* work, alongside "true" iPS and ES lines.
Answer: Adding onto AMR's answer, cancer cell lines are used extensively for research. They are typically fast to grow. HeLa Long grow to capacity of a 10cm dish within about 48hours, depending how you split them. Now some lines are different than others and each have their pros/cons but the main thing behind them is they make it possible to view the effects of genes being knocked-down/out in human cells.
As for the use of viruses in cell cultures. They are not only used for viral research but also genomic research.
What is typically done is to introduce a gene into a cell culture line via a retrovirus (called a Retroviral Transfection). It is an extremely effective method of creating a stable cell line with your gene of interest attached to a "fluorescent" gene so you can visualize it in the cell when it gets transcribed. This leads to Immunofluorescence(IF) and many other techniques commonly used today.
You can also introduce a plasmid to cells that contains a shRNA that will "knockdown" the gene you are studying the effects of. This way you can see what happens to cells when this gene is not present (done a lot for study of replication proteins).
The caveat is that sometimes these cell lines can be transient (last only a few passages) or stable. They all also act very differently so typically to "prove your case" that the protein has the function you conclude it to have, you should do experiments with several different cancer cell lines.
Answer: Regarding your question about whether cancer cells could be used in studying stem cells:
I have done stem cell work, and we used various teratoma cell lines (which are cancers that resemble germline tissue) in parallel with embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) for various experiments. Of course the choice of experimental system completely depends on what exactly you're studying, but teratomas have proven themselves to be reliable model systems for looking at certain aspects of stem cell structure, function, and differentiation. One of the biggest advantages, at least in the work that I was doing, was that they grew relatively quickly and consistently, while iPS or ES cells can very easily spontaneously differentiate if extreme care is not taken in culturing and passaging them. You don't have to worry about donor-to-donor variation, and they are pretty tolerant to being frozen and thawed.
The work I did was in industry, so unfortunately I can't really get into many details, but I was involved in looking at various transcription factors that are responsible for the maintenance of pluripotency as well as the induction of differentiation, as well as testing various live-cell imaging techniques to track particular differentiation pathways. We made a number of observations using teratomas that directly translated to iPS and ES systems, without all of the overhead that those systems required.
Comment: If they do not behave like stem cells, i.e. If you do not need to carefully use inhibitors such as 2i or LIF with fibroblasts in culture to prevent differentiation , then I would question the reliability the results I obtained. Just because a system is easier doesn't always mean it is the choice that will get you completely accurate data. If I read a paper that used teratoma lines instead of SC lines I would read more carefully with a higher than average degree of skepticism over the results.
Comment: @AMR the teratoma lines were used as a ***model system*** for ES/iPS cells, not in place of them. We used them for assay development and experiments where significant amounts of protein were needed initially, to verify conditions and make some observations. Of course the studies were repeated in actual ES/iPS cells to ensure the model matched. This is exactly the same as performing some immunological studies using Jurkat cells, then repeating the assays using primary human T cells, which are harder and more expensive to obtain and maintain. You can learn a lot about "reality" from a model.
Comment: See edit in my answer.


Does sleeping in daytime actually kill?

Question: My dad takes naps at daytime frequently. He asked me recently if sleeping at daytime actually kill you, since he had been reading medical articles that claim that taking naps increases chance of  premature death in adults by 1/3. Is this actually true?
Answer: From this article:

Scientists from the University of Tokyo are unsure whether it is the napping itself or an underlying condition which makes people more sleepy, that is driving the effect.
After examining more than 200 studies involved 261,000 participants, they found that severe daytime fatigue was associated with a 56 per cent increased risk of developing diabetes.
And taking a regular daytime nap for an hour or more was found to increase the risk of developing the condition by 46 per cent.
Author Dr Tomohide Yamada, from the University of Tokyo, Japan, said: "Excessive daytime sleepiness and taking longer naps were associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, with a short nap not increasing this risk.
"Daytime napping might be a consequence of night-time sleep disturbance such as obstructive sleep apnea.

