Was there a continuity in architecture from the Minoan civilisation to classical Greece?

Question: The Minoans used columns in their palaces and the Mycenaeans used columns in their megarons which were inspired by the Minoan column, but were the columns of classical Greek temples and buildings a continuation of the Mycenaean columns or were they distinct from this tradition?
Comment: No.  "_There is a clear division between the architecture of the preceding Mycenaean culture and Minoan cultures and that of the ancient Greeks, the techniques and an understanding of their style being lost when these civilisations fell_"  From the Wikipedia page on [Ancient Greek architecture](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture#Early_development)
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Answer: No and yes. The 'continuity' was largely broken off with the collapse of Mycenean culture and it took too long for the Hellenes to re-reach the cultural level in architecture displayed in the bronze age Helladic cultures. They are hundreds of years apart. More than enough time for knowledge to get lost and exemplary buildings to be destroyed so far beyond recognition that reverse engineering became more difficult than starting anew. For quite some time, the Hellenes did not build in stone and is assumed that they were for a time just incapable to do that on a technological level.
What there is are geographical and structural similarities, like building big houses (megaron), in stone with hefty weight of the material, requiring columns for support. As these were sometimes built on old megarons, one might argue for continuity, but as they are structured differently above the foundations this is at least a bit questionable.
Classical Greek architectures are likely and mostly independent re-inventions, rough inspirations from rubbly remains. Most well known is here the fact that the Greeks just did not know how their 'heroes' (Myceneans) built with these gigantic stone blocks.

At a conventional date of 1350 BC, the fortifications on the acropolis, and other surrounding hills, were rebuilt in a style known as cyclopean because the blocks of stone used were so massive that they were thought in later ages to be the work of the one-eyed giants known as the Cyclopes (singular: Cyclops). Within these walls, much of which can still be seen, successive monumental palaces were built. The final palace, remains of which are currently visible on the acropolis of Mycenae, dates to the start of LHIIIA:2. Earlier palaces must have existed, but they had been cleared away or built over.
–– Wikipedia: Mycenae Late Helladic III (LHIII; c.1400 – c.1050 BC)

That indicates an even more pronounced break if looking at that the very different techniques for later Greek buildings. Coupled with the lack of finds representing hundreds of intervening years, with much simpler economy, administration, religion and buildings throughout the Greek world.
But the argument for a continuity of certain parts is expressed as well:

The Hellenic sanctuary and its humbler counterpart, the rich man's house, are patently derived from the Mycenean palace compound, for which a precedent existed as Troy in the  early  Bronze age; nothing comparable is known during the intervening thousand years, but the resemblance seems 100 precise for mere coincidence. More surprising, because the hiatus may amount to two thousand years, is the parallel between the tvpe of hall then in vogue at Troy, with a projection behind like a smaller edition of the porch in front, and the Hellenic
  temple with its opisthodomos balancing the porch. Except, however, for this one feature, we can watch the development of halls on the mainland of Greece from the same remote epoch, through successive innovations due to the invaders of the Middle Bronze Age and to Minoan influence upon the Myceneans, till the emergence of the temple.
Basically, then, Hellenic architecture is a synthesis of the pre-Hellenic styles. Even one of the past cultures had made its contribution, thanks probably to a diversity of racial and social factors as well as to differences in the physical environment. (Even the Early Bronze Age inhabitants of the Cyclades had bequeathed something, by showing how to construct a corbelled vault with the rock fragments that littered their barren islands.) The accumulated stock of architectural heritage reached its maximum at the close of the Bronze Age and became impoverished in the ensuing dismal centuries of transition, but the several types of building persisted; the loss was not in essentials but in technical and aesthetic standards, in decency of workmanship, and in elegance and ornament. When ease and wealth returned, and the Greeks learnt afresh how to build in stone, their first preoccupation was naturally to master the new technique, which they applied to reproducing the forms they were already accustomed to use in sun-dried brick and timber.
–– A. W. Lawrence: "Greek Architecture" Revised by R. A. Tomlinson, Pelican History of Art, Yale University Press: New Haven, London, 51996.

This is break and continuity does not apply to all parts of the architectural language, style and technologies equally, though

Sources for the peristyle are equally difficult to pinpoint. Egyptian architecture is well known for the use of freestanding supports, either rectangular pillars or rounded columns. Yet these are often found in the interior of a structure, such as a hypostyle hall. The enclosure of a building by columns is unusual and the identification of a peristyle in extant examples, problematic (Haeny 2001). A derivation from Egypt is also undermined by chronology, since, as already discussed, the earliest known Greek peripteroi, the hekatompedon at Ano Mazaraki (circa 700 BCE) and the temple at Ephesos (second quarter of the seventh century BCE) precede the traditional time of contact.
According to A. Bammer, the Artemision peripteros had a predecessor, the "pre‐peripteros," and its form raises further questions of foreign influence. It had columns in the same locations on the exterior and interior, but lacked walls. Bammer proposes a roof between the columns, leaving a central opening. Such an arrangement would recall the Mycenaean megaron with its central clerestory. On the other hand, with a continuous roof throughout, the pre‐peripteros would bear similarities to the Egyptian pavilion, which consisted of two rectangular but concentric series of pillar supports, also without walls. This type of structure is represented by the Kiosk of Sesostris I at Karnak (see Haeny 2001: 95–96 and fig. 12).
It was typical for Greek buildings of the Early Iron Age to be roofed in thatch and mud‐plaster. Although these perishable materials seldom survive, pitched or flat roofs are depicted in some drawings and models from the period (Schattner 1990). Terracotta tiled roofs appear in the archaeological record by the middle of the seventh century BCE. Although small, shingle‐like terracotta tiles were used much earlier to roof Early Helladic complexes such as the House of Tiles at Lerna, the tradition vanished by the Middle Helladic (Winter 1993: 8–9; Wiencke 2000: 197–307). Despite the rarity of examples, Mycenaeans seem to have developed interlocking tile roofs (Iakovides 1990). There is, however, no evidence for terracotta roof tiles after the Mycenaean collapse, and it is hard to imagine how a tile‐making tradition could have been kept alive in the relatively crude architecture of the intervening centuries (Wikander 1988: 204–205; Winter 1993: 13; Mazarakis Ainian 1997: 272). Thus, the surviving remains indicate that during the seventh century BCE, Greeks invented new systems of terracotta tiling to roof their most important sanctuary buildings.
In looking back over thousands of years of architectural history, however, it is clear that the external forms of classical architecture were dependent on both materials and methods of construction. While the Greek world had developed a monumental stone architectural tradition during the Bronze Age, as seen at Mycenaean citadels and Minoan palaces and villas, the demise of these cultures in the late second millennium left no practical legacy for subsequent generations. Visible remains, such as the Lion Gate at Mycenae, might have provided inspiration, but they did not offer practical advice. Most examples of temples or shrines dating between the twelfth and seventh centuries BCE were built of rubble masonry with earth mortar using techniques that are common to vernacular domestic architecture. For the ancient Greeks of the later, historical period, the stimulus to build in stone may have resulted from their own experience of seeing stone architecture in Egypt during the seventh and sixth centuries BCE. Monumental, often megalithic, architecture had been used for sacred buildings, including mortuary complexes and temples, for thousands of years in Egypt. Techniques used to quarry and dress stone and to assemble masonry may thus have been inspired by Egypt, but it seems likely that other factors contributed to the development of a distinctively Greek style.
The use of architectural terracottas in Greece also began in the second half of the seventh century and offered a durable, decorative material with which to roof a building and protect it from intemperate weather (see Chapter 4). The weight of such a roof, however, was significantly greater than anything used previously and was an additional stimulus to construction in stone (Rhodes 2003: 86–93). By the late seventh century BCE, the first intentionally designed stone architecture appeared in Greece. Extant remains from the early temples at Corinth and Isthmia display a variety of blocks that were cut to serve specific purposes, although they show little, if any, sign of an emergent architectural order (Rhodes 2003). In the generations that follow, these first efforts to build in stone led to the development of classical architecture.
In the tradition of so many Dark Age religious foundations that were inspired by the discovery of Mycenaean remains, the religious center of Athens was originally founded on the ruins of a Mycenaean palace high on the Acropolis rock. As late as the Periclean version of the Acropolis, physical contact with and display of the Mycenaean remains was critical to the nature of the sanctuary and its cults. The difference between Athens and early religious foundations in most of the rest of mainland Greece was that the Athenians were building on the architectural remains of Mycenaean ancestors who apparently had not been overcome and displaced by invasion, plague, or drought but who seem to have remained on the same spot continuously from the age of the heroes to the dawn of classical Greece. The Athenians were reminded of this every time they heard the Dorian dialects of their neighboring mainland city‐states, for the Athenians still spoke the ancient Ionian dialect of the Mycenaeans. The Athenians felt so deeply rooted into their native soil that they believed their first king, Kekrops, had slithered out of the earth, snaky tail and all, to found the city.
On the Periclean Acropolis, the great antiquity of the Athenians was preserved and displayed most explicitly in the cults and architecture of the Erechtheion, the successor to the Temple of Athena Polias, the most venerable of the temples on the Acropolis and originally built on the spot of the megaron of the Mycenaean palace. Housed in and immediately around the Erechtheion, in addition to the very ancient cult image of Athena, were many cults and artifacts associated with the mythical foundation of the city, including a cult to the snaky‐bodied king, the saltwater spring and olive tree of the contest between Athena and Poseidon for control of the original city, and the marks left by Poseidon's trident in the bedrock when he struck down Erechtheus, another legendary Athenian king. The roots of the people of Athens were so deep and venerable that their ancient history was populated with heroes and gods (Figure 11.5).
The great Periclean gateway to the Acropolis, the Propylaia, and the Sanctuary of Athena Nike also enshrined and displayed the most ancient history of the Acropolis. The design of Mnesikles, the architect of the Propylaia, not only respected the best preserved and tallest stretch of Mycenaean wall on the Acropolis but it also actually incorporated it – for visual, not structural purposes – into its southeast corner. The new Propylaia acknowledged and celebrated its physical and spiritual connection with the earliest remains and history of the Acropolis through the intentional display of the city's original fortification wall. Less obvious, as it is sheathed in fifth‐century ashlar masonry, is the incorporation of another Mycenaean structure, perhaps a defensive bastion, into the Periclean gateway complex. Originally freestanding in front of the Mycenaean wall but now connected with the Propylaia proper by classical masonry, the Mycenaean structure served as the structural base of a pedestal for a monument to victory, the small Temple of Athena Nike. A small window was left in the classical masonry near its base that allowed direct visual and tactile access to the cyclopean stones that formed the original Mycenaean foundation and, now, the classical one. Finally, less overt but equally expressive of Mycenaean palace architecture, the remains of the Mycenaean entranceway seem to have inspired Mnesikles to design the Propylaia according to Mycenaean principles of defensive architecture, with outstretched wings that encompassed and channeled anyone approaching, very much like the Mycenaean gateway to the Acropolis and the Lion Gate at Mycenae.
The Parthenon, too, might carry Mycenaean allusion. As the original temple of Athena Polias was founded on the ruins of the Mycenaean palace, and consistent with the universal fascination of early mainland Greeks with their heroic past, the name "Parthenon" may in fact indicate "the place of the maidens" rather than an epithet for Athena, and the western cella – the only part of the temple actually referred to by the ancients as the "Parthenon" – may reflect and preserve the position of the tomb of the daughters of one of the legendary founding fathers of Athens (Connelly 1996: 76). It was through the agency of their self‐sacrifice that Athens was first miraculously delivered from destruction at the hands of an invading enemy, deep in the shadows of mythical history.
–– Margaret M. Miles (Ed): "A Companion to Greek Architecture", John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, 2016.

