When did the plague of vermin stop?

Question: The plague of vermin or lice is not said to have stopped in the verses, (Ex 8:12-15). When, if at all, did it stop?
Comment: comment not an answer because this is not my answer, just a reference to another answer. http://judaism.stackexchange.com/a/8466/1362 look at the highlighted quote from the Kehot Chumash
Answer: Credit Danno for pointing out this answer, by Menachem, that cites Rashi on Exodus 7:25, as well as unspecified midrashim: Moshe's age and the timeline of the exodus
The midrash can be found in Exodus Rabah 9:12 as an argument between R' Yehudah and R' Nehemiah. One says that warning of each plague lasted 24 days, and the plague itself lasted 7 days. The other says that the warning lasted 7 days and the plague itself lasted 24.
The Etz Yosef on that midrash provides more detailed information, including other sources, as to the consensus that events surrounding each plague lasted 1 month, with the exception of the plague of the firstborn.

When did the plague of vermin stop?


Why does iPhone Safari not save login credentials for a certain Wi-Fi hotspot?

Question: My Academy's wi-fi requires me to log in via a web-browser portal page before I have access to the internet. Safari on my iPhone doesn't save my username and password for it. Is there a way to manually force it to save them?
Answer: check out this link http://www.ausbt.com.au/how-to-save-passwords-in-safari-on-the-ipad-iphone to setup autofill name and passwords for safari on IOS.
And it totally is a matter of safari not remembering username/password.
It's a little hidden, but it's there, and thanks for asking a good question. The other answerers here must never have logged into a captive portal before or something.
Comment: This does not work as on the page I am using the user is never prompted to 'save password' so nothing is stored
Answer: Do you really need to log in using Safari?
Otherwise you go to 'System Preferences' > 'Wi-Fi' > Select the appropriate network > Log in > Deselect 'Ask To Join Networks'
This way, your iPhone remembers this Wi-Fi network and your iPhone will automatically connect to this network when you're within the range of the academy Wi-Fi.
Comment: This answer is incorrect. The academy requires him to log in via a log-in page on the web browser like most other public hotspots.
Answer: If this is a "captive portal" - a wifi network where you need to input your password into a form on a web page, or check a box agreeing to terms of use, then in my experience the iPhone will not remember the password.
Answer: It's not a matter of Safari not remembering the password, its a matter of the network requiring login based on the browser.  Most captive walled gardens require it with every disconnect for security purposes.
Answer: I had this problem. Turns out I was in Private Browsing mode.


Why the numerical solution of advection-dominant problem is challenging

Question: In many CFD text books, usually there is a dedicated chapter for advection term discretization.
Why discretization of such term in advection-dominated problems and near the discontinuities is challenging? I need some mathematical reasoning
And how this is linked to the problem of boundedness and numerical diffusion?
Comment: I think the question needs to be more specific and detailed. Discretization of a simple constant co-efficient advection problem is much easier than a variable coefficient problem which in turn is simpler than a pure non-linear problem. Which one are you referring to.
Answer: The difficulty is relative to something, in this case it is relative to diffusion dominated problems.
Diffusion dominated aren't "easy" either, they have their own set of problems.
I'll start with some favorable qualities of diffusion problems, and then mention why they are not present for advection problems:

Discretizations are often symmetric and definite. If they aren't symmetric then they still are usually definite. - this enables use of better linear solvers in some cases.
Smoothness of solutions is often guaranteed under very relaxed assumptions on input data (source term, boundary conditions). This isn't always true, but it often is.
Scale separation: it's often possible to separate small-scale behavior from large-scale behavior. This allows preconditioners/solvers like multigrid where different scales of physics are targeted by different levels of the preconditioner.

Now let's look at advection problems:

Discretizations rarely result in symmetric and definite matrix. Can potentially be indefinite.
Much fewer smoothness guarantees. This is problem dependent.
(almost) impossible to numerically separate scales. Stability requires you always resolve the smallest scale, which is often expressed as a relationship between grid spacing and advection speed. This means classic multigrid strategies won't work because the coarse grid will be aliased. In some cases this isn't strictly true because the "fine grid" may be very over-resolved compared to advection speed because of things like discontinuous coefficients, and in those cases multigrid may work, but only if the coarse grid respects the stability conditions.

But in other respects, advection problems can actually be easier than diffusion problems. It really depends on what you want.
time-dependent Advection problems are usually easier to get time-accurate solutions for than diffusion problems, because they often only involve first derivatives and this results in favorable CFL condition (again, depending only on advection speed). You start to lose this advantage when your discretization has variable order of accuracy, though.
If you use implicit time-stepping then the matrix conditioning is often better than a similarly discretized diffusion problem.
Edit: I should point out that I haven't touched on nonlinear problems here. That creates its own set of unique challenges which I'm not qualified to comment on.
Comment: Great answer! I wonder if you can provide any good references where the problem of scale separation is discussed in more detail for advection problems?
Comment: I wish I could come up with a great reference for this but I can't think of one particular reference.. what I said mostly came from synthesizing many different kinds of references that I have read at some point during my career.

Having said that though I think an excellent book which gives great intuition on scale separation is John P Boyd's "Chebyshev and Fourier Spectral Methods." Specifically the chapters on aliasing and on "matrix solving methods" give good intuition for this problem, in my opinion.


Z80 ctc gold ICs speed

Question: Does anyone have any information on what is the maximum speed for the gold ceramic z80 CTC?
Answer: Since it's labeled Z80-CTC, it's a 2.5 MHz type (Z80A-CTC would be 4 MHz).
Gold or not gold cap doesn't make any difference.
Without a further marking its temperature range is 0-70°C. Wider temperature ranges where are avalable in ceramic but marked CE (Extended) and CM (Military).
(Information taken from a Feb 1980 product sheet)
Comment: 10 MHz in 1978? ... nice try :)) The Z84xx designation was introduced way later, IIRC in 1981
Comment: I was hoping it would imply it's a 10mhz one , unfortunatly not :( .I was asking because the naming usually goes like : z84c3010  and there was no such marking there. anyway, thanks
Comment: So there are no gold z80 related ICs that can go up to 10mhz? It would really suck because they are gorgeous
Comment: Ther can be, but since the package is not realy related here, it doesn't matter. Keep in mind, tehre are many beautiful sports cars that can't compete to a stupid VW family car.
Comment: The maximum speed of an IC like that is likely determined by binning, not different production method - so one out of a couple of gold capped ones just might work perfectly at 10MHz.

Z80 ctc gold ICs speed


Vasicek short rate: Risk-neutral measure into real-world measure

Question: I consider the Vasicek model under the risk-neutral measure $\mathbb{Q}$:
$$ dr_t=\kappa(\theta−r_t) dt+\sigma dW^{\mathbb{Q}}_t.$$
I have already determined $$\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{Q}}\left[e^{−\int\limits_0^T r_u \textrm{d}u}\right] = \exp\left(-\left(r_0 \frac{1-e^{-\kappa T}}{\kappa} + \theta \left(T - \frac{1- e^{-\kappa T}}{\kappa}\right)\right)+\frac{1}{2} \left(\frac{\sigma^2}{2 \kappa^3} ( 2 \kappa T - 3 + 4 e^{-\kappa T}-e^{-2\kappa T}\right)\right)$$, but now I have to calculate the same expression under the real-world measure $\mathbb{P}$, i.e. $\mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{P}}\left[e^{−\int\limits_0^T r_u \textrm{d}u}\right]$. How can I do this? Do I have to apply Girsanov's Theorem?
Answer: Vasnicek by itself does not specify what form the change of measure should be and how you should parameterise the market price of risk.
A very natural parameterisation is affine in the factor, i.e.,
$$dW^* = dW + (\lambda_0+\lambda_1 r) dt$$
where $W$ is the Wiener process under $\mathbb{Q}$ and $W^*$ for $\mathbb{P}$.
Effectively, under $\mathbb{P}$ you will have a different set of parameters $\kappa, \theta$, but the process will still be an OU process.
There is nothing in Vasicek which requires an affine change of measure. If you want to know more about how to use models in both the $\mathbb{P}$ and $\mathbb{Q}$ measures simultaneously, a decent starting place is Singleton-Dai (I can't find the original citation, but this one works as an overview):

Dai, Qiang, and Kenneth Singleton. "Term structure dynamics in theory
and reality." The Review of financial studies 16.3 (2003): 631-678.

or

Ang, Andrew, and Monika Piazzesi. "A no-arbitrage vector
autoregression of term structure dynamics with macroeconomic and
latent variables." Journal of Monetary economics 50.4 (2003): 745-787

In each paper, they have affine models in the physical measure and affine in the risk-neutral. Affine in the physical measure is basically just a vector auto-regression (VAR) (they do not consider stochastic vol, CIR type models). Due to the pricing formulas in the risk-neutral measure, the VAR has nonlinear constraints on its parameters, unfortunately making the solution of fitting to timeseries of bond data challenging.
The industry of macro-affine models lead to hundreds of papers in this area, which were ultimately not terribly successful, as the paper by Gregory Duffee, in my opinion, put an end to the endeavour:

Duffee, Gregory R. Forecasting with the term structure: The role of no-arbitrage restrictions. No. 576. Working papers//the Johns Hopkins University, Department of Economics, 2011.

Basically, Duffee shows that, for yield curve forecasting, constraints on a VAR are good, because it reduces the overall number of parameters (this is a classic case of bias-variance tradeoff), and increases forecast accuracy. But he also shows that no-arbitrage constraints are not that helpful. You might as well use another easier-to-use constraint (like a PCA or other dimension-reduction, or some regularization method).
Irrespective, it helps to start with Dai-Singleton and with Ang-Piazzessi, and look at some of the work of Rudebusch-Wu and others before realising th limits of trying to force a no-arbitrage model into the realm of actually forecasting yield curve dynamics.
And, while people still publish papers in this area, there are many who instead look at Nelson-Siegel or Nelson-Siegel-Svensson and use it, instead for forecasting. (e.g., Diebold and his coauthors) and there is some work on extending the Factor-Augmented VAR (FAVAR) models that Bernanke et al liked so much, instead using NS/NSS with macroeconomic factors.
Comment: Thanks for your detailed answer! For my thesis I have to implement the two expressions in R. Therefore, I have numbers for $\kappa, \theta, r_0$ and $\sigma$, so under the risk-neutral measure the implementation works. But how do I have to choose $\lambda_0$ and $\lambda_1$?
Comment: @Stephanie please look at Ang and Piazzessi.  Much better explanation than anything I could write. They get formulas for bond prices in terms of the parameters much as you do but then fit them using panel data as a VAR. In their case there are hopelessly large numbers of parameters so it doesn't work well. In your case far fewer so more tractable. (They have some 300+).  I think Dai and Singleton also complicated.  Rudebusch-Wu are much more judicious. They all use the same method (which you will use too!). Good luck!


