Only 4.8 questions per day: something to be worried about?

Question: The site currently generates fewer than 5 questions per day, although we have a good answer ratio (98% of them receive two answers), and a sufficient number of 'avid' users. Is this fairly normal during the public beta phase? If not, is there anything we can do to generate more questions?
Answer: Don't worry. The Area 51 indicators are based on highly optimistic growth previsions, and almost every beta site has had "worrying" numbers of questions and visits in the beginning. Taking the most recently graduated site, for example: IT Security had 6.9 questions/day and 912 visits/day when it graduated; Home Improvement had 4.4 questions/day and 1077 visits/day.
On a related note, you may see some mention of a 90-day evaluation. This is the earliest a site is supposed to be considered for launch, and most sites have taken considerably longer. Don't worry when the 90-day mark approaches and the site isn't ready for prime time yet.
As your site grows, it'll start featuring more and more on search engine queries. That will lead more people to discover the site and start contributing. Which in turns leads to more growth, more search engine visibility, and so on.
Asking great questions and providing great answers is a good way to make the site more attractive. This doesn't mean you should ask questions for the sake of asking questions; bad questions help nobody. But if you're an expert in your field, and you had a small problem that you solved easily on your own, do ask a question about it — the next person to face the same problem might be a novice who wouldn't have been able to solve it on his own, and you might even learn something from your fellow experts.
See also Robert Cartaino's blog post: When Will My Site Graduate?
Comment: Thanks! Very reassuring - and really helpful.
Answer: In my opinion, this will help the site more than anything else:
Don't wait around to answer a question in your area of expertise, post good questions and answer them yourself.
http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2011/07/its-ok-to-ask-and-answer-your-own-questions/
If this site is successful, it will be because 90% of the traffic is from Google. We can get more hits from Google by seeding the site with more good questions and answers.
So, do you know an expert that is waiting around to post answers to questions that aren't showing up? Gently encourage them to think of a few good questions and post great answers themselves.
I would do this, but I'm not an expert yet -- although I might be an expert in pumpkin growing before the year is out.
In Summary, more seeding will bring more traffic which will bring more experts. Besides, even if I am wrong about this, we will have made the Internet a better place.
Answer: It's not exactly "normal"; It's on the low end of traffic.
I just submitted a blog post that say it's not necessarily dire, but there are steps you can take to improve your traffic. You can read the details here:
Does this site have a chance of succeeding?
Answer: The best ways to get more questions are to get more traffic and to ask more questions.
We currently get about 200 visitors/day. If we can drive traffic then we will get more questions for a while. This is certainly not a guarantee of more questions as some site with more traffic get even fewer questions then we do. But it would be a good start and a good way to drum up more interest.
For now its up to us to ask questions. As we get more questions, especially more awesome questions we will get more traffic and generate more questions. So for the time being the two things we should be doing is pointing people to the site and asking awesome questions.
Comment: Agreed, of course we need to ask more questions - particularly challenging ones - ourselves, but what I had in mind was driving traffic by contacting gardening forums, clubs etc and pointing them to our site.
Answer: I've been waiting for some questions in the only area I can answer, bonsai.
I've asked some dummy questions today. I guess it's a chicken and egg kind of situation at the start, if everyone waits for good questions and nobody asks then we end up with limited question and everyone watching.
So hopefully I can ask some good quality questions in the area and we can attract more questions and also some enthusiasts.
I also think this sites scope is currently quite limited so we need some questions outside of just vegetables.
Comment: It'd be great to have some more questions/answers on bonsais. If you have expertise in growing them, you needn't really wait for someone to ask the right question. You can ask it and answer it yourself! This is not considered gaming and [is in fact, encouraged](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2011/07/its-ok-to-ask-and-answer-your-own-questions/). You should remember a few things though: Phrase the question as if someone who didn't know was asking it and then answer the question thoroughly.


Cone shaped solutions to wave equation

Question: When I studied physics, we learned how to write down planar waves and spherical waves. But, when I turn on my flashlight, I see a cone of light. How can I see that there is a solution to the wave equation which describes a wave in a conical region, dropping off sharply outside that cone? And am I right that the wave equation cannot describe a cylindrical beam?
Answer: At human scales, the wavelength of visible light is so tiny (or equivalently, the frequency is so high) that the wave equation can be modeled by geometric optics (this is the high frequency limit of the wave equation).  The cone you see from the flashlight is then nothing more than the shadow that the casing of the light casts from the light bulb.
At larger wavelengths, diffractive effects become more pronounced (when was the last time you saw a water wave propagating along a cone?).  The asymptotic behaviour of any localised wave disturbance (in odd dimensions) is then an outgoing spherical wave, modulated by a scattering amplitude that depends only on the direction of propagation (and which is basically a kind of Radon transform of the initial data); this can be seen from asymptotics of the fundamental solution.  (It's slightly more complicated in even dimensions due to the failure of the sharp Huygens principle.)
Answer: I can answer your last question: you're right, due to diffractive effects.  See Huygens-Fresnel.

Cone shaped solutions to wave equation


What features won't I get with a Magic Mouse under Windows XP and 7?

Question: I like the magic mouse for the two-finger scroll and other features under Snow Leopard.  Which of those features will not work under Windows XP and 7.  I have XP on a home machine and 7 at work, so I care about both.
Comment: I would be very surprised if it didn't support two finger scrolling. I have no experience with the Magic Mouse, but the two finger scrolling gesture works on Windows 7 with the Magic Trackpad.
Answer: I have a Magic Mouse on my laptop, and dual boot between OS X and Windows 7.
The basic mouse functionality works well, but the scrolling does not work at all (neither vertical or horizontal), and the gestures do not work either, as all of these functions are done by software and don't use the standard MouseWheel commands that windows expects.
I set it up a long time ago so my memory has faded, but I think you may also have to install the some apple mouse driver package from the Snow Leopard Boot Camp DVD too, but hopefully I'm wrong and you don't need this.
Answer: You can get scroll (and maybe a few others) by using Apple's Boot Camp drivers. Article here. All the links to the drivers seem to be gone, so you may have to extract them yourself.


Compile a DSL developed in Xtext and Xpand on command line

Question: It seems like a DSL (Domain-specific Language) developed in Xtext and Xpand is very much bound with Eclipse. Is there any way I can compile my DSL on command line, just like compiling Java code?
Answer: If you have a mwe workflow to execute your generator with, it can be executed from the command line as well. Look for the Mwe2Launcher class (http://git.eclipse.org/c/emf/org.eclipse.mwe.git/tree/plugins/org.eclipse.emf.mwe2.launch/src/org/eclipse/emf/mwe2/launch/runtime/Mwe2Launcher.java) for details.
If you already execute your Xpand generator from Java, then you have to simply wrap its call into an executable command line application.
In both case, you can either create an Eclipse application with all the dependencies by defining an Eclipse product that contains Xtext, Xpand, your plug-ins (and mwe if needed).


Can I use an icon in the public domain as a company logo?

Question: Client in question found a public domain icon they really want to use as their logo (instead of having one designed, I know, I know). Is this legal?
Answer: If it is truly in the public domain (or has a public domain notice) you can use it for whatever you want. So yes, it's legal.
It may not be all that smart, though, given that anyone else can also use it as their logo. You may lose a good chunk of 'uniqueness' in that regard depending on the particular market you are in.
Using a public domain icon of a scale may be fine if you are a lawyer, as lawyers rarely compete based on branding.
But, on the other hand, if it's a product logo to be sold on a shelf, being able to differentiate oneself visually may be very important.
Comment: @DA01 I think Simon's point is a further extrapolation of the "uniqueness" issue you raised. The asker should probably advise their client that nothing would stop a competitor from using the same icon in their own logo, and there would be no legal recourse to stop them.
Comment: Yes. You can use it, but you'll have trouble defending any copyright on it.
Comment: @SimonWhite as the icon is in the public domain, you couldn't claim copyright on it.
Comment: ah, yes. I completely agree!
Answer: Also to add to DA01's comment if they are wanting to use it for a logo, you should address that the icon is public domain it will be hard to copyright their logo artwork if they try.  Which would be a good selling point on creating a custom icon.
Furthermore, I would ask for documentation if they are asking you to develop something around the icon in regards to the actual rights so you will cover your own later on.  You could be liable (not a lawyer though) and the person who own's the rights could and would try to go after you.  So get the public domain information and attach it to your project for future reference.
Answer: Strongly suggest avoiding this. As the logo designer, it's your job to inform the client of best practices. Competitors will legally be able to imitate, which can really ruin a business.
However, you can certainly use this public domain image as part of a campaign.
Answer: If the client wants to use public domain artwork, suggest that they use a combination of 2 or 3 public domain artworks. When you put them together, they become something unique that you can defend a copyright on.
You can see examples of this in military crests that reuse anchors and other generic elements, but they always have 2 or 3 put together in some unique combination.
A key word to use is "unique." The most important thing with a logo is that it be unique.


