What are the main fields of applications of 3D GIS?

Question: I'm doing a scholary research on 3D GIS but i have some problems in finding where they are used. Does anyone know of any real life examples where 3D GIS has been adopted?
Comment: You'd have to define 3d really, as data can be a multitude of dimensions.  Logically, you have have data structures made up of many more than 3 dimensions.  I recently worked on models incorporating height, concentration and time as well as traditional x and y
Comment: Have you read the thread on 3D GIS visualization at http://gis.stackexchange.com/questions/3617/when-is-a-3d-visualisation-in-gis-useful?
Comment: Sorry you're right, I meant to say the the normal sense of 3d, where x is the length, y is the width and z is the height.
Comment: I don't had read this qustion, thanks it's very usefull
Answer: There has been a large adoption of 2.5D and 3D GIS products within the military mission planning community.  Any increase in operational awareness in a battle space can have exponential benefits.  Both of the products have become critical in vertical lift vehicle ingress and egress planning.(Helicopters)  Knowing the vertical attributes can be very important when dealing with approach and take off paths.
Answer: 3D is used a lot in oil exploration and the planning of drilling operations.  Shell and BP (and presumably others too) even have 3D visualisation suites using active 3D so they can not only analyse the data but visually inspect the results.  On a visit to Shell's 3D installation in Aberdeen, Scotland, I was informed that the cost was easily recovered in just a single project where a blow-out from hitting a salt cap can cost millions.
I personally use 2.5/3D a lot in wind farm visualistion and visibility mapping as well as calculating access limitations (slope being a major factor for getting the wagons up the hill to the site).  I also use it to calculate potential radar interference and conflicts between turbines and airport approach/landing surfaces.
3D has been used for decades to calculate cut and fill for major civil engineering projects such as major road projects.
The military has been mentioned and it is worth noting that GRASS (including its 3D capabilities) was originally US military software.  They have to calculate their bombing trajectories somehow!
Answer: You might want to look at the mining industry or utilities management.  You could also look at the Civil Engineering industry.  They have been using AutoCAD for years to look at data and plans in 3D for years.
There are specialised packages for 3D data management.  One product I know if is Vulcan for mining purposes.  There are obvious packages like ArcScene, though I think its purpose is more visual than analytical.
Aspects of a true 3D GIS implementation I find interesting is whether the use of a third dimension enhances an analysts ability to deduce a more accurate answer, and is it this enhanced visual component that influenced the conclusion.
Answer: I have been involved recently in the 3d rendition of volcanic ash clouds, in the dispertion of spillages underwater.  I have also been involved in some modelling of other areas not open for discussion.
Routing underwater is heavily reliant on 3d modelling too.
Currently trying to write an application to model houses in relation to their surroundings using 3d
Many, many areas you can utlise 3d modelling and wares.
Answer: I am late to the party, but the following study published in the ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information might be of interest:
Biljecki, F.; Stoter, J.; Ledoux, H.; Zlatanova, S.; Çöltekin, A. Applications of 3D City Models: State of the Art Review. ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2015, 4(4):2842-2889.
doi:10.3390/ijgi4042842
(Open Access PDF)
The paper focuses on 3D city models.
Answer: Currently 3D city modeling is hot in research with long range and close range photogrammetry.
There are publications on them for your serearch to get a problem and work on. Science diredt is one search for papers.Also see ESRI's city engine soft ware also to get an idea.


In heaven, we will be able to remember the friends who were on Earth? What about those who enter via different gates?

Question: In heaven, we will be able to remember the friends who were on Earth and in the seven gates of heaven? Say if a person was in the first gate, will he be able to go to the second, third, fourth, etc.
Comment: Interesting Question though :)
Answer: Yes we will not only remember our friend but we will also meet them.

Allah tells us that the people of Paradise will approach each other and question each other about their lives on the Earth, discussing how they used to be and the difficulties that they used to face. This will be their topic of discussion while they take drinks and meet together, socializing and reclining on couches, while servants attend to them, bringing them all goodness in the form of food, drink and apparel, the likes of which no one has ever before seen, heard, or even imagined." [Tafsîr Ibn Khathîr]

here is Quran verses:

Allah says: "And those who believe and whose families follow them in faith, We shall reunite them with their families; nor shall we deprive them (of the fruit) of aught of their works: Each individual is in pledge for his deeds." [Sûrah al-Tûr: 21]

In this verse Allah says that He will bless the believing family members that he shall bring them together in Paradise. This will take place by raising the status in Paradise of the children who fell short of their parents' status to the levels in Paradise attained by their parents. This is by Allah's immense generosity and favor.
Ibn Kathîr relates the following that Ibn `Abbâs said regarding the above verse:

These are the children of the believers who die on belief. Then, if their fathers attained a higher level in Paradise than they did, they will follow their fathers, and none shall have any of their good deeds reduced. [Tafsîr Ibn Kathîr]

Abû Nu`aym relates on the authority of Hamîd b. Hilâl that:

"I has been conveyed to us that the denizens of Paradise, the higher and lower grades from among them, shall visit each other."

There are several hadîth about the the people of Paradise visiting one another; however, all of those hadîth are weak. They are mentioned by Abû Nu`aym in Sifât al-Jannah (258-260) and by Ibn al-Qayyim in Hâdî al-Arwâh ilâ Bilâd al-Afrâh (332-336).
And in heaven is one human can meet each other even if they enter from another gate
example. On the judgement day all seven gates will call him to go through them them.


Does memory persist across different births of an individual?

