Which User research techniques can be used for new concepts?

Question: I am trying to implement a solid UX strategy for a new web application. Most of the research methods I've read about so far involve existing users of an existing product. Alas, I have neither.
Can UX / UCD research methodologies be applied to a new concept or a new project?  Or, are they only used to improve existing products?
Comment: All methods are made for this. You just have to figure out which method will give you most valuable information
Comment: you can use any research method you want. your limitation seems to be not finding existing users because the product doesn't exist. But you would have a type of user in mind, right?
Comment: You must have some idea about who this is being targeted at. Most solutions should solve some problem or provide some value for some *person*.
Comment: Thanks, Yes see now that I must proactively source these people who approximate our target audience to carry out interviews, surveys etc. The realisation dawns that its a much bigger task than I had thought. I know the rest can follow on from this once I have a sound basis to develop my personas etc.  Time to roll up my sleeves :-)
Answer: Definitely.
User Centered Design is about building a product around users so you definitely need to a do a lot of user research before that.
Talk to potential users, check out existing users of the competition, create your personas and then the scenarios of use based on these personas, until you can reach your complete user journey and can begin wireframing.
Comment: The paper [User-Centered Design by Abras, Maloney-Krichmar and Preece](http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.94.381&rep=rep1&type=pdf) might also help
Comment: thanks, I will try to talk to users of the competition and any other users who approximate our target demographic. So for this UX stuff I have to be a people person too - this could be a challenge :-)
Answer: That which you seek: Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)


Why are exposure settings different while using different lenses under the same lighting conditions?

Question: I was shooting a scene, using a Canon 28mm 1.8, and after a few seconds I switched to a Canon 100mm 2.8, and the in-camera meter was suggesting different exposures! Why does this happen? Is this normal?
Answer: There are two basic possibilities.
First, and probably the biggest: the metering takes into account more of the scene with the wider angle, and the scene is different enough that the exposure choice is correspondingly different. This is particularly likely to be the case if there are actual light sources or shadow areas in the scene. You don't mention what metering mode you are using, but if you are using Evaluative Metering (matrix metering on other brands), the camera tries to recognize the scene and do something "smart" — but the algorithms are really not very complicated, and a small change can sometimes cause a big difference in what the camera thinks it is seeing.
Second, the lenses may have the same f value but different actual transmition. This is measured in "t stops" — more at What is T-number / T-stop? In this particular case, assuming you are comparing the EF 100mm f/2.8 USM Macro and EF 28mm f/1.8 USM, the former is about half a stop darker than the f number would indicate, while the latter is only a third darker. Assuming you're at the same f-stop, the difference between the two is small, but enough that you might notice metering variation. (If you have the L version of the 100mm, that's also about a third of a stop darker, so the difference should be almost nothing.)
Comment: Thank you, Matt! I was using evaluative metering and narrower f-stops than the maximum apertures :)
Answer: The meter will adjust to the scene depending on what meter mode you have selected. Depending on your camera you can have it meter as much as the whole frame, as tiny as a spot under the AF point, or somewhere in between.
Let's say you have your 28mm on and taking a picture of something on your coffee table and the wide field of view gets the TV (which is on) in the shot. The light output from the TV may be influencing your meter. Put on the 100mm lens and now you've cropped out a lot of the scene (including your TV) which now isn't influencing your meter.
Also, there's a difference between F-stops and T-stops. They're usually pretty equivalent, but T-stops measure the light transmission which may vary from lens to lens slightly. If your meter is only slightly moving then it may be due to this.
Comment: I didn't use the maximum apertures of the lenses! Maybe it is due to the field of view :) My metering was evaluative for both occasions! Thank you!
Answer: Another very plausible reason for the exposure change is if your using the 28mm 1.8 at f1.8 and you change to the 100mm 2.8. their is no larger aperture than f2.8 so exposure must be compensated.
Comment: Thank you! I didn't use the maximum apertures of both lenses!


F1 on test set using Naive Bayes classifier decreases as training set size increases. Why?

Question: I've done a simple naive bayes classification task with a very small data set. As the training set size increases from 100 data points to 300 data points, the F1 score on the test set decreases. But why? Is it likely overfitting? What are the first places I should examine to explain this behavior?
Answer: Overfitted model is something that shows very less error on your training set and then when you test it on a test set, it fails badly. This might be due to class imbalance and you might be giving something that it has not seen or due to using more number of features than you were supposed to, making the model to fit in every datum. Wiki page is nice overview read for this.
Answering your next question, F1 score as might already be knowing has two components in it, Precision and Recall. Check whether there are reasonable number of TP,TN when compared to FN, FP and if you find those numbers to be fair enough, then F1-score is just a metric for you. There is no benchmark score for an awesome F1 score. The decrease might be just because your model has just more data to predict now.
So overfitting can lead to less F1-score but reduced F1-score does not mean overfitting always.


Windows directory (%WINDIR%) on Windows Server 2003 Terminal Services returning wrong path

Question: I have a program installed on Windows Server 2003 (Terminal Services role) which should be reading its INI file from C:\Documents & Settings\$user\Windows, but has suddenly started reading it from C:\WIndows.
This is causing problems as it is used by multiple terminal services users simultaneously who each need different settings for the program. The program is now overwriting the settings as each user opens and closes the program.
The only info I can find is this MDSN page which states:

"On a system that is running Terminal Services, each user has a unique Windows directory. The system Windows directory is shared by all users, so it is the directory where an application should store initialization and help files that apply to all users."

Theorectically then, %WINDIR% should be the users unique directory, but it is returning the system directory.
Unfortunately there is no support available for the program so I can't resolve it with the developer.
Is there a registry setting or anything else in Server 2003 that can restore the normal system behaviour?
Answer: A restart of the server seems to have fixed the issue.


Entire home network slows down due to Linksys WRT54GL

Question: This is the second one I'm trying, so it's either me or something else is up. When I connect any of my LAN devices directly to our cable modem, the speeds are perfect. No latency, no packet loss and we reach or cable providers advertised up/down Mbit/s capacity. As soon as I put a wireless router (Linksys WRT54GL) into the mix, everything just goes to crap. I mean I can honestly still surf the web, but speeds are completely impeded on, latency goes up.. I can barely break 50kb/s at times... I'm just running the stock firmware and everything. Anyone have suggestions on how to improve this experience?
Comment: Friends don't let friends run stock firmware on their routers.
Comment: Have you tried another router? Could be a faulty wireless router.
Also, this would be better suited to superuser
Answer: Is the router new or used. Because it may be broadcasting too much junk into the network. Check the settings of the router and see if you can maybe clean it up or do a factory flash, also maybe update the firmware to see what can be done to fix the issue. That may do it.
How are you tracking the traffic locally on your network?
Comment: I second the "upgrade firmware" idea. The time to market on these devices (and their updates) is so small, they can't perfect the firmware before it ships and they know the can update it in the field.
Answer: This sounds like a routing loop to me.  Have you tried disabling wifi and only plugging in one device?  Do you have a VPN configured on any of your machines?
Wireshark may help you...
Answer: DD-WRT worked wonders on my linksys router of the same type.  If you are linuxy at all you might take a look at it.  You have a prime model for the open-source firmware.
Answer: Does this slowdown happen immediately or after it has been up for a while? These routers are know to have problems with too-small NAT tables that get filled up when you have a lot of connections. You will almost certainly trigger this if you run bittorrent, but it can also be triggered by anything else that opens a lot of connections.
The best solution, if this is the case, is to install third-party firmware like Tomato or DD-WRT, or somehow limit the simultaneous connections your network generates


What instrument can help increase your lung capacity and vocal projection?

Question: I am interested in picking up a musical instrument which can also help increase my lung capacity and vocal projection. Trumpet, trombone, and saxophone are some of the instruments cross my mind, are there any other/better instruments that fit this specific purpose?
Comment: That's not the way it works.  At all.
Comment: Are you not going to simply have the same problem (lung capacity) with the wind instruments as well? Get a good vocal coach these problems should not be insurmountable.
Answer: Are you a singer who is primarily looking to increase your vocal performance or are you actually interested in learning the instrument for the instrument itself?
I would say these two things are different. Because if you are really only interested in singing, then there are plenty of vocal exercises you can do to increase all of the things you want and much more without needing to learn a special instrument. Also, if you are mainly interested in singing and you do also want to learn an instrument, it might be more beneficial to learn and instrument that you can play while singing (like guitar, or piano, etc).
As far as vocal exercises, if you are willing to pay, you could find a private vocal coach locally who could work with you on diagnosing and addressing your specific problem areas. On the free side, Youtube has many great vocal coaches with all kinds of vocal exercises that you can work on by yourself. Here are some great resources I've seen on youtube for vocals:
Eric Arceneaux:
https://www.youtube.com/user/EricArceneaux/videos
Kevin Richards (for rock vocals):
https://www.youtube.com/user/RocktheStageNYC/videos
Sophie Shear:
https://www.youtube.com/user/SophieShear/videos
Those are some great places to start. I've seen several tutorials from all of them and they are really good.
I can't help with choosing between trumpet/trombone/sax/etc, but I thought I'd offer some alternatives if your main purpose for this question was to get better at singing.
Comment: Playing an instrument and singing is really hard. No joke it is tremendously hard.
Answer: There are rather few synergies between the mechanisms of playing most instruments and singing, to the degree that it makes no sense to pick up a particular instrument except for the sake of playing the instrument on its own.
Lung capacity does not really change all that much and it is rarely a limiting factor in singing: it's much more important to focus on efficient use of air.  In terms of breath support, the oboe is likely one of the most taxing instruments.  However, the kind of pressure and air management are quite different from that of singing: the best you can hope for is to become more aware of the breath support mechanisms and give the respective muscles a bit of workout.
It's like swimming in order to train for running: same muscles, but hardly useful for training one with the other once you are bothering about more than general fitness.
Answer: These are some instruments that can help you increase your lung capacity:

treadmill
stationary bike
stairmaster

… if you play them 4–6 sessions per week at medium to high intensity.
They will also help with projection by improving your endurance, relaxation, posture, and diaphragmatic power and control.
Answer: If playing a wind, reed or brass instrument could improve your singing voice, then this would have been a standard part of vocal training for centuries. But it never has been, and it is not. It seems that you have imagined this idea yourself.
Learning an instrument while you learn to sing is certainly a good idea from the standpoint of becoming a well-rounded musician. But there is no such thing as learning to play and instrument having the secondary benefit of giving you a stronger singing voice.
If you want a stronger singing voice, take voice lessons from a voice teacher and practice a lot.
And while you are at it, if you smoke tobacco, or anything else, quit now. If you really want a strong and powerful voice and lung capacity, smoking is the long-term enemy of that goal.