How to create a gray/black color background in a photograph

Question: These are two examples of photographs with black background.
My question is how can I set the background like that? Was it through
post-processing or on shoot?

by Saul Leiter
And this

by Hélène Desplechin
Comment: Related: [What do I need to get photos with a unifom black background (not with post)?](https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/7762/what-do-i-need-to-get-photos-with-a-unifom-black-background-not-with-post?noredirect=1&lq=1)
Comment: It looks like these pictures were taken with a pinhole "lens", pinhole lenses make very soft pictures, with a lack of contrast. you can easily find some pictures made with a pinhole on google
Answer: They could have either been shot in front of a gray/black background or the background could have been transformed from a color to a shade of gray (or from a lighter shade of gray to deep black) using one of several different ways in post processing. The two most common would be to either mask out the background and replace it or use a tool that allows us to shift a particular color to a different color. We have existing questions/answers for both.
It could even be a third way: light it so that a non dark background looks totally dark as captured. It is often referred to as killing the ambient. We have questions/answers for that, too.
But in the case of your examples it's pretty clear cut that the reason the background is a shade of black/gray is because the image was processed in monochrome. Everything in both images is a tone (brightness value) of a single hue or lack of hue. The first appears to have a slightly sepia hue, the second appears to be a straight hueless grayscale monochrome.
Answer: On shoot
1. Use the inverse square law.
If you have your subject well lit with one light, and the background is far away, it will receive less light because of the distance. Increase the distance and it will become darker. Of course, this is true with each light added.
This is the most important thing to understand. With this method you can even "kill" natural ambient light, using a bright light close to your subject.
2. Use a dark flag.
The idea here is simply to cast shadows on your background. It can be a grid, a barn door, or a humongous black card that prevents light from reaching the background.
3. Use a dark background
A pretty simple idea, is it not?

Aditional things.
4. Lower the ambient light on the room
You can avoid reflections on a white painted small room adding some dark fabric as a wallpaper or curtains.

On post process
5. Color complementary colored background
You could use a color opposite to the skin tone, in this case, green or blue, and just use the red channel.
6. Mask it
Just mask the background and darken it.
Comment: Inverse Square law is the key to low key lighting. +1
Answer: Either way takes a combination of technique, equipment, and editing. The black background especially requires tight control over your lighting, so doing it with natural light can be quite difficult. In either case, grey is easier than black.
Grey: That background could actually be white, but a digital camera's white balance is going to look to render mid-tones as 50% grey. This is obviously tougher to do with film, but so long as you expose for the subject and try to meter the background a stop or two lower, you'll get results you can dodge/burn into the final photo you want. You can get grey in a black and white photo out of just about any color, including white (just don't light the background).
Black: I would use the black side of a large reflector I have, but you can also use black posterboard or just make sure you have a good amount of distance between your subject and the background. The goal is to massively underexpose the background in relation to the subject. Window light is no good because that room is going to bounce light around everywhere. You need the light coming in from a different direction from the camera angle (that Leiter photo looks to be lit from about 45 degrees above and in front of the subject) so you aren't splashing light against the background and getting exposure from it. You can make the black background even deeper either by burning it selectively or turning up the black point in processing.
Doing either is a good exercise in light control and processing. I'd recommend trying it with off-camera flashes and a flash meter. You can also get white by using a white background (anywhere from white seamless paper or a good thick bedsheet) and putting enough light on it to overexpose by several stops.
Answer: You can pretty easily do it using photo editors. I would recommend Movavi Photo Editor. It has a special tool for changing photos' backgrounds. You can change its color or use any picture to create a new background. It has lots of other cool features. They have both windows and Mac (https://www.movavi.com/mac-photo-editor/) versions.


Multi-hop access in wireless ad hoc network

Question: Suppose that I create a wireless ad-hoc network in Windows 7 on a machine A. Suppose that the machine is within radio range of another machine B and B has connected to the ad-hoc network. B can ping A. Suppose that another machine C is within the range of B but not in the range of A and connected to the same ad-hoc network. Can C ping to A via B?
Answer: Nope, not in an ad-hoc (IBSS) network. What you're talking about (C and A are in the same BSS but not in range of each other) is called the "hidden node problem", and it's what the "Intra-BSS Relay" service of an Access Point (AP) eliminates. But IBSS networks are AP-less networks, so they can suffer the hidden node problem. All nodes in an IBSS must be within radio range of all other nodes. Thus, the radius of an IBSS network is half that of a conventional AP-based network.
Most Wi-Fi chipsets can be put into AP mode just as easily as they can be put into IBSS mode. On Mac OS X, if you use Internet Sharing to share your Internet connection from, say, Ethernet to the Wi-Fi interface, it puts the Wi-Fi card into full AP mode, not just IBSS mode. Perhaps Windows 7 can do the same thing?


From where does a Mufassir get his interpretation from?

Question: In Tafsir Ibn Kathir, you can find many other details or stories that aren't mentioned in the beautiful Qur'an, and not even by the Holy Prophet (may peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). For example, in Surah Al-Baqarah 2:246,

Have you not considered the assembly of the Children of Israel after [the time of] Moses when they said to a prophet of theirs, "Send to us a king, and we will fight in the way of Allah "? He said, "Would you perhaps refrain from fighting if fighting was prescribed for you?" They said, "And why should we not fight in the cause of Allah when we have been driven out from our homes and from our children?" But when fighting was prescribed for them, they turned away, except for a few of them. And Allah is Knowing of the wrongdoers.

Ibn Kathir records that Wahab bin Munabbih (وهب بن منبه) (may Allah have mercy on him) said lots of details about this Ayah, such as the full name of the Prophet (may peace be upon him), here:

شمويل بن بالي بن علقمة بن يرخام بن إليهو بن تهو بن صوف بن علقمة بن ماحث بن عموصا بن عزريا بن صفنيه بن علقمة بن أبي ياسف بن قارون بن يصهر بن قاهث بن لاوي بن يعقوب بن إسحاق بن إبراهيم الخليل عليه السلام .

And he also described the state the Children of Israel were at the time, and how the mother of the Prophet (may peace be upon him) gave birth to him. But he (may Allah have mercy on him) was only a Tabi'i, how did he know all this information that wasn't in the Sunnah or the Qur'an? There also many other things some of the Sahaba (may Allah be pleased with them) and some of the Tabi'in (may Allah have mercy on them) said, but how do they know all that?
Jazakum Allah khayran
Comment: [Are al-Tabaris commentary 10th century and ibn Kathirs commentary 14th century available?](https://islam.stackexchange.com/questions/33683/are-al-tabaris-commentary-10th-century-ibn-kathirs-commentary-14th-centur/33684#33684) and [Can Shi'a tafsser books be categorized in similar categories as those of the sunnis](https://islam.stackexchange.com/questions/52308/can-shia-tafseer-books-be-categorized-in-similar-categories-as-those-of-sunni-s) are somewhat relevant.
Answer: Mufassirs get their interpretation from a variety of sources. In in this case it could be Isra'iliyyat tradition as Wahab bin Munabbih is famous for quoting it.


How to enable scrolling with the mouse wheel in Google Chrome?

Question: I am currently running OSX 10.9.3 and Google Chrome Version 35.0.1916.114. When using Mozilla Firefox, I am able to scroll using the mouse wheel just fine. But with Google Chrome, it does not work. How am I able to enable this feature?
Answer: You must install a Google Chrome extension called AutoScroll. Make sure to refresh the pages you are currently on after the installation is complete.
Answer: SmoothScroll chrome extention, does exactly that.


What does the Zune heart button mean?

Question: What does heart icon next to album image means? I couldn't find documentation for it anywhere. I guess it's favorite button, but I cannot find play favorite songs either.
Answer: It's a rating system for songs. A hearted song means you like it and a broken hearted song means you don't like it. The software will play your hearted songs more often and your unrated songs less and your songs marked with a broken heart even less than that.
Answer: The heart is a like/dislike option for a song. If selected, it means you like the song. This like feature is very useful in zune software. It gives you the ability to create an Auto-playlist for liked songs.
NOTE:- you can't do this on phone; as creating, editing and deleting playlist is restricted to zune software only
Answer: The heart also allows Zune to automatically remove "Broken Heart" songs from your device automatically. In your sync setting on your Zune client, you'll see a checkbox for "Don't sync songs with (broken heart)".
I find it a great way to automatically get songs off my phone that I no longer like.

What does the Zune heart button mean?


What is common practice for labels of the bug severity?

Question: What is the most common labels for the bug severity: High-Med-Low-etc., A-B-C-etc., 1-2-3-etc. or different? Where they origin? What is the best practice to use?
Answer: The ratings that I see in common use and have used historically are:

Severity 1 - Critical issue, crash or data loss
Severity 2 - Major issue, but no crash or data loss and no workaround
Severity 3 - Issue, with no crash or data loss and a workaround exists.
Severity 4 - Fit an finish issues.

