How many Samurai killed themselves?

Question: How many Samurai killed themselves compared to the actual number of Samurai and how many Samurai were dishonored but did not kill themselves?
Comment: _"but how often would they do it?"_ well, once at most. It's not something you can do twice
Comment: That's a wonderful question. Not sure you'll get answers, though.
Comment: Sorry, I tried to avoid that wording but it inevitably slipped back in.
Comment: I guess it all depends on if the Japanese government kept records on that, and if you can get them translated.
Comment: Isn't there any Japanese to solve our problem here or they are not as verbose and long-winded as the Persian version whom you have here? :"))
Comment: This question demonstrates no preliminary research. The first question "I'm curious if...." invites the kind of freeform essays that have been offered in response.
Answer: I do not have numbers but I am quite sure that in most cases the samurais killed themselves either when ordered to do so by the superiors or expected the superiors to order so.
In fact the samurais in Japan enjoyed one privilege that the lower classes did not: they had the right to "honorably" commit suicide instead of being dishonorably executed. So instead of just execute a samurai, his superior would order him to kill himself.
If he refused to do so, then the soldiers of the superior would come, capture the samurai and execute him.
The family of a samurai who was executed forcefully would be stripped of privileges and possessions. So often the superior just sent a letter to the samurai from which it was clear that he wanted him to commit suicide. The letter could be kept secret. The samurai then committed suicide as if it was voluntary. But he knew that if he did not do so, he would be killed anyway and his family suffer.
Comment: @NewAlexandria No, in fact, because there were no records of this, we will never know the exact number. We're talking about a period of hundreds of years. It's an informative answer, but no answer would be useful. For example, http://history.stackexchange.com/q/2329/961 can be objectively ansered because records were kept. This question cannot. IMO, this answer does not deserve the downvote.
Comment: Shuld I down vote this because the OP asked for numbers, and you expressly skipped that part of an answer?
Comment: Sorry, I downvote too. The answer rephrased the question, adding some standard information. The question tries to beyond the usual notion of *seppuku* by posing a quantitative (perhaps even prosopographical) angle to it - the answer, while true in itself and well-written, doesn't cope with the point of the question.
Comment: @Felix Goldberg my answer was to point out that in many cases when samurai seemingly killed themselves due to dishonor, actually they were forced to do so. Sometimes they were self-executing following orders rather than suiciding. Sometimes the orders to kill themselves could be secret so that the self-killing appeared to be due to shame. This impacts on the numbers.
Comment: @Anixx: I'm removing the downvote as I now understand the point you were trying to make, and it's a valid one. Perhaps the difference between suicide out of shame and suicide because of social expectations is not that large, as shame is partly a social emotion.
Comment: What's more important, even if we accept the distinction you propose, the quantitative question remains unasnwered. I'll try to dig in the literature in my spare time - somebody must have studied that!
Comment: @Felix Goldberg The matter was not due to social expectations but because the family of a samurai who was executed forcefully would be stripped of privileges and possessions. So often the superior just sent a letter to the samurai from which it was clear that he wanted him to commit suicide. The letter could be kept secret. The samurai then committed suicide as if it was voluntary. But he knew that if he did not do so, he would be killed anyway and his family suffer.
Comment: @Anixx: The system doesn't let me vote again, unless you edit the answer. Can you add something?
Comment: @Felix Goldberg I added part of the comment to the answer.
Answer: Well, there is something on the internet.
I found an article which deals with the classification of samurai suicides by their motivations (along the lines of the discussion I had with Anixx in the comments). The authors have also compiled some statistics from a survey of Japanese literary sources (chronicles etc., I presume). They rightly call this methodology "impressionistic" but it's a start. I don't know if the archives of the Tokugawa shogunate have survived; if yes, they might hold more answers.
Comment: As it stands, this isn't an answer, but a pointer to an answer.  Try folding in some of the relevant information from the article you linked to, and you'll probably get some upvotes.
Comment: @Joe: On the one hand, you are right. On the other, there is no one single conclusion, as far as I can tell. Given that, I am not sure that there'd any benefit it my paraphrasing the tables given in that article. Google Books is one click away.
Answer: I think (in my research) that there were numerous suicides and yes it was for honor and dishonor, but I think there were at least 2,000 suicides or more.
Comment: Where did get this number?
Comment: Citations please - thank you for doing the research, but citations allow the rest of us to learn.
Answer: Why Samurai Killed Themselves
Suicide is not a great survival tactic. Successful suicide is invariably fatal. Animals, including humans, have a strong instinct for survival, and will avoid death under almost all circumstances. Why then, was suicide amongst Japanese samurai so popular and considered so noble?
It is true of course that people who are profoundly depressed to the point of insanity will sometimes kill themselves to escape the misery of their existence. History does not tell us that samurai were all morbidly depressed, however. Sometimes it even records that they died smiling. It also records that the mothers of samurai, who learned that their sons had killed themselves, smiled with joy at the news, hearing of how their sons had met such an honourable death. History is the official version. One might well imagine that these smiling mothers were heart-broken inside, and cried a lot when no one was looking.
Society rewards sacrifice. It does this for its own good. Society at large applauds people who help the poor, or pull people from burning buildings, because it saves the rest of us having to do these things. We all benefit from the sacrifices of others, so we all encourage each other to be self-sacrificing for the sake of society at large. Was this the force at work, making samurai commit suicide?
In feudal Japan, families were important. Honour was important too, as was status. Shame and dishonour affected the whole family. Families share genes. If one noble samurai lord became widely known to have done something shameful, this would affect the prospects of his whole family. His daughters would not marry so well. His brothers would have to work much harder to achieve any position of influence and power. Genes drive women to put a great deal of effort into finding the best mates, and men to seek to be as high status as possible, because high status men have more children (at least, before contraception they did). It seems logical, then, that genes might also drive us to police the behaviour of anyone whose behaviour might affect the chances of our finding good mates and reaching high status.
I suggest that the reason samurai went in for suicide so readily, is that their families instilled in them a strong sense of duty. Families, not wishing to be harmed by the actions of one rogue family member, would for the sake of their genes demand that the one erring member should kill himself rather than damage the whole family gene pool. Suicide is proof of a recognition of guilt and shame, and of a strong resolve to do something about that guilt. That it wipes the sins from the family of the dead man means that it is a sacrifice which has some good effect on the world, and thus this makes the suicide honourable.
This death would be, of course, a very high price to pay. The person dying would often be a high status healthy male, and perhaps father to a few children. This is no small loss, and so it would be a cost which could be borne only in special circumstances. These circumstances would include:
A society in which the shame of one man rubs off on his whole family. The society does not want shameful acts in its midst, and so obliges families to police themselves by insisting that shamed members kill themselves. It does this by shunning families which harbour shamed men. The society which behaved this way in feudal Japan was the aristocracy, which wanted aristocrats to behave aristocratically, and not let the side down by appearing ignoble in the eyes of the peasants. An aristocracy which could self-police so impressively would more easily be able to stay in power.
A society which for the sake of order and conservatism, believed that suicide was a sacrifice which wiped the sins of the dead man from his family.
A society full of families which were very fearful of losing status, and where a loss of status would be catastrophic to the chances of genes replicating.
The man killing himself would not be highly valued for his physical labour or his ability to produce food to feed his family.
These circumstances all existed amongst the nobility of feudal Japan. By contrast the attitude to suicide amongst the general peasantry was very different. It was considered a crime. A peasant man was valued for his ability to feed his family. Whereas a noble could be confident that someone would look after his children, and that there was no danger of their starving, a peasant was not in this position. A peasant who killed himself would be significantly harming the chances of his children to grow up properly fed. The nobles relied for their income on the labours of the poor in their area, so they didn't want their peasants killing themselves off.
A good example reason why a Japanese noble might kill himself, is alleged disloyalty to the Emperor. It is easy to understand that a family tainted with disloyalty to the highest authority in the land might suffer. The particular favoured method of suicide was hara-kiri or "belly cutting" (the word seppuku refers to the formal ritual ceremony of suicide), which involved the man's slitting himself wide open across the belly. This is a very difficult and painful way to commit suicide, and so all the more proof of the quality of the man doing it, and his genuine intentions.
I am sure that it is no coincidence that the unusual circumstances which would create an environment in which a gene's chances of replication would be increased by the suicide of the gene's host body, just happen to be those circumstances in which we find "noble" suicide. In Britain, things are different. Suicide is either the cowards way out, or, more often these days, a sad reflection on our society's failure to make its members happy.
In World War Two, the British and Japanese had opposite attitudes to suicide. The British saw it as a foolish and cowardly way out of having to suffer imprisonment as a prisoner of war. The Japanese saw it as brave and self-sacrificing. This was the first time that the noble art of suicide had been extended to the masses, and suicide in Japan, though still by world standards popular, has not been so common since. Amazingly enough, the common Japanese soldier believed that his Emperor was a god, and that common soldiers could elevate themselves to higher after-world status by suicide. This is not a long-term stable state of affairs, first because people will eventually work out that they are being manipulated and sacrificed by and for the upper classes, and secondly because it is not a behaviour which is to the benefit of the genes of those exhibiting that behaviour. One could say that the modern Japanese might be less gullible than their grandparent's generation, because the most gullible men killed themselves more often during the war. In the long long term, this selection process would breed a peasant class who would never be fooled by anything the nobles tried to get them to do.
Here I have used evolutionary theory to explain a bizarre behaviour exhibited by humans. A social anthropologist would have put it all down to "culture". Genes react to environment. Genes created the social environment to a great extent, and within that particular environment, they favoured certain behaviours. One might argue that for the behaviour of suicide to evolve amongst an aristocracy, that the aristocracy would have to be living in that particular unusual way for a very long time indeed. My belief is that the instincts for self sacrifice were much older than feudal Japan, but that feudal Japan brought them out. Even in the Pleistocene, the chances of a brother's breeding well would be harmed if his brother were well known to be a bad example of humanity. This would put pressure on people to distance themselves from bad relatives, for their own good. Suicide is just a very extreme result of this behaviour. The suicide may appear at first to be due to the self-sacrificing behaviour of the man killing himself, but actually its roots are in the fact that the family of the sacrificing man are putting pressure on him one way or another to do the deed. We did not evolve to kill ourselves so much as to punish the bad behaviour of relatives.
If I knew more about the Indian practice of suttee (wives throwing themselves on the funeral pyres of husbands), then I'm sure that I could eventually work out an explanation for that too.
Comment: -1. Too long. Didn't Read.
Comment: I'm afraid this doesn't really answer the question.  Instead, it's more of an essay on one person's thoughts about suicide.
Comment: Please don't let this answer go to waste just because it's not appropriate here. Find the right question and put it there!