Looking for SMTP server

Question: My site is hosted at Mediatemple but the IP address mail is being sent from is blacklisted so Hotmail messages are not delivered. Therefor I would like to use another SMTP server. Does anyone have suggestions?
Answer: Contact your hosting provider and complain. Often with web hosting, a company will put 100 domains on 1 IP address (not unusual). If that IP address gets on spamhaus.org blacklist then you're stuck.
Complain. Get them to give you your own IP address.
Answer: Not programming related. But use your ISP's smtp server
Answer: indeed complain because if you run a legal bisnuis (witch i gues you are) you have the right to send mail from you hosting trought php (or other forms)

Looking for SMTP server


Unable to login - account disabled

Question: Ah, recently, I've been unable to login to my main master account, as it would return me to the login screen after entering my password. Thinking I could just delete the account and make a new one, I logged in via the guest account, went to 'User Accounts' and authenticated with the main account's password. I was successfully able to delete the account, and create a new one. Once I returned to the login screen to log in with my new account, it asked for a password, though I hadn't set one. The old password does not work either. I returned to the guest account, went to 'User Accounts', to see that the Password field shows "Account Disabled" for my new account. Since I deleted my old account, I am unable to authenticate with the master password. I cannot add, change, or delete any accounts - nor can I login to it. Don't know what to do from here.
EDIT: Also, I tried changing to the textual login screen with Ctrl + Alt + F2, but my monitor reads "Input signal out of range - change settings to 1600x1050" or something to that effect.
Answer:
Boot into Recovery mode and choose "root" from the menu.
Give write access to the root filesystem by executing
mount -o remount,rw /

Create a new user with this command:
useradd testuser

Press Ctrl-D, choose to resume booting from the menu and log in with your new user.

Unable to login - account disabled


Will my US motorcycle license translate via International Driving Permit in Vietnam and Philippines?

Question: I see on Wikipedia that both Vietnam and Philippines honor an IDP. However I cannot find specific information on whether my motorcycle license would translate and allow me to rent and drive motorcycles in the two countries. Will an IDP allow me to do so?
Comment: See http://travel.stackexchange.com/questions/58637/legality-of-driving-a-motorcyle-in-vietnam-as-a-foreigner
Comment: Have you been able to confirm if IDP is accepted in Vietnam?
Answer: The IDP is only valid if you carry it along with your normal license; and there are no restrictions on the license type (in other words, if your normal license is endorsed for bikes, then the IDP will also carry that information).
The IDP just acts as a global version of whatever your local license says (its just a translation).
Save for some commercial restrictions - for example, driving of large commercial vehicles, or transporting goods and people commercially - where you need an extra permit; the IDP suffices for all types of land vehicles.
It does not however, exempt you from local laws; for example if you are allowed to drive at 16 in your local domicile, but the legal age for driving is 21 where you are visiting - the IDP will not grant you an exemption.
It also means that if your license has a specific type restriction (I know some licenses are rated for specific class of vehicles) then the same will be written on the IDP and will apply in the foreign country.
Comment: I didn't believe you at first. For something as risky as motorcycles, it seemed strange that countries would so easily respect any other country's standards for licensing. However, I called my local AAA and they said exactly what you said—specifically, "As long as you're licensed to drive a motorcycle in the US, you should be able to drive a motorcycle in any eligible country." I specifically asked the rep about Vietnam—I suspect she simply looked up the list of eligible countries—I suppose I'll have to research local laws myself. Thanks, @BurhanKhalid.
Answer: I can only speak for the Philippines but any current drivers license will be honored when you have a visitors visa.  I've actually been stopped in 3 road blocks in the year 1/2 since I've been here and showing them my US drivers license got me waved through without any further questions.


What is the difference between the words "Ergebnis" and "Resultat"?

Question: I am right now studying a lot of German vocabulary and I often find words that to me have just one translation. In this case I would say they both simply mean: result.
I would like to know if there is something that differenciates these words substantially or not. Is one more used than the other? In which way?
Comment: Related: [What is the difference between "das Ergebnis" and "die Folge"?](http://german.stackexchange.com/questions/14979/what-is-the-difference-between-das-ergebnis-and-die-folge)
Answer: There's no difference whatsoever. Can't think of an example where one of which would be wrong.
I looked at the collocations listed by Wortschatz-Portal.
Typical collocations of Ergebnis deal with money (Steuern, Euro, Zinsen, Umsatz, ...).
Collocations of Resultat refer to votes (Abstimmung, Wahl, Stimmen) although you would usually say Wahlergebnis.
Ergebnis is used approximately 5 to 6 times more often (Wortschatz-Portal: Ergebnis 57415 usages, Resultat 9443 usages, see also this Ngram), so it's hard to compare them anyway.
Answer: One (Resultat) is of Latin origin, making it a loan word which coexists alongside the German word Ergebnis. You may want to read The Emergence of German as a Literary Language 1700–1775 by Eric A. Blackall, which explains how loan words and Latin influenced German. German was not used in Germany for serious scholarship or legal purposes until the late 18th century.  German has many 'pairs' of such words whose meanings are more or less identical and are translated as identical.
English also has such pairs of Latin and Saxon words, too many to list. Often the Latin words are used to achieve a higher 'register', in more formal contexts. Read Lincoln's Gettysburg Address to see how skillfully he uses both kinds of words, depending on the effect he is trying to create. Many of the words are Latinate, as befits the formality of the occasion, but of course not all:

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.


How to improve being out of breath early when doing freestyle swimming?

Question: When doing freestyle, I sink quite low in the water. As I turn my head sideways to breathe, it's still in the water, which makes me push my head more up and as a result, it breaks the momentum and I get tired/out of breath easily, although I'm in a healthy/active condition. Is there any ways to improve breathing pattern in this case?
Answer: The first question to answer is whether you are positively buoyant when simply floating on the surface.  It's very rare that someone can't float.  If you can float then the problem is very likely either your basic body position in the water or the mechanics of breathing is causing a misalignment in your body position.  A good body position is vital not just for breathing but for any kind of efficient stroke that you can do for a long period of time.
Without seeing you swim, the best advice would be to visit YouTube and search out basic swimming drills for freestyle.  There are hundreds that I've viewed and many are very good.  If your body position and stroke mechanics are good, then these drills should be very easy for you.  I was a competitive swimmer for about 10 years when I was young but when first trying these basic drills later on I found them to be quite challenging, which meant I had some definite deficiencies in my stroke mechanics despite many years of competitive training.
You should find that mastering some very basic body position and breathing drills, that your swimming will improve dramatically in a short amount of time.  One piece of equipment that might help quite a bit is a center position snorkel that allows you to breathe without turning your head.  These are frequently used in the drills I'm talking about.  Good luck!
Answer: Try one or both of the following:

"Swim downward" to keep your legs close to the surface of the water.  A lot of people drop the lower half of their body when swimming in order to keep their face near the surface of the water.  This creates a lot of drag; the legs mimic a sail in this position.  I keep my arms at about a 20-30 degree angle to the surface after they enter the water, and look straight down at the bottom of the pool while focusing on keeping my hips and heels close to the surface.  Your head can stay near the surface, so long as your hips and heels do too.  (I try to feel the air on my gluteus maximus and occasionally my heels, but my kick is not standard.)
Take note of what you see when you come up for air.  For years I would look at the ceiling when taking a breath--this is horrible.  Try to look to the side wall, especially closer to the pool deck or edge of the pool.  Ideally, only about half of your face will exit the water, helping you to avoid sinking the lower body.  Some people find they need to practice opening only the left or right side of their mouths to avoid taking in water.  I find that using my core to twist my body sideways (so my entire body is almost facing the bottom corner of the pool when I breath) makes this process easier without running the risk of dropping my hips, but not everyone agrees with this.

The "swim down" technique is common in Total Immersion swimming, which is what I practice.  Although not exactly the same style of swimming, Effortless Swimming regularly posts videos on YouTube of a swim coach critiquing videos of people swimming, which I find very useful.  (People submit their own videos for critique.)  This one in particular sounds like it covers some of the issues you are facing, and provides details and visuals: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQbjMjneBH0
Answer: Keeping your head down is good from a streamlined perspective, it allows your hips to sit higher in the water and therefore create less drag. Getting breathing right on front crawl is a lot about timing: as you pull your arm through the water towards your hip, it should generate a small amount of lift, and also the force and rotation of your shoulder will create a slight dip in the water level - this is when you need to take your breath, to coincide with the slight elevation of your head and depression in the water.
If you are turning your head too far, it twists your body and you will end up snaking down the pool. This tires you out because you are then swimming slightly further per length than necessary, as well as wasting energy with the excess rotation. If you are lifting your head too high, it will sink your hips, causing drag that slows you down.
A good drill for breathing is to use a float (kick board) and swim with it in one hand, held extended in front of you. Then use your free arm to perform the front crawl motion and breath to that side as you pull through the water. Try to keep your head position low (water line should be to your forehead or slightly above). You will want to kick fairly well to keep your body line flat, but focus on not turning the head too far or lifting your face forward.