Question: I've read that the Buddha could remember his past life. Does this means that the memory of a person lasts across different life times?
Comment: See related question, http://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/1988/is-there-a-way-to-help-us-remember-our-previous-life and http://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/1398/buddhism-and-past-lives
Comment: You could improve this question by making it less expansive -- e.g. "Is it possible for memory to persist...". I know for sure that in my own case, I have no memory of any past life, so certainly in my case the answer to your original question would have to be "no".
Answer: This is just knowledge (jnāna or vidhyā). Anyone who acquired that knowledge can remember his past life.
Please see Buddha's awakening Buddha's awakening
and page 63 of "On Being Buddha: The Classical Doctrine of Buddhahood"
and I retrieved the text below from page 571 of "Agama Aura Tripitaka: Eka Anusilana"

Prodigy of Memory of Earlier Births (Pϋrva-nivāsa-anusmrti-jnāna): The monk endowed with this prodigy remembers many kinds of earlier births. He can remember many periods of duration of dissolution, creation and destruction-cum-origination of the universe. He remembers that at that time, he was in a particular place, state of birth, species, destinity and state of knowledge. I was in a specific state of birth. I had this name, lineage, life-span, food and experience of pleasure and pain. I was born in a specific place after death from there where I had this…etc. After death there, I am born here in this Ksatriya or Brahmin family. The heretics remember their earlier births upto 40 Kalpas (a unit of time equivalent to 20 Antar-Kalpas). The natural votary remembers earlier births upto 100 or 1000 Kalpas, the great/senior votaries remember earlier births upto 80 lacs of Kalpa years, the self-enlightened one remembers the earlier births upto two innumerable lacs of Kalpa years and the Buddha remembers the earlier births upto a period without measure.
Answer: If I explain in simple way ,When we see it out of the box even though it is like our memory is saved in somewhere it is not like that..
Once we improved our mind using bawana ,widharashana ,...etc we would be able see this world in ever most realistic way..That is really strengthen of the ultimately well improved mind.It is called "nyana" ,once Buddha acquire his goals he was gain mainly three special "nyana".
Using them he was be able to see past of animals(all sort of lives) ,as well as future of animals and there is other one. Really that's why we address he is "Buddha"there is nothing to realize beyond his understanding in this world ever.
As we are not having such a biggest improve in our mind, worldling scopes are very narrow .Ex: think about  human eye, human would be able to see withing specific spectrum(between range of frequency)beyond this spectrum there are a lot of things.But we can't see.But sometimes other animal can see different things due to that they belong to different spectrum.
As same as our mind is like that.But the special thing is, if we can improve our mind we would be able to expand this range unless eye,ear or other part of our body.
That's what Our Buddha ultimately retrieved.
Answer: Lets take our current life to stat with. We do not remember everything. We have few memories of what we did as a toddler. Next to none of our 1st year and when we were in the womb. Our memory fades. Very few people just remember their past life.
By shaping our mind we can start to see back into the future remembering more of things, especially if you develop Jhanas.
Since at the point of death and rebirth there is a strong break from the material body remembering things beyond is difficult without Jhana through there are some who can do it.


Video editing software with Audio scrubbing[Windows 10- 64bit]

Question: I am looking for a Video editing software to do some post production work on my animated movie(mp4 file without audio).I use Blender VSE,but it lacks severely in effects like transitions ,FX  etc .
My main requirement is Audio Scrubbing since their is lipsyncing and precision trimming required in the video.I did do a web search and the only advanced software which seems to pop up is Adobe Premiere Pro.Since I am an indie animator, "Premiere Pro" is way of my budget.I also checked softwares like Camtasia,Powerdirector,Movavi,Filmora but was surprised that audio scrubbing was not available.
Sony vegas is avalable around the 300$ mark but it seems to be an overkill for just some audio scrubbing .
Are there any other softwares available around the 100$ range with the Audio scrubbing feature and some basic transition,Fx and color grading capabilites.
Answer: I'd also suggest DaVinci Resolve for your needs, though you may need the studio version ($300 one time purchase with free upgrades, so far even between major versions.)  While recent versions of Resolve include very full featured non-linear editing and fantastic sound handling with Fairlight audio, I don't believe they include effects and much in the way of transitions.  The paid "studio" version includes a good selection.
You are also getting a pretty high end node based compositing tool (Fusion) built in to the software for that price as well.  Resolve's NLE isn't quite as good as Premiere Pro, but it's very good.  I like Fusion better than After Effects (which is the partner compositor that goes with Premiere Pro.)
Comment: you can get Davinci Resolve Beta for free right now, I did, you should try it
Answer: You can use Davinci Resolve's editing environment. It's free and, considering that, very powerful. Kind of comparable to the adobe suite, yet less powerful.
Comment: thanks for the recommendation.Davinci is a great software ,surely will give it a try. Also,I have a fairly basic machine ,so the one I found to suit my needs is **"VEGAS Movie Studio 16 Platinum"**.It does have the audio scrubbing feature and also comes with additional softwares like a music maker .It's priced fairly at ~60$ . Check it out @[here](https://www.vegascreativesoftware.com/us/vegas-movie-studio/)


How Fast Can French Horn Play?

Question: I'm just wondering, how fast can a French Horn play 16th notes?  Like, I've got this 1 measure passage of a descending 16th note chromatic scale at 152 bpm - is that too fast?  It's to be played legato.  Can the performer move the valves that fast?
Answer: How long a run and how good a player?  A short run of 16ths at 152 bpm is no problem  A longer run would be OK for a good amateur or above.  He'll have played worse in etudes.
This example isn't as hard as it looks.   And if anything is holding your players back from emulating it, it isn't the mechanics of the valves.
(Obviously, don't write concertos in the ensemble of a middle-school band piece!  But a short chromatic run is really no problem.)
Comment: That's OK.   But if you want to hear a continuous scale, don't be afraid to write it all for all the players.  Or for two of them, or one of them, depending on what effect you want.   If a hornist can play half a chromatic scale, he can play all of it.  Save dovetailing for when there's a danger of one player running out or breath.
Comment: The passage is one measure and, since it's an orchestra piece, I've got it dovetailed so that 2 horns play the first 8 notes, landing on the third beat, where the other 2 play the next 8 sixteenths.  That ok?
Comment: Yeah, it's mostly because I just don't want the sound of 4 horns because I want the horns to blend in with the rest of the orchestra, so just 2 at a time.  It's also right before the horns get a big melody, so I guess it's also partially for balance, partially for balance.  Make sense?
Comment: @Miguel Horns have a wide dynamic range, and four horns are not necessarily much louder than one. If you want them to play pp, just mark the part pp!
Answer: I am playing for a while now and I play nearly all literature. I am not fast. The fastest I can play is 16th @110bpm. Afterwards neither my tongue nor my fingers match the speed. I heard records from Japanese guys (pros from the military band) that played up to 120bpm.
I believe playing longer series of 16th at 152 bpm is unreasonable, even legato.
For short series of 16th in legato speed can be faster.

