What risks are there to a baby finding and eating marbles?

Question: Sometimes my son leaves marbles around and my baby eats them. We already found 3 in her poo. Is this poison or is this ok?
Comment: What material are the marbles made of? How old is your baby?
Comment: Please don't answer in comments, folks!
Answer: Glass marbles are not poisonous, but:

They are often painted, and the paints can have unwanted chemicals (such as lead).
They can get lodged/stuck in digestive tract (less likely) or respiratory tract (more likely), that can lead to lot more complex problems.
Also, as mentioned, can be choking hazard.
Answer: Marbles are not poisonous (anything that's made for kids to play with is generally required to be made of safe material) but marbles are a choking hazard, so I would strongly suggest you make sure your baby doesn't swallow any more.
Answer: As long as they are ordinary glass marbles they are not poisonous, though as Erik mentions they are choking hazards so it's worth teaching your son not to leave them around - or perhaps supervising him more closely if he's not old enough to learn that.
Avoid giving your son any small magnetic toys since those can connect in the gut and cause major problems.  Also be sure not to give him any button batteries and be very careful with them yourself as those can cause internal injury very quickly.
Answer: It's not ok. She could choke.
Take away all the marbles until the baby is old enough not to eat them.
And for that matter, hunt for other things that could be dangerous, like small lego pieces, and keep them high out of reach and clean up thoroughly after they've been played with.
Really not worth the risk. Unfortunate for your son that he doesn't get to have marbles at home, so talk to him about it and explain it's just a phase.
Answer: The choking hazard is very, very serious.  If your older son with the marbles can't alter his behavior and not leave marbles about, you need to take them away from him until the baby is old enough to not eat them, or he is old enough to be more diligent.
Answer: No, it is not okay for your child to eat marbles because yes, they can be harmful to her health.
Assuming the marbles are made of glass, they are, by nature, nontoxic. However, if they are painted or made out of any other material, they could potentially contain contaminants from the paint or material that would be hazardous to her health.
The risks of un-painted marbles being swallowed are that she will end up choking, having a partial airway obstruction or a digestive obstruction.
Some things you can do to prevent her eating the marbles:

Keep out of her reach
If your son wishes to play with marbles, allow him a certain amount to be kept in a specific area. Count them before they are put away.
Teach your son to be thorough about picking up the marbles when he is finished with them.
Or as mentioned in one of the other answers, use the bitter liquid used to prevent nail biting.

If she has eaten a marble and you know that she has. Monitor her for breathing difficulties, inability/refusal to eat, difficult bowel movements, abnormally textured bowel movements, abnormally colored bowel movements or vomiting. Also watch for signs of lead poisoning such as hyperactivity, difficulty seeing or hearing, seizures.
If she frequently has respiratory or digestive issues, this should be a sign of trouble. Make a doctor's appointment and let them know that you are concerned she may have ingested a marble. If any of the above symptoms are severe and/or accompany a high fever, pay your local hospital's emergency department a visit.
Also note that since those symptoms can go with normal illnesses, use your best judgment when deciding whether to go to the doctor.
Hope this helps, please comment with an questions or concerns!
Answer: You can get bitter-tasting stuff that is intended for putting on nails to stop nail biting. You could put some on the marbles. After she has tried one or two she will probably stop.


need to re-install grub2 to /boot pbr (not mbr). Use live cd and the grub-install?

Question: I have dual boot system(Windows XP and Ubuntu 12.04) that was running fine until an auto-update of grub2 this past week-end.
I had been using the Windows boot loader to choose the O/S, which allowed me to retain the original Microsoft MBR on the hard drive. The setup had grub2 in a /boot partition (/dev/sda3) visible to the system BIOS in the first 137mb. Grub2 had been installed to the PBR in that partition. I had modified the Windows boot.ini file to point to a binary file copied from the /boot pbr, per a procedure whose URL escapes me at the moment, but is well known to dual-booters I believe.
I can run the latest Ubuntu 12.04 live CD and get access to all partitions on the hard drive. I can run fdisl -l and blkid and see all of the particulars of the various partitions. What I am uncertain of is the exact incantation to use to cause grub-install to do only what I want to do to fix up my boot partition, assuming grub-install is indeed the way to go.
Incidentally, I did look at the boot-repair tool and did not see it offering me the option of installing grub to other than the hard drive mbr. My boot partition is /dev/sda3 and the only option boot-repair appeared to permit for grub re-installation was to /dev/sda, rather than /dev/sda3. I take that to mean boot-repair will only install to the MBR, and not the PBR of /dev/sda3, though the menu labels are bit cryptic and I am guessing at meanings here.
I'm thinking the grub-install script is the way to go, but my first attempt produced an error message that suggested it could not find a /boot directory. I suspect the live CD session and its separate file system may be causing confusion about that. I assume there is a specific syntax I should be using to get around that, but am just about at the limit of my know-how.
I hesitate to tinker with syntax or script options and risk irreparably damaging my installation. I would be most appreciative if an expert coder would suggest a grub-install command line that will re-install grub2 on /dev/sda3 when executed from a terminal command line in an Ubuntu 12.04 live CD session. For educational purposes, it would also be nice to have an explanation of the rationale for the specific syntax.
Answer: Mount your / partition in /mnt and your /boot partition in /mnt/boot, then chroot into the system and run dpkg-reconfigure grub-pc and choose the install location from the menu.
sudo -s
mount /dev/sda2 /mnt
mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/boot
for f in dev sys proc dev/pts ; do mount --bind /$f /mnt/$f ; done
chroot /mnt
dpkg-reconfigure grub-pc


Is there a way to use Lightroom mobile to Sync only starred/picked photos in collections?

Question: I was wondering if there's a way/plug-in to sync only photos in collections based on metadata such as flagging and/or ratings? For instance, if I have a collection of 500 images, but only 50 are rated with 3 stars, only those 50 would be synced to my iPhone.
Answer: The easiest way I can see around this would be to create a smart collection with your filters then copy its contents to a new collection and sync the new collection. I realize that this is extra work you would probably like to avoid, but I don't believe there is any way around it at the current time.
Answer: I don't know if you are still searching but I had the same issue, I want many smart collections synced. I found Jeffrey Friedl's smart collection sync plugin to be the sollution.


Has there ever been an exorcism conducted by the Mormon Church?

Question: Has there ever been a recorded exorcism conducted under the authority of the Mormon Church?
Answer: Exorcisms aren't recorded in the LDS Church, in fact the ordinance itself isn't even documented, it's known unofficially as one of the, "Unwritten Ordinances" of the church, along with dusting your feet (see Matt 10:14) and other similar ordinances.
There are many stories which exist as Mormon urban legends, mostly involving missionaries serving in highly superstitious societies. I heard many serving as a missionary, one particularly prominent tale is of a, "haunted house" somewhere in South America, the juste of the story is there were many evil spirits dwelling in a single residence, and when the Elders commanded them to leave there was audible screaming and all the windows and doors in the house opened and slammed shut.
I myself was called to the homes of a couple families of ethnic origin (Haitian and Puerto Rican) because of paranormal activity. One was on account of a sighting of an evil spirit flying around in a kitchen, sticking it's tongue out at people, the other was to the home of a woman who was acting... not like herself/possessed. Both were very unsettling experiences, but neither resulted in casting out devils, though the thought had crossed my mind, instead we offered a blessing on the homes, which seemed to suffice in both instances.
The only officially documented instance of an exorcism is found in, History of the Church Volume 1:82-83, and is recorded because it was the first miracle performed in the restored church (read The Knight Family: Ever Faithful to the Prophet). The account goes like this:

April 1830 In the month of April, 1830, Joseph Smith was visiting at
  the house of a Mr. Joseph Knight, at Colesville, Broome County, New
  York. This gentleman had rendered the prophet some timely assistance
  while translating the Book of Mormon, and he was anxious that Mr.
  Knight and his family should receive the truth. While in Mr. Knight's
  neighborhood the prophet held a number of meetings. Among those who
  attended regularly was Newel Knight, son of Joseph Knight. He and the
  prophet had many serious conversations on the subject of man's
  salvation. In the meetings held the people prayed much, and in one of
  the aforesaid conversations with the prophet, Newel Knight promised
  that he would pray publicly. When the time came, however, his heart
  failed him, and he refused, saying that he would wait until he got
  into the woods by himself. The next morning when he attempted to pray
  in the woods, he was over-whelmed with a sense of having neglected his
  duty the evening before, in not praying in the presence of others. He
  began to feel uneasy and continued to grow worse both in body and
  mind, until upon reaching home his appearance was such as to alarm his
  wife. He sent for the prophet, who, when he came found Newel in a sad
  condition and suffering greatly. His visage and limbs were distorted
  and twisted in every shape imaginable. At last he was caught up off
  the floor and tossed about most fearfully. The neighbors hearing of
  his condition came running in. After he had suffered for a time the
  prophet succeeded in getting him by the hand, when Newel immediately
  spoke to him, saying he knew he was possessed of the devil, and that
  the prophet had power to cast him out. "If you know I can, it shall
  be, done," replied the prophet; and then almost unconsciously he
  rebuked Satan and commanded him to depart from the man. Immediately
  Newel's contortions stopped, and he spoke out and said he saw the
  devil leave him and vanish from sight. (Joseph Smith Healings/Miracles)

The rest are kept secret, as are most miracles performed under the authority of the Priesthood.