Will a Factory Reset lock my phone (Samsung Galaxy S2) if it is unlocked, but factory locked?

Question: I know that formatting the SD card will not lock my phone again.
But if I Factory Reset my phone, will it re-lock the phone or not?
Comment: What do you mean by "format my phone"? Do you mean "Factory Reset"?
Comment: yes factory Reset
Answer: A factory reset will not change the status of the phone with regards to "device lock" (Can I connect to other networks?) or to "bootloader lock" (Can I use custom ROMs?).
Answer: It is still kind of unclear what you exactly mean.
In general: a factory resets formats the whole userdata(data) partition. The data partitions contains your installed apps, databases where your customized settings for the android system are stored(for example if you changed your homescreen; added some shortcuts/widgets etc.). Also the cache of the virtual machine resides on this partition....as the name already says it's mainly used for userdata.
If you are talking about a rooted phone(windows term: administrator): a factory reset usually does never remove your root access. Normally rooting procedures install a "su" binary in /system/xbin/su or /system/bin/su, this is obviously stored on the system partition which is never touched by a factory reset.
As already mentioned the bootloader is shipped unlocked and won't be locked again.
Answer: Samsung Galaxy S2 is shipped with an unlocked bootloader, so it won't be locked when you Factory Reset it. If it's rooted, it will not be unrooted, but SuperSU or Superuser app itself may be removed (If it's not installed in system partition), so you'll just have to reinstall it. And if it's a factory unlocked carrier specific version of the phone like i777 (AT&T), then it may get carrier/network locked again (Booting up the first time after a factory reset it may ask you to enter the Network Unlock Code if you use a non-AT&T SIM), although in most cases this won't happen.


Can I use high temp RTV instead of a gasket?

Question: I read somewhere that I can use RTV silicone instead of a regular rubber gasket as an engine seal.
Is this feasible?
Answer: The short answer is no. RTV silicon is a great modern sealant, but must be used in the knowledge that the sealant can block oil ways. It can destroy catalytic convertors, if it becomes diluted by engine oil contact, to the point that it gets left on the cylinder wall during combustion and ends up in the exhaust stream. Oxygen sensors can also be destroyed by being coated in silicon residue. Use only as directed, and replace a gasket with a gasket.
Comment: Aren't the RTV silicone "gasket makers" meant to be used to make gaskets?
Answer: It is feasible, but not advisable. It mainly depends on where the gasket is you are replacing. Many engines today utilize formed rubber gaskets which are reusable and specific. There would be no good way to put the forming gasket material in place of this preformed gasket.
There are many places the RTV can be used on the vehicle. Usually it is used to help seal a solid gasket, or to keep the gasket in place during assembly. It should not be used as a replacement for the gasket, though.
Answer: It is fine to use the correct RTV sealant instead of a gasket if used in the right application (oil, high temp, fuel). Not, however, if the gasket thickness is required to produce a specific amount of clearance. RTV sealant is better than primitive gaskets in most applications ie. Water pumps, thermostat housings, intake manifolds, sump pans.
Answer: It depends on what gasket you are choosing to replace, and on what engine, but for some small number of gaskets on some engines, it is possible, yes.
However, you should almost never do that, and should always use the gasket. Some gaskets also require using RTV or other sealant compounds in small amounts at certain spots on the gasket, such as at contact points where the two mating surfaces are not exactly flat (humps in oil pan for front/rear main seals for example).
Answer: Here is what Permatex, a leading manufacturer of RTV silicone, says about their high-temp. version of the sealant:
"Suggested Applications: Valve covers, oil pans, timing covers, water pumps, thermostat housings, transmission pans
Permatex High-Temp Red RTV Silicone Gasket Maker is formulated for high temperature applications or heavy-duty use such as towing. It replaces almost any cut gasket by making reliable 'formed-in-place' gaskets that resist cracking, shrinking and migrating caused by thermal cycling. Coats pre-cut gaskets to increase reliability. Resists auto and shop fluids, with a temperature range of -65 degrees fahrenheit to 650 degrees fahrenheit intermittent. A first generation 1970-1980 gasket maker, it is OEM specified. Permatex offers significant performance advantages which include outstanding oil resistance, excellent torque retention and hi-temp, sensor-safe properties. Extended warranties, engine sensors and new component materials such as aluminum, bi-metal alloys and high-tech plastics, have created the need for superior RTV silicone gasket makers in both OEM production and service applications."
Comment: In the high temp rtv description is not advised for head gasket but Permatex has another product which is good for head gasket, permashield:
https://www.permatex.com/products/gasketing/gasket-sealants/permatex-permashield-fuel-resistant-gasket-dressing-flange-sealant-2-oz/


Difference between "somewhere" and "anywhere"

Question:

Do you live anywhere near him?
Do you live somewhere near him?

Is there any difference between these two sentences?
Answer: Somewhere refers to a specific place while anywhere refers to, well, any place. However, it is one of the endearing (or frustrating) traits of English that those two can mean the same thing at the same time. Sometimes.
In The Wizard of Oz, Dorothy sings of "Somewhere over the rainbow," which refers to a specific place of happiness she might someday visit. She is imagining a single location.
In the song "Anywhere I Go" the neo-ska / permanently stoned band Slightly Stoopid talks about "Anywhere I go I choose to be with you," meaning wherever "I" go, be it Kalamazoo or Djibouti, "I" will choose to be with "you". This could be any location.
Comment: They can mean the same thing sometimes, indeed; but not anytime.
Answer: Aside from the meanings listed in other answers, there is a subtle connotation switch when using them in the sentences you are asking about:

Do you live anywhere near him?

This is usually spoken as one of the following:

Do you live anywhere near him?
Do you live anywhere near him?

A rewording:

Do you even live close to this guy?

The suggestion is one of incredulousness and is often said after someone made a claim that he did live near him but now that they have traveled an hour or so the speaker is frustrated and needs clarification or reassurance.

Do you live somewhere near him?

This holds none of the connotations above and just simply means, "Do you live close to him?"
Answer: I agree with Robusto.  As to your question, yes, those two sentences are asking the same question.  Maybe the definitions of some and any will clear it up a little...

some: used to refer to someone or something that is unknown or unspecified
any: [ usually with negative or in questions ] used to refer to one or some of a thing or number of things, no matter how much or many

Note that any may at times mean some
Answer: As Robusto says, somewhere is a location within a defined category (Somewhere at home, Somewhere in the city, Somewhere on Earth). Anywhere is any location (Have you seen my watch anywhere?, I can't find it anywhere, Anywhere is fine by me).
They can be used interchangeably, but only in some instances. They do definitely have two different meanings, but sometimes those meanings overlap, as in your example.
Answer: To give another example, where both words can be used but with a different meaning and that may be more poignant than yours:

The key we are looking for may be anywhere in this room.
  The key we are looking for may be somewhere in this room.

In the first case, the main statement is that every conceivable place with this room may contain the key. It is strongly implied that the key is in the room and not elsewhere. The emphasis is usually on anywhere.
In the second case, the main statement is that this room is among the potential positions of the key. The somewhere is only a secondary information added by the speaker to state that the potential positions of the key cannot be specified further. The emphasis is usually on may or this.
Somewhere refers to a single location that is not further specified. Specifying it will leave the rest of the sentence intact with the same meaning. For example, we could replace somewhere with the table or one of the tables:

The key we are looking for may be on the table in this room.

Here, the main statement is that the table in this room is a potential position of the key. No statement is made upon the likelihood of other places in the room to contain the key. Going the other way, replacing the table with somewhere only removes the specification of the position. The focus of may, i.e., what is marked as being potential, is the whole sentence. Compare to "the key is in this room" vs. "the key may be in this room".
Anywhere refers to the ensemble of all possible locations. Replacements that would not affect the meaning of the rest of the sentence would be:

The key we are looking for may be in every cubic centimetre of this room.
  The key we are looking for may be on the table in this room, under the table in this room, on the shelf in this room, behind the shelf in this room, under the shelf in this room, in the shelf in this room or in that little bust of Cthulhu on the shelf in this room.

As we are now referring to an ensemble of locations, the focus of may is shifted and now lies on the elements of the ensemble, all of which are potential locations for the key. May now marks the potentiality of these locations, i.e., that, given a specific location, we cannot know whether it contains the key or not (without looking). Compare to:

That woman may be Alice.
  That woman may be Alice or Betty.

In the first case, we say that it is possible that the woman is Alice. The second case can be emphasised such (stress on or) that the woman is either Alice or Betty, but nobody else. (We can also emphasise the second sentence such that we state that ist is possible that the woman is Alice or Betty, but she may also be a third person – but that's not the point of this example.)


conversion rates on payment page with our without header and footer

Question: I have an e-com site, and when the visitor gets to the payment page, I show the standard template of header and footer. I was wondering is it better to remove them both, as to not distract the visitor, offering them other places to go, rather than complete the payment form?
Answer: yes, the footer. or at least a lot of the seo content on it can be removed after cart and thru ought the checkout. The header should be minimised or removed as well to avoid the user from getting distracted and navigating away from the checkout process.


