Do Geth and Parity nodes have the same txpool?

Question: If I broadcast a transaction using a parity node, will it be more likely to be included in a block if the miner is also using Parity?  or do geth miners have an equal chance to include the transaction?
Answer: you have an equal chance to get your transaction mined, transaction brodcasting doesn't depend on wich client you are using. However parity is known to be faster, because geth doesn't have an optimization that Partiy has
Comment: does this optimization have any impact on how quickly your transaction gets inlcuded in a block? I assume no
Comment: no as you said, besides geth is most client used by miners.


Analysing Crazyhouse Games

Question: I have recently started playing crazyhouse on chess.com. For my normal chess games, I download my chess games in PGN format. Then open them up in chessbase 13 and from within chessbase load up the UCI-compatible stockfish engine to analyse the games. Ideally, I would like to store my crazyhouse games in chessbase too and call up an engine supporting crazyhouse. But for some reason, chessbase doesn't like crazyhouse PGN files. My first question is whether there is a way to analyze crazyhouse games in Chessbase? If not, is there a database program that can handle both normal chess and crazyhouse games? It should also allow loading of UCI-compatible chess engines. I do not need all the advanced database features of chessbase. More important to me is a single consolidated software to store and analyze my games in normal chess and crazyhouse.
Comment: Try lichess. They have analysis.
Comment: I am looking for a standalone software. Lichess is a website, right?
Comment: Lichess is free, and the analysis isn't even made on your computer, so its only hard if you don't have internet. But you needed internet to post this question! :D
Answer: If you accept to give up the use of a graphical interface, you can analyze your games with python-chess-annotator:
https://github.com/rpdelaney/python-chess-annotator
It is a python script that uses an UCI engine to analyze a game in a pgn file. It will give you in output a pgn file with the annotations. It works with every chess variant supported by python-chess, and Crazyhouse is supported. You can use Stockfish Crazyhouse to analyze.
Answer: XBoard/WinBoard and PyChess both work well with Stockfish for crazyhouse. I mostly use XBoard for analyzing crazyhouse games and positions (when I do not use lichess, e.g., to run Stockfish more efficiently locally instead of in the browser or to test experimental Stockfish versions).
Software for standard chess like ChessBase does not work with variants.

Analysing Crazyhouse Games


Pot when you go All-in with less than big blind preflop

Question: If I go all-in preflop with less than the big blind, I'm I entitled to the preflop pot or just double my stake?
Comment: Possible duplicate of [How are side pots built?](http://poker.stackexchange.com/questions/462/how-are-side-pots-built)
Comment: For tournament games you will always get to bet whatever you have left, However in cash games many places will not let you go all in in the big blind if you do not have a full big blind and a few places will not deal you in if you have less then the big blind remaining in your stack.
Answer: There is an immediate side pot:

Blinds will match your bet.  SB will be SB if less than your bet.
For any caller the amount of your bet will go into that side pot.

If you win then you get that side pot.
Comment: Nice concise answer, just one thing though - what you're calling a "side pot" is actually the main pot. But that's just semantics, +1 for brevity.
Answer: Firstly, if you are shoving pre for less than one big blind, you can't win the pot preflop uncontested without having to see a board and go to showdown. The only exception would be if everyone else folded preflop (including the BB, who can run the board with you without investing any additional money and so always should). The other edge case is where you are in the BB yourself and you're all-in blind to pay a portion of the big blind. If this portion is larger than a small blind, then it is also possible for you to win preflop by everyone else folding (and you would win just the SB amount, plus get your original <1BB stack back).
That aside, if you are all-in for less than the current bet (including your example when shoving preflop with <1BB), a side pot will be built as you can only win amounts from the pot where other players have matched your bet.
For example, let's say you are in a tournament where the blinds are 2k/4k (no antes for simplicity) and you are on the button with 3k, it folds to you and you shove.
Scenario 1: SB folds. BB player will be refunded 1k from his 4k BB and you will then see a board with a pot of 8k (your 3k, the BB player's 3k and the 2k from the SB)
Scenario 2: SB completes to 4k, BB checks. Main pot (which you are able to win) will be 9k (your 3k, plus 3k each from the SB and BB) and there will be a side pot between the SB and BB for an additional 2k (the amount by which they collectively exceeded your all-in) going to the flop.
Scenario 3: SB raises to 20k (or any amount really), BB folds. SB will immediately win 1k from the BB player's BB, will be refunded all of his/her raise except for 3k (so in this example 17k) and you will see a board with a pot of 9k (your 3k, 3k of the BB and the SB's 3k).
The same logic is applied if the SB raises and is called, or some combination of raising and folding happens between the SB and BB players. Ultimately you will end up contesting a 9k pot if the SB doesn't fold, or an 8k pot if they do, regardless of what other action there is.
If there are more than 2 other players contesting the pot, you can win an additional 3k for each one which at least calls the BB and the side pot(s) will be built accordingly. So as an extreme example, if you're at a 10-handed table and everyone limps pre (except you, who undershoves for your 3k), you would have a main pot of 30k (including your own 3k) which you could win.


iMac only show flashing folder with question mark after formatting OS X partition drive

Question: Today i format my "OS X El capitan" partition for installing "Yosemite". But due an error in bootable yosemite usb it didn't install on this partition. After some hours when i turned on iMac and hold down "option" key for boot into usb but just blank screen and mouse show. And every time when i turend on iMac it only show flashing folder with question mark.
I've tried to resolve it by reseting "NVRAM". But after restarting problem still same.
Also I've tried many "Startup key combinations for Mac" but didn't work any combination on startup.
Also i have important data in my other one partition.
Please can anyone tell me what i do for resolving that issue Without loosing my data?
Comment: Yea you are kinda stuck. :|  You can attempt to fix this if you have another PC or Mac.
Comment: This is my iMac [http://www.everymac.com/systems/apple/imac/specs/imac-core-2-duo-2.66-24-inch-aluminum-early-2009-specs.html]
Yes I've tried "Cmd-R" this combination but didn't work for me?
I have also macbook pro and PC, can you please tell me how i can fix that issue?
Answer: Your iMac cannot find a Bootable Volume
I am assuming you have something similar to the image below.  This means that your iMac can't find anything to boot off of.  It can be for any number of reasons - a corrupt drive, a new drive, a missing drive, etc.  But basically, your iMac searched and found nothing to boot from.

Recovering Your Data
Stop everything you are doing on that iMac!  The more you do to your drive at this point lessens the chances for data recovery.  Your very first priority is to try and recover the data you had on there.
For that you will need a good recovery program.  I have personally used DiskDrill with great success.  You can use it in Free Mode to scan your drive and see what is salvageable before you buy.
If you go this route, you are going to need an external USB drive (I personally swear by Western Digital)  If you don't have one, now is the time to purchase it because you are going to want to use it now for the recovery and later for your Time Machine backups.
Once you have recovered what you can, it's time to move on to the next step...
Recovery Mode
Since you said that your drive formatted and/or partitioned, you more than likely wiped your recovery partition.  All is not lost.  Depending on the age of your Mac, you have a couple of options

You can do an Internet Recovery.  Hold down Command R while powering on your iMac.  Pretty much all Macs manufactured after mid 2011 support Internet Recovery.  The Macs that can be upgraded to support Internet Recovery are listed on Apple's website:  Computers that can be upgraded to use OS X Internet Recovery.
Have someone download the El Capitan Installer and create bootable USB.
If you have access to an Apple store, you can take your machine in and they will allow you to download El Capitan using their network for free.
You may be able to find bootable media on eBay.  If you go this route make sure you buy from a seller with a good reputation and is US based.
Never, never, never get your bootable image via a Torrent site.

Set up Time Machine
Once you have everything recovered (what you can recover), I strongly advise you to set up Time Machine for backup and recovery.  It's not difficult - you just use the USB drive I mentioned earlier, set TM to back back up to it and, if applicable, tell TM what you don't want to back up.
Comment: This should be the accepted answer because the accepted answer didn't mention anything about a failing drive which turned out to be my problem. This answer covers a lot more  than the other answers.
Answer: This error appears when the startup disk's operating system is corrupt. The safest way to recover the drive's data is to pull it out of the machine and connect it to a different machine. However this is difficult and not likely an option for you. I would try getting someone you know to create a bootable flash drive of an operating system (which system doesn't really matter). You can use this drive to either 1) access all of your files or 2) reinstall a working OS.
Answer: Can't you boot from recovery partition and download again?
http://osxdaily.com/2012/02/03/how-to-boot-into-os-x-lions-recovery-hd-partition/
Comment: I've tried that method you mention in above link but not work for me still same issue when i hold down the key it only show blank screen with cursor?
Comment: So I think you should try the steps described by @Allan. For me the first attempt should be the bootable USB (easyest) if you can.


Activate app by pressing thumb on timeout / locked screen for few seconds

Question: This might seem like a strange question. Is there some sort of way for an app to launched by pressing the screen for a few seconds on touch screen phones? the reason why I ask is because this would be a great feature for like a panic button. of course the app will have to calibrate to the owner's thumb to prevent accidental pressing from objects in purse or pockets.
Comment: The concept of a panic button on a personal device confuses me. Also, if you're ever removing the device from your hand, just sleep it. No more touch screen problems.
Answer: Without jailbreaking, no. Even with jailbreaking, quite possibly not (you'd likely have to keep the entire screen on, which would burn a lot of power). The capacitive screen is turned off until you wake the device, so no amount of touching it will do anything.
Additionally, there's no real way to "calibrate" for the owner's thumb: a touch is a touch (on iOS devices). Objects in your purse or pockets, though, are rarely noticed by the screen because it's detecting energy being drawn away from it by the touching object (your human body is serving as a capacitor); that's why you can't register a touch with, say, a plastic pen or a gloved finger: the electrical charge isn't being siphoned off because it can't be transmitted through the pen or glove. Nothing commonly found in a purse or pocket would serve as a capacitor, so that part's safe, anyway.


