What are known examples of drugs that racemize/stereoconvert in vivo, and how are they converted?

Question: It is known that although only the (S)-enantiomer of the infamous sedative thalidomide possesses teratogenic properties, it is not very useful to administer the pure (R)-enantiomer since it is racemized within the body. Are there other known examples of drugs that are stereoconverted in vivo? How does the body perform the conversion?
Comment: @Georg probably through study of the mechanism of interaction.
Comment: ""only the (S)-enantiomer of the infamous sedative thalidomide possesses teratogenic properties"" How was this fact estabished? You always have both enantiomers in vivo, right?
Answer: Although I can't think of any drug examples other than thalidomide, here's information on thalidomide's mechanism:
The chiral carbon of thalidomide can tautomerize in basic conditions into an enol, which is achiral.  A reversal back to the ketone results in a mix of (R) and (S) enantiomers.

In the body, this tautomerization is generally catalyzed by basic amino acids.  Specifically, albumin is the main catalyst in humans.
While this is beyond the scope of your question, the reason that only (S)-thalidomide causes birth defects is that it can insert itself into DNA and suppresses certain genes necessary for embryonic development.

Reddy - Chirality in Drug Design and Development
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9860497
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9499573
Comment: According to the [relevant article](http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9499573), HSA does catalyze interconversion at pH 7.4, but once other components of blood plasma are added to the mixture, catalysis is inhibited. Don't forget that amines can themselves be chiral, as in this case, but that their interconversion barrier is low. The barrier is greater when the amine is cyclic, as in thalidomide, but it still can spontaneously interconvert.
Comment: I added that article to the list.  Certain components do inhibit the reaction, although blood plasma on the whole is also a minor catalyst for the interconversion although not as good a catalyst as HSA.
Answer: Drugs racemised in-vivo
The following table shows some of the most common (not an exhaustive list) of drugs racemised in-vivo.
Since the biological targets are necessarily chiral, the molecules formed upon epimerisation (inversion at the centre being racemised) are usually inactive against the desired target (annoying, but ultimately fine), issues only arise when the epimerised molecule has its own biological activity, which is often undesirable (for instance in the case of toxicity of thalidomide).

Pathways of racemisation
The mechanisms by which drugs are racemised is not always well known/studied (i.e. it isn't always possible to pin down the exact thing responsible, however two generalised 'mechanistic pathways' have been proposed: 1
1) formation of a covalent intermediate followed by a stepwise enzyme-catalyzed transformation
2) interaction of two opposing metabolic processes, such as oxidation and reduction
One thing that is generally agreed upon, is that the racemisation is the result of more than simple deprotonation/protonation (such as the way chiral centres adjacent to aldehydes tend to epimerise), since the pH in the body is, in most places, not basic enough to do so.
The interconversion of (R) and (S) ibuprofen is one example where a mechanism has been proposed, and involves multiple intermediates:

1: Curr. Drug Metab. 2004, 5, 517–533.
Apologies for the lack of reference to the table, it was taken from a set of lecture notes, though I suspect the lecturer had previously copied it from the primary literature somewhere
Answer: Ibuprofen is another example (have a look at e.g. here).
Ibuprofen is an optically active compound with both S and R-isomers, of which the (S)-isomer is the more biologically active. Although it is possible to isolate the enantiopure compound, Ibuprofen is produced industrially as a racemate. An isomerase (alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase) converts (R)-ibuprofen to the active (S)-enantiomer.


Is LXDE in 12.04 LTS or not?

Question: this question isn't more of a help me question, its just that I'm curious and it affects my computer. i installed the powerpc version of ubuntu minimal on my ibook g4 and i was planning on putting lubuntu on it through sudo tasksel, but i remembered that the 12.04 lubuntu isnt lts, so my question is, is if i install lxde through the ubuntu minimal installer, will it be lts or will it be pretty much a lubuntu install? thank you for your responses
Answer: Lubuntu 12.04 is not an LTS, so all related packages are not LTS either, insculding LXDE. Needless to say, if you install just LXDE, it won't be Lubuntu, but rather, ...just LXDE.
You might be interested in Xubuntu though, which, in 12.04, is supported for 3 years (till April 2015), along with XFCE and related packages.

Is LXDE in 12.04 LTS or not?


What are some advantages/disadvantages of accepting/declining gambits?

Question: Most of the time I see gambits are declined, but what are the advantages or disadvantages of accepting or declining gambits?  I know this depends on the type of gambit, but I am looking for a more general answer that might apply to all gambits.
Answer: Since you are after general considerations:
Accepting a gambit. The advantage here of course is that you are gaining a material advantage, which, if you can hold onto it, provides well for your long-term prospects in the game. But what makes something an established gambit, rather than a mistake or a blunder, is that the offer of material is supposed to be offset by some sort of positional compensation, e.g. a lead in development, as in, say, the Danish Gambit:
<code>[FEN ""]
1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.c3 dxc3 4.Bc4 cxb2 5.Bxb2
</code>
Or better control of the center in, say, the Queen's Gambit:
<code>[FEN ""]
1.d4 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.e4
</code>
Or open lines for pieces (like those bishops surveying two nice, long diagonals in the Danish Gambit).
So the potential disadvantage of accepting a given gambit is that you may be left with positional problems by which your opponent can punish you, perhaps by winning back the sacrificed material and then some, or worse, mating your king directly. Whether the compensation for your opponent outweighs the extra material you'll be getting is something that has to be decided on a case-by-case basis.
Declining a gambit. Here the main advantage, in my opinion at least, is simply that you're not giving your opponent the kind of position that he or she wants. For example, the Smith-Morra Gambit in the Sicilian Defense is very rarely played at the highest levels of the chess world, because the consensus among strong players is that white just doesn't get enough dynamic positional compensation (development lead, initiative) for the extra central pawn that black gets. But at lower levels, it can be much more dangerous to defend for black. Thus, if you're one to prefer slightly quieter positions rather than potentially needing to sweat under pressure for a while, one possible reaction to the Smith-Morra is to decline it by pushing d3 instead of capturing white's c pawn:
<code>[FEN ""]
1.e4 c5 2.d4 cxd4 3.c3 dxc3 (3... d3 4.Bxd3) 4.Nxc3
</code>
Now white is not going to get the sort of development that was envisioned (for instance, the white pawn that now remains on c3 takes away the square which was intended for the knight).
The main disadvantage of this approach is obvious: no free material. And one shouldn't be afraid of ghosts in chess. If material is offered, one should certainly be cautious, but if at the end of your thinking you believe it is worth any trade-offs, then you should take it. Sometimes you will be wrong and get punished for your greed, but mistakes can be made at any juncture in the game, so this isn't a problem particular to gambit play. And besides, some gambits cannot be reasonably refused, e.g. the Cochrane Gambit in the Petroff Defense:
<code>[FEN ""]
1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nxf7
</code>
This is just like in many middlegames, where an attack will be launched with a sacrifice that cannot be refused, and one has no choice but to grab the material and hang on for dear life. So there is something to be said for not always declining aggressive gambits, because accepting can be good training for defending complicated positions, which aids one's overall development as a player.
In sum. As stated above, the decision as to whether the material offered in any given gambit is worth whatever positional trade-offs are involved is one that has to be made case-by-case. But hopefully I've given some useful general food for thought here.
Comment: @xaisoft: Thanks. I used http://www.caissa.com/chess-tools/chess-diagram-generator.php for the diagrams.
Comment: Note: the two comments above concerned animated GIF diagrams that were in place in this post before the site's replayer was implemented.
Comment: Thanks for the great explanation. This was very well thought out.  The Danish Gambit looks very interesting as I have not played this one before.  By the way how, did you make the chess diagrams?
Answer: I could give you a meaningless answer with lots of mindless fluff and diagrams that fail to answer what you're actually asking.
Or I could give you a very simple answer quoted from the greatest player of all time that gets right to the point:
"Concentrate on material gains. Whatever your opponent gives you take, unless you see a good reason not to."
RJF
To elaborate on what Fischer said, If you refuse material without understanding why, you will become one of those players who are still stuck at 1200 after tens of thousands of games played because you sit back and do nothing the entire game never improving and never understanding why. However, if you take the material you will either be rewarded for calculating correctly or you will get a lesson from a much stronger player. Either way you will improve.


