New design: inconsistent rendering by preview

Question: Attention Jin: The new design has introduced some rendering inconsistency between the preview and final post. In the beta what you saw in the preview was exactly what was rendered in the final post. However in the new design this is no longer true. It appears that some font sizes are different between the two, e.g. the font employed for bold faces, etc. For example see my post here, and compare the size of the "HINT" in the preview and posted form. This is quite annoying since I go to great effort to control the layout so that the syntax reflects the semantics and such inconsistencies complicate this process.
Comment: FYI: You could use ` ` (Shift+Alt+Space on Mac OS X if you're using it) to insert a significant space.
Comment: I'm looking into this now. thanks.
Comment: @Jin, @Kenny: I try to align similar elts of equations on different lines, to clarify proofs. Being multiline LaTeX interspersed with plain text, I can't use LaTeX arrays etc to control layout. So I mix and match text and LaTeX "padding" to get my alignment (e.g. the first two equations [here](http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3149) used to be aligned perfectly in the beta). I realize that this will break if certain design choices change, but I don't know any other way to achieve such layouts. Jin: will the design remain constant once it stabilizes, at least as it might affect such?
Comment: @Bill: I'm talking about the 2 spaces after **HINT**. Anyway, you could use `\text{...}` to insert plain text, and use `$$...$$` to create a display equation (center-aligned).
Comment: @KennyTM: Yes, I know that. The reason that I use LaTeX is that the sizes have less chance of changing if the design changes and, also, in some cases it needs to be consistent with the whitespace sizing employed in LaTeX renderings. The problem with putting text into LaTeX is that it's no longer searchable.
Comment: @Bill: The search engine (server side) doesn't care about LaTeX. It is searchable even inside the LaTeX mark-up. Also, like a real LaTeX document, I believe it is better to focus on the semantics, not microformatting. Anyway, we're going off-topic. :)
Comment: @KennyTM: That's precisely what I'm trying to do - focus on the semantics. Namely to have the syntax reflect the semantics, e.g. to align equations so that substitutions are obvious, so that similar structure is apparent, etc.  As for searching inside LaTeX I'll have to double check. I thought it didn't work but perhaps my prior test cases were exceptions.
Comment: @jin: Is there any chance this will be fixed soon? I find it really, really annoying. So much so that I am refraining from answering many questions till it is fixed.
Answer: I see; the preview is 14px and the final rendered post is 15px. We fixed this.
Comment: Thanks but, alas, the bug isn't completely fixed. It appears that there is still an inconsistency. Namely line breaking isn't consistent (perhaps the preview pane is narrower?) E.g. in [this post](http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3852/if-ab-i-then-ba-i/3875#3875) "chain" wraps to a new line in the preview but not in the final. It would be really nice if the were completely consistent so that the preview is truly WYSIWYG.
Comment: @bill Jin will normalize the widths; sorry about that!
Comment: @Bill: Yes, that's because the previous area's width is 640px and the final post's width is 660px.


Characterizing convex polynomials

Question: Let $p=\sum_{i=0}^{n}a_ix^i$. Under what conditions on the coefficients $a_i$  is $p$ convex? Strictly convex?
Comment: This is about the sign of the second derivative.
Answer: p is convex iff p'' is non-negative. And a polynomial is non-negative iff it is the modulus of the square of a polynomial with complex coefficients. So p must be of even degree (or of degree 0 or 1).
If we write $p''=|q|^2$, then we see that p is convex iff there exist complex coefficients $q_0...q_l$, $l \leq n/2$, such that, for all $k$,
$$k(k-1)\ a_k=\ \  \Sigma_{i,j \ \ s.t.\atop i+j=k-2} \quad q_i \bar{q}_j$$
This is not very explicit, but at least this may be used to generate convex polynomials.
Answer: To add some more stuff to @coudy's answer. We need to check whether $p''$ is nonnegative.
To that end let us recall some basic results (copied from another MO answer of mine), discussed in these lecture notes; these results are helpful for checking if a univariate polynomial is nonnegative.
Theorem A univariate polynomial is nonnegative if and only if it is a sum of squares.
Theorem Let $\mathbf{x}=[1,x,x^2,\ldots,x^m]^T$, and let $P(x)$ have degree $2m$. Then, $P(x)$ is nonnegative if and only if there exists a $m+1 \times m+1$ positive semidefinite matrix $Q$ such that $P(x) = \mathbf{x}^TQ\mathbf{x}$.
Let $P(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{2m} p_ix^i$. It can be further shown that the matrix $Q$ must satisfy
\begin{equation*}
 p_i = \sum_{j+k=i} Q_{jk},\qquad i=0,1,\ldots,2m.
\end{equation*}
Theorem If we can find a positive semidefinite matrix $Q$ that satisfies the above linear constraints (this can be done using regular semidefinite programming software), then the polynomial $P(x)=\sum_{i=0}^{2m} p_ix^i$ is nonnegative or SOS, otherwise not.
Answer: @coudy -
If $p''(x) = \sum_{k=2}^{n}k(k-1)a_{k}x^{k-2}$ and $q(x) = \sum_{l=0}^{(n-2)/2}q_{l}x^{l}$, shouldn't
we have for $2 \leq k \leq n$
$$k(k-1)a_{k} = \sum_{i,j \text{ s.t. } i+j=(k-2)} q_{i}\bar{q}_{j}?$$
Comment: indeed, there was a typo in my answer. This is now corrected, thanks.
Answer: To add to @coudy's answer: a polynomial is nonnegative if and only if it is a sum of squares, which gives a slightly different set of equations to be satisfied by the second derivative.
Answer: p must be of even order, and its leading coefficient must be positive. Moreover, p is strictly convex (convex) if p'' has no real zeros (no real zeros of odd multiplicity). The number of real zeros of a polynomial is characterized by Sturm's theorem.

Characterizing convex polynomials


How does autofocus point selection relate to manual focus?

Question:
Every lens I have comes with an auto-focus / manual focus switch. How should it be used if I am shooting on AV mode? If I were to select one of the focus points, do I need to have the lens on auto-focus or manual focus?
If i select one of the focus points, what do I achieve by moving the camera after choosing the focus point?
Answer: I think you are letting different uses of the words auto and manual confuse you.