Spinner (saving mode) on the button?

Question: Not really sure of having the spinner inside the SAVE button when it is clicked or inside the panel itself. I dont want the user able to click it again (to know it is saved or not)
Comment: How long does the process take from clicking the button to the process completing?
Answer: General practice seems to be the following for "loaders" / "spinners" these days:

Loader in the center of the screen with blurred / dark / whitened background
Loader on button is great as well, if you don't need to reload the whole page. But instead of using only a "spinner" you should indicate the progress with words as well, like: "Saving", "Saved" / "Done" or "Sending", "Sent" - depending on the type of interaction happening in the background

I hope it helps!
Comment: Yes, you're right. The Loader in the center with dark background wouldn't work in this case.
Comment: I don't think the loader in the center of the screen with dark background would work in this scenario, it looks like the button is already in a lightbox modal, overlaying another lightbox loader wouldn't look very good and transitioning from modal lightbox to a loader lightbox to finished screen seems too busy. Agreed on second point though I think the in button loader is fine if it has a bit more indication about whats happening.
Answer: For Most Use Cases - 2 Steps
The best way to communicate "we got your request, we're working on it right now, so please don't touch anything," is to:
1.  Make the spinner the focal point

Place in the center of page: draw their eye (sidenote: make sure it's as smooth as can be - nothing pisses people off like a janky spinner that keeps freezing)
Darken or grey-out background: This helps communicate "do not take any action right now," because it comes off as "you can't take any action now."

2.  Disable the action buttons

Your UI should indicate buttons are disabled (gray-out), but… you know someone will still click again, so…
Be sure to actually disable them

For Payments - 1 Vital Addition
Nothing ups uncertainty and impatience when a user's money is at stake. This can easily lead to an angry click-click-click or a page refresh… landing your user in DUPLICATE ORDER HORROR (and screwing your customer service team).
3.  EXPLICITLY: WARN (and SCARE the CRAP out of them).

"Once you've clicked "submit," please give give us just one moment to process your order.
IMPORTANT: Do not REFRESH the page, hit the BACK button, or click 'SUBMIT' more than once. Doing so can cause a DUPLICATE TRANSACTION.
As soon as your order has been processed, a new page with your receipt and confirmation page will open."

Impatience is human nature. Then a world of long lines and spinners on the internet left us with an inability to tolerate even a split second of having to wait.
But the reality is, many actions online or within software require a few extra seconds to process.
These steps have proven helpful for my team in making the spinner as efficient and clear for the user as possible.  Hope they can work out for you too!
Answer: I think your approach is really correct if you want to limit the user from clicking it again.
Having the process loading in the same area where he clicked last time is think is a good practice. This way you don't load another screen with a progress loading bard.

Also maybe you musth think how will you display an error or a success message. Maybe with a simple checkmark or X in case of error.

Spinner (saving mode) on the button?


How can you do AI research by your own?

Question: Let's say you want to do AI research and publish some papers just by your own. Would you send them to an AI journal using just your name? Which AI journals are recommended?
Comment: research and publish are not the same. In the best case, publish follows decades of research. Any particular can offer a paper to near than all science magazine. Recall publish is not mandatory, and nowadays it would be better if 99% of the current papers had not been published, these papers are more related to how universities promote their staff than to its science value. About recommended journals, google for "AI journals ranking" or "AI journals impact factor".
Answer: Let me preface this by acknowledging that this question is prone to opinion. This answer is, in so far as it is possible, primarily observation based.

My understanding is that, when it comes to publishing in a journal, doing so as an individual (without backing from an institution) is, in general, going to be frowned upon.
As you may know: scientific research, including AI research, is generally subject to peer review. When it comes to journals, this is mandatory. The review process attempts to enhance and preserve the integrety of the information published. As an additional safeguard, submissions will often expected to be backed by endorsement from someone within the academic community (typically an institution).
However, and as Pasaba correctly points out (in his comment on the OP), research and publishing are not neccessarily the same thing. Furthermore, not having an endorsement does not not stop you from making a contribution to the field.
For example, you can publish code and/or articles on websites such as Github, and engage with communities of professional and hobbiest researchers around the web, (e.g. this Stack Exchange).
Note that there is also some scope for endorsement without being a direct member of a research institution. For example: arXiv, whilst not strictly a journal, is an open archive that supports endorsement by request.
Without knowing your circumstances, it's hard to know exactly what to do. However, my general advice is to find and engage with communities, and build a network of collaborative peers, rather than trying to succeed in an isolated fashion.
Answer: To complement Cosmo's response and maybe address the "using just your name" part of your question, I would like to acknowledge that biased towards submissions do exist. Reviewers may be biased due to several reasons, such us authors' age, publications record, gender, nationality (Lotfi and Mahian, 2014).
If you are concerned about these aspects, rest assured that there are mechanisms to ensure that the authors' reputation does not influence reviewers' judgments. A good example is the "Double-Blind Review" process, which means that identities from the author(s) and reviewer(s) are concealed throughout the review process.

How can you do AI research by your own?


Why does Walt go by Heisenberg?

Question: In Breaking Bad, Walter White chooses to go by Heisenberg. I know that there has to be some significance behind both why Walt chose the name and why the writers chose that name as opposed to any other physicist's. It would make sense for it to have something to do with Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, which postulates (in broad strokes) that any system is fundamentally unstable on a short enough time frame. The connection between that and Walt's specific character eludes me though.
Comment: Surprised this isn't a duplicate
Comment: Me too. Guess there are enough places other than stack exchange that have already answered it.
Comment: if you haven't found an answer elsewhere, maybe reconsider the answer I've given so we can wrap this question up.
Answer: Because of the "uncertainty principle" which was created by the real Heisenberg and other similarities to Walter White.
As stated in this article

First of all, like Mr. White, Werner Heisenberg was a teacher. In
  fact, in 1927, he was appointed ordentlicher Professor (ordinarius
  professor) of theoretical physics and the head of the department of
  physics at the Leipzig University. In 1932, Heisenberg picked up the
  Nobel Prize for Physics for his theory of quantum mechanics — but what
  he's most famous for (arguably) is his Uncertainty Principle. I don't
  claim to fully understand this by any means, but here's what I gather:
  It's impossible to exactly measure both the position and the speed of
  a particle, because to measure the position, you'd have change the
  particle's speed, and to measure the speed, you'd have to affect its
  position. The Principle is also sometimes loosely interpreted as "we
  cannot know the present with enough precision in order to predict the
  future with certainty." I mean, right? Better call Saul.
Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle may also be an interesting metaphor
  for Walter White and Jesse Pinkman. You can't affect one of them
  without affecting the other. As the series has progressed, every time
  our master cook and his sous-chef try to part ways, they're brought
  back together, both willingly and unwillingly. Kind of like magnets,
  bitch!

And also the cancer

One more notable similarity, and a striking difference: Like Walter
  White, Heisenberg had the big C. On February 1, 1976, the scientist
  succumbed to cancer of the kidneys and gall bladder.

If you think about when he first stated his name it was after his encounter with Tuco. At that point he is contrasting his old self to his new self meaning he knows his position, but not of his momentum. Or, he is uncertain of what his new momentum will do to his position. This is basically the uncertainty principle. This is also just my speculation.
Comment: Good answer! Moreover, one should not forget that Walter was probably not prepared for a question of Tuco and since he did not want to share his real name, he had very little time to think about it. A scientist's name known to him was the first thing coming to his mind. The explonation is maybe mixed up with this kind of randomness.
Comment: I do so think that it was chosen on the spot, but not necessarily randomly. Since Walt is a chemist, if he were to pay homage to a great scientist, why not one from his own field? But being in that particular moment I think it made more sense to use Heisenberg.
Comment: I'm still unsatisfied with the answer. The article you quote is hearsay and conjecture, and it doesn't get at the deep, thoughtful connection that Breaking Bad has for so many small elements. It's pretty coincidental. There may not be an explanation that would give me that deep "Oh, that's it" feeling...but I feel like there is one.
Comment: Maybe that's to make it less obvious. Ask some chemist about his name, he says Nobel, Curie, Faraday, Carver,... it sounds more obvious that he might be lying. But picking a random name outside your own field of expertice, it might appear more plausible. On the other hand, Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle is something that affects chemistry as well. Actually, I remember talking about this in chemistry class, but not physics (didn't name it; but the fact that you can't really determine the positions of electrons for example has been mentioned).
Comment: @vastra360 have you been able to find a better answer from a "more reputable" source?
Comment: @vastra360 Well then the only thing left to do is get Vince Gilligan on the phone.
Comment: The article you quote greatly diminishes the quality of your response, IMO. Instead, your better off providing a single sentence that summarizes the gist of uncertainty principle, and then provide your last paragraph. Also, that link is broken, so..
Answer: Wikipedia for Uncertainty Principle by Heisenberg says that "the more precisely the position of some particle is determined, the less precisely its momentum can be known, and vice-versa."
Kind sums up the situation, nobody knew what Walter would do next and how he would do it.
Also, he required to come up with a name when confronting Tuco for the first time and what better a name than Heisenberg.
Just to state some examples:

He bombs Tuco's office with a crystal. None of us saw that coming.
He lets Jane die. Again, none of us thought he wouldn't save her.
He poisoned the little kid with Lily of the Valley.
Lastly, and most importantly, he cooked the finest meth. I mean, a chemistry teacher who works at car service station with little money to live on, cooks Meth! So awesome.

and a lot more situations where Walt just rocked!
Answer: I think this was because of Oppenheimer. Anybody heard of him? He and Heisenberg were two leading scientists in the field of making atom bomb. They were the best. Arch rivals I'm talking. So, Heisenberg was way ahead than Oppenheimer in making the bomb. But his lab caught on fire and then Hitler asked him to abandon this atom bomb project or something because by that time Oppenheimer (he was American) already successfully tested the bomb.
So, Oppenheimer got the credit and Heisenberg did not. In the same way, Gray Matter company was way more successful than Walter White but Walter had more potential than them. So he chose Heisenberg because Gray Matter was his Oppenheimer.
Comment: Really bad history details here: Trinity test was made on 16 July and was a complete secret (press has been told that this was a ammo warehouse explosion). Hitler committed suicide on the 30th of April.