How many Samurai killed themselves?


What does it mean when something has "no self-nature"?

Question: I was reading on some later Buddhist and Mahayana sutras and kept seeing the principles along the lines of "all phenomenon have no nature of their own and are thus empty." I've studied on scriptures like this before, like the Heart Sutra, but I don't think the Pali Canon or Tripitaka mentions anything about this doctrine. I'm curious what exactly later Buddhists meant by this, and if the Buddha actually taught this doctrine or if Sunyata has basis in the original sutras. Thank you to all.
Comment: Given that "self-nature" is a translation of *Svabhava*, perhaps this question (about "no self-nature") is partially answered by the answers to [this earlier question](http://buddhism.stackexchange.com/q/12079/254) of yours. See also [other answers](http://buddhism.stackexchange.com/search?q=Svabhava) on this site which mention *Svabhava*.
Comment: "It just *does*, OK?" (famous quote)
Answer: The Pali phrase in the Suñña Sutta is,

suññam idaṃ attena vā attaniyena vā

... which Wikipedia translates as,

this world is empty of self or anything pertaining to self

The word attena is a declension of Attan, which is Ātman in Sanskrit/Hinduism:

Ātman is a Sanskrit word that means inner self or soul. In Hindu philosophy, especially in the Vedanta school of Hinduism, Ātman is the first principle, the true self of an individual beyond identification with phenomena, the essence of an individual. In order to attain liberation, a human being must acquire self-knowledge (atma jnana), which is to realize that one's true self (Ātman) is identical with the transcendent self Brahman.

... which is cognate to (or opposed to, to be contrasted with) the Buddhist Pali term Anatta:

In Buddhism, the term anattā (Pali) or anātman (Sanskrit) refers to the doctrine of "non-self", that there is no unchanging, permanent soul in living beings. It is one of the seven beneficial perceptions in Buddhism, and along with Dukkha (suffering) and Anicca (impermanence), it is one of three Right Understandings about the three marks of existence.
The concept of Anatta or Anatman in Buddhism, is a major difference from the Hindu concept of Atman (self, soul).

Maybe that helps to explain what "self-nature" might mean, or whence it's derived, in "the original sutras".
See also topics which are tagged anatman.

Furthermore, the term bhava appears a lot in "the original sutras" in that it's one of the 12 Nidanas and thus part of the theory of dependent origination.
In Svabhava (or the Pali sabhāva) there's the word Bhava plus the root Sa which means "own", a reflexive pronoun cognate to the Latin sui, suus.
In the Pali, "becoming" is dependently originated. The whole wheel of becoming is about how various things which shouldn't be considered 'self' sustain or feed each other, so I take it that (independent) self-becoming is a paradox, a contradiction, which explains the quote in the OP "all phenomenon have no nature of their own".
If this isn't clear, and/or this appears to contradict other answers, perhaps that's because there are (or there are posited) several categories of self-nature (see e.g. Tri-svabhava-nirdesa).
Wikipedia says,

In the Pāli canon, "sabhāva" is absent from what are generally considered to be the earliest texts.[a] When found in later texts (e.g., the paracanonical Milindapañha), it generically refers to state (of mind), character or truth.
In the post-canonical Abhidhamma literature, sabhāva is used to distinguish an irreducible, dependent, momentary phenomenon (dhamma) from a conventionally constructed object. Thus, a collection of visual and tactile phenomena might be mentally constructed into what is conventionally referred to as a "table"; but, beyond its constituent elements, a construct such as "table" lacks intrinsic existence (sabhāva).

I think that this example (of the non-self of a table) is analogous to the parable of the chariot from the Milinda Panha. Wikipedia dates the Milinda Panha to about 100 CE, which I contrast with the lifetime of the Buddha in about 400 BCE.
As you progress (forward in history) into the foundations of Mahayana you get to Nagarjuna (150 to 250 CE). The SEP says this about Emptiness and svabhāva,

The central concept around which all of Nāgārjuna's philosophy is built is the notion of emptiness (śūnyatā). Emptiness is of course always the emptiness of something, and the something Nāgārjuna has in mind here is svabhāva. Different terms have been used to translate this word into English: "inherent existence" and "intrinsic nature" appear etc.

Fwiw Wikipedia says of Svabhava,

In the Mahāyāna Buddhadharma tradition(s) it is one of a suite of terms employed to denote the Buddha-nature
Comment: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhava -- `The Sanskrit word "bhāva" (भाव) means "emotion, sentiment, state of body or mind, disposition", while "bhava" (भव) means "being, worldly existence, becoming, birth, be, production, origin". The former term is rooted in latter, and in some context also means "becoming, being, existing, occurring, appearance" while connoting the condition thereof.` The https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhava#In_Ramakrishna_Mission gives examples of various *...bhāva* words as various kinds of mental attitude or emotion.
Comment: @Dhammadhatu By the way, thank you for pointing out that I made an error.
Comment: Pali words can have multiple meanings. Thus, 'bhava' & 'bhāva' are used in different words, such as 'bhāvana' ('cultivation'). Also, some pre-Buddhist words get redefined in Buddhism. For example, "atta' is a pre-Buddhist word meaning "soul" because people believed they had or were a soul. But for Buddha, there was no soul therefore why would Buddha teach about "no-soul"? This would be like teaching about 'no god', which would make little difference to suffering. Buddha used 'atta" to refer to "self", since the mind's of people actually construct ideas of self that are intrinsic to suffering.
Answer: Sunnata is from the original Pali scriptures, such as the Suñña Sutta. The definition of 'sunnata' is contained therein, namely, void/empty of self & anything belonging/pertaining to self.
The Ani Sutta states discourses that are words of the Tathagata are deep in their meaning, transcendent, connected with emptiness (suttantānaṃ).
However, from the perspective of the Pali suttas, the intellectual Mahayana quibble about 'sabhava', which also occupies the minds of many an intellectual Theravada, is an extreme view. This quibble is born from intellectual thinking rather than from the clear direct (non-thinking) observation of meditation.
My guess is word 'sabhava' comes from the Theravada commentaries rather than from the Pali suttas. That being said, in my opinion, it does not contradict the Pali teachings of anatta (not-self) & sunnata (emptiness) because as long as 'things' (such as the five aggregates) are clearly seen as 'anatta' (not containing a 'self'); those 'things' remain 'empty'. In other words, there is no need to negate the 'thingness' (or 'sabhava') of 'things' because the word 'sabhava' does not mean 'self', 'ego' or 'personality'.
The Pali scriptures describe form, feeling, perception, fabrications, consciousness, earth, wind, fire, water, space, Nibbana, etc, as having intrinsic qualities, which is essentially the meaning of 'sabhava'. The word 'bhava' can mean 'produce' (rather than 'being') thus 'sabhava' can mean 'self-produced'.
Take, for example, the earth element. What produces/sustains the earth element? I suppose the only logical answer to that question is 'the earth element'. For example, for life forms to sustain the physical body, they must eat other physical life forms. If the earth element is physically broken down, all that is obtained is smaller particles of earth element (atoms, etc).
Therefore, there is no need to quibble over 'sabhava' since, in the experience of meditation, the five aggregates are seen as the 'five aggregates' (rather than as a 'self') and seeing form as 'form', feeling as 'feeling', earth as 'earth', etc, is exactly the same as seeing form as 'empty', feeling as 'empty', etc.
Some Pali quotes below:

And what is the earth property? The earth property can be either internal or external. What is the internal earth property? Anything
  internal, within oneself, that's hard, solid & sustained [by food]:
  head hairs, body hairs, nails, teeth, skin, flesh, tendons, bones,
  bone marrow, kidneys, heart, liver, membranes, spleen, lungs, large
  intestines, small intestines, contents of the stomach, feces or
  anything else internal, within oneself, that's hard, solid and
  sustained: This is called the internal earth property. Now both the
  internal earth property & the external earth property are simply earth
  property. And that should be seen as it actually is present with right
  discernment: 'This is not mine, this is not me, this is not my self.'
  When one sees it thus as it actually is present with right
  discernment, one becomes disenchanted with the earth property and
  makes [craving towards] the earth property fade from the mind.
Maha-Rahulovada Sutta

~~~

And why do you call it 'form' ('rupa')? Because it is 'afflicted' ('ruppati'), thus it is called 'form.' Afflicted with what? With cold & heat & hunger &
  thirst, with the touch of flies, mosquitoes, wind, sun, & reptiles.
  Because it is afflicted, it is called form.
And why do you call it 'feeling'? Because it feels, thus it is called 'feeling.' What does it feel? It feels pleasure, it feels pain, it
  feels neither-pleasure-nor-pain. Because it feels, it is called
  feeling.
And why do you call it 'perception'? Because it perceives, thus it is called 'perception.' What does it perceive? It perceives blue, it
  perceives yellow, it perceives red, it perceives white. Because it
  perceives, it is called perception.
And why do you call them 'fabrications'? Because they fabricate fabricated things, thus they are called 'fabrications.' What do they
  fabricate as a fabricated thing? For the sake of form-ness, they
  fabricate form as a fabricated thing. For the sake of feeling-ness,
  they fabricate feeling as a fabricated thing. For the sake of
  perception-hood... For the sake of fabrication-hood... For the sake of
  consciousness-hood, they fabricate consciousness as a fabricated
  thing. Because they fabricate fabricated things, they are called
  fabrications.
And why do you call it 'consciousness'? Because it cognizes, thus it is called consciousness. What does it cognize? It cognizes what is
  sour, bitter, pungent, sweet, alkaline, non-alkaline, salty, &
  unsalty. Because it cognizes, it is called consciousness.
Khajjaniya Sutta
Answer: Of what I've read and heard of so far, in the scriptures (Sutta-Vinaya – but I'm not in a position to quote) the emphasis on impermanence, or becoming, is not a belief in nothingness. As per the scriptures existence is real, but it is transitory. In the later day Mahayana, it was the later philosopher Nagarjuna, who brought in the concept of sunyata.  He argued against the belief that somehow there were ultimate forces or things which had a permanent reality of their own or swabhava as @ChrisW has mentioned. He was not describing sunyata as a void per-se but the present meaning is a later day development. Today some even call Nirvâna as Sunyata, 'emptiness.'. But IMHO if someone or something is there in one place and at the next moment that something or someone is not there any longer, then that place is now 'Sunyata' of that person or thing.


Why does one get a potbelly if one stops working out?

Question: I have always been someone who could eat as much as I wanted, but never get an inch of muscle or fat. My stamina was decent for a person who wasn't really a sportsman. I could play for hours and run a couple of kms. This was till I was 22 when someone recommended me to join gym to get in shape. I was happy with the initial weight gain and building up of my muscles. But I fell I'll for 2/weeks. My muscles were gone. Instead I had all fat accumulated in my tummy. Why does this happen and what is probably a good way to reverse this? I miss those days when I could eat anything in any amount.
Comment: I think this is the folk logic idea of "If a muscle-loaded person stops working out, they get a huge round belly."
Comment: possible duplicate of [Best exercise to lose belly fat fast](http://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/869/best-exercise-to-lose-belly-fat-fast)
Comment: How long were you working out at the gym, and how much weight did you gain in muscle?
Answer: First off, rid yourself of the "I could eat anything in any amount" mindset. You couldn't, and here's why;
In order to gain weight, it's a simple case of eating more calories than you spend.
A lot of people say "oh, I can eat 4 helpings of taco, and I won't gain any weight". Well, for the trained eye, this resolves into "he ate a lot there and then, but the next few days, ate less, as a result".
You may not have noticed this, but over time, you simply didn't eat as much as you thought. It's just that the huge meals are easier to remember.
Now, for your question specifically, the reason why you got a belly has to do with the fact that during the time you were ill, you consumed more calories than you spent. Surplus calories get stored as fat, and the belly is the more noticable place because it has higher storage capacity. You did also gain more fat elsewhere, but the belly is easier to notice.
Reversing this is simply shedding fat as you normally would. Cardio in its various forms is an excellent place to start.
Keep in mind: You can't decide where you want to burn fat. Fat loss and fat gain happens everywhere, or nowhere. You often see people go to the gym, and do situps for ages, because they think they're targeting the belly fat for extinction. This is false! It doesn't work like that. Stick to cardio!
Answer: The body has feedback mechanisms to regulate the weight by adjusting the metabolic rate, but they only kick in when you are exercising hard almost every day.  You just need to become fit enough to be able to run at least 10 km every day at a pace of at least 12 km/h. Once you are fit enough to do this level of cardio exercise, you'll find that eating even 1000 Kcal per day more will only lead to modest weight gain.
You should also make a habit of measuring everything you eat. This is what I always do, so I know for sure that I'm eating on average about 3500 kcal per day and this has increased gradually from 3000 kcal per day about 5 years ago. I also know that I've been gradually losing weight, I used to weigh about 62 kg and now I weigh about 56 kg.  This weight loss is not due to a forcing of the 26 kcal per day deficit, the body would have had plenty of room to compensate for that. Rather, this is due to the inherent feedback mechanisms that the body uses to regulate the body weight. Human biology will implement some algorithm that will regulate the body weight to some (hopefully) optimal value.
If I had eaten 3400 Kcal instead of 3500 kcal, then the outcome of the complicated feedback mechanisms would likely have been a slightly higher body weight. The whole point of fat reserves is to let us last a while without food. The closer our energy intake is to the minimum amount you need, the greater the risk will be that is assigned to a food emergency (according to the algorithm that assumes that we are wild animals), therefore the algorithm will decide to save a bit more energy every day until we reach the higher desired weight.
While not much is known about the way these feedback mechanisms are implemented, one such mechanism is known. The more a fat cell is filled, the more leptin it will produce. Leptin lets the hypothalamus increase the production of the TRH hormone, which in turn lets the pituitary gland increase the production of the TSH hormone, which in turn increases the production of the thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland.


How can i show Deadbeaf music-player queue

Question: How can i show Deadbeaf music-player queue,
deadbeafmusicplayer has the option to queue music files,
but thtere seems no way to have this listed, like a playlist tab or so
Answer: I am not aware of a clear "option to queue music files" in deadbeef; but I guess this would mean adding files to a playlist - which the following solution does:
There are some DeaDBeeF plugins.
Install the DeaDBeeF File Browser plugin (from here: i686, x86_64)
(On their site they say to put the .so file in: ~/.local/lib/deadbeef/
For installation from PPA it is also /usr/lib/deadbeef
while for the installation from .deb: /opt/deadbeef/lib/deadbeef)
Go to Preferences/Plugins/File Browser/Configure and set the default path for the music library (that may well be an external drive).
After that, you will see the music folders in DeaDBeeF in a left panel and each folder can be added (queued) to an existing or new playlist.


Geometrical meaning of Grassmann algebra

Question: I don't understand wedge product and Grassmann algebra. However, I heard that these concepts are obvious when you understand the geometrical intuition behind them. Can you give this geometrical meaning or name a book where it is explained?
Comment: For a very concrete approach you could try the first three sections of http://arxiv.org/abs/0907.5356 (lecture notes from a course at KTH). It begins: "Let us start with an introducton, in terms of modern language, to the ideas of Hermann Günther Grassmann (1809-1877) and William Kingdon Clifford (1845-1879)."
Comment: right = -left, up = -down.
Describe what it means to go in a consistent direction around a plane: (right ^ up) = (up ^left) = (left ^ down) = (down ^ right).  Anti-commutative directions result: (right ^ up) = -(up ^ right).  The wedge part represents a plane. (xaxis ^ yaxis) is a rotate operator.  it's the "i" part of a complex number.

It's even more obvious when you use normal multiplication: dot plus wedge. directions square to 1.  (up up) = 1. (right right) = 1. (4 right + 3 up)^2 = ((16 + 9) + (12(right up) + 12(up right))) = 25.  Because (right ^ up) = (right up)=-(up right).
Answer: You could consider going back to the source!  There is a good English translation of Grassmann's original work, which is all rooted in his geometric intuition for what is now called multilinear algebra and Grassmann algebras.  Of course, you'll also have to suffer through a lot of metaphysical and theological mumbo-jumbo to get at the mathematics.  But the mathematics is brilliant indeed.  I have long thought that his examples were always more convincing to me than any of the modern texts -- although the modern texts have much clearer mathematical definitions!  I really wish that modern texts were written with the mathematical clarity and rigor of 'now', but with the detours into motivation and intuition best seen in the classics (i.e. mathematical papers from the early 1700s to the early 1920s).
Answer: I'm going to vote for Guillemin and Pollack's chapter of "Differential Topology".
Basically, a k-form should be something that you can integrate over k-dimensional submanifolds. And it shouldn't matter how you parametrize them. That means that there should be determinants baked in to the definition, since those measure how the volume changes when you change coordinates. The determinant of a matrix negates when you switch two rows, so a k-form should be antisymmetric this same way. That's pretty much it.
Answer: I guess Bott-Tu is one book to check out.
But probably my all-time favourite is Morita's Geometry of Differential Forms.
http://books.google.com/books?id=5N33Of2RzjsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=morita+geometry+of+differential+forms&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