36 And he charged them that they should tell no man... (Mark 7:36)
Comment: Someone near me talks of being on assignment by their bishop to go cast out an evil spirit from someone's home.  I have heard first-hand histories from a person who was possessed and others cast out the evil spirit.  Casting out happens more often than you would think.
Answer: There are many scriptures in the D&C that clarify this as a power that the restored priesthood of God has.  Eg. D&C 84:67 In my name they shall cast out devils;
Here's an example of when Joseph Smith cast out a devil from Newel Knight: The Knights and the Trial of Joseph Smith.
It's not something that the church would publicize because it is a sacred subject.  Having served as an LDS missionary, I can tell you missionaries have that same priesthood and can cast out devils. Technically, the LDS church believes it is the restored church, the same as when Jesus was on the earth, so all of those incidents would count as well.
Comment: Thanks, to be clear, it's not the church, but the authority of the restored priesthood.  Also, the church would not publicize it partly because it's not for show, and to protect the individuals involved. But you may find stories from people if you look around.
Comment: Welcome to Christianity.SE. For a quick overview of what this site is about, please take the [Site Tour](http://christianity.stackexchange.com/tour). Thanks also for offering a fascinating answer. Are you able to point to any examples *after* Joseph Smith of exorcisms conducted under the authority of the Mormon Church? That would make it a more solid answer to the question. For some tips on writing good answers here, please see: [What makes a good supported answer?](http://meta.christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/692/what-makes-a-good-supported-answer) I do hope you'll stick around.
Comment: Welcome!  This sort of answers the question - if the church says it has the authority to do so, then it probably has exorcised demons.  However, it would be a much stronger answer if you directly answered the question by pointing to a historical example of it happening.
Comment: `"But you may find stories from people if you look around."` As an answerer, it is your job to do the research - the OP specifically asked for a "recorded exorcism", not what the LDS teaching on exorcism is.  Of course the questions are closely related, but to really provide a good answer, I think you need to find a specific, documented instance.
Comment: Thanks for the feedback. Just trying to helpful, you probably won't find a modern instance publicized by the church, so any stories I find can't be verified as true. There is one example in my answer, though.
Comment: There is this talk from 1974 where casting out spirits is confirmed as currently/recently happening, but no details of those events are provided: https://www.lds.org/general-conference/1974/10/gifts-of-the-spirit?lang=eng
Answer: As a missionary in Chicago in the early 2000s, my companion and I were asked by an elderly member of the local congregation (called Wards) to give her granddaughter a blessing as there were no priesthood holders still alive in the family.  This is something were were asked to do rather often, and so agreed with no problem.  When we arrived we both felt that there was something dark and oppressive about the home, making us feel as though we were both being constantly watched, and we both felt like our skin was crawling.  The young woman we were asked to bless refused to let us near her.  She became violent, throwing anything she could get her hands on at us, and screaming obscenities at us.  Her grandmother apologized to us and asked us to leave.  We reported the incident to the Bishop of the Ward, and he made a visit of his own, only to meet a similar reception.  Eventually an area authority became aware of the girl, and he determined that she was under possession of an evil spirit.  Several leaders from the Ward, as well as the area authority, our Mission President, and several other missionaries, including myself and my companion were asked to come for an exorcism.  We were told to join a circle around the girl while the Area Authority anointed her with olive oil and spoke a special blessing that we were told never to repeat to anyone outside that room.  We were also told to never give specific details of what happened during the blessing so as not to empower the entity that we cast out further.
After the blessing, the girl improved and her life returned to normal.  However, every one of the missionaries who participated, including myself, were either injured severely enough to be sent home from our missionary service, or became ill for such an extended period of time that were dismissed from service.  During the months before I returned home after being clipped by a car while riding my bike down the street our apartment became a very uncomfortable place to live.  We often heard strange noises outside our third story windows.  Knocking on the outside walls of the building.  Horrible smells from outside.  Nothing ever actually happened inside of the apartment, but we always felt as though we were being watched from the windows.
So yes, Mormons do perform exorcisms.  I participated in one, and afterward it seems that the entity involved did its best to make the lives of those who performed it rather miserable.  A lot of people in this day and age feel that possession isn't real, and that it can all be explained by mental and medical disorders.  I have to say, it's real.  Nothing else can explain to me what happened that night.  It's been fifteen years and I still have nightmares about it.  I wouldn't want to talk about the details of what went on that night even if I hadn't been told not to.
Answer: They are officially recognized, yes.   That being said, the record of them is seldom recorded to be re-shared.   These principalities and powers of evil are best left out of official records and not shared publicly.
Know this, though, the Priesthood has the power to literally move mountains.
Comment: Can you provide a bit more support, sourcing, or documentation for this answer?  Welcome to Christianity.SE.  We are a Q&A site, not a discussion forum, so please take the [tour], visit the [help] and get a sense of [how we are different from other sites](https://christianity.meta.stackexchange.com/q/1808/24204).  Then please edit your question to include more supporting material.  The format of "trust me, this is true" does not achieve SE standards for an answer.  Looking forward to your edits/upgrades to the answer.


What are the best backup tools around that someone should consider before making a decision?

Question: I've found Bacula and Amanda, but are there other nice backup tools out there?
I'm sure some exist but I haven't found them yet.
Can we make a list?
Answer: It really depends on your requirements. We needed a cheap way to backup about 100 small MSSQL databases on an hourly basis totaling around 1GB for full backups or 100MB for differentials when compressed. We also had to use strong encryption to meet HIPAA compliance and needed to make sure that any issues were logged and that alerts were sent to support staff. Rather than finding a 3rd party tool we just decided to write a Powershell script that uses 7-zip and Amazon S3 to store the hourly backups with 1 month retention for less than $10 a month. This script runs as a SQL Job, so our monitoring software will notify us if there are any issues. This fits our needs very well, but if you have 100s of GB of data or want tools to help restore individual files then one of the online backup services would probably work much better.
Answer: I was thinking about making a larger post to go into community wiki so it can hit 1st on google for people needing a list of all the best backup tools as such, but it seems noone will cooperate :(


How to remove rust stains from cloth?

Question: There were some rusted screws in my washing machine.  The cloths touched with the rusted screws and got stained.  I am unable to remove these stains.  I even tried bleach and soap but that just lightened the stains.  Any suggestions?
Answer: First off, don't use bleach; bleach works by oxidizing the stain, which tends to make rust stains worse.  There's a commercial product called "Iron Out" that uses a thiocyanate to very effectively remove rust stains, but you can do the same with oxalic acid, if you have access to that and not to the commercial product.
Oxalic acid can be obtained from rhubarb leaves (it's the toxic component in those leaves, so avoid ingesting it and wear gloves while preparing and using the solution).  If you have that plant in your garden, though, you'll want to take precautions to avoid replacing the rust stain with a green chlorophyll stain if you use rhubarb as a rust stain remover.
Answer: I googled and found this answer:

Lay the clothing or fabric out on an old towel and pour a small amount of white vinegar directly on the stain – or rub a cut lemon half on the stain.
Saturate it thoroughly, then blot it with a clean white towel.

How to remove rust stains from cloth?


Is there a way we can share mobile screen

Question: Is there a way we can share mobile screen with windows mobile or android. Currently i am using windows 8.1 and Nokia Lumia 620.
Comment: Do you want to share your mobile screen to an another mobile?
Answer: Windows Phone 8.1 supports sharing the screen to Mircast devices (where the phone is compatible - not sure if the 620 is), or over USB to desktop PCs running the Project My Screen app.
I'm not aware of a phone acting as a Miracast receiver, so you might not be able to share screen from phone to phone
Answer: Yes, You can but only when your device connected with PC or TV using USB cable. Download and Install this app on your PC, connect your phone with PC and you will get Pop Up Message on your phone to project the screen or not.


hum noise when recording

Question: Guys I have just connected a studio microphone to the phantom power which inturn is connected to the sound card (m audio) which is also in turn connected to my PC using a usb port. The problem am having is that when I record audio, I hear a hum noise. I don't want to fix the problem during mixing. I want my vocals to be recorded without any noise. Please someone help n guide me. Thanks
Comment: Are you using a balanced XLR cable?
Answer: Make sure that the microphone cable is not running close to any (switching) power supply.  You should already be using a balanced microphone cable: those can take a lot of electromagnetic abuse but there are limits.
Ground loops are not all that likely with the described setup: even if the USB sound card has a power supply of its own (you did not go into this level of detail), this is likely of the wall wart variety without an actual ground line.
Answer: Hum can really only come from one of 2 places. Either the microphone element is picking it up or it is being induced in the signal path. Here are some things to try for each scenario
1)
Lights, some kinds of light fixtures especially florescent can induce quite a bit of hum into a microphone. Try turning off the lights and see if you hear a difference.
Go to another room, some times if there are enough electrical cables running the walls in the room you are in you can end up with some nasty induced hum
2)
Make sure all of your devices are plugged into either the same outlet or a pair of balanced outlets. Since wall power is AC and most if not all audio circuitry needs DC your devices all have their own transformers and rectifiers in them. Most house outlets are slightly out of phase of each other due to the way they are wired. The older the house the more apparent this may be. Some of the AC wave form will always slip through your converters and can cause some nasty hum by making your devices slightly out of phase of each other (speakers, interface etc.)
External phantom power units (I assume thats what you are using here) can cause a bit of hum as they are not really intended for recording use. Most of the interfaces worth using with mic pre amps in them also have phantom power. If they dont get your self one that does or get a decent mic pre with a phantom power driver
Does your mic need phantom power? For that matter what mic are you using? Phantom power Driver? Interface?
Get your self some shielded cables they make quite a big difference
Make sure every thing is grounded properly. i.e. if your device has a 3 prong wall plug make sure it is plugged into a properly grounded socket.
There are lots of potential issues here. If you post the equipment you are using we can better help find the possible issue.
Answer: hum can come from a number of things. could be the mic cable, so try another one if you have one. Not sure what you mean by "phantom power"?!? Is that a stand-alone unit for the mic or a mixing desk or some other device or ??? How is it connected to the sound card? Try other cables there as well. Also, computers & monitors can introduce hum, make sure everything is as far away as possible.
Also, you should try and track down which piece is generating it by hooking up just the sound card and monitoring the input in your DAW. Then add the phantom power source, then the mic cable, then the mic. See what piece introduces the hum.
Comment: Thanks so much. I will try the cables coz really I suspect they are the ones that could have a problem
Answer: 'Phantom power' is voltage provided along the microphone cable for microphones who need it. It is phanom because it does not affect regular[dynamic] microphones in any way.
As above the cord is the first suspect.
an ungrounded powwer supply can cause a ground loop so check the power supplies and better still keep all the connections  tied to one ground spot.
Multiple grounding routes lead to voltage differences and current flow hence 'hum'
Comment: The term "Phantom Power" has nothing to do with the fact that dynamic microphones don't need it. Neither do "electret" microphones. Phantom power is simply a term for the method of providing 48v to condensor microphones over the balanced signal lines.
Answer: My problem with bad hum was simply to turn off the preamp-amp of the HiFi system when recording from microphone. Turning it off cut all input signals (CD FM, cassette and possibly a low, inaudible hum from speakers  but does not affect the Mike input since it comes in directly from plug (TEAC 3300), and not from amp/receiver. Doing it this way eliminated possible 60 mhz loop hum, and other source hums (like from bad capacitors), and my recording from microphone was a clean as could be. The only problem is that you cannot immediately compare the tape and source signals to hear whether the recording levels are OK. You do have to have the whole system ON to playback your tape. But a little experience with setting the tape input levels, and reading the VU meter helps with that problem. It's worth a try, just cut out everything but your mike.)