Why does Walt go by Heisenberg?


How can we see the real "Near-Cyan"

Question: On my computer screen and your computer screen lies a "Near-Cyan" rectangle (100,250,255).
Considering the number of hardware buttons on my computer and your computer and the number of software buttons on my computer and your computer we probably dont see the same color.
My question: how do I get and distribute the "real", "standard" and "correct" "Near-Cyan"?
Comment: Related: [What should I do regarding color profile when designing for the web?](http://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/q/9208/23061), [What are Color Profiles?](http://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/q/114/23061), and [Which color profile is appropriate for images being printed on canvas?](http://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/q/45864/23061)
Answer: This is what color profiles, and color management is for. You profile your monitor, with a colorimeter, you can then  convert that color to a device neutral scale such as Lab, or standard scale rgb like sRGB.
A person with a appropriately profiled or calibrated (I suggest you calibrate your monitor to sRGB regularily*) monitor can then convert that color to closest possible color on her/his monitor using the color management engine of their OS/browser/imaging/authoring application. So image on my monitor is quite close to image on my work monitor, and any other calibrated / profiled system when possible. Because I am working in a calibrated environment that I test regularily
A person with a nonprofiled/calibrated monitor will just see random color. The best you can hope then is that they would be somewhere near sRGB. But that is more guessing than anything else.
* if you really want to be pedantic of color then you do this continiously as the light conditions at your desk affects how you precieve color.

How can we see the real "Near-Cyan"


Install mysql 5.5 without remove old version

Question: I am using CentOS 5.7 (64-bit). By default mysql 5.0.88 version is installed in my machine. Now i wants to install mysql 5.5, without remove mysql 5.0.88. I didn't get any clear document to install a new version without remove the old one. Please share your views if you come across the same.
Answer: Don't install non official software, least of all software from sources, unless you know exactly what you are doing.
Why do you believe you need another version of MySQL? The software versions that are officially supported by the distribution were selected and tuned to work well together. SIde-by-side installation of stuff like a RDBMS can't be simple, even in the best case. And if there aren't distribution-sanctioned packages for doing so, the chances for you getting it right are slim to none.


Why do humans not have a powerful sense of smell?

Question: It seems like a useful ability to be able to detect many different things about, say, another organism. A lot of mammals have this ability. Why not humans? Did we evolve it out or never develop it?
Comment: Note that human smell might not be as poor as thought: http://news.rutgers.edu/research-news/human-sense-smell-it%E2%80%99s-stronger-we-think/20170508
Answer: Humans' poor sense of smell is a myth, borne of 19th century speculation rather than actual data. This is described in an excellent recent paper in Science , "Poor human olfaction is a 19th-century myth" by John P. McGann. Quoting from a recent blog post of mine,

The myth dates to the work of the pioneering and hugely influential
  anatomist and anthropologist Paul Broca, who concluded that the
  relatively small olfactory bulbs in humans and other primates enabled
  the occupancy of this space by facilities of intelligence and even
  free will: "…it is no longer the sense of smell that guides the
  animal: it's intelligence enlightened by all the senses… This is the
  cause of the atrophy of the olfactory apparatus of primates." This
  presumed "atrophy" and poor sense of smell however, were not based on
  any actual data on primates' sense of smell! The myth propagated and
  expanded in the 20th century, becoming dogma. Back in the 19th, even
  Freud weighed in, noting that the lack of a strong sense of smell
  contributed, in humans compared to other animals, to sexual repression
  and mental disorders.

Humans, when trained, smell quite well, and can for example follow scent trails through grassy fields. Interestingly, the number of olfactory neurons is very similar in humans and other mammals (plotted in the aforementioned post).
Comment: Your first link is broken. But, please don't just mention the link. It's better if you some words of the link so that we can have a gist of what you want to say.
Comment: @Mockingbird. Good points -- I've edited the post. About the link: I don't know why it doesn't work; I've given a partial reference, also, so it can easily be Googled.
Comment: In that case, how come hunters often complain that their prey can smell them from dozens of meters, yet you hardly ever hear of a human hunter tracking his quarry by smell?
Answer: There are several factors in human.

we are upright, which brings the nose just about as far away for scents as it can get, you want your nose as close to the ground as possible for the most efficient use scent. This is not in and of itself a deal breaker but it is an important factor which made smell less important for us.
Our large brain is competing for space with our sinuses and nasal cavity. So in turn we have lost a great deal of our nasal cavity as our brain has increased in size, some even speculate this is why we have a protruding nose becasue part of the function of that cavity is thermoregulation and air filtering and the protruding nose helps compensate. The shrinking of our face and snout has pushed this even harder. the less space you have in the nasal cavity the less space you have for olfactory receptors, which reduces the number of distinct smells you can detect.
primates in general have poorer senses of smells than other mammals , they have much better vision however, so the lose of smell was an evolutionary  trade off. So humans  were starting with a handicap to begin with.

Keep in mind humans still get a lot of information from out sense of smell, but not all of it is conscious. Nearly everything you think of as "taste" is actually smell.
Answer: The order of senses from strongest to weakest or more important to less important is basically opinion based. Some would say smell is less important, other would say hearing or some might say taste.

"The sense of smell is not powerful in humans" is absolutely false. They are very powerful as it seems and can be considered as the most powerful sense in human beings. Check this Youtube video which explains why smell is the most powerful sense in organs. What makes sense of smell most powerful is due to its spontaneous ability to trigger and revive memories and emotions. According to this site:

The sense of smell is closely linked with memory, probably more so than any of our other senses.  Those with full olfactory function
  may be able to think of smells that evoke particular memories; the
  scent of an orchard in blossom conjuring up recollections of a
  childhood picnic, for example.  This can often happen spontaneously,
  with a smell acting as a trigger in recalling a long-forgotten event
  or experience.
In addition to being the sense most closely linked to memory, smell is
  also highly emotive.  The perfume industry is built around this
  connection, with perfumers developing fragrances that seek to convey a
  vast array of emotions and feelings; from desire to power, vitality to
  relaxation.
On a more personal level, smell is extremely important when it comes
  to attraction between two people.  Research has shown that our body
  odour, produced by the genes which make up our immune system, can help
  us subconsciously choose our partners – read more here.  Kissing is
  thought by some scientists to have developed from sniffing; that first
  kiss being essentially a primal behaviour during which we smell and
  taste our partner to decide if they are a match.

Smell is closely related to association and was the first sense to get evolved.

The sense of smell was probably the first sense to evolve in a living
  creature. In many animal species, smell can play a critical role in
  finding a mate, communicating with other animals or helping them to
  survive by finding food. Clearly, though, in humans, smell does not
  carry the importance that it does in other species.

But the sense of smell is overshadowed by other senses particularly vision because it is most well develop and important sense in human beings.(here, here, here, here) but actually smell is the powerful of them all.
The weakest sense in human beings would be taste.(here, here).
Answer: This is a question relegated to evolutionary biology.  Our sense of smell is as it is because that is part of our evolution and it is what works best for us. Also consider that you used the word "powerful" The word is arbitrary when comparing the sense to other animals. The more sensitive sense of smell in dogs for example is tied to their survival


what is the output of BoW after an image has been trained with SIFT algorithm and k-means

Question: SIFT algorithm provides a 128 dimensional feature vector that is used for image classification.When all the interest points(key points) are taken together and K-means clustering is applied,the image is then clustered into many clusters.My question is how does this clustering/grouping of feature points together help in creating a dictionary(of equivalent image words).Does the output after applying this BoW algorithm yield a single vector for an image.
Comment: Which is the best method for comparing the histogram obtained after BOW ? 1. Euclidian distance 2. Cosine similarity 3. Histogram Intersection 4. Or any other? Consider the importance of the method in case of images. Eg, Cosine Similarity matches angle of two vectors... What impact comparing just the angle or distance has on accuracy of BOW? Detailed explanation is welcome!!!
Comment: Hey, welcome to DSP. I see that what you wrote is related to the question, but it is still _not an answer to the question_. If you have a related question (like this one), you are always welcome to _ask a new question_ (and include links to any related questions if you want). I have flagged your question and it will soon be deleted, but please post your question as a new question and I am sure it will be answered.
Answer: You essentially got it right: the final purpose of the whole BoW clustering algorithm is to somehow produce a single image descriptor for every image.
In case of BoW clustering (either K-means, or hierarchical K-means, or some other clustering), this image descriptor is a histogram of visual words for that image often normalized by the number of local features for each image.
Let me offer a step-by-step explanation of the process:

first you get all the local features from all the images (or just from your learning dataset), and cluster all those features by a clustering algorithm of choice
after completing the clustering, for every cluster we calculate the "representative member" by some kind of mean or average over all the local feature samples from that cluster
This "representative member" is actually your visual word -- it's like the "core" of all the features of the cluster (if you would be working with actual words, the samples "work", "working" and "workaround" might all have a common representative member "work").
This step might actually be skipped -- we don't care about exact visual word, as long as we can distinguish between the clusters (e.g. knowing how to classify a new local feature in to "cluster 1", "cluster 2" or "cluster 3" is enough).
now, for every image in our database we construct the "image descriptor" by making the histogram by clusters for that image.
E.g., if there is 4 clusters in final clustering, and our image has 4 features in cluster 1, 10 in cluster 2, 4 in cluster 3 and 2 more in cluster 4, the descriptor might be: 4|10|4|2.
finally, we can normalize the histograms
Following with the same example from above, the image had a total of 20 features. We could thus normalize the 4|10|4|2 histogram by dividing everything by 20 and getting: 0.2|0.5|0.2|0.1.