The main decision that needs to occur for each bug is "Are we going to hold the release of the software because of this bug?". If so then it is a Sev 1 or 2, if not then it is a severity 3 or 4.
On really big projects with hundreds or thousands of bugs, you need to add priority as well to allow business stakeholders to choose the fix order. That normally gets a 1-4 rating as well of :

Priority 1 - Critical, stop everything and fix ASAP.
Priority 2 - High, fix before the next release into testing.
Priority 3 - Medium, fix before the release ships.
Priority 4 - Low, fix if time, but can be moved to the next release.

With this system in place, the severity is a technical impact that is set by the testers and cannot be changed. The priority can change throughout the life of the project, especially for priority 3 bugs when they are getting lowered to priority 4 as the shipping deadline approaches.
This also allows you you decide to ship with crashing bugs, if they occur only in really, really rare circumstances.
Comment: I learned it is important to say what "workaround means". Is it for a end-user (to take another path in UI), or someone who configures the installation (e.g., to manually add missing data) or something else. So what do you mean by a workaround?
Answer: A label is just a label.
It is far more important to understand what stands behind them, so people can easily say when to assign a certain severity to a bug and understand what such severity means in terms of business impact. This is important because depending on the severity* your stakeholders may take appropriate action. E.g. stop releasing the product or postpone fixing the bug.
For instance, we define Sev 1 when whole system is not working because of the bug, and Sev 2 when only one of the important features is broken. We usually do not accept Sev 1 and Sev 2 in the release, while Sev 3 requires further discussion.
*Obviously, this is simplification. Severity alone might not be enough to take an informative decision, so other parts of bug report can help decide.
Answer: My 5 cents

Blocker: The defect affects critical functionality or critical data.
It does not have a workaround. Example: Cannot login, cannot upload
data,
Critical: The defect affects major functionality or major data. It
has a workaround but is not obvious and is difficult. Example: All
exceptions, security bugs
Minor: The defect affects minor functionality or non-critical data.
It has an easy workaround. Example: Open unexpected page
Trivial: The defect does not affect functionality or data. It does
not even need a workaround. It does not impact productivity or
efficiency. It is merely an inconvenience. Example: Petty layout
discrepancies, spelling/grammatical errors.
Answer: I like to use the following:

Boulder
Rock
Gravel
Sand

Visualize each one falling on your head...
The beauty of this system is when you also visualize a truckload of sand being dumped on your head.   Even though a system may have no huge issues, too many small issues can make it unusable as well.
Comment: It communicates the importance of a large number of lower severity issues better that any other posted solution.  In fact, none of the other systems communicate this idea at all.
Comment: funny, but not possible to use in business
Comment: Why is it not possible to use in business?
Comment: @semaj - How many companies/organizations did you use it in ? Did all of them accept it ? Did it cause any issues after adoption ?
Comment: @Dee - IMO, it seems clearer to me than your approach of A,B,C,D. Why do you think it is not possible to use in business ?
Answer: The importance of any label is only as much as you make of it. It's just a label and not a law. There is no specific standard for that.
The most appropriate practice to follow for labeling bug severity is to sit down with your project team and decide?

what suggestions you have for it?
Would they like to make any changes to your suggestions?
Do they have better option/proposal that is acceptable?

And you can do it with anything,

Numbers
Alphabets Words
Color Codes

Or any other thing that you can think of.
Bug severity is only for conveying a message of the importance of how badly a bug can affect the software and that it needs to be fixed immediately or can be dealt with after other priority fixes. This message can only be conveyed most effectively when the team and you use a system that all understand equally.
Answer: In my opinion, most common categorization is A-B-C, eventually A-B-C-D. Ideally there should be a description for each severity agreed by all stakeholders. For example it could be like this:
Severity A or 'Critical' : defect that need to be fixed before the application can be released into production. Some part of application is not working at all or it can cause business or financial loss. There is no workaround.
Severity B or 'Major' : defect causes great deviation from the business requirements if released into production. Workaround is possible.
Severity C or 'Medium' : defect causes minimal deviation from the business requirements if released into production.
Severity D or 'Minor' or 'Cosmetic' : defect causes no deviation from the business requirements if released into production. It could be static texts, colors etc.
Additionally, bug can be categorized as a Showstopper. It means tester could not continue in his test. Usually showstopper has severity A but rarely it could be lover severity, depend on the situation.
Comment: Based on what you concluded A-B-C is the most common categorization?
Comment: @ dzieciou: based on what it is not? It is not a conclusion, but opinion as everyone is signed.
Comment: I updated you answer saying that this is your opinion.
Answer: Why not just two levels: NOW or LATER.  NOW means address it now, as in before you go to lunch/go home. LATER means that your boss keeps it on his list, until too many things become LATER, and then it effectively becomes somebody else's problem, since it will take another "discovery" to reintroduce the bug/inconvenience to the "NOW or LATER" decision.
If something is annoying or inconvenient, but assigned the LATER label, it will not cause a problem by itself, but enough of these and somebody will force part of the collection into NOW.
Comment: SEVERTIY is different from PRIORITY
Comment: What if you have 100 things labeled NOW and 100 things LATER, how do you decide what to pick up first. You need a bit more detail in the priority and serverity


Question marked as duplicate, but original does't have valid answer

Question: Change color for one part of placeholder
This question is marked as duplicate on Stack Overflow, but since there is no valid answer in the original question, should I post my answer there as well even if original question is almost 2 years old?
Answer:
Question marked as duplicate, but original don't have valid answer

A question can still be a duplicate, even if the other question doesn't have an answer.
Of course, in this case, both questions have answers, so I assume by "valid" answer, you mean "an answer itsgoingdown thinks is correct."

should I post my answer there as well

Normally, yes. If you have an answer to contribute, you should share it on the master question.
However, in this case, there is little point in doing so, because you've already answered the duplicate question. You would just be copying and pasting your answer, and that doesn't help anybody. If you feel strongly that your answer is useful and should appear on the master question, then flag the duplicate and ask a moderator to merge the two questions. Use the "other" option so you can type a detailed explanation of your request.

even if original question is almost 2 years old

This isn't a message board: we don't care about age here. If you have a good answer to a question, then you can and should contribute it, regardless of how old the question is.
Comment: A question on the last part. Though this is no message board, sometimes old questions did become irrelevant due to the change of software and/or main stream standard. What would the guideline be if that were the case?
Comment: "A question can still be a duplicate, even if the other question doesn't have an answer." Really? Was that changed at some point?
Answer: A viable way is to edit the original question, and make it clear why it's actually not answered in the marked duplicate.
This will push the question in the reopen queue, and after it will (perhaps) reopened, you can answer it.
If you really think your answer gives some important additional aspect, put it at the marked duplicate.


Why I test dns servers with tor and always show google dns or open dns

Question: Why I test dns servers with tor and always show google dns or open dns? is it mean tor is not anonymous any more?
Comment: is tor use google dns or open dns  dns servers?
Answer: A Tor client does not know where or how any DNS record will be resolved. It hands off this resolving to some exit relay. Infact, in the best case scenario (because it's less likely to result in applications leaking DNS) the client doesn't even care about DNS, it simply hands off the hostname and lets the other side handle it.
From tor-spec.txt:

6.2. Opening streams and transferring data
To open a new anonymized TCP connection, the OP chooses an open
     circuit to an exit that may be able to connect to the destination
     address, selects an arbitrary StreamID not yet used on that circuit,
     and constructs a RELAY_BEGIN cell with a payload encoding the address
     and port of the destination host.
[...SNIP...]
Upon receiving this cell, the exit node resolves the address as
     necessary, and opens a new TCP connection to the target port.

Alternatively, it's possible to explicitly request an exit relay to resolve an address:

6.4. Remote hostname lookup
To find the address associated with a hostname, the OP sends a
     RELAY_RESOLVE cell containing the hostname to be resolved with a NUL
     terminating byte. (For a reverse lookup, the OP sends a RELAY_RESOLVE
     cell containing an in-addr.arpa address.) The OR replies with a
     RELAY_RESOLVED cell containing any number of answers.

This means that the mechanism for resolving hostnames is entirely entirely at the exit node. Tor uses libevent's eventdns as an asynchronous, caching DNS resolver internally and by default that will use the operating systems DNS resolver, although this can be managed through the ServerDNSResolvConfFile option in torrc.
There are definite problems with one entity seeing large portions of Tor circuit destinations and there are further still problems with public DNS providers applying censorship and even NXDOMAIN hijacking, resulting in degradation or denial of service for Tor users.
There have been multiple calls to various mailing lists and even the Tor Project wiki to ask users to diversify their DNS servers but unfortunately it's often not heeded or it's overlooked, and so defaults prevail.
For further reading, I'd recommend Philipp Winter's summary of various studies and effects.
Answer: If they are not explicitly set on your system, then - in case of utilization of Tor's DNSPort internal resolver - it uses the actual resolver of the exit node, and it's a quite common case to set Google DNS or other open DNS solution servers on a server. It has it's security concerns, mentioned here, for example - but it's not a serious issue.
As for my personal opinion - a local recursive DNS without ISP forwarding is a good solution for exit nodes.
Comment: so is tor still safe and anonymous?but it use google dns and open dns servers
Comment: yes, it keeps it's anonymity intact even with concerns about that matter - as far as I know the subject. Use a full local BIND DNS server setup with no forwarding - and you'll be well on your exit node. If open dns project would be malicious - I think we would hear about that and see the real facts: they have appeared years ago, and no problem so far
Comment: very appreciate for you solve my questions? and I gave you good reputation
Comment: thanks! by the way - if you'll add some more details about how and why you're doing this research - I'm glad to help


iPhone Vibrate Level

Question: Does the current volume for one's iPhone have any implication on how "loud" it vibrates? Or is vibrate "loudness" static, i.e. the vibrate level remains the same no matter what the phone's volume level is.
Answer: Vibrate is the same no matter what the volume level is. You can turn vibrate off for certain contacts if you want which is helpful for "noisy" contacts. Notifications will still show up on the locked screen.

iPhone Vibrate Level


Why is Green always associated with Islam?