System freezes after standby

Question: I have Ubuntu 10.10 installed on my laptop. (Toshiba Satellite A 210) It has a AMD Turion 64 x2 cpu.
Whenever I put my system into standby, it freezes after returning from standby. Can anybody help me. This also happened in 10.04 but not in 9.10.
Comment: I have Toshiba Satellite M40X and ubuntu Desktop 12.04LTS. This bug still exists. I don't remember this in previous versions but I could be wrong...
Answer: This is a common bug, and a plague of Ubuntu as far as I can understand.
I've been with ubuntu for 2 years now, and this is the first system I've had where I can reliable suspend and restore without any issues.
Your best bet for getting an answer is to search the ubuntu bug reports at Launchpad.net
Here is one bug report matching this problem, though from a previous release:
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/185254
Comment: Ehm Okay. Now hibernate and stanby are working fine Oo
Comment: No..hm. sometimes it works but sometimes not Oo
Answer: I'm also on a Toshiba Sattelite Laptop and my computer goes to suspend mode just fine but when i try to wake it up, hdd and other things wake up but my screen stays black and it looks like the display did not wake up from the suspend.
I think it's just that suspend is not supported on all computers...
Answer: I also have a toshiba, I discovered that after suspend, the open monitor icon in the panel shows both cores running at 100%. With such monopolization of the CPU, other processes may run, but very slow.
I opened a terminal (use the -T shortcut if the mouse is not working fine)
and listed the running processes:
ps -A

I saw that two processes were active: snort and sip2ncid,
I killed both, with kill <pid>.
One can learn about those programs with the apropos command.
But I do not know exactly what are those programs for
HW is a satellite u205 intell core2duo@2GHz, Ubuntu 10.04 x86-64 with gnome.
I do not remember bios ver, now, I also do not remember how to display it now, but is the last one available from toshiba.

System freezes after standby


Going from windows to 12.04LTS, "LZMA Data corrupt" and "Kernel Panic- Not syncing VFS"

Question: After trying and failing several times to install Windows XP from a USB, I decided to give Ubuntu 12.04LTS a whirl. Note: The computer has a Window installation at the moment, but it is stuck in a boot cycle. So, when I boot from USB, it appears to be smooth sailing through calm seas, the menu comes up as normal. But, after trying to run or install it, the process just stops after a while. The only things I can make out that would be errors are "LZMA data corrupt" and "Kernel Panic; syncing VFS; unable to mount root fs on unknown-block (0,0). I have verified the Md5 shecksum for my iso, and it came out as normal. I've no idea what to do to remedy the problem. I have no other computers running Linux, if it matters. All other similar questions were regarding upgrading from another version of Linux.
Answer: I had the same issue with Ubuntu 12.04 LTS on a desktop computer (Intel Dual Core processor) with the Live USB plugged into a USB 1.1 port (slooooow!). I worked around this issue by rebooting and trying to perform an installation again. I then only had another read error which was solved by pressing "Retry".
Try finding a faster USB 2.0 port if possible or use a Live CD.


How is metal fatigue detected in an aircraft?

Question: There have been many accidents involving metal fatigue. How do the engineers, maintenance team, etc. know if an aircraft has metal fatigue? What is done to "minimize" metal fatigue or repair it?
Comment: On a side note: I used to work in the field of nuclear safety. We used a piece of very sophisticated and very expensive software for predicting an outcome of a ultrasound test of a piece of piping. A significant portion of that software comes from Boeing (_not_ a software company). There are very interesting and hugely sophisticated methods available and are continuously developed within the industry, that are not visible to us passengers, but contribute a huge deal to the overall safety which we _do_ care about.
Comment: I know that you were asking specifically about metals, but if this was a question of curiosity you should look into new techniques for composites. These are being used in increasingly large percentages of components in aircraft, and need a whole new set of hardware to assess fatigue. I found carbon fibres pretty interesting- give it a look!
Comment: @Pavel Hmm.. do Boeing have an in-house software team then?
Comment: @Cloud Can't say, really. I remember seeing Boeing in the copyrights and acknowledgements.
Answer:
How do the engineers, maintenance team, etc know if an aircraft has metal fatigue?

First of all, is not an "aircraft" that has fatigue, but a component.
To the naked eye, there is no way to detect metal fatigue until it starts being too late: you can only see cracks that are already forming and/or propagating.
There are tools available to allow for early detection, my bachelor's thesis was about one of these: the photoelasticity of certain materials is used. A light coat of one such material is applied on the new component and the photoelastic properties and exams done during the lifetime of the component tell the maintenance people what is the current status of the inner layers of the piece.
Another method uses electric resistance, as metal fatigue, by cracking the metal, increases the resistance.
Depending on the scenario, X-rays could also be used.

What do they do to "minimize" metal fatigue or repair it?

You cannot minimize fatigue, once it starts setting in, it is an irreversible process. You can delay the likely catastrophic failure by applying strengthening elements around the affected one, but the safest course of action is to replace the component and recycle the old one.
Comment: `First of all, is not an "aircraft" that has fatigue, but a component.` - While this is true it's notable that sometimes the "component" in question is in effect the whole airframe. Consider [Aloha Airlines flight 243](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Airlines_Flight_243), where widespread metal fatigue in the skin was a key factor. We can of course view the skin as a component, or even a collection of components (the individual sheets of aluminum), but for practical purposes the whole aircraft is affected as a unit.
Comment: And, of-course, they do stress tests of the separate components giving the manufacturer an indication about when metal fatigue will start to become a problem. They know when to look and where to look based partially on those tests.
Comment: Years ago, I used to work for an aircraft manufacturer who started getting fatigue cracks in components that according to all the data, should not have been occurring that early.this was in a test airframe that they cycled with load for just such unexpected circumstances. After much investigation they found it was due to two components that were bolted together of different materials having slightly different resonating frequencies. At certain engine speeds, the difference in vibration set up a harmonic which added way more load than was expected and caused the fatigue.
Comment: Also notably, damage tolerance plays an important factor here: Most cracks are not per se catastrophic, and actually act as useful fatigue indicators (that need to be watched carefully!). Depending on crack position/length/propagation speed etc. different actions are prescribed.
Comment: @voretaq7 eh, this is where I let my engineering take the best of me. Yes, as you say I would still consider the affected frames or skin panels as components, since, if caught early, you could still think about replacing them. Plus, it drives the idea that you have to observe each component on its own, no fatigue on the skin is no guarantee of no fatigue anywhere else.
Answer: Engineers have a variety of ways to detect metal fatigue in aircraft:

Visual inspection: sometimes cracks are visible to the naked eye, or can be seen under magnification
Auditory inspection: sometimes a thump sounding wrong can give a clue that there's an issue. It's not a primary means of checking for fatigue, but something that may clue in an astute engineer that something needs to be looked into
Ultrasound: Ultrasound uses very high pitched sound waves to image materials and can be used to find cracks inside materials
Radiology: xrays and other types of radio imaging can be used to find sub-surface cracks
Visible dyes: flourescent dyes in penetrating oils show up cracks which make it to the surface
Magnetic powders: these only work on iron-based parts which are rare on an aircraft but are used

Here's a good article that goes into some details on non-destructive fatigue testing.
Comment: In addition to that article [Chapter 8 of the FAA Aviation maintenance Technician's Handbook (AMT)](https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aircraft/amt_handbook/media/FAA-8083-30_Ch08.pdf) could well be titled "More than anyone ever wanted to know about inspecting for fatigue/damage"; the good stuff begins around page 8-18 (Nondestructive Inspection/Testing).
Comment: IMO, this is a much better answer than the accepted version.
Answer: Some metal fatigue can be spotted visually as an visible crack or as a collection of tiny cracks that can give the metal a 'frosty' look but most is done via non-visual non destructive testing techniques such as radiography (basically X-raying) or Ultrasonic testing to search for microfractures before they reach the problem stage. Visual checks are no use for platform critical damage as by the time you see it it is well into the failed zone which is why NDT techniques are used to detect an impending failure well before it causes a problem.
There are other techniques such as Dye Penetrant tests where a dye in a carrier fluid is painted into the surface and then wiped off. The fluid is light enough to penetrate and 'wick' into any fine cracks and will highlight cracks that are invisible to the eye. The dye is often fluorescent.
As for what can be done it very much depends in the extent and location of the cracking. Extensive damage and/or damage to critical area will be repaired by replacement, minor damage can be gouged out and welded up.
The best method of minimising fatigue it to prevent it and so most manufacturers will feed back fatiguing data from surveys to the design sections who will design out the weak point if one exists. Real life data trumps even the most extensive FEA predictions.
Answer: The pilot listens and notify the technicians that the plane is giving out strange noises.
And now seriously: For each plane type there are cards which parts need to be replaced or inspected after certain flight hours, start count or time. Together with required quality control at production and maintenance it should prevent metal fatigue incidents as much as possible.
And for the rest - @AndyW already mentioned techniques used during the inspections
Comment: Total take-off/landing cycles may be significant for some fatigue scenarios...https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Airlines_Flight_243


Bum-off-seat cycling

Question: Is their a particular term for "standing" while cycling, and how is it done?  I've never been able to manage it, nor for that matter, flinging my leg over the saddle while the bike is still in motion, when the ride comes to an end.
Comment: I read it as "BURN-OFF-SEAT" and thought someone wanted to remove the padding from a saddle  :)
Comment: Do you refer to a "track stand"?
Comment: @GrigoryRechistov Reference to "bum-off-seat" in the title suggests standing on the pedals while moving, to me.
Comment: Actually, you can only fling your leg over the saddle **while** you are moving: You need the movement to be able to balance your bike by steering! Only very few people manage to balance on a non-moving bike (and I'm definitely not one of those).
Comment: Riding uphill while standing on the pedals is referred to 'en danseuse' in French,literally 'as a dancer' or 'like a dancer' which is a nice description. Swinging the leg over the rear wheel is something used in cyclocross and normally frowned upon by road-racing cyclists. And it may be the cause cause for an accident because the bike is less steerable and unstable in that phase. It's not major a problem if you can't do it!
Answer: It can be called "standing sprint" if used by a road race bicyclist during a race/training. At MTB, it can be associated with "attack position", where one leaves the saddle momentarily (or for quite prolonged periods of time in fact, thanks @mattnz) to not be thrown out of the bike by the saddle launching the rider into space.
For regular commuters, Sheldon Brown considers the need to stand up while pedaling as a sign of a bad technique or poor bike fit:

If you find yourself standing to accelerate, on level ground, it is a sign that your gear is too high or that your saddle is too low.