So, according to current knowledge, the link to adverse health effects may well be mediated via other medical problems such as sleep apnea causing excessive sleepiness during the day. There is no evidence for a causal link between sleeping more during the day and a higher risk of adverse health effects.
To get to such evidence, one could try to correct for a higher incidence of conditions such as sleep apnea in the group of people who sleep more during the day. But the problem with this is that not enough is known about all such risk factors which also influence sleep, so any residual effect that is left may then be due to missing some factors, or having underestimated the effect the known factors have. Also, if you find that sleeping more during the day has a positive effect, that result could be an artifact of having overcompensated for effects such as sleep apnea.
A better approach would be to do an intervention study where people are asked to sleep during the day. But then one would face other problems. Many people who are not used to sleeping during the day may find it difficult to do so. Also, any negative health effects may not arise until many decades of being subjected to sleeping more during the day. The effect you end up measuring after a few years may not be consistent with long term health effects. E.g. what if sleeping during the day helps you to lower the chances of a heart attack if your arteries are clogged, but the same habit over decades increases the chances of getting such clogged arteries?
That's why it's better to stick to what is known about a healthy lifestyle such as getting a lot of exercise, and going to the doctor if there are issues that prevent one from doing that. If you feel so tired and sleepy during the day that you have to sleep, then that is in itself a good reason to visit the doctor.
Answer: Permanent sleep deprivation will you in less than a week.
Short naps seem to be associated with cognitive benefits.
If you think of metabolic disorders, resarch shows that it is rather the feeding at night-time that triggers the disorders, not the sleep pattern in itself.
Comment: `Permanent sleep deprivation will kill anyone in less than a week, 100% sure.` -- Oh really? https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Gardner_%28record_holder%29
Comment: @CareyGregory Yes, I am ready to bet you can't hold that long.
Comment: I have no intention of trying. Not only did Randy Gardner go far longer than a week without sleep, so did many others. None of them died, which makes your statement 100% wrong.
Comment: Here on Health, we [*strongly encourage*](http://meta.health.stackexchange.com/q/1) using references. They are the only way in which we can tell if information is reliable or not. If you are struggling to find good sources, check out, [What are reliable sources?](http://meta.health.stackexchange.com/q/112) If you want to learn more about our site's stance on answers without references, check out, [Should answers without references be immediately deleted?](http://meta.health.stackexchange.com/q/283) Thanks :)

Does sleeping in daytime actually kill?


ClearQuest order by

Question: I am using Clear Quest 18.104.22.168 and have created a Personal Query.  However, I can't figure out how to get the Query to automatically order by one of my fields.  How do I do this?
Answer: Click on the "Display editor" tab for your query.  There you will see all the fields that are displayed in that query.  To sort a specific field click the check box in the "Sort" column.  This will rotate through your options of A->Z, Z->A and no sort.
If you wish to sort by multiple fields select the sort you want for each field.  Then in the "Sort Order" column specific the order in which they should be sorted.  The field with a sort order of 1 will be sorted first followed by the field that has a sort order to 2.  This continues for each field that has a sort order.  Fields that do not have a sort order are sorted at the end.
Do note that any columns that do not have a sort order or if multiple columns have the same sort order they will be sorted in the order that they are listed.
Answer: I do this all the time in ClearQuest 7.1.2. I don't remember if 220.127.116.11 is that different. I do know it's a different GUI, but I don't remember if this particular part was changed.
The way you do it in ClearQuest 7.1.x is by setting the value of the "sort" column (next to the field name column), setting it to 1 will indicate that the field has the most order priority, 2 follows and so on...
I hope it helps.

ClearQuest order by


How to split stock earnings?

Question: A friend gave me some money to invest for him. Since then I have also put more of my own money, in addition to the original I had when he gave me his money. I have been using his money together with mine to buy stocks. Now I want to sell his part and give him his share of profits. I am just confused because there has been a lot of buying and selling. Is there an easy way about going through this?
Comment: It probably goes without saying, but this should have been determined before you took the money.
Comment: There is no simple solution to failing to segregate your friends money.  The solution is complicated because you have been doing "a lot of buying and selling" as well as adding new funds.  Your best course of action is to clearly explain the situation to your friend and then to come to an agreement on his entitlements.
Comment: What country is this? Do you plan to deduct from him his share of the taxes that you will pay on the gains?
Answer: Track each trade
If he asked you to invest his money with certain objectives which resulted in you buying specific stocks for him with his money, then sell all the stocks which you bought with his money and the capital and profits to him. You may want to calculate the trading fees that you incurred while buying these specific stocks and taxes from the sale of these stocks, withholding them to over the trading fees that you have already paid and the taxes that you might still need to pay.
Black box approach
If you traded with his money no different than yours, then I would think of your investment account as a black box. Calculate the initial money that you both invested at the time you added his capital to the account, calculate how much it all is currently worth, then liquidate and return a percentage equal to that of his initial investment. You can account for trading fees and taxes, subtracting by the same percentage.
Answer: Let's suppose your friend gave your $100 and you invested all of it (plus your own money, $500) into one stock. Therefore, the total investment becomes $100 + $500 = $600.
After few months, when you want to sell the stock or give back the money to your friend, check the percentage of profit/loss. So, let's assume you get 10% return on total investment of $600.
Now, you have two choices. Either you exit the stock entirely, OR you just sell his portion.
If you want to exit, sell everything and go home with $600 + 10% of 600 = $660. Out of $660, give you friend his initial capital + 10% of initial capital. Therefore, your friend will get $100 + 10% of $100 = $110.
If you choose the later, to sell his portion, then you'll need to work everything opposite. Take his initial capital and add 10% of initial capital to it; which is $100 + 10% of $100 = $110. Sell the stocks that would be worth equivalent to that money and that's it.
Similarly, you can apply the same logic if you broke his $100 into parts. Do the maths.
Answer: If you have been a good steward of your friend's money this suggestion will not be too difficult.
Pay your friend what his money would have earned in the S&P 500 if you had just invested it in an index fund. Subtract 15% for long-term capital gains. You can use the ticker SPY to see what the price was on the day he gave you the money, versus the price today.
If you had helped your friend open an account for himself, you would have given him more than the returns on his money, you would have helped educate him on how to invest for himself.
Comment: @Anoneemus Sometimes I feel compelled to offer a contrarian point of view. In this case, I think that taking someone else's money and investing it for them is a very egregious offense. I wonder how many ponzi schemes start with good intentions, then go south when the investor doesn't want to admit to his friends that he lost all of their money.
Comment: Dude, seriously? I didn't expect this from you, haha.
Comment: I think this is the only answer so far that really understands the complexity of the problem.
Comment: @Anoneemus but hey, get me a few more downvotes and I could get a badge from deleting this anwer. :)
Comment: @NathanL, I also agree that this is a mess.  Though I've had offers, I've always been too concerned with the legalities and reporting requirements to follow through.  It's amazing to me that someone would do this and AND fail to keep detailed records and accounting of the money on an ongoing basis, without an agreement at the front of the arrangement.  To me the only path forward is a suggestion like yours or break out the account statements and build out a spreadsheet then pay a return accordingly.  Let the taxes serve as a punishment for doing this at all, imo.