Updating the 'Alias Slug' for Joomla with PHP

Question: I am trying to change the 'Alias Slug' that a Joomla article uses to make each article unique. This needs to be achieved within a PHP routine, and thus far I have achieved the following:
<code>$slugreplace = "12345";
$query = "UPDATE yoo_zoo_item SET alias=$slugreplace WHERE id=$id";
</code>
This replaces the slug with "12345". However I would like to combine an integer with a string, as below
<code>$id = $row['id']; //this is the unique article item number
$name = $row['name']; //this is the article title
$slugreplace = $id.$name;
$query = "UPDATE yoo_zoo_item SET alias=$slugreplace WHERE id=$id";
</code>
The original slug is not replaced. In fact, only when the variable $slugreplace contains an integer, is the slug replaced. Any value that contains a string is ignored. However I can replace the alias within Joomla itself to be any string/integer combination.
What am I missing??
I have posted this on the Joomla forum, but no answer as yet. Maybe I am missing something with PHP here ?
Thanks, Alec
Answer: You're missing the quotes when working with strings:
<code>$slugreplace="ABC123";
$query = "UPDATE yoo_zoo_item SET alias='$slugreplace' WHERE id=$id";
</code>
Regards,


ArcGIS Runtime SDK for .NET (Windows Phone) - ArcGISLocalTiledLayer Issue

Question: I'm developing Windows Phone 8.1 client for our company ArcGIS maps. Online layers works fine, but I need to deliver offline maps (Map Tile Package - .tpk file) to users with bad connectivity. My problem is that not every user has device with Storage Card, and I try to save .tpk file to Internal Storage of Phone, i.e. Pictures Library folder.
I can succesfully read .tpk file from there to StorageFile, so the app has the permission to read, but I cannot initialize ArcGISLocalTiledLayer from this file. Even when I copy file to App Local Store, still cannot initialize ArcGISLocalTiledLayer from this file. I tried different path formats:
<code>// Settings.LocalDataPath = "C:\\Data\\Users\\Public\\Pictures\\Camera Roll\\ArcGIS\\MS_PM_BaseMap.tpk"; - when loading from Pictures Library
// Settings.LocalDataPath = "ms-appdata:///local/MS_PM_BaseMap.tpk"; - when file is in Local Storage
// Settings.LocalDataPath = "isostore:/MS_PM_BaseMap.tpk"; - another try...

var tpk = new ArcGISLocalTiledLayer(Settings.LocalDataPath);
tpk.ID = "tpk";
await tpk.InitializeAsync();
</code>
on InitializeAsync() I get exception "Failed to open file. May not be a valid tile package.". When file is saved on StorageCard, initialization works fine. Is it possible to use .tpk file from any location in phone's internal storage?
Answer: FYI (for others with the same issue), you'll find additional discussion here: https://geonet.esri.com/thread/162953


Why didn't Lord Krishna marry Radha?

Question: As I have read, Lord Krishna's love for Radha was eternal. Then, why didn't he marry Radha?
Comment: Their marriage did happen when they were very young. This is mentioned in bramha vaivarta purana.
Comment: It is because she was her aunty. She was very too old for little cute boy. Just like your likes you, but you can't marry her. All posters, movies, are fake. Britishers knowingly spoiled it and media promoted it. Krishna never had 1600 wives, never married Radha aunty. Indeed he was cute, little, naughty boy and saviour so all villagers loved him so much.
Answer: We know that Lord Krishna and Radha are eternal lovers who dwell in Go-loka. In Goloka their pastimes are always going on. So as per BrahmaVaivarta Purana, in Goloka, before the manifestation of their pastime on earth, on one occasion Radharani had a heated argument with Shridama, the personal attendant of Krishna.
In course of their conversation Radharani got angry and cursed Shridama to take birth as a demon. So Shridama also in return cursed Radharani to be born as a human, and after spending pastime with Krishna in Gokula She will get separated for 100 years from Her beloved lover Krishna:

manuṣyā iva kopaste tasmātvaṃ mānuṣī bhubi
     bhaviṣyāsi na saṃdeho mayā śaptā tvamambike [BVP - 4.3.103]
Meaning
  You are getting angry like a human, hence you'll become a human. Mother! you'll become a human without any doubt due to my curse.
gokule prapya taṃ kruṣṇaṃ vihariṣyasi kānane
bhavitā te varṣaśataṃ vicchedo hariṇā saha
punaḥ prapya tamīśaṃ ca golokamājamiṣyasi [BVP - 4.3.105,106]
Meaning
  In Gokula getting the company of Krishna you will enjoy pastimes in the forest. Then you'll experience a separation of hundred years from Hari. After that you'll again get His company and return to Go-loka.

Hence, even though Krishna's love for Radha was eternal, due to the effect of the curse He couldn't marry Radha socially or openly. Instead, as per the curse, on Earth Radha had to marry Rayana of Vrindavan who was also Kirshna's partial incarnation:

mūḍhā rāyaṇapatnīṃ tvāṃ vakṣanti jagatitale
     rāyaṇaḥ śrīhareraṃśo vaiśyo vrundāvane vane [BVP - 4.3.104,105]
Meaning
  On Earth fools will say you to be the wife of Rayana. Rayana will be the partial incarnation of Hari in Vrindavan.

However, although Krishna didn't marry Radha on Earth formally or socially, all the gopis including Radha were in fact His wives in Go-loka. Hence, during their pastimes in Vrindavan they were wedded to each other by Brahmā himself and Krishna had spent time only with His wives from Go-loka:

tābhiḥ sārdhe sa reme ca svapatnībhirmudā'nvitaḥ
     pāṇiṃ jagrāha radhāyāḥ svayaṃ brahmā purohitaḥ [BVP - 4.115.88]
Meaning
  Lord Krishna enjoyed pastimes in Vrindavan only with those of His wives who were residents of Go-loka. Brahmā himself as the priest wedded Radha to Him.
Comment: I read few of your answers, and most of it has "**Curse**" effects. How curse used to work? Will it work in this Kali yuga also?
Comment: WHY  THIS ANSWER IS NOT ACCEPTED AS CORRECT ANSWER?
Answer: Lord Krishna and Radharani are married according the Brahma Vaivarta Purana. They were married in the forest of Vrindavana by Lord Brahma. Read the full pastime here.
On the other hand, for the purpose of rasa, or spiritual mellow, Radha and Krishna are situated in the transcendental mellow of parakiya bhava. This mellow is exhibited between separated lovers. Thus, Radha is married to Abhimanyu, who is an expansion of Krishna, to intensify the pastime of Radha and Krishna love. In the Vaishnava tradition, it is important to understand that the love between Radha and Krishna is transcendental and is not a reflection of any kind of mundane love in this material world.
Answer:
To understand Radha correctly you need to somewhat understand the
  mysteries of "rasa" and "prema" – the ecstatic experience of spiritual
  love. Krishna and Radharani playfully married once, as children
  sometimes do. They did not really marry, however, because their love
  is more primal, profound, and unbounded than what wedded love
  facilitates. Wedded love is a very elevated type of divine union with
  the Supreme Personality of Godhead, yet in marriage the intimacy and
  spontaneity is not limitless. Some limitation is imposed by the sense
  of "duty" that husband and wife naturally acquire towards one another.
  This sense of duty is beautiful, but the highest type of love is even
  more beautiful. It is so profound that it requires no sense of duty –
  and flows absolutely spontaneously – breaking all things that stand in
  its path. Thus the pure transcendental love that Radha and Krishna
  enjoy on the highest level of bliss (paramānanda) expresses itself in
  the form of being paramours, not being husband and wife.