Also from there:

Standing pedaling doesn't make you any faster, except in the very short run.

So, check your gearing technique and bike fit.
Comment: MTBers us the Attack position  - which requires bum off seat far more than 'momentarily', in fact its the most basic skill  of MTBing to ride in this position.
Comment: +1 for the comment on bike fit. You should never feel the urge to leave the saddle. Yet I daily see all those folks with way too low saddles, claiming it was "safer" as it allows them to reach the ground with their feet...
Comment: @cmaster Recently I was "forced" to use a dirt jump bike with only about 20 cm of seatpost length as my main and only bike for a month. It made me realize the importance of proper saddle height for real!
Comment: @mattnz, indeed, one can tell that an attack position is done out of the saddle. It did  not come to my mind however, as the use and weight distribution is so different from the race sprint case. I will update the MTB part.
Answer: You can use the term "posting" to describe lifting yourself off the saddle when riding over bumps/potholes. It doesn't necessarily mean standing all the way up, but rather "floating" above the saddle so that your weight is on the pedals, not the saddle. This distributes your weight a little more evenly between both wheels, which can lessen the damage to your wheels on impact.
I wouldn't expect people to know this obscure term, but, regardless of the nomenclature, it is a very important skill to learn. Many people would benefit from riding more dynamically, that is, learning to shift their weight forwards and backwards, weighting and unweighting each wheel. The idea is that when your front wheel hits a pothole, you have shifted your weight as far back as possible. Then, by quickly throwing your weight forward, you can un-weight the rear wheel as it rolls over the hazard. Not only is this more comfortable for your butt and back, it puts minimal load on the wheels for the impact, which will help keep them true longer and reduces your chance of a pinch flat.
Comment: I've never heard posting outside of the fixie crowd, for which its a portmanteau for "pedal and coast" cos they can't coast on a fixed gear.   Nothing in OP's question says fixed gear.  Personally I'd call it "unweighting (the saddle)"
Comment: A really good place to practice this is the short sharp plastic speed bumps common in car parks.  Pick a low-to middling gear and stick in it, now try riding at a comfortable cadence in different positions: fully seated; saddle barely unweighted; heels down, weight back; etc.
Answer: It looks like you aren't asking about standing and pedalling as such, but just standing at all? And your mention of not being able to mount and dismount by raising one leg over the seat just confirms this.
It is worth buying a bike that suits your mobility and balance. Bikes traditionally aimed at women in dresses have no top tube so you can "step through" so not being able to step over is not the end of the world.
Being able to stand while cycling is just a matter of balance and practice. If you are freewheeling, holding the seat or top tube between the legs gives a lot of balance and control, but if your hands are on the handlebars it should be straightforward to stand on the pedals (or even on one pedal) and balance just fine.
Just put in practice - when sitting and travelling gently downhill (so you don't need to pedal) try standing up. You can sit down as soon as it feels unstable. Once you have perfected this, try pedalling while standing.
Answer: To answer your question, in the UK, the terms out of the saddle or standing on the pedals would describe the technique. If you google these terms you'll get a lot of hits.

Bum-off-seat cycling


How to change Paypal IPN URL when migrating Civicrm onto a new domain?

Question: I would like to move my civi install to a new domain. I am able to change paypal IPN to new domain. But for all previous recurring contribution via paypal, i can't change the urls. what can be done?
Answer: I ran into this problem today, and found my solution.
Folks who are saying that you can change the IPN URL on an existing Paypal recurring payment are incorrect; you can't, you can only change the IPN URL for future notifications.
I was able to use a rewrite to redirect from Drupal to Wordpress, as follows:
RewriteRule ^sites/all/modules/civicrm/extern/ipn.php$ https://mysite.org/wp-content/plugins/civicrm/civicrm/extern/ipn.php [R=307,L]

The magic is the R=307.  A 307 redirect indicates that a POST request must be resent as a POST.  Otherwise you lose the IPN data.
Comment: Note: more recent CiviCRM versions will have IPN urls like `/civicrm/payment/ipn/NNN` instead.
Comment: Also, I wonder if a 308 would be better. Supposed to behave the same way but tells client it's a permanent redirect. FWIW...
Comment: hi Jon, can you please also include a rule for nginx, then I can accept it as an answer? many thanks.
Answer: PayPal stores these URLs so there is no way to change this in CiviCRM, nor any other application in fact.
There is a way to change the URL via PayPal's site, however. For details how to do that, refer to Change the IPN url on existing subscription
Comment: I have already looked at this but seems paypal still did not facilitate to change the existing IPN URLs.
Answer: You can actually change the IPN URL in PayPal settings. For previously failed IPN calls to a historic URL you can resend the messages from PayPal's control panel to the new URL.
In PayPal.
Profile and Settings -> Selling Preferences -> Instant Payment Notification (IPN)
Change the notification URL here. Then click on the link to IPN history and run a search (this only shows the last 28 days worth though for me).
With the results showing Check a box at the top of the list which says apply profile and there will be a drop down box to resend the IPNs to the new URL.
Simples
Comment: Changing the IPN notification URL unfortunately does NOT update existing recurring payments.
Answer: Civi does not have the facility to do this. Your best bet is to check and see if you can do this in paypal directly or via the API. You might also experiment with setting up a redirect from the old to the new (not sure if this will work, since it is a POST request from paypal servers)
Please report back your findings. I suspect more and more folks will start running into this issue


Best mode for a router

Question: I have this wireless router I use to connect my iPhone and iPad. This router has 4 settings:

802.11b/n Mixed
just 802.11g
802.11b/g/n
802.11g/n

Which one should I choose to have maximum speed on my iDevices?
thanks.
Answer: Go with:

802.11g/n

That setting covers the first generation iPad through to the latest iPad that got announced yesterday as well as the first generation iPhone through to the latest iPhone 4S. Your devices should pick the faster protocol (N) if they support it. If not, they'll use the slower protocol (G).
But between G and N you've got just about all modern wireless devices covered so your network should be friendly to everything WiFi you bring in to it.
Answer: Pretty much any new iOS based device, including the Apple TV etc, will happily use Wireless "n" (150Mb or even 300Mb).
Practically nothing that you own will still use "b" (11Mb) - the only devices I have are Nintendo DS, and an ancient Palm organiser.
Almost everything else you might have that isn't particular new, or isn't Apple kit, will support "g" (54mb) - Playstations, older windows laptops, non apple phones/tablets, portable gaming systems like the PSP etc etc.
So, for preference I would have G/N.  If you have a kid with a DS, consider B/G/N.  Bear in mind that Nintendo DS cannot accept WPA authentication, and do WEP as a maximum, and thus if you want to use them, you run the risk of reducing the security on all the other devices.

Best mode for a router


How to train out of dojo during summer?

Question: Dojos are no longer available in summer. Can I stay 2 months without training?
Should I organize training on the beach with my team even if sand is not as convenient as a mat?
Indeed, sand is harder than a mat when you fall down and less stable to move fast (ankle injuries).
I'd like to avoid losing all I capitalised during this year. Of course, I could train in a fitness room to gain muscle, but I fear to decrease speed.
If someone had an experience to cope with long no training period i would appreciate.
Comment: You won't gain enough muscle in a couple of months to have any physical impact on speed, particularly if you also do mobility drills.
Answer: I see no problem in training on the beach as long as the sand is dry, clean (no rubbish), relatively plain (no bumpiness) and fine (it adapts better to the impact, same reason why it should be dry).

It might be slightly harder than a mat, but it's far from dangerous. It might even improve ukemi by 'punishing' bad posture or lack of tension. Modern mats are very forgiving.
Training on sand stresses small muscles from the feet up to the core. This is not to be confused with danger; it actually improves stability in the long run, as you will train muscles that simply are not needed on plain, relatively stable ground like mats. It will improve your stance. If you slip on sand, you were unstable in this movement, which could also have been punished by an attentive, fast opponent.
Grappling strength can be improved by grabbing into the sand and squeezing the fist repeatedly.
Training on the beach in summer has another big advantage: cooling down is near and easy ;)
Comment: Thank's Philip, you conviced me. I'm going to train on the beach early the morning before tourists invade and regard us as crazzy people ;)
Answer: Keep fit, strong, flexible, visualize.
Go for a daily run, do some push-ups, sit-ups and stretching. Keep your cardio engine going.
Keep your mind on your training by practicing visualization of your techniques and self-defense. This is the vital part as it helps with consolidating on what you know so far. Do this during a run
Before you know it, you're back at training feeling ready for the next challenge.

How to train out of dojo during summer?


Changing path for media upload folder in wordpress multisite

Question: Does anyone know how to remove /sites/#blog_id/ from Multisite media path?
We have all images uploaded in main /public_html/images/ and when it connected to the media library all images on sub-domains are broken because of WPMU ads /sites/#blog_id/ individually for each sub-domain. That creates problem to use same stock images across different blogs.
I'm looking for a solution to make all uploaded images stored in one place and being equally accessible from any sub-blog.
Answer: This has been answered Hook filter to change wp_upload_dir() path in multisite , including code to hook into the upload_dir hook.
Note that there is a setting in wp-config.php for the 'base' upload folder
define('UPLOADS', 'wp-content/myimages');

So with this code, the uploads folder is wp-content/myimages.
But, that changes the place WP looks for the media, so you will have to move existing media files to the new location, if you use that setting to change the 'base' upload folder.