Question: It seems like most Muslim countries have green in their flags (indeed, Qaddahfi's Libyan flag was just green!).  This color seems to be associated with politically with most Islamic states, but I'm wondering why.  Is there a source to the tradition? Is it in the texts? Or, is it just a coincidence?
Comment: "Qaddahfi's Libyan flag was just green" That's not a proper example indeed!
Answer: Wikipedia has an article on this specifically.

"Reclining on green Cushions and rich Carpets of beauty" (sura 55, verse 76)
"Upon them will be green garments of fine silk and heavy brocade, and they will be adorned with bracelets of silver; and their Lord will give to them to drink of a Water Pure and Holy." (sura 76, verse 21)

It's the color of a lot of things in Paradise. The Quran doesn't really mention a lot of other colors positively, IIRC. So if someone wanted to pick out an "Islamic" color, it would just have to be green.
Comment: I also want to add that, The prophet (SM)'s favorite color was green. I'll update this with a citation later
Comment: Salaam and welcome to Islam.SE . Please take a look at the FAQ and highly upvoted questions and answers to get a sense of what we do here. This is a focused question and answer website and unlike a lot of other forums and Islamic website you may have prior experience with. We encourage answers here to answer the question in a self-contained and well-referenced manner and to be substantially more than just a link.  Also we discourage speculation and opinion. Please feel free to join us in the chat room and ask any questions you might have.
Answer: There is no relation between green and Islam. I think it just a coincidence. If you take a look at all countries' flags you will find that green is very common in many flags.
Qaddahfi's flag was green because he wrote a book called the green book, every thing in Libya (before revolution) was named green. See Libyan flag history.
Also Saudi-Arabia flag is green, but I don't know why!
The old Islamic flag (at prophet Mohamed's time) was black with white writing. The color of Islamic empires after it differs in colors. Sometime black, sometimes red and sometimes green.


Can I reuse my own answers outside of Ask Ubuntu?

Question: Suppose one day I woke up and decided "I'm gonna start a blog about Ubuntu" or "I'm gonna write a book about Ubuntu". Over time I've accumulated large amounts of answers, some of which could be combined into chapters/blog posts of their own. Now, I know the reuse of other people's answers has to come with attribution, and in fact a lot of my answers do rely on research from other sources. But what about my own answers? Can I republish them in another form? What are Stack Exchange policies on that?
Answer: IANAL but,

Material posted on Stack Exchange sites is owned by its author (you) and made available under the CC BY-SA Creative Commons license.
As the owner of the material, you are free to do anything you want with it elsewhere. You do not have to provide attribution to yourself or mention SE or the CC license when you republish this material. You are the licensor, and you own the Copyright. Licenses like CC and Copyleft which aim to make material more shareable and provide more rights to users all depend to some extent on the rights of the owner as established in Copyright law for their enforceability.

Note however that you cannot revoke the CC BY-SA license you have granted to Stack Exchange. That is, you cannot remove the material you have posted here under a CC license in order to make it available exclusively elsewhere (I know that's not what you asked, but it may be of interest to readers).
Technically, this means that you don't have the right to delete your own content here (although you'll have noticed that the UI allows you to do so), only the right to have your identity disassociated from it.
To put this as simply as I can, your posts are your work so you have a right to distribute their content. The license you have eternally granted to SE to use that content doesn't affect that right (but it gives many rights to others to use your work which they would not otherwise have).
Another point worth noting is that significant additions to a post by editors would, I believe, technically require attribution.
For more details see, for example

What should I think about before applying a Creative Commons License?
Stack Exchange TOS - section 6
Comment: @Lynob self-deleting useful posts is frowned upon on SE as it can be seen as self-vandalism. Unless there's a really convincing reason to do it, moderators would probably just undelete the answers, lock them, and in the worst case, suspend the user for mass self-vandalism. Even if the user decides to delete the account, the answers will mostly just stay on SE.
Comment: Maybe related: [A site (or scraper) is copying content from Stack Exchange. What should I do?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/200177/387352) and [Attribution Required](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2009/06/attribution-required/).
Comment: Why can't you delete the posts? If I have a large amount of answers, can't I spend few days deleting them, then delete my profile, then after disappearing from SE databases, I publish a book? I'd assume deleting the vast majority of answers is simple, deleting a question is impossible if it got answers, but someone who wants to write a book is more interested in exporting his answers. Maybe deleting an accepted answer isn't possible? I don't know but I would assume that the accepted answers of a user aren't more than 40% on average, so 60% can be deleted right?
Comment: @Lynob I suggest reading the TOS. Afaik by posting on SE you grant them an irrevocable license to use, share, adapt & reproduce your work (these rights are sticky, contagious - anyone using SE receives them) and you can only demand that they comply with the license that gives you the right of attribution and the right to disassociate yourself from the work. You can delete your posts (SE give you a delete button for convenience) but many self-deletions raise an automatic vandalism flag and as Andrew T suggests mods can undelete and lock your posts and you have no legal right to stop them.
Comment: @AndrewT. Indeed. FTR, in case folk are wondering, when a user's account is deleted, all their negatively scored posts are deleted, which is often bad, because they might include questions with good answers that get deleted with them, and deleted questions are really hard to find. I think a reason SE gives users (at 10k, or less on beta sites) the ability to see deleted posts is so that those users can check that good content hasn't been deleted and take action if we notice it has.
Comment: Protip: The proper name of the license is CC BY-SA. I can't suggest an edit because this is a meta site.
Comment: @DmitryKudriavtsev thanks! Hopefully it is correct now
Answer: Yes. Content you create is yours.
There was briefly a clause in the Terms and Conditions that —by my reading— had the inadvertent impact of demanding attribution. I also occasionally write technical blog posts so I shared your concern.  I pointed this out and the offending clause was promptly fixed.
So again, things you create and submit here remain yours. You can reuse them wherever you like without attribution or restriction.
However, the "you create" aspect is important. Posts get edited, sometimes extensively. If it contains substantive edits from other people (copyright law isn't black and white, I can't define substantive), there is an argument that the end result is not entirely yours. Even if it's heavily edited, you could use it under the  CC-BY-SA license (see footer link), or use an earlier revision that was substantively yours.
And while it's not the focus of your question, it came up in the comments of Zanna's excellent answer but SE and its sites have an enduring license to use the content you submit. They don't own it, they just have a license, but it's irrevocable. This comes up when people rage-quit and try to take all their answers with them. We moderators tend to stop and undo that. Obviously this makes those people super-happy but we're really just exercising our rights to the content in the interest of the sites.


Does the MultiBit linux jar file run in windows?

Question: A windows system has a standalone java and is not recognized by the installer. A jar file can be run on the command line. Is the MultiBit linux jar and the windows installed one the same?
Answer: The Linux installer is slightly different to the windows installer in that there are different scripts to get the host machine to recognise the bitcoin URIs.
What ARE very similar is the multibit-exe.jar (used on Linux and Mac) and the multibit.exe (used in Windows). The exe is basically a wrapped jar file.
On any operating system you can run MultiBit jar file by running:
cd 'the MultiBit installation directory'
'path to java'/java -jar multibit-exe.jar
Make sure you cd to the install directory first as it uses that to pick up some files.
Comment: Great. I thought a jar is a jar anywhere and wanted to make sure. Thanks.
Comment: Are these scripts (reg files?) necessary for the windows client to function properly? The reason for the question in the first place is that the installer will not allow to install if it does not find java. As an alternative, have a no-install zip package or have the installer option to install anyway. Of course 99.999999999999% of normal users would never need these options. Maybe the only one right here. Another option is to have the scripts you mentioned as a download on your site. If the scripts are not needed then disregard this comment. lol
Comment: The scripts are to register MultiBit to handle bitcoin URI links when you click them in a browser.


Differences between programming model and programming paradigm?

Question:
What is the relation and difference between a programming model and
a programming paradigm? (especially when talking about the
programming model and the programming paradigm for a programming
language.)
Wikipedia
tries to answer my question in 1:

Programming paradigms can also be compared with programming models that are abstractions of computer systems. For example, the
  "von Neumann model" is a programming model used in traditional
  sequential computers. For parallel computing, there are many
  possible models typically reflecting different ways processors can
  be interconnected. The most common are based on shared memory,
  distributed memory with message passing, or a hybrid of the two.