hum noise when recording


What's the song that plays at 13:31 in Kanon episode 18?

Question: The song is a remake of Pure Snows, I think. I don't know for sure if it is that one but it is some remake that they did. I can't find it though.
Answer: The song are from 『Kanon・Airピアノアレンジアルバム 'Re-feel'』. You can see it at http://key.soundslabel.com/discography.html, CD KSLA-0010.
These disk have the piano only version of Pure Snows, who it's the song used on these episode. All the disk are piano versions from some know songs from Orito Shinji.
But, it isn't also the "real" song, because, the song on the anime are extracted from these one, but are a bit mixed parts. For example, at minute 15:00 of the episode, the songs "changed" to a piano version of Little Fragments song, from CD KSLA-0003, with name 『Kanon arrange best album 'recollections'』.


Why the different fees for credit and debit card payments?

Question: Could somebody explain why the merchants are charged different fees when the customers use credit and debit cards?
Answer: A debit card takes the funds right from your account. There's no 'credit' issued along the way.
The credit card facilitates a short term loan. If you are a pay-in-full customer, as I am, there's a cost to lend the money, but we're not paying it. It's part of the fee charged to the merchant. Thus the higher transaction cost.
Comment: This additional fee also covers the benefits of cashback/miles/rewards, $0 annual fee cards, and fraud protection, etc.
Comment: how does that play into why merchants are charged different amount for *processing the same card* as a debit vs credit?
Comment: @warren - because the credit card is an implicit short term loan, the debit card, just a transaction out of your own account. That help?
Comment: @JoeTaxpayer - sorta ... but it's the same card, same account: form the perspective of the user, it's identical
Comment: A debit card user has to treat the card as if he is writing a check, he must have sufficient funds to cover the transaction. The credit card user only has to be aware of his credit limit. Different, in my opinion.
Comment: @JoeTaxpayer, debit cards that are processed offline do not require that you have enough money at the time of the transaction. It's true that they could actually cause you to go into an unauthorised overdraft, which will be charged extra, but still.
Comment: It is true that debit cards with Visa/MC logo, have lower risk due withdrawing the funds from a checking account. There is also the another reason: transactions costs differ when processed through different networks.
Answer: In Addition to @JoeTaxpayer's answer, in the UK credit cards offer additional protection than if you were to pay by debit card. This includes (but is not limited to) getting your money back if the company you've bought something from goes bust before your order is complete.
Answer: It comes down to liability - if a fraudulent transaction takes place with a debit card, you are out $$ until it is resolved - while as with a credit card, the credit lender is out $$ - the credit lender does not like losing $$, and therefore would like to be paid extra $$ for assuming this risk, and they found the merchant as the one most willing to pay. Sometimes the merchant will pass on this cost to the consumer, but often times the credit card company has a contract with the merchant preventing such a fee, because then they would be at a price disadvantage when compared to debit.
Answer: As others have stated, credit (signature required) is processed through their respective networks (Visa, MasterCard, Discover, or American Express). A "debit" card tied to your checking account, still go through the same credit network even though the funds are guaranteed from your checking rather than a free loan 30-60 days which has the potential to be unpaid.
This type of debit card purchase may be eligible for a lower processing rate for less risk.
Debit cards can also be processed through the debit network (PIN required, no signature). This is typically a straight fee such as $0.35.
Fees vary, but let me give you a simple comparison:
Say you are at the supermarket and buy $50 worth of groceries with a debit card with Visa logo. You are asked "credit" or "debit":

If you go credit signature, the supermarket pays 2% on $50 (their cost $1.00).
If you go debit PIN, the supermarket pays a straight fee of $0.35.
Supermarket saves $0.65 if you pay using debit PIN.

At my supermarket, this is why I am given the option to enter my PIN first. If I want to pay by credit, I have to tap Cancel to process via credit signature.


angle grinder versus sawzall

Question: Which would be better to cut off some rusted nuts and bolts on my truck--an angle grinder or a sawzall?  I'm trying to remove the gas tank from a 1970 Land Rover.  It's underneath and I need to reach inside a rear wheelwell. There's not much room in there. I have no idea what type of bolts they are.  A 1/2" wrench fits on them.
Comment: I took out part of your question to ensure this doesn't get closed as a shopping request. You may want to add what type of bolts on the truck are to be cut and where the bolts are at ... this could still be closed as opinion oriented, but I believe it can be answered if the locality and type of rusty bolts in question can be posted.
Answer: I tend to prefer a angle grinder with a cutoff disk for cutting off old rusty bolts.  It usually is faster and less trouble then a sawzall.
But there are exceptions.  The angle grinder does produce a greater amount of sparks so you need to make sure of where they fly off to and what could be ignited by them.
The other thought is the sawzall bimetal blades are about 1 inch wide and can reach normally for 3-10 inches into narrower spaces, the issue being is blade flex must be watched and kept to minimum to prevent breaking.
If both tools fit in without issue then pick the one you would use the most.
Answer: The simple answer is
If you can get to the head of the bolt, use an angle grinder. You can grind the head of the bolt off and then just pound the rest of the bolt off. It can be very hard to get to some bolts even with a small 4.5 inch angle grinder.
If you can get to shaft of the bolt before the nut, use a reciprocating saw (commonly called a sawzall). It is much safer and faster.
Comment: What do you mean by "before the nut"?  This one is bolted to a flange and I can get to the head and the nut but they're still tight on the flange.
Comment: For example, exhaust flanges typically expose the shaft of the bolt. The same goes for some other mounting types. I remember cutting through the shaft of a bolt on alternator to free it up once.
Answer: That's likely a 5/16" bolt. You might be able to shear the bolt by tightening it. That might be the easiest way of all.
Comment: They're spinning freely now so I don't think that'll work.  Part of the problem is holding the nut while turning the bolt.  There's not enough room to get in the right position to hold both tightly.

angle grinder versus sawzall


How to prevent automatic transmission damage when towing a heavy load without the towing package

Question: Automatic transmissions without an oil cooler and no transmission fluid high temperature warning indicator can be damaged towing heavy trailers. What can be done to get around needing the towing package, and what situations make the towing package absolutely necessary?
Comment: There are no methods to prevent overheating when towing heavy loads on a vehicle that was not designed to do so, adding a trans cooler is the solution, not driving technique.
Comment: That's just what the dealer said! What a coincidence!
Comment: I understand why this can be looked at as off topic, but the topic here is about whether one needs the towing package on their vehicle and what can be done to not have it. It's really hard to talk about some mechanical issues without talking about driving or driving conditions. I'll try to reword it.
Answer: Automatic transmissions use a torque converter to allow the engine to turn at a different speed than the transmission input shaft. This allows smooth shifting and it allows the engine to run at idle with the vehicle stopped. The problem is that this device is very inefficient at low RPMs and high torque which causes it to generate a lot of heat in the transmission fluid. Most all modern transmissions are equipped with a torque converter lock up clutch that prevents any slip in the torque converter. This allows the transmission to be as efficient as a manual transmission, but it usually only activates at cruising speed when the transmission is in the highest or next to highest gear. When the torque converter lock up engages it often feels like a 5th gear (on a 4 speed).

When towing a trailer, the engine will be operating at much higher power or torque than usual with the vehicle traveling at an unnaturally low speed given the amount of engine power. This situation gets much worse when going up a hill, especially when the transmission fluid is already hotter than normal from pulling the trailer while on a flat road. Other than using a manual transmission, the traditional method to solve this problem is to install a towing package, which usually consists of a separate transmission oil cooler, instead of using the regular oil cooler which is part of the engine cooling radiator. Another method is a transmission fluid temperature warning to alert the driver to stop and let the transmission cool off.

This information is based on a typical 4 speed automatic transmission which has a large gear ratio difference between 1st and 2nd. More modern 5 speed transmissions may be less susceptible to the 2nd gear overheating condition. The early to mid 90s Toyota Camry owner's manual says to not drive continuously while pulling a trailer if the transmission is staying in 1st or 2nd gear, but it doesn't say why. The Volvo 850 has a temperature sensor on the transmission so that it can down shift to reduce heat. I'm going to tell how damage occurs and how it can be prevented without needing a towing package. This has the benefit of increasing fuel economy as well.