With this, you ended your "database description" -- you have a numeric descriptor for all your images. Now, when a new image arrives, you do the following:

extract local SIFT (or any other kind) of features
determine for all the local features of the new image to which cluster they belong
make a histogram for the new image (+ normalize histogram)
compare the histogram of the new image to the histograms of database images

You have methods other than BoW to create the "image descriptors". One alternative to BoW is VLAD (Vector of locally aggregated descriptors), which is a bit more compact but has the same purpose.
Answer: Yes, output for image is 1-D array of visual words. The word is number of the cluster, feature belongs to.
Output for feature is one number.


simplexml tag is ambiguous

Question: The tag simplexml is ambiguous. The description of the tag describes a feature of the PHP standard library, but a significant number of questions are about an entirely different Java-based framework (See: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/simplexml+java and https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/simplexml+android for examples).  Do we need to just tag the Java questions (which seem to be a minority) with a different tag?  Or change both?
Answer: The Java version of this tag already exists as simple-framework.
Rename tag: simplexml -> php-simplexml
Rename tag: simple-framework -> java-simple-framework
Add a tag synonym: java-simple-xml -> java-simple-framework
Retag these questions with java-simple-framework:

[simplexml] [java] -[php]
[simplexml] [android] -[java] -[php]

simplexml tag is ambiguous


Building a business network from scratch

Question: Looking to find the right hardware/software for a new computer system for a retail company with about 10 on-site computers.  The company is growing and has no online business yet but is ripe to expand at some stage in the near future.  Need a new server and other hardware pool due to rebate purchases before the end of June.  Plan to run "out of the box" accounting and database package with the option to change software later.  Concerned about whether it is best to run with a Vista oriented OS over other Windows, curious about Ubuntu for small business and other open source options down the track.  Any thoughts on this would be much appreciated.
Comment: Just an FYI, everyone is going to say go to http://serverfault.com/.
Answer: Just remember that in a business environment support and down time counts for a lot. Reliability for cost is the main issue here.
Don't be reliant on one member of staff to support your system.
Implement some form of backup strategy which allows you to store your sensitive data (accounts, stock control, etc.) offsite. Run this on a daily basis incrementally and a full backup weekly.
Will you be needing EPOS points? (These only need to be thin client terminals.)
Integration with PIN card payment? (You'll need to contact your bank to discuss this.)
Barcode scanning?
Invoice/receipt printing?
Answer: Odds are your business employees are going to expect Microsoft Office.  If you can find a place for linux to fit, go for it, use whatever makes the most sense to the business.
I'd suggest for a business network just choosing your hardware manufacturer as either Dell or HP, find a good representative, and have them help you build up your infrastructure.
Perhaps look at different vendors like Juniper/Cisco/Checkpoint/Watchguard when you start to need firewalls or remote access, but for your LAN you really won't see a huge benefit when you're small.
Answer: You don't say what your own skillbase is. Assuming your company is similar to other SMEs I've seen, the most important issue is your network support.
With ten users the obvious choice would be MS Small Business Server. It's a bargain given what's included, and SBS support skills are widely available. However I wouldn't advise trying to install this on your your own unless you're already experienced with SBS 2003/Windows Server. In your place I would go to an experienced network guy and get a support contract at least for the first year while you get comfortable with the setup.
Re hardware, the obvious choice is between Dell and HP, and I don't think there is much to choose between them. I'm a long term Dell user, and right now I think the Poweredge 2950 is the best value for money/performance option out there. However if you do go with an external firm ask them to advise you as they'll have preferred hardware that they know well. If you do go with Dell get a Silver support contract. 4 hour response may seem a luxury until you run into a hardware problem on a busy day.
Other comments: terminal services is very popular these days, so if budget permits get a server to act as a TS server. Also, maybe it's a luxury, but it's nice to have a Terastation (or other NAS) that you can put in a cupboard where hopefully any thieves won't find it. Where available I not only replicate the data to a Terastation, but I use replication software that keeps deleted and updated files indefinitely so it's quite rare that you need to reach for a backup tape.
The "L" word always gets mentioned in these discussions. Like many of us I've used Linux for specialist applications. I don't have the experience with Linux to say how good it is as a "SBS" type server. I would say that if you're considering Linux cost up how much it will be to get an expert to set it up, and make sure that support is available.
John Rennie
Answer: You're pretty much stuck with Vista on the desktop on the timeframes you're talking about. Happily, getting your network Vista-friendly will make Win7 easier to deploy when a few more people get hired. And yes, getting Linux in early is the best way to make sure it stays around. Perhaps as the file-server, with Samba running in domain mode.
I'm not that familiar with off-the-shelf accounting software in the modern era so can't accurately forecast what you might need in that regard. I know in the office I've heard a lot of positive feedback about OpenOffice, even from long time MS-Office users. It may not hurt to install both MSO and OO and see what turns up.
Answer: Maybe to answer your question is to show where We went wrong. Our business was very small about 3 years ago. We got sbs2003 which worked well, including exchange server (included). We had about 10+ pc (locally) connecting to domain. Then we started expanding very fast. 4 new depots + 20 new clients wanting to use domain controller. We expanded our out of the box accounting packaged and decided to go the terminal server route. NOW. SBS2003 cannot be setup as a terminal server and having a dedicated server 2003 machine running as a DC and terminal server is not recommended. So we got another server handling the accounting package through terminal service. Another problem we had was that one of the remote depots also got a server running server 2003 (without consulting me) and wanted to setup a trust relationships with my sbs DC. BIG Problem. sbs 2003 cannot create a trust relationship with another server 2003 so they cannot authenticate on my DC. We are now stuck with a disjointed network. Also please have someone explain to you the NIGHtMARE of windows lisencing. It will save you a huge, and I mean, HUGE amount of money in the future. So, be carefull of sbs2003. though it is a great bundle, it can cause you allot of headaches in the future
What I am getting at is if you are going to expand. Fork out the money now to prevent the scenario we are in now.


How to stream music from one android device to another?

Question: I have an android tablet in my car which is connected to my car's Audio System. My Phone has my most recent music collection on it. How can I directly stream music from my phone to my tablet, without having to copy the files or the devices being on the same wifi network? Can this be done with bluetooth? Both devices are running Jelly Bean.
Answer: This app could do the trick:
Bluetooth Music Player Free
You need to install it on both Android devices and pair them. Then put the tablet in ListenMUSIC over Blueetooth mode and the the phone in shareMUSIC over Bluetooth mode.
Comment: From Illuminati's store... er... I said from Ilumnis one?
Comment: @kokbira Yes, from Ilumnis as a developer/publisher on the Google Play store. The free version is enough.
Comment: extremely buggy program :(
Comment: This does not answer the original question. Bluetooth Music Player Free apparently only receives song _names_, and tries to locate and play the file on the "receiving" devices. So it requires to copy files beforehand, which the original question ruled out.
Answer: Apart from "Bluetooth music player" (mentioned in above answer), you may also try SoundSeeder speaker or SoundSeeder Music player. As i remember, at first you should pair the devices. From the description of SoundSeeder Music player:

Soundseeder turns all your devices into into wireless speakers. Play your music louder and share it with your friends.
  All connected devices (Android, Windows, Linux, Raspberry Pi, ...) play the music in sync as one large sound system.

SoundSeeder speaker is

a speaker-only version of the SoundSeeder Music Player and was designed for devices running Android 2.2 - 4.0 only.
Answer: It's really hard to do that. But I did a lot of research and got a way. Has several delay, connection and root problems, but apparently works. For this you will need to have the "AirAudio" application installed on the server and the "AllConnect" receiver. Then you open AirAudio on the home screen and then open AllConnect, press on your device, then on sources and choose the server, then choose the streaming mp3. The problem is that the delay is very large and another defect is that to transmit only the sound of the system of the android server you should have root on the phone ... I also tried the receiver of the streaming being the VLC, was less delayed but still So it's uncomfortable.


Trying to hidden city a flight but want baggage to arrive at final destination city?

Question: I'm flying from Auckland airport (AKL) back home to New York soon, but wanted to stop in San Francisco to visit a friend. Since the ticket change fees are exorbitant, I'm wondering if it would make sense to hop off the plane at LAX to hitch another plane to SFO instead? Problem is I'll definitely be checking luggage... could I still hop off and have someone in NY pick it up for me when it arrives? Or are there a gazillion holes in this plan?
Advice on how I can make it to SFO/have my bag make it home and not get sued or screwed would be great!
Comment: If you don't board the LAX-NY flight, your baggage will be removed from the plane.
Comment: Related: http://travel.stackexchange.com/q/63863/32134
Answer: Your baggage will be taken off the flight in LAX for customs processing, then you need to recheck the bags for the flight to New York.
If after doing this, you are a no show at boarding time, your bags will likely be offloaded, delaying your fellow passengers and forcing you to track the bags down later.
Comment: Once you have your bags in LAX what requires that you recheck them on the flight to New York? Her bags won't be able to continue to New York but she can make other arrangements to get them there; presumably when she then gets another flight to New York she can take them with here then.
Comment: @DaveD  The OP said she wanted her bags to continue to NY, therefore she would have to recheck them, since they would presumably be tagged already to NY.  But as mentioned that may not work.


How to make Unity 2D show the whole application when clicking its icon?

Question: In Unity 3D if I click on an application in the launcher all windows of that application get to the front.
If I do the same in Unity 2D only last active one used gets shown. Is there a way to enable the same behaviour as in Unity 3d?
Answer: No, I don't think so. The behavior that you are describing for Unity 3D depends on Compiz (scale plugin). Using Unity 2D normally you don't have a compositing window managers like Compiz working, witch would be necessary for those kind of effects.