Degenerate affine Hecke Algebra

Question: What are the generators of the degenerate affine Hecke algebra $H(k)$ for $k > 0$?
Answer: The degenerate affine Hecke algebra $H(k)$ over a field $F$ is isomorphic (as a vector space) to the tensor product
$$
H(k)=^{\mathrm{v.s.}} FS_k \otimes F[x_1,\ldots,x_k]
$$
where $FS_k$ is the group algebra of the symmetric group generated by simple reflections $s_1,\ldots,s_{k-1}$ ($s_i=(i,i+1)$) and $F[x_1,\ldots,x_k]$ is a polynomial algebra. Multiplication is defined so that $FS_k\otimes 1$ and $1\otimes F[x_1,\ldots,x_k]$ are subalgebras, and it is convenient to abuse notation by identifying these subalgebras with $FS_k$ and $F[x_1,\ldots,x_k]$, respectively. Finally, the mixed relations are given by
$$
x_{i+1}s_i=s_ix_i +1,\;\;1\leq i\leq k-1
$$
and
$$
x_js_i=s_ix_j,\;\;j\neq i,i+1.
$$
In addition to being a subalgebra, $FS_k$ is a quotient of $\pi:H(k)\twoheadrightarrow FS_k$ obtained by setting $x_1=0$. Note that the first mixed relation can be rewritten as
$$
x_{i+1}=s_ix_is_i + s_i
$$
so we can write
$$x_i=s_{i-1}\cdots s_1 x_1 s_1\cdots s_{i-1} +L_i$$
where $L_i$ is the $i$th Jucys-Murphy element. In particular, $\pi(x_i)=L_i$.
I recommend Kleshchev's book `Linear and Projective Representations of Symmetric groups' for further information.
Answer: I probably misunderstand the question, but let me give a couple of comments any way.
Generators and relations of degenerate affine Hecke algebra can be found e.g.  page 20 section 6 of http://arxiv.org/abs/1008.3739, A categorical approach to classical and quantum Schur-Weyl duality Alexei Davydov, Alexander Molev
They have been introduced by Drinfeld to describe Schur-Weyl duality for Yangians.
(And later by Lusztig for another reasons).
There is a whole bunch of SW-dualities generalizing classical one to the case of various
quantum groups:
Hecke algebra <-> U_q(gl)  (Jimbo)
Affine Hecke algebra <-> Affine U_q(gl)
Degenerate Affine Hecke algebra <-> Yangians
Cherednik's double affine Hecke algebra <-> toroidal quantum group of type SL(n+1) (M. Varagnolo, E. Vasserot http://arxiv.org/abs/q-alg/9506026)
At least the first 3 are compatible in the sense that degenerating the object on the left hand side and on the right hand side we can preserve the duality.
In general I think is amazing and still not clearly understood (if it is possible at all)
that Hecke algebra which originally appeared by absolutely different reason,
show up themselves in SW-duality for quantum groups.
Answer: In https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.3295 khovanov gives a nice presentation of the DAHA via a graphical calculus. The generators are then certain diagrams, and computations become somewhat more manageable (at least psychologically)
Comment: This is obvious from the question, but just to be clear, the "D" in DAHA here means "degenerate" and not "double".

Degenerate affine Hecke Algebra


Git Fugitive how to git add a visually selected chunk of code

Question: I would like to know if i could select some code in visual mode and git add it ?
I checked with fugitive.vim but i didn't find how to do it.
Is it possible ? Or is there any other plugin to do it ?
Answer: fugitive.vim now allows for staging a selection of a hunk with visual mode.

Open the git summary with :Git (or :G)
Expand the file which contains the lines you want to stage with > (or = to toggle). This will only show the changed hunks plus some extra lines of context above and below the changed lines.
v to start visual mode and select the lines you want to stage with hjkl
s to stage the visual selection (or - to toggle)
Repeat 2-4 as needed
cc to commit
Comment: @WongJiaHau in the fugitive help files: `:help fugitive-staging-maps`. Or more generally, `:h fugitive`. It's so awesome, it should be illegal ;)
Comment: Where did you find this?
Answer: There might be other ways, but this approach lets you to do more than adding a chunk, which is why I tend to use it quite a lot.

Run :Gdiff command. It will open a split with version of current file that's currently in the index to the left/top of the original window.
While in original window (right or bottom one), perform visual selection of changes you'd like to git add.
Run :diffput command, which can operate on a range. (dp key doesn't work in Visual mode.)
Close that second window saving changes to update file in the index. Here you can edit it the way you like before saving, it doesn't have to exactly match original or new version of the file.

Mind that :diffput might not always give you what you would expect depending on the structure of changes (especially if you're committing only part of contiguous block of changes). So don't forget to validate commit. In most practical situations it works fine though.
Answer: Vimcasts has a great series on Fugitive.vim. The episode Fugitive.vim - working with the git index would be the the most helpful for your question.
You can use :Gdiff to stage only portions of a file. Running :Gdiff will show you the current file "diff-ed" with the stage/index. You can simply use Vim's diff commands (dp, do, :diffput, and :diffget) to move the hunk to the stage/index. Then you write the stage/index file like you would any other buffer, :w/:x.
Comment: I'm using `:Gstatus` + `D` to do the same with fugitive. This way I can also pick the file I'm operating on among the list of files that have been modified.
Answer: Stage Complete or Partial Hunks with vim-gitgutter

Stage Complete Hunk

<Leader>hs or
:GitGutterStageHunk

Stage Part of an Additions-only Hunk (since 8/2019)

Visual mode

{Visual}<Leader>hs
:'<,'>GitGutterStageHunk
('<,'> are as always inserted for you)

Range

:42,45GitGutterStageHunk

Stage Part of any Hunk via Preview Window (since 8/2019)

Preview the hunk, e.g. <Leader>hp
Move to the preview window, e.g. :wincmd P
Delete the lines you do not want to stage
Stage the remaining lines, e.g. <Leader>hs or :GitGutterStageHunk

Updated: 17.8.2019 due to recent commits bc1d28d and b036fcf
Comment: It asked for vim-fugitive, not vim-gitgutter
Answer: As you specifically asked about solutions that use other plugins, I'll note that you can also stage visual selections using vimagit, which is a Git plugin (based on the other editor's popular Magit plugin) centered around viewing, staging, and commiting changes.
To stage a visual selection using Vimagit:

Run the :Magit command to open a new buffer that displays all the changed hunks in your repository (not just in one file),
Locate the lines you want to stage and perform your visual selection,
Press the "stage" mapping: S.


Storing game state at exit on the iPhone with Objective-C

Question: How would you store your game state at exit for an iPhone game written in Objective-C?
Answer: Here is the method I used in my games.
First, every object that needs to be persisted must implement the NSCoding protocol.  You want to only store your model data and nothing specific to the current process.  This means that you can't persist pointers or any resource ids that the OS gives you at runtime.  For the pointers you can fix this easily by just making sure that you encode the objects that they point to instead of the pointers themselves.  For other resources, you will need a way to hook up your object to the new resource at runtime.
Second, make sure that all of your game objects can be accessed through a single root object.  This object could be a master object for the entire game state, for example.  Another possibility is that you could store them in one of the Foundation collection classes (NSMutableArray, NSMutableSet, NSMutableDictionary).
When you get notified that your application is moving into the background (applicationDidEnterBackground), you will need to use NSKeyedArchiver to save the entire state to a file.  That file should be in the documents directory for your application.  Here is a bit of code to show how that is done:
NSArray *docDirectories = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES);
NSString *docsPath = [docDirectories objectAtIndex:0];
NSString *saveFile = [docsPath stringByAppendingPathComponent:SAVE_STATE_FILENAME];
[NSKeyedArchiver archiveRootObject:gameState toFile:saveFile;

When you detect that you have gone back to the foreground, you should remove the save file to prevent any confusion the next time your application is launched.
On application start up, you need to check for the existence of the save file.  If you have one, you load it up like this:
NSArray *docDirectories = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES);
NSString *docsPath = [docDirectories objectAtIndex:0];
NSString *saveFile = [docsPath stringByAppendingPathComponent:SAVE_STATE_FILENAME];
[gameState release];
gameState = [[NSKeyedArchiver unarchiveObjectWithFile:saveFile] retain];

Depending on your design, you may need to walk through the game state and re-connect up any resources that you could not persist.  This really depends on how cleanly separated your model code is from your rendering code.
At this point, you may want to put your game into a paused state, depending on what kind of game you are making.
Hopefully this helps someone else out there who is trying to implement game saving on the iPhone.
Answer: How to store game state is a complex question that's heavily dependent on how you set up your game itself.
On the iPhone specifically, you would just have to hook into -(void)applicationWillTerminate: in your UIApplicationDelegate to catch when the application will exit, from user action or otherwise.  You have a short amount of time to do your work before the OS will kill your process, though.
Comment: applicationWillTerminate only works for applications that do not support multitasking or for the pre-4.0 SDK.  It's better to use applicationDidEnterBackground with post-4.0 code.
Answer: That would largely depend on how your game was coded.  Are you keeping track of a few ivars or something more substantial?
If it's just a few ivars, I'd probably write them to a plist on background and load that upon startup.
If there's more ivars, you might be better off with CoreData (and/or saving their values as they change instead of trying to fit everything into the close window).
Comment: You can actually get a lot done with the time the OS gives you to shut down.  I was able to persist quite a few game objects (a few hundred at least) using the method I described in my answer in that time.  Even on the slow 1G iPod touch.  Depending on the type of game you are making, the CoreData solution may work better for when the app is quiting, but at the expense of slower game play.
Answer: The same way you save it when the user bumps a save-game without exiting.
Is this question about how to save game state?  Or how to do something at app-exit?
For the latter, the answer is: appWillTerminate (or appWillResignActive.)  In iOS4 or later, you can request extra time (Google "iOS-4 request extra time") if your save-game takes a while.
If you're asking how to save game-state at all, I'm a big fan of NSDictionary to store values easily re-read by the game-engine on continue.
NSMutableDictionary *saveDict = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary];
[saveDict setValue: [NSNumber numberWithInt: currentScore] forKey: @"currentScore"];
// etc...
[saveDict writeToFile: saveFilePath atomically: YES];