How transmission overheating can occur:
Transmission fluid overheating and damage primarily occurs when the transmission is operating in 1st or 2nd gear. Overheating can occur in 1st gear when going slowly up a steep hill, for instance when you are stuck in traffic that is creeping along at only 5 MPH. The added weight of the trailer means that the engine is putting out much more power than normal for this particular speed, and much more heat is being generated in the torque converter. The other situation is when you are going somewhat slowly up a hill in 2nd gear, but not slowly enough for a down shift in to 1st, due to the large difference between 1st and 2nd gear. The vehicle would normally accelerate up to a safe speed but it can't due to the trailer's weight. Speed up in 2nd gear or slow down and get in 1st gear to prevent this.
When in 3rd or 4th gear on the highway, the transmission may run hot reducing your fuel economy, but it shouldn't cause damage. The increased torque will often cause the torque converter lock to disengage. If this happens, engage the overdrive cancel feature. On most vehicles this will allow torque converter lock up to occur in 3rd gear, which is now the highest gear. This can have a large impact on fuel economy, often over 25% improvement with the transmission now running cool.

How to prevent overheating:
This simple rule is to keep RPMs up. When going up a hill, keep the engine above 3000 RPM and downshift the transmission as needed. It may seem like driving slowly up a hill is better for the vehicle, but quite the opposite is usually true. Doing this will keep the torque converter away from dangerous low speeds where excessive heat is generated while harming fuel economy.

If traveling up a long or steep hill in a vehicle that is not equipped with tachometer, then slow down to around 40 MPH and shift in to 2nd gear *. Maintain speed between 35 and 60 MPH. If it is not possible to maintain 35MPH, slow down to around 20 MPH and shift in to 1st gear *. Maintain speed between 18 and 30 MPH.

If you are stuck in traffic going up a hill, make sure you let off on the gas at least half of the time. DO NOT creep along. Move forward while counting the seconds during the time that you are going less than 18 MPH. When you stop, leave your foot off of the gas for at least that many seconds.

* Note: always check with your owner's manual to verify what speeds are permissible when down shifting in to 1st or 2nd gear, as well as what the maximum driving speed is for a particular gear.


Is there a tulip-flower lens hood that will work with the Nikon AF Zoom-Nikkor 35-70mm f/2.8 D?

Question: I'm looking for a Tulip Flower Lens Hood for Nikon AF Zoom-Nikkor 35-70mm f/2.8 D?
I know that Nikon HB-1 and HB-15 hood work on this lens. But do you know any Nikon or third party Tulip Flower Hood?
Comment: Tulip hoods weren't "in" when that lens was, so I'm sure you won't find one specifically for it. Perhaps something compatible exists...
Comment: @Rene those hoods have a straight front edge (so they are *not* tulip hoods)
Answer: The front of the AF Zoom-Nikkor 35-70mm f/2.8D (both the hood bayonet and filter thread) rotates during focus. Therefore a petal type lens hood would not be correctly aligned most of the time. Hence the recommended hood(s) for this lens are of the simple round type.
http://www.photosynthesis.co.nz/nikon/accessory.html#xx-70
Answer: You could try printing your own lens hood on a piece of cardboard. I haven't tried it out myself, so I can't comment on the quality.
If you have a full-frame camera you should use this link.
If you use a frame with a 1.5 or 1.6 crop factor then you need this lens hood template.
I'm not affiliated with this site, just remembered it when I saw your question.
Comment: I think this is really the best answer. That's because while there are 62mm filter thread lens hoods which probably could be used, they seem to mostly be for wider-angle lenses than 35mm, making it kind of pointless (especially if you're putting it on APS-C). So, make your own that fits exactly your use case.
Answer: I bought a couple of lens hoods from ebay and they all worked fine considering the price - even some plastic tulip shaped. You could just buy a couple of them for $2 each and try it. Sometimes, there is a bit of tape needed to hold the tulip in place so it doesn't rotate but hey, even Joe McNally does it.
When You have your hood, please make sure you test for light fallof - if the hood is too deep.


How do Goku and Gohan manage to turn into great apes in Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z?

Question: From what I know, they look at the full moon with their tails still intact before they turn into great apes, or "ozaru" as it is called in Japanese.
How does their transformation work?
Comment: What do you mean how does it work? Like, why do they transform?
Answer: Saiyan's have an ability which allows them to transform into a Great Ape, which comes along with a massive power boost making them even stronger.The premise of your question basically answers how the transformation happens. With reference to what exactly happens after, apart from the transformation change as described, the Saiyan's power increases 10 folds. You can read more about the transformation here.
Answer: According to the Dragonball Wiki:
In order for the transformation to take place, the Saiyan needs to have a tail, as the glands responsible for initiating the transformation are located exclusively there. The Saiyan also needs to absorb at least 17 million zeno units of Blutz Waves through the eyes to initiate the transformation. Blutz Waves are found only in sunlight reflected by a moon. If there is no moon, a planetary body will reflect the same amount of rays. The easiest way to achieve this is to gaze at the full moon, making Saiyans similar to werewolves in this aspect. If any clouds covered the moon and/or a planetary body, it would block certain amounts of the radiation. Vegeta once made himself transform by firing Power Ball, which is a "fake moon" reflecting the requisite amount of Blutz Rays into the air, and then staring at it. A device on board Saiyans' Attack Pods also project a hologram of a moon that was realistic enough to allow Blutz Waves to be reflected in the event of their landing on a planet that lacks a moon, as evidenced by an incident where Gohan went Great Ape while training for fighting the Saiyans prior to their invasion due to Goku's attack pod reactivating.


Find the number of integral solutions of $(x,y)$

Question: Given this equation: $4x^3+5=y^2$
Find the ordered pairs of $(x,y)$ where $x,y\in Z$
Comment: Just off the top of my head (or bottom of my bottom), I wonder if solutions could be found by writing this as $4(x^3+1) = y^2-1$, algebraically factoring, and looking for solutions.
Comment: No,That isnt possible.Its too tedious
Answer: This is an elliptic curve, and it would appear that it has infinitely-many rational points (generated by (1,3)).  It is also an example of "Mordell's Equation" - curves of the form $y^2 = x^3 + D$ (in your case D = 80).  Many things are known about its integral solutions.  You might find this article by Keith Conrad to be interesting.  The Wikipedia article on the subject links to a large source of data, as well.
Answer: $4x^3+5=y^2$, multiply by $16$, $(4x)^3+80=(4y)^2$, $u^3+80=v^2$ with $u=4x$, $v=4y$, $u^3=(v+4\sqrt5)(v-4\sqrt5)$. The integers in ${\bf Q}(\sqrt5)$ are known to be a unique factorization domain. Anything dividing both $v+4\sqrt5$ and $v-4\sqrt5$ must divide their difference, $8\sqrt5$. Now $2$ is irreducible in this ring, so the only possible irrreducible common factors are $2$ and $\sqrt5$. If $\sqrt5$ is a common divisor then $5$ divides $v$, whence $5$ divides $u$, whence $25$ divides $80$, contradiction. If $2$ is a common divisor then $2$ divides $v$ so $2$ divides $u$ so $8$ divides $v^2$ so $4$ divides $v$ so $16$ divides $u^3$ so $4$ divides $u$ and we get $$\left({u\over4}\right)^3=\left({v+4\sqrt5\over8}\right)\left({v-4\sqrt5\over8}\right)$$ and now the two terms on the right are relatively prime and each must be a unit times a cube.Let's take the case where each is a cube. $${v+4\sqrt5\over8}=\left({a+b\sqrt5\over2}\right)^3$$ gives $$v=a^3-15ab^2,\qquad4=3a^2b+5b^3$$ The second equation implies $b$ divides $4$, so $b$ is one of the numbers $\pm1,\pm2,\pm4$. But these are all easily seen to be impossible.
The case where there's a unit involved is probably trickier. Maybe someone else can take it up --- I'm not sure when I'll find the time to get back to it. The fundamental unit is $(1+\sqrt5)/2$.
Comment: Thank you.This seems to be a more better way of looking at it.
Comment: But i didnt follow this "unique factorization domain". Cant it be 3 - 4(5^){1/2} and 3 + 4(5^1/2) ? Here 8 does now divide them ?
Comment: I'm not sure I understand the comment. $8$ does not divide $3-4\sqrt5$, since $(3-4\sqrt5)/8$ is not in the ring of integers in ${\bf Q}(\sqrt5)$; neither does $8$ divide $3+4\sqrt5$.
Answer: $4x^3+5=y^2$
(1)$4(x^3+1)=y^2-1$ Therefore $x=-1,y=∓1$ are solutions
(2) $4(x^3-1)=y^2-9$ Therefore $x=+1,y=∓3$ are solutions
You need integer solutions, No?. Then there is  no any other integer solutions. If you can't prove this using High school mathematics  let me know.
P.Ranawaka


Can U.S. citizens without a social security number be taxed?