In the case of the AF/M switch on your lens, they refer to Auto or manual focusing. When using auto focus, the camera uses the point(s) you have selected to focus on what it thinks you want and focuses the lens for you. When using auto focus, you can select anywhere between a single focus point (that you, confusingly, can manually select as the auto focus point) and all of the focus points. How many focus points are available and in what groupings vary from model to model. When using manual focus, you set the focus by turning the focus ring on the lens. Some cameras will give a focus confirmation light or beep when you have manually focused on the items at the selected focus points, but the camera will not move the focusing mechanisms of the lens - you have to move them via the focus ring. Some, but not all, lenses will allow you to turn the focusing collar to fine tune the focus even when AF is selected on the AF/M switch. Be sure your lens allows full time manual focus before trying this, as doing it with lenses not designed to allow it can damage the focusing mechanism of the lens.
When shooting in Av mode, you are shooting in an automatic exposure mode. It has nothing to do with focus. Av stands for Aperture value. You select the aperture setting you desire and the camera meters the amount of light in the scene and automatically computes the exposure and sets the appropriate shutter speed (or Tv for Time value). The M mode, or manual exposure mode, allows you to set both the aperture value and shutter speed, but if you select improper settings for your scene the photo will be over or under exposed.

Please note that you can use either auto or manual focus when using the Av exposure mode, and you can also use either auto or manual focus when using the M exposure mode.
Although modern focus systems allow you to choose from several points to tell the camera what spot or area you want the camera to focus on, this has not always been the case. Early AF systems only had one or sometimes three points. Before then manual only focus systems usually provided the greatest focusing detail in the center of the frame. When shooting a subject not centered in the frame, a photographer would often center the subject behind the focusing prisms in the middle of the viewfinder, focus the subject, and then recompose to shoot the picture. The danger with focusing and then recomposing is that the subject distance to the lens' entrance pupil may change slightly and result in slightly missed focusing, especially when using wide apertures that result in narrow depth of field. Knowing which way and how much to move the focus ring to compensate in such a situation was a valuable skill gained by practice and experience.
Answer: 1) Auto Focus will not work without those focus points. In fact that is the purpose of those points, your camera has focus points so that it can focus FOR YOU. So if you are manual focusing, those will be irrelevant. You can AF or MF in Av mode, it is your choice. (You can use AF points in MF to confirm your focus accuracy but it is not as useful as it may sound thus is rarely done.)
2) If you move your camera after focusing. You may change the distance between your subject and your camera. For example, the orange you are shooting is 30cm away from the camera at the time of focusing, if you move your camera, the distance may increase or decrease. Lets say its 32cm now. The orange might no longer be in focus, appearing blurred, since it has fallen out of the depth of field, which can be as shallow as 0.5cm.
Comment: Simply turning your camera after locking focus can result in misfocus even if the **distance** between camera and subject does **not** change. Focus is in a relatively flat plane in front of your camera, not a circular distance curve.
Comment: @EsaPaulasto Yes I agree, however in practice unless you mark your camera and intentionally pivot it perfectly, the distance between the subject and camera is almost always affected anyway.
Answer:
The autofocus points work in autofocus mode, and the focus mode is independent of point selection. Some cameras can use the AF system for focus confirmation in manual mode.
If you move the camera before focusing, it will focus on whatever is under that point. If you focus, hold the shutter halfway, and recompose, focus will be at the original distance. Be aware that a small rotation of the camera can actually make a relatively large difference in distance to the subject, so be careful of this when shooting at wide apertures with very shallow depth of field.


Modem emulator for Ubuntu

Question: Anyone know of an end-to-end modem emulator which supports AT commands?
I've tried several Windows products but none seem to work with Cygwin. Something native to Linux and Unix is preferable.
And since this is for testing code that needs to interact with many local modems the emulated devices need to be available as local TTY devices.
Qtopia's Phonesim and Atinterface are unavailable as they took the code down.
Dosbox looked promising but the local interface is only available within the emulated DOS environment.
Thanks for help
Answer: You may use dosbox nevertheless together with a litte application tunneling a network socket? on the windows side, you may use vspe to connect to the device.
Answer: The same post in Ubuntu forums in June 2008, word for word.
http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=831840
Have you tried the T38 project in Ubuntu?

Modem emulator for Ubuntu


What was the first commercially available eBook reader?

Question: Today there a number of eBook readers.  What was the first device marketed as a device primarily for reading eBooks?  When did it become available?
Answer: I think NuvoMedia's Rocket eBook was the first e-reading device. IIRC it was released in 1998. SoftBook also made a pre-1999 e-reader; it was the confluence of two competing technologies (plus Microsoft's software reader) that led to the formation of the Open eBook Foundation and the creation of a single, open e-book format.
Answer: That would be the Sony Librie, forerunner of the Sony Reader line. It was introduced in 2004 and originally available only in Japan.
The Sony Reader line was introduced in 2006 and was one of the first readers available in the US.
More information about various readers, dates they were introduced and capabilities can be found here (though the Librie is not listed).


With this way to set up Ubuntu, would I have to set up Windows again on my machine with RAID-10?

Question: If I have a Windows 7 64-bit system with RAID-10 and OCZ 128GB Synapse Cache drive for caching, will I have to totally redo my setup if I do a total install of Ubuntu 12.04?
Comment: I edited this post, and I hope I kept your meaning while improving its clarity. If not, please go ahead and roll back my edit. Anyway, I was not able to make your question completely clear. You should edit it to explain what you mean by a "total install" of Ubuntu. The answer to your question will depend on *how* you install Ubuntu. If you've already installed Ubuntu and are having problems accessing your Windows system, then please make that clear in the question and give more info [as explained here](http://askubuntu.com/questions/90045/how-do-i-investigate-boot-and-partition-issues).
Answer: If we assume that you are trying to add Ubuntu as a second bootable OS along side Windows - then the answer is going to depend on whether that clever RAID-10 setup can be reduced in size and split into two partitions. Alternatively, on whether you can install additional drives.
One comment before continuing. RAID-10 is a very expensive option are you sure that you really need it?
Anyway, the answer is that you either need to be able to reduce the size of the RAIDed partition and split it so that you can create at least one or two new partitions. Or you need to install a new drive (or 4 if you insist on RAID-10'ing everything for some odd reason).
In either of these 2 cases, you can install Ubuntu along side the existing Windows installation. In either case, it will be easiest to ignore the SSD for Ubuntu.
The one remaining difficulty will be where the Master Boot Record will reside. Assuming you have a reasonable PC with a good BIOS, you should be able to swap around the disk priority, in that case, it is easy if you have installed a new disk because you can make the new disk a higher boot priority in the BIOS and install the new Master Boot Record there. The Ubuntu install should pick up the existing Windows boot record and add an option to boot Windows into the Grub boot menu. If it doesn't you will need to look up how to add it manually - this might happen with such a complex setup.


Several development servers behind a firewall - Would a VPN allow access?