If you want, you can add a "signature" (i.e., like md5 or similar) to verify on game continue to make sure that someone hasn't mucked with the file to try to cheat.
Answer: I would say don't.  Save it when it makes sense for the game, not when the app is exiting.  For example, if this is a turn based game, then save at the end of each turn.  If it's a level based game, save at the end of each level.  There a couple of reasons for this:

Mobile usage is very unpredictable.  Yes, you get notified by the iPhone SDK when the app is closing, but it could be in the middle of anything, and the transition is not just "exiting" it is also receiving a call, getting a text, etc.
You have very limited time and resources to shut your game down on app exit.  Most of that will probably be consumed just with pausing your game and cleaning up memory.  No need to add to that load by saving game state.
Most games have natural pauses that make sense for saving.  You can take advantage of these pauses to seamlessly store game state, and the user will never notice that you are consuming extra resources.
By saving incrementally during game play, the amount of data to be saved will be smaller per save.
Answer: Here's an example of how to implement the NSCoding protocol for some example "map" and "player" classes:
http://deadpanic.com/howtosave
Then you can save the objects using Dennis' NSKeyedArchiver method.


Programming error in aptdaemon, how to fix it?

Question:
Possible Duplicate:
Cannot install any software from the Software Center due to ttf-mscorefonts-installer package error

I've been trying to install some applications like Skype and Windows, yet same error message keeps showing

There seems to be a programming error in aptdaemon, the software that allows you to install/remove software and to perform other package management related tasks.

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/aptdaemon/worker.py", line 968, in simulate
    trans.unauthenticated = self._simulate_helper(trans)
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/aptdaemon/worker.py", line 1092, in _simulate_helper
    return depends, self._cache.required_download, \
  File "/usr/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/apt/cache.py", line 235, in required_download
    pm.get_archives(fetcher, self._list, self._records)
SystemError: E:I wasn't able to locate a file for the ttf-mscorefonts-installer package.

This might mean you need to manually fix this package.

I'm a newbie to Ubuntu and couldn't get it fix. I tried to search for similar questions yet couldn't really fix it.
Answer: This seems to be the error:

E:I wasn't able to locate a file for the ttf-mscorefonts-installer package.

Try to reconfigure unpacked packages first.
sudo dpkg --configure -a

And then install it:
sudo aptitude install ttf-mscorefonts-installer


Setting a damage value on to a slot

Question: So I was just asking if it was possible that items on the ground got random damage values or that when you pick them up your items gets a value. My goal is that I want the player to only be able to have 1 item per slot. I think this is possible by changing the damage value on the items so that they can't stack. But they all need to be random or not the same number for that to happen. I tried with taging every slot in my inventory to a seperate tag name and then the tag name would give it a damage value but I could not find a to get the command blocks to give the items a damage value. There is a way and it's to give each and every item in every slot a diffrent tag but that would take a very verrry long time. So any ideas?
Comment: are you trying to just randomly assign damage values? or are you just trying to limit a player to one item per inventory slot?
Comment: Also, are you on bukkit, spigot, or just regular minecraft? are you using spc?
Comment: Im playing on the latest minecraft version 1.12.2 the normal version. And my GOAL is to limit a player to one item/block per inv slot and I think the solution to that problem is by changing the damage value of the item/block.
Comment: you may change the item damage of ALL items of a certain type (i.e all stone swords) but no way to turn individual items' damage around. I would recommend looking at some mod tools, many come pre-baked with the command maxstacksize
Comment: Why do you think that damage values are the solutions? Either you get different blocks (like stone->diorite) or you change the duration of tools, which already don't stack.
Comment: Well because if you change the damage value on e.g torch then they can't stack. But there is another solution and that is to change the name but agian I don't know how to execute it correctly. It seems like it would need a lot of work without any mods.
Answer: This command prevents items from stacking. If you put it into a repeating command block, then items should no longer stack, as soon as they were dropped at least once (it will not break stacks that already exist as stacks)
<code>/execute as @e[type=item] run data modify entity @s Item.tag.PreventStacking set from entity @s UUIDMost
</code>
Note: I use Minecraft 1.14.2 and this command may not work in older versions

Setting a damage value on to a slot


How can I stop roast beef drying out?

Question: I've bought a beef joint for roasting but it doesn't have much fat around it.
How can I stop it drying out?
Answer: Depending on your cooking method you shouldn't have any problem with the joint drying out.  By it's very nature, a joint contains a lot of connective tissue.  That connective tissue will gelatinize under a slow roast and make the meat come out extremely juicy.  The best way to do this is going to be a lot of low dry heat (like the kind you get in your oven thats set to about 200-250*F).  You could also slow cook it, as in a crock pot, but only if you don't want slices.  BTW, if you want a crust on that bad boy, just kick your oven up to five hundred when the roast gets to about ten degrees from where you want it, and it should crust up nicely.
Finally, don't forget that all large pieces of meat are going to keep cooking even after you remove them from the heat so make sure that you take that into consideration when deciding what temp to yank it out at.
Answer: One thing that is relevant when roasting meat is that you should let it rest for about 20-30 minutes after taking it out of the oven. If you take it out and carve it immediately, it will lose all of the juices and will be dryer than if you can wait a little while.
Answer: I always put meat, which I want to be juicy and tender, in a large glass pan with a lid, and slow roast it at a lower temperature. You can throw in any number of vegetables around it - sliced potatoes and carrots are my favourites, then pour in some marinade - beer, soya sauce, spices, what have you - and cook it for 2-3 hours (sometimes more). The lid keeps the moisture in and the longer you cook the meat, the tender it gets. Even game meat becomes very tender, no need to slice it at all - it comes apart when poked with a fork.
As sarge_smith pointed out, heat up the oven at the end, remove the lid and you get a thicker sauce and a fine crust.
Answer: Don't forget to let your meat warm up to room temperature before you cook it. Imagine it's just like a tense muscle when cold. Then simply brown it, about 30s each side and I always opt for slow cooking, like 130°C for >3 hours.
If it's a lean cut, such as silverside, I wrap it in foil and add about 1cm of water in the containing pan, with the lid on.

How can I stop roast beef drying out?


How does the choice of metal (oxide) catalyst affect the range of unsaturated compounds that can be hydrogenated?

Question: In the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds with hydrogen gas and a catalyst, the choice of palladium on carbon is able to hydrogenate alkenes and alkynes, but is unable to hydrogenate aromatic compounds. Using rhodium or Raney nickel, however, allows one to hydrogenate aromatics. How does the choice of catalyst affect what kind of unsaturated compounds can be hydrogenated?
Comment: @Georg I think he wants a mechanistic explanation.
Comment: @Georg: Oh, I assure you I did. Unfortunately I seem to not be reading the right references, since a lot of them just mention "catalyst X works for hydrogenating substrate Y". Now, anything else you can offer, good sir?
Answer: The currently accepted hydrogenation mechanism for metal like palladium is the Horiuti-Polanyi mechanism. (image)  This mechanism works with good yield for alkenes and alkynes.  For an aromatic compound, the activation energy is much higher because the aromaticity of the target molecule is being broken by the first hydrogenation.  Indeed, 1,3-cyclohexadiene is very unstable and will revert to benzene and hydrogen instead of continuing to cyclohexane.
Addition of a Lewis Acid makes palladium an acceptable catalyst for the hydrogenation of benzene, however.  An intermediate compound with the benzene and the LA is first formed, and hydrogen is added to this intermediate.  This paper discusses the mechanism of hydrogenation in the presence of a Lewis Acid.
Rhodium catalysts work slightly differently.  They generally have ligands attached that help stabilize the intermediates.  You can see a simplified mechanism here and there are papers discussing specific catalysts here and here.  Basically, in the case of benzene, the relatively unstable 1,2-cyclohexadiene is held in place on the catalyst until it has been completely hydrogenated.
Comment: In that Horiuti- Link there is a big error. No D in the upper product, althouh the reaction is +D and -H ! In general, JM asked for heterogenous katalysts, and there is little to no knowlegde besides the phenomenology of results. The problem is the microscopic structure of the Pd or Pt or Ni preparations.


forward implied volatility skew

Question: I would like to calculate implied forward volatility skew. I have stochastic volatility monte carlo. What kind of payoff do I need to price and how to use Black() formula to calculate the implied volatility.
Comment: Thanks for your reply. However I think I did not explain my question properly. My question is following,I have a stochastic volatility monte carlo simulation.Now I want to see the forward volatility skew implied by my monte carlo simulation. What kind of option (start, end, strike) should I price to see the forward implied volatility skew
Answer: There are two approaches.