Kitchen cabinet door doesn't stay open

Question: The door to our kitchen cabinet doesn't stay open at a right angle. Instead, it swings closed right away. How can I have it stay open until I want to close it?
Comment: Please show photos of your cabinet and hinges. We're throwing darts at this point. Most hinge adjustments are for alignment of the doors with the cabinets and other doors.
Answer:
How can I have it stay open until I want to close it?

Generally, the solution to this is to adjust the hinges.
For example, European style cabinet hinges have adjustment screws which allow you to make small adjustments to the position of the hinges.

(adjustment screw indicated with blue arrow. The clamping screw AKA locking screw is the one to the right of it)
If a cabinet door has hinges on the left hand side and tends to swing shut, you can position the bottom hinge further towards the back of the cabinet. Loosen the clamping screw and push the bottom of the door inward a tiny amount. It may turn out to be easier to do the opposite at the top.
As well as adjusting in and out, you can also make small adjustments left and right. This is usually for setting the gap between doors for the right appearance but it can also affect the way the doors close. If necessary I would try to adjust the bottom hinge to position it further to the right (rotate adjustment screw clockwise) and maybe adjust the top hinge to the left. You need to loosen the adjacent clamping screw (silver in pic) before turning the adjustment screw.
I would make small adjustments until the cabinet door behaves as desired.
Hinge details vary, check online (including Youtube videos) for guides for adjusting your specific hinges.
In the worst case you could add a friction-stay (sliding stay) to the top of the door but that really shouldn't be necessary.
Comment: Adjusting the hinges if not similar to these may be as simple as pulling the screws on 1 and stuffing a match stick with head cut off or tooth picks both coated with wood glue and then moving the screw over slightly, but the process is similar moving one in or out slightly can reverse the "spring" or sprung hinge and the door will stay.+

Kitchen cabinet door doesn't stay open


What is the strongest chess engine for blitz time controls?

Question: There are all kinds of lists of the strongest chess engines at standard time controls. Here's one I picked more or less at random. But does anyone track which engines are strongest at faster time controls, say, game in 5 minutes?
Comment: possible duplicate of [strongest chess engine](http://chess.stackexchange.com/questions/2246/strongest-chess-engine)
Comment: The list you link to contains engine comparisons using 40 moves in 4 minutes - does that not answer your question?
Answer: As @FranS points out, the CCRL 40/4 list I linked to fits the bill pretty well. I was digging around on a lot of sites and must have thought that this one was showing results for 40 moves in 4 hours. I'm leaving the question up rather than deleting it in case someone comes along with the same question later.
Also, by following some links on the question that @Salvador Dali linked to I learned that there was an event called The World Computer Speed Chess Championship that seems to have died after 2011.
Comment: Consider accepting your answer by clicking on a checkmark on the left side. Best regards.
Comment: Will do, but it seems I have to wait a day before I can accept my own answer.
Comment: Yes, that is true. Best regards.


What is the difference between "un plan" and "une carte" (in the context of map)?

Question: In English we have the word "map" but in French there are 2 words: Plan and Carte. Which one must we use ?
Answer:
Plan is for a house, building, neighborhood, town or city and similar size locations. It originally comes from plant, derived from planter, see implanter, implantation, but lost its final t when it merged with plan (flat).
Carte is for anything larger (e.g.: region, country, continent, Earth). It comes from the Latin charta (paper) and Greek kartès (sheet of paper, papyrus).

The Latin mappa (towel, handkerchief) gave mappe in ancient French and map in English but the word only survives with this from in modern French in mappemonde (flat representation of the whole world in two circular areas representing two hemispheres).
Mappe quickly evolved in nappe in old French and is now used for "tablecloth", "slick", "layer" but never for a geographical map.
Sticking to the strict etymology, a mappe was then originally drawn on fabric, a carte was drawn on paper and a plan(t) was showing where were set (i.e. planted) things.
English has the word plan but it is seldom used in this context because of its competing usage related to "planning" so you'll find almost only "San Francisco Map" or "London Tube Map" while we would use Plan de San Francisco and Plan du métro de Londres.
Comment: The English word 'plan' is in very common use, and invariably for design drawings or areas on which designed infrastructure is to be built, whereas a map is a symbolic (usually of smaller scale and therefore of a larger area) aerial representation facilitating way-finding. Perhaps the French words are used in the same way?
Comment: @Harry They aren't always used the same way, as the end of my reply states.
Answer: Long story short, in this context:

"un plan" = "a drawing", a "blueprint", "schematics", "a plan"

"Nous avons fini avec les plans architecturaux." = "We are done with the architectural drawings".
"Auriez-vous les plans de ce sous-marin ?" = "Would you have the blueprints of this submarine?"
"La mairie a fourni un plan de la ville." = "The city hall provided a city plan."

"une carte" = "a map".

"Quand tu pars en randonnée, prends toujours une carte." = "When you go hiking, always take a map."
Answer: In this context (map), a plan is generally used for a town (plan de la ville) or for a construction or a communication network (plan d'un bâtiment, plan d'une maison, plan d'évacuation, plan du métro, etc.). A carte is larger and it could be a carte routière (road map), carte d'un pays, carte du monde etc. See here for more details
https://www.lefrontal.com/quelle-est-la-difference-entre-une-carte-et-un-plan

Les plans sont des dessins qui représentent une ville, un quartier ou une maison vus de haut: on y indique les rues, les places et les avenues.
Les cartes, de leur côté, représentent des espaces plus grands que ceux qui sont indiqués sur les plans, comme une province, un pays ou le monde. Elles ne sont donc pas aussi détaillées.

Translation

Plans are drawings that represent a city, a neighborhood or a house seen from above: streets, squares and avenues are indicated.
Cartes, on the other hand, represent larger spaces than those shown on the plan, such as a province, a country, or the world. They are not so detailed.

Difference

L'échelle à laquelle on travaille représente la principale différence qui existe entre un plan et une carte. Dans les plans, on n'utilise pas de représentation cartographique pour représenter les éléments, alors que les cartes, qui ont une échelle plus petite, doivent utiliser un certain type de projection pour palier la courbure de la planète Terre.

Translation

The scale one works for is the main difference between a carte and a plan. In the case of plans, we do not use a cartographic representation to represent the elements, whereas the cartes, which have a smaller scale, must use a certain type of projection to overcome the curvature of the planet Earth.

NB: Map is considered an anglicism for carte. One could also find the difference between carte and plan in any good dictionary, even online one, such as
http://www.reverso.net/translationresults.aspx?lang=EN&direction=english-french
Answer: A plan is always practical, e.g. to finds one's way in a building or a town. A carte needs not be (but may, e.g. carte routière). An aerial picture of the whole country can be a carte (arguably borders should be added if it is to be a map specifically of that country). But an aerial picture of a town would not be a plan, it would be a picture.
Comment: Your definitions of "plan" and "carte" are sort of overlapping and not quite clear, backed up by wrong points and arguments. It can even mislead someone reading it.


Are there any sports other than American football that have a coach's challenge?

Question: Are there any sports other than American football that have a coach's challenge? I would like to know if there is a sport other than American football that have a coach's challenge.
Comment: What about Tennis? The player (not coach...) can challenge In/Out.
Answer: As of 2014, Major League Baseball adopted its current replay system, in which each manager can challenge a call one time per game, and gets a second one if the first call that they challenged is overturned.
The official rules for challenges can be found at http://m.mlb.com/official_rules/replay_review.
Answer: The National Hockey League also has a coach's challenge, as of the 2015-2016 season (official announcement).  Coaches have a single challenge, which can be used to review a scoring play.  If the challenge is unsuccessful, the team loses its timeout.  If successful, they retain their ability to challenge later.
Answer: It's not a coach's challenge per se, but cricket has the concept of player reviews, where either the batsman or the captain of the fielding side can request a review of an umpires decision.
Answer: In Field Hockey each team has one video umpire referral per match, it seems limited to FIH World-Level competitions though (/when facilities are in place).
As with the cricket example, it is the captain doing the actual challenge. If the challenge is succesful they keep the ability to challenge, if not they can no longer challenge in that game. As long as they make succesful challenges they can challenge again.


How can I assign widgets from WP to appear in bbpress?