Question: I have several development servers (various web servers, SVN server, ect) all on our network. One developer will work remotely. I don't really want to make everything public accessible. If I set up a VPN server and let make that publicly accessible, once connected, is everything available that would be available on our network? I thought that was the point of a VPN, but some things I read said there were problems because the IP is only masked at being from 192.168.X.X and not really being that address. If someone was connected to the VPN and a server was at 192.168.123.321, can someone get to it with that IP address?
Answer: A VPN would work just fine for your requirements. One thing to watch for is IP address collision. If the remote user has the same subnet as your network, then when they try to connect to 192.168.123.321, they might be getting a local computer instead of the remote server. I would suggest using the class B (172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255) or class A (10.x.x.x) network instead since they won't be as likely for a collision.
Answer: OpenVPN should suffice (Linux endpoint) - all connections routed from client will "appear" as initiated from the LAN-located VPN endpoint. Make sure that you use strong keys, the VPN port is available from outside (PAT/Firewall(s)). Suggestion - you can use an appliance as the VPN server (like, Linksys WRT routers powered by OpenWRT or DD-WTR - packages available OSS).
Kaplah!
Answer: A VPN will basically allow remote network requests to be treated as if that person is on the local network. You can get as simple or complicated with it as you want, so for example you could set up rules that VPN users are only allowed to make connections to IPs. So if they are connecting to 192.168.123.321 and that does not exist on their remote network, but it does on your network the VPN will let them connect to it.


How many mole of oxygen gas is there in the atmosphere?

Question: At standard conditions, one liter of air, 0.21 L of oxygen gas, contains 0.0094 moles of $\rm O_2$. What is the total quantity of oxygen gas molecules in the atmosphere?
Comment: more about accuracy. I have provided an answer to the best accuracy I had, but, likely possible to make much more educated guesses.
Comment: Need to be careful here... I don't think your question is really asking about how much gas is in the entire world's atmosphere (which the others answer), but the amount in the atmosphere you are looking at in the 1st sentence (it sounds like a homework question, yes?). If so, what they're really wanting you to do is convert the moles to molecules. You should have learned a conversion ratio value for that... may have a "special" name for a scientist.
Comment: If it is a hw question, and they are really asking about the entire world's atmosphere, there should be another value for the world's atmosphere given in the assignment that you'll then use.  If this is what you're working on, we can try to guide you more... [chat](https://chat.stackexchange.com/?tab=site&host=earthscience.stackexchange.com) may be a good place to get more input.  We don't generally just tell you the answer, but want to help you work through it by guiding.
Answer: It is easier to calculate:

The pressure of air on the ocean level is $\approx 100 \rm {kPa}$.
Thus, its weight is $\approx$ 100000N over $1 \rm m^2$.
Considering that the overwhelming majority of the atmosphere is below some km over the surface of the Earth, we can ignore the decrease of the gravity with height.

Now calculate the mass of the air above a square meter (ten tons). And multiple it with the surface of the Earth (in square meters). Then, divide it with the mean molar mass of air and multiple with the partial pressure of $\ce{O2}$ in it ($\approx$ 29%).
Comment: Change "above" to "below".
Comment: @Spencer Thanks!
Comment: "neglige" isn't a word, but it should definitely be
Comment: @Gimelist Yeah :-) But I fixed my English extension. :-) Thanks!
Comment: The only problem is that this assumes the same molecular composition throughout the air column.
Comment: @Spencer Not if we see the partial pressure (I extended it into the post).
Answer: https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15020308-500-the-last-word/ says the atmosphere weighs 5 × 10^21 grams. The molar weight of oxygen gas is 32 gram per mole. Based on that estimate for the weight of atmosphere, the total quantity of O2 in atmosphere is around 5*10^21/32 = 1.5625e+20 mole.
Comment: you forgot to account for the fact oxygen only makes up ~23% of the atmosphere by mass.


distinguishing between impediments and risks

Question: To me they both seem to be issues that negatively impact the project. So how to tell the difference? When identifying these 'issues', how do project managers determine whether or not it is a risk or an impediment? What are some real world examples of each and why they are categorized as risks or impediments?
Answer: An impediment or issue is something that is impacting the project now.
A risk is something that might occur in the future.  Typically, we look at risks in terms of the likelihood they will occur and the impact on the project if they do occur.
If the impact/likelihood of a risk is high enough, we'd usually try to mitigate it in some way.  This might involve a significant change in direction in the case of a high impact/high likelihood risk or just having a plan B for less critical risks.
Answer: Risks are always in the future and are not certain.  Issues or impediments are either in the future, is occurring now, or has happened in the past with ongoing adverse sequelae.  To distinguish a risk with a future issue, it comes down to degree of certainty.  If it WILL happen, with 100% certainty, it is an issue.  In addition to this, an organization may define an issue with something less than 100% certainty.  For example, a risk averse organization may find it prudent to define the issue for those risks with greater than 75% likelihood.  The reason for this would be the rule to allocate recovery resources.  When it is a risk, you compare the expected impact value with the cost of mitigation and make a decision whether it is prudent to mitigate or simply accept.  As an issue, the use of resources would be different, in that a PM would be able to gain access to funding in a faster, more easy way.  Therefore, that is why you may define a risk as an issue with a high probability.
Answer: Risks you can mitigate. Impediments are impediments, so, your project can't go on.
In Software industry

Risk example: You don't know if some technology fits your needs. You can mitigate doing a prof of concept.
Impediment example: You need a impossible thing, like modifying/integrating with a closed software solution (non open source software) that has no integration API.


How do i apply this patch/fix?

Question: I need to fix this problem i have with my mouse when playing games and i don't know how to apply this patch. http://cgit.freedesktop.org/xorg/xserver/commit/?id=2d4fda4b09e67e47d3e6fc4743fc6e81bfe40f28
Any help would be nice. Thanks.
Answer: You could try out this PPA, which provides you with cutting-edge Xorg builds and related packages. To add:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:xorg-edgers/ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade

Also make sure you install this tool, which will allow you to revert the changes made by the PPA:
sudo apt-get install ppa-purge

Then reboot your computer.
Note that this PPA has a profound impact on vital system components. If something goes wrong, you might end up in graphical safe mode, or even worse, in a recovery console.
To undo the changes, run:
sudo ppa-purge xorg-edgers

Answer: To apply a patch you will need a version control system to obtain the original source code, then you will need to find the branch with the changed source code and you will have to merge
them.
You can also merge them by hand (direct copy-paste of code segments in your copy of the whole source code). This would be easier for you to do.
After that you will have to install a compiler (in your case) and build x11.
Then you will need to reinstall it using the newly generated binary.
As you see, this is a complex procedure that will also need to be redone once the main source tree gets updated (if you want updates ofcourse).
All in all, either try the unstable PPA suggested above, or downgrade to ubuntu 11.10
Your problem showed in Ubuntu 12.04's version of X11 (more specifically XInput)
X11 is a very important component for your OS and medling with it is not a good idea.
You have been warned. If you really need to do that read on.
These are the steps (in commands) needed to patch something.
They are not direct one to one answer to your question.
Let's say X11 uses the git VCS
First we need to install git
sudo apt-get install git git-core