But I don't understand it:

Is it incorrect that the quote in Wikipedia says "the 'von Neumann model' is a programming model", because I understand
that the Von Neumann model is an architectural model from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture?
Are the parallel programming models "typically reflecting different ways processors can be interconnected"? Or are parallel
architectural models "reflecting different ways processors can be
interconnected" instead?

In order to answer the question in 1, could you clarify  what a programming model is?
Is it correct that a programming model provided/implemented by a
programming language or API library, and such implementation isn't
unique?
From Rauber's Parallel Programming book, "programming model" is
an abstraction above "model of computation (i.e. computational
model)" which is in turn above "architectural model". I guess that a
programming model isn't just used in parallel computing, but for a
programming language, or API library.
Answer: A programming model is implied by the system architecture. If your system architecture is a register machine, your programming model will consist of machine code operations on registers. If your architecture is a stack machine, your programming model will consist of stack operations. A Von Neumann architecture and a Harvard architecture will have other programming models. Self modifying code p.e. wil be possible in a Von Neumann architecture but not in a Harvard architecture.
A programming paradigm is more highlevel: it is the way a problem is modelled (imperative or declarative, Object oriented, functional, logic,...). A single paradigm language supports one of these. Multiparadigm languages are more a sort of Swiss armyknive which take elements out of more paradigms.
Every architecture (and corresponding model) will have his own set of machine code instructions. This machine code language itself will follow the imperative paradigm (do this , do that, read register A, add the value to register B,... or put a value on top af the stack, put another value on top of the stack, add the two values on top..., etc...)
(At least I never saw a non-imperative hardware processor)
A high level language (of whatever paradigm) will be compiled or interpreted to this machine code.
About parallelism: If we consider interconnected processors it will be clear that the way they interconnect will be part of the programming model. An old INMOS transputer p.e. connects with four other transputers. The machine code wil have instructions to communicate with the naburing transputers.
But also on recent systems the way to provide mutual exclusion will have to be resolved on low level. On a one processor system we will have to put the interrupts on and off when leaving or entering the critical section. On a multiprocessor system we will need a monoatomic 'test and set' instruction. This is part of the programming model.
Parallel computing paradigms are high level models to use parallelism. Think on languages who have threaded objects, or use semaphores and monitors as language elements.
When we program on different operating systems, different API's will be used. (or even if we program on the same system but we use an other library - a graphics library p.e.). This will change our programming model. the low level code will be different, but if there is a good abstraction (sort of code once, compile anywhere) this will be invisible in the high level language. If not, you will have to make small changes in your code. But since you will use the same high level language, there will be no change of paradigm.
Answer: There is no exact answer to your question. The terms "programming model" and "programming paradigm" are not exact technical terms that have fixed definitions. Depending on a context, some authors might define "programming model" in some specific way, but that will usually turn out to cover only some aspects of what people understand under "programming model".
As a good rule of thumb, you should run away from anyone using the word "paradigm". (I was a graduate student when the word was severly overused.)
Nevertheless, it is still very useful to use these phrases, even though they are not very precise. They are helpful in explaining and organizing various aspects of computation. But keep in mind that there are no accepted mathematical definitions that entirely cover the usage. Therefore, if you ask very precise questions, you will not get very precise answers, but rather opinions and helpful explanations.
In particular, you asked: "What is the relation and difference between a programming model and a programming paradigm?" Well, that depends on who you ask and what decade you live in. Here is what my dictionary says:

paradigm – a worldview underlying the theories and methodology of a particular scientific subject
model – a simplified description, especially a mathematical one, of a system or process, to assist calculations and predictions

So, a paradigm is a broader concept than a model. In any case, I advise you to not think about your question as one of science because it is not.
Answer:
Programming models bridge the gap between the underlying hardware architecture and the supporting layers of software available to applications.
Programming models are different from both programming languages and application programming interfaces (APIs). Specifically, a
  programming model is an abstraction of the underlying computer system that allows for the expression of both algorithms and data structures.
In comparison, languages and APIs provide implementations of these abstractions and allow the algorithms and data structures to be put into
  practice – a programming model exists independently of the choice of both the programming language and the supporting APIs.
Programming models are typically focused on achieving increased developer productivity, performance, and portability to other system designs. The rapidly changing nature of processor architectures and the complexity of designing an exascale platform provide significant challenges
  for these goals. Several other factors are likely to impact the design of future programming models.

Source https://asc.llnl.gov/content/assets/docs/exascale-pmWG.pdf, "Advanced Simulation and Computing" (nuclear weapons)
More on twitter : #ProgrammingModel
Programming paradigms

Imperative Programming with an explicit sequence of commands that update state.
Declarative Programming by specifying the result you want, not how to get it.
Structured Programming with clean, goto-free, nested control structures.
Procedural Imperative programming with procedure calls.
Functional (Applicative) Programming with function calls that avoid any global state.
Event-Driven Programming with emitters and listeners of asynchronous actions.
Flow-Driven Programming processes communicating with each other over predefined channels.
Logic (Rule-based) Programming by specifying a set of facts and rules. An engine infers the answers to questions.

Source https://cs.lmu.edu/~ray/notes/paradigms/
Thinking through these definitions helps give answers to the question.
One way to reason would be to say that programming models are closer to the design of a system / application and can be made of one or more programming paradigms which are close to a programming language.
This can be seen very clearly in data science applications where a number of technologies are used, each with their own programming paradigm, but overall the system the architect should keep a cohesive programming model.
More on this way of reasoning : https://twitter.com/semanticbeeng/status/1103027054302425089?s=20


How to express $\cosh(4x)$ as a polynomial in $\cosh(x)$

Question: My friend needs help with this question and I don't know it.
Answer: $$\cosh(2x)=2\cosh^2(x)-1$$
$$\cosh(4x)=2\cosh^2(2x)-1=2(2\cosh^2(x)-1)^2-1=8\cosh^4(x)-8\cosh^2(x)+1$$
Answer: If you use the definition of the hyperbolic cosine then, dropping the factor 2, you have:
$\exp(4x)+\exp(-4x) = (\exp(2x)-\exp(-2x))^2+2$
then,
$\exp(2x)-\exp(-2x) = (\exp(x)+\exp(-x))(\exp(x)-\exp(-x))$
if you do it you should get something like (if I'm not mistaken)
$\cosh(4x) = 8(\cosh(x))^2(\sinh(x))^2+1$
then, if you want to replace the $\sinh$ you can use the fact that $(\cosh(x))^2-(\sinh(x))^2=1$.
Answer: For a mechanical way to translate the more familiar trigonometric identities to hyperbolic function identities, use
$$\cosh x=\cos(ix),\qquad \sinh x=-i\sin(ix).$$
But perhaps an identity for $\cos(4w)$ does not qualify as familiar. However, it is easy to derive from standard facts:
$$\cos(4w)=2\cos^2 (2w) -1=2(2\cos^2 w -1)^2-1.$$
Putting $w=ix$, we obtain in a mechanical way
$$\cosh(4x)=2(2\cosh^2 x -1)^2-1.$$


How many nations are there in the Naruto universe?

Question: How many total countries are present in the Naruto universe, including small or less significant ones? Are there only the five nations which participated in the war?
Answer: There are for sure more than the big five nations. I never watched a single episode of Naruto, but I will try to provide an answer here. You only ask for the nations, but I will add a list of the villages too.

This map is made by xShadowRebirthx. This is not a official map and also some places could be differ from the original! Click on the image to enlarge the map.
The countries in Naruto operate as separate political entities and are presumably all monarchies, ruled by feudal lords who stand equally in rank with the hidden villages' leaders.
The great five countries
Five of the countries are considered to be the most powerful and influential of them all.

Land of Earth

The country is mostly comprised of desolate, rocky areas. The border
  of the Land of Earth runs along a rocky mountain range, blocking
  communication with other countries. The wind blowing from the north
  passes over these mountains, carrying small rocks from the Land of
  Earth to the surrounding countries.

Land of Fire

The Land of Fire is appropriately oriented towards the element of
  fire, typically having very bright and warm weather. While not the
  physically largest country, it has the largest hidden village.

Land of Lightning

In the centre of the country are vast mountain ranges, whose many
  thunderstorms are said to give the country its name. From these
  mountain ranges, many rivers flow to the sea, creating a very crooked
  coastline that displays an impressive oceanic beauty. There are many
  hot springs located within the country.

Land of Water

The country's weather is typically cool and the islands are usually
  covered by mist. The islands themselves also feature many lakes. The
  nation is oriented towards the element of water.

Land of Wind

The country covers a vast realm, but that realm is largely composed of
  deserts. Because there is very little rainfall throughout the year,
  the people of the country live in villages built on one of the
  desert's many oases. Despite the country's extremely harsh
  environment, it has a large population.