Question: The usual set-up: www.domain.com - wordpress installation with sidebars and widgets; www.domain.com/forum - bbpress. BBpress is integrated via bbpress-integration plugin. The question is - how can I assign one sidebar with it's widgets to appear on bbpress' sidebar and be fully functional? Widgets contain contents of wordpress. It would be very tedious to write these specific widgets as custom functions to be inserted in bbpress.
Answer: Now, you can use the bbPress Plugin, which is currently in beta-release.
Answer: You can create an iframe and inside that one you load a template file that contains the sidebar you want to introduce only. Then you can trigger that one in the context of the homepage probably. The only thing left is to fake the request pattern, which can be achieved by overriding variables early, e.g. within a plugin. That plugin could overload the theme as well, but I'm unsure if that really makes sense. Depends a bit on your WP themes structure.
Answer: You can try deep integration with which you load the whole WordPress on bbPress side, and then can use WordPress specific functions. You can use an existing sidebar on bbPress side or even create a new one specific to the forums and use that. Theoretically everything should work but the mileage may vary. As per my experience, you are very less likely to have any issues and will be fine but this adds a good amount of load on forums side as WordPress core is also loaded along with bbPress core.
/* Deep integration */
if ( !defined('ABSPATH') & !defined('XMLRPC_REQUEST')) {
define('WP_USE_THEMES', false);
include_once(dirname(__FILE__) . '/../wp-blog-header.php' );
header("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");
header("Status: 200 All rosy");
}

One done, just use WordPress functions in your bbPress theme to build up anything that you want with WP codebase. Eg: <?php get_sidebar(); ?> or <?php get_sidebar('forums'); ?> although define a sidebar by that name too.
You can get some more bbPress related resources & advantage/disadvantages of using deep integration on this page - http://blog.ashfame.com/bbpress/


How to include the md5 value of a file into itself

Question: Supposed that you want to create a file which contains the md5 digest of itself. How to do that?
  Before you include the md5 value into the file, you have to calculate the value, but if and only if the md5 digest has been included into the file, you can calculate the value. It's kind o a dilemma. Any Idea?
Answer: The short answer is that unless you use MD5 vulnerabilities you can't do that. I believe that even using MD5 vulnerabilities building such collision is impractical. A solution would be to either attach the digest at the end of the file or ship it separately.
Answer: You have to avoid that cyclic dependency, so you can't checksum the checksum. To work around that, you could reserver space for the checksum in your file, but set that space to zeroes. Then calculate the checksum and embed it. In order to check it later, you'd have to read it in, and set those bytes in the file to zero again.


Can the help action trigger a Rogue's sneak attack?

Question: Let's say that I determined the best course of action is using the Help action to give my Rogue buddy an advantage on his attack instead of attacking by myself. Would that attack then gain the sneak attack bonus since he's at attacking at advantage?
Comment: Possible duplicate of [Can a Familiar aid a Rogue's Sneak Attack?](https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/58973/can-a-familiar-aid-a-rogues-sneak-attack)
Comment: If anything, the other question is a duplicate of this one, as it's a more specific example of this more general question.
Comment: This is a weird case... on the one hand, it seems like a distinct question being slightly more broad, but on the other, the answers clearly overlap
Comment: @Axoren The real question is, would someone looking for an answer to THIS question click on the other question. I'd say no.
Answer: Sneak Attack says:

Once per turn, you can deal an extra 1d6 damage to one creature you hit with an attack if you have advantage on the attack roll.

The Help action says:

If your ally attacks the target before your next turn, the first attack
  roll is made with advantage.

Sneak Attack can be used if the attack roll is made with advantage (or an enemy of the target to be with 5 feet); the Help action gives that advantage, as long as the rogue is the first ally to attack the target (and the advantage isn't canceled out by disadvantage). It's that simple.
Comment: "as long as the rogue is the first ally to attack the target" - why is that? The wording seems to suggest you are aiding a specific ally, not just the next person attacking that target...
Comment: Ah. https://rpg.stackexchange.com/questions/128393/do-i-choose-the-target-or-the-ally-for-the-help-action?rq=1 seems to answer my question. Strange that the wording is seemingly different in different places.


Can AdSense crawler view pages that require cookies?

Question: Details
I require users to agree to terms and conditions before they can view several pages on my site.
Once they have agreed a cookie is set and they can proceed to the webpage. If a user somehow manages to end up on the webpage without a cookie they will not be able to access the page's content.
My question(s)
Is the AdSense crawler able to set the cookie and visit these pages? If yes, how will it know to agree to the TOS? Is there some way to allow it access to the pages even if it couldn't use cookies?
Answer: From Brendon:

You can give the Adsense bot credentials to log into your website. I suspect that it will track any cookies set, so just set the corresponding cookie on log in. (Not tested).


Early vs Late secondary fermentation

Question: When do you start your secondary fermentation? Some people wait until the bubbles of the wort stop completely, others leave the wort in the fist fermenter for 3-4 days and then move on to secondary fermentation, regardless of what the bubbles do. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method?
Answer: I wait until a day after the krausen has fallen back into the beer.  You shouldn't leave it in the primary for more than 2 weeks.
PRO
Racking to a secondary can clean up a beer, and allow you time to condition the beer in bulk before bottling or kegging.  It also will seperate the floculated yeast and trub giving you a cleaner beer in the end.  You are also not rushed to bottle or keg it, since you can leave it in the secondary for a long time if you are busy.  This also frees up your larger carboys for primary fermenting new beers.
CON
Increased risk of contamination durring racking.  Make sure everything is sanitized.  Increased contact with oxygen is also detrimental.  I have a spare CO2 tank, that I purge my secondary with. This is not really neccessary, I just take comfort in it. You also need additional equipment, another carboy.
CON of not Racking
If you don't rack to a secondary you will probably get additional gunk in your bottles/kegs.  If you don't rack to a secondary, after two or more weeks autolysis can occur and you will get some really funky (not the good funk) flavors.  I have only tried this once, and noticed that the flavor was not very desirable.
I have sucessfully done this over a hundred times, and if the beer wasn't already contaminated then I have never had a problem. Hopped, Low pH, alcoholic liquid is pretty inhospitable environment for bugs.
EDIT
Please see John Palmers opinion.  The best beer is Racked to a secondary, if the pros do it, so do I.  Why be lazy when it's an easy step.  Additionally if you use a smaller carboy for your secondary, with a small head space, the disolved C02 in the beer will be forced out durring racking, and force the much of the oxygen out, reducing contact.
http://www.howtobrew.com/section1/chapter8-2-3.html
http://www.howtobrew.com/section1/chapter8-5.html
http://www.howtobrew.com/section1/chapter8-4.html
Comment: Palmer has changed his opinion since HTB was written.  In the Ask the Experts section if the AHA website, John Palmer recently said this...."Therefore I, and Jamil and White Labs and Wyeast Labs, do not recommend racking to a secondary fermenter for ANY ale, except when conducting an actual second fermentation, such as adding fruit or souring. Racking to prevent autolysis is not necessary, and therefore the risk of oxidation is completely avoidable.".  You can read more at http://www.homebrewersassociation.org/pages/lets-brew/ask-the-experts/john-palmer if you're an AHA member.
Comment: Down-voted despite the otherwise solid info because you have this line in the start of your answer: "You shouldn't leave it in the primary for more than 2 weeks." Pretty much every experiment I've ever read about has confirmed that this is NOT the case anymore, or perhaps home brewers have been wrong about it all along.
Answer: I tend to completely ferment out in primary before moving my beer to 'secondary'.  I ferment in primary for 14-21 days almost always.  I crash cool the primary for the final 5-7 days of that total primary time.  Then I rack to keg.
I think most people can agree that a secondary ferment is not a ferment, its just another conditioning step in the process.
Minus the cooling step, people who put beer in kegs out of primary (myself included), or probrewers using a bright tank are doing the same thing as "using a secondary"; putting fermented beer in another container to sit for a while.
So while many of us say we don't secondary, we all do somewhat the same post primary conditioning step but using a second vessel to condition the beer or clear the beer.  Its just that in the case of keggers we can serve out of the same vessle.
(In reality, I have an extra corny keg that I have trimmed the dip tube off about 3 inches.  I use that keg as my "bright beer tank".  Then use a jumper set up to push the beeer to a serving keg after that)
Answer: I don't rack to secondary unless I'm adding something (fruit, hops, spices) or aging (barleywine, etc). The risk of introducing bacteria is too great for me.
For most of my beer I leave the beer in the primary for 2 weeks which clears up the beer as much as I need. But, for those beers that need extra time to clarify I leave the beer in there longer.
I believe you can definitely leave your beer on the yeast cake for longer than 2 weeks, and I'm not alone. I stopped racking to secondary when I started listening to Jamil Zainasheff on Brew Strong. He claims the 2 week autolysis is a myth.
Comment: When you say that the risk of introducing bacteria is too great for you, do you mean that the risk is higher for you than for others, or that you perceive the risk, in general, to be too great?  It's kind of hard to infect a beer unless you're working in a dirty environment.  Not impossible, just not exactly guaranteed to happen.
Comment: There's a risk, but it is a very small risk. Just use good sanitation practices and there should be no problem at all.
Comment: What I mean is that I view the risk (in general) of more equipment coming in contact with the beer to be greater than the risk of autolysis.
Answer: Read the answers to this question: What's the difference between primary & secondary fermentation?
I am an advocate of not racking to secondary. To answer your question:
Advantages
(of not racking)

Reduced risk of infection
Don't need as many vessels
More time for trub to settle (racking can disturb the trub if you have to move your fermenter)

Disadvantages

Risk of autolysis (low IMO)
You don't get to "play" with your beer

Bonus
I do not rack to secondary and still get very clear beer.  After kegging I cool the beer to the low 30's F for a week or so to brighten. Crash cooling drops a lot of protein out of suspension.  The first pull is pretty goopy, but the rest of the keg is pretty clear.
Pro brewers do this in a separate tank called a brite tank.
If you bottle you can get the same effect by racking to your bottling bucket, sealing that up and crash cooling it for a week in the bucket.  Be very careful moving it, or bottle straight out of the fridge.
Comment: Minus the cooling step, people who put beer in kegs out of primary (myself included), or probrewers using a bright tank are doing the same thing as "using a secondary"; putting fermented beer in another container to sit for a while.  So while I say, I don't do a secondary....I (and we) actually do.
Answer: My name is Joseph and I have been making wine for about 50 years. It has become a tradition being passed down from generation to generation. I have always made good wine and I can't remember spoiling a batch but I must have. It happens to all wine makers even the pros. Lately I started to brew beer and I have made about 6 batches of Coopers home brew.
I have always used a seconday fermenter to keep the product as clear and clean from sedament as I could. I am a clean freak and sanitize everything I touch even the scooper when I check out the brew with the hydrometer. So far my son after trying my first brew told me he would not purchase another case of beer from the beer store unless he was hard up. After adding up the figures that I spent on the brew he told me Dad I can't believe it. Here I am drinking a tall boy for 50 cents a bottle opposed to 2.35 a Bottle and your beer tastes greater. I feel that if you have achieved the success you wanted why chance another procedure. You can only get so much out of what you got so why fix it if it's not broke. Keep all your equipment sanitized and also your hands and you should always have some good success. Thank you. I find all of your comments most desirable and I have learned some knowledgable things reading this site. Take care.