To highlight the specifically the column in a summary:

Why and how either style came to emerge in Greece, and why they came together into succinct systems so quickly, are questions that still puzzle scholars. Remains of the oldest surviving temples show that the main features of the Doric style were already established soon after 600 BCE. It is possible that the temple's central unit, the cella and porch, derived from the plan of the Mycenaean megaron, either through continuous tradition or by way of revival. If this is true, this relationship may reflect the revered place of Mycenaean culture in later Greek mythology.
Still, a Doric column shaft tapers upward, not downward like the Minoan-Mycenaean column. This recalls fluted half-columns in the funerary precinct of Djoser at Saqqara of over 2,000 years earlier. In fact, the very notion that temples should be built of stone and have large numbers of columns was an Egyptian one, even if Egyptian architects designed temples for greater internal traffic. Scholars believe that the rise of monumental stone architecture and sculpture must have been based on careful, on- the-spot study of Egyptian works and the techniques used to produce them. The opportunity for just such a study was available to Greek merchants living in trading camps in the western Nile Delta, by permission of the Egyptian king Psammetichus I (r. 664 610 BCE).
Some scholars see Doric architecture as a petrification (or turning to stone) of existing wooden forms, so that stone form follows wooden function. Accordingly, triglyphs once masked the ends of wooden beams, and the droplike shapes below, called guttae, mimick the wooden pegs that held them in place. Metopes evolved from boards that filled gaps between triglyphs to guard against moisture. Some derivations are more convincing than others, however. The vertical subdivisions of triglyphs hardly seem to reflect the forms of three half-round logs, as some have suggested, and column flutings need not have developed out of tool marks on a tree trunk, since Egyptian builders also fluted their columns and yet rarely used timber for supporting members. The question of how well function explains stylistic features faces the architectural historian repeatedly.
 ––  Penelope E Davies et al (Eds): "Janson's History of Art: The Western Tradition", Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, London, 82011.
Comment: Amazing! Thank you for the informative answer.


How to find out my car's specs?

Question: I purchased my car second-hand a couple of years ago but I'm not sure anymore what are its exact specs, for instance in terms of engine power and stuff. Is there a way to know this easily, maybe some online database or something? The vehicle is a Citroen C3 Desire from 2003 with a 1360cc engine.
Answer: If the car has an owner's manual, then you can find the details under technical specifications, which is usually the last section
Model series - Citroen C3[A8]
Engine code - KFV
Engine designation - TU3JP
Capacity - 1,36 L
Cylinders - 4
Power - 55 kW/ 75PS
Model series - Citroen C3[A8] 16V
Engine code - KFU
Engine designation - ET3J4
Capacity - 1,36 L
Cylinders - 4
Power - 65 kW/ 88PS
Comment: Thanks. It does show the engine size, but amazingly it shows engine power nowhere!! I checked and rechecked all ownership and insurance documents I have, it appears nowhere. As if it wasn't worth mentioning. Welcome to Britain...
Comment: If you can share the vehicle details then I can help you find information
Comment: Ok, it's a Citroen C3 Desire from 2003 with a 1360cc engine.
Comment: Details added, please check in the answer
Comment: Sorry for the delay. I checked thoroughly but they don't appear anywhere in the car manual...
Answer: Next time it may be easy to check it out yourself. There are plenty of free online car databases. I use carspecs360.com which gives you all the desired information.
Answer: well,no offense,but people usually do a little research before purchasing a car.
you can find the info in your owner's manual which you must have had with the car. if not, try some online car database, like this.
Answer: Another way to get info about your car, lacking anything else: You can ask a certified dealer to look up you VIN in their system. You´ll find the VIN in your cars papers, and also on different locations imprinted into the frame, and on the lower right corner on your windscreen.
For more info see here
Your car manufacturer has a detailed database of the cars they sold and their vin´s. It´s also a good Idea to see if those numbers match the documentation upon purchase.

How to find out my car's specs?


SSH not working when connecting from local network, but working when connecting from external ip

Question: Raspberry pi has been having some erratic ssh and vnc performance, it just closes itself and do not let me reconnect, I need to restart it in order to do so. I tried connecting from my external ip, as if I were away from home and it is working much better than if I ssh directly to it's ip. Any suggestions?
Comment: Have you checked the logs? I had some similar issues but at one point the problems where gone, don't ask me why. After restarting dropbear i could connect again.
Comment: You have bad cabling from your remote host or crappy wifi. The only reason you have better connection from internet is because the Pi is is directly wired to your modem most likely and then to the internet. Your home computers might be running on flakey Wifi that causes SSH to panic and drop connections, a bad cable that just causes too many errors for SSH. SSH is very sensitive on junk because it anticipates man in the middle attacks. You might "think" your LAN is OK because it runs fast enough (but not reliably enough)
Answer: A few things you can check:
You don't say what OS you are connecting from, but I have successfully SSH'ed from Mac OSX and Windows and even my iOS iPad. Mac OSX was the easiest, since I just used the Terminal app. I'd imagine any Linux would be as easy as the Mac. Reason the Mac was so easy is I didn't have any firewall on my Mac.
On Windows (7 and 2008 Server) I was initially caught out by firewall rules. So make sure your firewall allows Port 22 TCP access. Windows Firewall doesn't allow that by default and it's not so straightforward to enable it - but Google and you should be able to find out how to do it. This is most likely to be your root cause.
Next possibility is that you can't find your RPi from your other machine. Are you referring to it by its IP address? That should work (though I don't know if IPv6 will work, I've not used that). If your RPi has a DNS Name ago you're trying to connect to it by name, does the name actually resolve? Open up a CMD or Terminal window and type ping  (where you'd replace the bit in brackets with your DNS name - like ping raspberry). If ping says it can't find your RPi then you need to figure out how to get a DNS name for your RPi - which is a whole new set of issues. In that case you're probably best going back to using IP address.
Last one I can think is that you have set up PuTTY to automatically log in but you haven't got the keys necessary for auto-login. I have set auto-login on my machines and it's not easy, but again there's quite a lot of info on Google.
The fact you can connect from an external machine indicates the obvious one isn't the case (that you have not got a running SSH daemon on your RPi!)
Comment: Its down to his network. Clearly he can connect from the internet so it does not matter what he is using. ITs a good answer but not really hitting the head on the nail here :(
Answer: I copy the same answer I gave to Why does my Pi become unreachable from other computers but is still connected to the internet? because you probably have the same problem:
It seems that some versions of the Raspberry Pi tend to hang on high network load.
I solved the problems I had with mine by updating the firmware and allocating more memory for the USB driver.
To update the firmware, use rpi-update:
sudo apt-get install rpi-update
sudo rpi-update

And to change the memory assigned to the USB driver, you should find this value in /etc/sysctl.conf:
vm.min_free_kbytes = 8192

And change it to 16384.
More info:
https://github.com/Hexxeh/rpi-update
http://elinux.org/R-Pi_Troubleshooting#Crashes_occur_with_high_network_load


why "American-born", not "America-born"?

Question: I tried but failed to wrap my head around the grammar for the term
"American-born" (and all other similar expressions - "Canadian-born", "French-born", ...etc).
Is it a set phrase or is there some grammar rule why the term has to be American-born, not America-born ?
Comment: Notice that Americans don't have to be born in America to be American-born.
Comment: Adjectives usually precede nouns, e.g *funny movies* not *movies funny*, *soft wool* not *wool soft*, but American is both an adjective and a noun, and you can look at it as being an adjective  in compound nouns such as *American pie*, and an "all American hero" etc. When the second word is a verb in the Past Participle, the first word is normally a noun, e.g. a candle-lit dinner.
Comment: Apparently, the Q is not specific to America. The title is misleading (proof: some of the comments and answers.)
Answer: There are 2 ways to express the country of birth.

born as a(n) [American, Canadian...]

rewritten as:

[American, Canadian...]-born

born in [America, Canada...]