Oh, of course there's always John M. Lee's Smooth Manifolds book, which has a lucid and thorough explanation of every single concept he introduces.
Comment: Morita's a great book and all (handy reference for study of differential forms), but it hardly gives any description of the Grassmann algebra over a vector space, which is what I think the OP was asking about.
Comment: You're right. I guess I assumed the OP was interested in the Grassmann algebra in order to understand differential forms.
Answer: For a brief explanation of the geometric meaning of exterior product,
interior product of a k-form and l-vector, Hodge dual etc. see my answer here:
When to pick a basis?
The best reference for this stuff is Bourbaki, Algebra, Chapter 3.
Answer: The best synopsis, one developed by a real teacher, is from David Hestenes who not coincidentally developed a relatively complete curriculum built around it, and an elegant symbolism. The outer product is simply the multi-dimensional extension of the notion of a directed line segment to include directed planes and directed volume elements. William Clifford incorporated this into the surprisingly straightforward notion of a geometric algebra, something that's been a dream of mathematicians for a very long time. In one of the truly unfortunate events in mathematical history, Clifford died of tuberculosis at the age of 34, derailing his ideas for almost one hundred years, and giving us the bizarre pantheon of often incompatible systems we currently use.
What does geometric algebra have for elements? They are called multi-vectors and they have scalar, vector, bi-vector (a directed plane), and - in general - multi-vector components. What Clifford defined was the product of multi-vectors as the sum of the inner (dot) product and Grassman's outer product. Geometric algebra is built up from this basic operation, and the rules that guide it, the key one being that the outer-product is anti-symmetric: reverse the order of the elements in the outer-product and the sign changes. That one simple rule turns out to be the key to unlocking one of the greatest advances in the history of mathematics and physics, an algebra for manipulating objects in space.
Just as a complex numbers "tag" real and imaginary parts, objects in geometric algebra are "tagged" by the basis elements which are extended to include, not just one dimensional basis elements, but multi-dimensional basis elements as well - those directed planes and volume elements mentioned above. It's an extremely elegant and very seductive extension of linear algebra to obtain an algebra that unifies the hodgepodge of systems currently used including differential geometry, matrix algebra, vector algebra and tensors. I'm not making this up, it really does this.
Geometric algebra also manipulates geometric objects in space without having to resort to coordinates. It provides what computer scientists might call a "wrapper" for complex numbers, vectors, rotors, spinors, and the physical concepts derived from those objects. In the initial paper I read, the third page was devoted to showing, almost off-handedly, that geometric algebra has an almost trivial isomorphism that is in every way equivalent to the complex numbers. But there's more. Difficult concepts in physics emerge naturally, almost casually, through the manipulation of geometric space using the algebra. It's greatest benefit may be this: It allows "specialists" to actually talk to each other. Who woulda thunk it!
Here are some links:
Hestenes, D. - A Unified Language for Mathematics and Physics
Gull, S; Lasenby, A; Doran, C - Imaginary Numbers Are Not Real - The Geometric Algebra of Spacetime
Hestenes, D - Reforming the Mathematical Language of Physics
Lasenby, J; Lasenby A; Doran, C - A Unified Language for Physics and Engineering in the 21st Century
It can't be emphasized too strongly that geometric algebra is not just another technique. It is, instead, an all encompassing framework.
The best mathematical introduction I've found, to date, is from Alan Macdonald of Luther College in Iowa. His freely available paper, A Survey of Geometric Algebra and Geometric Calculus, is exceptional, but you have to be prepared to spend time with it. It is rigorous and comprehensive, and every page is a new adventure as you learn the operations of geometric algebra.
Macdonald also has a recently (2009) published book, the first undergraduate text to cover both linear algebra and geometric algebra.
Comment: Thanks for those references, some of which are now gathered at http://geometry.mrao.cam.ac.uk/

(I'm not fully convinced of the advantage of the geometric/Clifford algebra over just Grassmann's exterior algebra, and I think Hestene the physicist, in trying to promote it, has been "overselling" it. Or it was just mathematicians are reluctant to accept a new language unless it gives new results or significantly simplifies or distills existing mathematics.)
Answer: Most books just introduce the formalism of exterior algebra and dive directly into differential forms, without really explaining the geometric interpretation of just the exterior algebra of a vector space. My recollection is that the book by Harold Edwards,
http://www.amazon.com/Advanced-Calculus-Differential-Forms-Approach/dp/0817637079
explains everything very nicely.
Answer: I can recommend reading the book "Geometric Algebra For Computer Science, An Object Oriented Approach to Geometry". It covers not only covers the geometrical meaning of Grassmann Algebra, but even better, Clifford Algebra.
About your question:
"To extend the representational capabilities of linear algebra, Chapter 2: Spanning Oriented Subspaces introduces the outer product. The outer product of two vectors is algebraically a 2-blade. In its most simple geometric interpretation such a 2-blade represents the 2-dimensional subspace through the origin, spanned by the vectors, as shown in Figure 2.3 (left). An outer product of three vectors is a 3-blade, see Figure 2.3 (right). A 3-blade represents the volume spanned by the three vectors. Such extended geometrical entities are now basic elements of algebraic computation.
We use the blades of a geometric algebra to algebraically represent all geometrical primitives. The scalars in a vector space are represented as 0-blades, the vectors by 1-blades, and the oriented area elements are 2-blades. In Part II, we will give enriched interpretations to these blades. For example, in the homogeneous model 2-blades are used to represent lines and 3-blades represent planes; in the conformal model 3-blades represent circles, and so on."
-- http://www.geometricalgebra.net/tour.html
Answer: You could look at
http://sites.google.com/site/grassmannalgebra
There is a free pdf book draft which discusses Grassmann algebra from a geometric point of view, and without too much mathematical terminology.
Comment: The book is just awesome.
Answer: The key ingredient, in my mind, is to realise that the Grassmann algebra of a $d$-dimensional vector space $V$ is concerned primarily with $d$-dimensional volumes of parallelotopes and that lower-dimensional parallelotopes are merely building blocks for $d$-dimensional parallelotopes.  This is explained at length here: http://jmanton.wordpress.com/2012/09/03/introduction-to-the-grassmann-algebra-and-exterior-products/
All volumes are relative volumes.  We act as if we do not know what the underlying metric on $V$ is and we only want to make statements such as "this parallelotope is twice as big as that parallelotope" if it is true with respect to all metrics, not just a single metric.
Since the volume of a $d$-dimensional cube equals the $d$-fold product of its side length, it is not unreasonable to hope that the (signed) volume of an (oriented) parallelotope is some sort of product of its side lengths.  In fact, the axioms of a "product" of two things essentially agree with the axioms of a bilinear function, and the volume of a parallelotope is indeed given by a multi-linear function of its sides, leading to the standard definition of the exterior algebra in terms of (alternating) multi-linear maps. Regardless, thinking of volume as a product of lengths gives some intuition as to why the wedge product is used to define parallelotopes.
The notation $v_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge v_i$ should be understood to refer to the parallelotope  made from the vectors $v_1,\cdots,v_i \in V$.  If $i < d = \dim V$ then the "volume" of the parallelotope $v_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge v_i$ is always zero; keep in mind the key point that the Grassmann algebra on $V$ is a priori concerned with $d$-dimensional volume. Lower-dimensional parallelotopes are merely building blocks for top-dimensional parallelotopes.  For example, we say $v_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge v_i = w_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge w_i$ if and only if, for all $u_1,\cdots,u_{d-i}$, it is true that $v_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge v_i \wedge u_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge u_{d-i} = w_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge w_i \wedge u_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge u_{d-i}$ where the latter means the (signed) volumes of the two $d$-dimensional parallelotopes are equal (with respect to every possible metric).
The classical results now follow from this.  For example, $v_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge v_i = \lambda w_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge w_i$ for some $\lambda$ if and only if, either both sides are zero because they are degenerate parallelotopes, or $\operatorname{span}\{v_1,\cdots,v_i\} = \operatorname{span}\{w_1,\cdots,w_i\}$.  It is a posteriori acceptable to interpret $v_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge v_i = \lambda w_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge w_i$ as meaning the $i$-dimensional volume of the parallelotope $v_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge v_i$ is $\lambda$ times the $i$-dimensional volume of the parallelotope $w_1 \wedge \cdots \wedge w_i$, but the underlying reason is that they behave the same way when used as building blocks.
The importance of thinking in terms of top-dimensional parallelotopes is that it is otherwise difficult to explain why $v_3 = v_1 + v_2$ does not imply that the length of $v_1$ plus the length of $v_2$ equals the length of $v_3$.  In the Grassmann algebra, vectors and lower-dimensional parallelotopes do not have an independent life of their own but are primarily building blocks for top-dimensional parallelotopes.  Vector addition in a Grassmann algebra relates to addition of top-dimensional volume, not to lower-dimensional volumes.
Answer: from http://arxiv.org/abs/0907.5356:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_algebra has some more pictures.
Answer: I think a good introductory book is Federer's book "Geometric measure theory", I remember the first chapter is on Grassmann algebra. Another more accessible book is "The Road to Reality" by Roger Penrose, you can check the chapter on Grassmann algebra and Clifford algebra.
Answer: Even though finished in part. The book by John Browne Grassmann Algebra Volume 1: Foundations: Exploring extended vector algebra with Mathematica gives a very good geometric intuition of Grassmann algebra and its axiom definition.
Answer: My favorite geometric feature of the Grassmann algebra I encountered in Pressley & Segal's "Loop groups": algebra of sections of the top exterior power line bundle of the tautological vector bundle over the Grassmanian. Sounds a bit tautological I admit :D