How Fast Can French Horn Play?


High Discharge Value in SWAT modelling

Question: At first run I've encountered the problem since the values of modeled and observed discharge are significantly different.
The correlation between them is nearly 0,2 as the modeled discharge gives much higher values.
I have already checked the precipitation file (it has some missing values which I substituted with zeros) and also did the correlation between the discharge and precipitation which showed the result nearly 0,35; while the cross correlation with three-day lag is 0,6.
In addition, the model predicts the precipitation values very accurately, though the discharge is very high.
How can I identify what is the conceptual logic behind the algorithm of inflow-outflow calculations in SWAT (or maybe refer me to the literature on the matter) so I could go through the output again and identify the potential problem?
Answer: SWAT model has a pretty good technical and theoretical documentation on their website : http://swat.tamu.edu/documentation/
Regarding the conceptual logic, SWAT is based on sub-watershed discretization. Inside these, it defines Hydrological Response Units (similar slope, land use and soil). Then, you simplify it on the basis of the HRU heterogeneity, you may chose between assigning to the sub-watersheds the response of the dominant HRU or define a multiple responses. At this step, SWAT knows which parameters to use in the hydrological processes you have selected and can run the simulation.
I would suggest that you read the introduction of the theoretical documentation and, assuming that surface runoff is a major contributor to your discharge, maybe the chapter 2.1 on surface runoff.  You need to understand the Curve Number Method wich is used to compute runoff volumes. If you want to decrease runoff speed, you may increase the manning coefficient (friction to flow) for both overland flow or channel flow. As it seems that you have a time of concentration greater than one day, you should also check the surface runoff lag parameter [SURLAG].
But as SWAT is a sophisticated model with a lot of parameters and sensitive to scale, discretization methods and input resolution, it is hard to know what's wrong with your simulation. It is quite normal that a uncalibrated model, even physically based, provides results far from the observed discharge. To calibrate a model, you must first identify the most sensitive parameters by running a sensitivity analysis. Then, as you know what parameters will have significant impact on the simulated discharge, you can run a calibration by varying them in a physically acceptable range.
Hope this help,
D.D.

High Discharge Value in SWAT modelling


Yeast , dead or alive?

Question: G'day , how long after the fermentation has finished does the yeast live ? I am curious because not only is it the cost of the yeast but if you find a particular strain and you like the taste ( providing that all ingredients are constant ) if you could grow it you would be guaranteed the same flavor over and over.
Answer: Not to be a pessimist, but if they're not fermenting, then the yeast are continually dying. How fast they die is dependent upon how they are stored.
If you want to just reuse yeast from one batch to the next, then save a quart of yeast slurry from the previous batch and store in the fridge in a sanitized container - a loose fitting lid is ideal, such as foil held down with an elastic band - this lets out any gasses if fermentation hasn't quite finished.
If you use within a couple of weeks then you can pitch directly into the next batch. Longer than that - up to 4 months - and there won't be adequate viable cells remaining, so a starter is needed.  Beyond 4 months, the yeast will have mostly died - You can see it visually as it turns from a pale cream to a darker brown peanut-butter color.
Long term storage - around 2 years - is possible by freezing the yeast in a 30% glycerine solution. The amount frozen is usually just a few milliliters, so a starter is always necessary to step up the quantity to proper pitching rates.
To sum up

short term storage - up to 2 weeks, in the fridge, for direct pitching into the next batch
medium term storage - up to 4 months, in the fridge, requires a starter before pitching
long term storage - up to 2 years, in the freezer, requires several step-up starters before pitching
Comment: The step up starters would be required for a slant, but not necessarily for the test tube method. Having said that, I would recommend using two test tubes in your starter, to help account for non-yeast trub and viability.
Answer: There's lots of information available on the topic of yeast harvesting, which is what you're describing. You could start with this article in byo.com. Palmer's How To Brew also has a chapter on it.
The tl;dr is:

top cropping from the krausen is better than harvesting from bottom of the fermenter
harvesting early in the fermentation is better than later
yeast viability decreases over time, so it's best to re-use the yeast quickly
you can improve the quality of your yeast by washing it
harvest yeast from brews with a starting gravity that is low or middling.
you can re-use a yeast culture for maybe a half-dozen brews

I typically re-use yeast over a number of batches and have never had a problem with under-attenuation or off-flavours from fermentation. I harvest when racking from secondary, so I'm not really doing it right.
Comment: good points. 'the tl;dr is' - what's tl;dr?
Comment: "too long; didn't read"
Comment: @mdma Internet slang for: Here is my summary. Separate note, I have a friend who has kept yeast cultures going for years, it is important that you treat yeast well, but the 6 reuse limit is mostly due to skimping on yeast nutrient or mistreatment.
Answer: Check out this site on harvesting yeast. http://www.wyeastlab.com/com-yeast-harvest.cfm. After primary fermentation, you want to "harvest" the yeast so that you can store it properly. The yeast goes dormant at cooler temperatures (during storage). Then you warm up the yeast, pitch it to a starter (http://www.howtobrew.com/section1/chapter6-5.html) and you can reuse the yeast! You should really only store yeast for about 1 month. You can also, only harvest so many times, usually 3 - 5 generations of daughter cells.
Answer: Thanks for all the input and links , I'm just getting started with proper corn worts and just figured that when I get it the way I like it , it would be good to keep that flavor. In regards to yeast only lasting a couple of generations there are to many examples of producers keeping the same genetic strain for over fifty years for example :- jack Daniels , Jim beam , coopers beer and so on. Since posting I have sourced some information , but anymore is always good
Comment: Dan, commercial breweries are not using the ol' mason jar in the fridge technique we homebrewers do. They often times pay big bucks to a yeast management lab to "bank" their strain. So while they can (and do) keep strains around a long time, its not something we can easily replicate at home. Even the best yeast wranglers won't keep re-using a batch for more than a dozen generations or so.
Comment: you can pluck one healthy colony and ramp it to a pitchable amount of perfectly healthy yeast from a slant.  It takes a bit of time, and most of us just leave it to the pros.  But it's not out of reach to keep going 'forever' with the right techniques.