It is similar with the pattern:

(adjective) - ("past participle" of a noun)

e.g.:

short-sleeved = with a short sleeve
fast-paced = with a fast pace

Compare with:

(adjective) - (past participle)
American-born = born in America
Comment: @ColinFine we can say "factory made" but I'm not familiar with the expression "China made", it's always "Made in China", likewise it's normally *born in the USA* not *USA born*
Comment: No, this answer is wrong. If it were right, we couldn't say "factory made".
Comment: Rephrase my confusion - please clarify why "born in America" cannot be converted to "America-born", but "born as an American" can be converted to "American-born"
Comment: thank you for the input. However, can you elaborate on why the phrase cannot be "noun-past participle" but has to be "adjective-past participle"?
Comment: because you cannot say "born as an America". You have to choose one way to say the information, and stick to that. If you mix things randomly, it will not work.
Comment: Saying that we don't have past participle of nouns `("past participle" of a noun)`
Comment: I don't think so. *American born* can also mean "born **in** America."
Answer: "American-born" means that someone was an American citizen from birth. It doesn't necessarily mean they were physically "Born in the USA."
"America-born" does mean they were physically born in the USA. For most countries, that does not necessarily mean they are a citizen of the country where they were born, but the USA is an exception to that general rule, because of the 14th Amendment to the Constitution.
Note: there are a few exceptions to the US "citizenship by birthright" rule, such as children of foreign diplomats working at embassies in the USA who are not born inside the embassy itself (which does not count as "US territory") but in a hospital which is in US territory.
Comment: Sorry, but it's a myth that embassies in a country are not part of that country's territory. Embassies in the US are absolutely US territory; the US just agrees not to enforce its laws there. A child who is born in an embassy in the USA was born in the USA just as much as a child who was born in the hospical next door. If a diplomat has a child in the US, that child is not born a US citizen because of the immigration status of the parents, regardless of the exact location of birth.
Comment: Also, I think this answer is wrong on the more important points. To me, "America-born" sounds flat-out ungrammatical and I'd lke to see examples justifying this usage. I certainly wouldn't say "Britain-born" to mean "born in Britain, regardless of whether they were born a British citizen", as distinct from "British born", meaning "born a Britich citizen, regardless of where they were actually born". I don't think "America(n)-born" is any different.
Comment: I think that "American-born" does normally mean exactly born within the Geographical US, and does not indicate citizenship. A diplomats child would be said to be "American born" even though such a person was never a US citizen. This answer is in my view fundamentally incorrect.
Comment: @gnasher729 So you're arguing that I've never heard "America-born" because it's unusual to be born in the USA without being a citizen. OK, but most countries don't have birthright citizenship, so it's much more common for somebody to be born there without being a citizen. And yet I've never heard "Britain-born", "France-born", "China-born" or any other example of this ungrammatical-sounding construction. For example, googling `"Britain-born"` gives no relevant hits, except for a claim on a forum. `"America-born"` also seems not to give relevant hits.
Comment: @DavidRicherby You would typically only use "America-born" for the rare person who was born in the USA but not American from birth, so you will rarely hear the term. You would probably use "born in the UK" for anyone, well, born in the UK. "Born in the USA" is used to express anything from patriotism to nationalism, and that child born to French embassy staff would likely not use that term.
Answer: "American-born" is the common phrase.
Firstly, it's best to think of it as as a set phrase that refers to citizenship, rather than country of birth. While you might be understood if you say "America-born," the phrase will sound odd to a native speaker, and most people will simply assume that you meant to say "American-born" and attribute it to a fluency error.
Secondly, a searchable term for the second part of compound words like American-born is a hyphenated suffix. Hyphens have several uses, one of which is to connect modifying words, especially when needed to clarify or separate words that could be parsed incorrectly. For example, consider the sentence fragments below:

American born abroad.
Someone who is currently an American citizen but who was born outside the USA. They may or may not have been an American citizen at birth.
American-born abroad.
A person (or people, plural; the fragment is ambiguous without context) currently living or traveling outside the United States. This person was an American citizen at birth.

In practical usage, the hyphen here syntactically allows the grammatical but non-colloquial phrase born as an American to be converted from a verb plus modifying clause into a single compound word. In either case, American is actually eliding "American citizen." Therefore, a native speaker would generally understand American-born to mean "born (as) an American citizen."
Because English is a satellite-framing language, phrases that denote motion or manner often require or imply a preposition or prepositional phrase. If it helps, you can think of American-born as meaning "born into American citizenship."
"America-born" is not a common phrase.
While probably grammatical for certain usages, the phrase "America-born" is simply not one that you are likely to hear or read. If you wanted to say that a non-US citizen was born in the USA, you would say something like A <nationality> born in the US. The nationality would generally be expressed as an adjective like Chinese, Canadian, or Dutch (implying the noun citizen).
There are some exceptions. For example, you're more likely to hear "An Irishman/Scotsman born in the US" than something more contorted like "An Irish UK citizen born in the USA." Nevertheless, such phrases are still generally understood to reflect citizenship rather than cultural or racial identity. When talking about identity, the phrase is generally <adjective>-American such as Irish-American, African-American, and so forth.
Comment: @Wayne `Borne` (the past participal of `bear`) is the homonym that means carried or transmitted. `Born` without the terminal "e" never has that connotation, but it's a very common error.
Comment: Thanks. Curious why isn't this the best answer. Sorry but I can only give you one uptick.
Comment: I would say that "American-born abroad." is an oxymoron, a contradiction in terms, because "American-born ." iondicates place of birth, **not** citizenship at birth
Comment: +1. My instinct is that American-born is equivalent to "born [as] an American [citizen]", while America-born (which is awkward) would be equivalent to "born in America". Unless the word "born" is being used in the sense of "carried".
Comment: Yikes, I thought it wasn't that simple, but my online dictionary was in thesaurus mode rather than dictionary mode. You're right. (Though it's interesting to read that they're both related to "bear". And it also makes me now think that the book/movie Bourne Identity was a play on "Borne Identity".)
Answer: You'd best regard it as an idiom.
There is no logical reason why you shouldn't say "America born": it's exactly parallel to "factory made". We just don't.
Comment: I'm not sure this parallel is right. There's no commonly used adjective meaning "related to factories". For example, you'd say "a factory worker" but not "an America worker".
Comment: I'm not sure the existence or absence of an adjective is relevant. How about _industry standard_. (not _industrial standard_) . Or are you claiming that the past participle is crucial too?
Comment: Industry/industrial is a good example. I guess the participle is important, since it would be "industrially made", not "industry-made" or "industrial-made". I'm still not sure the parallel is right, but I'm not prepared to say it's wrong! English is hard. Let's go shopping.
Comment: Yes, we can say "factory made" but I'm not familiar with the expression "China made", it's always "Made in China", likewise it's normally *born in the USA* not *USA born*. However, something can be *silver* or *gold plated*, but not *silvered plated* and *golden plated* also sounds odd. I think English rejects compounds consisting of two past participles but there may well be exceptions.
Answer: Perhaps there is a distinction between country of birth and citizenship at birth? To be honest, I think it's ambiguous: I would avoid describing myself as British-born or German-born (I was born in Germany with British citizenship) because I don't think it would communicate clearly. But I would tend to assume in the absence of clarification that "British-born" refers to citizenship, not to geography: I was born British in Germany.
Comment: I doubt there's any such distinction. If somebody said that you were "Germany-born", you'd reject that as ungrammatical.
Comment: I think I'd reject it as un-idiomatic rather than ungrammatical. "Farm-grown", "sun-ripened", "Oxford-educated" suggest that there's no grammatical problem with Germany-born.
Answer: In comparison to another phrase mentioned; another factor to consider: "factory" is not a proper noun, but a common one. On the other side, "America" is a proper noun. The country in question is always a proper name as well, and in English, proper names cannot be modified by an article or other determinants. Nor do they modify other words.
This carries over, in that we also say "American made" or "French made", rather than "America made" or "France made" when referring to the manufacture of items. We would say "France made a mistake" to refer to the government of France doing something, but not "France-made clothing". The other difference is that in "France made a mistake" it is a noun + action structure.
By understanding them as proper names it should become clear that the supposed alternative phrases must be ungrammatical. The word "America" refers to the country itself, while "American" refers to being of or related to the country called "America". Proper names are simply not adjectives or modifiers - they refer to a specific thing.  The prase "factory made" uses a common noun, which can be used in this way because it isn't a specific reference. One exception here is that you might say "Dearborne made", but this exception exists because there is no general referential term meaning "from, of, or related to Dearborne"; ie. China -> Chinese, France -> French, Dearborne -> ____.
Comment: Dearborne is a city? You should explain that or provide a more famous example.


How do i clear the batch after fermentation?

Question: I have tried to use many things to clear wine or fermented beverage. Things like cloth, paper towels and coffee filters, non of these work well, but what is the most effective way to clear out the thick yeast left over and further more, after all the clearing is done, is there anyway to make it more clear?
Comment: possible duplicate of [How to get clearer and more clarified home-brewed beers?](http://homebrew.stackexchange.com/questions/4284/how-to-get-clearer-and-more-clarified-home-brewed-beers)
Answer: Using any of those things to filter beer will badly oxidize it and ruin the flavor.  I clear beer with time and cold temperature.  A couple months at 35F will clear just about any beer.  You can also use things like gelatin, Polyclar, or Biofine.  If you want to filter you needs kegs and a CO2 setup to push the beer so you can do it in an enclosed manner and not pick up oxygen.  Or, there's the old standby of drinking out of a porcelain mug so you can't see it!  ;)
Answer: Use Cold crashing so the yeast and other undesirables fall out of suspension and to the bottom of the vessel.
 Finings is another way clarify and drop out the undesirables from suspension in the fluid.
Then Rack in to a new vessel, you transfer the from one vessel to another gently with a siphon of some description and leave behind the sediment undisturbed.
Answer: An additive like Irish Moss during the last few minutes of the boil will help clarify the final product. I've also found racking to a secondary fermenter has helped clarify a lot too.
Using cheese cloth, or coffee filters have a potential for introducing bacteria into the final beer
Comment: +1 for Irish Moss at end of wort boil! It was all I needed for top-fermenting yeasts I used in the past (Pale Ale, mostly).
Answer: Cold crashing has the best results in my opinion. Just get it as cold as you can for at least 1-2 weeks before you bottle.
For wine or cider, if you really want to get it clear you can use a secondary. However, the consensus is that you may risk oxidation during transfer.