Then we need to install the compiler
sudo apt-get install build-essential

Then we need to obtain the source tree (supposing git.freedesktop.x11.git exists)
git clone git.freedesktop.x11.git

This might take a while so play some non wine games until it finishes
Once it finishes goto x11 directory
cd x11

Run :
./configure

This script will complain if something is missing.
Install that package / those packages using synaptic or sudo apt-get package-name
Now run (numberOfCores is the number of cores in your processor):
make -j(numberOfCores * 2)

This might also take a while.
Once it finishes run :
sudo make install

Now you have a custom build of x11 installed.
Now that we are sure that everything wen fine we can patch it.
There are a few ways to do that:
First : git pull guyWhoFixed11 x11fixed && git merge x11fixed master && make && sudo make install
Second :
Find the file that needs fixing (X11Mouse.c for example) and replace the grab_mouse function contents with contents from your link.
Then : make && sudo make install
As I said,this is just a general procedure for patching and does not apply 100% directly to your question.
git am --signoff < x11fixed.patch

might also work for the patching part.

How do i apply this patch/fix?


How can a Human voice or animal voice have unique frequency

Question: Well this is pretty noobish question and I am not sure how to ask.
When We talk we don't talk in an uniform frequency. Then how can one measure frequency of ones sound/voice ?
I am asking this cause several times I've heard people to say this is his/her frequency of voice. Is this a vague term ? or it has any real meaning ?
Answer: Your voice, like any sound, is a combination of many frequencies.
Physically, your voice consists of pressure waves.  If we plot the pressure as a function of time, we see that it goes up and down in a way that looks somewhat random.
You can measure these pressure waves with a microphone, then visualize them with an oscilloscope.  Here's a Youtube video where they do this, starting 4:50 into the video.
You may be able to do this at home using the microphone on your computer and some software like Audacity.
The data collected by your microphone is a time series.  The pressure is a function of time.
If you sang a pure note (or a reasonable approximation thereof), like you hear from an electronic tuner, the pressure would just be a sine wave.
You could imagine a more complicated sound that was two sine waves on top of each other.  This could produce beats.
As you add more and more frequencies, more and more complicated sounds become possible.
It is a remarkable result that in fact any sound can be represented as a sum of infinitely-many sines waves of different periods added up on top of each other.  This is Fourier's Theorem.
A human voice thus consists of many sine waves combined simultaneously.  Presumably, each individual voice has some special patterns to the way these frequencies are combined, assisting us in recognizing voices.  However, speaker recognition is probably based on other information as well.  I don't know too much about it, but you can check out the Wikipedia article.
We frequently try to isolate the different frequencies in a sound.  This is done electronically through electronic filters.  A crude example is "turning up the bass" - amplifying the low-frequency components of a sound.  Of course, a professional music studio has far more sophisticated control of the various frequencies.  This control can also be mimicked digitally through music sequencers.
On a cruder level, you could simply talk directly into an open piano.  The string in the piano will be excited by your voice.  The strings each have a specific frequency, so the strings that are excited the most tell you that their particular frequency is present the most in your voice.
Your ear accomplishes a similar task.  The cochlea has many small hairs, similar to piano strings, which are tuned to different frequencies.  When they vibrate, they mechanically trigger an ion channel to open, beginning an action potential that is eventually interpreted as sound by your brain.  So, in essence, you are distinguishing the various frequencies in people's voices already.
Answer: When people talk or sing, most sounds involve vibrations of the vocal folds in the voice box (larynx).
Like many musical instruments that produce sound by vibrating,
during any one short period of time a Fourier analysis will show some "fundamental" frequency (1st harmonic) which indicates how many times a second the vocal folds vibrate,
and also higher harmonics or near-harmonic frequencies.
(These higher frequencies help us distinguish different vowel sounds or different musical instruments, even when they play exactly the same fundamental frequency).
(A few sounds, such as the ones produced when people say the "s" and "t" sounds and a few musical instruments such as drum brushes, don't really have a fundamental frequency, but instead put out sound across a wide range of frequencies simultaneously).
It's pretty easy to measure the exact frequency produced when a person is singing a single note or saying a the vowel in the middle of a long syllable, using a spectrum analyzer.
As Mark Eichenlaub pointed out, several popular sound editing software tools include a spectrum analyzer.
Any one person speaking uses a range of frequencies, even during a single sentence.
Even so-called "monotonous" speakers have some variation in their fundamental frequency.
Each person has some range of frequencies they can produce.
"Monotonous" speakers use some narrow range of frequencies.
Singers, with practice, can sing a wide range of frequencies,
but it takes a lot of effort to produce sounds much higher and much lower than their normal talking voice.
Often choirs of people are separated according to the range of frequencies they can produce
-- voice classification.
Where I live, it is popular to divide choirs into 4 ranges:
soprano, alto, tenor, bass (in order from highest to lowest frequency).
(I hear that other regions divide choirs into more or fewer ranges and use other names).
Each range has a large overlap with the range above and below it.
The adult male humans in the bass section, because they have the largest voice boxes, can produce low frequencies that are difficult or impossible for singers in any other section to sing.
The female humans in the soprano section, because they have the smallest voice boxes, can produce high frequencies that are difficult or impossible for singers in any other section to sing.
The frequency range often varies from one person to another.
Soloists have some range of frequencies that they can easily sing loudly.
Often the instrumental part of a song is shifted up or down in frequency
to put the vocal part of that song into the range of today's soloist.
However, I wouldn't say human voice has a "unique frequency" -- given any one person, who has some frequency range, there are many other people who have practically the same frequency range.
It's similar to height. Given any one person, that person's height is usually in some fairly narrow range -- a range that varies significantly from one person to another.
But I wouldn't say a human has a "unique height" -- given any one person, there are many other people who have practically the same height.


Why are web miners mostly mining monero?

Question: There are a lot of web miners - based on WebAssembly. Most of them mine Monero. Is there any special reason for that?
Answer: Monero is one of the coins which use an ASIC resistant PoW algorithm (Cryptonight), which means ASICs for it are expensive to make, so CPU have a good shot at mining it, contrary to most other coins, where ASICs and/or GPUs leave CPUs with pretty much no chance.
Answer: Two reasons I can think of:
addresses aren't traceable and its still (though barely) profitable/mine-able.
Comment: And dou you think, maybe because of its algo? Because it's based on cyrptonight. That's mean; Monero can be mined with CPUs and GPUs?
Comment: I think the 'being profitable' fills that.  3 1070's and a i7 here and its barely profitable at current difficulty.


Is under/over exposing using shutter speed or aperture the same as using exposure compensation?