Answer: I am surprised no one has mentioned yet Sergei Winitzki's "Linear Algebra via Exterior Products". It does exactly what the OP asks (and much more, incl. Hodge star). IMHO, it is an excellent second course in Linear Algebra and a good preparation for Differential Geometry.


Bash RTSP client with netcat - keep connection open while parsing sent data with sed?

Question: I am trying to make a RTSP client in bash. Problem is that I must make only one connection to the server through which it will send video frames. I can keep it on one connection up to the point at which server sends me Session ID code that I must use in the following requests (SET_PARAMETER and PLAY). So I must forward netcat's output to sed to get the Session ID, but then my connection gets closed, and after I extract Session ID, I must make a new connection to the server with netcat to start the stream... but there is no video, because I must keep it at only one connection.
So, can I somehow, sed the netcat's output, and echo it back what to send to the server, but not to let it close the connection?
(its the BusyBox netcat)
Answer: Use tee to duplicate the output to a file and have sed work on that one while the main consumer of the output keeps the connection open.


Do I really need to install a task manager?

Question: Does one really need to install a task manager? My phone does slowdown on rare occasions but it's not something that hampers regular usage.
Comment: http://lifehacker.com/5862994/real-world-test-show-that-android-task-killers-are-still-useless
Comment: See also: [How can I stop applications and services from running?](http://android.stackexchange.com/q/30332/1465)
Answer: See this
http://geekfor.me/faq/you-shouldnt-be-using-a-task-killer-with-android/
FAQ: Why You Shouldn't Be Using a Task Killer with Android (geekfor.me) - xda-developers

tl;dr version:

Android is hard coded to automatically kill a task when more memory is needed.
Android is hard coded to automatically kill a task when it's done doing what it needs to do.
Android is hard coded to automatically kill a task when you haven't returned to it in a long time.
Most services (while possibly running in the background) use very little memory when not actively doing something.
A content provider is only doing something when there is a notification for it to give. Otherwise it uses very little memory.
Killing a process when it isn't ready only causes it to have to reload itself and start from scratch when it's needed again.
Because a task is likely running in the background for a reason, killing it will only cause it to re-spawn as soon as the activity that was using it looks for it again. And it will just have to start over again.
Killing certain processes can have undesirable side effects. Not receiving text messages, alarms not going off, and force closes just to name a few.
The only true way to prevent something from running at all on your phone would be to uninstall the .apk.
Most applications will exit themselves if you get out of it by hitting "back" until it closes rather than hitting the "home" button. But even with hitting home, Android will eventually kill it once it's been in the background for a while.

As Android was designed you don't need to kill apps.
Comment: It's only natural that some people find it hard to accept that this is something the system can really take care of for you. That is because no known systems currently work like this, mostly because of a historical legacy. But it really works like that. No need for a task manager! Let go of your fears... In fact all task managers are, to some degree, hacks, that create other side-effects.
Comment: This does depends on the apps you're running. As soon as you launch an always on cpu or disk traffic heavy app you might notice some slowdowns wich do go away after using a task killer.
Answer: No, and even more so with the latest 2.2 versions of Android.  I used to use them, but I've stopped and everything has been better since I stopped using a task manager/killer.  There is an app called Watchdog if you'd like to be notified about a process using a ton of CPU for a long period of time, which then will give you the option to kill that run-away process.
Answer: Yes. You should have a task-killer app, but not for the reasons you think.
I've had runaway processes (maybe watchdog can help) like google maps which then ran twice, once to kill my cpu/ram and once to actually work. I had to use the task killer to kill both instances and then run the normal one.
RARELY will you actually need to manually kill anything. But like all programs, sometimes stuff happens. I've had apps crash the entire phone and they were not running in root or anything.
Answer: Sometimes when an app crashes or gets to a state that it's not response it's nice to be able to shut it down manually . . . but as for slowness issues a task manager isn't necessary as the OS itself handles multitasking better now.
Comment: I will add that, sometimes apps do need to be closed but you can typically do that within the OS. You do not need a Task Manager to close apps, you can go to Settings > Applications > Running Services (may be different depending on OS version). From the menu you can press Force Quit.
Comment: no need for a task killer to do that Sheldon, just go into the normal settings :D
Comment: I found Advanced Task Killer (even with Ads) to be a nicer UI. However you don't need it. Stock android has all the necessary tools. Kinda same reason I use Uninstaller vs from the application menu, just easier.
Comment: @schwiz Sure, you can go to "Applications" and do a force stop and in fact that's all latest version of "Advanced Task Manager" does but it's nice to see the list of apps currently running instead of all apps. But for the most part the answer is you don't need a task manager.
Answer: This comprehensive, informative & easily readible article entitled "Android Task Killers Explained: What They Do and Why You Shouldn't Use Them" will provide you with a quick overview of how Android handles process management on its own fairly well by default. (Essentially that a Task Manager/ Killer App is not required- it was more useful in early version of the Android OS)
The Article will explain:

How Android Manages Processes
Why Task Killers Are (Usually) Bad News
What You Should Do Instead, e.g.:

Watch for Runaway Processes
Uninstall Bad Apps
Possibly Root Your Phone (although not necessary)
Answer: When I was running Froyo, I installed task manager not to kill tasks, but to find an easy to review list of what is running and learn more about how apps work.   This seemed the easiest way to learn what was running quickly.
Now that I have Gingerbread, I just use the "running" list under applications in the settings menu.
Comment: In Gingerbread, the Running Services part of the "Applications" list in Settings tells you which apps have background services running, no need for 3rd party tools.
Comment: @GAThrawn Good point.  I answered before I had Gingerbread.
Comment: I upvoted because I don't think it deserves a downvote.  I don't think the answer is wrong, especially considering that some phones (i.e. Samsung Captivate) just got Gingerbread in the U.S. via official channels.
Answer: Ideally, you don't need a task manager for the reasons mentioned by Cristi.
Random slowdowns on Android are likely from one of two sources:

Badly programmed apps (mostly)
Android cleaning up the memory and unloading stuff to make room (this should be only temporary, but can be very annoying on older devices or with custom ROMs)

If you experience slowdowns, and can't or don't want to uninstall the apps that cause them (or you don't know which ones it is), then a task killer can really make a difference. The same applies for older devices that don't have enough RAM.
So: it shouldn't be neccessary, but you might try it as a workaround if you have misbehaved apps on your device.


Prior Art not cited in application

Question: We applied for US and Canadian Utility Patents.  Our US patent issued.  After the US patent issued, during prosecution, the Canadian patent examiner sent back an office action and cited prior art that we did not cite in the US application.  What do we do now.
Answer: Information that comes to your attention before the grant of your U.S. patent must be brought to the attention of the USPTO even if it is after the notice of allowance and payment of the issue fee. After grant there is no obligation to do anything with this new reference. However, if you feel it weakens the patent, you might request an ex parte reexamination. This will allow the new reference to be considered, and arguments and amendments to be made. You may end up with a narrowed but stronger patent.
Comment: So if we answer the Canadian Office Action that cites the prior art that was not cited in the US application does that expose the US patent to any problems?  And if the Canadian patent issues does that reflect on the US patent.  Will that weaken the US patent?
Comment: The existence of the prior art reference is what weakens your patent. The Canadian Office Action will be a matter of public record at some point if it isn't already. This is not legal advice and if you are patenting in multiple countries I think you should get legal advice. But I would think that a response to Canada as to why the reference does not knock out your claims that they end up agreeing agree with would tend to strengthen your U.S. patent in the eyes of potential infringers or people considering initiating a re-examination or review.

Prior Art not cited in application


Revert Folder Options Group Policy Setting

Question: Under Computer Configuration -> Preferences -> Folder Options, I accidentally added an exe file type and now the icons for all the exes show up the same. How do I restore all the application icons back to their defaults using Group Policy? Deleting the setting does not make it revert back.
Answer: I had to set the registry key [HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\exefile\DefaultIcon] to "%1" using Group Policy and the icons reverted back to their defaults. For some machines, I also had to force Windows to rebuild the icon cache.
Reference: http://filext.com/faq/broken_exe_association.php
Comment: +1. Good find. Glad you got it fixed.
Answer: There probably isn'y a way to do it with GP. Each icon is specific to the application it's packaged with, if the developers included an icon. For Windows executables, most icons come from shell32.dll. I'm guessing that the best you could do would be to globally replace all of the icons with another icon.
Comment: Um, we're talking about icons for Chrome, MS Word, IE, Firefox, Adobe Reader and all other exes. I couldn't possibly replace all of them with one single icon!
Comment: That's what I'm saying. I think your only choice would be to change them all again in bulk to another icon which puts you back in the same position you're in now.
Comment: I found the solution! There is indeed a way to revert back. I posted it as an answer.
Answer: I agree with @joeqwerty. You've basically taken out all the individuality from the icons that were packaged from the software developer.
The only way you might be able to fix this is with a system restore, one computer at a time. I hope this is a small network.


Can bitcoin transaction data be used to study markets?

Question: The nice thing about bitcoin is that it generates partially anonymous data about every single transaction. Can this data be used to gain insight about real-world markets? Or are there some fundamental differences that cannot be accounted for? If this data can be used, does anybody have any references on academic papers that use the bitcoin data?