SOURCE
Answer: Lord Krishna didn't marry Radha because

Lord Krishna wanted her to remain his sacred fire.
She would never have been able to find her Kanha in Krishna Vasudev.

This has been beautifully mentioned in Sri K.M.Munshi's Krishnavatara. Lord Krishna said-

'Uddhava, both you and my Big Brother have always upbraided me for leaving Radha behind in Vrindavan. But I did it because I want her to be my sacred fire. I would never have loved Radha had I not felt sure that I was going to be in Vrindavan as a cowherd for ever. But when I was called to Mathura as Vasudeva's son, it would have been wicked to bring her with me. She was born to be an exquisite flower in the spring and would never have survived the hot winds of the life I was called upon to face. She would have never found her "Kahn" in Krishna Vaasudeva. And I, with my mission to fulfil, could not have played the gay cowherd, who was the very breath of her life. So I parted from her. She has always remained an altar fire for me and I have remained the altar fire for her. It was the only way,' said Krishna, a little sadly.

He also says further, which should be noticed especially in today's time.

'Man and wife, Uddhava, living in mutual lifelong devotion, are at the root of Dharma. The creation springs from them. Don't destroy Dharma for a fleeting comfort at a wayside fire.'

Krishna made Radha his altar fire of Yajna. Krishna being full of wisdom, converted his Love(oblation) for Radha into a Yajna. He teaches Uddhav to do so to get strength, warmth & blessings. He asked Uddhav to

Keep the warmth, but stay away from the flames.

The conversation goes like this.

'You can weave any women into your life - may be not as you wish - if you convert the wayside fire into the sacrificial fire on a vedi, an altar (a devata for aaraadhana/worship).
  'Why a wayside fire?' asked Uddhava.
  'Because you don't wait to inquire of what it is made; you don't care who warmed himself at it before you did, or what will happen to it after you have left. You are only selfish; you want a passing warmth. You don't consider how it will affect you later. You don't want it to lead you to strength,' said Krishna.
  'A passing fancy for a wayside fire will only singe (i.e., burn superficially or lightly, scorch); lifelong worship at the altar will give warmth - always.' Build an altar of devotion around her; offer her the most precious thing you can offer; then she will give you the warmth and strength of the sacrificial fire,' said Krishna. I do it with every woman who enters my life. I did the same with Mother Yashoda, with the Gopis, with Vishakha, with Radha, with Mother Devaki, and even with Trivakra (Kamsa's palace maid whom Krishna cured of disfigurement),' said Krishna.

At last, Krishna describes the significance of this type of Yajna, where devotion, love & attraction becomes oblation & women fire. This Yajna gives us strength, divinity & courage to be on the path of Dharma.

'Remember what the Gods did in the days of old,' continued Krishna. 'They had to offer sacred Purusha to make creating possible. Without a sacrificial offering, you cannot create anything,' said Krishna as if speaking to himself.'If you want a woman, you have to offer something: a present, a house to live in, lifelong protection. But in that way you will only get a woman, her body, her services. The offering however is like sacrificing ghee or barley or a lamb to obtain a place in heaven. If you want a divinity to inspire you to Dharma and multiply your strength a hundredfold, you must offer something vastly greater. Have not the Gods said: 'By the spirit of sacrifice alone shall sacrifice prosper?'
Answer: Krishna married Radha
Along with other scriptures like Brahma vaivarta purana, Garga Samhita also contains the marriage between Radha and Krishna in detail.
According to Garga Samhita, the spiritual ground came from the realm of Goloka at Brindavana forest. Infant Krishna then becomes teen youth. Brahma arrives there and performs vedic marriage ceremony between Radha and Krishna and leaves for his own home.

..............When Vraja's king Nanda
offered his obeisances and left, She went to Bhandiravana forest. Then
the spiritual ground came from the realm of Goloka. In a moment
everything was golden and studded with rubies and many jewels.
Vrindavana forest manifested a splendid transcendental form with
beautiful desire-trees, and the Yamuna's shore had jewel steps and
golden palaces. Govardhana was made of jewels and had glistening
golden peaks everywhere, maddened bees, and caves beautiful with
swiftly-flowing streams. O king, it was like a great, gigantic
elephant. Then the forest grove assumed its real form with many
assembly houses, courtyards, splendid pavilions, bumblebees, and the
cooing of peacocks, paravatas, and cuckoos. It was filled with the
sweetness of spring. It was filled with roofs of gold and jewels,
splendid with fluttering flags, and anointed with beautiful blossoming
lake-growing golden lotuses licked by swarms of black bees. Then the
Supreme Personality of Godhead became a teen-age youth splendid as a
dark cloud, dressed in yellow garments, decorated with the Kaustubha
gem, holding a flute, and more enchanting than a great host of
Kamadevas. Smiling, Lord Hari took His beloved by the arm, and with
the wedding paraphernalia went to the wedding-pavilion, which was
decorated with mekhalas, kusha grass, waterpots, and many other
things. Embracing and sweetly conversing on a beautiful throne there,
They shone like a splendid lightning flash and a dark cloud in the
sky. Then Lord Brahma, the best of the gods, came from the sky.
Bowing down before Lord Krishna, with folded hands he eloquently and
sweetly spoke. Shri Brahma said: I take shelter of You, the original
Supreme Personality of Godhead, Shri Krishna candra, without
beginning, the beginning of everything, affectionate to Your devotees,
the master of countless universes, greater than the greatest, and the
husband of Radha................... I take shelter of You, who are the
Supreme Personality of Godhead, greater than the greatest, the master
of Goloka-dhama, and who now appear as a fair and a dark splendor. A
person who regularly recites these prayers describing the divine
couple will go to the transcendental abode of Goloka. Even in this
world he will be endowed with handsomeness, opulence, and many
perfections. Greater than the greatest and perfect for each other, You
are already a loving husband and wife. Still, following the ways of
this world, I will now perform Your wedding-ceremony. Then Brahma
rose, ignited the sacred fire, and performed the Vedic
wedding-ceremony of the divine couple. Brahma performed the
wedding-ceremony of Lord Hari and Shri Radhika. He had Them
circumambulate the sacred fire and bow down before it, and then
Brahma, the knower of the Vedas, recited the seven mantras. Placing
Shri Radhika's hand on Lord Hari's chest and Lord Hari's hand on Shri
Radhika's back, Brahma recited many mantras. Then with both hands Shri
Radha placed on Lord Krishna's neck a lotus garland filled the the
humming of bees. Then with both hands Lord Hari placed on Shri Radha's
neck a similar garland. Then Brahma had Them bow down before the
sacred fire. Placing the silent divine couple on two thrones, with
folded hands Brahma recited five mantras. Then, as a father gives away
his daughter, Brahma gave away Shri Radha. O king, then the gods
showered flowers, and the goddesses danced with the Vidyadharis.
The Gandharvas, Vidyadharas, Caranas, and Kinnaras sang auspicious
songs glorifying Lord Krishna. Again and again the great gods in
heaven sounded many mridangas, vinas, murus, yashöis, venus, shankhas,
anakas, and talakas. Calling out "Glory!" they made an auspicious
sound. When Lord Hari said to Brahma, "Please ask whatever you wish as
dakshina," Brahma replied to Lord Hari, "O Lord, as dakshina please
give me devotion for Your feet. "When Lord Hari said "So be it",
Brahma again and again placed His head at the beautiful and auspicious
feet of Lord Hari and Shri Radhika. Then, happy and humbly bowing
down, Brahma left for his own home................
[Description of Shri Radhika's Wedding, Chapter 16, Canto one, Garga
Samhita]

Why didn't Lord Krishna marry Radha?