Question: I was born in the U.S, where I lived for the first year of my life only. Have never lived there since. I am a citizen of Canada, where I lived for the first half of my life and now of Israel, where I have lived for the last 24 years. I don't have a social security number. Can the U.S. force me to apply for one and pay taxes on my income earned in Israel? if yes, is there a double taxation agreement between the U.S. and Israel?
Comment: If you're a US citizen, then you have to file US taxes each year, even if you don't owe anything, and also declare certain foreign assets. They very much can fine you if you don't...
Comment: So you're 50 years old now?
Comment: https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/legal-considerations/us-citizenship-laws-policies/renunciation-of-citizenship.html might be of interest (or not).
Answer: As a US citizen, you are subject to US federal taxes no matter where you live. If your income for a particular year was above a certain minimum threshold (something like $10K-20K depending on your filing status and other conditions, see the section in the beginning of the relevant tax year's Form 1040 instructions called "Do You Have To File?"), you are required to file a US federal tax return. Whether you have a Social Security number is irrelevant to this requirement. Since you live permanently abroad, you will likely be able to use the Foreign Earned Income Exclusion to exclude the first about $100K of earned income from US taxes, but to use this you must still file and report the income to make use of this (and you can use Foreign Tax Credit on any income you could not use Foreign Earned Income Exclusion on, but again you have to file and report it).
If you are required to file taxes, then you will be required to apply for a Social Security number and use it on your tax return since you are eligible for one. (Only people not eligible for SSNs are eligible to apply for ITINs.)
There is a US-Israel tax treaty but I am not familiar with the details.
Answer: I'll try to answer this from the point of view of the US-Israel tax treaty since, when there is a treaty, the answer is usually simpler. The tax treaty with Israel is more-or-less standard and guarantees that you'll be taxed in the US the same way a non-US-citizen Israeli would be.
Article 3, "Fiscal Residence", defines where your tax residence is. The first clause (subtracting the corporate stuff) says:

1. In this Convention:
  (a) The term "resident of Israel" means:
    (ii) Any other person resident in Israel for purposes of Israeli tax
  (b) The, term "resident of the United States" means:
    (ii) Any other person resident in the United States for purposes of United States tax

In your case you are both of these. You are a tax resident of Israel because you live there, and you are a tax resident of the US since the US tax code declares a US citizen to be "US person". In this case the tie breaker rules apply:

2. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph (1) an individual is a resident of both Contracting States:
    (a) He shall he deemed to be a resident of that Contracting State in which he maintains his permanent home. If he has a permanent home in both Contracting States or in neither of the Contracting States, he shall be deemed to be a resident of that Contracting State with which his personal and economic relations are closest (center of vital interests). In the case of a person who is an "oleh" (as defined in section 9(16) of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance), his center of vital interests shall be deemed to be in Israel.
    (b) If the Contracting State in which he has his center of vital interests cannot be determined, he shall be deemed to be a resident of that Contracting State in which he has a habitual abode;
    (c) If he has a habitual abode in both Contracting States or in neither of the Contracting States, he shall be deemed to be a resident of the Contracting State of which he is a citizen; and
    (d) If he is a citizen of both Contracting States or of neither Contracting State, the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall settle the question by mutual agreement.

Since you live in Israel and don't live in the US you are deemed to be a tax resident of Israel by this bit the treaty. What this means for the taxes you'll pay in the US is summarized in Article 6, "General Rules of Taxation", as follows:

1. A resident of one of the Contracting States may be taxed by the other Contracting State on any income from sources within that other Contracting State and only on such income, subject to any limitations set forth in this Convention. For this purpose, the rules set forth in Article 4 (Source of Income) shall be applied to determine the source of income.

This says you, like other Israelis and, in fact, all non-US people, will only owe US federal tax on certain US-source income. If you have no such US income you won't owe any US tax. For most US citizens residing in a second country having a tax treaty with the US the result will be the same.
The difficulty with this is that the fact that you won't owe US taxes does not mean you are exempt from filing a US tax return. Since a US citizen is defined to be a "US person" for tax purposes a tax return declaring your worldwide income, along with the associated forms declaring overseas assets and accounts, is still required of you by US law. At some point in there you'll be able to use the tax treaty to zero out your tax owing, but as a US citizen you are still required to file the return to demonstrate you don't owe any tax. I don't know what the penalty is if you fail to file tax returns (the big penalties come from failing to pay taxes you owe but you likely don't owe any) but the law requires you to make the filing.
The SSN is irrelevant. You need a SSN to file tax returns, but you are required to file tax returns and free to apply for a SSN so you can satisfy your obligation.
Comment: Thanks so much for putting your answer in the context of the treaty. You explained it brilliantly!


Hosting for a Ruby on Rails application

Question:
Possible Duplicate:
Web hosting options for Ruby on Rails applications

I am a Ruby on Rails developer and I am planning to purchase an hosting space in order to publish my web application (I'm developing a small Social Network). This is my first time that I try to deploy a Ruby on Rails application, so I am not expert on the matter.
I would like to find a "compromise" between performance and price. I think that for now a shared server it is enough (maybe) for my needs (suggestions are appreciated...).
In localhost I am using

Ruby on Rails 3.0.9
ruby-1.9.2-p136
Apache
Phusion Passenger
MySql

so the hosting server should satisfy the above requisites.
More: in my application I am using the Paperclip gem so another requisite should be Image-Magick.
What hosting service do you advice for my needs? What should I have to care when I purchase a hosting space for RoR? And, most importantly, which hosting service do you advice?
P.S.: if you need some other information just ask and I will update the question.
Answer: I would strongly suggest trying Heroku out. Once you have it going you'll get a better understanding of what you need and will move to dedicated hosting if needed.

Hosting for a Ruby on Rails application


Apache 500 error, I dont fully understand the error log

Question: I'm trying to connect a backend server(gitorious running in https) to my frontend apache2 server running on ubuntu server. I believe that I have the vhost file and proxy config setup right but it still does not work as I am getting a 500 internal server error.  I checked the error log and found what is below. I think it wants me to load other modules, I have enabled mod_ssl and proxy prior to this.
Does anyone know what modules it is asking me to enable or what might be the problem?
I found this standing out in the apache2 error log
<code>[Wed Jan 30 17:53:43 2013] [warn] proxy: No protocol handler was valid for the
URL /gitorious. If you are using a DSO version of mod_proxy, make sure the proxy
submodules are included in the configuration using LoadModule.
</code>
Just in case this is what is in my vhost file on the mainserver
<code> SSLProxyEngine On
 ProxyPreserveHost On
 ProxyPass /gitorious https://192.168.1.168
 ProxyPassReverse /gitorious https://192.168.1.168
</code>
Comment: `make sure the proxy submodules are included in the configuration using LoadModule`: Did you include all of the required modules in the configuration file? There is more then one.
Answer: You need to enable the proxy module -
<code>sudo a2enmod proxy_http
</code>
Then restart apache.


Cannot authorize a Scratch Org via JWT - invalid_grant - user hasn't approved this consumer

Question: I've followed the docs here to create a cert and configured the following;

OAuth scopes: api, refresh_token, offline_access and web
Permitted users: Admin approved users are pre-authorized
Profiles: All (even though I suspect System Administrator should be enough)

I can successfully authenticate to the DevHub with force:auth:jwt:grant, but cannot authorize an associated Scratch Org.  I run the following command;
sfdx force:auth:jwt:grant \
--clientid 3MVG97quAmFZJfVz.WJ55DLNvbWWJlZL.ag6Zr_Xp4u5TXmwoRKSdXVzB.KrzU1oXwQIkjCxczxHWcQpWBotZ \
--jwtkeyfile /keys/server.key \
--setalias scratchorg \
--username email@example.com \
--instanceurl https://test.salesforce.com

But receive the following error;
ERROR running force:auth:jwt:grant:  This org appears to have a problem with its OAuth configuration. Reason: invalid_grant - user hasn't approved this consumer
username: firstname.lastname@example.com,
clientId: 3MVG97quAmFZJfVz.WJ55DLNvbWWJlZL.ag6Zr_Xp4u5TXmwoRKSdXVzB.KrzU1oXwQIkjCxczxHWcQpWBotZ,
loginUrl: <Not Specified>,
privateKey: /keys/server.key

Try this:
Verify the OAuth configuration for this org. For JWT:
Ensure the private key is correct and the cert associated with the connected app has not expired.
Ensure the following OAuth scopes are configured [api, refresh_token, offline_access]. Ensure the username is assigned to a profile or perm set associated with the connected app.
Ensure the connected app is configured to pre-authorize admins.

Similar question #1 - solved by waiting, but my scratch org has been up for 24 hours.
Similar question #2 - the following values for instanceurl do not solve this; login, test, community
Blog post #1 - same as the official docs, still throws error
Blog post #2 - Step 3 Option 1 mentions setting Admin approved users are pre-authorized and enabling profiles, I've already done this
Similar question #3 - suggests the application needs to be authorized, which I'm guessing it is already, per Blog post #2 above.

How can I authorize my scratch org using JWT?
Comment: Salesforce DX has a refresh token for the scratch org it creates. Is there a reason you need to authenticate to the scratch org with JWT?
Comment: Testing/building a CI pipeline on Developer Edition.  I will pop the 6/day cap if I create a new scratch org every time while building this pipeline.
Answer: The fix here for me was to create the Scratch Org after I had created the Connected App;

Scratch Org #1

Created before the Connected App was created
Cannot authorize at all, even 24 hours later, with JWT

Scratch Org #2

Created after the Connected App was created
Failed to authorize with JWT for about 2mins (per docs), but then connected successfully

It's not apparent to me what difference the Scratch Orgs have (ie; neither have reference to the Connected App)
Answer: I found a solution for this. The instanceurl value I used is the LoginUrl from the ScratchOrgInfo object queried from the devhub


Alternative fish for Fish and Chips

Question: There is no cod or haddock where I live and I am looking for an tasteful alternative. I tried seabass and it was nice but what would be more accurate alternatives for cod & haddock?
Comment: Shark.  In cheap fish and chip that is often what you are getting.
Comment: Not sure if you have access to any freshwater fish, but anything from the perch family (perch or walleye) are fantastic for fried fish.  Obviously, with much thinner fillets that a cod or haddock, you'd have to adjust the frying time.
Comment: what about halibut ? what fish do you have access to ?
Comment: Options are quite wide actually. Sea bream, blue fish, mackarel, trout, and bonito. But most of them are far from cod in term of flavour.
Comment: I am not keen on cooking shark for chippies. Wheter it is used or not.
Answer: I have often heard that some restaurants use Atlantic pollock for fish and chips. Your question piqued my interest and I decided to look around a bit.
 From wikipedia ,

In Britain and Ireland, cod and haddock appear most commonly as the fish used for fish and chips,[31] but vendors also sell many other kinds of fish, especially other white fish, such as pollock or coley, plaice, skate, and ray (particularly popular in Ireland); and huss or rock salmon (a term covering several species of dogfish and similar fish).
In the United States, the type of fish used depends on availability in a given region. Some common types are cod, halibut, flounder, tilapia or, in New England, Atlantic cod or haddock. Salmon is growing common on the West Coast, while freshwater catfish is most frequently used in the Southeast. In Canada, pollock, haddock, and halibut are popular choices, alongside cod.