Dialogue Editing for Documentary Film

Question: Currently editing dialogue for a short documentary, and I'm wondering, do you guys out there split off PFX in the same way as you do with narrative film work? I'm mainly wondering if you do this because, in addition to the M+E, it's my understanding that we split off PFX because they can pump the expanders/compressors set for the dialogue.
Answer: Hmm... as long as you deliver within the network's level/range requirements, how you mix the programme is entirely up to you, no? On most documentaries, I don't quite imagine there being enough time to do a proper split/organise on every stem. Also, are you delivering an M+E or a dipped/undipped pair? Very likely that extra material would go to another mixer person first anyway. Does the station in question really have an additional dynamics processor other than a master limiter in the sound chain? That could make things sound like crap by default..
Answer: You normally only split off the PFX if there is time, typically the budgets are too tight.

Dialogue Editing for Documentary Film


What about DPI?

Question: What about DPI when sizing to 2048 the long way?  Mine are usually 300dpi but since FB (FaceBook) changes that to 72 dpi, would I be better off to change to 72 dpi myself before uploading?  Thank you!
Answer: It makes absolutely no difference for web viewing. 2048 pixels is 2048 pixels. Viewing apps will resize to whatever they resize to anyway.
For more about why it doesn't make any difference, please see: Is there any practical difference between saving at 300ppi or 72ppi?
As far as facebook specifically is concerned, facebook strips all of the metadata from your file anyway. Facebook also resizes, re-compresses, etc. images as well. The way to optimize images for facebook is to upload them at the exact resolutions for their intended usage and compress them yourself so that the total file size is less than 100KB. Other wise facebook will compress them further.
Answer: The value that Facebook sticks into the dpi field does not matter.  Facebook has specific sizes they want to display based on photo width, and maximum file size.  Their manipulation of the photo is based on those quantities, not the dpi. I have seen 96dpi and 180 dpi on Facebook images. It is all about the number of pixels and the quality of each pixel, nothing else.  If you are worried about changes in quality caused by Facebook, then worry about the parameters that Facebook looks at.  If you do not want them resizing, then hit one of those pixel widths. (after looking at a few images on Facebook, that parameter might be the maximum dimension, which can be either width or height)  If you do not want re-compression, also make sure the files size is small enough.  Note: these are always subject to change and the Facebook algorithm might not be perfect in what they do with images.  Here is what Facebook says on their help pages ( https://www.facebook.com/help/266520536764594 ):

How can I make sure that my photos display in the highest possible quality?
We automatically resize and format your photos when you upload them to Facebook. To help make sure your photos appear in the highest possible quality, try these tips:

Resize your photo to one of the following supported sizes:

Regular photos: 720px, 960px or 2048px wide
Cover photos: 851px by 315px

To avoid compression when you upload your cover photo, make sure the
file size is less than 100KB
Save your image as a JPEG with an sRGB color profile

You can also changes your settings so that your photos are uploaded in HD by default.

There also is a fairly recent "Photo Taco" podcast about this very same issue talking about various social media dealings with photos, including facebook, Instagram, and others.  ( http://improvephotography.com/43150/photo-taco-sizing-sharing/ )  He is particular about doing what results in the best images and talks about his experiences.
The show used to run about 5 minutes or so, but recently it is averaging over a half hour.  You can listen to it online or download the podcast.
Comment: This doesn't answer the question, which is what to do about DPI.
Comment: edited to be more clear about dpi not what matters.

What about DPI?


If a container is compromised does that mean host also compromised?

Question: Recently, I have heard of a new virtualization tech called containers. Suppose the container has been compromised, does this mean the host is also compromised (since the container is a process on a host)? In terms of security, is a VM (virtual machine) more secure than containers?
Comment: [This comic](https://herpaderp.party/0058.html) was hanging on the wall at my last gig, for a reason.
Comment: If the vulnerability is in the application code, a container provides pretty good protection. If, however, the vulnerability is in the kernel, you basically lost and would better have used a VM.
Answer: If the kernel is compromised in the container, the host is compromised.
Ostensibly, a compromised container should not be able to harm the host. However, container security is not great, and there are usually many vulnerabilities that allow a privileged container user to compromise the host. In this way, containers are often less secure than full virtual machines. That does not mean that virtual machines can't be hacked. They are just not quite as bad.
If the kernel is exploited in a virtual machine, the attacker still needs to find a bug in the hypervisor. If the kernel is exploited in a container, the entire system is compromised, including the host. This means that kernel security bugs, as a class, are far more severe when containers are used.
Containers are often implemented by using namespaces:

A namespace wraps a global system resource in an abstraction that makes it appear to the process within the namespace that they have their own isolated instance of a global resource. Changes to the global resource are visible to other processes that are members of the namespace, but are invisible to other processes.

Unfortunately, Linux namespaces typically expose a much greater attack surface area from the kernel. Many kernel vulnerabilities are exploitable in namespaces. While not every container solution uses Linux namespaces, they all use the same kind of technology, with the same security issues. Some containers, like Docker, are capable of making use of a syscall filtering framework called seccomp to reduce the attack surface area of the kernel. This is an improvement, but isn't enough.
If you are not using containers and have no need for (unprivileged) user namespaces, you have the option to disable them by setting user.max_user_namespaces = 0 to improve security.
From Daniel Shapira:

[...] kernel exploits can be devastating for containerized environments. This is because containers share the same kernel as the host, thus trusting the built-in protection mechanisms alone isn't sufficient.
Answer: Because containers are not as isolated as VMs, yes, in one way they are less secure.  See forest's answer.
Having said that, I think it's worth noting that containers also provide some some benefits from a application security perspective.  Because they typically run a single process they limit the attack surface, there's no cron monitor or ssh daemon running inside the container, for example.  Container images are immutable: on restart they load from the original binaries.  You can't overwrite the application.  Most container technologies also allow precise control over what ports are open and to whom.  You can have a container for a DB that cannot be accessed from anything other than your other containers.
All of this assumes that these features work as advertised and do not have flaws, of course.  And if an attacker manages to escape from the container, none of the above applies.  It adds a bit of overhead but a belt and suspenders approach is possible: containers on top of VMs.
Comment: Well you can also divide your VM in multiple sub networks, enable local firewall to filter port and so on. To me containers are at the very least an interesting opportunity when you want to isolate stuff and those stuff aren't worth a full VM configuration. I'd consider to put entry points in a VM and the reste eventually only in containers. With a strict watching on what happens in the VM (like typical monitoring of any files update of the system)
Comment: @Walfrat You can do a lot to reduce the attack surface of a VM running a full linux distro, for sure.  And maybe if you are a guru, you might even get it right.
 For docker, at least, the default is 'nothing available'.  Everything has to be explicitly brought in and enabled.  If you want to setup say a cluster of webservers that talk to a dedicated back-end, you can't hide the DB from other hosts on the network using VM configurations alone.  Doing this in something like kubernetes is a trivial configuration.
Comment: I guess so, I'm from the development side so I'm far from off what system guys really can do or how easy / hard it can befor people knowing the right tools (or if there is one). My comment is what I understood in the context of the current question, which is if you really want high security without eventually doing too much security (and costs), you might at least invest specially on the entry point, and so put that in a VM under strict control and only allowing the minimum interaction with the rest of the system. If I were do to it myself, I just won't, I don't have the skills for that.
Comment: @Walfrat I think you are speaking to the heart of my main point here.  Application people like you and me are typically don't have the skills to secure the host environment.  Containers let developers specify what their application needs from the environment in a transparent way.  This lets the experts secure the host in a more or less application agnostic way.  I see a lot of opportunity for people who can manage and secure container environments.


Why didn't Jack ask for help when Elizabeth cuffed him?

Question: What I want to know is, why didn't Jack ask for help when Elizabeth cuffed him to the ship during the Kraken attack? He could have easily shouted for help from his crew.
Comment: Pirates have a saying (prpbably more than a saying)  *not exact words* **If ship is properly be sunken, then it's Captain should be sunken with it**
Answer: It's never confirmed, but there are several possibilities here.
1. The captain goes down with the ship.
Pirates are shown to be adamant about sticking to the code. The one pirate who said "screw the code" was killed immediately (by Captain Teague).
2. Jack begrudgingly agrees.
Note that Elizabeth tells Jack why she does it: the Kraken is coming for him, not anyone else. It's possible Jack agrees here. He still tries to escape, but still separates himself from the group.
3. There wouldn't be enough time to save him, it would get more people killed.
Jack may also have considered that the Kraken was going to appear any second, and that rescuing him (hearing Jack, going back, trying to free him, possibly having to fight Elizabeth in the process, ...) is going to take so much time that it was going to get them all killed.
Jack was going to the locker, but I'm not sure if the others were guaranteed an afterlife. While he doesn't particularly show it, Jack does care about his friends to some degree.
4. The plot demanded it.
It never happened because the plot required Jack to be taken down to the locker. Either the writers forgot about the possibility (unlikely), or the writers simply omitted the pointless attempt to free Jack because it wasn't supposed to succeed anyway (much more likely) and it kept screentime to a minimum.
5. It was the end of the second movie, with a clear message that a third movie would be released.
This seems the most plausible explanation, in my opinion.
Consider that the crew being unaware to Elizabeth having betrayed Jack serves as a cliffhanger for the third movie (here's a double cliffhanger because Will ends up seeing Elizabeth kiss Jack and thinks he's being cheated on).
If Jack had screamed about Elizabeth chaining him to the mast, both cliffhangers would not have existed.
Comment: Adding something here, to your first point. Jack loved his precious pearl so much he may have some hesitation to abandon her
Comment: @Vishwa: If that was the case, he wouldn't have needed to be chained to her in the first place, no? IIRC Jack had specifically agreed (and IIRC even given the order) to abandon the ship.
Comment: I'm not saying he had this absolute idea to goto Davy Jones' locker, but in the situation(being chained and all), I think that's what make him to fight the *Beastie* rather than trying to run(or swim) away. (may not be successful, but could even give a try if he wanted)
Comment: @Vishwa: Jack still escapes the cuffs, and is seen trying to leave the ship, only to realize that the Kraken is already there. It is only then, when faced with that inevitability, that Jack chooses to go down fighting. Jack has never portrayed a "go down fighting" attitude in any of the movies. He runs and cowers and avoids making a stand if it doesn't benefit him. The only reason the "bravely fought" the Kraken is because there was no way to escape anymore.
Answer: It's thematic and apart of the story structure:
A speculative answer based on the story is that the first three POTC films set up a redemption arc for Captain Jack Sparrow, whom over the course of his life has left people in precarious situations leading up to his involvement with Will Turner, Bootstrap Bill, and Elizabeth Swann.