Documentaries in Spanish about environmental impact of meat industry?

Question: I've previously asked which are good documentaries about environmental impact of livestock industry. However, since I'm living in a Spanish-speaking country, I'm more interested in which documentaries have been made, or dubbed, in Spanish?
Comment: Cattle-heavy South American countries like Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina probably have a very different perception of the livestock industry than countries that don't have such a large livestock industry.  That's probably worth considering.
Comment: Can you also mention the country you're in?  A documentary produced with a particular country in mind would probably be more relevant to citizens of that country.
Comment: First choice would be documentaries relevant to central america, second choice any latin american country, third choice any other country, including Spain or other "first world" countries.
Comment: So are you asking only about documentaries _in Spanish_, or should they focus on environmental impact of the meat industry _in Spanish-speaking countries_?
Comment: @Turion I never asked about meat industry in spanish-speaking countries. Both title and description refer to documentaries about environmental impact of meat industry that have been made or dubbed in spanish.
Comment: @Attilio, I'm referring to your comment: "First choice would be documentaries relevant to central america, second choice any latin american country, third choice any other country, including Spain or other "first world" countries."
Comment: @Turion I was just answering to the question by Adam Miller.
Answer: A Carne É Fraca (or La Carne Es Débil, "Meat is Weak") is a Brazilian documentary about animal abuse in the meat industry. It has a CC-BY license (you are free to distribute it as long as you don't charge for it) and it is available on Youtube (with subtitles).
Meat The Truth is more focused on environmental consequences of consuming meat. This movie features strong intertextuality with An Inconvenient Truth, since it was made in response to Al Gore's lack of commitment against the meat industry. It is also available on Youtube (with subtitles).
Both feature graphic violence against animals and, as such, should be accompanied by a content warning and are not suited for children.
Answer: Cowspiracy is a good documentary about the environmental impact of animal agriculture, and it has Spanish subtitles.


Headless content implementation in Tridion 9.5

Question: We just upgraded to Tridion 9.5 and plan to implement headless content model using out of the box features of Tridion 9.5. Not able to get end-to-end implementation details in Tridion docs. I am looking for a jump start on this - from schema implementation to content delivery if anyone implemented.
Comment: Welcome to Tridion Stack Exchange, Venkat! As an upgrade, your team might already be familiar with Schemas and perhaps the GraphQL API, but it's hard to know what you need without some background. Perhaps you're looking for an example of setting up a semantic content model or perhaps how to change an existing setup? Let us know by editing your original question, offering an example, and yes, sharing what you've tried! :-)
Answer: Welcome to StackExchange. It would be great if you can provide information on what you have tried and specific implementation questions, if any. There is no cookie-cutter solution for data-only publishing. You will find a lot of useful information in this link.
From the content manager side, the schema design is completely open to the developer / content authors / marketers. Both the schemas and the fields that needs to be published can be configured. Searching based on the fields should also be configured on the CMS side. You need to understand that schema definition (referred to as content-modelling, sometimes) is an iterative process and will get refined with your business requirements and technical complexity.
From the content delivery side, GraphQl documentation can be found under public content API. There are quite a few useful examples in the documentation as well.
EDIT:
Semantic content models grants the developer more control in defining a custom model for your web application independent of the default fields in DXD. Future changes in your content model won't impact your web application. I have also linked a video of it for better understanding.
Comment: Good point, Alvin. I have linked a video from RWS community as well; :).
Comment: Don't forget the semantic content models, which might be new to some implementations! :-)
Answer: Running the risk of over-simplifying...

Define your content models (on paper, not in Tridion).
Translate that to a set of Tridion Schemas that allow for the content to be captured.
Work on your semantic content models as mentioned by others, to further refine the mapping between your Content creation models and your Content Delivery models (i.e., how content shows on your website)
Create some content, put it in pages, publish.
Check out the output using GraphQL
Build an application that consumes that content (using graphql)

Done.


Is the study of proper names really a branch of linguistics?

Question: Is the fact proper names are somewhat fixed in language (often not translated and also do not tend to change even in light of a change in attributes from which it gained its name), mean that it is no longer a question of linguistics? Rather confused by its status.
Answer: Proper names are nouns, albeit with specific characteristics, so they play the roles other nouns play in syntax (subject, object, etc). They also partake in morphology; if a language has genders, it will distinguish between Cláudio and Cláudia just like it distinguishes between gato and gata; if a language has cases, it will have Cladius and Claudii. The etymology of proper names can be studied just like that of other words, and it is subject to the usual phonetic transformation (Charles vs Carlos); proper names can also be borrowed from language to language. They can even be productive in terms of derivation: Newtonian, Trotskyist, Spoonerism, Franco-Germanic.
So I guess they are a quite proper object of Linguistics.
Comment: Very good answer. I'd just like to add that [Named Entity Recognition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Named-entity_recognition) is a vibrant research area in computational linguistics, which I assume to be part of (or to overlap with) linguistics.
Answer: Onomastics¹ has a big overlap with linguistics, specially with historical linguistics (derivation and meaning of names, sound shifts, etc.). Some valuable historical linguistic information is only available by the study of proper names (several languages are otherwise completely undocumented). It is traditionally seen as a branch of linguistics.
However, there are non-linguistic aspects of onomastics: The study of historical professions (giving raise to modern surnames in Europe), cultural and religious practices reflected in proper names, taboos.
The synthesis of all those fields makes onomastics a fascinating discipline, but there are very few posts for researchers in onomastics out there.
¹ I link to German language wikipedia because it is much more informative than the English version
Comment: Not sure if the taboo part can be said to be totally non-linguistic. In the Australian languages, for example, if a person's name contains a word, then after the person's death, the word (even when it isn't used as a proper name) becomes tabooed, and a synonym or a word from a neighbouring tribe is borrowed over to replace it. That has implications for semantic change, the lexicon etc.
Comment: "Re "Onomastics has a big overlap with linguistics": The German article you link actually claims that it is a *part* of linguistics, so the overlap would be 100% ;-).
Answer: Proper names are created in many languages, often by taking an interpretable phrase and using it (e.g. the Shona names Chipo "gift", Farai "be happy (pl)!"), the name of the Tanzanian author Kezilahabi "came from a bad place"). They frequently have special morphology (different inflectional affixes; only they take the "honorific" prefix; often wider use of and special forms of diminutive affixation) and syntax (especially obligatory vs. prohibited definiteness marking). Even the study of why people name their child "death approaches" is within the sphere of one form of linguistics, sociolinguistics. So I can't see what wouldn't be linguistic about the study of proper names .
Comment: They can often be used as nouns or pronouns in the second person (_Bill! Stop!_) via vocative, or even first person in certain types of narrative. There's nothing specially non-linguistic about proper names except that we all seem to come with them, like arms and eyes; but we come with language, too -- it's not anything unnatural, like writing.
Comment: Hulk agree with J Lawler's comment.


What are Brahmashirsha and Brahmanda astras?