How to split stock earnings?


Why don't all living beings die at night due to lack of oxygen?

Question: During the day plants photosynthesize and give out oxygen through stomata. But during the night, when half of the planet is dark, half of the earth's trees/plants consumes oxygen to survive. At that time when an entire hemisphere is producing only $\ce{CO_2}$ and there is no source of $\ce{O_2}$, why don't half of the life forms die? And 12 hours later, the other half when they are in darkness?
Comment: Your assumption that plants are able to consume a significant percentage of atmospheric oxygen during night is flawed.  You are ignoring a massive reservoir of oxygen in our atmosphere and the planetary general circulation that moves air around the globe.  You might also ask yourself how the respiration rate of plants at night compares to that of humans and animals.  How do people, under your assumption, survive the polar night, which lasts far longer than 12 hours?
Answer: The rates at which plants consume CO$_2$ and animals consume O$_2$ is minuscule compared to the vast amounts of CO$_2$ and O$_2$ in the atmosphere. The amount of change overnight is not even measurable, unless the plants are in an enclosed structure.
Interestingly, there is a variation in CO$_2$ concentraion over the course of a year as the Northern Hemisphere (where most of the land vegetation is) goes through its seasons. Here is a plot of CO$_2$ over several decades. It shows an annual cycle superimposed on the general upward trend from the accumulation of man-made CO$_2$.

The red trace is the actual data, and the black trace is the time averaged fit to the data.
Comment: This answer would be better with some (referenced) numbers to support the first paragraph.
Comment: @kwinkunks I agree, but I will not have the time for the next week. Feel free to edit.


A decent over night sleep at Brussels Charleroi Airport

Question: Is it possible to arrive at night and sleep for a couple of hours inside the Brussels Charleroi Airport before taking an early flight?
If so, are there any decent places to sleep/rest?
Comment: It might help if you add specific times, at what time do you plan on entering the airport and when is your flight scheduled to leave?
Answer: According to this Sleeping in Airports article, the airport is open 24h, but you'll probably have to sleep on the floor:

The airport is open 24 hours, but overnight campers will have to stay landside until security checkpoints open around 4:00AM. Seating is very limited and most have armrests, so bring along a blanket or sleep mat to rest a little easier on the cold floor. The far end of Terminal 1 has large windows and some private nooks. Do expect security guards to wake you up to check IDs or as the airport gets busy. For uninterrupted sleep, nearby hotels offer shuttle service.
Comment: There was some chairs where you could sit up and try to sleep in, but nothing comfortable. You could also find some corners and try to sleep on the stone floor. Either way, nothing recommended.


What TV shows are available in Austrian dialects?