Early vs Late secondary fermentation


Why was a question about minecraft server backup closed, considering there is a server-administration tag?

Question: I've read the FAQ, but it isn't clear to me why "How do I make an automatic server backup in Minecraft? [closed]" was closed off-topic. There is a decent amount of activity on the server-administration tag. "Game-specific hardware and utilities" are allowed according to the FAQ, doesn't this count? The question seems like a relevant and pressing concern for anyone running a minecraft server. If not, why not?
Comment: I think we're a little too close-happy around here.
Comment: @pwaller I don't think software recommendation per se is off-topic. The same argument in the top-voted answer in this meta post about mod recommendations also applies here: http://meta.gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/6828/is-mod-rec-really-am-umbrella-category-that-we-want-to-use-or-is-it-confusing TLDR: "Closing is our go-to solution for too many things." "On our site, these questions take a form where a mod is generally a solution to a problem. Judge questions by the problem being posed instead of the presupposed answer." ...
Comment: @galacticninja If the core of the question is, "I want a program that does X", then yes, that it most certainly off-topic.  It hits every problem to do with lists, incomplete answers, and popularity contests.  This problem we're discussing could certainly be specific to Minecraft.  If anything, it could be distilled to, "How can I backup a running Minecraft server", and that would resolve the root problem.
Comment: "a little" *rolleyes*
Comment: @fbueckert, please correct me if I'm wrong, but you're saying that  the question was marked off topic because of one of the answers makes use of a generic tool? I don't understand your point about distilling it to "How can I backup a running Minecraft server" - you're saying that if that if the question was reworded it would be okay? I'm lost.
Comment: Does no one read comments anymore?  It's a software recommendation.  We allow questions about Game specific hardware and utilities, but software rec is an unbound list, and popularity contest.
Comment: @fbueckert: I apologise. I did miss the comment - I was blind to it because instead I was looking for an explanation inside the "closed as off topic" box. Your point may be a valid answer to my question, I think. Maybe it could be more clearly stated in the FAQ? The word "Software" doesn't appear anywhere on that page. I wasn't aware that this is not a valid topic of discussion.
Comment: @pwaller ..."Recommending solutions from a large number of possibilities is the core of a wide swath of questions."
Comment: And we'd also guarantee we'd get answers that are about gaming, not a link answer and (from what I can tell), a Linux script that doesn't directly relate to Minecraft at all.
Comment: The closure has nothing to do with the answers.  It's all about the question.  The base problem is trying to back up a running MC server, right?  The main problem is getting that file without corrupting the data. The rest of the problem isn't a problem; once you have a file, copy it somewhere else to back it up.  For Linux, your answer is a valid solution.  It's not specific to Minecraft, but that's fine.  And closure is temporary.  The main problem I see is, "I want a script that does X".  That's a straight up recommendation question.  That can be fixed by distilling it to the root problem.
Comment: Here is an important principle to spell out explicitly: __the existance of a tag is _not_ a greenlight to ask related questions.__
Answer: The general guideline for such game-related topics is usually that they are on-topic, as long as the game is an essential part of the question, i.e. you can't remove the game from the question without rendering it meaningless.
So a question about server administration that is in no way specific about Minecraft would be off-topic, but issues that are specific to games are on-topic. I don't know enough about Minecraft servers to say which is the case here, it seems to me that forcing a consistent state of the game data is something that would be different for every application, so there seems to be a game-specific aspect to this.
Comment: I run a minecraft server, and I was bitten by this exact problem. I googled minecraft backup and found that thread.
Comment: The need for a consistent state is why I voted to reopen.  The question is clearly focused on backing up an active Minecraft server world with little to no downtime.
Comment: You're correct that forcing a consistent state before making the backup is the crux of the problem, and that doing it properly for Minecraft will be different than doing it properly for another game. Minecraft's server is pretty cantankerous about its files, and it's hard to interact programmatically with it.


How do I figure out which size chain my fixed gear bike has

Question: My fixed gear bike is going to want a new chain soon, how do I figure out which width I should use?
Comment: Many of the newer, more mass-produced fixed gear bikes (non track) just use 3/32", so Sheldon doesn't necessarily hold up with this. Since 3/32" is probably easier to find at a vast majority of bike shops, as well as just being a bit more universal they've moved to this sizing. Unless you bought a track bike for use at the track or a higher end "fixie", you're probably using a 3/32" chain.
Comment: 1/8 inch -- See [Sheldon Brown](http://sheldonbrown.com/gloss_ch.html#chain)
Comment: Here's another idea:  Get one of the old chains in your used bike parts box and see how well it fits the sprockets.  Assuming you've been riding a multi-speed bike of recent origin, the chain will be 3/32", more or less.  If it binds on the sprockets you need a 1/8" chain.
Answer: Get a pair of calipers and measure the width of both the chainring and the cog.  If the width is much larger than 3/32" then use 1/8".
If you don't have calipers, but have a piece of 1/8" chain, then put the chain on the cog and the chainring and see if there is a large visible gap between the plates of the chain and the teeth, if so then can probably use a 3/32" chain, if it's pretty snug you probably need a 1/8" chain.  If you have a 3/32" chain instead, then put it on both cog and chainring, if the teeth fit through the holes in the chain and the chain rests evenly on the cogs, you're probably fine with a 3/32" chain, if it sits unevenly at all, you probably need 1/8".
If you don't have a chain, then you could check for width markings on your chainrings and fixed cog, if they are single speed chainrings they tend to have a width marking on them (to distinguish between 1/8" and 3/32" sizes).
Keep in mind, If either the rear cog or front chainring is larger than the other in width, you need a larger 1/8" chain (which really won't run poorly on a smaller chainring, but a smaller 3/32" chain just won't fit on a 1/8" cog or chainring).
Also, If you're buying a 3/32" chain, you'll probably find that as a 6/7/8 speed chain at most bike shops. You probably don't want to try to use a 9 or 10 speed chain on a single speed bike.  1/8" chains are used exclusively for single speed setups.
Answer: There two sizes of chains that can be used on a fixed wheel bicycle 1/8" and 3/32".  It all depends on the width of the teeth on the cog and the chain ring.  The most common one is 1/8" as that is what is used on the track and BMX.  On bikes that have been converted from gears to fix are more likely to be 3/32".  My Son's bike has a 3/32" cog, chain ring and chain.
Comment: It's just a chain, lets keep the LBS out of this one okay?
Comment: Take your bike to a bike shop and they will tell you the size.
Comment: Sorry hillson, I did not know if you had the equipment or know how to measure the components yourself, thus the LBS advice.
Comment: If you get an 1/8" chain you can run that on either 3/32" or 1/8" rings. So if you can't figure out which size to get, then get 1/8" and it should work fine.
Comment: @kipper's response is maybe not such overkill. I have 4 bikes, one of which is single speed. Three of them are a doddle to source parts for (2xShim, 1xsram). Then there's the single speed.... In all the work I've done on it I have needed to research the sizes of bb, chainring, hub and of course chain. Its a beautiful bike to ride but it has taken more effort in terms of time (i.e. finding stuff out about it) than the other three bikes put together. If it really is "just a chain", why not buy one of each width?
Comment: No worries Kipper
Answer: In addition to the other answers, I found it helpful to read that the nominal width of a chain (1/8 or 3/32) actually refers to the width of the sprocket. Quote:

There is some confusion in these numbers because the actual width of a 1/8" sprocket is typically 1/8"(3.175 mm) and the gap between the inner side plates of the chain must be slightly wider to fit over the teeth. The width of the teeth on derailer-equipped bicycles with 5 or 6 rear sprockets was traditionally 2 mm, and the 3/32" (2.30 mm) chain would fit over those teeth -- but the smaller widths with larger number of sprockets are not as well standardized.


Vulkan - preallocating chunks of memory and resource memory requirements

Question: I would like to allocate a bigger chunk of memory and then suballocate from it but I don't fully understand how memory requirements work, is there a chance that when I allocate a piece of device local memory there might be some buffer/texture that memory requirements of which will not include this heap? Or is it safe to assume that if it's a device local heap it will always be viable for device local resources?
Comment: It isn't safe to assume that every resource will use a specific heap. A way to work around this is to wait for a heap to be used before allocating.
Answer:
Or is it safe to assume that if it's a device local heap it will always be viable for device local resources?

If it were safe to assume that, Vulkan wouldn't have APIs that specifically allow you to query which memory types support which resource objects.
Indeed, NVIDIA can get pretty fine-grained in its relations between memory types and resource objects. Many NVIDIA implementations of Vulkan have nearly a dozen separate memory types, some of which can only be used for very specific kinds of resource objects. Notice how that particular implementation has 2 device-local memory types; one of those is (I believe) reserved for render targets (color/depth/stencil attachments).
What you have to do is what the API suggests: build image and buffer objects representing your particular needs, use the vkGetBuffer/ImageMemoryRequirements calls to query which types can be used with such buffers/images, and tailor your allocation accordingly. Do however keep section 11.6 handy when coding; the detailed list of which objects will return the same memory type bits is very important for deciding which images/buffers "represent your particular needs".