Yeast , dead or alive?


Is Spirit Airlines's $9 Fare Club worth it?

Question: Has anyone tried Spirit Airlines's $9 fare club membership ($60/year)?
What do you get with your membership, and what makes it worth it?
Comment: Can you add a little bit more information about that club? Maybe a link or something like that? I have never heard of it.
Comment: Singapore's [Tiger Airways has a similar scheme called 'Stripes'](http://www.tigerairways.com/sg/en/stripes.php). Such fare clubs only give you the opportunity to be the first to take a shot a lowest fares, typically 6 months+ in the future. For most instances when you're looking for flights within the next few months, it's highly likely that those cheapest flights are already sold you and you'll be on the normal sliding scale of fares everyone else sees.
Comment: I paid the fee and cant seem to get any benefits, cheap tickets, just run around
Comment: What is your question? According to the [FAQ](http://travel.stackexchange.com/faq#dontask), poll-type questions are off-topic, and that's how this one reads to me. *What kind of questions should I* not *ask here? ... there is no actual problem to be solved: "I'm curious if other people feel like I do."*
Comment: While it's perhaps not phrased correctly, asking for whether it is possible to get low fares through a fare club is, I think, on-topic.
Answer: "worth the investment" is highly subjective. For some people it may be, for others not. For me e.g. it wouldn't be as I never even come close to one of their destinations, let alone flying with them :)
As to what it offers, the FAQ is a tad vague but lists general categories:

What are the benefits of the $9 Fare Club?
The $9 Fare Club offers all of our member exclusive travel deals, not
  only in the U.S. but all over the Americas. All the way from Lima,
  Peru in the South to Plattsburgh, New York in the North. Not a bad
  deal, eh? Benefits include:
· Access to Member Only fares sometimes as low as $9!
· Exclusive offers on hotels, rental cars and other travel
  necessities.
· Savings of $10 per bag when booking online. (Up to $120 per customer
  in bag fees, based on roundtrip travel with a carry-on bag and 5
  checked bags.)

So in theory you could save double the cost of the "club" just by your baggage fees, depending on how often and with how many bags you travel with them.
Answer: After asking the question - and not receiving any answers within the hour - I kept googling around and came up with this: http://www.elliott.org/blog/is-spirit-airlines-fare-club-worth-the-money-can-i-get-my-money-back-if-it-isnt/
So I'm not sure I will be buying into the club.
Comment: Do you mind providing a short summary of the information you found? It's preferable to avoid links-only answers, as stuff tends to disappear off the internet, and your answer wouldn't be much useful if that happens.
Comment: From the linked article, it seems to indicate that the primary benefit is access to periodic sales that are sent via email to members.  Thing is, though, there are other airlines such as American that will do this for free (opt-in page on their website when you log in with your free AAdvantage account).
Answer: It depends on a lot of things: where you go, when you want to go, how flexible you are...
The club is better as a convenience purchase than an advance plan. I think the best way to deal with Spirit's $9 club is to wait to join until there's an airfare you want, and can't get without the membership. Sometimes the money you'll save (compared to their non-club fare) will be a significant chunk of the membership fee, so that the fee will "pay for itself" if you use it just once more, and not be a significant loss if you don't.
Answer: Sprit has a free discount option: booking in person at the airport. The discount often results in a similar price and is sometimes even cheaper than the $9 fare club. No bag discount though.
No need to pay for this discount, but you will need to make an extra trip to the airport to book, so this is for those with easy access to one of their airport locations.


What's the purpose of the favorite button?

Question: I'm trying to understand how the favorite button is meant to be used. I frequently see poorly written questions marked as "favorite". It seems the OP can make this designation. I was unable to find anything on this topic in a quick search of the online stackexchange documentation, and I'm not clear if the button plays any useful role. Apologies if I've missed something I should have read.
Comment: @MartinSleziak: One aspect you apparently didn't mention is that while votes are private, favorites are public -- i.e. every user's list of favorite questions is visible to everybody.
Comment: You can find links to some basic information in the [tag-info for the favorites tag](https://meta.mathoverflow.net/tags/favorites/info). (BTW, this seems to be a suitable tag for your question.) In particular, this post is rather detailed: [How do favorite questions work?](https://meta.stackexchange.com/q/53585) Perhaps also some older posts on this meta tagged ([meta-tag:favorites]) might be of interest in connection with your question.
Comment: This discussion on meta.math.SE is somewhat related: [Would you ever favourite a question you down vote?](https://math.meta.stackexchange.com/q/12297) As you can see, several users have various reason why they mark question as favorite, not necessarily meaning that question is good. (Clicking on the star is perhaps closer to saying: "I want to *follow* changes on this question: than to saying "I think this is a nice question". Of course, the two often correlate.) However, MO and MU are two rather different sites, so not everything mentioned in the discussion I linked is necessarily valid here.
Comment: Another related post here on meta: [What is the role of star on the left-hand side of a question?](https://meta.mathoverflow.net/q/2547)
Answer: You can find links to some basic info on favorites here, specifically this post is rather detailed: How do favorite questions work?
This feature request has been posted on main meta a few years ago: Add a page explaining the favorites feature to the Help Center. Existence of this feature request suggests that you are probably not the only person who searched for information on favorites unsuccessfully in the help center.