From my experience, pollock and halibut (respectively) would be closer to the the flavor of cod and haddock than some of the others.

Alternative fish for Fish and Chips


Is there a tool that lets an end user manage attributes in Active Directory?

Question: There are attributes in Active Directory such as manager and telephone numbers which can get out of date quickly. Is there an open source or inexpensive tool that can help with management of these fields? I'm looking for something that a non-technical person could use, so it has to be safe.
Answer: I ended up writing my own in dotnet., it allows the user to update phone numbers, office, job title and address details. Address details are a selectable list of offices which would set all the address details for that office.
Accessing the directory was fairly straight-forward, but I did have to allow access to certain attributes through Delegation for the SELF security descriptor.
I also took it one step further and created a templated address generator which would use the users details from AD to create a set of text, rtf and html signatures for use in Outlook.
Answer: rDirectory does it, but it's not free (I don't know how much it costs)
http://www.namescape.com/Products/rDirectory/Standard/Default.aspx
Answer: You can hire someone that knows how to program against an LDAP server to build an application for very little money.  No more than $1000.  That may be the best decision for you since you will get exactly what you are looking for.
Answer: You could just use the regular Active Directory Users and Computers snapin (or create an MMC dashboard) - as long as the user has the correct delegated rights - there shouldn't be a problem? (ok, not the most user-friendly tool perhaps).
In Windows XP atleast you can use the built-in search tool to edit attributes in AD for the search results (people, computers and so on) as long as you have those rights. Not sure if this is possible directly from Vista though?
Answer: Try ASN Active Directory Manager, the tool supports Active Directory Reporting and Management. Reporting is available for Users, Groups, Computers, Contacts, OUs, GPOs, PSOs and bulk creation and modification feature is available for Users, Groups, Computers, Contacts and OUs.
ASN Active Directory Manager can be installed even in a workgroup machine in the network and multiple domains in the forest can be effectively managed from the workgroup installation. The managed domains are listed in a drop down box at the top of the tool and and can be easily switched to any domains.
Also thumbnailphoto can be set and clear for bulk users through csv import and other advanced options. And the tool makes ease the process of restoring deleted users, groups, contacts, computers and OUs with more advanced options.


Should I (an undergrad) call potential industry research intern supervisor by first name?

Question: I am corresponding via email with an industry researcher regarding an internship. He always signs off his emails with his first name, Bill. Still, I have addressed him as "Dr. X" for several emails now. I realize that if I am offered this internship I wouldn't want to keep calling him this and would prefer to be on more casual terms. Should I just abruptly switch to his first name, or wait for him to actually tell me to use his first name?
Comment: Third option, ask him!
Comment: If a professor that I am regularly corresponding with consistently signs off their emails with their first name, I'll usually switch to calling them by that after a while. That may be a liberal opinion though. On the other hand, in your case I would continue addressing him formally as long as you are not yet hired.
Comment: @RogerFan How do you know that his first name isn't automatically attached to the end of every email?
Comment: @AustinHenley I don't. But I assume that any professor whose automatic signature is just his first name isn't going to care. As I said, this is maybe a bit more liberal than many people are comfortable with, but I've never had issues with it.
Answer: Since he is academically your superior and you are trying to get a research position, I'd continue addressing him as Dr. X. I'd continue doing this until he directs you otherwise.
Now, if you get the internship I would continue addressing him as Dr. In person, at least initially. Eventually you may notice other people who work under him that call him by Bill. That would be a good time to say "I notice everyone else addresses you as Bill, would you prefer I address you as Bill or Dr. X.?"
Either way, don't get in a hurry to be on a first name basis.
Answer: Easiest solution, ask him.

Dear Dr. X,
[Rest of the email]
P.S.: do you prefer me to call you Dr X, or Bill?

No mistake possible.
Comment: I don't like this approach at all.  By doing this you force Dr. X to choose between between friendly/polite to you or professional.  In such a position some people opt for polite even though they prefer professional and will resent you for putting them in that position.  If you want to be on a first name basis with Dr. X, give him/her the opportunity to invite you to call them by their given name.  When and if this particular olive branch is extended you'll know it's a genuine gesture.  Dr. X will appreciate it.
Comment: @par In other words, what kind of professional relationship is one where you cannot trust a direct answer to a simple question?
Comment: @par if you have to start second guessing a direct answer... What if he feels compelled to invite you to call you Bill? Or what if he thinks you will prefer to call him Dr X, even though he would rather be called Bill?
Comment: My point is that it's more polite, and in my opinion better, to be professional (i.e. formal) with someone you have a professional relationship with until they invite you to do otherwise.  I'm not suggesting you can't trust the answer to the question, rather that the question is inappropriate at such an early stage.
Comment: Consider the negative response: "Do you mind if I call you Bill?"  "Actually, yes I do mind."  Now what?  Is Dr. X arrogant?  Does Dr. X think you've overstepped your bounds?  Will you feel resentment towards other students that call him Bill?  Have you made it easier or harder to build a friendly relationship with Dr. X, who has just had to "put you in your place?"  This can be avoided entirely by simply respecting the unwritten rules of professionalism to begin with and referring to Dr. X as "Dr. X."


Back pain from playing violin

Question: I have been playing the violin for 5 months now. After about half an hour of playing I get a very bad muscle pain in the back my right shoulder blade. I usually ignore it thinking it'll go away, but it doesn't. Sometimes I take a break for like 10 minutes and then get back to it, but it always comes back. Is this pain normal for violinists? Is it something I should take serious or not? I don't have a shoulder pad. Would having one help?
Comment: I've written a short guide to [checking your posture from the ground-up](http://music.stackexchange.com/a/8047/1344) that may help.
Comment: "Is this pain normal for violinists?" Unless you have some kind of handicap or otherwise different physiology, pain is a very strong indicator there is something wrong in your technique or posture. I don't believe there is any instruments that requires you to hurt yourself while playing.
Answer: I'm not a violinist, but I am a professional trombonist. Although I can't give a specific answer to this question as it applies to violin performance in my own words, there does exist a study we call body mapping. Body mapping is basically human anatomy for performers as it relates to performance - it teaches you how to use your body correctly when performing your instrument. A quick search on Google for "violin body mapping" produced an article that I believe is directly relevant to your question: Body Mapping - Violin and Viola Shoulder Rests, written by Philip Pan. From that site, here's what is recommended:

Stand in front of a mirror. Release as much as possible any habitual tensions resulting from trying to accomodate ill-fitting setups of the past. Remove your current shoulder rest and bring the instrument up to playing position without falling back into old tensions. With your neck and shoulders free and balanced, support your instrument entirely with your left hand. Make sure the scroll sits as high as you like it, and that the lateral angle (tilt) is also to your liking.
Now look in the mirror and notice the space above the instrument, if any, that needs to be filled-in. Check the relationship of chin to chin rest. SAS (web page www.viva-sas.com) makes a unique chinrest with adjustable tilt in various heights – do you need that? The chin rest is less of a factor in securing the instrument than the shoulder rest, but it should be comfortable and not slip. My chin rest has a pronounced lip that tucks under my jawbone and feels very secure, even when slick with sweat. It's right for me; others find it intolerable.
Look at the space and the part of your body below the instrument, the "violin shelf". Also feel it with your right hand. Specifically, determine what shape and size object is needed to fill the gap directly above your collarbone. The shoulder rest should not sit on the shoulder, for that is a point too far away from the counter-weight of the chin/jaw above and also inhibits freedom of movement of the shoulder. Now start trying different pads and objects to fill that gap. Try your old pad and notice its deficiencies: wrong height, angle, support area? Can you use a wadded-up towel or sponges to fill in the gaps and make it work?
Some pad recommendations: the Kun or SAS pads are a good start, for they are available in many heights and have a good, basic ergonomic shape. The wooden SAS is more rigid than the plastic Kun, and it has very nice non-slip feet. The Wolf line is also quite adjustable. All of these have a flat cushion surface amenable to having additional padding glued onto it, should this be needed.
If you go with a Kun-type pad and you find that the tallest model is still too short, you can add material permanently to the pad, or you can use a towel for extra thickness. If you must wear jackets with built-in shoulder pads, you may wish to fit your pad while wearing a jacket and then use a thick towel to compensate for the missing bulk when you play without it. To add permanent padding, obtain some closed-cell foam, such as that used in camping pads and boating cushions. Open-cell foam is too compressible. Cut it neatly with a very sharp blade, (I use my Henckels 8in. chef's knife), to the exact thickness and shape that you need. If you have spent a lifetime with too-short pads, you may be surprised at how much additional padding you require with a tensionless shoulder and free neck! Be sure to cut the foam to the required shape, for you may or may not need a wedge-shaped pad to maintain the correct tilt of your instrument. Cut and try before gluing until it feels just right. Then use contact cement to fasten it all together. If the foam is not black, you can color the exposed sides with a magic marker after final gluing and trimming. If the foam against your body is too slippery, try gluing on a final strip of automotive inner tube, (thoroughly washed first!). It is very grippy, but it does leave black marks on white clothing; perhaps a grippy cloth would also work. If you get it all together and at some point decide to modify it, you can rip it apart carefully without damage to the Kun. If everything has turned out well, you should now be able to fully support your instrument exactly at the height and tilt you like with a dropped, tension-free shoulder and a neck fully and naturally lengthened. The simple weight of your head, not neck muscles, provides the clamping force which secures the instrument against your collarbone. Notice how other parts of your body now feel, (including your bow arm), and enjoy re-learning to play with greater naturalness, efficiency, and fluidity.