Price call and put options with various strikes. Plot their BS implied volatilities.
Find the slope of the graph.
Price a call and digital call with the requisite strike. Compute the implied volatility of the call. Use the fact that

$ DC(model) = DC(BS) - skew \times callvega,$
to solve for the skew. (See eg Section 7.7 of my book "concepts and practice of mathematical finance")
This would give today's skew. To get the forward skew, you would need to do this conditional on future value of spot which basically means running MC and getting the implied future prices as a function of spot via bucketing.
Answer: Forward implied volatility smile is implied from forward start options. For example call options have payoff
$$
  g_{T+\theta} = \left( \frac{S_{T+\theta}}{S_T} -K\right)_+
$$
If you are in a stochastic volatility model this can be rewritten
$$
  g_{T+\theta} = \left( e^{ \int_T^{T+\theta} r - \frac{1}{2}\sigma_t^2 dt + \int_T^{T+\theta}\sigma_tdW^S_t } -K\right)_+
$$
You can compute the price of the forward start call using MC:
$$
  C_t(T\to T+\theta,K) = \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{Q}}_t[e^{-r(T+\theta - t)}\left( e^{ \int_T^{T+\theta} r - \frac{1}{2}\sigma_t^2 dt + \int_T^{T+\theta}\sigma_tdW^S_t } -K\right)_+ ]
$$
It is worth noting that conditionning wrt the fixing time $T$,
$$
  C_t(T\to T+\theta,K) = \mathbb{E}^{\mathbb{Q}}_t[e^{-r(T - t)} C_T(S_T = 1,T+\theta,K) ]
$$
So forward start calls are average over all scenarios of the future model prices of calls.
The forward implied volatility $\Sigma_t(T\to T+\theta,K)$ (this is $\theta$ years in $T$ years as seen from time $t$) is characterized by
$$
  C_t(T\to T+\theta,K) = C_{BS}(S=1,\theta,K,r,\Sigma_t(T\to T+\theta,K))
$$
The formula is set so that, in the BS model with time dependant volatility, $\Sigma_t(T\to T+\theta,K)^2 = \frac{1}{\theta}\int_T^{T+\theta} \sigma(t)^2 \, dt$ which is what we expect as a forward volatility.
This way you can get your prices by MC simulation, find the corresponding forward implied vol for different strikes and plot your forward smile. You can approximate the skew by finite difference if you have enough strikes.
The method based on digitals suggested by Mark Joshi works similarly.
Answer: There is no skew/smile for forward contracts, but there is for options based on it (caps, floors, swaptions, options on futures). Then it would be the simple Black Formula that should be used in theory (using futures price).
The mere existence of the smile is an indicator that the model is fundamentally flawed and it is important to apply a correction.

forward implied volatility skew


Should I include high school details in Grad School Resume?

Question: I was wondering if I should include my high school details in the resume of my graduate school application ? It's unclear about this bit since we are not actually submitting any proof of high school records during grad school application( they only ask for undergraduate details).
But my high school final examination details are particularly good (better than my undergraduate credentials infact!)
Comment: I don't know where you live, but probably comparing one high school with another is like comparing apples with oranges. Who reads your resume will probably not know about the quality of that high school, it will mean nothing to them, therefore, unless there is some normalized thing that is equal for everybody (a test, exam, whatever) I'd say no.
Comment: I still list the name of my high school (and location and dates attended) on most versions of my CV. I feel like it potentially tells people a little bit about who I am.
Comment: I had differential equations, abstract algebra and introduction to topology on my high school transcript. I am kinda proud of As in these... although I have to admit I got a B in stereometry.
Comment: @Trylks I thought so too. Thanks for confirming.
Comment: what if I won the 3rd, 6th, and 10th place of mathematics and physics national contests?
Answer: I have to disagree slightly with the stark "No" answers.
Only when those details provide evidence of your potential for research.
Some information about your high-school experience may shed light on your research potential.  Certainly you would want to mention winning the Intel Science Talent Search or the International Olympiad in Informatics, or describe the peer-reviewed research papers you published as a high school student.
But your high school grades?  No, leave them off.
Comment: I agree to the exceptions - prestigious awards and research papers. I'd like to ask some question for the applicants. Should they list the awards under 'Awards' category or high school? If the applicant has published peer-review papers while in high school, should he list them under 'Papers' category or high school?
Comment: Thanks! That more or less summed up the rest of the answers too.
Comment: @scaaahu I'm not sure what "listing the awards under high school" would mean.  If you have an Awards section, that's obviously where you should list your awards; who should indicate their date, which will make it clear that they are from when you were in high school.  Similarly, all your peer-reviewed papers should be listed together; the date will make things clear.
Comment: Academia, like sports and show business, is really a "what have you done lately?" business. You're only as good as your last show, season, year of school. Listen to all the advice given by the responders. Above all, don't do anything that establishes a negative trend line (as Scaachu) has warned.
Comment: @JeffE That's an interesting question scaaahu raised. I have another related question. Instead of putting my research stuff I did at high school in my CV,  wouldn't it look better in a research statement or Statement of Purpose. Otherwise, wouldn't specifying it under awards in CV confuse the AdComs as there is no mention of my high school credential here?
Comment: the comments are great. Can you answer those, @JeffE?
Comment: @Ooker — As Ben Webster says, all awards should be listed under "Awards", and all publications should be listed under "Publications".  Nobody will be confused, but if you want to be _sure_, you could list your high school under "Education".  I disagree with Chris Leary: Your CV is supposed to be a **complete** list of your academic accomplishments, not just what you've done lately.
Answer: No
You already explain why: they only ask for undergraduate details. The graduate school admission committees already have too many applications to look at. Don't over-load them
Your idea is actually counter-productive. If your high school record is better than your undergrad credentials, they would wonder why your academic achievement is regressing instead of progressing.
Comment: @James I wouldn't recommend it.  Probably not a big deal either way, but I don't think committees will see the skills of being valedictorian as having much to with success as a grad student.  Besides, if your work at university is of comparable quality that will be sufficient on its own, and if it isn't then knowing you were a success in high school will not help much.
Comment: I would think if someone was valedictorian of a large high school class, that would give good insight into the type of person they are.
Answer: No.
It's actually a bad idea to include documents which are not actually required. Some universities even specifically mention not to send documents which are not required.
And also as @scaahu explained, it will give an negative impact as you did poorly in undergraduate compared to high school.
Answer: I won't do that.
it is a waste of time. for a master's degree and pHD, I would use only my university achievement.
Completing graduate studies gives an employer a positive signal.
However, social conditions (different in each country) may oblige you to write your previous education.
Answer: Ordinarily the answer is no, because it is no longer relevant to your aptitude for college, let alone graduate studies.
But if you won some national (or even local) science fair award for research in your current (or a related field), that would be relevant.
Answer: I think that someone should include an accomplishment such as "valedictorian" on a resume, if nothing else from high school.  I would especially do this if the high school was quite large.  I was the valedictorian at a large high school and I put it on my resume even though I have completed graduate school.  I have received negative feedback from a few people about it, but when I looked up their backgrounds, they didn't have any accomplishments even similar to those that I have at all... I mean, these people didn't even have a 3.0 GPA in college.  Therefore, I chalked the "stark NO" responses to jealousy.  People with similar accomplishments to mine seem to have no problem with me putting that one accomplishment from high school on my resume.
Comment: If someone put on their professional resume that they received gold stars during art time in kindergarten, other people telling them not to include it on their resume are **not** doing so out of jealousy, no matter whether you can find evidence of similar accomplishments.


Install rEFInd on OS X 10.10 Yosemite

Question: I want to dual boot my macbook with Arch Linux and thus tried to install rEFInd using the install script, however, after install rEFInd doesn't seem to start at all? Anyone experienced the same issue or have possible solutions on how to fix this?
Comment: Well. After update today, I also have this problem. Refit and refind both don' t work. I just used install.sh in Mac to install. But no boot manager is ever shown. Any ideas?
Comment: rEFInd on OS X 10.10 gave me a bunch of strange issues. I acually ended up reinstalling my MacBook to OS X 10.9 and then setteling for that. Have hardly touched OS X since I got reEFInd working again.

I edited and unaccepted my answer to make way for a better answer.
Answer: Just wanted you to know that I found a solution to avoid the now famous "30 seconds wait" ;-)
I have a Mid-2012 MacBook Air.
I tried all your mentionned solutions to speed up the boot under Yosemite, but the best one to me was to change the refind folder name on the EFI partition, and also rename the refind file.
So, it gives :

By security, I added all the "drivers_x64" folder by doing ./install.sh --alldrivers at the rEFInd installation
On my EFI partition under Yosemite (stored on/dev/disk0s1), I renamed the "refind" folder to "BOOT"
Inside that folder, I renamed "refind_x64.efi" to "bootx64.efi"

The last 2 steps allowed my Mac to boot instantly on rEFInd, it does no longer wait around 30 seconds to scan the EFI disk!
Comment: Just tried it. Thanks (maybe the answers should be combined)
Comment: This should be the answer to a separate question that I'm guessing ANYONE with a macbook pro who uses refind to boot into linux wants to know the answer to. Also a clarification: after doing this, you do not even need to bless bootx64.efi (from OS X) - e.g. if you have a working refind installation on it's own dedicated partition and you do steps 2 and 3, suddenly the amount of time between switching on your computer and seeing the refind menu goes from about 30 seconds to a few seconds.  Dang!
Answer: I'm going to reanswer my own question here because there is now an official solution from rEFInd, and thus I believe this is the right way to go about this.
The official guidelines can be found on the rEFInd web site.
Following are the steps presented there:

Boot to OS X, using whatever means is available to you. Holding Option (or Alt) while powering up will normally give you Apple's own boot manager, which should enable you to boot to OS X. If your rEFInd installation is currently starting but is not showing an OS X option, skip to step #7; but if rEFInd isn't starting, follow steps #2–7.
If you've made changes to /EFI/refind/refind.conf, back it up.
Remove the /EFI/refind directory tree; it's useless now, and its presence may cause confusion.
Re-install rEFInd, as described in the Installing rEFInd page; but be sure to use the --esp or --ownhfs device-file option. The latter is preferable, but requires either a dedicated partition for rEFInd or an HFS+ data partition that is currently not bootable.

Ensure that the partition to which you've installed rEFInd is mounted. The details depend on how you installed it:

If you installed rEFInd to your ESP, typing mkdir /Volumes/esp followed by sudo mount -t msdos /dev/disk0s1 /Volumes/esp will probably work, although in some cases your ESP won't be /dev/disk0s1, so you may need to change this detail.
If you used the --ownhfs device-file installation option, the target partition should already be mounted, normally somewhere under /Volumes. If not, locate it and mount it with Disk Utility or mount.