Question: I was wondering if it is right to say that underexposing or overexposing by playing with shutter speed or aperture or ISO is the same as dialing in -+EV values in manual exposure?
Comment: let me be more specific.I am talking about Manual mode.
Comment: Which camera? Many DSLRs have two command buttons, and one will adjust shutter speed, the other aperture.  Canon Rebels have a command dial that adjusts shutter in M mode, and you use the exposure compensation button to set aperture (but you're not really setting EC, rather just using that same button to set aperture - EC doesn't apply)
Answer: If you are using an automatic exposure mode (e.g. Program mode, Aperture or Shutter-priority) then dialing in +/- exposure compensation tells the metering system to adjust the exposure up or down.   Otherwise it will always attempt to produce the same exposure for the same scene.
If you are in Manual mode, then you accomplish the same thing by simply adjusting ISO, shutter speed or aperture.  The camera isn't automating the exposure, so you don't have to tell it to adjust - you have complete control, and the camera will ignore any EC setting.
So if you have the camera set to some combination of ISO, aperture and shutter speed, then dialling in EC will not have any effect on those settings in M mode - they will still apply and you'll get the same exposure (there is at least one exception - on some Nikons, if you have Auto ISO enabled then dialling in EC will adjust ISO, which will affect your exposure)
Dialling in EC may affect the exposure indicator in the viewfinder (on a Nikon anyway).
An example - let's say you're taking your sunset photos.

Camera is set to ISO 200, f/5.6 and 1/125th second. Looking through the viewfinder, the exposure meter indicator is zeroed out.  You take a picture. It's well exposed, but you want it a bit darker to get better color.
In manual mode, you change the aperture to f/8.  The meter now displays that you are underexposing.  You take the picture anyway, and it looks good.
Still in manual mode, you change the exposure compensation down a stop.  Now the meter is zeroed again.  However this won't affect the exposure, just the display in the viewfinder.  Take another picture, it will still be f/8, 1/125th, ISO 200, same as last time, so same exposure.
Because the indicator in your viewfinder is zeroed out, and you have the amount of underexposure you want, as it gets darker, you can use the indicator (keep the meter zeroed) to adjust your aperture.

So EC can be used indirectly to help you maintain a constant amount of compensation, but it does not directly affect the exposure in Manual mode.
Comment: The exposure compensation is worthwhile in manual because it affects the meter reading. If you're only nudging things a fraction of a stop, you can just set the reading to, say, -2/3 by adjusting the shutter/aperture/ISO, but if you're aiming for a couple-three stops up or down, you lose the meter's help without EC and are stuck metering "straight" then doing calculations/counting clicks. It's not hard, but it is easier to make mistakes. (In the '70s, I'd use the ASA/ISO dial to do the same thing—the film doesn't actually change speed, so the ISO dial *was* the EC dial.)
Comment: The EC-dial still affects the exposure meter, though does nothing to the exposure in itself. MikeW's example is a nice one, and it works just like that even in my 33 years old film SLR. I'd suppose the same of any modern camera, not only Nikon.
Comment: so if I have understood you right, say I am trying to underexpose sun rise,I can either play with Shutter speed,ISO aperture or can simple dial in a -ve EC value?
Comment: Yes.  In manual mode, you can just keep adjusting until you get the exposure you want.  Or in auto modes, dial in - EC.
Comment: Nikon models: i have experienced that changing the +-EV value in Manual mode does nothing.  You can over/under expose only by using Aperture/Shutter or ISO controls.....
Answer: No, it is not the same thing, although as operator/photographer you may do exactly the same thing with your hands in most cases.
Exposure compensation is a way to compensate for mis-measurements of the build-in meter in order to achieve the expsure value that you want. It is typcially done to avoid under- or over-exposing. On the contraray, you do that to expose right.
Under- and overexposing are not really tasks, things you do. It is rather an evaluation of the result. An underexposed image turns out (partly) darker than you want it. You will compensate for that by either using the exposure compensation or adjusting the manual settings. That is up to you.
Answer: let me get it in simple words for you gentlemen ....
When you mean underexpose/overexpose you are exposing the sensor by physically controlling the light by adjusting aperture , shutter speed and ISO(in film days)
Using exposure compensation we are controlling the light digitally.(cannot be done in film days)
:)
Comment: Many automatic film cameras also offer exposure compensation, which _is_ also effected by changing the aperture or shutter speed.
Comment: a information i did not know :) thank you mattdm .... but what i was trying to refer is, that it was intended to reduce light without digital aid for underexposure and over exposure. but for the exposure compensation, it mostly avoids physical restriction of light as of now in the digital world.
Comment: Can you explain that a little bit more? Do you mean to say that EV compensation on digital cameras primarily works by boosting gain, not by adjusting the exposure program (including aperture and shutter speed)? Can you give an example camera which works that way?


Does someone who listens to the Quran in Ramadan gets the same amount of rewards as the one who reads it?

Question: Does someone who listens to the Quran in Ramadan gets the same amount of rewards as the one who reads it?
Comment: Do you mean in general? I don't think the reward is increased for one and not the other specifically in Ramadan.
Comment: Please be specific about the question. Do you mean the recitation in the Taraweeh prayer? Or you mean some more general recitations?
Comment: @ashes999: If you mean that Ramadan has no "increased rewarding", then that's not true. The Prophet said: "نوم الصائم عبادة The sleeping of the faster is worshiping".
Answer: I have finally reached at this conclusion that, The reward of listening the Quran is not same as the reward of Reciting Quran. I am giving my reasons, but Allah knows exactly.
Some Ahadith about virtues of Reciting and Listening Quran

Abu Musa al-Ash'ari reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: A believer who recites the Qur'an is like an orange whose fragrance is sweet and whose taste is sweet; a believer who does not recite the Qur'an is like a date which has no fragrance but has a sweet taste; source

From this hadith, We see the reward of believing reciter is more than of a believer who do no recite. (though there is no mention of Listener)

Salim narrated on the authority of his father (Ibn 'Umar) that the Apostle of Allah (may peace be upon him) said: Envy is not justified but in case of two persons only: one who, having been given (knowledge of) the Qur'an by Allah, recites it during the night and day (and also acts upon it) and a man who, having been given wealth by God, spends it during the night and the day (for the welfare of others. seeking the pleasure of the Lord). [source]

In this hadith, there is no mentioning of Listener's of Quran.

Ibn Mas'ud (May Allah be pleased with him) reported:
The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam) said, "Whoever recites a letter from the Book of Allah, he will be credited with a good deed, and a good deed gets a ten-fold reward. I do not say that Alif-Lam-Mim is one letter, but Alif is a letter, Lam is a letter and Mim is a letter." [source]

In this hadith, we see that, every harf (a letter or syllable) is rewarded ten-fold.

Whoever listens to even one verse of the Qur'an will be given double the rewards; and for the one who reads, it will become light on the Day of Resurrection - Ahmad (sorry, I failed to cite the source, I'll update it as soon as possible).