So there are all countries listed, here are four more of the bigger ones

Land of Iron
Land of Snow
Land of Sound
Land of Sky

Minor countries

I also found some other wich I could not assign to a catagory. These are the Land of Grass, Land of Rain, Land of Read Beans, Land of Rice Fields, Land of the Waterfall, Land of Udon and Land of Waves.
Shinobi Villages/Hidden Villages
Shinobi villages, or also called hidden villages, are ninja villages that serve as the military force for their country.

In summary, there are the 5 big nations, the 4 smaller one which make 9 nations. There are 28 minor countries (or 7 more if you count the not categorized countries) and 31 hidden villages.
Most of the information are from the Narutopedia. Other information from the frozen site narutoarikiri. A cached version is available here.
Comment: with Minor countries i think most can be prefixed with "Land of " though i don't know if this is a set fast rule on all Minor countries isn't aren't suffixed with " Island"
Comment: @Memor-X yea your right. I did not wrote that because it would not readable anymore. And I also did not want to write them in a list because you have to scroll so long. I have put them into a table now and I also found some more :3
Answer: There is definitvely more than 5 countries. You can find all the countries on this site:
(from Waybackmachine)
Comment: @Izumi-reiLuLu This is also only a temporary solution. The answer should be provided on this site. It is only a question of time and also this site could be break, moved or the cache gets updated or whatever.
Comment: The website is frozen (will this site up again?). Therefore it is not an answer! You should edit it. It is also not a good idea to provide links without the actual answer here. You should answer here and than link to the source.
Comment: @Gerret- In short I think this answer should probably be deleted anyways. It only relies on a link (which is frozen and doesn't work and also who's to say waybackmachine will stay open forever too).
Comment: -1 for the perfect example as to why we want people to explain what's in the links, in case if the site does go down
Comment: I managed to save the answer or well the link anyways. If a site is frozen then their will most likely be a cached version of it complete on [Wayback Machine](http://web.archive.org/).
Comment: @Izumi-reiLuLu Yes I think so! I write at the moment a answer and provide a long lasting source (hopefully)
Answer: First there are the 5 villages:

Leaf
Sand
Stone
Mist
Cloud

Then the hidden villages:

Waterfall (Kakuzu)
Steam (Hidan)
Rain (Pain and Konan)

Don't forget hidden Sound and Grass. Then the Uzumaki village and hidden Frost village.
Also in the Naruto manga (I forgot what book but the one with Edo Haku and and Edo Sasori), it says that the main hidden villages asked hidden Frost and Steam to move to a safer place, so it was somewhat involving them. Then when Sasuke revived Orochimaru they went to the battle field with Karin Jugo and Suigetsu (and the past hokages), this doesn't count as hidden Sound.
Comment: There are alot more than these you listed here...


Any scientific logic on prohibiting porn (pornography)?

Question: I already know that pornography is haram and harmful. I just want someone to explain me its reason scientifically. Can anybody do that? What reactions looking at nude pictures do in a human body? I'm one hundred sure that there's a logical reason behind this. I need to know it.
Comment: I think it's better if you search "Health/Education" websites/blogs for what you asked about (take this as an [example](http://www.covenanteyes.com/2014/02/03/brain-chemicals-and-porn-addiction/)). You already know it is haram and you are not looking for a fatwa here.
Comment: A science based answer is not what we except here, we could in first place give you a Shari'a or Islamic based explanation!
Comment: Try [health.se] for questions about the health effects of pornography, if any.
Answer: I survey scientific meta reviews below.  Pornography was associated with:

more sexual partners,
increased condom use,
lower interpersonal relationship satisfaction,
addiction,
male adolescent sexual offenses,
sexual aggression (both perpetration and victimization),
more permissive sexual attitudes,
stronger gender-stereotypical sexual beliefs,
reduced satisfaction with romantic partners, and
sexual dysfunction.

Not all of the above can be deemed "bad", but most are.  In fact, I was surprised how many undesirable associations pornography has.

Sexual risk behavior
Harkness et al. (2015) gave a meta review on pornography in relation to sexual risk behavior.  They found:

For both Internet pornography and general pornography, links with greater unsafe sex practices and number of sexual partners were identified.

They study three topics in particular:

Unsafe sex and condom use.

All seven studies found evidence of an association... between pornography use and safer sex practice.

Number  of  sexual  partners.

The overall results suggested that there is a robust association between pornography use and a higher number of sexual partners.

Casual sex behavior.  There was some evidence to associate pornography consumption with more casual sexual partners, particularly in men.  This was not strong, however:

The findings were mixed and require further replication and clarification due to the greater sexual health risk of casual sex when compared to sex with regular partners.

Teen sex
Ferguson et al. (2017) gave a meta on pornography in relation to teen sex.  They found:

Results indicated the presence only of very weak effects. ...

Relationship satisfaction
Wright et al. (2017) (pdf) gave a meta review on pornography in relation to the consumers' satisfaction with themselves (intrapersonal satisfaction) and others (interpersonal satisfaction).  They found:

Pornography consumption was not related to the intrapersonal satisfaction outcomes that were studied. However, pornography consumption was associated with lower interpersonal satisfaction ... But analyses by sex indicted significant results for men only.

Addiction
Love et al. (2015) reviewed neuroscientific studies on Internet addiction and Internet gaming disorder.  They found that:

Internet pornography addiction fits into the addiction framework and shares similar basic mechanisms with substance addiction

Male adolescent sexual offenses
Seto and Lalumiere (2010) (doi) gave a meta review on the risk factors for male adolescent sex offenders.  Among their findings were:

[male] adolescent sex offenders reported more exposure [to pornography] ... Finally, adolescent sex offenders reported significantly more atypical sexual fantasies, behaviors, or interests, or were more often diagnosed with a paraphilia

Sexual aggression
Wright et al. (2015) gave a meta review on pornography in relation to sexual aggression.  They found:

Consumption was associated with sexual aggression in the United States and internationally, among males and females, and in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Associations were stronger for verbal than physical sexual aggression, although both were significant.

Adolescents and pornography
Peter and Valkenburg (2016) gave a broad meta review about adolescents and pornography.  They found:

Adolescents who used pornography more frequently were male, at a more advanced pubertal stage, sensation seekers, and had weak or troubled family relations. Pornography use was associated with more permissive sexual attitudes and tended to be linked with stronger gender-stereotypical sexual beliefs. It also seemed to be related to the occurrence of sexual intercourse, greater experience with casual sex behavior, and more sexual aggression, both in terms of perpetration and victimization.

Romantic relationships
Rasmussen (2016) gave a meta review in relation to pornography and romantic relationships.  They found:

In particular, findings suggest that pornography can reduce satisfaction with partners and relationships through contrast effects, reduce commitment by increasing the appeal of relationship alternatives, and increase acceptance of infidelity. Evidence connecting pornography to rape or sexual aggression remains mixed, although these effects continue to have important implications for how romantic partners interact.

Sexual dysfunction
Park et al. (2016) gave a meta review in relation to pornography and sexual dysfunction.  They found:

... evidence has mounted that Internet pornography may be a factor in the rapid surge in rates of sexual dysfunction

and go on to say

Clinical reports suggest that terminating Internet pornography use is sometimes sufficient to reverse negative effects ...
Answer: Some evidence may suggest that it is to avoid unnecessary arousal, there is some medical evidence that one can get addicted to arousal and it affects the brain in a negative way in the long term. (allahu alim)
So if this is bad:

The Messenger of Allaah (Peace & Blessings of Allaah be upon Him) said: "O Ali, do not follow a glance with another, for you will be forgiven for the first, but not for the second." (Reported by al-Tirmidhi, 2701; see Saheeh al-Jaami', 7953)

And this is bad:

Rasul Allah (sal Allahu alaihi wa sallam) said: "Whenever a non-mahram man and woman meet in seclusion, Shaytaan definitely is the third one joining them." [Tirmidhi]

Imagine pornography, which is a plague upon the whole of society those who are engaged in watching/producing are often among some of the most depressed individuals.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography_addiction

Also historically what often happened to society engaged in depravity were met by a very peculiar end. Such society had high living standards for their time and both started to engage in immorality thus forgetting/rejecting the blessing that Allah (swt) bestowed upon them.
Answer: Apart from the link which Atata provided (in comments) and others have provided in their answers, the main reason I reckon (scientifically) is that your brain size decreases due to the high amount of novelty involved in it.
You care less about relationships and you live in a fantasy world of pornography. You care less about Akhirah etc.


What are the most common uses of radio communication when flying?

Question: What are the most common uses of radio communication in aviation? I know that many aviators communicate with the people in towers with radio, but what do pilots say to the people in the towers and vice versa? What do pilots and ATCers communicate about.
Comment: Related: [What ATC entities does a commercial airliner communicate with?](https://aviation.stackexchange.com/q/167/1696)
Comment: Is it your intent to limit this to spoken communications?
Answer: It will be hard to list everything that is said, but I can try to start with some of the basic examples:

Pilot is ready to taxi to the Runway
P: Tower, N12345, has information Tango, at South Parking, ready to taxi.
T: N12345, taxi to runway 13 via Alpha, Delta.