If you backed up your refind.conf file, you can now copy it over your new refind.conf file. You should copy the file to either /Volumes/esp/EFI/refind/ (if you used --esp and mounted the ESP at /Volumes/esp) or to /Volumes/Mountpoint/System/Library/CoreServices/ (if you used a dedicated HFS+ volume; note that Mountpoint will be the name of the volume).
Edit your new refind.conf file, which should be located as described in the previous step. In your favorite editor, locate the dont_scan_volumes line, which is commented out with a # symbol at the start of the line by default. Uncomment this line and remove the "Recovery HD" item from the line. Some users report that they need to enter one or two dummy entries, as in dont_scan_volumes foo,bar, to get it to work.
Answer: I fixed the issue by simply adding the --alldrivers when installing refind. Yosemite dual boot works now like before. Fast, and everything is reconized in the refind boot menu.
install.sh --alldrivers

Comment: I'm rEFInd's developer, and I *strongly* advise against using the `--alldrivers` option to `install.sh` (called `refind-install` in 0.10.0 and later). That option installs *all* of the filesystem drivers, but most computers need just zero or one driver. Using all of them runs a serious risk of creating problems, up to and including hanging the computer. The option exists to help build recovery USB flash drives. Recent versions, when run from OS X, install the ext4fs driver if a Linux partition is detected. Chances are it was re-installing per se, not `--alldrivers`, that fixed your problem.
Answer: I figured out a workaround for using rEFInd in Yosemite, but please note that it is probably not the best solution.
I think the reason of rEFInd is no longer working under Yosemite is because the root partition of the system does not reside in a physical partition any more, thus rEFInd will not be able to be recognized at the boot stage.
So, I tried install rEFInd manually into the EFI partition, and it worked.
Here is the procedure:
1. Open Disk Utility, select EFI partition and mount it. Normally, the mount point should be /Volumes/EFI
2. I assume you have already installed rEFInd by running the install.sh script using default arguments (rEFInd should be install at /EFI/refind). Open terminal, type following commands:

cp -r /EFI/refind /Volumes/EFI/EFI/
sudo bless --mount /Volumes/EFI --setBoot --file /Volumes/EFI/EFI/refind/refind_x64.efi

This workaround has downsides. On my Macbook Air, it took 40 seconds until the rEFInd menu showed up and Yosemite partition wasn't recognized and listed in the menu, only my linux bootloader(grub2efi) and recovery partition were detected.
If you want to boot into Yosemite, you have to hold down Option during startup, and choose your Yosemite partition.
Another workaround is using a USB drive to boot a third party bootloader.
For example, check out this page. You could create a standalone GRUB2 EFI image, then put it at /EFI/boot/bootx64.efi of your USB drive partition (FAT32 format).
Hold down Option during startup, your USB drive will show as EFI boot. you can use it boot into a temporary GRUB2 menu, using command like configfile (gpt0,X)/boot/grub/grub.cfg (where X is your Linux partion or your /boot partition) will get you your old GRUB2 menu, then it should work as usual.
Answer: Actually the link provided by Samantha seems to give the easiest solution:
diskutil list

and you will see something like:
$diskutil list
/dev/disk0
   #:                       TYPE NAME                    SIZE       IDENTIFIER
   0:      GUID_partition_scheme                        *251.0 GB   disk0
   1:                        EFI                         209.7 MB   disk0s1
   2:          Apple_CoreStorage                         175.6 GB   disk0s2
   3:                 Apple_Boot Recovery HD             650.0 MB   disk0s3
   4:       Microsoft Basic Data                         70.3 GB    disk0s4
   5:                 Linux Swap                         4.2 GB     disk0s5
/dev/disk1
   #:                       TYPE NAME                    SIZE       IDENTIFIER
   0:                  Apple_HFS Macintosh HD           *175.3 GB   disk1
                             Logical Volume on disk0s2
                             41AF7850-5594-4959-A135-582BF79FDE46
                             Unencrypted

Then use:
diskutil corestorage revert /dev/disk1

And reboot, refind now works again.
Answer: MacBook (13-inch, Late 2009), Yosemite 10.10, have Whole-Disk Encryption (FileVault) enabled. Have installed rEFInd like that:
./install.sh --esp --alldrivers
mkdir /Volumes/ESP
sudo mount -t msdos /dev/disk0s1 /Volumes/ESP

And in refind/refind.conf I've located dont_scan_volumes directive and made it look like:
dont_scan_volumes foo,bar

rEFInd boots OS X and recovery successfully :)
But I still cannot boot from Windows 7 setup flash drive :( I get errors:
Error: Not Found from LocateDevicePath
....
Error: Not Found from LocateDevicePath
Error: Load Error while (re)opening our installation volume
The firmware refused to boot from the selected volume.

I solved this problem by downloading an almost-installed snapshot of Windows and cloning it to the required partition and then just booting to it and finishing the setup.
Answer: Yes it does, because rEFInd doesn't work because of corestorage. The entire disk, that means all partitions, is/are managed as a single volume, and rEFInd is lost in this "several partitions on multiple drives as a single logical volume".
So you have to choose between corestorage performance, or rEFInd.
Your options:

install rEFInd into an another HFS partition
install into the ESP one

See the rEFInd homepage for it now.
Answer: On Yosemite, rEFind needs to be installed to the EFI System Partition (ESP), which reside on /dev/disk0s1.
You could either do this manually by using bless (like in Meow's procedure), or you could simply use the --esp option when installing rEFind, like so: ./install --esp.
The problem with this, like noted in rEFind's documentation, is that the boot process becomes very sluggish - it takes a while before the rEFind menu appears.
Answer: Using the --eas option when running the install.sh worked like a charm for me!
Answer: I have a MacBook Pro mid-2012 and just upgraded to Yosemite from Mavericks. Could not see the rEFInd and found the solution here.
Comment: Welcome to *nix.SE! For the sake of having the instructions themselves on this page (and to avoid things like link-rot), please consider posting the most important information, or instructions themselves, here in your post.

Install rEFInd on OS X 10.10 Yosemite


Rules on players exposing card before all players bet

Question: I was playing poker, and went all-in on the flop. I got called by multiple players, but those players had more chips than I did. I exposed my cards at the river before the final round of betting. What's the rule for a situation like that? I'm already all-in, but I exposed my cards so everyone can see. Do I automatically lose the hand because of that, or am I still in the game?
Answer:
Exposing cards with action pending may result in a penalty but not a
  dead hand. Any penalty begins at the end of the hand.

Poker TDA: 68:  Exposing Cards and Proper Folding
This is the current TDA rule which applies if your card-room follows the TDA rules for tournaments.
The same rules may not apply if it's a cash-game. Individual house-rules can vary. Ask to see the rules that the card-room/casino follows and call the floor when in doubt.
In the past exposed hands were deemed to be dead in many places, but it's not the case anymore, generally. However It's up to your card-room.
If you show your hand you may simply not take a aggressive action for the remainder of the hand and you may receive a warning or a penalty.


How do you perform a gear-up landing in a large airliner?

Question: How do you perform a gear-up landing in a large airliner (say, a Boeing 747)?  Would you fly it like a normal landing, or are there special considerations (angle of touchdown, use/non-use of thrust reversers, etc.)?
Comment: It was a small GA plane, but [this pilot](http://youtu.be/TKpHrmHrwnU) told ATC to "tell my wife I love her."
Comment: Patrick Smith, a US pilot, examines the issue in his book Cockpit Confidential http://www.amazon.in/Cockpit-Confidential-Everything-Questions-Reflections-ebook/dp/B00C69H7RC
Comment: It recently happened to [LOT B767 in Warsaw](http://avherald.com/h?article=4456bd6b); the landing went quite well.
Answer: Assuming that the pilots have tried everything possible and the gear just does not like to come down:
The general rule is to find a long runway, touch down as slow as possible. Here are sections extracted from Boeing 777's Flight Crew Training Manual:
Dumping fuel

If time and conditions permit, reduce weight as much as possible by burning off or jettisoning fuel to attain the slowest possible touchdown speed.

Elevator

After touchdown lower the nose gently before losing elevator effectiveness.

Rudder

At touchdown speed, the rudder has sufficient authority to provide directional control in most configurations.

Speedbrakes

(...) speedbrakes should be extended only when stopping distance is critical. Extending the speedbrakes (...) may compromise controllability of the airplane.

Reverse Thrust

(...) an engine making ground contact could suffer sufficient damage such that the reverse mechanism may not operate. Selecting reverse thrust (...) may produce an additional asymmetric condition that makes directional control more difficult. Reverse thrust should be used only when stopping distance is critical.

Landing technique
The technique varies with the combination of failure. If one side of the main gears is missing, land the plane to the side of runway which corresponds to the extended main gear. I.e. if the left gear is down and right gear is up, land on the left side of the runway instead of centerline. Maintain wings level for as long as possible, and be prepared to brake on the left side to maintain directional control.
If all the gears decide to hide in the gears bay, land on centerline and use rudder to maintain directional control. Rudder is effective until airspeed drops too low.
After landing
Evacuate the aircraft as necessary!
Comment: Would it be a bad idea to retract the left gear/nose gear again, if possible? Maybe it would make it easier for the pilot to maintain directional-control and puts the load on the center-body, instead on the right wing. PS: Execluding B747/A380 and so on, they have more than two main-gears.


How to get hair fragments off of skin after beard trimming

Question: I thought I would be able to find an answer to this Googling but have been entirely unable to. Maybe I'm using the wrong terminology. Basically any time I trim my beard with my electric trimmer, small fragments of hair end up all over my hands, arms, neck. I can't find any good way of getting them off, it's like they're statically charged and stuck to my skin. Any tips?
Comment: I used to own a beard trimmer with a built-in vacuum.  It caught nearly all of the small fragments of hair. (I'm not posting this as an answer because there may still be a few flyaway hair fragments that land on your skin.)
Answer: Trimming right before taking a shower seems to help for me, but it isn't always an option.
A lint roller might work, especially if you were in a hurry. I've used one many times to get human and animal hair off of clothes and fabrics. I wouldn't recommend it if you have sensitive skin or are allergic to any adhesives though.
Lint rollers at Walmart
Comment: This is not a bad idea. Might have to give it a shot
Comment: it works, better than anything else I'd tried anyway!
Comment: I use lint roller after haircuts to reduce the hairs going into my shirt, too. :)
Answer: I use a cordless trimmer in the shower with a mirror attached to the shower wall. After I trim my beard, I simply take a shower; a sprayer attachment makes this even easier. This was done mainly to prevent the nasty cleanup of small hairs all over the vanity in the bathroom, but has worked out very nicely for me.
Answer: I've always tied a towel around my neck and secured the other end somewhere in front of me. Because the towel is raised up to about shoulder level in front, this should reduce the amount of hair that lands on you by a healthy amount.
Answer: IMHO, you can try your hair dryer in order to push them off.
Or you can shave while taking shower, so the water will wash away the hairs.