I hope this helps!
Answer: Usually problems such as this come from poor posture while playing. A violin is not a heavy instrument like an electric bass guitar or an accordion, where back pain or other muscle or joint pain are more common. I have three suggestions.
First, learn proper posture. In addition to Nate Kimball's suggestion, try the simple principles of the Alexander Technique. Second, do some regular, moderate weight-lifting at a gymnasium as part of a regular exercise routine to keep all your muscles toned. Third, if problems persist, get your physician to write a prescription for you to visit a physical therapist, who will teach you exercises that you can perform every day at home to strengthen your muscles and your back and overcome these problems.
If you continue to play with poor posture and poor technique, your pain and difficulty may grow worse. Learning to practice simple techniques to correct the problems, and keeping up a regular regimen of moderate exercise, should take care of everything so that you can enjoy playing the violin.
Answer: I play Irish traditional music on the fiddle (violin) and don't have these pains. So, no, it's not normal - you shouldn't get any pains of course.  I would suggest finding a teacher who can look at your posture and work out what's wrong.
It seems sensible to me to try a shoulder rest though.  If you have to grip your fiddle or your neck is bent over to the left, it seems likely you might get pains in the opposite shoulder where it's being stretched.  You shouldn't have to grip your fiddle between your neck and chest - it should be rested on your shoulder and its own weight holding it against your chin. A shoulder rest can help bring the violin up to your chin so that your neck can be relaxed yet still be in contact with the chin rest.
I have a Bon Musica shoudler rest which can be shaped a little to fit the contours of your shoulder so that it's quite comfortable to hold.
It's important when playing any instrument that you are relaxed.
Answer: Having a sore back after practicing is actually pretty normal, especially if you started playing less than a year ago. It may sound weird, but it is important to stretch after playing, particularly after a long practice.
You are correct to take breaks– this is definitely important. Make sure that you are relaxed when you play. As you probably know, tension is never good when practicing.
I would strongly suggest a shoulder rest; this will make it much easier to have proper posture, and you won't have to try so hard to keep the violin on your shoulder. I would recommend a "Wolf" or a "Koon" for a shoulder rest, although there are many different brands.
When you hold the violin, you should be able to easily grip the violin between your shoulder and chin without using your hands. If you can't do this, then a shoulder rest is probably necessary. Hope this helps!
Answer: Violin is a finicky instrument when producing sound.  It is tempting to reduce the number of involved variables by tensioning/locking joints, thus reducing the number of independently moving parts.  But the inertia of those larger units is a bigger disadvantage than the initial gain in control.
Walking does not become easier in the long run by keeping the knees locked.
Try feeling the vibrations of the bow running through your fingers, wrists, elbows, shoulders.  Is there some barrier where it stops?  Bad.
Check your stance in a mirror.  Joint by joint: are there joints in unnatural positions?  Joints which don't follow your bowing and position changes and vibrato naturally and supply?  Do you lock any finger joints in left or right hand instead of having them curve naturally?
Do you pull up shoulders or do any other fixed stuff intended for keeping your violin in place?  Your chin and shoulder rests and stance should provide the necessary fixture without any muscle groups requiring constant tension.
Answer: Definitely working with posture will help. I have had the same issues with pain while playing... Often times even after changing posture, the damage may already be done.  As far as the right shoulder goes, the upper trapezius and rhomboids are used more than the lower, so this can actually pull your scapula up a bit and tilt it. Exercises to strengthen the lower muscles of the shoulder on that side should help, as well as alexander technique/posture adjustment.
Answer: You should never feel pain while playing an instrument.  If you do, it's a sign that something is wrong.  Don't play through pain, make sure you get it seen to, because if you don't it will probably get worse.  I also suggest the Alexander Technique as a way to play with less tension.  There's lot's of info on musicians and pain etc at http://mindfulmusician.com

Back pain from playing violin


Is it possible to detect road surface or navigation area using LRF data or other laser data in a Park?

Question: I would like to detect road surface in a park. In the park, only small grass are covered with the both side of the road. That means there is road and the both side of the road are covered by small grass.
Is it possible to detect road surface (not grass) using LRF data or other laser sensors?
If not, why?
if yes, which is better-Camera or laser sensor?
Comment: I am not an image processing guru, but I think it is easier with a camera. Basically you have a brown-greyish path surrounded with huge green surfaces. Sounds easier to distingush them useing a camera.
Answer: Is it possible to detect road surface (not grass) using LRF data or other laser sensors?
Yes it is possible. A laser scanner will give distance measurements along a scan line. Presumably, the road surface is sufficiently smooth that it will be distinguishable from natural terrain. A quick way (certainly not the best way) to get this working for a prototype would be to use a Hough transform to identify lines in the laser scan, the idea being that a scan of the road will be a reasonably clean line and natural terrain will not. This of course requires the laser scanner to be downward facing (perhaps mounted on a mast), which seems like a waste.
Which is better-Camera or laser [range finder]?
Because you don't seem to care about exact distances between the robot and the grass, I would suggest using a camera, which will be significantly cheaper. As for which is better, that depends on what you are actually doing.
Comment: Thank you very much for your answer. So far I know Laser range finder uses laser beam to determine the distance of the object. But if there is no enough gap between road surface and grass area (Grass is very small), then what will happen! Laser beam will be reflected or not? if not reflected, then laser sensor can differentiate the two region or not. Sorry for my questions because I am new in this field.
Comment: I don't understand your question. What do you mean when you say that there is "not enough gap between road surface and grass area"?


How do you show concern or kindness to a stranger without being intrusive?

Question: I was on the train and a young woman, who was a stranger to me, was sitting in the seat across the aisle from me.  She was clearly in distress, and periodically would begin to cry.  In such a case how should care or concern (kindness) be shown without seeming to be prying into their affairs?  Would a gentle "are you alright?" be appropriate? Would offering a tissue be an option, or might that be too vague a gesture?
Answer: I think

Are you alright?

is fine, but if you feel less confident and wish to couch your language a little more then:

I don't mean to intrude but I wanted to check you are ok and if there is anything I can do to help

Then make a suggested offer of help: a tissue, a glass of water, someone to talk to, call a family member.
I think it is less direct, as it doesn't ask a question that the person may feel they have to lie to, i.e. saying they are alright when they are obviously not. It gives them an 'out' along the lines of,

I'll be ok and no there is nothing. But thank you for offering.

I personally think that showing kindness and caring should outweigh impropriety. That we should show caring for others even if it feels socially awkward or there is a social pressure against it - so please go for it and show kindness for someone if it is genuine and deal with the risk of them feeling you are prying. The up-side is you could change someone's life.
Answer: Adding to the answer, I think trains offer a special case of stranger interaction.  Many European trains have those six-person rooms, and Amtrak (the US) will seat you with a stranger for dinner.  We're encouraged to talk to each other.  I've had interesting talks with people on trains, I wouldn't want to ignore someone simply because they're having a tough time.
I've also found psychological differences between conversations on the train, and say, random street encounters.  I don't know what it is, maybe being in between here and there, life seems like it's on hold until the train arrives.  An hour-long conversion with someone she'll never see again might be appealing to her.
I agree that "are you alright?" is a good start.  You're making it clear that you see something is up, but also give a good 'out' for her: "I'm alright, just sad".  It could very well be that she's not alright, as in, you need to go get help.


A Dorian and what about it

Question: Is A Dorian a G major scale? I'm not a theory guy at all, just looking for some help.
Comment: You may think about changing the title from "what about it" to "So What".
Comment: @ggcg then he'd have to change "A Dorian" to "D Dorian" as well
Comment: Not really.   You can play it in a and I interpret the "A" as an indefinite article.
Comment: Does this answer your question? [Is F Lydian mode in the "key" of C Major?](https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/41225/is-f-lydian-mode-in-the-key-of-c-major)
Comment: Just to add the answers below, I always used to think of modes as *different ways* to play a scale. So A Dorian would be a different way to play the G major scale (by starting at A), but it's not the G major scale.
Comment: heh heh. Also, I took out the "thank you" in the interest of signal-to-noise optimisation.
Answer: You may be aware of the interval formula for building the major scale,
(w - w - h) - w - (w - w - h)
where w = whole step and h = half step.  There are 8 notes, one repeated, and 7 intervals or spaces between notes.  I put parenthesis around a common, and repeated, pattern called a tetrachord.
Dorian is built in the following manner,
(w - h - w) - w - (w - h - w)
Here, as with the major scale, or Ionian mode as it is sometimes called, there is a similar construction involving a repeated pattern separated by a whole step.
The Dorian mode stands alone and historically has three or four constructions, some involving intervals smaller than a half step.  This evolved over time and with the invention of equal tempered tuning we have the merging of several ancient scales into the diatonic modes.  On a piano, or other equal tempered instrument (or playing equal temperament on any instrument) one have 7 modes that can all be built from the major scale by starting on a different note and play up to the octave of the starting note.
Starting on 1 we get the Ionian mode
Starting on 2 we get the Dorian mode
Starting on 3 we get the Phrygian mode
Starting on 4 we get the Lydian mode
Starting on 5 we get the Mixolydian mode
Starting on 6 we get the Aeolian mode
Starting on 7 we get the Locrian mode
While it is true that all these modes are in the same key musical ideas expressed in each have unique characteristics.  For example try playing the opening line to Joy to the World (a descending Ionian scale) in each and see what you think.
You can find info on the different manifestations of the Dorian mode online, on Wikipedia for example.  When modern musicians refer to mode they are almost certianly referring to the diatonic modes.
Comment: I recently wrote a  scale study covering all modes.  What I learned: the Locrian sounds really really weird!
Answer:
Is A Dorian a G major scale

No.
Both have the same key signature of one sharp.
But they have different tonics. The tonic is the "home" tone of the mode/key.
If you just noodle around either of the two, they might seem interchangeable. If you play with some harmonic sensibility, you will hear the seemingly exact same tones between the two scales don't have the same harmonic roles.
An A in A Dorian does not work the same way as an A in G major. The former is a point of resolution - the tonic, the latter is not - the supertonic. It's the exact same pitch, but not the exact same scale degree within the respective scales.
You can think of the two like homophones in English: rite versus write.