Very briefly: If you favorite a question (=if you click on the star next to it), then it is added to your favorites tab. The number near this star shows how many users favorited the particular question.
So basically all it does is that it helps you to create a list of questions which you want to have accessible somewhere and where you are able to follow relatively easily whether there has been any new activity (edits, new answers, new comments). So perhaps reasonable names for this feature could also be follow or bookmark, rather than favorite.
More often than not the users favorite question which are interesting to them. So typically the questions which are favorited by many users are good and interesting questions. It seems that you are asking mainly why some users favorite low quality questions. There might be many reasons for this. Some examples I can think of:

I voted to close this question, since it was unclear/low quality. If the user edits the question, I want to see that there were changes, so that I can vote to reopen if it was sufficiently improved.
I downvoted the question - if the OP edits the question, I might remove my downvote. I favorited it so that I notice any changes.
The question is poor, but one the answers contains information which is interesting to me. I want to keep the link somewhere, so I add it to my favorites.
The question is likely to be deleted, which makes finding it again difficult. Since I want to keep the link because of rather interesting exchange in comments, I favorite the question.1
This question is rather easy, but it suggests a generalization which seems rather intriguing to me. At the moment I do not have too much time to think about this - I will favorite the question, so that when I check my favorites, I am reminded about this.
This question is so poor that it definitely should be downvoted. I have already used all my 40 votes today, so I'll mark it and get back to it tomorrow.
I think that this post is worth editing. But since it is advised not to bump too many posts at the same time, I decide to do that later. So I want to mark the post somewhere. Favoriting the question is a possible a way to do this.
1Deleted questions are still shown on favorite tab - but if I remember correctly, they are displayed only to the users who are allowed to view them. Which means that the OP sees their own questions among favorites, even if they were deleted. And 10k+ users can see in this tab all deleted question they favorited. I have just favorited a few questions which seem likely to be deleted just to test this. (If you look in my favorite tab and you are 10k+ user, you should see some deleted questions there. As I am below 10k, I only see those which are not deleted.)

If you look at answers to the questions
Why favorite but not upvote? and Would you ever favourite a question you down vote? on meta.math.SE, you will find some suggestions along similar lines. Various categories mentioned in this feature request on main meta can also give insight on how various users use favorites: Favorites improvements - search, categorize, personal tags, add note, favorite answer.

So that it is easier to examine low quality questions which are favorited (if somebody wants to), I have created these SEDE queries: Questions which are closed and favorited, Questions with negative score which are favorited
Closed questions with negative score which are favorited. (And it should not be difficult to create other minor variations of these queries.)
In the cases where the question is favorited by single user, it might be the OP. Here is a SEDE query: Closed questions with negative score favorited only by the OP. If it is a relatively new and inexperienced user, it is quite plausible that sometimes they favorite their own question without really knowing what they are doing and how the favorites work. Another possible explanation is that if the OP sees that their question might be deleted, they can still keep the link to the question in this way.
Comment: I did my best to give some details which might be in the direction towards answering the question. I have to admit that the question is not entirely clear to me. In particular, I do not know what is meant by: "It seems the OP can make this designation." (I'll mention that I am not a native English speaker, so maybe my lack of language skills might be source of misunderstanding.)
Comment: Thanks Martin. I guess I had incorrectly assumed that marking a question as favorite was intended to say it is a high quality question, whereas it's actually about following the thread.
Comment: I did not wanted to bump the post again, but here is user who mentions that they favorited a question because they want to get back to it latter because it needs retagging: http://chat.stackexchange.com/transcript/10243?m=18044058#18044058 So this would be yet another example: favoriting a question which needs retag, but it's not immediately clear what would be better tags or for some reason the retagging is postponed (for example, not enough time at the moment).


Did the Bill of Rights apply to slaves?

Question: In the pre-Antebellum particularly during the 1850's did slaves and free blacks have rights? Or even citizenship perhaps?
Answer: Its very good question, since Americans in the 1850's were asking the exact some question as well! As it turns out, there was a Supreme Court ruling on the issue in 1857: The Dred Scott case. The answer was "No". Not even free blacks were allowed protection under the Constitution.

The question is simply this: Can a negro, whose ancestors were
  imported into this country, and sold as slaves, become a member of the
  political community formed and brought into existence by the
  Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all
  the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guarantied by that
  instrument to the citizen?

...