A redemption arc is a story where the character goes through many
  obstacles and makes up for something bad they have done. For example,
  a bad guy might be evil at the beginning of a story but by the end of
  the story he saves the world and becomes good.

It's in the newer films (On Stranger Tides, Dead Men Tell No Tales) have begun to delve further and further into Jack's past after facing his fears in Davy Jones' Locker (At World's End), while in the fifth film begins to  revisit the horrible situation that occurs at the end of At World's End, where Will is separated from Elizabeth and must uphold the duties of the Flying Dutchmen, which was the only way to save Will Turner's life. Pirates of the Caribbean features a series of tragic, unrequited, and unresolved love stories.
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest - Script

<code>                                 ELIZABETH SWANN
                     Because you and I *are* alike, and there
                     will come a moment when you have a chance
                     to show it. To do the right thing.

                                 JACK SPARROW
                     I *love* those moments. I like to wave
                     at them as they pass by.

                                 ELIZABETH SWANN
                     You'll have the chance to do something...
                     something courageous. And when you do,
                     you'll discover something: that you're
                     a good man.

                                 JACK SPARROW
                     All evidence to the contrary.

                                 ELIZABETH SWANN
                     I have faith in you. Want to know why?

                                 JACK SPARROW
                     Do tell, dearie.

                                 ELIZABETH SWANN
                     Curiosity. You're going to want it.
                     A chance to be admired. And gain the
                     rewards that follow. You won't be able
                     to resist. You're going to want to know...
                     what it tastes like.

                                 JACK SPARROW
                     I *do* want to know what it tastes like.

                                 ELIZABETH SWANN
                     But - seeing as you're a good man I
                     know you will *never* put me in a position
                     that would compromise my honor.
</code>

In the second film the story dances around if Jack can corrupt Elizabeth's fidelity and nobility, while she challenges Jack to be a better man and take the high road. So Elizabeth betrays Will in one instance, and Jack doesn't fight the argument Elizabeth proposes when she says, "This is the only way.", and Jack stays on the ship, slips out of his cuffs, and dies fighting the Kraken.


Debugging wait_fences: failed to receive reply: 10004003

Question: Can someone tell me how I can debugg this error "wait_fences: failed to receive reply: 10004003" I am not quite sure where in the code it gets called as it happens during startup
Comment: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1371346/wait-fences-failed-to-receive-reply-10004003
Comment: The problem is that I don't know where it happens.. I don't have any viewWillAppear..
Answer: Check these out:
"wait_fences: failed to receive reply: 10004003"?
Hope this helps you.
Please feel free to let me know, if you need more help on this.
Answer: I couldn't find a universal way to break on that message, however, based on a comment in the apple dev forums, I was able to figure out a cause I haven't seen turn up on stackoverflow or in google.
My app has the status bar initially hidden so it isn't there when the default.png is displayed. In application:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions: I was calling [application setStatusBarHidden:NO withAnimation:YES]. Commenting out that call removed the message. It didn't matter if the animation flag was NO. Wrapping this cal in a dispatch_async also removed the message.
Answer: I used to get the same debug message and could not find any sort of answer, on a off chance I set the Split Keyboard setting to OFF. Settings - General-Keyboard-Split Keyboard - OFF. So far it has worked for me. Co-incidence... IDK.


Natural language processing (sentiment classification) API for French text

Question: Does anyone know of a good (preferably free or better yet open source) API for natural language processing in French? I have a small dataset (pre-classified into "positive" and "negative" sentiment) on a particular subject, but I'd prefer not to write and train my own classifier algorithm (partly because the classification precision will be mediocre because the dataset is only 5000 phrases or so).
Comment: I believe Patrick Paroubek has done some work on sentiment analysis, you could contact him for pointers. Also if you feel you don't have enough data, a [student of his](http://lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/pdf/385_Paper.pdf) did his PhD thesis on gathering data for sentiment analysis from Twitter based on the occurrence of positive and negative smileys.
Comment: No certain your algorithm can take care of pronounciation : all words  affective have two opposite meaning : "salaud" from a female in love can be positive, and totally negative when you want to injury somebody - And "bonheur" is not really positive for mystic or oriental thinking, it is not an aim
Answer: Almost all the current approaches in sentiment analysis require a lexicon to detect classes (positive/negative or more refined ones). And the big problem is: this lexicon has to be adapted to new corpora, so it's extremely hard to find an existing classifier that will work on your data, because it won't have the correct lexicon to handle it.
You'll certainly have to work a little bit yourself if you want to obtain correct results.
Some ongoing competitions should deliver interesting approaches and resources in a close future: DEFT 2015. But it's still a bit early to exploit them.
Comment: Good point about the influence of the lexicon on classifier accuracy. You're right, the topic of the corpus I have is esoteric, so a conventional lexicon would perform poorly.
Answer: You can use FEEL: a French Expanded Emotion Lexicon.
http://advanse.lirmm.fr/feel.php
It contains more than 14 000 distinct French terms associated with either the conveyed polarity and the expressed emotion(s). It follows the Ekman emotional typology (Ekman, 1992) with 2 polarities and 6 basic emotions classes.
We have learned sentiment classification models on DEFT 2007 and DEFT 2015 benchamrks. We were ranked first, third and fifth on the different benchmarks.
We have made this models online on a dedicated web platform.
http://advanse.lirmm.fr:8081/sentiment-analysis-webpage/index
You just have to upload a file containing french text documents to obtains the expressed sentiments. You may also use the models locally by downloading a jar file.
Answer: Semantics is a difficult topic in NLP... Stanford has some great NLP tools that I suggest you take a look at, though they don't have anything for semantic analysis as far as I can tell.
If this is for a large, ongoing project I implore you to write your own classifier! Though it would take a non-trivial amount of time and effort in the research and development it would be of great benefit to the NLP community!
If you take the above approach, you could use existing word-tagging libraries (Stanford has one for French), combined with something like Lexique's French lexicon, and add your own semantic entries to the lexicon; then, train a Bayes classifier on your dataset. It's not a perfect approach, but a good start in the right direction!
Edit You mention in your question that you don't want to write your own classifier because your dataset isn't large enough. I challenge that statement by telling you that a recent research project at my university trained a Bayes classifier to 75% accuracy to detect sarcasm with only 150 samples!
Comment: stanford does have something for sentiment analysis: http://nlp.stanford.edu/sentiment/index.html it's not state of the art anymore but it's very close.
Comment: Point taken on classifier precision. It's not for a large project, so maybe I'll settle for a reduced accuracy rate.
Comment: @m09 Nice! I didn't see that on their page, that'll be a great source for OP to build off of other existing NLP tools :)
Answer: Bonjour, Vous pouvez essayer Lettria. Les sentiments sont traite par calcul:
Par exemple: il est tres bon = 1.5
Il est bon = 0.5
il n est pas bon = -0.5
Plus d erreur de faux positifs ou de negation
Comment: Un petit développement serait le bienvenu.


copula-marginal algorithm

Question: has there been any interesting work or advances on the copula-marginal algorithm (CMA) as proposed by
Attilio Meucci. I am unable to find anything on the web other then the original article, here is the original article that i am referring too. I'm just curious if any one has built on his research or if this may be of any use at all
Answer: The algorithm is certainly useful in that it is non-parametric, fast, and versatile. Meucci summarizes the advantages nicely:

Unlike traditional copula techniques, CMA a) is not restricted to few
  parametric copulas such as elliptical or Archimedean; b) never
  requires the explicit computation of marginal cdf's or quantile
  functions; c) does not assume equal probabilities for all the
  scenarios, and thus allows for advanced techniques such as importance
  sampling or entropy pooling; d) allows for arbitrary transformations
  of copulas. Furthermore, the implementation of CMA is also
  computationally very efficient in arbitrary large dimensions.

The paper was published 3Q last year so there are not many citations yet. Hard to see what features are lacking -- if anything, the algorithm corrects for the weaknesses of parametric copulas and offers far more versatility for stress-testing and mixing arbitrary copulas and marginals.
Comment: Is it possible to give more citation that Meucci's article as requested in the question? This will be very much appreciated.

copula-marginal algorithm


If Non EU citizen with Blue card become unemployed, can he get back to student status again?

Question: If a Non-EU citizen with Blue card and pursuing master degree simultaneously. In case he becomes unemployed, can he get back to student status again in case Blue card is of 1year?
Answer: I think if you still enroll in some universities that should be doable. Or if you stay longer than 7 years in Germany (study years calculate as half) then u can apply for the niederlassungserlaubnis.