Rasul-ul-Allah (Sallallahu-Alaihi-Wa-Sallam) used to listen the recitations of his Sahabah (R.A) as in this hadith

Abu Burda narrated on the authority of Abu Musa that the Messenger of Allah (may peace be upon him) had said to Abu Musa: If you were to see me, as I was listening to your recitation (of the Qur'an) yester-night (you would have felt delighted). You are in fact endowed with a sweet voice like that of David himself. source

Narrated `Abdullah:
That the Prophet said to him, "Recite the Qur'an to me." `Abdullah said, "Shall I recite (the Qur'an) to you while it has been revealed to you?" He said, "I like to hear it from others." source

Also in this hadith we see, The Prophet (Sallallahu-Alaihi-Wa-Sallam) Orders Abdullah (ibn Masud, i believe) to recite Quran.

The reason behind my conclusion

There is explict mentioning of reward of reciters of Quran.
In other hadiths, Rasul (Sallallahu-Alaihi-Wa-Sallam) ordered his Ummah to beautify Quran with their voices and to recite it precisely and smoothly. And I think, reciting quran with this order justify extra reward.
In one hadith mentioned above, there is ten-fold reward for reciting each harf of ayat of Quran. But, we failed to find such rewards for listener.
A reciter indeed a listener of his/her own recitation. So, the reciter gets extra rewards automatically (It is my opinion only)

But, there are some points to consider
The reward is only Awarded by Allah (Subhanahu-wa-ta'la). And The true reward is according to your level of Iklas (the intension) and level of Takwa, which is Only best know by Allah (Subhanahu-wa-ta'la). The intension of both action should be seeking pleasure of Allah. There should be complete absence of Riya (seeking reputation, worldly benefit...etc).
And another point is, If the Iklas of Listener is higher than the reciter, then of course the listener will be rewarded far more than the reciter. There are plenty of examples, where a reciter is not aware of what he reciting, but after listening this same recitation, a person completely changes his life, coming to Islam and embraces Islam.
So, The final word I think should be this: Reciters generally will get greater reward than the listeners, but this can vary according the their level of Iklas and Takwa.
For Allah says, "Indeed Allah accepts only from Muttaqeen (God aware persons)" - Source
And at the end, Allah is the rewarder and He knows best.
Answer: Whether you read the Qur'an or listen to someone who is reading it aloud, you should try your level best to understand it. For, only the maximum benefit will be if you strive to learn from either by reading it for yourself, or if you cannot read it for yourself(if one is blind or doesn't know how to read Arabic) then by requesting others to read it for you. Intention matters the most.
Of course, Allah is the Most Merciful.
Ibn Mas'ud (May Allah be pleased with him) reported:

The Messenger of Allah (sallallahu 'alaihi wa sallam) said, "Whoever recites a letter from the Book of Allah, he will be credited with a good deed, and a good deed gets a ten-fold reward. I do not say that Alif-Lam-Mim is one letter, but Alif is a letter, Lam is a letter and Mim is a letter."

But Qur'an isn't just getting credited that way, it is more than that. It is for giving guidance to mankind. Through it you can motivate yourself to do many good deeds and get greater reward. But as a bonus you get the credits of good deeds by reading it.
May the creator guide us all.
Answer: As Salaamu Alaikum
The benefit of the listener according to Allah t'ala;
(وَإِذَا قُرِئَ الْقُرْآنُ فَاسْتَمِعُوا لَهُ وَأَنصِتُوا لَعَلَّكُمْ تُرْحَمُونَ)
[Al-A'raf:204]
(And when the Qur'an is recited, give ear to it and pay heed, that ye may obtain mercy.)
[The Meaning of the Glorious Quran]
 ق ر ا  = Qaf-Ra-Alif = to recite/read, compilation, collection, reading, recitation, explanation, study, investigation.
Siin-Miim-Ayn = to hear, hearken, listen
Nun-Saad-Ta = to keep quiet/silent
Ra-Ha-Miim =
Rahima - He favored, benefited, pardoned, or forgave him. To love, have tenderness, mercy, pity, forgiveness, have all that is required for exercising beneficence.
Tarhamu - He had mercy, pity, or compassion on him; he pitied or compassionated him much.
Arham - Wombs (singular) womb, i.e. place of origin. The receptacle of the young in the belly.
Ruhmun - Relationship, i.e. nearness of kin, connection by birth; relationship connecting with an ancestor. A connection or tie of relationship.
Rahman - it is active participle noun in the measure of fa'lan which conveys the idea of fullness and extensiveness.
Rahim - it is in the measure of fa'il which denotes the idea of constant repetition and giving.
Wa Allahu Alam
Comment: أَنصِتُوا is alif-nun-saad-ta not nun-saad-ta there's no verb نصِت only a verb أَنصِت.
Answer: The reward for reciting Quran in salat while standing is 100 times more than listening to the Quran.
The reward for reciting Quran in salat while sitting is 50 times more than listening to the Quran.
The reward for reciting Quran outside salat with wudu is 25 times more than listening to the Quran.
The reward for reciting Quran outside salat without wudu is 10 times more than listening to the Quran.
The prophet (pbuh) use to both listen and recite the Quran
Comment: Welcome to Islam! Answers should be elaborate and focused on addressing the question. Claims should be supported by evidence. Please provide evidence to support your claims, and visit our [tour] in the [help], and refer to [answer].
Answer: assalamualaykum wa rahmatullahi wa barakat
Brothers this is only my humble opinion and not from a hadith source but surely weather you attentively read the quran or attentively listening to the quran there is benefit in both however large or small we should leave to allah. We agree that allah accepts and rewards any good action or deed so i am sure that listening to the quran falls into either one of these categories furthermore in this day and age we have the modern benefit of reading the translation of the quran whilst listening to beautiful recitations so have the benefit that previous generations didnt  which is to understand the meaning of the quranic recitation whilst listening in virtually every language which shows the kindness of the most merciful in making it easy for his creation to understand his word. subhanallah.... I think most people would agree that listening to the quran brings a sense of peace to ones heart and encourages and increases humbleness. So to conclude inshallah allah rewards us all for either listening or reciting his holy book. Ps any thing i have said in error is from me and anything thats is true is from allah . may allah guide us all to be one beating heart striving to perfect ourselves. ameen
Comment: Brother, mashaAllah, may Allah rewards you much for good intention of answering questions from fellow Muslims. Just one thing that I hope to bring all of us to attention that, Islam knowledge is delicate and precise. Many times, one's answer could lead astray someone else if a authentic reference is not mentioned. Again, may Allah rewards your good intention, and take it as an advice from a brother has experience regarding this matter (not much, but enough to give this piece of advise, inshaAllah) :)
Comment: وعليكم السلام ورحمة الله وبركاته


When running a mining pool how many (super)nodes should I connect to?