It is very clear, therefore, that no State can, by any act or law of
  its own, passed since the adoption of the constitution, introduce a
  new member into the political community created by the constitution of
  the United States. It cannot make him a member of this community by
  making him a member of its own. And for the same reason it cannot
  introduce any person, or description of persons, who were not intended
  to be embraced in this new political family, which the constitution
  brought into existence, but were intended to be excluded from it.
Comment: I would add a very salient phrase from the Dred Scott decision: "that they had no rights which the white man was bound to respect" -- quite a statement. What then did it mean for a Black to be "free" in Taney's opinion?
Comment: @Jeff - I'm (or at least should be) too busy today to research that in detail. You'd think it *should* be roughly equivalent status to being a resident alien. Except that I'm pretty sure resident aliens are allowed to sue in US courts, and in fact most of the Bill of Rights apply to them, and he was saying "negroes" couldn't. Its quite possible this set up a situation that further litigation would have had to clear up, if the Civil War and subsequent Amendments not settled the issue.
Comment: The difference between resident alien and Black person would clearly be that the alien has a state that the USA was bound to respect and would advocate for its citizen; the Black, according to Taney, would seem to have no such state.
Comment: Allow me to call your attention to that last phrase. This court was not that far removed from the drafters of the Constitution. If the highest court in the land within a century is asserting the Constitution was intended specifically to exclude black people, perhaps it is reasonable for us at this remove to take this as at least a very strong likelihood..
Answer: The U.S. Constitution makes reference to the fact that it represented only "free persons." (See for instance Article 1, Section 2.) This meant that the Bill of Rights did not fully apply to slaves. This idea is further elaborated on in Federalist Paper No. 54, in which slaves were considered a hybrid of persons and property. This was the idea of the Three-Fifths Compromise, under which a slave was considered "three-fifths" of a person.
In theory, it meant that free Blacks did have these rights. In actual practice, free blacks were often conflated with slaves because of their skin color, "accidentally on purpose." Further court cases in the 19th century "clarified" matters by limiting the rights of even free blacks, particularly in the 1850s. It took the 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments, plus the civil rights legislation of the 1960s to finally put an end to this.
Comment: that's the entire constitution, not a specific citation. Furthermore, the reference to "free persons" in your link is only about the apportionment of taxes and representatives, not about the Bill of Rights
Comment: @JMS: I changed it to "didn't fully apply," based on the Federalist paper and the 3/5th Compromise. I also added in the second paragraph that free blacks' rights were curtailed in the 19th century. Thanks for you help.
Comment: @JMS: I made another addition, "particularly in the 1850s." I am using an "up to then" argument to show a contrast "before" and "after" 1850.
Comment: references or specific citations to the Bill of Rights supporting your answer would be helpful
Comment: @user69715: OK, fixed.
Comment: @user69715: I added another citation to the Federalist Papers that references that part of the Constitution.
Comment: The U.S. Constitution absolutely applies to slaves.. The Slave Clause, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3.   It just didn't extend the same rights to slaves, and in 1850 didn't extend rights to free blacks either.
Comment: @Tom Au,  Frederick Douglass, believed the US Constitution was an anti slavery document.  "Therefore, instead of encouraging slavery, the Constitution encourages freedom by giving an increase of "two-fifths" of political power to free over slave States".....http://www.blackpast.org/1860-frederick-douglass-constitution-united-states-it-pro-slavery-or-anti-slavery
Comment: But since the question refers to 1850,  I assumed he's primarily concerned with the Compromise of 1850, and how that reinterpreted the Constitution in favor of Slavery.
Comment: @Tom Au,  I voted for your answer a week ago.. :)
Answer: No.
  The Bill of rights did not apply to free African American men in 1850, much less slaves.  The rights of free blacks were not guaranteed by the constitution after the Compromise of 1850 which allowed Freemen to be sent south into slavery simply by swearing out an affidavit they were ones property. This effectively meant that any free black man could become a slave at any point with minimal effort from a single white person.
Slaves absolutely had no access to the protections of the laws as white people did.  They could not go to court, make contracts, or own property.  They could be whipped, imprisoned without trial, branded, and hanged legally.
Don't take my words for it. Hear Roger B. Taney the 5th chief justice of the supreme courts words:

"Blacks had no rights which the white man was bound to respect."

Taney isn't saying slaves have no rights, he's discussing all black men.
The compromise of 1850 along with the Dread Scott Supreme Court decision meant draconian change and helped radicalize the north in opposition mostly to the South; but also to what the South depended on which was slavery.
The bill of rights(1791) didn't apply to slaves.  But parts of the United States Constitution(1787) did.  Specifically the Slave Clause, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3.

US Constitution: Slave Clause, Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3
No person held to service or labour in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour may be due.

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793  was an Act of the United States Congress to give effect to the Fugitive Slave Clause of the U.S. Constitution.
Answer: The are at least two different questions.

Did the Bill of Rights apply to slaves? - No, and never did. "nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law" definitely does not apply to slave, who by definition does not have liberty.
did slaves and free blacks have rights?
According to Supreme Court Dred Scott decision of 1857, blacks (slave and free) did not have any rights, so Bill of Rights did not apply to them.

Prior to this decision, free blacks practically could have some rights on some states. However, no matter how extensive these rights where, even in the free states, Bill of Rights did not apply to free blacks - exactly because federal protection was not extended to free blacks, and they were on the mercy of states.
This situation actually was the result of irreconcilable contradiction between two fundamental documents of the country:
Declaration of Independence lists liberty as one of the unalienable rights of all men;
Constitution allows states to deny the right of liberty to some people, designating them as property (slavery).
Declaration of Independence was indispensable as justification of creating the country, and could not be changed retroactively. This left only two possibilities to resolve contradiction:
To amend the Constitution in order to eliminate slavery.
To amend definition of the man in order to exclude those type of persons who could be enslaved.
Supreme court (justice Taney) tried to use the later solution, but it did not work. As LIncoln pointed out, it opened the door for further exclusions, like catholics, or any ethnic minorities. Instead of crushing republicans, it helped them despite the party platform openly ignored Dred Scott decision.
Eventually, it led to Civil war and to resolving contradiction by 13th amendment to Constitution.
UPDATE:
What is interesting, 13th amendment did not make Bill of rights applicable to blacks, because Dred Scott decision was in effect. Only 14th amendment overruled Dred Scott decision
Comment: Whether the 14th Amendment overruled Dred Scott is a matter of point of view. From one perspective, the Supreme Court merely tells people what documents mean. In Dred Scott, they declared that the Constitution as it existed in 1850 did not afford rights to black people. The 14th Amendment left that declaration intact, but made it moot. A higher court overruling a lower court, (or overruling previous ruling) as to what the Constitution means is distinct from the Constitution being modified.

Did the Bill of Rights apply to slaves?


Use an Arch Linux installation pendrive as live one

Question: I have my Arch Linux installation pen drive and I'm wondering if I have to install it on other disk or flash drive. Can I use this installation pen as there was a system and install X11 and all packages I want there?
Answer: No. What you have is (most likely) an installation disk, not a live system with persistence (which seems to be what you want).  For some instructions on how to set up a live system with persistence, see the Arch Linux wiki here.  However, that page says it's out of date, and doesn't point one to up to date instructions.  I am a Debian Live user myself (as a live system with persistence on a pen drive) so I don't have more details.  Incidentally, if you are not committed to Arch, the Debian Live system is the most reliable, consistent and flexible that I've found for running Linux off of a pen drive.


How to separate iMessages with shared Apple ID?