Stravinsky wrote the Rites of Spring not the Writes of Spring.
Answer: A Dorian is one of the 7 scale modes built from the G major scale. It starts and ends on an A so it has all the same notes in it as a G scale. Playing a G scale starting on a B, C, D, etc. will give you 7 different modes (scales) all built from the same 7 notes and each one is unique. It's best not to think of it as a G scale because it has a different tonal center (A) and is a minor scale. Feel free to reach out if you'd like to know more.
Comment: If you need to know what notes are in it, it's the same notes as the G major scale, and you can also think of it as A minor with a sharpened 6th degree.
Answer: A-dorian is the Re-Re ladder of the related G-Ionian mode (G-Ionian => "G-major")
As D-dorian is the Re-ladder (related to C-Ionian: C=Do, D=Re and Re is the root tone) A-Dorian is the Re-ladder in G from A-A (Do=G, Ti=F#). So this means A is the root tone of A- "minor" ladder (scale) with an augmented sixth. The melody begins with A and the finalis will be A. Another feature in Gregorian Chant is the repercussion tone ("tenor" = kind of "dominant tone"): The tenor tone of the modes containing a perfect 5th  is usually the 5th:
Two characteristic notes or pitches in a modal melody are the final and cofinal (tenor, dominant, or reciting tone). These are the primary degrees (often l, 5) on which the melody is conceived and on which it most often comes to rest, in graduated stages of finality (Berry 1987,[page needed]). The final is the pitch in which the chant usually ends; it may be approximately regarded as analogous (but not identical) to the tonic in the Western classical tradition.
I've never heard or read this, but actually  ...
we can say: like relative keys and relative scales are related as because of the same pool of tones as C-major and a-minor (with other words Ionian and Aeolian of C)  all modes with the same signatur of sharps or flats are similarly related too.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_mode
(With other words: like we have a movable Do - in German we call it the relative Do-Ladder - we can construct a relative scale of all other degrees, their names are related and referring to the absolute pitch and the root tone referring to the movable Do.)
Answer: The scale of the A Dorian mode contains all the same notes as the G major scale, and the set of notes can be found by starting on the second note of the G major scale. But that fact doesn't tell you anything about what A Dorian sounds like. The A Dorian modal feeling has almost nothing in common with G major.
A Dorian is a minor mode, G major is not. A Dorian's "home chord" is a minor chord, A minor, and almost all of the chord degrees are different as well.
You can construct different Modes of the world by starting from a commonly used Straightuppian Mode where the "forward" axis from your nose points horizontally along the Earth's surface, and your left-right axis is also along the Earth's surface, but perpendicular to the forward axis, and your feet-to-head axis points away from the center of gravity of the Earth. Most activities are performed in the Straightuppian Mode. You can obtain the Upsidedownian Mode by rotating your body 180 degrees about the forward axis starting from the Straightuppian Mode. And you can obtain the Sidewaysian Mode by rotating your body 90 degrees about the forward axis. And incredibly, you can obtain the Sleepian Mode by rotating your body 90 degrees about the left-right axis... but depending on the direction of rotation, you can end up in either the Onyourfacian-Sleepian or Onyourbackian-Sleepian Mode. So do you now know all the Modes? Or should you spend some time trying to do things in each mode, so you know the dynamics? For example, it's not recommended to eat or go to the toilet in the Upsidedownian Mode ... it's not an absolute rule, but things can be a bit awkward in that mode.
In other words, the often-heard theoretical definitions of modes, starting from different notes of the major scale, don't really tell you anything about what the world is like in that mode. Dorian just means that things work like in regular minor, but the fourth degree chord is a major instead of minor. Usually you have Am and Dm and Am is home. In A Dorian, Am is still home, but you have D major, not minor. And you can't have an F chord or note in A Dorian, you have an F# note. You can do many of the same things you do in A minor, but not quite. What happens in A Dorian, has very little to do with what happens in G major.
Comment: @MichaelCurtis I was trying to say that even though the usual way to derive the scales cannot be said to be untrue, it doesn't tell anything about what modes really are like. It's like referring to a lying down position by deriving it as a modification to some other position with a specific rotation about an axis. The idea of talking about modes as primarily a _scale_ is missing the whole point completely. Modes are about _harmony around a tonic_, not about an ordered sequence of pitches, even though a scale can also be seen if you look at a mode without understanding what to do with it.
Comment: Mr. Persnicketty claims those are  States of body position, not Modes :-) .
Comment: "...A Dorian ...can be found by starting on the second note of the G major scale..." this common description seems to be the source of so much confusion about modes. What is the problem with simply saying `A` Dorian is a Dorian scale starting on `A`. Just say what it is.
Comment: +1 for pointing out the most immediate difference: one is minor the other major.
Answer: Strictly speaking, A Dorian is not a G major scale. It's not a major scale, and it's not G based.
True, it uses each and every note found in the G major scale, so we call G major its parent scale/key.
But it's actually a minor scale, having its third note (C) a m3 from the root, which is note A.
Dorian is the second mode of major scales, and uses exactly the same notes, but runs from the scale's second note, making that the root, or home. It's a very old mode, in fact the orginal, and can be considered also as the A natural minor scale with a sharpened 6th note.
Answer: "Is A Dorian a G major scale?"
Structurally, yes.  It has the same notes in it as G major.
Musically, it has its own identity.  The tonic (if we can use terms from functional harmony when takling about modal music) is A.  The G note is a minor 7th.
"I'm not a theory guy at all just looking for some help"
Help in doing what?
Comment: "Help in doing what?" -> I'm guessing understanding the difference between A Dorian and G Major scale
Comment: He's just a  Theory Guy,  from a Theory Family,  he needs no Harmony,  Easy Mode, Easy Scale,.... any way the accidentals go....

A Dorian and what about it


HP PROBOOK over heating

Question: MY hp probook 4530's fan doesnt seem to be turning up when it needs to. Im currently running the latest version of ubuntu aka 13.04. I dont play games much and my hp probook only has intel 3000 graphics. All the drivers seem to be in order. However my fan is not turning up when needed. I am new to linux as well. Now I have to install a fan speed control application. if someone could help me out that would be great. I even attempted modifying the grub file. I added the line GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash pcie_aspm=force i915.i915_enable_rc6=1 i915.lvds_downclock=1" to no avail. I must switch computers now because my laptop is getting to hot. Help would be greatly appreciated.
Comment: fans are controlled by the bios/hardware, so you'll have to consult HP.
Answer: We have the same laptop model:)I love my laptop.
Go to your bios-->configuration-->devices
And turn off switchable graphics.This will completely shut down your radeon gpu and you will only use the integrated intel gpu.If you dualboot with windows you should turn it on again every time you want to boot into windows.The problem is basically in the open source drivers.
I know this is just a fix and not a real solution,but...
Let's hope this get's fixed in Ubuntu 13.10 which will be released in 6 days.

HP PROBOOK over heating


Numerals and cases - why in this sentence the adjective is in plural form?

Question: I'm studying numerals and I found this example:
У меня есть 2 старших брата, и одна старшая сестра
far as I know after У меня есть It should be an nominative, so for the rule of the numbers the 2 should need the genitive singular (and thats ok cause брата is right) but why the adjective does not respect this rule? It seems to me in plural (Genitive or Accusative). Can you help me?
Comment: BTW "двое старших братьев" is correct too.
Answer: Well, it's just like that. You have to remember this.
The long story: here "брата" is actually a relict of dual number, not singular. Some time ago it must be kind of "два старша брата", yet adjectives didn't keep any trace of dual form until nowadays, so for 2..4 it is now like this: "plural adjective" + "singular noun".
Comment: Thanks for reminding us about this dual business. This sort of comment provides "Aha!" explanation, which is much more memorable than a plain list of the fake case names used to simulate the relics of the dual.
Comment: Yes, it's always nice to know a bit about the history of something if it's available.  I actually just finished reading the usage notes for "два" over at Wiktionary.  Whoever wrote it does a nice job of it I think, so if you want a few more details about the history (and the usage of this word), here's the link: [**Wiktionary's Usage Notes for "два."**](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0#Usage_notes_2)  HTH
Answer: My understanding of the various facets of the numeral-case system is like this:

1--Both masculine and feminine countable nouns and the adjectives that describe them are in the nominative case. Ex: один чёрный кофе, одна прекрасная принцесcа
2-4 Masculine--Noun is in the genitive singular, adjective in the genitive plural. Ex: два сильных спортсмена, or as in your case: два старших брата
2-4 Feminine--Noun is in the genitive singular, adjective is in the nominative plural. Ex: две сильные спортсменки
5-20--Noun is in the genitive plural, adjective is in the genitive plural Ex: двадцать сумаcшедших людей
Comment: neuter *кофе* is acceptable but still considered poor style by many.
Comment: so *один чёрный* is preferable? I edited it accordingly.
Answer: Unfortunately I really do not know much English. But the reference to the rules.
Maybe someone will be able to translate them.
§193. Определение при существительном, зависящем от числительных два, три, четыре