Question: After three years of learning German, I have a reasonable understanding of, and ability to converse in, (Austrian) Standard German. But, living in Salzburg, I am still really struggling to understand even basic things when spoken in local dialects. I don't watch much TV, but have recently discovered that Bavarian TV has series like 'Dahoam is Dahoam' which I guess with a lot of subtitle-assisted viewing I could help to train my ears to understand that dialect. Are there any shows on Austrian TV where I could regularly hear local dialects spoken and try to tune in to them a bit better? Unfortunately the 'just hang out with locals and chat' approach isn't working for me, either I'm left sitting there understanding nothing, or everyone switches to English for my benefit.
Answer: Try "Vier Frauen und ein Todesfall" which has some rural dialects in them. Among the older ones is the crime series "Stockinger" which is set in rural Salzburg.
For the specific Viennese dialect, "Kaisermühlen Blues" is a classic as well as its crime version "Trautmann" which are almost completely in Viennese dialect. And "Kottan ermittelt" for fans of the 70s.
Comment: Kottan ermittelt.
Answer: The answers of alex2006 and Fred Bob are both correct. I just want to add something:
About Austrian TV-shows:
The ORF (Österreichischer Rundfunk) (English: Austrian Broadcasting Corporation) is producing many movies and TV-Series, and most of them (not all) use Austrian colloquial speech. Also if you google for "österreichischer Film" you will find lots of movies in Austrian colloquial speech. Most of them are also available with subtitles.
There are also private TV stations like Servus TV (located in Salzburg), ATV and Puls4 which also sometimes broadcast TV-Series in colloquial speech.
But there is no permanent daily or weekly TV-show in Austrian colloquial speech or dialect.

About Austrian colloquial speech and Dialects spoken in Austria:
There is a difference between Austrian Standard German, colloquial Speech and dialects.
As Fred Bob already said: Dialects use a different grammar, different vocabulary and different pronunciation. For example, the dialect of the south-east of Styria, near Graz, where I grew up, has no genitive case and no plusquamperfect (like most of Bavarian dialects).
But even more important: Dialects differ strongly from region to region. Every state (Bundesland) has its own dialect, and even within the states there are manny different shades. So, there is nothing like "the Austrian Dialect". Ich you move from Salzburg to Eisenstadt, there is a Dialect of Salzburg, A Dialect of Linz, one of St. Pölten (where I live now), many different Dialects in Vienna and the dialect of Eisenstadt. And many grades in between in smaller towns and villages.
So, what producers of TV-series do, is this: They use a dialect with many speakers (most often a Viennese middle-class-dialect), and then they replace vocabulary, that is too specific for that region with words that are known in a wider area. This gives a language, that will be understood in whole Austria, is still close to dialect, but is not standard German.

On Wikipedia there is a list of List of Austrian television series. And the Producer Hoanzl offers DVDs of Austrian Movies, Music and Austrian Kabarett shows (Austrian Kabarett is very different from German Comedy, and it is almost always in Dialect. And it is not cabaret!)
Answer: Not a direct answer.
The difficulty with German dialects is that you tend to approach them as if they were just differently pronounced Standard German, which they aren't. They have their own grammar and vocabulary, so the best approach, if you want to learn them quickly, is to get a textbook that teaches you the dialect you want to learn.
Search for "österreichisch" on Amazon.de and look at th descriptions and reviews. I don't know any of the books, so cannot recommend one.
You can certainly learn Austrian from tv and radio, but it will take some time, and using a textbook (and maybe a list of the most common words) will help you make progress much faster.

Besides tv shows, I can also recommend Austian radio and especially musicians that sing in Austrian dialect, such as Wolfgang Ambros, Georg Danzer, Rainhard Fendrich, etc. Wikipedia has a couple of list pages on Austrian singers, musicians, bands, etc. Listen on YouTube.
Comment: I don't think there really are textbooks teaching Austrian dialects. At least not that I can find any on Amazon.
Comment: @idmean Then you either didn't look or you didn't understand what you saw. Some examples: "Österreichisch - das Deutsch des Alpenlandes: Kauderwelsch-Sprachführer von Reise Know-How" by Daniel Krasa and Lukas Mayrhofer or "Das österreichische Deutsch" by Robert Sedlaczek. There are more, and there are a score of Austrian dictionaries just on the first page of my search.
Comment: The first one is a guide for tourists, the second one is more a linguistic analysis. Certainly interesting, but you're not gonna learn to speak or really understand dialect. — None of these is a text book that will teach you an Austrian dialect like a French text book can teach you French.
Comment: @idmean I weiß nicht, wie du da drauf kommst, aber das erste Buch ist ein *Sprachführer*, kein Reiseführer. Wenn du dir die Vorschau auf Amazon ansiehst, siehst du dass es in dem Buch um "Artikel", "Präpositionen" usw. geht. Es ist sicher kein Lehrbuch, wie du es vielleicht aus der Schule kennst, aber ganz offensichtlich ein Buch, das den österreichischen Dialekt lehren will.