Question: My son and wife both have iPod Touches and I have an iPhone. We all used the same Apple ID and turned on iMessage. Both my son and wife were getting texts from my friends and my work on their iPods, I think because my cell phone number was linked to the Apple ID.  If I just turn off iMessage on my iPhone, will that solve the issue?
Comment: iMessage uses your Apple ID – that's how it can work on an iPod touch, which doesn't have a cellular radio or a phone number. You need to use unique Apple IDs.
Answer: Set up new AppleIDs for your wife and son. This has several advantages: If they use a different computer than you, they can manage different iTunes playlists, different sets of address book contacts, etc without affecting your personal settings or preferences. They will each also be able to sync their own photos and documents and set up their own mail account through iCloud.
In Settings, sign in to your AppleID on each device for iTunes Store and to their personal AppleIDs for iCloud. This will mean that app and music purchases you make on the account will still be available on all devices, but that your son and wife will each have their own iMessage account. They will no longer receive your texts, but they will be able to send and receive iMessage texts for free over WiFi.
You can also share photos this way; photo streams can be shared between AppleIDs. If they are using your ID, any photos they take will end up on your device too. With their own IDs, this will not happen unless you specifically set it up to do so.
If you all sync to different computers iTunes Home Sharing can be used to keep purchased content in sync. Just authorize each computer using your AppleID.
One caveat: Make sure that neither your wife or son use their own AppleID for purchases, or only they will be able to see the app. There is a way to set up an AppleID without entering a credit card number; especially for a younger son, this is a really good idea.
Answer: To directly answer your question, disabling iMessage on your iPhone will have no effect in fixing the reception of iMessages not intended for them.
Like other answers mentioned, the best way is to set two new Apple IDs - one for your wife, and one for your son, and then sign into only Messages (Settings -> Messages) with that account. If you would like further autonomy you can sign into iCloud and Facetime with the new Apple IDs.
Answer: No. Have your son and wife use a different email address for Messages than for Music & Apps. You configure the EMail addresses for Messages in the "Settings" app under "Messages".
The Music, Apps, & iBooks Apple ID is set in the "iTunes & App Stores"  a few lines down from "Messages" in the "Settings" app.
Comment: Keep in mind, if the OP just sets up email aliases to his current Apple ID, he still runs the risk of having the same problem (users receiving iMessages who they weren't intended for), it would seem.
Answer: There is also now in iOS8 - Family Sharing - one credit card, multiple iCloud accounts & Parental Control.
Family Sharing.
A new way to bring harmony to your family's digital life.


Should I use inversion or root position?

Question: I'm writing a song for a project and putting piano chords under the melody. I don't know if this makes sense but for example, if I'm in C major, and there is an "E" in the voice, should I pair it with a root position I chord (CEG) or should I have a I6 chord (EGC) because the voice is singing an E?
Comment: In classical harmony you should never 'double the third'. That implies that if the melody has the third, you can't put another one anywhere else, including the bass.
Answer: For chords at the end of the piece (or really important sectional endings) a root position chord is often best. Other places, the choice of root or first inversion should be (at least in my opinion) which one makes the bass line sound best (in the composer's opinion.)  Usually (at least in chorale style with 3 or 4 voices) one prefers not to double thirds of major chords; doubling thirds of minor chords (ii,iii,vi) is fine. I'm not sure of the reason but it might be that a major chord with a doubled third may be mistakenly heard as a Neapolitan Sixth.
In more popular styles, less worry is needed about doublings or parallels. If it sounds good, it's fine. (That's why I like the idea of having a smooth bass line.
Answer: Write your bass line.  Then fit harmony notes in as they will.  It's quite unlikely that both melody and bass will take the third of a major chord.   It's also unlikely that block chords in the piano left hand will sound good. They tend to sound muddy.
Answer: In popular music, the most common chord positions are the root and the second inversion. First-inversion chords tend to sound rhythmically "weak". In any case, doubling the third of a major chord between the bass and treble is probably not a good idea, unless you really want that sound for some reason. Try it, and some alternatives, and use your ears!
If your bass line follows the melody "exactly", it's not really functioning as the bass line - it's more like somebody trying to sing along with tune, but a few octaves too low. If your arrangement sounds "OK" with just the tune and the bass line and nothing else, that's usually a good starting point.


Will hop plants choke grape vines

Question: I planted my hops next to the grape vines, gives the hops a good climb.  I'm afraid they might choke the grape vines I already have.  Can they grow together without problems ?
Comment: I think you'll need to test this.  As there is limited sunlight (leaf area) I suspect you'll have some competition.
Answer: As I understand it hop vines are pretty vigorous (growing to be up to 3m tall in one season), so yes, I would worry about them choking out grapes (or at least competing for leaf space) if they were planted to use the same trellis. Of course, like most close plantings, they may work fine, just with somewhat lowered yields each.
You should try it for one season, and if there's too much competition, then just dig up the hop rhizomes at the end of the year and replant them somewhere else in the spring.
Comment: Yea, I think the hops will overtake the grapes, better safe than sorry I moved the hops to another location.

Will hop plants choke grape vines


How do I get songs previously purchased on my old iPhone onto my new iPhone?

Question: I just got a new iPhone as my old one was broken. My old one was a iPhone 4 and this new is a 4S. Now I purchased songs from on my old phone and when I look at these songs on the iTunes music store it says they are purchased but they are not in my iTunes library, how do I get them there?
Comment: Did you never sync your iPhone to your computer?
Answer: The iTunes store has a 'Purchased' section that you can use to view and re-download purchased music.
Open up iTunes on your computer and select iTunes Store in the sidebar. In the iTunes Store homepage, click the Purchased link in the Quick Links box on the right:
Once on the Purchased page, select the Music tab on the left and the 'Not on This Computer' tab on the right. Select All Songs in the list on the left and click the Download All button at the bottom of the page.