Question: The Brahmastra was a weapon created by Brahma. It was considered a very destructive weapon. The Brahmastra never missed its mark. In the Mahabharata, a few Maharathis possessed the knowledge to invoke the Brahmastra. So what are the other types of weapons called Brahmashirsha astra and Brahmanda astra? Any one knows any information about theses type of weapons?
Comment: `Brahmashirsha astra` was also a deadly weapon. Its knowledge was possessed by Arjuna (fully) and Ashwatthama (partially) during Mahabharata. The later used it on an unborn child and got cursed by the lord Krishna to roam around the world until the end of Kaliyuga.
Comment: @iammilind i think Arjuna and few Maharathis possessed the knowledge to invoke Brahmastra weapon only not Brahmashirsha astra or Brahmanda astra.
Answer: I have read complete mahabharata translated by KM Ganguly and Rajgopalchary separately and have gone through various articles posted and updated by many persons in different web pages. I have come to a conclusion that there were only Brahmastra,Brahmashirsha Astra,and Brahmadanda. Knowledge of Bhahmastra was known to manya great warriors and gurus like Guru Parashurama,Guru Drona, Guru Kripacharya, Bhisma,Arjuna, Krisna, Satyaki,Pradumna, Annirudhha, Asswatthama,ofcourse Karna with the curse that he will forget it when he needed it the most against an equivalent opponent. However Brahmashirsha Weapon having 4 heads of Lord Brahma is more powerful and destructive than Bhahmastra probably evolution of the latter. This knowledge was imparted to Arjuna and Aswatthama through Guru Drona. Though Aswatthama was having the knowledge of invoking the weapon but not revoking one unlike Arjuna. Drona purposefully didn't want to impart the full knowledge to Aswatthama as he didn't trust him as he had on Arjuna because the person having both the knowledge can hurl the missile as many times as he wants and Drona didn't want that option to be availabe with Aswatthama. There is no mention having Bhisma, Karna, Kripa,Satyaki having or using this weapon. However the weapon Brahmadanda was given to only Brahmins eg: Vasista, Parsurama, Drona etc, which is capable of engulfing both Brahmastra and Brahmashirsha astra which was not imparted to any of the khatriya warriors.
Comment: That 's true my friend. For this one you need it because, some information is wrong. Anyone can have the powerful Brahmanda Astra. They just need to do penance to Lord Brahma as it can only be attained by him directly.
Comment: You should cite sources.
Answer: brahmandastra is the most powerful weapon.it is made up of Brahma 5 heads.it is usefully to neutralize the narayanaastra or pasupathastra.karna, parushuram ,drona and bhism have this.and parushuram ram cursed  karna to forget this mantra at the time when most needed.and Brahmashirsha is the second best karna arjuna bhism drona drona parushuram have this weapon
Comment: Not all the time sv. By the way nobody knows this, but Arjuna also possessed the Brahmanda Astra and used it on Dronacharya.  Lord Krishna stopped Arjuna from doing so as it will destroy creation.
Answer: All three weapon had equal power of the trinety  the trimurthi all three  respected each other at the last all the three manifiest as one GOD. Dint go by puranas its has very confusing topics written by some writer marking that particular god as supreme. Geeta teaches where the almighty manifiest has said that he is in every one and every one is within him. Hence when  trinety weapon like bramastra is discharge it has nither any counter  and in vedic days when it was discharged þe sages who had deep tapasyra bramrishis always sought some remedies to control it and  save the mankind. Guru rishi vasitha was bramrishi had done deep menance  hence when rishi vishwamitra discarge it rishis deep tapasya and yagna attributed  in face fbramastra ie the suprame lord was protecting him.
Comment: Welcome to Hinduism.SE. You should cote sources to back your answer.
Answer: Brahmashira astra - a destructive weapon like Brahmastra that has all four heads of brahmadeva but only difference between brahmashira astra and brahmastra is that brahmashira astra is four times more destructive than Brahmastra. The Brahmashira Astra (Brahma's head weapon), manifests with four heads of brahma at the front and is four times stronger than the normal brahmastra. Arjuna and Ashwathama famously used it on each other during Sauptika Parva.
Pritha's son Dhananjaya, O child, was acquainted with the weapon called brahmashira.
At the very sight, O tiger among men, of those two rishis possessed of splendour like that of fire, Dhananjaya quickly resolved to withdraw his celestial shaft.
Since Ashwathama was not able to retract Brahmashira astra and was not allowed to use that weapon on Pandavas anymore because Arjuna retracted his weapon, he uses that weapon on stillborn Parishit, the grandson of Arjuna in an attempt to end the Pandava lineage since all sons of Pandavas already died.
"This blade of grass (inspired into a fatal weapon) will, however, fall into the wombs of the Pandava women, for this weapon is high and mighty, and incapable of being frustrated. O regenerate one, I am unable to withdraw it, having once let it off. I will now throw this weapon into the wombs of the Pandava women. As regards thy commands in other respects, O holy one, I shall certainly obey them."
https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m10/m10015.htm
Arjuna, Drona, Ashwathama( He knew only how to invoke but not how to retract but other than him, other people know to retract it) , Bhishma, Parashurama and Agnivesha ( He bestowed brahmashira to Drona who passed it to Arjuna and Ashwathama)
Brahmanda astra is a weapon used for defense unlike Brahmashira and Brahmastra for offense. Brahmanda astra has five heads of Brahmadeva . Originally Brahmadeva had five heads but one of the head was cut off by Shiva. He did it for good. 4 head of brahma represent 4 Yugas knowledge of 4 Vedas. The 5th was ego (one extra head of Brahma) which was representing anti-tune of the Vedas in order to attract Shiv's attention to go from vairagya to day-to-day rituals. Discussion with Narayana, he failed to understand the necessity of delaying the task to bring Shakti into Shiv's life due to Shiv's contribution to kickstart the universe. In due time, Shiv lost his nature (Shakti) & went Vairagya.
The act of Brahma representing his ego over the 4 vedas, forced Shiv to chop off his 5th head.
https://www.wordzz.com/lord-shiva-cuts-lord-bramhas-5th-head/#:~:text=The%20act%20of%20Brahma%20representing,chop%20off%20his%205th%20head.&text=One%20such%20story%20says%20that,at%20her%20wherever%20she%20went.
Vashishta possessed a divine cow which was able to give anything that was wished and Vashishta used to serve thousands of people because of the cow. Once, King Kaushika (Vishwamitra's name at the time)  saw the cow and wished to possess her. He asked Vasistha to hand her over but Vasistha refused to do so saying she actually belongs to Devas and not him. King Kaushika became angry and attacked Vasistha with all his forces. However, he was defeated by the power of his penance and was somehow rescued by Vamdeva. He asked Vamdeva, how can Vasistha defeat all his might on his alone. Vamdeva told him this happened due to Vasistha's Brahmashakti. Kaushika then wanted to become like Vasistha. Doing penance guided by Vamdeva, King Kaushika became Vishwamitra.
After severe penance to Shiva, Vishwamitra gained celestial weapons and goes to Vashishta's ashrama and even uses Brahmastra, Brahmashirastra, Pashupatastra and other astras but Vashishta uses Brahmananda astra that consumes all weapons of Vishwamitra, including his most powerful weapons which were the most powerful weapons.
Brahmanda astra has the power to neutralize any other weapon or divyastra and can destroy the world if used against offense.
Dronacharya had Brahmanda astra andhe was invincible on 15th day of the war.
This weapon is said to possess the power to destroy entire solar system or brahmand, the 14 realms according to Hindu cosmology. In some texts it is called Brahma-dhanda astra, the weapon created by Saptarishi's to counter any weapon ever created, even that of Trimurti's. The rishi of this weapon is Para Brahman. It is stated to be the most difficult astra to obtain. Capable of destroying entire universe in a blink of an eye.
Bhishma, Drona, Indrajit, Parashurama, Agnivesha, and Vashishta possessed these weapons.