What happens to this potential energy?

Question: Let's say I turn on a Van de Graaff which creates a large positive charge. Now let's say I have an object with a positive charge in my hand and I start walking toward the Van de Graaff from $x$ meters away. If I walk an arbitrary distance towards the Van de Graaff, I am doing work and the charge in my hand is gaining potential energy. Now somebody standing next to the Van de Graaff suddenly turns it off. What happens to that potential energy of the charge? By the conservation of energy it should be conserved somehow, but it appears not to be. Any help is appreciated.
Answer: The Van de Graaff generator itself has stored potential energy, even without the extra charged object. Like a capacitor, there will be energy stored in the electric field. When you turn the generator off, this energy doesn't vanish by itself but either dissipates slowly through corona discharge, or quickly by arc discharge.
The potential energy in moving a charged object close to the generator would go through the same pathway. By bringing the object close to the generator, you will alter the electric field, increasing the electric potential on the generator. More energy will then be dissipated in any arc or corona discharge.
Answer: To keep the object in a fixed location (assume you are walking very slowly) while the field was on, you needed a force. When the field is turned off this force (your hand, having potential energy like a loaded spring) will perform work and generate kinetic energy of the object.

What happens to this potential energy?


Can I upgrade from RAID-1 to RAID-5?

Question: Is it possible to upgrade from a software RAID-1 to a RAID-5 under Windows 2k3 Server? My Google searches didn't really turn up anything definitive here.
Answer: Most of the time, no.  You must backup the RAID-1, destroy the RAID-1, rebuild as RAID-5, then restore.
Under some hardware-raid it is possible to grow RAID arrays but under software raid it rarely is.
Comment: Sort of as a follow-up: is it possible to upgrade from a 'regular' disk to a RAID-5 (again, Win2k3 with software RAID)? Neither 'Add Mirror' nor 'Extend Volume' seems to allow for the creation of a RAID-5 :-/
Comment: Nope, same issue.  There's no easy way to go from non-raid to raid.
Answer: The standard and painful way: backup your data, recreate the array, load the data.
Optionally, if the system allows this: disconnect one drive from RAID1 putting it into degraded mode, create RAID5 in degraded mode (with one disk missing). Copy over the data, delete RAID1 and add the missing drive to RAID5. This, however, usually takes longer than using an external backup.
Answer: If you already have to back up the data to restore it to the new RAID-5, during the downtime you should look at installing a hardware-based RAID solution. If your server is hitting the disks hard (which I assume it is, since you're adding more drives), the software-based RAID will put a hurtin' on your CPU usage. I'd put serious thought into a RAID controller with a built-in XOR processor, to take the storage processing off of the CPU.
Comment: The thing is, the RAID is far from being under heavy load. I just ran out of disk space :) It's primarily a storage system for music and movies so the CPU is pretty much idle most of the time anyway (i.e. money spent on a hardware RAID controller is essentially wasted).
Comment: Ah, well in that case, do you really need to create a RAID-5? Can you just add 2 more disks in a RAID-1 either as a separate volume or mount it on the existing volume? It's a little sloppy but keeps you from having to do a total backup and restore.
Answer: Hardware RAID sometimes makes allowances for this.  But the software RAID in Win2k3 has no allowance for it that I'm aware of.
The "add mirror" function does what it says - adds a volume member to a mirror for a RAID 1 setup.  When you set up a RAID 5 stripe, you'll need to specify at least 3 volumes concurrently to begin the process because you can't have a two-drive parity stripe (a drive failure would result in half your data missing because the parity stripe would occupy the blocks needed on the remaining drive).  At that point you're effectively functioning as a mirror anyways.
RAID 5 will gain you space, you'll loose some performance, and your protection against disk failure just shrank a little bit.  If you can afford it, RAID 10 with 4 drives usually will beat out RAID 5, although the loss of extra space and/or costs for extra disks can be prohibitive under certain circumstances.  You'll loose the space of a single drive, but you'll gain much-improved read performance, and a bit more redundancy against multi-drive failures (you can have two drives fail and the array will continue, as long as the failures are not on the same part of the mirrored stripe).  And with the right setup, using per-drive controllers, you can mitigate any write performance losses.
Answer: The real question I think is "Do you really want to?"
You say that you need more space for files on a server that isn't under heavy load, yet the entire reason for having RAID 1 with a hot spare is for absolute reliability of your data (although the performance is pretty good too). If this is no longer important, then go for it.
I'm also assuming that you have a hot spare in the first place, since you would need a minimum of 3 disks for RAID 5. 9 times out of 10 however, it's totally worth whatever money you would spend to just get some bigger disks.
My guess however, is that this is your home media server, because if it were a publicly available server that needed to be very reliable, then you would care about things like a hardware RAID controller. Software RAID isn't anywhere near as reliable, and RAID cards these days are not expensive. (ref: Highpoint RocketRAID) Even if this were a NFS or SMB share on an office network, there would be no problem backing up the data to another computer, nuking the array, and rebuilding it as whatever you want.
Comment: That card is a software RAID solution. The parity calculations are still offloaded to the CPU, as there is no XOR processor on the card, thus the price. All you gain from this is additional RAID levels, and the ability to migrate the array to a new machine without controller driver problems.

Can I upgrade from RAID-1 to RAID-5?


lie algebras, Kac Moody, and quantum mechanics book

Question: Hi all, I've just finished a graduated course on Kac-Moody algebras, and I'm really looking for some reading in regard to their applications to Quantum Mechanics. Can you help?
Answer: I can recommend the article of Louise Dolan, "The Beacon of Kac-
Moody Symmetry for Physics", and the references given therein. From the summary: In addition to (this) wide application to physical theories, the Kac-Moody algebras are also relevant to number theory and modular forms.
The link is http://www.ams.org/notices/199512/dolan.pdf.
Answer: I highly recommend the book "Affine Lie Algebras, Weight Multiplicities, and Branching Rules": a very pleasant reading, both for its math and for its physics content.


Are thanks for the answers unnecessary?

Question: I always wrote "Thank you for your answer" for the answers in the comment section, but sometimes they were deleted. Is something like that unnecessary?
Comment: Related question, on the SE main meta site: [Is it acceptable to write a 'thank you' in a comment](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/126180/is-it-acceptable-to-write-a-thank-you-in-a-comment)
Answer: Not only is it unnecessary, it is considered an unwanted practice on the Stack Exchange.
The founders of Stack Exchange noticed that one annoying thing about many online forums is that, oftentimes, over time, roughly half the verbiage in a thread would be devoted to answering a question, while the other half would be filled with extraneous "idle talk," that is, with comments like, "Thank you," or, "You're welcome, glad to help." (See, for example, this thread – not the easiest conversation to follow!)
Also, threads completely unrelated to the forum's main topic might generate a lot of comments. As an example, see this thread about fake lunar landings, which is found on runner's forum, of all places. I think the SE founders got tired of combing through discussion forums that got cluttered like this.
This is why all SE sites begin their Help Center tours by saying:

We're a little bit different from other sites. Here's how:
Ask questions, get answers, no distractions
This site is all about getting answers. It's not a discussion forum. There's no chit-chat.

Moreover, another section entitled What should I do when someone answers my question concludes by saying:

Please do not add a comment on your question or on an answer to say "Thank you". Comments are meant for requesting clarification, leaving constructive criticism, or adding relevant but minor additional information – not for socializing. If you want to say "thank you," vote on or accept that person's answer, or simply pay it forward by providing a great answer to someone else's question. (emphasis in original)

At first glance, this might seem like it's promoting a culture of coldness, but that's not really the case. I've seen cases where a newer user will get three answers, and leave a comment under each one that says, "Thank you for your help." This repetition takes away from the "No distractions" model that the Stack Exchange tries to maintain.
Many people on the Stack Exchange are busy people, and they only have a small amount of time every day to devote to SE. Comments that say little more than "thank you", while well-intended, simply don't add much value. Most regulars would rather have an upvote than a thank-you comment – it's worth more and says as much.
Comment: Incidentally, I don't have a problem with saying "thanks" as a prelude to a follow-on question or comment, as you did [here](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Dhwfc.png). I don't think the mod team has too get too zealous about stamping out every iota of civility.
Comment: I agree with J.R.'s point that it's not the "thanks" that is the problem - it is comments that are only posted to say "thanks" and have no other purpose. Comments should primarily be used to request clarification or to offer constructive criticism.
Answer: I was going to leave this as a comment... however... ;)
Some stacks are chattier than others. Some clean up with prejudice after a brief period of chatty discourse; others leave it to posterity.
There's no hard & fast rule right across SE, but tidying up your own comments after a Question and Answer is firmly in place is a good way of 'self-policing' & honing the final discourse to the ideal...

One Question, Several Possible Answers, One of Which is Accepted
Comment: The conversation has been [moved to chat](https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/80488/discussion-on-answer-by-tetsujin-are-thanks-for-the-answers-unnecessary) as it was unrelated to this answer. If someone wishes to discuss a different topic, they should post their own question.
Answer: Courtesy is the lubrication of society, even on-line societies.  It's part of the tragic culture of SE to reject that lubrication.  "We are Borg.  You will be assimilated." is not an expression of malice, simply a statement of fact.
That's what it feels like to spend a lot of time on SE.  But then, it also pairs up well with the personalities.  So, what are you going to do but continue to fight against it and be barraged with downvotes and threads of circular arguments?
Comment: Don't you think courtesy and politeness are almost entirely dependent on context and culture? I mean, manners are learned behaviours, aren't they? I would say courtesy is doing what the people you are interacting with will consider courteous, respectful and appropriate. Knowingly and self-righteously violating the rules and standards of a community is surely the definition of rudeness, isn't it?
Comment: There are many ways to extend courtesy. One is to say "thank you"; that way works well in day-to-day verbal exchanges on the subways and in elevators. But just because repetitive textual comments are discouraged on SE doesn't mean we are throwing out courtesy and civility and replacing it with coldness and ingratitude.
Comment: If anyone would like, this discussion can be [continued in chat](https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/81077/discussion-on-answer-by-user9570789-are-thanks-for-the-answers-unnecessary). (Previous comments archived there.)