Question: Is it beneficial to connect your *coind instance to multiple supernodes?  Or Should I connect to more than the 8 standard peers?  Does this potentially improve the amount that could be earned in transaction fees or make found blocks distributed to the network any faster?
Comment: If you can distribute your block faster to the network you can win the race to get your block banged out. If you can quickly reach network majority that ensures your block won't be orphaned.
Answer: The only downside to more connections is increased bandwidth usage and slightly more CPU usage. Here, it's estimated that 2000 transactions per second is 7.8 megabits/second (average residential connect speed) and Bitcoin operates at the most at 7 TPS currently so you're in the clear.
Why you should connect to more nodes.
The more nodes you are connected to the more up to date you will be on network status and vice-versa. If the network comes up with a new block, you will be one of the first few notified.
If your mining pool comes up with a block, you will want to push your block out to the network as fast and spread as possible. You want as many nodes to know about your new and valid block as possible. Of course a new block incurs a domino effect with nodes, one node that knows of your block will tell other nodes about it. You can reach all nodes faster if you notify many nodes.
Why do I need nodes to know about my block?
Mining is a competition, you are competing against a massive amount of other players who all are probably hashing faster than you. It's very likely that they will also find a block in the time you do, this happens often. But only 1 block can be accept, and block acceptance is based on network majority. If you mine a valid block at the exact same time as another miner, and you can get a good majority of nodes your block, you will get the reward. The other block turns into an orphaned block and the miner who mined it loses all profit.
It's suggested you connect to as many large node as possible, you don't have to necessarily connect to smaller nodes as large nodes will rebroadcast your block to many small nodes. You may see some increased bandwidth usage but it's negligible considering what kind of connections servers tend to have.
Concerning transactions fees
Connecting to more nodes will net you more transactions to put into blocks, but it really won't be much. The 10 minute block time Bitcoin has means your node will have ample time to put together enough transactions for profit.
8 peer connections is not a lot and may mean you aren't receiving any inbound traffic.
Answer: The answer is yes to all of your questions:

Connecting to as many nodes that are themselves as well-connected as possible (supernodes, as your questions calls them) is beneficial because it helps spread blocks your pool finds, quickly and widely, minimizing the risk that another miner's block gets incorporated into the blockchain instead of your own. It also minimizes the risk that your pool may end up doing useless work by temporarily not being connected to the Bitcoin network at all: There is always the risk that all of your peers simultaneously leave the network, or stay but lose connection to their other peers. Being connected to many, and to those connected to particularly many others obviously helps.
Connecting to more than 8 peers will be beneficial because apart from directly inproving your connectivity to the Bitcoin network, it increases your chance to be connected to more well-connected supernodes.
A side effect, in addition to the mentioned faster propagation of your own blocks, is indeed that your pool may harvest slightly more in transaction fees. Let us assume that being well-connected means that on average you learn of a transaction within one second instead of three. Then in a typical 600 s block mining period, on average you will learn of about 0.3 % (2/600) more transactions than you otherwise would.


Cannot Adjust Brightness on Acer Aspire 5332

Question: I recently installed Ubuntu 12.04 with the Windows installer. It appears to be running fine, however the screen is extremely dull and I don't appear to be able to adjust the brightness... I entered the settings and tried to play with the brightness there, however there is no change in apparent brightness whether it is set to high or low on the menu.
I am using an Acer Aspire 5332 with Windows 7 Ultimate. It is worth noting that the original keyboard from the laptop no longer works, so I am using a USB keyboard (meaning that I don't have access to the Fn keys)...
It's also worth noting that in recovery mode the brightness seems fine, however the resolution is poor.
Another thing: I entered the following (that I found in a similar thread):
 sudo setpci -s 00:02.0 F4.B=00

This solves the issue, however I have to do it again after every restart, is there a way around this?
Answer: Put your setpci command in /etc/rc.local.
See http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1744809


ubuntu 12.04 dhcp gateway server

Question: I need a little help. I will explain this the best I can so people don't have to ask extra questions.
Essentially, I have a dell poweredge 2650, with 2 nics. eth0 goes to my cable modem, while eth1 goes to a dell powerconnect 3348.
I have installed isc-dhcp-server on my machine also. The goal is for this box to be my dhcp server and my gateway to the magical internet.
Here is my set up for /etc/network/interfaces
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback

auto eth0
iface eth0 inet dhcp

auto eth1
iface eth1 inet static
address 10.0.1.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
network 10.0.1.0
mtu 1392

I added the mtu in when I was trouble shooting.

when I type in ifconfig, eth0 has the external address from my comcast cable modem. eth1 is set to 10.0.1.1 like i asked.
When I connect things to the server via the switch/ethernet, an ip address gets assigned between 10.0.1.150 - 10.0.1.199 without any problems
When I try to do anything from my gateway, apt-get update/install it connects and works no problem.
When I try apt-get from my other boxes, its super slow, like 1% a min or slower. I can't access internet pages via my macbook or hp laptop.

However I can ping and traceroute not problem.
via mac terminal ping -s 549 google.com does not work and gets a time out error but ping -s 548 google.com works fine.
I have no idea why this would be happening and I can't find anything around other then the mtu stuff which I don't understand.
Let me know if you have any questions or ideas.
Answer: Maybe you need to bridge the 2 Ethernet ports? How do I setup DHCP-Server interfaces so they are mapped/bridged to each other?
There's a simple guide there.

ubuntu 12.04 dhcp gateway server


Is there a tutorial on how to present info on "Ask Ubuntu"?

Question: Example: How to paste info from Ubuntu Settings Details About? Could be useful to identify my system.
Comment: @dobey I'm not so sure. This is a general question about how to provide system information. I suspect it is a duplicate of something, but [in spite of the title](https://meta.stackexchange.com/a/66378/185080), it seems to me that this question is much more about Ubuntu itself than about Ask Ubuntu. Note that the body of this post consists entirely of a specific technical question about how to do something in Ubuntu.
Comment: What info is exactly relevant depends on the question. All info can be retrieved from cli. You will usually be requested to run the corresponding command, and add the output to the question.
Comment: @EliahKagan Well, the body is stated as an example of one set of possible information that could be provided, as a means to further the question in the title; which appears to be about how to use the site more than how to use Ubuntu. The example question also isn't "how do I get the info from settings?" but rather "how do I paste that info into a question here?"
Comment: This question belongs on "meta"
Answer: You can get all info you see in the 'Settings → About' Dialogbox in terminal. For example if you want to know your Ubuntu version you can use the following command:
lsb_release -a