Headlight and dome light flickers

Question: My car's headlight and dome light flickers when the car is started, but when the car is already moving light is working fine. Other lights works fine, though I wasn't able to check the tail lights and the light in the trunk. Before I start my car, I ensure all lights and A/C are turned-off.
Answer: This is very common, and not a problem.
When you are starting your car, the load on the battery is huge compared to when the engine is running, as the starter motor is having to turn the crankshaft and push the pistons while the oil is cold and thick, and additionally compressing air into the cylinders, pumping fuel and causing a spark, while also driving belts, fans, alternator etc.
As soon as the engine is running, the alternator begins to top the battery back up, but to give an indication of how much the battery is loaded during start up, if your alternator fails, you can drain your battery in only a few attempts, especially in cold weather.
It is good practice to have aircon, lights etc. Turned off while starting the car, for this very reason.
Comment: Thanks Rory! What if the car's engine is off but the light still flickers?
Comment: Oh - it flickers with the engine off? I'd suggest in that case the most likely cause is your battery being old. Try replacing it.
Comment: Not sure what happened, but when I checked it again the lights are working fine. Probably, the battery have low charge :-)

Thanks!

Headlight and dome light flickers


Why do you need to take out your laptop from your bag during airport security checks?

Question: Why do you need to take your laptop from your bag during airport security checks? Why can't they just x-ray check the whole bag together with the laptop?
Comment: Have travelled lots in the past 4 years in Europe, and ALWAYS get asked to remove my netbook, and usually my belt and shoes.  Although like Templar, I generally observe the signs requesting this and comply before I reach the desk.
Comment: @victoriah no it's not USA... whenever I travel in Europe I am always asked to do so
Comment: really? i'm a european and i've travelled extensively around europe and i've never, ever been asked to remove my laptop or take off my shoes.
Comment: @victoriah well I haven't been asked either but it's because I always take it off myself, since there's signs informing about it. And about boots I saw that they ask to take off them only if metal detector is beeping
Comment: Just coming back from holiday in Spain, some of my friends where held up in a queue because a woman had an iPhone hidden in her huge luggage bag; took her ages to get it out and show it to the security people who wanted to see it, and people actually got quite angry and demanded that she should be sent to the back of the queue.
Answer: X Rays don't penetrate metal.  Circuit boards have a lot of metal and solder, making it easy to conceal items within.  If the TSA can't see it, they get nervous.  Hence the 'take out your laptop.'  (Why they don't require that of iPads, I don't know.)
Now, all this being said, you can get bags that have laptop compartments.  The only requirement is that they can see just the laptop and nothing else in there.  This way, you don't need to take it out.
This trick, along with the "put all my electronics in my suit jacket, means that I get through the scanner as follows:

belt and shoes, with my suit jacket in one bin
unzip my backpack so that the laptop is flat and the rest is laying out in front
my toilettries bag (an old pencil case connected to the bag via a carbiner) hooked to the top.

I walk through,

put my shoes and belt back on
zip my bag back up
put my jacket back on

I'm through in like 40 seconds.
Comment: It's also worth ensuring that your bag isn't too full - last time I flew from Heathrow I took out my laptop from an otherwise crammed bag, then they made me send more of the contents through individually as apparently it was so full they couldn't see through it all!
Comment: Boxes of batteries make their day :-). My only missed flight was partially due to having to go through XRaying 3 times due to carrying many many batteries.
Comment: The bit about iPads being exempt may not be true anymore. When I was at London Heathrow in November, one person was required to place their iPad outside of their bag.
Comment: Last time I flew, I was asked whether I had more computers, phones, iPads, or more of the kind, or their wires, in my bag. People around me who had them were next asked to take them out. That was on Schiphol, Amsterdam airport, as well as on Bristol, UK.
Comment: You don't have to separate your toiletries bag actually. I've passed through security theaters in US, Europe and Asia with my toiletries bag in my suitcase and never had a problem (about 20 checks in the past ~3 years).
Comment: I definitely always get asked to take out tablets too, including kindles. Sometimes all electronics.
Answer: Generally it's so that they can check the metal device that it is, and that nothing else is hidden in it.  Same with SLR cameras on occasion, and I've been asked in the past to turn both of them on to prove they actually work.  But generally they just want a clear and unobstructed view of all the workings, especially to see the harddisk platter.  That caused some problems when SSD drives came out and they couldn't see any moving parts...
The TSA has just approved "Checkpoint Friendly" Laptop bags :

To help streamline the security process and better protect laptops,
  TSA recently encouraged manufacturers to design bags that will produce
  a clear and unobstructed image of the laptop when undergoing X-ray
  screening. A design that meets this objective will enable TSA to allow
  laptops to remain in bags for screening.

British authorities don't seem to explain much either in general, but do require that they are screened separately:

Laptops will need to be removed from your bag at Heathrow Airport and
  screened separately in the trays provided.
Comment: Especially true now about turning things on, make sure your batteries are charged otherwise your item may be confiscated.
Answer: The innards of a laptop are confusing enough on their own but when you then overlay that image with the shadows cast by the accessories it turns into a confusing mess they can't understand.
Any such confusion of items will likely draw an inspection.  They are just pre-empting it by saying to take the laptop out.  It's also why they recommend you arrange electronics in a single layer in your carry-on--they're trying to avoid the confusion that necessitates a search through the bag.
Comment: I agree with the avoid confusion.  When I flew from the UK to Iceland last I had lots of chargers (phone, laptop *2, GPS, camera etc) in my bag.  I took all the actual devices out, but the bag was pulled aside for screening.  When one of the security personnel asked what to look for the reply was "There's lots of wires in there"
Comment: @Phil The same thing has happened to me.  In the pre 9/11 era I had packed very quickly due to a family emergency--I just grabbed what I needed and threw it in my rollaboard.  The chargers ended up in a tangle and that drew a hand inspection.  Since then I have always been careful about how things are arranged and the only thing that has drawn a hand inspection was a box of batteries.


PHP5 not running under IIS 6

Question: I have a Windows Server 2003 VPS running IIS 6 and .NET Framework 4 and PHP.
I have a client that needs to run a custom PHP application. But their files wouldn't run as PHP script.
I run Wordpress on other websites fine.
Please Help me.
Answer: Firstly, could you provide some info on what actually happens when you try execute their PHP scripts ?
Without more info this is all i can suggest:
Add a file called "test.php" to a site containing the following
<?php
phpinfo();
?>
when you try access the file via
 http://yourdomain/location/to/test.php
does it show you exactly what is in the file ?
you need to add php5.dll extention to IIS
does it ask you to download the file ?
same as above.
does it print out a phpinfo page ?
if the phpinfo page prints out correctly, check if your clients php files use short open tags eg.
<?
phpinfo();
?>
if so you may just need to enable that in your php.ini
I hope this is clear and helps.
Dylan.
Comment: +1 - 9 times out of 10 that I've seen this, it's because they were using short tags and short tags weren't enabled on the server.

PHP5 not running under IIS 6


What's the maximum amount of time the ISS can go between resupply runs?

Question: Typically a cadence of one resupply mission every couple months is maintained. If this cadence were to be interrupted for whatever reason, how long could, say, the current crew size of three members last onboard before needing to abandon ship due to lack of supplies? Have we ever come close to this limit?
Answer: ISS operations plans re-boosts to have roughly 90 days before the vehicle gets too low.  This doesn't mean that re-supply missions are 90 days apart since the ISS is often boosted much higher than this minimum level -- especially post-Shuttle.  But, it gives you a rough idea of the timeframes involved.
I suspect that other consumable margins are larger than this since there is always a Soyuz seat for each crew member.  This is especially true if you reduce the crew size to extend the supplies.
Comment: I think that the ISS can be reboosted with ESA's ATV, Progress, and Zarya.  I think there is also an electromagnetic reboost being studied.
Comment: What is interesting about your answer (Reboost vs resuppply) is that it brings up a weakness in COTS/CRS via Dragon and Cygnus.  Neither is really well suited to perform station reboost.
Comment: Agreed. And ATV/Progress can refuel Zarya.  But since Dragon/Cygnus dock to the US segment, way far away from Zarya.  And using the back port of Zarya is vaguely a reasonable line for thrust through the entire station.  Unlike perpendicular to that line, as the CBM used by Dragon/Cygnus.
Answer: I looked into this a while ago.  It's easy to get bogged down in the details, because although the data is very public, there are so many parameters for every mission that I found it hard to get a straight answer.  I used these points to "dumb down" the question:

Seeking maximum time between launch of one mission and the next mission
Manned and unmanned missions are counted
Content of the mission is ignored

Someone involved might hem and haw due to a number of inadequacies with this.  For example, the payload doesn't reach the station on the same orbit (and maybe not even the same day) of the launch.  The Wikipedia pages on the list of space flights to the ISS is also quite concerned with the length of time that every spacecraft remains docked to the ISS.  There is some valid contention about how to handle return trips to Earth, because over some interval it may have received nothing from Earth but still sent something to Earth.  I'm not interested in return trips because it doesn't supply the station with new resources, nor do I care about the time taken to reach the station because all I care about is how long people survive in orbit with resources already in orbit.  I find all of these details highly tangential to the straightforward query of how long have we had people up there without sending anything more up there.
Now, the record holders:

Nov 25, 2002 to April 2, 2003 -> for a total of 128 days
April 28, 2003 to Oct 27, 2003 -> for a total of 125 days

As I understand it, these extended intervals were connected to the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, which happened on Feb 1, 2003.  Now I could have potentially had a data processing error, but in a simplistic sense, these seem consistent with what you can read about those missions.
The story is that the ISS was, indeed, sort of struggling during those time frames.  Because of that, these records should be within striking distance of the maximum time they could go without resupply.  However, there are other complications.  I would hope that since 2003 they've better prepared for a similar scenario.  Plus, there's the simple fact that as modules are added, the mass to area ratio increases which would give more time for station keeping.  The ISS also has experimented with plasma/ion thrusters, and this could keep it in orbit for longer.  Supplies are an issue, but I don't think there's any fundamental limit to how much could be stored.  If the time frame for those things was extended, they could probably push the time they can go without resupply to close to the human records for time in microgravity, but I don't think there's any reasons for them to spend resources on this objective just for the sake of a record.
Mir went for longer times without resupply, and I find a maximum of 240 days, which is almost twice what the ISS record was.  They had a smaller crew and experimented with keeping them up there for longer periods of time.