Are thanks for the answers unnecessary?


Why consume DRIED apricots within 21 days?

Question: I bought a large bag of dried apricots at Costco. I was planning to enjoy them slowly over the next few months (the Best Before date is in mid 2023) but the label says: "Reseal and refrigerate after opening and consume within 21 days."
I find that weird. Dried fruits usually keep for months and months. The only clue I've got is the ingredient list mentions 2% water. Any idea? Safe to consume after 21 days? 3 month? 6 months? Thank you so much!
Comment: I believe the short answer is, that product is not dried fruit.
Comment: Split into smaller bags and freeze, perhaps. And buy different product next time...
Answer: I would be cautious but not overly so
The risks are low
First of all, dried fruit are not a breeding ground for pathogenic bacteria due to the low water content. They might spoil but, according to this USDA Q&A, you will notice if your fruits go bad and even if you accidentally eat one you will most likely be fine. So be cautious but unless you have a special health condition you shouldn't be putting yourself too much at risk.
Note that I found conflicting information but it seems that once they spoil they might start growing pathogenic bacteria. So just to be safe, still throw away spoiled dried fruits.
The take away is that (in almost all cases) as long as you store you dried fruits in a reasonable way (don't have them in water, very hot places, next to other raw food, etc...) they will spoil way before becoming unsafe to eat. And you can tell when something is spoiled. So you can trust your senses to know if they are good.
This comes with a few disclaimers I listed at the end of the post.
"Best before" is not a food safety indication in the US
Then it is worth noting that, in the USA:

[...] dates are not an indicator of the product's safety and are not required by Federal law

This is an abstract from the official Food Safety and Inspection Service website where they explain that food dating is mostly to let you know when the manufacturer deems the food is of best quality, not when it's safe to eat (except for infant formula).
I know in your case this is a storage guideline and formulated a little bit differently to what is on the FSIS website. I'm not sure why this is the case but to my understanding that doesn't change the fact that is a quality and not safety indication.
2% Water should not matter
Looking on the internet, most sources agree that dried fruits still have a moisture content of 15-20%. But if you don't trust the internet (which is probably smart) I found a peer reviewed publication in the field of food science that does state:

Dried, [...] foods are those that generally do not contain more than 25% moisture.

This means that 2% extra moisture in your fruits is a negligible amount and they should conserve very similar to any other type of dried fruits you've already had.
Then why the instruction
It would seem that the instructions they give are actually very standard instructions when it comes to storing dried fruits. Here I couldn't find any scientific article but cross referenced 4-5 food blogs and website and all seem to agree. I found a guide that seems to summarize most of the information about storing dried food.
The issue once you have opened your hermetic bag of fruit is that your product becomes exposed to air moisture (also heat and light) which makes them more likely to spoil within 2-3 weeks (in the worst conditions from what I understood). This is probably why the instruction is written as is. Sealing the bag helps protect from air moisture and storing them in the fridge protects from the heat. And they finally give, in my opinion, a very conservative "best-before" date. At this point it is worth remembering that it is in the food company's interest to have you throw away your food sooner rather than later and have you buy the product again. I'm not saying that it is all there is to it but it should be kept in mind as a factor.
What to do
No one can tell you when your fruits will spoil, because it depends on a lot of factors. However, from what I've researched, you can expect your fruits to last longer than the packet instruction if you follow the storage recommendation.
However, there are simple steps you can take to help preserve them and try to avoid food waste as much as possible. Since this is a big pack, I would suggest that upon opening it you portion it and store it in smaller air-tight(ish) containers (old jam jars would do the trick) and eat them one by one. Store those in a dark, if possible cool place. This will protect your fruits from all the elements we have mentioned: air-tight lid does not allow the air moisture to enter the jar, a dark place prevents the light and somewhere cool prevents heat (yeah pretty straight forward, I know):
At this point if you want to give yourself best chances you could also sterilize your containers before putting your fruits in. This will help although I'm not sure how much. This is an easy process and I would definitely do it if I were to plan on storing the fruits for over 2-3 months.
Test, try and adapt
And finally there is no magic formula, you have to try. Circling back to the first advice: trust your nose, eyes and taste buds; they will tell you when your fruits spoil. And if they spoil too early (which we never know, it might happen) adapt your conservation method. Keeping them in the fridge or freezing them in small batches (important: defrost them in the fridge and eat them shortly after defrosting) are both simple options you could explore.

Disclaimer I : dry fruits are not pathogen proof
Note that this is true for dried fruits. As stated in the intro of this publication:

[The low level of water activity] prevents growth of many pathogens and lends to the microbiological safety of the [low moisture foods]

Meaning that bacteria that cause food poisoning can hardly grow on dried fruit (note that although they won't grow, they however can survive on the fruits if they were contaminated, for example at the factory or in your fridge if you stored your fruits next to raw chicken...).
This also mean that if you get enough water in the fruit they might grow those bacteria. So storing them well is still important
Disclaimer II: All I wrote is only valid for dried fruits
This approach of "spoil before being unsafe" does not work for all food categories. Milk, for example, will be different, as discussed in this post.
Answer: As far as food safety goes, you should listen to the package.
These are not just dried fruit. They are "partially rehydrated dried apricots". Once you begin to rehydrate (or if you don't fully dehydrated) fruit, you lose the full preservative effect of drying.
If you want to keep dried fruit outside of refrigeration for an extended period of time, get fruit that is fully dried, and not partially rehydrated.
The label tells us there is 2% added water to the already-dehydrated fruit. We don't know the residual water after drying. What we do know is that "someone" dehydrated the apricots until they were "dry enough," then this manufacturer added back water equal to 2% of the apricots. If there's 1 kilo of apricots, then 20g (20ml) of water has been rehydrated into the fruit.
Without more info, food safety rules tell us that have to assume that the added water brings it back to the threshold of being perishable, and demanding those labeling instructions.
It's entirely possible that these instructions are intended for quality control and not food safety. However, this is an agricultural product without preservatives where the label indicates refrigeration is required--so food safety rules would treat it as perishable as if it were fresh.
Whether you can still eat it and not get sick might be a different answer; however that question is off topic. This site limits food safety Q&A to government food safety regulations, not anecdotal experience.
Comment: The problem is that might not even be a safety instruction, but you have to assume it is. When combined with a best before date (rather than use by) it could also be about quality. I don't recall similar instructions on equivalent products here, but while I've got plenty of dried fruit in my cupboards none of it is partially rehydrated at the moment
Comment: @AMtwo you seem to have a lot of knowledge of the topic, however, it seems that there are also a lot of opinions at play in this discussion (me first as I loath food wast). If you want to discuss more in depth I suggest we switch to a [chat room](https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/140613/dried-fruite-conservation). I'll be happy to amend or rescind my answers and comments should more facts be stated
Comment: Dear all, there was quite a long comment thread. I left the first and last comment of the discussion; for details, please go to the linked chat room.
Answer: I just got the following response from the manufacturer. Makes sense and aligns with the other answers!

Refrigeration is not necessary for standard dried apricots. However, our Apricots have a higher moisture content than standard.  Moisture content for standard apricots is below 25%. However, ours has 32-36% moisture content which may make it sensitive against spoilage microorganism. For that reason, you should keep it in refrigerator after opening in order to avoid any white mold occurrence on the surface of the product.
Comment: you should accept your answer then! (mark it with the green tick)


What do you call it when a sailboat starts to have trouble?

Question: When you are in a sailboat, and you start getting gusts and choppy water, how do you describe what's happening to your boat?  Can you say that it starts to "flounder," or is there a better word?
Comment: I am voting to close this given it is cross posted at http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/368783/does-flounder-work-for-sailboats which seems like the better home for it. Even though it has several answers here and none there.
Comment: When *I* am in a sailboat and the wind gusts up and the waves get choppy, I describe the boat as "going faster" and the crew as "having more fun". If you're not able to handle the weather, stay on the shore that day. If you're looking for a technical description of the action of weather on a boat, say more clearly what you're looking for. For example, consider the rotational forces induced by a gust while upwinding; I would describe the yawing motion that results as "weathervaning", but downwinding in gusts is very different.
Comment: Consider also that gusts are changes in wind speed and thereby change both the magnitude and direction of the apparent wind. (The change in absolute direction of the gust due to Coriolis effects can probably be neglected.) Since the direction of the apparent wind is changing, we can describe the boat as being lifted or headed, which in turn affects boat handling in many ways. This question needs to be a lot more specific.
Answer: I grew up around sailboats and live on an island. I have always heard the word "foundering" used to describe a boat taking on water and sinking. I have heard the word "flounder" used in connection with boats in less serious trouble.
A discussion of the usages can be found in Merriam-Webster:

When something founders, it loses its foundation. (Founder and foundation have the same root.)
To founder is to collapse, sink, or fail.
One source of confusion here is that the meaning of the verb flounder is similar: to flounder is to struggle to move or get one's footing, or to proceed or act clumsily or ineffectually. People can flounder, but ships founder.