Creating a 'virtual' point

Question: I have co-ordinates (x,y,z) for three markers placed on the leg, and I need to calculate the position of a 'fourth' marker which appears in the first frame of my recording and then disappears. Together the four markers make up a rectangle shape, and the markers are fixed (one marker is on the inside of the ankle, a second is on the outside of the ankle, the third is on the outside of the knee, and the one I need to find is on the inside of the knee). I wonder if there is a way to calculate the co-ordinates of the 'fourth' point based on the co-ordinates of the others. I think this should be relativley simple but I don't know where to start!
Thanks!
Answer: inside of knee equals inside of ankle plus outside of knee minus outside of ankle.
Answer: Based on Gerry Myerson's answer:
$$x_{ik} = x_{ia} + x_{ok} - x_{oa}$$
$$y_{ik} = y_{ia} + y_{ok} - y_{oa}$$
$$z_{ik} = z_{ia} + z_{ok} - z_{oa}$$
This works even if the rectangle becomes a parallelogram.

Creating a 'virtual' point


iPod Touch 5th generation; iMessages and Facetime doesn't work

Question: I recently got my iPod Touch, and a couple days ago, I was signed out of FaceTime and iMessage (not by my own doing) and I haven't been able to log back in.
I have already tried changing my DNS to 18.104.22.168 and 188.8.131.52, 18.104.22.168, I have logged in and out of my Apple ID on my iPod Touch, I have changed my email address and then changed it back, and I have used a different WiFi connection.  The message that pops up (after it fails to log in) says, 'FaceTime Activation Could not sign in.  Please check your network connection and try again.'  This happens for iMessage, as well.  I am using the right password and email, and I do not use an iCloud account.  What should I do to be able to log in again and keep my email the same?
Comment: Same, My IPod touch 5th gen wont let me send or recieve any messages. I looked it up and it said to go to my wifi and change my DSN. But no matter wich DSN I tried it didnt work. One of the ones I tried was 126.96.36.199 my IPod hesitated for a little bit but then after that it didnt work.
Answer: I will try restoring the iPod itself. It sounds like a software issue, maybe about cache.
There's also another possibilities about your network routers. It might be blocking those ports or whatever. Try with an Apple one.
Answer: reset your setting then make sure your Bluetooth is not on. This worked for me. Or just try the Bluetooth first!
Answer: By chance do you have a cover/case on you iPod? Go into the room where your wi-fi router is and try again. If you do have a cover on it, remove it first to activate it and then if it works you should be able to place the cover back on still use it. I have a Survivor case on mine and that was blocking the signal needed to activate. It didn't get in the way of itunes, internet connection, or anything else. But for some reason it did for FaceTime and iMessages. Good luck!


Good books that deal with ethics and its dimensions

Question: Can some one name me a good book that deals with ethics and its dimensions? It should deal with the basics of ethics with examples or maybe some case studies analysis.
Comment: You should tell us a little more about the specific concern you're after and what you've found already. That said I might suggest something like Buber's *I and Thou*, which should help provide context and motivations for modern ethical inquiry. (It's also good preparation for Levinas whose *Totality and Infinity* might be another suggestion.)
Comment: I know some might snort derisively but have you considered the Bible?
Answer: Unless you require a theistic ground, Peter Singer's work is strong, insightful, and specific.  I'd recommend Writings on an Ethical Life, *The Life You Can Save,* and Animal Liberation. You can deductively apply the principles he develops to many concrete situations.
Comment: thanks for valuable information...can you please tell me some standard book on global and Indian  moral thinkers, leaders , administrator.


Which programing languages can be used for publishing to the Mac App Store?

Question: What are the programing language requirements for publishing to the mac app store? Obviously Obj-C is the main one, but can someone publish using something like C++? Or Java?
Answer: The rules for the Mac App store are converging towards that of the iOS App store.  The iOS App store currently allows the use of almost any programming language (even Basic or Assembly), as long as everything required for that language (code, interpreter, runtime, libraries, etc.) is bundled with the app.  For instance, many iPhone games have a built-in Lua interpreter or a C# runtime.
If a language used by an app requires any separately installed support other than that built into the Lion Mac OS distribution, the review guidelines say that app will be rejected.  Cocoa and webkit (for Javascript) are currently built into the Mac OS X distribution.
So, if you want to use Java, you might be able to get away with including your own complete JVM and all needed runtime support libraries for Java in the app bundle.
BTW, XCode supports using C++ and Objective C++ code, as well as Objective C and its plain C subset.  But you may have to use some Objective C APIs to make an application compliant with all the UI guidelines, even in a mostly C++ app.
Answer: This article from 2010 reveals some of the more explicit guidelines Apple publishes for what apps can't do or be made of if you want to sell them in the App Store. Of particular note that article says:

No Java?: Apps that use deprecated or optionally installed technologies (e.g. Java, Rosetta) will be rejected.

That is actually an interpretation of the App Store Review Guidelines that say: "apps that use deprecated or optionally installed technologies will be rejected." (reference for that quote that doesn't require an Apple Developer account). Which means most, if not all, Java is outlawed or on its way to being outlawed because the custom Java Apple produces is now deprecated on OS X. Going forward Java on OS X won't ship with the OS, it'll be a user-installed product that they download from...maybe Oracle I guess. We'll have to see.
No other languages are specifically listed as forbidden but with any other language other than Objective-C getting the UI requirements right would be really quite difficult. Apple is very concerned with quality and the look and feel of applications. So languages that produce non-standard UIs (i.e. don't follow the Apple UI Guidelines) are going to be more likely candidates for rejection.
Answer: According to this page: Examples of apps in the Mac App Store not made with objective-c/c/c++ ?
Briquette is made with ruby.


is "と" always needed for when saying "with?"

Question: can I say しごとがんばってね for saying have a nice day at work? do I need the particle と to make it "with work"  しごととがんばってね
Comment: Perhaps it's not, strictly speaking, pertinent to your question, but do you use "with work" that way in English? As in "alongside with" or "together with"? I don't see the connection between "Have a good day with work" and the typical meaning of と when it means "with". The English sentence sounds a little odd to me generally, but I won't go so far as to say it couldn't be said, I guess.
Comment: @Leebo I don't know that you'd usually use "with" in this way in English (I think it could be used, but I struggle to think of an example sentence), but there are certainly languages (such as Norwegian) in which you _would_. For instance, a slightly wobbly translation from Norwegian to English might leave you with "Enjoy yourself with the work.", as an example, which while a bit odd isn't completely out of place.
Answer: Japanese がんばる is a transitive verb that means "to work hard on/with ~". That is to say, you have to say しごとをがんばってね if you don't want to omit particles, but しごとがんばってね is fine in casual conversations, too. しごととがんばってね is ungrammatical.
In general, と meaning with cannot be easily omitted like が/は/を. Being able to omit と freely would obviously introduce a lot of confusion and ambiguity. For example, 彼【かれ】映画【えいが】見た【みた】 will always mean "He watched a movie" rather than "I watched a movie with him."

is "と” always needed for when saying "with?"