Unpublished pages showing in search

Question: I have an issue in SP2010 where previously published pages have been unpublished and hidden from the navigation, but they are still showing up in searches. Regular users then try to click their way there and get a resticted access message. Is there any way to ensure that unpublished and hidden content does not appear in seaches?
Answer: Sounds like your default content access account used by Search for crawling has more than the 'Just Read' permissions on the web application or site collections it's crawling. Check this account in Search Administration then check it's access in the sites.
Answer: Do it as James said.

OR

Stop Inheriting permissions for the "Pages" Library.
Remove all existing users from the list.
Add "NT Authority/All Authenticated Users" with "Read access"
Add any other user as per your requirement (contribute....)

Unpublished pages showing in search


Trasnferring Postfix & PostfixAdmin to a new server

Question: I have a perfectly working installation of Postfix & PostfixAdmin on a server which I now need to move to a new server. I have thus installed Postfix+Dovecot+SASL and have configured it as on my old server. I have also copied the Postfix files and the DB from the old to the new server. Is copying the Postifx fields and DB enough or should I actually create all accounts by hand?
Answer: I ca confirm that copying all files and copying the DB (including adding the "postfix" user) is sufficient. The accounts do NOT need to be created by hand.


How do I identify an old unlabeled roll of 120 film?

Question:  I found this roll of film inside of an old camera lying around in our house. All photos on it have been taken but the roll does not tell what development process or what type of film it is. Does anybody know what development process I should use for it?
Comment: You might look at *The rescued Film Project* for advice, or to donate the film. https://www.rescuedfilm.com/
Comment: I'd guess it's black and white film.  Open it in a dark room and cut a small piece off to examine in daylight to see.
Comment: @xiota After you have a corner cut off the roll, what could you possibly determine with the fogged piece of film? Then what?
Comment: @Stan You can tell whether it's black and white or color, negative or slide. If it's color, the processes are standardized, and you can develop. If it's black and white, then you can sacrifice a frame to cut into strips to test different development times. This assumes there is no useful information on the paper.
Comment: Aaron, is there any chance there's a dial or setting still on the camera where the film was to indicate the speed of the film? Just a remote chance to get a hint as to what was inside.
Answer: Assuming you have a 120 tank, then a good approach would be to load the film into the tank which will leave you with the strip of backing paper.  The chances are that somewhere on that paper it says what the film is.  You may also be able to work out from the backing paper &/or the camera about how old it is, which will give you a chance to work out how faded the images will be & how much extra development time you'll need.
Obviously this trick will not work if you are planning to get it commercially processed, or if it's colour (unless you can process colour), but it probably is not colour.
Answer: I waited to suggest this. Here's a long shot (bad idea) that you might want to try to identify the film.
Before going any further, I have done this myself more than a couple of times for different reasons. The first time I did this, I learned that 120 is only fastened to the head end of the backing paper. You will have to deal with this. I know of no exceptions.
Do I need to say that this must be done in a darkened room or film changing bag? Okay.
This complete procedure must be done in complete dark. Test by sitting in the darkened room for at least twenty minutes to let your eyes fully dilate to find light leaks that can affect your success.
Now, my suggestion is to rewind the film so that you can see the front leader to identify the film. I have searched the Internet and practically every manufacturer has this information on the head-end of the backing.
Rewinding the film (to heads up) will let you postpone the processing until you can positively identify the film stock. If, after doing this, you don't find any information on the head end, you still have a relatively compact spool of film to handle.
Notes: If you don't have another spool, you'll want to find a clean container for the backing paper and attached (at the head end only) film. If any dust does end up on the film, there's a good chance that the processing solutions will help remove that during processing and wash.
With no 2nd spool: As you unroll the tail-up backing, and come to the tail-end of the film, it will want to stay curled, work loosely to take up the selvage until you can free the spool to re wind it head-up on the spool. You might even want to wind it onto something like a core from bathroom tissue temporarily.
At this point, you'll want to let us know how it turned out and what kind of film it is.
Be sure to re-label the film "EXPOSED" and tape it closed.
Good Luck.


What's the point of posting an answer based on something that's already online?

Question: If I find an English-language article online that directly addresses a question on Mi Yodeya, why should I bother going to all the trouble suggested in our citation guideline - citing, summarizing, etc.? Why not just put a link to the source in a comment, which will tell the question-asker and readers that it's there, and move on? After all, my summary is likely to be only a shadow of the full version in the original. What am I adding to the Internet by posting it?
Comment: Related: http://meta.judaism.stackexchange.com/q/1985/5323
Comment: I have some thoughts on this I intend to put in an answer later, if someone else doesn't hit them first.
Answer: Thank you for asking this important question.  There are several reasons we frown on link-only answers:

Web pages change all the time.  Today that link directly answers the question.  Will it in six months?  Sometimes links break, which is at least obvious, but sometimes content changes, and those changes may affect accuracy and/or applicability to the question.

We are trying to build a repository of knowledge about Judaism, not a repository of pointers to knowledge about Judaism.  Would you be well-served if the books in your beit midrash (study hall) were replaced with the phone number of a rabbi or with the Google search page?  Probably not, because even if you could get your answer (eventually), you came to this community to engage in the study.

Don't be so quick to dismiss the value of your summary.  Some people who won't read a book will read an article; some who won't read an article will read a paragraph.  The dedicated student will follow your link for the full text anyway, but you reach more people with a helpful answer if you also provide that summary.  And if you make it enticing, then perhaps people who normally wouldn't follow the link to read the article will do so.  Your summary spreads torah.

For further reading: Your answer is in another castle. Excerpt:

We could try to enumerate the commonly-observed problems with [a link-only answer]...

Link is probably broken
If link isn't broken, it's spam
If link isn't spam, it's to some broadly-related resource that the answerer found by pressing "I'm feeling lucky" when googling the question's title.

...but the real issue here is that we don't know! Even if the link was originally pointing directly to the most awesomeest answer ever for exactly the question being asked, there's nothing in the answer itself to even hint at what direction we're being pointed in. Strip the markup, and this is what you're left with:

i think you should take The tutorial HERE! This will help you a lot

Is there even one tiny speck of information there? No
Answer: I would like to expand on Monica Cellio's "Don't be so quick to dismiss the value of your summary" and the points that she and Scimonster made about what summarizing in your own words adds. Here are some types of value that your summary can and should strive to add:

As both Monica and Scimonster note, a summary can be useful for people who want to learn about the topic but don't have time to read the entire original piece, or who want to decide whether to invest the time to read the entire original piece.
In particular, when  the original piece covers more ground than the question at hand here, the summary here must address itself to the particular question, leaving out or noting as an aside whatever else is going on in the original piece. As a result, people who are interested in answers to the question at hand in particular, which is presumably most readers of your answer, get exactly what they are looking for without having to extract or derive it from a larger work.
As Scimonster notes, when you summarize in your own words, you'll end up using slightly different language than the original piece, which potentially expands the collection of search terms that people can use to find the original piece, so you have made it easier to find.
As Monica notes, in addition to the technical search assistance, your summary may prove compelling enough to some readers to drive them to read the entire original piece, even when they would not have already.
As a special case of "your own words," if the original piece is laden with technical or non-English jargon, and your summary follows our site policy on jargon to be as accessible as possible to everyone who might be interested, then your summary might make the ideas in the original work accessible to an audience that would otherwise have trouble understanding them.
Your summary can supplement the original piece by taking advantage of your research skills and facility with linking to provide more precise citations and/or Internet links for references cited in the original piece. For example, where the original piece cites a responsum by its relevant ruling and the name of the author only, you could provide a full citation, a link to a biography of the author, and a link to the page on Hebrewbooks with the responsum. That facilitates both additional comprehension of the topic by beginners and further research by experienced scholars.
Answer: A few things.