Why are the hellenic philosophers before Platos time referred to as pre-socratic?

Question: It seems plausible to me that they could equally have been called pre-Plato. Whats the significance of Socrates? Did he instill an ethical turn in Hellenic philosophy (or be seen to do so)?
Comment: Nietzsche called them indeed [preplatonic](https://philpapers.org/rec/NIETPP-3).
Answer: Here's an excerpt of what I found on the SEP on Presocratic Philosophy:

Calling this group "Presocratic philosophers" raises certain difficulties. The term was made current by Hermann Diels in the nineteenth century, and was meant to mark a contrast between Socrates who was interested in moral problems, and his predecessors, who were supposed to be primarily concerned with cosmological and physical speculation. "Presocratic," if taken strictly as a chronological term, is not quite accurate, for the last of them were contemporaneous with Socrates and even Plato. Moreover, several of the early Greek thinkers explored questions about ethics and the best way to live a human life. The term may also suggest that these thinkers are somehow inferior to Socrates and Plato, of interest only as their predecessors, and its suggestion of archaism may imply that philosophy only becomes interesting when we arrive at the classical period of Plato and Aristotle. Some scholars now deliberately avoid the term, but if we take it to refer to the early Greek thinkers who were not influenced by the views of Socrates, whether his predecessors or contemporaries, there is probably no harm in using it.

The Presocratics were 6th and 5th century BCE Greek thinkers (starting with the Milesian school), while the hellenistic period went well over into the Common Era (the first 400 years, roughly, were the era of hellenistic Christianity) and contains Greek as well as Latin philosophers. To be precise, "hellenistic philosophy is the period of Western philosophy that was developed in the Hellenistic civilization following Aristotle and ending with the beginning of Neoplatonism" (Wikipedia), so the pre-socratic thinkers aren't part of the group.
Comment: I tend to use "early philosophers" along with "pre-socratics" to avoid confusion, although the first term is somewhat vague, particularly in light of early Eastern philosophers such as Confucius.   (Interesting to note that you do see humanistic ideas arising with both Socrates and Master Kong roughly contemporaneously.)


I have 7 weeks left for a power-lifting competition. It's my first time; how do I prepare?

Question: I have been weight-training for almost 2 years now. I do it because I love it. That was the only reason I had been training, but I have a new goal now: to win in a local powerlifting competition. I don't have a trainer or a coach. How do I train to increase my strength? I am 63kg female. My 1RM in deadlift is 94kgs (last week). Tips to increase strength from experienced people is highly appreciated.
Comment: Your 1RM "in what exercise" is 94kgs....?
Comment: 1RM in deadlift
Answer: Learn the rules
It may be surprising, but there is no universally set rules for powerlifting competitions. A powerlifting competition sponsored by a federation must follow the federation's rules, but each federation may have different set of rules. A powerlifting competition that's hosted by a gym and not sponsored can have their own sets of rules. Most will be about the same, but it's best not to make assumptions.

Is it actually a powerlifting competition?  This one may seem odd, but I bring this up because a local gym hosted a "powerlifting meet" which was basically a "How many reps can you lift at 325" competition. It was not received well.
What are the clothing requirements? Are you required to wear a singlet? If so, what kind of singlet?
What equipment are you allowed to use?  Does "raw" mean no equipment at all? Are you allowed to use a belt? Knee sleeves? Wrist wraps? etc.
What shoes are you allowed to wear?
Squat:

Do you walk the weight out or is it a monolift rack?
Are you allowed to chalk your back?
Are you required to pause?

Bench:

Where are your feet allowed? Are they required to be flat on the ground, or can you press on the balls of your feet?
Are you required to pause?
Are you required to wrap your thumbs around the bar?
How wide are your arms allowed to be?
Are you required to follow commands?  If so, what are the commands?

Deadlift

Do you have to wait for a command to disengage the lockout?
Are you allowed to drop the weight, or are you required to lower it in a controlled fashion?

This is by no means an exhaustive list. Just things to think about.
After that, all your training should focus on lifting as you would on competition day.
If you're required to wear a singlet, it's best to wear it a couple times before competition so you get a feel for it.
If you're required to follow bench press commands, try to find someone who knows what they're doing to give those commands so you can practice.
Answer: You said you don't have a trainer/coach, but my advice is to seek one out, preferably one who competes as well. I say this straight up because you also said you want to win a local powerlifting competition.
I also have 7 weeks to my next powerlifting competition, but I'm a month into my training run, and my coach has written me a brutal program with a good mix of heavy and volume.
A coach will assess your technique, your abilities, and movement patterns, so they can tailor a training program specifically for you.
As an example from my experience - the very first session I had with my coach, my deadlift went from 160kg to 180kg, just from tweaking my technique. That said to me that I had strength, but my form needed improvement.
That being said, if you can't access a coach, there are plenty of existing programs that have good results, like Stronglifts/Starting strength at the beginner level, and mad cow or Wendler 5/3/1 for intermediates.  Whatever you choose to follow, make sure you are consistent, and that you add weight to the bar each week - start light, otherwise you'll plateau quickly.
Work on improving your form - film yourself so you can critique your lifts.  Conditioning is also important, make sure you get some in.  I like to use high-rep training for this.
Leading into the comp, work up to heavy singles in your last week beforehand, with a little bit of back-off work, and leave 2-3 days to recover before the big day.
But probably more important than the time spent in the gym is your time spent out of it - nutrition and recovery is where you will get your gains. Eat big and focus on recovery.
Good luck.


How should I stat very powerful artifacts that the party acquires too early?

Question: A few weeks ago I started DMing a campaign that involves five divine artifacts that all of the gods' powers are filtered through. I planned on the paragon level quest being collecting these in order to either destroy or protect them. Unfortunately, one of my players rolled a natural 20 on Thievery to steal the chestplate artifact at Level 2 (next encounter will level them up). How should I handle the stats on this item?
Comment: FWIW, in 4E a nat-20 is _only_ an automatic success on attack rolls, not skill checks. Just because he rolled a 20 to steal the item doesn't mean it's successful. Sometimes, you're just not good enough. (Granted, it's probably not worth retconning and taking away the thief's shiny, but it's worth considering for future encounters.)
Answer: You can make this an "evolving" item, that only reveals its full power over time as the character becomes more attuned to it and puts effort into discovering more of its potential.
That means you can stat it up as a regular 2-to-4th level magic item, and mention that the character can sense greater potential that's locked away. As a bonus, you can "evolve" it into whatever the character would have been awarded as treasure later, making it easier to get their planned items into their hands and simplifying distribution of your treasure parcel's slightly. Just always count each time the chestplate "evoles" as one of the "new" treasures in that adventure's treasure parcel so that you aren't handing out any more than you're intending to.
Comment: I'm pretty sure the 4e Concordance stat already does this, but over less time and with less of a power flux (as artifacts in 4e start off awesome and are expected to only stick around up to five levels before moving on). Could you elaborate on ideas about how to prolong or extend the progress of an artifact's concordance with its wielder?
Comment: @BESW It's just GM fiat. That there's a codification of a similar-but-different-details idea doesn't really impact my advice to manage this one artifact at the speed of plot.
Answer: You already let them get the item. Give them the item. Give them the full paragon tier level item. One level 15ish item at +3 (if you are playing DnD 4e) won't significantly destabilize the game. Don't forget to account for the cost of this item in the expected treasure for the party, as well.
As Scott points out in the comments above, you should not be letting players have a 5% chance to totally derail your campaign. This is, however, a great chance to make your campaign feel alive! When the players encounter the next item, there should be enhanced security and word of the daring theft of the last item on the lips of the people around town.
Comment: I disagree with the destabilization factor, especially when you consider that +3 counts as third tier masterwork armour, which will grant an extra 1 or 2 points of AC depending on if the armour is light or heavy. Plate is 8 AC, but Plate +3 is 13 AC, 5 points higher.
Comment: @Soulrift a 25% boon (which is what 5 points is) is certainly significant, but if the value of the item were taken into account when dealing out treasure parcels it will naturally even itself out over time. Yes, it will be a significant bonus, but not one that would make the party invulnerable. And it is significantly less of an issue if the party member wearing the armor has upgraded from a level 1 360gp set of magic armor that was +1.
Comment: @Soulrift, in addition to Dampe's point, any attacks against anything _other_ than AC will ignore the armor entirely (barring additional 1 to a single NAC defense assuming it's a masterwork material)
Answer: Rely on the Concordance system to balance/play the artifact
Simple starting advice: stat the item as an appropriate item for the party at its current level (so, a +1 magic armour, possibly with some properties or abilities). Then, modify its stats as its concordance with the party changes.
Concordance

An artifact's concordance score measures the artifact's attitude toward its wielder. The scale ranges from 0 (angered) to 20 (pleased).
When a character takes possession of an artifact, it starts with a concordance of 5. (The owner's race, class, or other characteristics might adjust this starting concordance.) Various actions and events increase or decrease this score as long as the character possesses the artifact. When the artifact is pleased with its wielder's actions, its concordance goes up. When the wielder acts contrary to the artifact's desires, its concordance decreases.
The wielder knows of the factors that alter the concordance—it's in the artifact's best interests to communicate its desires and expectations. But keep the artifact's concordance score a secret, telling the player only if the artifact's powers or properties change. The player shouldn't ever know exactly how close the artifact is to changing its attitude.
CONCORDANCE
Score  Artifact's Attitude
16–20  Pleased
12–15  Satisfied
5–11   Normal
1–4    Unsatisfied
0 or lower Angered