New Radiator Fan Issues in my 2010 Ford Focus

Question: I put a new fan in my Ford Focus the other day and the first day it didn't work so I took it to my mechanic and it's been working since he said he hasn't done anything so I'm not sure if that's true or not, either way my fan works but I unplugged my battery today and hooked it back up and now any time I run my ac compressor the fan kicks on and runs the whole time it's on. To my knowledge I thought it was only supposed to do it in spurts or is that when the vehicle is isnt up to full temp. I let my car sit and idle to full temp and let the fan kick on by its self per radiator temp and then after the cycle I flipped my compressor on and my ac fan ran the whole time it was on and then for 30ish seconds after it was off it only has one fan on it for the condenser and radiator
Answer: The reason the cooling fan comes on when you turn on the A/C is because in front of your radiator there is another part that looks just like a radiator called a condenser. The condenser works the same way that the radiator does in that it radiates heat to the atmosphere, and it does this more efficiently when air is moving faster through it. The scientific way that A/C works is that it doesn't introduce "cold" into the car, it actually removes heat, the condenser is how it does that mechanically. Sounds like everything is running exactly how it should to me.
Bonus points to the fact that by knowing this, if your A/C ever gets warm when you come to a stop then gets cold again as you get up to speed, you know to look at the cooling fan
Comment: Sweet awesome so I started the car up this morning and it's just cycling. I'll turn the ac on and itll take a secknd for it to turn on then when it does turn on it only cycles on and off and doesnt stay running constantly it just cycles. So itll turn in for 4 seconds then turn off for a few seconds turn back on and turn off
Comment: @TannerRoath In order to save fuel, when AC is on the cooling fan is turned on only when the refrigerant pressure in the high side (usually in the liquid line or in the receiver dryer) gets high enough (and obviously also when the engine calls for additional cooling). It never stays "always on". However, when the engine cooling radiator becomes hot, the condenser gets hot too by means of irradiation, so the high side pressure in the AC system becomes higher and the AC pressure sensor/switch in the high side trips easier.
Comment: @TannerRoath In cold weather, with a cold engine and AC on my car will take about 20 seconds to switch the cooling fan on, and then it will cycle on and off, especially on low interior blower speeds. Also, when it cycles on, some refrigerant seems to flash into gas within the liquid line and you can hear brief quiet gassy/squirting noises where the TXV is located in the footwell (likely because the refrigerant pressure drops a lot when the fan switches on). It has a new condenser. With an hot engine it will always stay on.


What happens to Dragon after Donkey & Shrek drank the Happily Ever After potion?

Question: Every time after watching Shrek 2, I'm disappointed that we don't get to see Dragon while Donkey is transformed into a steed. Is there any information as to what happens to her or what she looks like during that period?
Answer: The film's co-Directors toyed with the idea of making Dragon into a pegasus but ultimately decided against it because it didn't really add anything to the film to see her transform.

Quoting from the Director's Audio Commentary (between co-directors Kelly Asbury and Conrad Vernon):

We worked on that a loooong time. I mean, how do we show that that potion affects Fiona as well as Shrek? I mean yeah, big blue flash, yeah one flash. I think there was one point, because Donkey was, Donkey changes into a "noble steed", everyone asks, yeah but we asked ourselves, everyone asked us afterward, 'Who does Dragon change into?'
Right
And at one point we did have her change into a Pegasus, a biiig pink horsie with wings ... and I still think offscreen, she's a pegasus somewhere right now, wondering what the heck's going on and flying around...and then she changes back into a dragon before the end of the movie.

And from the film's Second Audio Commentary (between Producer Aron Warner and editor Michael Andrews):

Someone asked me "what about the Dragon, how come you don't see her transform" and I said "funnily enough, we did do that at one point...but it was just a bit weird to suddenly jump back to the Dragon".
Well yeah, at one point the Dragon was a unicorn or a pegasus with wings.
Yeah, she was part of the 'Rescue Team' later in the film but she looked too much like a pretty pony which was fine but it ended up just not hitting me...

As to why they didn't include her in the film until the very end, this is discussed in the film's second commentary. In short, it was because having a  gigantic fire-breathing dragon as an ally instantly destroys any sense of suspense in the fim

We tried to put her in, several times before but... but you can't have
her around a lot because she, 'cause she gets everything done. She can
get through any obstacle.
Like we couldn't have her to get into the castle or anything
like that, or to get those guys out of prison. It would have just made
it all too easy.
Comment: As opposed to those pegasuses without wings.
Comment: @RogueJedi - One thing I've learned when listening to Director's Commentaries is that they rarely make sense when transcribed verbatim. It's usually just two (or more) people gassing about the film and not really following a script and just rambling along inanely about whatever's happening on the screen in front of them until the movie finishes.
Comment: Oh and apologies for the dodgy transcription...
Answer: Directly from the Shrek Wiki, it says that she "was supposed to change into a beautiful female Pegasus, the perfect match to Donkey's transformation into a handsome stallion" it makes me rather sad that was cut :p
Comment: Note that the reference is unsourced. Apparently "a couple of kids" asked the director "at a test screening".
Comment: They probably cut it cuz it was kinda sad.  I mean Shrek and Fiona can have their poignant ogre love moment, but Donkey was quite all right with being a horse.  And he'd probably be super psyched about his Pegasus girl.  Instead, it's back to the donkey/dragon life.  His sad story bulldozed by the main hero's happy one.
Answer: There is nothing canon however it would stand to reason that she transforms into a horse like donkey
Answer: It does say that she was supposed to turn into a beautiful female pegasus while Donkey turned into a handsome stallion but they cut the part of when Dragon turns into a pegasus. I don't actually know why they cut the part of Dragon turning into a pegasus.
Comment: *What* says this? What is the source of this information?


Why are question titles in the Achievements dialog suddenly bold?

Question: Why are the question titles in the Achievements dialog now suddenly bold? They used to be normal text, and the other nav bar dialogs aren't bold, so why this change? Looks out of place and inconsistent from a UI perspective.
Comment: **The red circle isn't bold enough**.
Comment: Well, wadayaknow, **thats** what was weird  when I got that badge notification!
Comment: MSE Duplicate: https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/330775/did-someone-break-the-font - looks like according to Catija it's a bug and they're already working on it.
Comment: Same for Notifications, except they're only bold when unread; they revert back to non-bold if you close it and open it again. Looks like someone trying to make it more clear which notifications are new. I agree the Achievements always being bold now is weird, though.
Comment: "Unread" achievements are bold(er), and they have a *ton* of whitespace around them. https://i.stack.imgur.com/M750Q.png
Answer: We're working on some accessibility improvements and one that was requested was to make unseen alerts in the inbox and achievements dropdowns more distinct from viewed ones, which previously were only different because they had a slightly different background color - a pale blue. The general recommendation by accessibility experts is to avoid color-only changes, so we increased the font weight in addition.
Unfortunately, when the change was originally rolled out, there was a small bug in the Achievements dropdown that caused all of the items to appear in bold regardless of whether they'd been viewed or not. Our developer, Jane, explains what happened in this bug report on MSE:

I'd accidentally left emboldened font in a rule for all of these elements in our less file instead of just for the ones with the unread-item label. It was something I'd put in during testing to figure out where the put the rule on the unread-items label but I forgot to take it out after.

This was fixed and should be behaving as expected, only appearing in bold when the event is first viewed.
Thanks for reporting the issue!


Does ProPedal on FOX RP2 rear shock wear out when on during downhill?

Question: Yesterday I forgot to turn off ProPadal before quite nasty downhill ride on my Fox RP2 rear shock (riding Giant Reign 2011) - I can imagine this makes no real harm to the shock but think there can be some extra wear of rubber sealing etc? The downhill was about 1km of a very old road paved with big round sandstone rocks (about 0.5 m in diameter), I think I could have used about 75% on my suspension travel, the shock could had bumped about 300-500 times.
Answer: While shocks are certainly meant to be locked out and ridden, even over semi-rough terrain, there are probably some limits to the design. I'm not a fork/shock mechanic, but what I know about fluid dynamics tells me that you shouldn't do this too often!
When you lock out your fork/shock it limits that compression of the fluids inside or prevents compression at all by preventing other parts from moving.
Scenario 1: The fluid isn't allowed to move through the damper. You could cause high pressure build up on a seal or damper and cause it to blow, or even rupture the canister.
Scenario 2: The parts are prevented from moving. The forces exerted on the locked parts could be more than they were designed for and could cause premature wear to the point of failure.
Again, I'm not a professional, but I wouldn't recommend riding like this regularly. Perhaps a quick email to Fox might be more helpful, as they may have actually done testing to see what happens when a rider rides the rough stuff with a locked-out shock.
Comment: Thanks for an answer! ProPedal is not a complete shock lock-out mechanism, but rather a mechanism to prevent pedal bob... neither I am expert but I can imagine it enables some extra mechanical circuit to prevent the bob and this is probably not the best to ride downhills as you say. I own the Reign since few weeks only and made only few rides with it and it is my first full-susser. The shock makes kind of little click-sound when riding now so I dont know if that is because of the harsh descent or if that is normal...
Answer: I would not worry about it. I run my shocks with ProPedal on most of the time, and something else has always broken well before the rear shock gave out. You're not going to do any extra harm to the shock just because you ran it down a descent with ProPedal on. You should be more worried about bottoming the shock out or not keeping it properly serviced.