Comment: This question is too subjective and isn't actual a practical problem with an answer.
Comment: @lemonginger. The question asks for reference... thus it could have a perfectly valid answer like "Professor X's paper Y looks at bitcoin to study Z". Further, selection bias is a very important thing to take account of in studies, so if there is a well known demographic bias in bitcoin (which I suspect there is) then an answer that explains that bias would be a valid answer to this question, too.
Answer: There are no academic papers on Bitcoin market behavior.
If Bitcoin or another peer-to-peer currency ever develops a significant closed economy, then it would be a rich source of information on the behavior of markets and economies, as the transaction timing, value and locations (for both the sender and receiver in a transaction) of Bitcoin transactions is publicly broadcasted -and in the case of timing and value, already being recorded in the block chain.
Furthermore, information about the full Bitcoin transaction history of each pseudonymous individual can be deduced through network analysis techniques.
While Bitcoin is reserved for niche use and doesn't form a closed economy though, the data from the transaction history is of limited use for studying real world market and economic behavior.
Also, in the future the visibility of Bitcoin transaction data could be reduced if many participants in the Bitcoin economy begin to rely on private layers built on top of the Bitcoin network to conduct their transactions through, which is likely to happen given the implications for privacy that visible transactions create.
Answer: This is still a fledgling currency. You can see how Bitcoin lacks credibility by listening to the recent publication on NPR. Overall there is a great deal of misinformation, and lack of credible citations.
Although, there are substantial studies of virtual currency, there are no published studies from accredited sources concerning bitcoin proper.
It makes for a good economics thesis, there are plenty of hypotheses to explore!
Comment: ummm, can you expand on your answer to provide some content? This isn't really an answer as much as a comment in its current state. If you know of MMO studies (which are always fun) you should include citations to those. If the 'fledgling currency' part affects the credibility of bitcoin as a data source (which it does) then you should explain how. Otherwise this is not an answer and should be removed or moved to comments.
Comment: Kudos for the policing, I got excited to see the exchange in beta and have been posting like a mad man. So many questions to answer, not enough time - lol!
Comment: edited my post to reflect Artem's wishes. Please let me know if you want more citation.
Answer: I'm not aware of any serious studies on the topic but I have seen folks on the forum talking about how bitcoin price seems to correlate with the google trends data on bitcoin-related searches. Compare: Google Trends and MtGox Price.
So there's sort of a study on popularity/price ratios, though it's hardly been conducted with any sort of scientific rigor. I'd assume that there are many such studies to be found, the limits from the bitcoin side of the fence are quite few so I'd say the upper limit is your imagination.
Answer: The fact that the blockchain records every single bitcoin transaction does mean that it would probably be possible to analyse the data to infer some real market information.
Bitcoin days destroyed is one metric made possible by the blockchain that could possibly be used to make some estimation of the velocity of money
Similar tools and network analysis methods as used in the Reid/Harrigan paper on anonymity in the Bitcoin system could also be used to glean market information from the Bitcoin transaction record. One of the authors (Fergal Reid) of this paper discusses some of these possibilities in this forum post on the bitcointalk.org site. One of the speculated ideas is that it could be possible to identify flows of bitcoins to the exchanges and thus be possibly able to predict if a sell-off is imminent based on a larger than normal volume of bitcoins being moved to the exchanges.
Answer: There is a paper by Fergal Reid and Martin Harrigan of University College Dublin, Ireland. PDF can be downloaded from this page. It's called "An Analysis of Anonymity in the Bitcoin System".
It describes, amongst other things, methods and tools for building a Transaction Network and User Network from the data taken from the blockchain and from external sources.


How to set a Stellar node to a watcher node?

Question: I have seen your support docs, it shows me the config file which is to set a public network or testnet node, but it looks like a full validator. Now I want to set it to "Watcher" mode, but I can't find any examples or tutorials. Is there any way to do this?
Answer: You only need to set NODE_IS_VALIDATOR as false in config file to make a node a non-validating observer as stated here.


How does a graphic designer design a webpage?

Question: This is a really stupid question, I know. I took a graphic design class some years ago and we designed our website in Photoshop and then sliced it.
I have a feeling graphic designers don't do that anymore.
Update me, please? :)
Thank you.
Comment: Possible duplicate: https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/17928/what-is-the-exact-role-relationship-of-photoshop-in-web-design (Yes, more than 3 years old, but more relevant than slicing a Photoshop document)
Comment: Possible duplicate of [What is the exact role/relationship of photoshop in web design?](https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/17928/what-is-the-exact-role-relationship-of-photoshop-in-web-design)
Comment: @Scott I agree that this is a possible duplicate at first glance, but I think the question is more asking **"is using Photoshop for web design obsolete now?"** as OP said **"I have a feeling graphic designers don't do that anymore. Update me, please? :)"** I believe this is an appropriate question due to how rapidly webpage development has changed in just 3 years. It gives an opportunity to say what ways Photoshop can be used in web development, whether it is still a good idea, pros/cons, alternatives/more common methods of creating a website.
Comment: @LateralTerminal you are free to interpret the question however you'd like. I interpret it as pretty much a duplicate.
Comment: At the high-end of the web design, Photoshop has near-universally been shunned as a problematic way of site layout throughout web design history and this hasn't changed. That doesn't mean lots of companies didn't do so and it wasn't taught in courses, which also hasn't changed. What has changed is that a lot of people who are happy to use Photoshop for designing websites have also taken up other image software that may have more tools orientated to layout design - such as Sketch, etc.
Answer: There are plenty of different ways to make a website. There's no correct way to make a website. There are countless services and different approaches to making a website.
It's going to depend on what your company specializes in

What programs they already bought
What they plan to do with the website
What type of computers will be using the website. Ex: desktop only, mobile only, both, or neither?
Is it going to be something used internally only?
If it's not going to be used internally, then what type of customers are they anticipating?
How important is compatibility to older operating systems and browsers?

If you are freelance here are some suggestions and things to consider when making a website in 2017
You get to make your own rules unless your customer tells you specifically what they want.

For free: If I'm making a responsive website I like bootstrap for compatibility between different device screen sizes. You can use elements you made in Photoshop or SVG elements. You can do basically anything with bootstrap with HTML and CSS. You have to be comfortable using Notepad to write the website or something free like https://www.sublimetext.com/ which is just an HTML editor that makes it easier to understand.
Have Adobe: You can also consider Muse which is more for GUI comfortable users and also makes responsive websites like bootstrap and utilizes Photoshop in many ways. Info on Muse and Photoshop. Muse lets you use Photoshop for various things for example to make buttons change to a different picture when you hover over them.
Also, Adobe's Dreamweaver is an
option too if you want less hand holding as it is mostly an HTML editor. Adobe has a video to help you decide whether you should use Dreamweaver or Muse

However, if you are trying to make a light website you would not use
   Photoshop for everything. You would create many assets as SVG in Illustrator or another free vector program if
   possible, because it will load a lot faster and look a lot cleaner
   when scaled to different sizes. More info svg.
Comment: Hi, is it possible to make website elements in say, Illustrator or Photoshop and then send it to a programmer, who will "connect" everything together? Thank you!
Comment: Yes, that's basically how it works. You could probably do it yourself in Adobe Muse if you wanted. It's supposed to make it easier for people who don't know anything about programming. If you look at a few YouTube tutorial videos and Adobe videos on their website it will be pretty easy.
Comment: @HazelnutSpread Yes
Comment: @HazelnutSpread At this site we upvote to say thank you instead of saying it in the comments. That way people know it's helpful. If you think it's the correct answer you can mark it as a correct answer. I don't want to pressure you to accept this as the correct answer. If you aren't sure yet you can wait for someone else to make an answer select what you think is best.
Comment: So at stack exchange we encourage memebers to say thank you by either upvote or select it as an answer.
Answer: I build (a lot of) websits for designers. Most of them work in InDesign and deliver high quality print PDF files and an InDesign package. I think that is a pretty normal workflow nowadays. This also means I get to decide on most of the responsive stuff.
Hope it helps you!


how to increase my shoulder width ? is it possible?

Question: I am 19 yrs male. My shoulders are less width. my shoulder and waist not in golden ratio and suggest the exercise not including dumbbells and weight lifting because i also want to grow tall
Answer: Weight lifting will not affect your general growth, including height, as long as you don't starve yourself.
If you want broader shoulders and a slimmer waist, do shoulder exercises and lose fat.
Answer: I have a the same problem I usually do lots of dumbbell side raises on low weight just to get the shoulder pumped, this exercise really adds mass to the side of the shoulder (1 muscle of 3). Also the wide shoulders are an illusion created by a thin waist so you tend to look broader if you have a small waste. So basically loose the love handle :).
But I must urge you please be careful, shoulder injuries are common in the bodybuilding community. This can be seen by multiple posts in the forum.
Comment: Does  it really work the user
Comment: It worked for me. I have shoulder issues so I warm up shoulders before every upper body day as well. The dumb-side raises do work just watch an instructional video and do use a light weight or you land up swinging weights around aimlessly. As for the love handles cardio and low GI carbs. It helps to find fun cardio stuff like (and I know I'm gonna get burned for this) crossfit.