Pilot is ready to take off
P: Tower, N12345, is ready to go at runway 13. Request SouthEast Departure
T: N12345, cleared for takeoff, SouthEast Departure approved.

Pilot wants to cross another airspace
P: Tower, N12345, is 10 miles to the East, 1,500, request transition east-to-west
T: N12345, transition approved as requested.

Pilot wants to approach an airport to land
P: Tower, N12345, is 10 miles to the South, 1,500. To Land
T: N12345, make Left-traffic for runway 17; report a 2 mile final
Answer: Radio communication is used to pass information aircraft to ground, ground to aircraft, aircraft to aircraft or whatever other direction you can imagine.  This information could be anything relevant to the flight.  For instance, when flying VFR at an uncontrolled airport it is expected that you announce your intentions while taking off or landing so that other pilots can anticipate what you will do and where you will be.  Crossing areas with no radar coverage you use an HF radio to announce your position periodically because ground controllers cannot see you.  This serves as a method to know you're still alive and allows for at least some level of separation from other aircraft.  Other pilots can also hear these position reports so they know where you are.
When talking to controllers you could be discussing weather, vectors to a destination or geographic point or a number of other things.  Sometimes it may not be relevant to the flight, such as asking the score during the World Series.  Not exactly the purpose of aviation communication, but this sort of thing happens more than you would think.  I've even done late night flights were I would be talking to another pilot heading in the same direction for hours just shooting the breeze.  A couple of times controllers would participate.
These are just examples.  The list could go on and on.
Comment: This answer completely neglects to mention the main use of radio: air traffic control.
Answer: The most important use of aircraft radio is communication with air traffic control. You already know there is something called tower, but air traffic control is much more than that. With the exception of small private airfields and low level flights in remote areas, pilots are in contact with air traffic control from the moment they leave the gate/parking position, until the moment they park at their destination. Air traffic control decides which way the pilot must fly, how high and how fast. Of course, it is up to the pilot to let ATC know what they want to do, but the pilot is not allowed to simply do it.
Ever been in an airliner approaching an airport? During approach, the aircraft will make a series of turns, eventually ending up on the runway. Every time the aircraft makes a turn, that's ATC telling the pilots to do so. Every little turn, every change in altitude, every speed change - air traffic control instructions, submitted to the pilots by radio.
There are books written on air traffic control, and I think it is beyond the scope of this question to go into detail. I do encourage you to do some research on your own - including on this site. So to summarize the answer to your question: aircraft radios are used by pilots to communicate with air traffic control.
Answer: As a General Aviation (GA) practitioner and advocate (AOPA, Hooah!!), I must ensure that Unicom and Multicom communications are thoroughly explained.
Unlike air carrier crew members, GA pilots are required to take sole responsibility for maintaining safe separation distances and attitudes from other aircraft, making dynamic air traffic management command decisions in an array of high paced environments regarding flight procedures and operations, and the utilization of technologically advanced radio communicate  and navigation systems to ensure safe and efficient operations through the air space they are utilizing.
Air carrier crew members are forbidden from engaging in these and many more operational procedures which require decision making capabilities which are independent from the strict, pre-planned, and thoroughly rehearsed guidance provided by air traffic controllers (ATC). These seemingly higher risk operations are only authorized to those pilots who have demonstrated a high level of skill and single pilot crew resource management skills. The vast majority of flights in the US operating in the uncontrolled realm do so under Visual Flight Rules (VFR). Here are the basics of communications in uncontrolled airfields and airspace:
Unicom frequencies are used at airfields or designated volumes of airspace (practice areas, scenic corridors, published transition corridors, etc.) which have no ATC services available. In the absence of a published Unicom frequency, piloted will use what's called the Multicom frequency, which in the US is 122.9 MHz, to make radio calls.
In either case, pilots decide unilaterally how and where they will maneuver their aircraft to accomplish what they are intending to do (practice maneuvers, land, take-off, etc.) In order to ensure all other pilots in the vicinity understand the position and intentions of their aircraft, a pilot will provide "self-announce" radio calls over the designated Unicom frequency (found on charts) when and where appropriate (as determined through training and experience).
When operating in airfield traffic patterns, this is generally done just prior to turning onto the subsequent traffic pattern leg (upwind, crosswind, downwind, base, and final). Pilots however may elect to modify this model based on Unicom frequency congestion and/or local area special procedures.
Pilots structure each individual radio transmission using the following protocol:
Intended Recipients -> Aircraft Type and Registration Number (shortened in most cases) -> Aircraft Position and/or Intent -> Runway (if applicable) -> Location of Intended Recipients
Probably doesn't make much sense, so here are some examples.

In this scenario, we are in a Cirrus SR-20 with registration number N566GL (Totally made up, didn't check the FAA registry, so...yeah might be a 777 for all I know!), and we're parked at an airport in Northampton, MA (7B2). We're going to take one trip around the traffic pattern and land. Let's say we're doing a maintenance test flight, just for funnsies.

I'm not going to spell out what the aircraft is doing with each radio call, just what would be transmitted as some context notes in parentheses if applicable. If the call is answered, I'll put it in there for continuity. Take note of the slight structure variations in the first transmission, when the communication is directed at a specific recipient as opposed to transmissions meant for any aircraft in the vicinity. Also, the phonetic alphabet is used in all radio calls, which I spell out in the initial transmission. I shorten them to single letters for the rest of the transmissions for the sake of brevity. Here we go:

Northampton Unicom, Cirrus 6 GULF LIMA, Radio Check please.
-Cirrus 6GL, Northampton Unicom, radio check loud and clear (or 5 by 5, or something like 'Aircraft calling Northampton Unicom, you're broken and unreadable')
Northampton Unicom, Cirrus 6GL, I have you the same, thank you.
Northampton Traffic, Cirrus 6GL, Currently parked on the west apron, taxiing to Runway 14, Northampton. (Level of detail provided in ground movement Unicom radio calls will depend on local procedures)
Northampton Traffic, Cirrus 6GL, Taxiing onto runway 14 for departure, Northampton.
Northampton Traffic, Cirrus 6GL, Departing 14, Remaining closed traffic (staying in the traffic pattern) Northampton.
Northampton Traffic, Cirrus 6GL, turning cross-wind, 14 Northampton.
Northampton Traffic, Cirrus 6GL, turning downwind, 14 Northampton.
Northampton Traffic, Cirrus 6GL, midfield downwind, 14 Northampton (this is an additional call that may or may not be required based on conditions)
Northampton Traffic, Cirrus 6GL, turning base, 14 Northampton, Full Stop (as opposed to touch and go. Again, not something that is considered a requirement, but is often included by the pilot to assist other aircraft in the vicinity with situational awareness)
Northampton Traffic, Cirrus 6GL, turning final, 14 Northampton. Full Stop.

If needed, pilots can provide estimated distance to runway, especially if that distance would be considered non-standard for that particular airfield or runway. It would sound like this:

Northampton Traffic, Cirrus 6GL, turning half mile short final, 14 Northampton. Full Stop.
Northampton Traffic, Cirrus 6GL, back taxiing 14, Northampton.
Northampton Traffic, Cirrus 6GL, clear of 14, Northampton.
Northampton Traffic, Cirrus 6GL, taxiing from BRAVO taxi-way to west apron for parking, Northampton.

So there it is. Another situation would be announcing to ensure other pilots understand where in a designated practice area you'll be operating and what maneuvers you'll be conducting. These transmissions are often far less structured than traffic pattern radio calls.

BRAVO Practice Area Traffic, Cirrus 6GL will be operating in quadrant 4 between 3,000 and 1,500 feet and will be conducting power on and power off stalls for approximately three zero minutes. Any traffic in the vicinity, please advise. GULF Practice Area.