For identifying your wireless network cards:
lspci -nn | grep Network

For identifying your ethernet cards:
lspci -nn | grep Ethernet

For identifying your drives:
blkid
lsblk
df -h
fdisk -l

For showing file/directory information:
stat <filename/directory>
file <filename/directory>

For identifying which services are currently running:
service --status-all
systemctl --state running --type service

For seeing what happens when you connect a USB device (you have 30 seconds after typing this command to connect your device):
timeout  --signal=KILL 30s journalctl --follow

And this is just to name a few, there are more but that depends on what info you want to give. All text can be copied from terminal by Ctrl+Shift+C and pasted on AskUbuntu with simple Ctrl+V.
Comment: @funlight two hyphens: `--state` and `--type`
Comment: @Videonauth I think the topic of the question is great (but will be missed by new uers because it's here and not in a tutorial) but when they start to delve into the syntax of the command...  I will delete my comment in a short bit.
Answer: I understand now, that my title and the body make up two items.
Tutorial: I can get some info from reading answers, but as a newbie, I would prefer to read a tutorial with the guidelines that have highest priority for the expert helpers.
Info from Ubuntu: I would like to present some standard info about my system – concurrently with my question. By doing so, it will be easier for experts to decide immediately, whether question and system is "my table" or not. It could increase efficiency for all.
System info workaround: I made a document merely with the values from Settings-Details-About. A question could be followed by pasting this info (no descriptions):
Ubuntu 17.10-Lenovo IdeaPad Z500-3.8 GiB-Intel® Core™ i7-3632QM CPU @ 2.20GHz × 8- GeForce GT 740M/PCIe/SSE2-3.26.2-32-bit-980.3 GB
Is this good enough, or can Ubuntu give me even more info by a keystroke -which I easily can present for Ask Ubuntu?
Comment: An important point is that the information you show has to be somewhat relevant - unless you're having graphics problems, your graphics card is irrelevant. Your CPU is irrelevant for the vast majority of problems. Likewise with your hard disk size, RAM, etc. Try to keep information relevant, please, or it's just noise that distracts
Comment: OK. I will keep that in mind.


Redirect all dynamic links served using https to http

Question: So, here is the situation:
We are running a website which is powered by Drupal. Sometime ago, it was decided that the website should be served as SSL. The settings to redirect the site from http to https was done by a guy who is not with us anymore.
I can see in the .htaccess file the following lines
#Redirect http to https
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} 80
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://docs.dev.domain.com/$1 [R,L]

mydomain.com points to the root of the LAMPP server and my site is in a folder inside the webroot (docs.dev.domain.com/mysite).
Now, it has been decided that the SSL is not needed and it has to be removed and all the pages must be served via http (301 redirect).
When I do that in the .htaccess file by using the RewriteRule to redirect a URL (e.g. https://docs.dev.domain.com/mysite/content/book) to http when a user visits https by using:
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !=/favicon.ico
RewriteRule ^ index.php [L]

#Redirect HTTPS to HTTP
RewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} ^443$
#RewriteCond %{HTTPS} on
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://docs.dev.domain.com/mysite/$1 [R=301,L]
#even tried this - RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://docs.dev.domain.com/$1 [R=301,L]

but it redirects every request on https  to http://mydomain.com/mysite/index.php (even the urls like (https://docs.dev.domain.com/mysite/content/book/1 which should ideally be redirected to its http counterpart).
How can I remove the https so that my dynamic URLs are served via plain http?
Sorry if this is very novice problem.
Answer: It worked with after swapping the order in the .htaccess file.
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} on
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://docs.dev.domain.com/mysite/$1 [R=301,L]

RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_URI} !=/favicon.ico
RewriteRule ^ index.php [L]


How could I take note of the mayhem I caused as a fish?

Question: Having read the answers to the How much mayhem could I cause as a fish? of the salmon mayhem gang series, I was wondering, what means the salmon gang had to actually figure the impact of their evil doings?
Answer: They are fish, I would say they can watch the ports: the military port, the Marina and the commercial port (this might not be the technical word).
If, after doing some bad deed, they see a sudden rise in military port activity and/or a changement in commercial port/Marina activity, then they know that something is up. And, since something is up, they might conclude that their actions had some repercussions (but it can be linked to something else entirely and the fish probably won't be able to know).
A more reliable solution would be for the fish to have access to the news (paper, TV, internet). This way, they can monitor if people are talking about them. But that might be more complicated to achieve even if it's not impossible.
If there is a house near the sea and the TV happen to be visible from the ocean, then the fish might be able to watch the TV and, with some luck, see there misdeed in the news.
They can also try to read the newspaper. The ocean is heavily polluted and having a newspaper through into the ocean from time to time isn't impossible. The paper will degrade quickly but the fish might get enough time to read at least part of it (and see if people are talking about them or not).

Another (less realistic and more difficult) solution
Internet cables are running through the bottom of the ocean. With a lot of technology and ingeniosity, the fish might be able to spy all internet communication and, ultimately, even connect some "fishy device" to the internet (which will make them able to "surf on the web").
Note that, since the ocean is heavily polluted, raw materials for what they need to build their device might be easily found.
Comment: I as the psychopathic fish I am, feel not satisfied by these options. There must be some way for me to see the direct causation. If not for the purpose of my own satisfaction, at least to keep the salmons gang evil moral up. ><> :P
Comment: @Zaibis The problem is that directly observing the result of the misdeed might very vary depending on the kind of misdeed you are making. If you have some example misdeed in head, that might help
Comment: The examples are those, primarily mentioned in the answers of the linked post.
Comment: @Zaibis I added another idea but this new one will need a lot of work from the fish part.
Answer: Much of the expected signs depend on the plans these fishes have hatched. For instance, if they are planning a nuclear disaster, they would need to look for signs of radiation to confirm it. But here are some general indicators of chaos they can look for.
Monitor major sea-ports for reduction in activity
Reduction in commercial/tourist activity at sea-ports would be a good indicator of unusual (war-like) conditions in the world. The fishes could look for signs such as ships staying in docks for longer, lesser ships leaving the ports, or lesser ships arriving.
Look for reduction in Oceanic Pollution
Well if there is a significant reduction in human population, you can be sure that all those factories pumping garbage into ocean will eventually have to shut down. This will either happen due to lack of demand for goods or through reduction in available manpower to keep them running. Either way, there should be reduction in the stuff dumped into the oceans.
Plus all those tourists throwing plastic on beaches should reduce too. Look for these signs, and you should be able to get a reasonable idea of your progress.
Wreckage of war-ships
If you are causing an all-out war, you can expect some ships to be sunk and some oil to be spilled. It might be difficult to find the sunk ships in the ocean, but hopefully oil spills should be easier. Plus you can try some fish-crowd-sourcing to gather intel.

Or, they could just turn into humans (as I have explained here) and watch their plans unfold with their own eyes.