What is the significance of Lord Hanuman on flags?

Question: It is often seen that triangular saffron flags have the silhouette of Lord Hanuman on them, what is the significance of this? What does this represent, or what is the myth(story) behind this?
Edit: If according to the answer by Suresh Ramaswamy it is due to the story of Arjuna and Lord Hanuman then which source/scripture describes this story?
Answer: Emblem of Hanuman is the sign of victory. The following quote comes from Bhagavad-gītā (verse 1.24).

atha vyavasthitān dṛṣṭvā
dhārtarāṣṭrān kapi-dhvajaḥ
pravṛtte śastra-sampāte
dhanur udyamya pāṇḍavaḥ
hṛṣīkeśaṁ tadā vākyam
idam āha mahī-pate
Translation
At that time Arjuna, the son of Pāṇḍu, seated in the chariot bearing the flag marked with Hanumān, took up his bow and prepared to shoot
  his arrows. O King, after looking at the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra drawn in
  military array, Arjuna then spoke to Lord Kṛṣṇa these words.
Purport
The battle was just about to begin. It is understood from the above
  statement that the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra were more or less disheartened
  by the unexpected arrangement of military force by the Pāṇḍavas, who
  were guided by the direct instructions of Lord Kṛṣṇa on the
  battlefield. The emblem of Hanumān on the flag of Arjuna is another
  sign of victory because Hanumān cooperated with Lord Rāma in the
  battle between Rāma and Rāvaṇa, and Lord Rāma emerged victorious. Now
  both Rāma and Hanumān were present on the chariot of Arjuna to help
  him. Lord Kṛṣṇa is Rāma Himself, and wherever Lord Rāma is, His
  eternal servitor Hanumān and His eternal consort Sītā, the goddess of
  fortune, are present. Therefore, Arjuna had no cause to fear any
  enemies whatsoever. And above all, the Lord of the senses, Lord Kṛṣṇa,
  was personally present to give him direction. Thus, all good counsel
  was available to Arjuna in the matter of executing the battle. In such
  auspicious conditions, arranged by the Lord for His eternal devotee,
  lay the signs of assured victory.
Comment: I think "kapi-dhvajaḥ" just means ape-bannered, not Hanuman-bannered.
Answer: As per Mahabharata, once Arjuna was on the seashore.  He saw a small monkey jumping up and down.  The monkey claimed to be the strongest on earth.  Laughing Arjuna built a bridge of arrows, but hardly had the monkey set foot on it, it broke,  A number of times Arjuna made stronger and stronger bridges, but each time the monkey jumped on it and broke it.  At last with all his knowledge and skill Arjuna constructed an almost indestructible bridge, but this too the monkey destroyed.  Arjuna decided to end his life, when a small boy (Sree Krishna in disguise) appeared and asked Arjuna to try once more for the last time. At the same time he revealed himself to the monkey (who was none other than Hanuman) as Sree Rama. The monkey told Arjuna, that the loser would serve the winner at all times.  Arjuna agreed. This time the bridge was unbreakable.  Hanuman revealed himself to Arjuna and as promised agreed to serve Arjuna.  Arjuna bowed before Hanuman and requested him to be part of his standard and Hanuman rose up and settled on Arjuna's standard which was saffron in colour.
Hence the saffron flags depicting the silhouette of Lord Hanuman on them is a reproduction of Arjuna's standard - his flag.
Comment: According to Mahabharata, it is Bhima who asks his brother Hanuman to mount the flag of Arjuna. This story of Hanuman, Arjuna and Krishna doesn't appear in Vyasa Bharatam.
Comment: please add necessary references to the story.


How to know list of people who gave a Google +1?

Question: How to know the list of people who gave a Google Plus One (+1) to the website. The Facebook likes people list are displayed when clicking the like count button, but +1 doesn't displays any user IDs that gave a plus? Any ideas?
Comment: @BusinessInelligence Blogs posts in the Blogger admin pages list +1s for posts that have been liked. Clicking on the +1 link sometimes reveal name of the person who +1-ed it. It appears that the name shows up only if users have opted to display it through some setting.
Comment: Do you want to know for your own website, or the list of other people on a general site you don't control?
Comment: What about both of them. The priority is for my own site
Comment: Google Analytics gives you counts, but not details.
Comment: Not an answer to the "my site +1's", but for a Google+ Post, you can click on the "People who +1'd this" link to get the list. (It's the link under the +1 icon that is the current number of +1s.)
Answer: I don't think it is possible to determine the identities of the people who gave a Google +1 to a website or URL, whether on your own website or one that you don't control. This wasn't announced until 27 Jun 2012 by Google, a long time after you asked your question! Now Google policy seems quite explicit (emphasis mine):

Publishers may not attempt to discover the identity of a Google+ button user
unless the user consents to share his or her identity with the Publisher via a
Google-approved authorization procedure. This prohibition includes identifying
users by correlating Google+ button reporting data from Google with Publisher data.
For the avoidance of doubt, this prohibition includes, but is not limited to, any use of pixels, cookies, or other methods to recognize users' clicks on a Google+
button... Publishers may not direct users to click a Google+ button for purposes
of misleading users...

I don't know what Google-approved authorization procedure is referred to in the first sentence.
Enforcement
I'm not sure how this will be accomplished, other than by web crawlers, but Google sounds like they are serious about it:

Google may analyze Publishers' use of a Google+ button to ensure
Publishers' compliance with these policies and to facilitate Google's
development of Google+ Buttons.

Google Analytics and Google Webmaster Tools
Yes, it is true that you can get aggregated Google +1 activity data on your own websites from Google Analytics. The same is true for Google Webmaster Tools, for your own site or others:

Google Webmaster Tools reports on all +1 interactions for your
content, regardless of whether the interaction occurs on your own
domain, or on a search result listing.

However, Google Webmaster Tools also aggregates reports on +1 activity related to your content, so no further detail can be determined.
Blogger and other social sharing
As @mvark mentioned, on a Blogger blog, if one is the owner, the admin panel displays how many +1's were given to each post (URL). Sometimes the person's identity is disclosed. That seems to be dependent on a variety of factors that include

Designating that one's Google+ activity on non-Google and Google sites be publicly visible. This setting is in the user permissions page for one's own Google account; and
Possibly if one has some form of Google+ circles relationship with another user who has +1'd that same URL. I have noticed this on non-Blogger websites as well.

EDIT
Here is a very recent page, from 29 October 2012, Google Developers, about Social Tracking. It has new information about Google+ tracking as well as Twitter and Facebook likes and un-likes. There is also a new Google+ private beta program, that might allow you to do what you requested, but I'm not sure who is eligible to participate in it.
Answer: There is no way you can get that,Google+ will give you the count but not the list of people with link to there Google+ Profiles.
Answer: You can find out with Google Analytics "Network Referrals". It includes "Social User Handle
" and "User Profile URL".