The artifact's concordance can alter it's properties. Perhaps the armour is unsatisfied with the thief for having stolen it. At Unsatisfied, perhaps the artifact acts as mere +1 magic armor, possibly invoking various other penalties, especially if it makes requests (or demands) of its owners and those requests are denied or failed. If the players act in a manner desirable by the artifact, the concordance can go up and the artifact can share more of its power with its owners. If they anger it, it could penalize them further and, eventually, move on.
Know that in 4th Edition, artifact aren't just powerful items, they're often sentient and powerful beings in their own right, with their own goals and desires. Artifacts seek out owners that can fulfill their wants, and are often only obtained because player characters have done something to make the artifact want to be owned.
Consider, for example, the Standard of Eternal Battle which can only be obtained through conflict. The Standard is otherwise immobile and cannot be picked up, unless the previous owners are defeated in battle by the new owners. That also means the current owners can't willingly get rid of it unless they lose a battle, and the Standard will continually call greater and greater threats tho the party in order to test their mettle.
What does your armour desire? How can the party fulfill its wants? What will the armour do to them if they ignore its demands? How will the armour reward them for pleasing it?
Answer: That really depends on your intent.
"The sword chooses its wielder"
Do you want the player to be unable to wield/wear the items? Making the items intelligent can allow the item to refuse to be used by a character that the item does not 'respect' etc. or even risk completely possessing the wearer. Indeed, if a god was meant to wear this equipment, sentience really isn't that far-fetched. And if you've previously outlined that the items don't possess this quality, there's always the next approach...
Latent abilities
Known by a variety of names depending on your system (Legacy, Awakened, etc.), the powers at be in the item can be dormant, and need to be awakened over time. This allows your characters to bear them at the time they acquire them without their utility/power falling out of scale as the PCs grow in power.
"____- my only weakness!"
Have a drawback to wearing the items, especially if they're not as powerful as you want them to be when they finally are able to bear them. Penalize a stat point, grant a weakness, etc., but this approach will really only work until the group is strong/rich enough to afford to counteract such penalties. Also be careful to make this god-tier item something that would still be beneficial, in spite of the drawbacks.
Now I'm a target
This type of approach can be used to rend the items from the party, and works especially at lower levels. Obtaining something of great power or story significance can make the group be chased down by those seeking the item or its power. Be careful not to be too cheap if you take this approach ("a bunch of level 18s come and gang bang the party"), and be willing to give the players a fair chance.
Comment: This answer feels like it assumes 3.5-like artifact standards as a baseline rather than 4e-like standards, because 4e artifacts already default to behaviour almost exactly like several of these suggestions --intelligence, latent abilities, drawbacks under certain situations-- and some individual 4e artifacts utilise the other suggestion as well. Could you please elaborate on how your suggestions are different from the baseline 4e handling of artifacts?
Comment: When I wrote/posted the answer, OP hadn't yet tagged or mentioned a system. Should I just pull the answer?
Comment: Well, now they have and so you have the opportunity to expand your answer for their specific circumstances. (If I feel that a question gives little enough information that I have to do guesswork on the answer, I often prefer to ask for clarification and wait to answer until they've given a clearer picture of the situation--saves me a lot of work on an answer which may turn out to not be helpful anyway.) If you feel your answer can't help them, then pulling it is an option, but it's entirely up to you. Others may feel differently and find it very useful.
Answer: You say you've got five of these powerful magical plot coupons, um, artifacts that the party needs to collect, eh?
And they managed to grab one of them way too early?
If so, here's my suggestion:
Stat the chestplate exactly as you would any other similar level-appropriate item.  Or maybe a little better — it is a channel of the gods' power, after all.  But still, it shouldn't do anything too powerful for the players' level.
That is to say, it shouldn't do anything too powerful alone.  But its power should grow non-linearly when combined with the other artifacts.
Specifically, each of the artifacts should have significant additional powers that will only manifest when two of them are brought together.  Bring three artifacts together, and they'll each be even more powerful, and four will obviously be much more powerful yet, not to mention the truly godlike level of power that bringing all five of them together should unleash.
Note that you don't need to decide exactly what these extra powers will be yet.  That's something that you can defer to the point (hopefully several levels later) when the players manage to collect the next artifact, at which point you can set their combined powers to be something roughly appropriate for their level at the time.
Of course, you should probably make at least some rough plan of what the particular and combined powers of each set of items should be like, even if you don't decide the exact power level in advance.  You could even let the players hear rumors of these combined effects, so that they won't be so disappointed by the individual artifacts being less than completely game-breaking awesome.
You'll also want to make sure that, when the players do end up finding the other artifacts, you'll stat them the same way (i.e. weak powers when used alone, increasingly stronger powers when used together), so as to maintain an appearance of consistency.
Answer: Full disclosure: this is plagiatism from other rpg.se answers.
Make the item cursed. It grants immense power BUT with each use:

you age an year OR
a random mishap happens
next 24 hours a mischievous creature gets summoned
you loose a finger forever
a friend of yours dies


Can I use dry milk instead of whole milk?

Question: If a recipe calls for whole milk and you only have dry milk, what would you do? Explain your answer.
Comment: Uh, "Explain your answer"? We aren't your students. Maybe you should start by explaining your question.
Answer: I was able to find this pretty easily online:
<code>1 Cup Milk = 1 Cup Water + 3 Tablespoons Powdered Milk
3/4 Cup Milk = 3/4 Cup Water + 2 1/4 Tablespoons Powdered Milk
2/3 Cup Milk = 2/3 Cup Water + 2 Tablespoons Powdered Milk
1/2 Cup Milk = 1/2 Cup Water + 1 1/2 Tablespoons Powdered Milk
1/3 Cup Milk = 1/3 Cup Water + 1 Tablespoon Powdered Milk
1/4 Cup Milk = 1/4 Cup Water + 3/4 Tablespoon Powdered Milk
</code>
Source: http://preparednessadvice.com/food_storage/conversion-chart-for-powdered-milk/
Additionally, I've done some calculations to show why this works for creating 1 cup milk (a little bit more :)
Dry milk composition in %
<code>                Protein (%)  Fat (%)    Sugar (%)   Minerals (%) Water (%)
Dry milk, Fullfat   26       27      38          6               2.5
Dry milk, nonfat    36       1       52          8                3
Fresh milk         3.4      3.7     4.8          1               87
</code>
Dry milk composition in 42 ml (3 tbsp)..just converting % to ml
<code>                  Protein(ml)   Fat(ml) Sugar(ml)   Minerals(ml) Water(ml)
Dry milk, Fullfat   10.9        11.3        16.0      2.5            1.1
Dry milk, nonfat    15.1        0.4         21.8      3.4            1.3
Fresh milk          3.4         3.7         4.8       1.0            87.0
</code>
If you add 1 cup water = 42+236 ml liquid
Dry milk with water
<code>                 Protein (%)    Fat (%) Sugar (%)   Minerals (%)    Water (%)
Dry milk, Fullfat   3.9          4.1      5.7         0.9            85.3
Dry milk, nonfat    5.4          0.2      7.9         1.2            85.4
Fresh milk          3.4         3.7      4.8          1              87
</code>
Which is nearly the same as whole fresh milk.
Source for dry milk stats (1st table): On Food and Cooking by Harold McGee.
Answer: If a recipe calls for milk you mix your powdered milk with water according to the package instructions and use the amount given in the recipe.
If your powdered milk results in the equivalent of skim milk (as opposed to whole milk), it depends on what you are cooking / baking whether you need make up the difference in fat content by adding some butter, cream or similar or use it as it is. Without a recipe or at least an idea what you intend to do we couldn't say.
Answer: If you mix the dry milk as directed you can replace the regular milk in cooking. You might need to add some fat to your recipe if it calls for whole milk. Sometimes powdered milk used in some recipes  will change the flavor a little because of the different flavor between whole milk and powder milk. I have found that if you mix the powdered milk with warm water, refrigerate over night then aerate the mixture by pouring it back and forth from glass to glass it helps with the flavor.
Answer: I have great success adding the amount of powdered milk necessary on the package directions, say for 1 cup, by adding the dry powder with the flour, sugar etc.... Then add the amount of liquid (water) per instructions that would have been used to make the (cup of milk), ie 1 cup of water to the liquid ingredients in the recipe.  This has worked great for me.


Baking with regular skillet vs. cast iron for apple pie

Question: I have a recipe for apple pie I want to use. The recipe asks for a cast iron skillet.
Can I use a regular skillet in the oven instead of the cast iron skillet?
Comment: Just a note about safety - the other skillet should be oven-proof, of course. :-)
Answer: Technically, yes, though the crust will likely be less brown and evenly brown than if you use a cast iron skillet, especially if the sides of your regular skillet are thinner than the base.  If that is the case, the sides will be less brown than the base of the pie.
You might also have to adjust the cooking time on the recipe as well, so if you're a stickler with following a recipe to the "T", then I'd ask someone to borrow their cast iron skillet :)
Answer: I love baking pie in cast iron; it absorbs some moisture that keeps crust crisp. Your skillet may be 'slicker' and let the crust steam a bit more. If it is an enameled, it is much more like baking in glass (which enamel technically is).
The other consideration is heating up time for bottom of the pan. Cast iron allows the top to brown before the bottom gets done. If it is a very juicy recipe, it may bubble up earlier than expected in a thinner skillet.


Transferred Monero from Shapeshift, want to send to different address

Question: I used Shapeshift to convert BTC to XMR, and then had the XMR send to my Monero Desktop Wallet.
This was the first time I used this. I noticed I had to sync, before the balance will show, but I don't want to download the 30GB blockchain because I'm on capped data. This was the default and I used the receive address from the wallet to give to Shapeshift.
Now, I read about and maybe I can avoid downloading the 30GB if I use a moneroworld node? But once I set up that remote node, the receive address is different, so do I have to just download the 30gb blockchain data before I can receive my funds?
Answer: If you had used the Monero GUI (desktop app) to create your Monero receiving address, your address will not change if you decide to instruct the GUI to use a remote node.
Syncing with a remote node means you don't have to download and verify the entire blockchain, but you still need to download part of it and it still requires your PC to do some very heavy computation which could take several hours. The use of remote nodes will not make anything 'instant', in the way that using a Bitcoin light wallet would. This is because of Monero's "stealth address" privacy mechanism that requires you to scan the blockchain for incoming transactions. Your wallet will not reveal your Monero address to the remote node.