Answer: There is no relation between safely lifting weights and stunting growth, so no need to worry about affecting height. Plus, at 19 you are very likely almost as tall as you will be for the rest of your life.
The three important muscle groups to target for broad shoulders would be:

Deltoids, the "caps" on the top of your arms, think of where your sleeve is sewn onto your shirt. Side lateral raise will work these.
Traps, the muscle that looks like the side/back of your neck, is important as well. You can exercise this by doing shrugs (be it with dumbell or barbell, or machine).
Shoulder/Upper Back Area, the muscles surrounding your shoulder blades. Military press is a good exercise for this area.


Are there good book recommendation services?

Question: I would like to get some book recommendations. Are there any services that you can suggest?
Comment: Since you tagged ibooks, you may be interested to know that Apple bought the BookLamp recommedation service. No details yet on how they will use it though. http://recode.net/2014/07/25/apple-confirms-it-has-purchased-book-recommendation-maker-booklamp/
Answer: What Should I Read Next is a decent service. It doesn't require an account, which is an added bonus. You simply type in a title or author and the service will recommend books by the author or similar to the title you entered. The links provided will point you to Amazon for further information, so it is not ebook specific (and may take a few manual steps to find it on ibooks).
There is also this post that lists the top 10 book recommendation platforms (though it is a year old and includes the Sony Reader Store which no longer exists).
Answer: You may give a try to some book specific social network like Goodreads; you don't need to register to view its contents, so if you look at a book page you can see that it shows many sections like "other books from the author", "readers also enjoyed", "lists with this book" and so on.
Of course if you choose to register you will have more options, like rating books you read to get more personalized reccomendations, following people with common tastes, and all this kind of social media stuff.
Answer: Try the book recommendation tool on Zolabooks.com/recommendations. You enter a title, it recommends four others. If you click on one of the recommended books, it re-enters the search using that book as the seed. The service was built from the foundations of Bookish, a company that was founded by several of the large publishers.


Taking tax paid money back home to India from Singapore

Question: I have worked in singapore , 30 months and paid all my taxes. I hold an NRO account in India. I do not have any NRE account. I need to transfer my post tax paid saving to India bank as I return home. Can I bring a bankers cheque or DD from singapore bank . I do not have time for NRE account
Thanks
Answer:
Can I bring a bankers cheque or DD from singapore bank .

Yes you can.  Remember if they are payable in Singapore, i.e. SGD denominated, they will take time to clear; typically around a month.
Alternatively you can approach an Indian Bank in Singapore they can arrange for a Rupee draft payable in city of your choice. The Banks also have a facility of opening an NRE account in the city/Branch of your choice by opening account with wire transfer.

I do not have time for NRE account

Money can be transferred into your NRO account as well.
You could also use remittance services that provide better exchange rates.


Using REST, How can you add a user to the User Information List so that he/she has a user ID?

Question: I want to create a form which allows users to search for a particular user who may not exist on the current site. I can do that using the SearchPrincipals web service, but the users will have an ID of -1 so I can't use that ID in order to set a people picker field in the background. Is there any way that we can add a user to the current site by his/her account name?
Answer: You can use the EnsureUser method of Web object by referring this article. Here is the sample code which will check if the user exists (and return the SPUser object), if it doesn't, it will add the user and then return the SPUser object in JSON:
<code>$.ajax({
    url: "http://<site url>/_api/web/ensureuser ",
    type: "POST",
    data: "{ 'logonName': 'i:firstname.lastname@example.com' }",
    headers: {
        "X-RequestDigest": < form digest value > ,
        "content-type": "application/json;odata=verbose"
        "accept": "application/json;odata=verbose"
    },
    success: successHandler,
    error: errorHandler
});
</code>
Comment: It seems to be giving different results when I added the content-type underneath the accept header. Fingers crossed..
Comment: I'm having success when using this to search by a specific display name, email address, or account name. I wish there was a way to return a list of users like you have when you use SearchPrincipals. I could link the two together to provide a list since my organization has many users with the same display name, but they should all be able to search by email so that's more than acceptable. Can you add the content-type information to your answer so I can accept it?
Comment: Added content-type header as it is required for the server to identify the type of data being sent along with the POST request. Please accept the answer if it satisfies your requirement.
Comment: Very much appreciated


Which logs to track regularly

Question: I run my own server at home for my personal website running Ubuntu Server with Apache, Bind9 and Django. What logs would you suggest are best to keep track of on a regular basis? (rather than on a basis of reading when something goes wrong). I'm thinking for the detection of intrusion attempts  (I've previously experienced SSH errors) and unusual traffic or errors on my site.
Answer: Logs of interest:

/var/log/apache2/* - apache2 logs :)
/var/log/auth.log - authentication attempts
/var/log/daemon.log - system processes log here
/var/log/syslog - everything logs here

I use the logwatch package for monitoring SMTP traffic and SSH logins, and authentication attempts. It is available from most Linux distributions, including Ubuntu by default.
<code>aptitude install logwatch
</code>
In the past I have also used logsurfer+ which is a complicated piece of software, but highly configurable.
If neither of these tools (logwatch, logsurfer+) meets your needs, there's a large number of log management solutions from various vendors. From software packages to dedicated devices. Here's a few to get started if you want to do additional research. I am not affiliated with any of these companies or products.

Splunk
ArcSight
AlertLogic
SANS Institute has many additional resources
Comment: +1 for logwatch; that saves me a lot of time in the mornings.
Comment: Logwatch seems great - even showed up something that I needed to check into on the first run!
Comment: I lurves mah logwatch.
Answer: I suggest using OSSEC to monitor your logs. It will auto-detect the important log files and monitor all of them in real time by default.
If you are using Ubuntu, it will look at all authentication logs, apache logs, apt-get logs (to see when new apps are installed), etc.
It is open source, has an active development team and is simple to use. We migrated to it from logwatch, because it looks at the logs in real time instead of doing that every X hours like log watch does.
Link: http://www.ossec.net
Answer: I generally watch the above files, but mostly the syslog files (/var/log/messages).  I usually set up syslog-ng to provide some better filtering, and I set up syslog to log as *.debug so that I can see everything.  This is all read by a shell script which has its roots in logcheck.sh (sorry, lost the link) and mails me interesting items daily.  This has an increased amount of noise that is hard to filter out, but I use the noise level as a health check too -- if the noise level suddenly increases or decreases, something has changed.
Answer: I have one caveat about logwatch and that is "what" to look for. I wrote/use a tool called petit  to perform word discovery and correlation. It uses a couple of simple techniques from Natural Language Processing to remove stopwords. This helps an admin/analyst who is responsible for log analysis to feel more confident that he/she is, indeed, catching all of the events that he/she wants to with logwatch.
It's a basic chicken/egg problem of how do I know what I need to search for until I've seen it before. The word discovery mode of petit helps with this. Also it provides cli graphing and hashing.
Link: http://opensource.eyemg.com/Petit

Which logs to track regularly


How can it be that David hamelech died on shavuos and Shabbos

Question: The Gemara (Mesechet Shabbat) says that Shavuot can never fall on Shabbat. But it is known that David Hamelech was niftar on Shavuot and Shabbat?
Comment: What was the source in Mesechet Shabbat saying that Shavuot can never fall on Shabbat?
Comment: I think @DonielF's answer is correct, but there is also a simpler one: Our calendar didn't exist yet. Even in the days of Abayei and Rava there were questions about the length of Elul, something that doesn't vary any more. Or the whole two-day Yom Tov thing. Only Marcheshvan and Teves (and Adar II) can vary, and no doubt could be created within a month of a holiday.
Answer: That David died on both Shavuos and Shabbos is not necessarily true. The source that David died on Shavuos can be found in Yerushalmi in Beitzah 11a (2:4) and Chagigah 12a (2:3), but in neither place does it say anything about Shabbos. The source that David died on Shabbos is Bavli Shabbos 30a-b, but they don't say anything about Shavuos. As all of these are Amoraim, they can argue on one another.
That answer doesn't work, though, because Rus Rabbah 3:2 says he died on both Shabbos and Shavuos.
However, all is not lost, as there's no reason to say Shavuos could not have been on Shabbos. David HaMelech lived long before we had a pre-established calendar, rather than being established monthly based on when witnesses came. In our current calendar you are correct that Shavuos can't fall on Shabbos (OC 429), but in the days before a calendar any day of the year could fall on any day of the week.
For example: Yom Kippur, according to our current calendar, cannot fall out on a Sunday, Tuesday, or Friday (ibid.). However, the Rambam (Hil. Eruvin 8:10) writes that when it's up to witnesses, Yom Kippur could fall on these days.
In fact, we have another discussion of Shavuos falling on Shabbos. The following is a Mishnah, from Chagigah 2:4 (h/t @DoubleAA):

עֲצֶרֶת שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, יוֹם טְבוֹחַ אַחַר הַשַּׁבָּת. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, אֵין יוֹם טְבוֹחַ אַחַר הַשַּׁבָּת. וּמוֹדִים שֶׁאִם חָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת, שֶׁיּוֹם טְבוֹחַ אַחַר הַשַּׁבָּת.
When Shavuot occurs on Friday, Beit Shammai says that the day of slaughter [for its burnt offerings] is after Shabbat [i.e., on Sunday]. And Beit Hillel says, that the day after Shabbat is not the day for slaughter [rather it is Friday], but agrees that if Shavuot occurs on Shabbat, the next day [Sunday] is the day of slaughter.
Comment: @ba Even if they were careful about YK doesn't mean they had to start planning back from Shavuot. In fact we know for sure Shavuot could fall on Shabbat even at a relatively late time because of יום טבוח (which would really be the best source to include here as proof)
Comment: This opinion is disputed. See [Pesachim 58b](http://www.hebrewbooks.org/shas.aspx?mesechta=4&daf=58b&format=pdf) תד"ה כאילו