A more "colloquial" discussion of the difference can be found here:

To flounder is to struggle, but to founder is to sink like a stone and fail. Both are fun as nouns, not so fun as verbs.
A flounder is a fish, but as a verb, it means to blunder about, to be in serious trouble. In the following examples, something is struggling but hasn't completely failed:
He set out for it, limping, while the sharp gravel rolled under his bleeding feet as he floundered up the climbing trail. (Harold Bindloss)
It is a war that has floundered for nine years without a rational strategy and may endure for another decade. (Sydney Morning Herald)
Just as he turned around that floundering business, he suggests, so too could he reverse the country's sagging fortunes as its chief executive. (Washington Post)
A founder is someone who starts something, but as a verb, founder literally means "to sink." Figuratively, it's "to collapse or fail completely." Here are some examples of sinking and failing:
Pratt resisted the impulse of most Mormons to head back to the foundering ship. (Salt Lake Tribune)
Xinhua, in an English-language commentary, said China could not stand by while its largest trading partner foundered. (Reuters)
Yet negotiations over new gas contracts have foundered. (Economist)
Flounder and founder are happy little nouns that don't get mixed up. But it all falls apart when they're verbs — if you're floundering, you're struggling. If you're foundering, you're failing completely. You're sunk! You can't even hold onto the letter l.

The question also got some attention in the English Language & Usage stack,
Answer: If you gets gusts and choppy water, that's what we call "sailing".  It happens. :)
If the gusts get severe, you reef the sails, or drop the sails altogether.  Note that this is still within the normal parameters of sailing.  Any competent sailor should be able to deal with this, until you get to gusts so severe that a person would have problems standing upright in the wind, until something breaks, or until your boat ends up somewhere dangerous (such as a lee shore).
If the boat starts to take on water and sink though, the word is founder.  You were nearly there!
Mayday is a radio code indicating that you are in immediate lifethreatening danger. Pan-pan is a similar code indicating that there is an emergency but you are not in immediate danger.  Neither is something you'd use as a word to describe the situation.
What are you actually looking for though?  If you're trying to throw words at a piece of writing to make it sound authentic, I strongly suggest you don't.  Unless you know what you're talking about, you're almost guaranteed to write something ridiculous, and there are enough people with basic knowledge of sailing to call you on it.  If you particularly need expert guidance on how to make it sound authentic, write normally without using jargon, and then call in a friendly expert to advise you on turning it into something which actually works.
Comment: Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been [moved to chat](http://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/52121/discussion-on-answer-by-graham-what-do-you-call-it-when-a-sailboat-starts-to-hav).
Answer: Not sure if this is a nautical term, and sure this won't be your favorite, but I have always heard the term "flagging" to indicate that someone or something has lost thrust or energy. If the forward progress of your sailboat slows down due to lack of wind, sail, or other means of propulsion, as in hitting a head wind or choppy seas, you and/or your boat could be said to be "flagging".
Answer: I think you are better off describing the conditions.  Like choppy and or gusty.
The boat could heel / lean, rock, or even capsize.
It is more the captain and crew that are floundering.
Past flounder is distress.  Crew and or boat need help.


But, what is the greater baptism?

Question: Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist, but proclaimed a greater baptism would be made available. What was that baptism of which He spoke?
Comment: Most Christians believe that Jesus was referring to the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on the Day of Pentecost detailed in Acts 2.
Comment: Perhaps you could [edit] this to quote a specific verse?
Comment: While there could have been more substance to this question, I'm confused as to why it's been so heavily downvoted.
Comment: With the Baptism into the Breath. Then you can "Listen", and the "Truth" can come in your "Ears" and the "Light" (Understanding) will be inside of you. Then you will be forgiven. "so that 'Seeing they may see and not perceive,
And hearing they may hear and not understand; Lest they should turn, And their sins be forgiven them.'"" (Mark 4:12)
Answer: My understanding of the what you call the Greater Baptism is baptism via the Holy Spirit when you accept Christ as your savior. Water baptism and Spiritual baptism are two separate events.
NASB:

Matt 3:11 "As for me, I baptize you [g]with water for repentance, but He who is coming after me is mightier than I, and I am not fit to remove His sandals; He will baptize you [h]with the Holy Spirit and fire. 12 His winnowing fork is in His hand, and He will thoroughly clear His threshing floor; and He will gather His wheat into the barn, but He will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire."
g: Matthew 3:11 The Gr here can be translated in, with or by
h: Matthew 3:11 The Gr here can be translated in, with or by

But, what is the greater baptism?


Is iron supplementation necessary?

Question: From what I understand animal iron and vegetable based iron are different. Heme iron is apparently more bio-available. According to what I have read humans only absorb 5% of the iron that is available in plants foods.
Are there methods to absorb more iron from a plant-based diet or should a vegan supplement their diet with heme iron?
Answer: No, iron supplementation is not necessary for all vegans.
Furthermore, iron supplementation can be dangerous if it isn't a medical requirement. Any person considering adding iron supplements to their diet should have a conversation with their doctor or a registered dietitian to assess their individual needs and the safety of a particular supplement.
The human body tries hard to maintain a stable level of iron in the blood and liver (homeostasis). When iron storage is depleted we may present with iron deficiency anemia. But if levels get too high, we may present with iron overload.
There is no physiologic regulatory mechanism for excreting iron. Once it has been absorbed into your body, it mostly stays there; only a small amount (1-2 mg/day) is removed through normal processes like menstrural blood loss, gastrointestinal blood loss and skin shedding. For this reason, it is very important that the body regulates how much iron is absorbed.
Most whole foods contain some trace amounts of iron, even the common potato. For example, if you were to eat a diet of nothing but potatoes (2000 kcal/day) that would provide about 40 mg of iron, which is far more than our bodies require. So our digestive system (specifically enterocytes in the duodenum) down-regulates how much iron is absorbed in order to prevent iron overload.
Note: About 1 in 250 people of white/caucasian descent have a family history of hemochromatosis which causes the body to improperly down-regulate absorption of iron, causing more rapid iron buildup and overload. People with hemochromatosis should definitely not be taking iron supplements, which is part of why it's important to discuss this with a doctor.
Yes, it's true that heme/haem iron is absorbed more readily than non-heme iron, but that is not necessarily a good thing for the reasons shown above. If increased iron absorption is desired, the best thing to do is consume foods providing vitamin C (ascorbic acid) along with foods rich in non-heme iron. One effective combination is spinach and lemon juice.
Finally, iron deficiency anemia can be masked by B12 anemia. If iron deficiency is suspected, it is important to also ensure that sufficient B12 is present in the diet. Vitamin B12 supplements are safe, cheap, effective, and required for anybody following a strict vegetarian or vegan diet.
Answer: While a person on a mixed (animal/plant) diet, even the one who has really bad eating habits (unregular meals, a lot of junk food), rarely needs to worry how to get enough iron, vegans should counsciosly think to consume enough iron-rich foods. However, iron supplements are needed only in case of proven deficiency.
Plant foods high in iron (USDA.gov):

Fortified cerelas (1 cup) = 6-18 mg
Oats, instant (1 cup) = 6 mg
Amaranth, teff (1 cup) = 5 mg
Beans, chickpeas, lentils, (1/2 cup) = 2.5-5 mg
Pumpkin seeds (1 oz) =   4 mg
Spinach, boiled (1/2 cup) = 3 mg
Quinoa, rice, spelt, wheat kamut (1 cup) = 3 mg
Beets, canned (1/2 cup) = 3 mg
Cornflakes (1 cup) = 2.5 mg
Tofu (2 oz) = 2.5 mg
Potatoes, sweet potatoes (1 cup) = 2 mg
Barley, bulgur (1 cup) = 2 mg
Figs, dried (2 oz) = 2 mg
Sunflower seeds (1 oz) = 2 mg
Cashew nuts (1 oz) = 2 mg
Bread, white or whole-wheat (2 slices, 50 g) = 2 mg
Cabbage (Chinese) (1 cup) = 2 mg
Swiss chard (1/2 cup) = 2 mg
Strawberries (1 cup) = 1.5 mg

(1 cup = 237 ml of prepared food; 1 oz = 28 g)
The bioavailability of iron from plant foods can be, in general, 50% lower than from animal foods. According to the Office of Dietary Supplements, Table 1, the Recommended Daily Allowance for iron for adult males on a mixed diet is 8 mg/day, and for adult male vegans should be multiplied by 1.8, so ~14 mg/day.
According to Nutrients Review, Vitamin C from fruits/juices, such as lemon, orange or apple juice, guava, pineapple or pawpaw, taken along with food, can increase iron absorption.
Things that can reduce iron absorption: low stomach acid (including taking antacids), tannins (in herbal and real tea, cocoa, coffee, sorghum, chilli), soy protein, maize...
Answer: I have been a vegetarian for over 50 years and a vegan for much of that time and have never taken any supplements of any kind. So, in my case, I can safely say the answer is "No!" However the plural of anecdote is not data and things may be different for you.
Comment: Welcome to Vegetarianism SE. While anecdotal evidence is not the best kind of evidence, it is definitely a type that is valuable in the right context on a Q&A site with focus like this one. Perhaps as a way of improving this anecdotal evidence, do you have any formal blood tests for nutrient levels to share to support it?

Is iron supplementation necessary?


Need a way to prevent phone wakeup when slider opens

Question: Is there a way to stop my phone from waking itself when the slider opens? Because my phone does things in my pockets :(
Comment: What phone do you have?
Comment: @Al Motorola Milestone :/
Answer: The easiest solution would be to use the unlock pattern instead of the swipe to unlock screen.
It is far less likely that your pocket will manage to input your entire unlock pattern, thus the device will do nothing even if some touchevents do get sent to the screen.
Answer: Sliding action may be a "key" trigger that has a key code assigned to it. You can modify such keys if you are rooted. (you can confirm this by running the hardware key test inside ClockWork Mod Recovery, then simply slide the phone and see a key code is shown)
Then you can use the Button ReMapper app to change the WAKE of that key to something else that isn't wake. (Be warned though, you should have some other button to WAKE your phone up or else you will be stuck without finding a way to wake your phone)
Follow the instructions of Button ReMapper over at the XDA : http://forum.xda-developers.com/showthread.php?t=850464
Please don't hold me responsible for any damages, do it only if you feel like.