Retaliating against a foreign country's import tariffs

Question: When Trump imposes tariffs on imports from China, he is hurting American consumers who won't be able to take advantage of cheap Chinese goods. If China was to retaliate by imposing tariffs on imports from the US, they would be hurting Chinese consumers in the same way. So, is there is any need for a country to retaliate against another country's import tariffs?
Answer: If you're using a simple standard model of trade, like the Ricardian model, trade is good and all tariffs, price floors, price ceilings, etc are bad. Retaliatory tariffs will still be problematic for the country imposing them. I think your reasoning is fine in this regard.
However, trade occurs over many many years. Responding to the initiation of new tariffs by imposing temporary tariffs will reduce the short-term welfare for everyone, including the tariff initiator.  The country which began this "trade war" will then have lower welfare from both sets of tariffs.  Hopefully, the initiating country will remove their tariffs and return to normal.
The retaliating country has some short-run cost, but if it leads to a final low-tariff state, retaliation may be worth it in the long run.
Imagine the game is a repeated version of the following:
\begin{array}
\\ & Free Trade & Tariff
\\ Free Trade&(5,5)&(3,4)
\\ Tariff & (4,3)&(2,2)
\end{array}
Where for some reason a party has ended on Tariff, perhaps because they have a "trembling hand" with regard to policy.  Note this is different then the prisoner's dilemma because the payoff does not increase as a result of imposing tariffs.
Answer:
is there is any need for a country to retaliate against another
  country's import tariffs?

Yes, it's a response against a form of disloyal competition. The effect of tariffs on imports is equivalent to that of currency depreciation. Retaliation or tariffs reciprocation aims at neutralizing a country's dissimulated depreciation of its currency.
In our globalized markets, countries depend on exports for strengthening their economy. The competitive advantage from an innovation's breakthrough is short-lived because nowadays the rest of the countries are able to reproduce that innovation rather quickly. Thus, the easiest and most immediate mechanism for an economy to become more "competitive" is by depreciation of its local currency.
Countries are upset with Trump's tariffs on imports because these are a form of currency [frowned upon] depreciation: Tariffs on imports make it more costly for local consumers to purchase goods from outside. Countries reasonably disapprove of Trump's work-around to the existing international conventions against deliberate depreciation of an economy's local currency.

When Trump imposes tariffs on imports from China, he is hurting
  American consumers who won't be able to take advantage of cheap
  Chinese goods. If China was to retaliate by imposing tariffs on
  imports from the US, they would be hurting Chinese consumers in the
  same way.

I would question whether consumers are --at least directly and to the same extent-- affected by their government's tariffs on imports (I should mention, though, that I have not seen a breakdown of flows in the international trade). See my comment on the short-lived advantage from innovations' breakthroughs. Moreover, China could import from Europe or other countries many of the goods it hitherto imported from the U.S.
Comment: (-1) "The effect of tariffs on imports is equivalent to that of currency depreciation." This is true for *some* effects, probably not most, and definitely not all. E.g. there is no tariff income from currency depreciation, but there is tariff income from tariffs.
Comment: None taken! You can rephrase the statement and clarify what you mean, but currently it is simply incorrect.
Comment: @denesp No offense, but amid the nitpicking you are missing the point, which is: Both currency depreciation and tariffs on imports render imports more expensive than local products. Indeed, exporters won't absorb the expense of tariffs; they will charge it to the consumer. And you are missing the context: [Trump's excuse for tariffs on imports](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-44498484) is not the pursuit of tariff income, but the protectionist policy of (quote:) *preventing further unfair transfers of American technology and intellectual property to China, which will protect American jobs*.
Comment: @denesp "it is simply incorrect". No, it's not. You are just missing the point and what is being asked here. If the price tag of Captain America's shield made of imported steel was 100 USD, now replacing it will cost him 125. Neither he nor China cares whether the 25 USD increase means tariff income or depreciation of the USD. All he cares about is that the purchase power of his 100 USD bill no longer suffices for buying a shield made of imported steel, whereas all China cares about is that the 25 USD increase -as reflected at U.S. retail stores- factually hurts China's market share in the US.


How does "It's totally fucked" translate to Latin?

Question: The closest I can manage (uneducated) is "Prorsus Futui Est," but I suspect that's somewhat (if not completely) wrong.
Comment: Are you asking for a translation of the literal or the figurative?
Answer: The Latin verb futuere is a good translation for the English verb "fuck" in the sense of sexual intercourse.
The past participle fututus means "fucked" in this sense.
As often in Latin, this can be intensified with a prefix.
The adjective defututus can well be translated as "totally fucked", although many dictionaries give much softer translations like "exhausted by sensuality" in Lewis and Short.
If you do not want to specify what "it" is and you want to refer to sexual intercourse, then defututum est is a good translation for "it's [been] totally fucked".
The English verb can be used in a number of different meanings, but I assumed the literal one.
If you meant something else, please edit your question to clarify what the message you want to convey is.
The translation you suggested (which sounds like what Google Translate might give) is not grammatical.
It does find a good verb, but the whole doesn't quite work.
Comment: I would think it is short for "It's totally fucked up.", which roughly means "It is in a exceedingly broken state". But I'm not very confident, because it is the most versatile verb of the English language, as far as I know. (I'm not a native English speaker)
Comment: @VolkerSiegel you are correct, another more gentle way of saying it would be 'this is totally messed up' or 'it's a complete/total disaster' . the word fuck in this case doesn't refer to sex at all, which is why I don't think this answer is accurate but to be fair I doubt there actually exists a latin translation that is 1:1 with the english.
Comment: I think if you're going to translate *fucked* in a literal sense, then you're better off using either masculine or feminine gender.
Answer: As Joonas said, I would use a form of the participle fututus, literally "fucked". Here's one example, from Catullus VI:

Cur? Nōn tam later' ecfutūta pandās,
nī tu quid faciās ineptiārum
Why? Because you wouldn't display your fucked-out body like this unless you were doing something obscene.

(In this poem, Catullus is saying it's obvious that Flavius has a mistress because of the way he looks when he goes out in public.)
Or, from Catullus XLI:

Āmeāna, puella dēfutūta,
tōta mīlia mē decem poposcit!
Ameana, that thoroughly-fucked girl, asked for a full ten thousand!

(In this one, he's complaining about Ameana's prices being too high.)
In both of these, notably, the adjective refers to the literal act of sex—I don't know of any case where it's used metaphorically, like in English "fucked up". But I'd have no qualms using it that way, since the metaphor and the obscenity are clear enough.
Comment: @tony "Futuere" is certainly more vulgar and offensive than "to make love".
Comment: I remember your quest for an expletive intensifier. Yourself suggests, I think, that the phraseology in your answer would not qualify as perjorative; expletive-type bad language. If Roman soldiers were addressing each other, good-naturedly, or otherwise how would they say: "Fuck you!"; "I'm fucked-off with this!"; "Fucking hell, not again"? Is it so that "futuere", in Latin, is about as offensive as "to make love", in English?
Answer: Since all current answers address the sexual meaning of "fucked", I will provide alternatives for the case of "fucked" => "broken".

Fractus
Broken, shattered

or its related

Confractus
Destroyed

Both of these can of course be used with an optional intensifying prefix to provide the "totally" ingredient.
The full phrase could be translated as:

Perfract(-us/-a/-um) est
Comment: Can you specify which prefix you think works on *fractus*?
Comment: @Wilson _per_ seems reasonable, and is at least used by John Paul II in _Reconciliatio et Paenitentia_.


What temperature ranges are appropriate for a pet rabbit?

Question: I have seen rabbits on TV living everywhere from the arctic to the desert.  Can I expect a pet rabbit to do well in the same range of temperatures as their wild cousins?  If not what  temperature ranges are appropriate for a domestic pet rabbit?
Answer: In the modern home environment, with both heat and air conditioning a domestic house rabbit should be comfortable.
There are multiple reliable references citing optimal temperature ranges.  These source are mostly for production and laboratory animals so I have chosen not to list them, but instead am summarizing the findings.
Most reference cite optimal temperatures in the 50 - 70 °F (10 - 22 °C) ranges,  with some sources allowing as low as 40 °F (5 °C) or as high as 80 °F (25 °F) being acceptable.
There is nearly universal recognition that temperatures above 85 °F (29 °C) are hazardous to domestic rabbits. At temperatures above 80 °F supplemental cooling should be offered, above 85 °F it is required. (see related).
On the cool side, temperatures above freezing are not considered unsafe for a healthy rabbit, if appropriate housing that allows good shelter and food are provided.  At 32 °F or 0 °C when water freezes, a rabbit that has had time to become acclimatized has lack of drinking water as a primary concern.
Temperatures that fall much below or stay below freezing for long periods, require supplemental heat (see related). Both to provide heat for the rabbit and to keep the water drinkable.
Comment: If you have more than one rabbit, temperatures under the freezing point (approximated -5°C - 10°C on the outside) are okay for them, if they have a hiding place with fitting space for them and no much left air space (for example a wooden box) which do not stays on the ground or has isolation to it. Inside this box they can hold the comfortable temperature by their own body warmth. Regardless freezing water is a problem. By the way: rabbits like snow! My have possibility to do all in snow free area, but they active choose the snow to play.
Comment: @Allerleirauh I am not a fan of leaving pets or children outside and unsupervised ever, and leaving them out when the temperature is below freezing I am even more strongly against.
Comment: In the areas where rabbits are natural from, freezing winters are normal. The only risk for they in nature is to less food. If they have enought food, their bodys are able to produce enought warmth to live comfortable. Second they need enought space to moving (not given in "normal" stables) so their muscles make them warm. For water they use to eat snow. Of course I give my rabbits energy rich food and guarantee they have liquid water to drink. The alternative would be to have them in the cellar all winter time...