Comment: Interestingly שבועות has all the same letters as שבת. Perhaps the latter is a typo for an abbreviation of the former.
Answer: The calendar you're talking about wasn't invented yet. For example, on Rosh haShanah 21a-b there is a discussion about years when both Nissan and Elul are short, whether one has to worry about the possibility of 2 short months in a row, and the like. So the calendar we used wasn't fixed yet.
There is a discussion among rishonim as to whether in the Beis haMiqdash, the month was determined by when witnesses saw the moon, or the month was determined by the courts' computation, and that was when they accepted witnesses to testify about the moon as a formal halachic step in the ritual of declaring the month. (The latter opinion is given by Rabbeinu Chananel on Shemos 12:2.) But even according to the later opinion, gemaros like the one in Rosh haShanah mean that the computation was not the same as the one we use today.
The discussion in the gemara is illustrated with stories of Rabbi Yochanan (180–279 CE), one of his students Rabbi Aivu bar Nagarei and Rabbi Chiyya bar Abba, and Rava (280 – 352 CE). Rava one year fasted a whole "Yom Kippur" only to be told that the actual Yom Kippur was the next day. He fasted 49 hours!
His contemporary, Abayei (d. 338), lived when our computation became standardized, and the calendar would be known in advance. It was his day that the Jews of the Diaspora receieved a letter telling them to continue observing 2 days for each holiday, despite now knowing the date, "minhag avoseikhem beyedeikhem -- the custom of your ancestors is in your hand", now as commemorative rabbinic law. (Beitzah 4b)
So, the calendar dates to the early 4th century CE. Well after King David.

Aside from that, DonielF is right to draw our attention to the reality that amoraim not only argue about halakhah, but they could argue about aggadita too. There is no reason to assume the tradition that says David died on Shabbos is in agreement with the one who says he died on Shavuos.
In general, I am giving the same 2 part answer as he did, just with more detail about the calendar.


MySQL replication error from 5.5 -> 5.6

Question: i was now searching the whole web but can't find any solution for my problem.
I have an MySql Server, this is my Master and installed Version is 5.5.
My Slave has Version 5.6.
Show Slave Status on the Slave says that everything works well but i got some errors in the logs and no data will be replicated from master to slave.
 [Warning] Neither --relay-log nor --relay-log-index were used; so replication may break when this MySQL server acts as a slave and has his hostname changed!! Please use '--relay-log=***-relay-bin' to avoid this problem.
2017-01-20T12:00:22.986564Z 1 [Warning] Storing MySQL user name or password information in the master info repository is not secure and is therefore not recommended. Please consider using the USER and PASSWORD connection options for START SLAVE; see the 'START SLAVE Syntax' in the MySQL Manual for more information.
2017-01-20T12:00:22.987160Z 2 [Warning] Slave SQL for channel '': If a crash happens this configuration does not guarantee that the relay log info will be consistent, Error_code: 0
2017-01-20T12:00:22.987225Z 2 [Note] Slave SQL thread for channel '' initialized, starting replication in log 'mysql-bin.000003' at position 545, relay log './***-relay-bin.000002' position: 518
2017-01-20T12:00:22.988602Z 1 [Note] Slave I/O thread for channel '': connected to master '***@***:3306',replication started in log 'mysql-bin.000003' at position 545
2017-01-20T12:00:22.989390Z 1 [Warning] Slave I/O for channel '': Notifying master by SET @master_binlog_checksum= @@global.binlog_checksum failed with error: Unknown system variable 'binlog_checksum', Error_code: 1193
2017-01-20T12:00:22.989702Z 1 [Warning] Slave I/O for channel '': Unknown system variable 'SERVER_UUID' on master. A probable cause is that the variable is not supported on the master (version: 5.5.53-0ubuntu0.14.04.1-log), even though it is on the slave (version: 5.7.17-0ubuntu0.16.04.1-log), Error_code: 1193
2017-01-20T12:00:22.992998Z 0 [Note] Event Scheduler: Loaded 0 events
2017-01-20T12:00:22.993366Z 0 [Note] Executing 'SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES;' to get a list of tables using the deprecated partition engine. You may use the startup option '--disable-partition-engine-check' to skip this check.
2017-01-20T12:00:22.993386Z 0 [Note] Beginning of list of non-natively partitioned tables
2017-01-20T12:00:23.047145Z 0 [Note] End of list of non-natively partitioned tables
2017-01-20T12:00:23.047412Z 0 [Note] /usr/sbin/mysqld: ready for connections.

here is my slave status

mysql> show slave status \G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: ***
                  Master_User: ***
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 545
               Relay_Log_File: ****-relay-bin.000004
                Relay_Log_Pos: 296
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000003
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
              Replicate_Do_DB:
          Replicate_Ignore_DB:
           Replicate_Do_Table:
       Replicate_Ignore_Table:
      Replicate_Wild_Do_Table:
  Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table:
                   Last_Errno: 0
                   Last_Error:
                 Skip_Counter: 0
          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 545
              Relay_Log_Space: 503
              Until_Condition: None
               Until_Log_File:
                Until_Log_Pos: 0
           Master_SSL_Allowed: No
           Master_SSL_CA_File:
           Master_SSL_CA_Path:
              Master_SSL_Cert:
            Master_SSL_Cipher:
               Master_SSL_Key:
        Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                Last_IO_Errno: 0
                Last_IO_Error:
               Last_SQL_Errno: 0
               Last_SQL_Error:
  Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids:
             Master_Server_Id: 3
                  Master_UUID:
             Master_Info_File: /var/lib/mysql/master.info
                    SQL_Delay: 0
          SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
      Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
           Master_Retry_Count: 86400
                  Master_Bind:
      Last_IO_Error_Timestamp:
     Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp:
               Master_SSL_Crl:
           Master_SSL_Crlpath:
           Retrieved_Gtid_Set:
            Executed_Gtid_Set:
                Auto_Position: 0
         Replicate_Rewrite_DB:
                 Channel_Name:
           Master_TLS_Version:
1 row in set (0,00 sec)

This status looks fine but when i add some data to the master nothing happend to the slave.
I read a lot and the devs from mysql says that an replication from 5.5 to 5.6 is possible... So what did i do wrong ....
i think it is a problem wit  @master_binlog_checksum... but how can i handle this?
i also deactivated the check

mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE '%check%';
+---------------------------+-------+
| Variable_name             | Value |
+---------------------------+-------+
| binlog_checksum           | NONE  |
| check_proxy_users         | OFF   |
| foreign_key_checks        | ON    |
| innodb_checksum_algorithm | crc32 |
| innodb_checksums          | ON    |
| innodb_file_format_check  | ON    |
| innodb_log_checksums      | ON    |
| master_verify_checksum    | OFF   |
| slave_checkpoint_group    | 512   |
| slave_checkpoint_period   | 300   |
| slave_sql_verify_checksum | ON    |
| unique_checks             | ON    |
+---------------------------+-------+
12 rows in set (0,00 sec)

mysql>

ps: sorry for my bad english
Comment: Master_Host: *** are you hiding this information or it is really like this? What if you do something to the slave (i know it sounds strange), but it just replicates to the master? ;-)
Comment: Hi,

yes i really hiding some inforamtion.
No i think it isn't possible that i replicate to the master.
Answer: Your output indicated you have 5.7.17 as the slave version (not 5.6 as you indicated). You can't replicate more than one major version difference as the slave make assumptions that the master knows about (e.g.  system variable binlog_checksum).
Might be time to update your master version.

MySQL replication error from 5.5 -> 5.6


Power steering fluid started to leak after changing it

Question: I have a Hyundai Elantra 2002 and changed its power steering fluid with a turkey baster. Four days after changing the power steering fluid and running 1000 miles I noticed that the power steering fluid is leaking. I filled it up up to Max level when I changed it, but after four days it is leveled at Min. So apparently, it is leaking. It was not leaking previously, but now after changing the power steering fluid, it is leaking. Is it normal? What should I do?
Comment: What was the level before you changed it?  What's the source of the loss (have you found any leaks)?  As a side note, I've found that in my Eclipse there's no point in filling it over about halfway between min/max as it will just blow any more than that out.
Comment: You can always try adding power steering leak-stop fluid to the system and see if that makes the problem go away. :-)
Comment: it was between min and max before change. The reservoir and the hoses connected to it are fine. But I see some drops by the wheel near passenger side. I cannot say for sure what the source is. Update: I checked the level today in the morning, and it is now below min. So, it is definitely leaking even when the car is not running.
Comment: yeah, I am doing it, every two or three days. Still no luck, let's see.
Answer: There use to be a say that you never changed you transmission fluid from whatever to whatever, due to detergents eating up any little bit of soil that might have been holding a leak back. Assuming you used the same fluid type, and the other fluid was filthy enough to have a positive viscosity gain, the new fluid might have found the weakest link. Look for the hose with dirt on it, and trace it. Also, look at you steering rack, as this might be the source of the leak. If available, top the fluid off, and have someone turn the wheel from maximum left turn to max right. Observe all the components, and look for your culprit. Another thing to do is check your hoses for a breach, and if you find one, you might as well replace all hoses to avoid the weakest link failing next.
Comment: Thanks FossilizedCarlos for your comments, Indeed, your right. I have a ´93 Cutlass with a little low level, and after I replenish as low as 5 ml of new ATF oil to the steering oil reservoir, in less than 12 hrs I have a leak (located in the steering oil pressure bulb). Also ATF caused a lot of harm, cause it has a lot of detergents. Never use this oil here.
Answer: You definitely have a leak. Get under your vehicle and check the PS hoses on the pressure side. There is a hose that has sections of metal pipe joined by rubber Hose. The rubber hose is for flexibility. Most likely it will be a section of metal hose leaking due to corrosion. As for changing your fluid with a Turkey baster, not ideal! Remember there is a lot more fluid in the system than what is visible in the reservoir. I would have removed a hose on the return side of the system and allowed the system to pump itself dry and then reattached the hose and refilled the system. Make sure to have some spare clamps and hose before you do that though or you may be "parked" for a bit as I once was.