Generally in these cases, an update call is made every 5-10 minutes while the pilot monitors the frequency for other aircraft position reports that may be a factor.
The last scenario I'll cover is when an aircraft is operating in a designated or published VFR corridor or area. There are a few of these in the US, however the 2 that I have flown in are the Hudson River Corridor in NYC and the "Mini Route" in the Los Angeles, CA area.
The Hudson River Corridor is, in my opinion one of the most unique and spectacular GA treasures found in the US today. I find the fact that it is even still open and used everyday by hundreds of fixed and rotary-wing GA aircraft, none of which are being controlled by ATC, absolutely amazing. Even after the tragic events of 9/11 and then the Cory Lidle accident, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), with full support of AOPA and EAA, did not bow to the alarmists who wanted to shut the corridor down to GA aircraft. Before I end my Kool-Aid driven motivational rant, I will say this: If you ever have the opportunity to fly this corridor, don't hesitate to take advantage of it. It is safe, it is structured, it is what GA flying is all about, and the experience is unbelievably surreal. If able, fly it at night as well. It is a completely unique experience in and of itself, and worth every second.
Ok, the other corridor, the LAX Mini Route, is another tool provided specifically for GA aircraft by the FAA. This route, one of a few in that region, allows GA traffic to safely and efficiently cross directly over the top of the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), essentially bridging two large portions of the LA Basin. At one time, LAX and it's related operations were nothing less than an insurmountable brick wall for GA aircraft trying to get from one side you the other. To do so, GA aircraft were required to conduct an expensive, time consuming, and marginally safe circumnavigation of LAX airspace.
If it sounds like I am influenced by a  favorable bias regarding the FAA, it's because I am. Yes, they can be a tremendous pain sometimes, but by-in-large, the rank and file employees which make up the FAA are dedicated civil servants whose goals are rooted in an effort focused on fostering the most safe, efficient, and advantageous use of the National Airspace System (NAS) by all users. Some are even bigger civil aviation dorks than we are...but I digress.
The radio calls in these VFR corridors are usually depicted on a chart or procedure plate, and often include position reports at certain predesignated positions. The Mini Route is slightly more complex, in that pilots are required to make position reports to various ATC facilities as well as Unicom radio calls as they progress through the route. The Hudson River Corridor is only Unicom calls, and I'm going totally from memory here (check your charts!), but they go something like this:

Hudson River Traffic, Cirrus 6GL is southbound, abeam the Intrepid (aircraft carrier museum) at 900', will report Statue of Liberty next.

So that's my explanation of communications in uncontrolled airspace. Airline pilots, I love you guys, I was just busting your stones way up at the top of this. To be clear, airline pilots are a group of very skilled aviators which represent the true professional segment of the US pilot cadre. I was just being a PIA in the beginning!
Hope this helps!
Comment: LOL!! That is hysterical!! No sir, straight from my melon. I'm going to go back and read what I wrote. It was semi-satire, as I was needling any airline pilots who might be reading. Full disclosure, I did write marketing copy and other stuff in the past!
Comment: The first 3-4 paragraphs sound like they came more-or-less straight from a legalese/marketing pamphlet. If so, please quote your source, if not, my apologies - you must speak marketing/legalese for a living...
Comment: you must have been a very good copy writer! :) _/OT_


Is it OK to ask for a software having a particular feature?

Question: I saw some questions being put on hold as too broad because they ask for just a particular feature. How many features must the OP mention in the question? Is it OK to ask for a software having a particular feature, or do we have to list at least X features?
Comment: Software Recommendation scope is about **precise** recommendation. Unfortunately the word *precise* is quite subjective but during the private Beta we make an implicit agreement about the level of quality required. Now we have 100 new users every days, and the agreement is disappearing.
Comment: @Franck, Am I mis-reading something? Shouldn't it be **too narrow** (as opposed to what you stated, "too broad") if they ask for just a particular feature?
Comment: @Pacerier Too broad because one feature was regarded as not being enough to specify a program.
Answer: If one obscure, difficult-to-find feature is enough to qualify their entire requirements list, sometimes one feature is enough to say "I can't find this software myself." We shouldn't ask folks to pad their question out unnecessarily simply to meet the {2} drink requirement minimum.
In judging the fitness of these questions, you have to consider why were are here in the first place. Even if a user were to include 20 requirements, if those features are widely available, ask yourself, "What's wrong with the myriad of solutions you can find with any Google search?" That's why we close this stuff as "too broad."
Compare these examples:

I need a photo editor that handles (1) .jpg, (2) red eye removal, (3) sharpness adjustments, (4) zoom features, (5) layers, (6) marquee tool selection, (7) automatic cropping, (8) corrects hue and brightness, and (9) exports to other formats — WIDELY AVAILABLE, TOO BROAD

on the other hand…

I need a photo editor that can extract English text and automatically edit it back in as 9th Century Bulgarian Cyrillic — THIS PERSON NEEDS HELP
Comment: @Caleb Yes, that's what the "ask yourself" acid test I put up there in bold is about. If it's widely available — close as too broad.
Comment: @RobertCartaino, What does "simply to meet the {2}  ̶d̶r̶i̶n̶k̶ " mean?
Comment: This is all quite true, but doesn't touch on the case we've seen a lot of where one feature is requested but that one feature isn't enough to narrow the field down. Certainly one specialty need is enough to  make a question out of, but one feature that any of dozens of apps can do and the OP just didn't bother checking isn't enough on which to make an informed recommendation, ergo to broad.
Comment: THIS PERSON NEEDS **Perl**
Comment: @Pacerier Its a pun. Some bars require you to purchase a minimum amount of drinks, usually 2.
Comment: @AngeloFuchs, Another U.S. thing Ic..
Comment: @Pacerier Nope. I have seen that in Italy and Germany as well. In my experience usually some shady bars do that (in lieu of or addition to paying entrance fee)
Answer: Question was reopened after an edit. As for your answers its a screenshot, and not much detail.
Everything I want to say is here really and critically

Why do you, personally, like the product? What other niche features
  does it have that the asker didn't even think about that make this
  product so great? Don't limit yourself to the constraints of the
  question. Remember that the question should be useful to future
  visitors, who may be looking at other things in addition to those
  criteria. Sell it to everyone.
Comment: I'm asking about questions, not about my answers.
Answer: Not directly answering the question by word, but hopefully by intention, let me first re-phrase it a little:

What does the new version of the question have making it worth to re-open?

it has a user-story describing the background, which helps understanding "unnamed" requirements
it clearly states OP did some research on his own, and not simply used SR as "personalized Google-Pro"
in the comments (which I just moved to the question) it was made clear a GUI and "batch-mode" are wanted, making the question less broad by ruling out maybe 50% of otherwise matching candidates, which with the original version of the question would have made 100% valid answers without being helpful to the OP
it much better fits the guidelines we've set up in What is required for a question to contain "enough information"?

There's no "you must list at least X features", as that X cannot be given as "global value", but is very much case-depending. But there is a "you should describe your requirements as precise as possible", as we don't aim "quantity first," but "quality first".
Answer: The question didn't have another requirement apart of:

decent windows software ... that can analyse and identify MP3 songs BPM and automatically tag it to the file tags (ID3v2)?

How many developers have think about that idea? How can we be sure that there wouldn't be more in the future? The more constrains you put on us the better it is. Be greedy and ask for "awesomesauce".
Comment: OK so what are the new requirements added in the edit that they had the question to be reopened? From what I can see, the question is now much bigger but contains the same amount of requirements. So I'm still confused regarding the number of features the OP must mention in the question.
Comment: @FranckDernoncourt ask those that reopened. I saw the same as you boiled to the bone.
Comment: Yep, I have just left a comment in the question regarding that matter.


Can we ask questions on books written in other languages?

Question: So far, I've only seen questions on English-specific books. Is this a language restriction?
Answer: The language of the site is English, so the audience are people who speak English. This strongly biases the site towards books written in English (or at least for which translations are available).
Furthermore, I think that there is a larger proportion of SF published in English than with other genres. This is an informal impression from comparing the amount of SF not translated from English relative to the total amount of SF, to the relative amount for other genres and non-genre modern literature, in France at least.
So it's natural that the bulk of the SF we discuss was written in English or at least translated into English. However, this is no obligation, and I do recall a couple of story identification questions where the asker had read a book in another language and wasn't sure there was an English translation. I think we've also had a couple of questions about non-English writers, not all of whose books had been translated into English.
You can ask questions about non-English books. You're less likely to reach someone who can answer, but there's no prohibition against such questions.
Comment: @DVK It's called a conclusion.
Comment: To augment what Gilles said, we DO have some non-English-SFF expertise on the site, but it's more by luck than by rule (I can cover USSR/Russian, and I'm making an unfounded assumption that Gilles can cover French-speaking ones. I think I saw active users who speak German and Italian as well. But you should NOT count on getting a decent answer as the chances are pretty slim that the critical mass of experts in your language's SciFi would be hanging out here.
Comment: Thanks for the answer!
Comment: in my professional life it's called an "executive summary" :) - the important piece that (presumably important) people read if they don't want to bother with the rest of a sizable communication. TL;DR is simply a less pretentious version. Your call though - you have more experience with editing for clarity than I do so I'll defer to your judgement.


Is there a difference in DPS depending on how you attack?

Question: I heard that you can increase your DPS depending on how you attack.
I found this video from the beta. Does this still work and what has the highest DPS?
Answer: It appears you are referring to the phenomenon of getting different attack speeds based on whether you hold down the mouse button to attack, or click repeatedly.
Community Rep Bashiok confirmed that this would be fixed:

Jimmy Trowbridge: @Bashiok any update on the clicking vs. non-clicking attackspeed?
Bashiok: It's a bug. We'll fix it.

Source
Answer: Right now you can get a higher damage output, for example with the demonhunter, by using shiftclick or just spamming leftclicks on the mobs.
The attackrate is slightly faster when using shift or just spamming abilities because you can cancel the full attack animation into a second and third and so on. Therefore it does the highest DPS to spamattack.
As Wikwocket stated it'll be fixed and my guess it's because they don't want the casuals to be excluded from doing more damage because of such a silly bug. It also looks stupid so there is no reason to keep it in.