There's no guarantee that the other resource will stay online. There's no guarantee by us either, but SE is pretty big, and is likely to stick around.
We also hit high in search engines, letting people find the information more easily.
Not everyone has the patience to read the full article, me included. I often find that the simple summary is quite enough. If it's really interesting, that's when i'll continue reading.
Different terms might be used in the two places, increasing searchability. The website might use "benediction" while i write "bracha", for example.
And if you post it here, there are repz to be gained... ;)
Comment: My upvote is for everything but "repz." 8^|
Comment: Re point 1: SE is also likely IMO to announce its demise ahead of time and continue to make its databases publicly available awhile after that announcement.
Answer: My problem with this question is that it actually reflects that the hypothetical question that is being responded to is a bad question. A good question can not be answered with a link alone because...
"Have you thoroughly searched for an answer before asking your question? Sharing your research helps everyone. Tell us what you found and why it didn't meet your needs. This demonstrates that you've taken the time to try to help yourself, it saves us from reiterating obvious answers, and above all, it helps you get a more specific and relevant answer!"
-FAQ
If I answer with just a link, especially just a link as a comment, I might do so in conjunction with a downvote. If the answer is that readily available, then the question needs work.
Comment: @msh210 Such a person should say "I tried Googling and was unsuccessful". I agree that a link can be a good answer. I don't see any reason to absolve the poster of doing his due diligence.
Comment: "*If the answer is that readily available, then the question needs work*" I disagree. This is true on many sites in the Stack Exchange network, but on Mi Yodeya (AFAICT) we take questions on all levels, so long as they're on-topic, not too broad etc.
Comment: @Shokhet I am mor ethan happy with basic questions, but my understanding, as evidenced by the FAQs was that there was an expectation that the asker had done some leg work before posting. We often have comments that say things like "why did you assume that" or "where did you learn that". If we didn't expect any background research, there would be no clarifying comments.
Comment: @Danno, consider the outsider to Judaism who hears (clearly Jewish) people saying what sounds to him like "shmasroladnoyeleinwadnoyechad" aloud in an airport gate and wants to know what it means. No Googling will help him. But a link to a page containing the text of the first _pasuk_ of "_Sh'ma_" and explaining the prayer will.
Comment: (follow up http://meta.judaism.stackexchange.com/q/3540/759 )
Comment: Then the FAQ shouldn't say that to make a good question, one should do research beforehand. I took it from the FAQ on Mi Yodea.
Comment: It's the same FAQ on all SE sites, IINM. It's not correct here, but so what? Look at the questions asked and our reactions to them.
Comment: Maybe a [meta-tag:feature-request] to change that is in order?
Comment: @Shokhet well, first the "but so what?" troubles me because the answer should be obvious -- an FAQ that is inaccurate is a problem. And as to "our reactions to them" since I thought I was part of the "our" and my reaction was as stated so what exactly would I be looking at?
Comment: I answered [this question](http://judaism.stackexchange.com/q/53393/5323) today. If you know the first thing about muktza machmas chesron kis, you'd realize that the question doesn't really make much sense. And yet it's upvoted (not a lot, but no downvotes), no criticizing comments, and it got a few answers. By your rule, it should have a negative score (or at least a few DVs), with comments along the lines of "learn basic halacha before asking" ....Mi Yodeya is more than okay with basic questions.
Comment: I'm under the impression that there's no "leg work" required here. I could be wrong, though. "Why did you assume that," AIUI, is not requiring legwork, per se, but rather asking for a question to be strengthened by providing a reason to believe a question's assumptions. http://judaism.stackexchange.com/q/48528/5323, as an example, had an easy answer on chabad.org. I didn't get any complaints from anyone over it.
Comment: Getting changes made to inapplicable FAQ language is [an uphill climb](http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/164436/is-there-a-rule-of-thumb-for-objective-questions-asked-out-of-curiosity).
Comment: @msh210 I don't disagree -- I was only trying to conform to the FAQ. If it was wrong then I was wrong, but then it should change so that I (and others) don't follow it in error.


Can you withdraw money from my Swiss Bank account with just the account number and password?

Question: Wondering if it works the way it does in the movies, where people only need an account number and a password to access their Swiss bank account.
Comment: What movies????
Comment: Could you give an example of such a film?
Answer: That's all I need to transfer money out of my US, UK and NZ bank accounts. Can't see why CH would be any different ;)
Answer: I can not talk about Switzerland, but I don't think things are much different than in Germany.
In Germany, you log in with your user name (which may or may not be the account number) and PIN (not the pin from the card, but a different one). This allows you to view the last account balances and other stuff.
In order to make orders like wire transfers etc., you need to approve every order with a TAN (transaction number). The way to do that has changed over the last decades.
In earlier times, you had a list of TANs where you could use any of them. As people got more and more scam emails asking them to enter the PIN and one ore more TANs on fake websites, they changed the methods:

iTAN (indexed TANs) are lists as before, but each TAN has an index. Now you are asked to enter the exact TAN matching the index they tell you.
mTAN (mobile TAN): they text you the TAN to use to your mobile phone.
pushTAN: like mTAN, but you get the TAN via an app on your smartphone.
chipTAN: you get a device for calculating the next TAN, matching the transaction data

All those TAN methods serve to add another layer of authentification.
I hope this answers your question.
Answer: I expect it depends on the sort of account.  I used to have a Swiss bank account - not one of the secret numbered ones, but just a normal account (because I worked there for a while).  I could withdraw money from US ATMs with just the card and PIN.  For online access, there was a physical security thing (like a cheap calculator) that did a one-time security challenge code each time you logged in.  So you'd need to get card/PIN or security thing and its password.
This was about a decade ago.  I would expect the numbered accounts have something even stricter these days.


F-150, heater will blow hot, then cold

Question: F-150, heater will blow hot, then cold and then heat gauge will rise to extreme high, will boil over then gauge will drop to normal.  Just had it flushed and no change.  After driving for about 10-15 minutes at highway speed it doesn't do it.
Comment: when you flushed your coolant, did you "burp" the system?
Comment: "Burping" your system simply means you take the radiator or coolant reservoir cap off, put your aircon on high heat and full blast and let the car idle for a few minutes after the engine fan has come on. that will take care of any trapped air bubbles. You may need to add some more water and/or coolant if the level goes down.
Comment: ...and repeat the process 20+ times. :-)
Answer: First off, this is not good for your engine at all, it will create other damage if not taken care of.
It sounds like the thermostat is getting stuck closed and then opening again later.  I would first replace the thermostat and see if it happens again.
Answer: If it is only overheating while idling or in heavy traffic I have a few suggestions. Is the fan shroud still in place it is vital for moving air at low speed. With the radiator cap removed allow it to come to operating temperature. Looking into the radiator you should see the coolant flowing through the radiator. If the coolant is not moving check the thermostat (as jzd suggested). If the flow looks good Check the fan clutch, if equipped. It should spin fairly easy when the engine is cold, but there should be some resistance after the engine has warmed. You of course are doing this test with the engine off. If the flow through the radiator seems sluggish or only a trickle it may be a failing waterpump. I have seen the impeller fins rust to the point they produced little flow but the pump didn't leak.
Answer: I had something similar happen to me after I changed the thermostat and flushed out the cooling system.  There was air trapped somewhere in the system and wouldn't show up until I had been driving for around 20 to 40 minutes.  The random nature of the issue threw me until I found out for my van: 1996 Ford Windstar, you have to take the cap off the coolant overflow and let the air work it's way out.  That was what I read in my manual.
I also found out some older cars have a bleed screw for this.  In any event, that fixed it!
Answer: This is exactly what will happen if there is air trapped in the cooling system (especially the heater core).  There are other possible causes, but this is common after a poorly done coolant change.  If you had a shop change the coolant, they should have purged ("burped" I guess) the air from the system before returning it to you.  (It sounds like you already checked that the thermostat isn't upside down, but I don't think it even fits in the wrong way on at least the modern 5.4 liter engine.)
Here's a swell video of how to do this, if you are doing it yourself:  http://youtu.be/zUpXgAJ1gjU?t=1m10s
In print:

Use a freestanding funnel to fill radiator and overflow tank, using
bleeder screw if it exists. (I don't think it does on F-150s).
Turn the heater control to the highest temperature.
Keeping a funnel full of coolant on the radiator, run the engine at
2,500 RPM for 10 minutes or so.  It should suck down some more
coolant during the run.
After turning off the engine, make sure the radiator is still completely full, and the overflow tank is filled only to the "full" mark. Check (you can use your hand, carefully) the temperature of the upper and lower radiator hoses, and the temperature of the incoming and outgoing heater core hoses.  They should all be hot.  If one is cool, the coolant isn't circulating somewhere.
Cap it up and drive happily.

Some people will say that the overflow tank should take care of this during normal driving, but having attempted quickie coolant changes on a wide variety of vehicles, I've found that to often not work.  The above procedure has worked for me on dozens of cars, except on one horrible Japanese car where I had to loosen the heater outlet hose to get all the air out.  Sheesh!
Answer: I am familiar with many F-series Eco-boost Fords that trap air in the top of the radiator.  If the coolant is replaced without purging that air, all kinds of temperature excursions will occur, including very high gauge temperatures at times.  Looking at the system, you will notice a vent line from the top of the radiator to the expansion tank.  Ah, you say, the radiator will vent all by itself.  But IT WILL NOT because THE VENT LINE IS A DUMMY!  It is blocked!  You cannot blow air through it!  It came from Ford that way and YOU MUST NOT REPLACE IT WITH A HOSE THAT HAS NO BLOCKAGE.  All you have to do to get the air out of the top of the radiator is to temporarily remove the "vent hose" from the top of the radiator, wait until coolant emerges from the opening, and then replace the "vent hose".  Why the fake vent line from Ford? My guess is that after all the expansion tanks got made with the vent line nipple molded in, Ford discovered that the cooling system could not function properly with an authentic vent line in place.  By blocking the vent line, Ford could cosmetically attach it to the expansion tank and still have a functioning cooling system.
Comment: Do you have any documentation or references for this? Even a picture of what you're talking about? Might help on the believability factor.

F-150, heater will blow hot, then cold


Illustrator help: My white image border is not appearing in saved .png or .tiff files

Question: I am using Illustrator CC to create an 18in x 24in poster. I have a one inch white border around the image. When I export the file for the client to proof it, the border is gone and the image is cropped to the first place there is color. It is not exporting the entire artboard. Why is this happening?
Comment: have you drawn a white colored box on the back of image?
Comment: Are your bleeds set to something weird? If you drop an 18x24 white square in the background (so there's content) does the white border show up?
Comment: Like @Ahmed has mentioned, you should draw a white rectangle as your bottom-most layer.
Answer: When exporting, Illustrator's default behavior only preserves area that contains an object. That means that empty space around the edges of the artboards will simply be trimmed off and the resulting .png (or whatever you're exporting as) will only contain the artwork itself.
For what you're trying to do, you want to force Illustrator to treat the artboard as a crop area during export. To do that, enable the Use Artboards option on the export dialog. Here's what that looks like:
Answer: Not sure why it got down voted, but Dwooly was right. Save your file with use art boards checked and it will save your white border. Otherwise it could be your bleed settings.
Either way, why are you sending a tiff as a proof to a client. Try using a PDF... Much more accurate.
Answer: When you export, select the "Use Artboards" option to crop to the artboard dimension.


Default Joomla Favicon shows up despite changing with custom favicon

Question: For all my Joomla websites, I face the problem that default Joomla favicon shows up after a period of time despite changing with custom favicon through FileZilla mode. Is there any permanent solution?
Comment: All of the proposed solutions (so far) assume that the problem is in the web browser. I also see this problem on a Joomla site, but the custom favicon file is actually being replaced by the template default somehow. Possibly that's happening to the OP as well?
Answer: Favicons can admittedly be a pain in the arse.
Solution 1:
Add a query to the path of the favicon (?v=2), for example:
href="<?php echo $this->baseurl; ?>/templates/YOUR_TEMPLATE/favicon.ico?v=2"

This forces the browser to download a newer version of the favicon
Solution 2:

Go to: www.yoursite.com/templates/YOUR_TEMPLATE/favicon.ico
Push enter
CTRL + F5
Restart Browser
Answer: Clear your cache and/or restart your local server. If not it takes time for the changes to take effect.
Answer: Browsers store the favicon and it's one of the elements that is hard to refresh, even if clearing caches.
Here are some solutions to help with refreshing the favicon you see in your browser:
-ok I see @Lodders answer, there are the 2 first options I wanted to suggest, so below are a few other options by browser. Since I am on a mac, the solutions I propose are mainly for mac - and the 3 browsers I am most familiar with.
Firefox:
Navigate to FF about:config page.
Filter with the term: browser.chrome
Set browser.chrome.favicons and browser.chrome.site_icons to false.
Close and re-open FF.
Re-set the above setting to true, to re-enable favicons, and force FF to download fresh ones from the websites you navigate.
For firefox there is also an addon that removes/clear favicons:
https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/delete-bookmark-icons/
*I think this should be similar in Windows as well.
Chrome Mac:
Remove the file:
~/Library/Application Support/Google/Chrome/Default/Favicons

*There should be a similar location where Chrome stores local data in Windows.
Safari Mac:
In older versions, it was possible to select to remove website icons, from the Reset Safari command.
In recent versions, you can remove the file:
`~/Library/Safari/WebpageIcons.db`

Answer: I just came upon this issue too.  It's likely that it's changing with every system update due to the template you are using.  The default template will keep changing the favicon when it updates.  So it seems your options are to fix the favicon at each update or change templates.  Check out the commentary here:  https://forum.joomla.org/viewtopic.php?t=937032


When was the term "union" first used?

Question: I found out that the symbol for union, ∪, was created in 1895 by Giuseppe Peano in his Formulario Mathematico but of course the use of the word "union" in mathematics was older. Do you have a source for the earliest occurrence?
Comment: I think it was August de Morgan who introduced all these things.
Comment: By the way, I just found out that Grassmann already used the symbol ∪, as cited in Umberto Bottazzini, *Va' pensiero*, footnote at page 237.
Comment: I always thought that August de Morgan wrote before Grassmann.
Comment: De Morgan possibly wrote before Grassman, but in the comment (as opposed to the post, this is why it's a comment) I talked about the **symbol** for union.
Answer: See Earliest Uses of Symbols of Set Theory and Logic :

Intersection and union. The symbols $\cap$ and $\cup$ were used by Giuseppe Peano (1858-1932) for intersection and union in 1888 in Calcolo geometrico secondo l'Ausdehnungslehre di H.Grassmann (Cajori vol. 2, page 298).

See page 2 :

Colla scrittura $A \cup B \cup C \cup \ldots$ intenderemo la minima classe che contiene le classi $A, B, C,\ldots$, ossia la classe formata dagli enti che
  sono o $A$ o $B$ o $C$, ecc. Il segno $\cup$ si leggerà o; l'operazione indicata col segno $\cup$ chiamasi in logica disgiunzione; noi la diremo
  anche addizione logica; le classi $A, B,\ldots$ si diranno i termini della
  somma $A \cup B \cup \ldots$ [With the symbol $A \cup B \cup C \cup \ldots$ we mean the least class containing the classes $A, B, C,\ldots$, i.e. the class formed by the entities that are either $A$ or $B$ or $C$, etc. The symbol $\cup$ will be read "or"; the operation denoted by the symbol $\cup$ is named in logic disjunction; we will call it also logical sum; the classes $A, B,\ldots$ will be called terms of the sum $A \cup B \cup \ldots$.]

For the term, we have to search : W&R's Principia is still under Peano's influence; see page 27 : "Similarly the logical sum of two classes $\alpha$ and $\beta$ ..."
Some early occurrences are :

Felix Hausdorff, Set theory (Engl.transl (1957) of the 3rd German ed. 1937), page 18 : "If $A, B$, are two sets, then by their sum, or union ..." [but it is necessary to check on the earlier German editions.]
Waclaw Sierpinski, Algèbre des ensembles (1951), page 62 : "somme (ou réunion) des ensembles".
Comment: My fault - I meant the first use of the **word** "union". I edited my question. However, since Peano wrote about "disjunction", maybe the word "union" came later...
Comment: I also suspect Hausdorff's 1914 Foundations of Set Theory or one of earlier papers. From Boole to Zermelo they were saying "sums", and there was a trend of mixing sets and classes. According to Kanamori, Hausdorff was first to treat sets purely extensionally, so union made more sense. http://math.bu.edu/people/aki/8.pdf
Comment: Early in the 1900s, we often find $A \cup B$ for union used together with $AB$ for intersection.  [I have some author's comments on this in *Classics on Fractals*.]

When was the term "union" first used?


How to allow just one user to login in special computer in Server 2003

Question: I want to just allow one user to login to a special computer in domain.
how can i do that ?
Answer: The are a couple of ways of doing this for a computer in a domain. You could create a GPO specifically targeting the one computer using the Group Policy Management Console, or you could do the same locally on the computer in question using Group Policy Editor.
If this is only ever going to be for one computer, you might be as well using Group Policy Editor (gpedit.msc) on the computer in question. If however this requirement might spread to other systems, it would make sense to do this via a Group Policy within active directory, as you can easily change the scope of the policy to apply it to multiple computers.
The method is exactly the same regardless of which method you choose, and involves you editing the policy to set the following option:
Computer Configuration > Windows Settings > Security Settings > Local Policies > User Rights Assignment > Allow Logon Locally.
Simply remove the users/groups you don't want to logon, and add the user you do want to logon back in. One thing to remember is that you need to make sure you don't remove 'Administrators'.
This process is also detailed here
Answer: On the computer in question, remove the domain users group and add the user you want to have access to the local Users group.  Better still, create an Group and put the user in that group, then put that group in the local Users group.


How to get my partition back

Question: I m a beginner to elementary  and while installing it I chose to install it on my e drive .Now I m not getting any of the partition that I had on my windows like d or c drive nor i can see the files that were in it . When in terminal I type the name of drive (like dev/sda1), it shows no such directory found . Please help me as those were some important files.
Answer: Your old partitions should show up in the Files file manager under Devices. You can click on them to mount them and access the files on these partitions.

How to get my partition back


Can we develop a game for iPhone on Windows platform?

Question: Is it possible by any means to have a game developed for iPhone using the iPhone sdk on Windows?
Comment: In short: Yes, but be careful that it's really worth the trouble. If you work on a platform that's even moderately unstable *a cause de* not being a Mac, that can easily cost you the time equal to what it would take you to earn the price of a Mac Mini.
Answer: Though it is against Apple's policy, you can install OS X into a virtual machine and develop an app that way. And if you can manage it, you technically can write the code and such on a Windows machine; it is, of course, only text. But the compiler, SDK, etc. is completely OS X-only.
You can also look into other ways to make iPhone games, such as the Unity engine, or Flash (I know at one point they compiled to iPhone games, I think they have since discontinued that)
Comment: Flash has re-released their iPhone packager, although my experience with it (using it command-line, not through CS5) was a frustrating one.
Comment: Oh! ok, have checked the packager for iphone at adobe website. The update is available since October 11, as Apple lifted the third party developer restirctions. This means its recent activity. No need for a specific Mac system then. Flash will do work for me,isn't it?
Comment: If you downvote, please explain why you downvoted...
Answer: See this question on stackoverflow.com.
Even if there's some way to do it with virtual machines, jailbroken phones and so on, I can't believe the hassle would be worth it. The time you spend dealing with all the issues is time that you won't have to improve the game.
If you're using a cross-platform development environment like Unity, you'll be able to do most of the development on Windows, but you'll still need a Mac in order to deploy to the phone for testing or release. (And testing on the device is vital: a finger on a touch screen is not like a mouse pointer on a window.)
It's not as if you need a powerful machine to develop an iPhone game: a Mac Mini for $699 will do just fine.
Comment: Actually I was up and running with OSX in a virtual machine on my laptop in a short afternoon. No issues, I just found development to be something too difficult for my workload at the time. http://lifehacker.com/5583650/run-mac-os-x-in-virtualbox-on-windows - I would've had serious buyer's remorse if I had spent $699 for that.
Answer: I'd recommend looking into Mono. It allows you to write .NET apps on your iPhone/iPad.

Mono
MonoTouch
Comment: MonoTouch only runs on Macs.  Or so it says.
Answer: I was looking for a solution to develop apps on Windows. In the end I bought a Mac mini and I am glad I did. The Mac and the develop tools are working just fine. The time I saved figuring out configuring Windows/Virtual machines/OSX and so on I spent on actually developing Apps.
Answer: Airplay SDK claims to allow you to develop in Visual Studio on a Windows PC.  I have not tried it out, so no idea how well it works.
Answer: The Adobe AIR SDK 3.3 allow you to build iOS app on windows platform:
http://helpx.adobe.com/flash-player/release-note/developer-relese-notes-11_3.html
However, you have to code your app/game in ActionScript but you can extends the AIR SDK functionality through Adobe Native Extension (ANE).
Answer: Marmalade is a good engine which can easily be integrated with Visual Studio. So you can develop for iOS, Android, Bada, WebOS, Windows etc. from single code. You would need a Mac to upload the ipa file though, but i guess it'll be easier since you only need it once.  I am using it so I can tell you it works good and now with version 6.0 you can also develop in HTML5 using phonegap API.
Answer: You can use a computer simulator like VirtualBox and just upload the mac's source code files and download XCode of the app store.