Once your downloads finish you should have all your music in your library, ready to be synced to your new iPhone.
Answer: On your iPhone, in iTunes.app, on the bottom navigation bar click the button labeled More. There should be a Purchased table cell there. Tap it, then, on the top right side tap where it says "Not on this phone". Now tap on the top right side (again) where it says "Download All". This should initiate a download of all the songs you purchased through iTunes.
Answer: I solved the same thing when it happened to me.
Go to iTunes Store on your new iPhone and you should find it, I think.


Is there any way to go word by word using `Ctrl + ->`

Question: Im wondering if is there any way to go word by word using Ctrl + -> as in the rest of the editors.
Comment: Did you even try?
Comment: If your editor must do just like other editors, vim is not for you.  The vim way to move forward one word is `w` from normal mode (back is `b`).  This was stated in the answer by Amit.
Answer: Try using w for moving word by word. Wordwise motions are faster in vim. The w, b, e, and ge commands allow us to move forward or backward to the start or end of a word. see :help word in vim for more information.
Here's a link to an excellent answer on vim misuse:
https://stackoverflow.com/a/1737259/975114
Answer: After looking at this on multiple computers...
On Linux using Gnome Terminal this feature works right out of the box. (which is why romainl asks if you tried it)
On Mac OS 10.8 (Mountain Lion)
Control + Arrow Key gets caught by Mission Control and change spaces or move the screen around. To disable this go to System Preferences -> Keyboard -> Keyboard Shortcuts -> Mission Control and uncheck all the ones that have ctrl + arrow (Control is represented with a ^)
After this is done. Ctrl + Arrow works in iTerm2 with no fiddling in vim.
It however does not work immediately in vim in Terminal. For some reason control + arrow corresponds to delete till end of line. (Which seems to be the same behavior as in bash).
To fix this you need to change what Terminal sends as a character string when Control Left and Control Right are sent.
In Terminal go to Preferences -> Settings -> (Profile you are using) -> Keyboard
Edit control cursor left to be \033[1;5D and edit control cursor right to be \033[1;5D. (Note: \033 is entered by hitting ESC)
After these changes are made you should be able to use Control Left and Control Right to move forward or backwards words.
Also while Control Left and Control Right there are equivalent one letter commands to do the same in normal mode. (<C-Left> is Control + Left and <S-Left> is Shift + Left)
<C-Left>  == B    <S-Left>  == b
<C-Right> == W    <S-Right> == w

Take a look at :h b and :h w
(Note: <S-Left> and <S-Right> might not work in Termianl unless you change what Terminal sends)
Comment: You've written `\033[1;5D` for both


Are smartphone tuner apps reliable?

Question: I play the violin, and have always tuned using a smartphone app. Today I came across this specialised (to a certain extent) electronic tuner, which got me wondering: How reliable are smartphone tuner apps, in the sense that why should I spend the money on a specialised tuner when an app seems to work just fine?
Answer: I've compared my fancy Korg multi-temperament orchestra tuner to various tuner apps available for Android on my Nexus 4, and I prefer the box every time. It's got much better sound detection, and because it's a fancy (and expensive) one there's no issue with support for reference pitches and temperaments (although all I regularly need is A440, A415, equal temperament and Vallotti's temperament). However, I suspect if my phone had a better microphone the apps could be just as good and they're certainly fully capable of producing what seem to be accurate reference tones to tune that way.
So really it's down to your experience, your phone hardware and if you've already invested in a tuning box with the capabilities you need. If you've already got a smartphone and its microphone is up to the task, an app is going to be a lot cheaper - provided you keep it charged, anyway!
Answer: I personally experienced no difference. If the app is able to pick up your violin's sound, its frequency display will have roughly the same precision as a tuner, tuner/metronome combination.
Advantages of an app:

always at hand
often more flexible (tuning frequency, display variations)

Advantages of a device:

may be more intuitive to use
no hesitation to hand over to fellow musicians
cheaper to replace if dropped to the floor and crashed
unshared power source, so better chances to be still sufficient (kudos to Matthew for that)

My favourite Android (newly available for iOS also) app is PitchLab, but your mileage may vary.
Comment: If you want to tune things like electric guitars that can be plugged in somewhere, it is often an advantage to be able to plug it into your tuner device.
Comment: @PlasmaHH you can get a 4 pin jack to mic+headset, and a 6mm to 3mm jack adapter for around 10$, and then you can plug your guitar/good mic in your phone.
Comment: @satibel: So fumble around with adapters, levels and possible signal level overdrives and noise issues on a phone that is not made for these kinds of signals, rather than buy a device that costs about the same that you can just plug in, use and have your mobile phone available for more important things?
Comment: The good part is that you can record with your phone, the bad part is that a tuner costs less than the cables.
Answer: One advantage of a dedicated clip-on tuner is that it can detect vibrations coming through the body of the instrument.  A smartphone app uses a microphone that hears not just the instrument, but also lots of other ambient noise.  The clip-on tuner can use the cleaner signal coming directly through the instrument, and so may be less prone to responding to ambient noise or may be effective in a noisy environment in which a smart phone app would not be able to cope.
Answer: The microphone of the smartphone is optimized for speech, not for music. Its supported frequency range is the vocal range of the average human talker, not a professional singer. As narrow as 300 Hz to 3500 Hz only was declared "optimal" in the past, while now it may be wider. Hence the microphone may not be picking very low or high frequences well enough.
From the other side, if the instrument is loud enough or its not an 8 octave piano after all, this still may work. As long as the sound is picked, the frequency indicator should be reliable. It is at the end backed up by the internal quartz oscillator of the device.
However there are many possible bugs and design flaws that would make a tuner app inaccurate or not working at all. Simply counting ups and downs per second may result inaccurate reading due distortions and background noises. But if a good program can be written for a tuner, such a program will probably run on a smartphone also.
As a result, you probably need to try multiple applications and do not rely blindly on them. If the familiar melody seems sounding out of tune, it probably is, even if the smartphone tuner suggest otherwise!
Comment: I did not downvote this answer, but there is a lot of speculation of possible error sources, rather than experience from these apps, which could be a reason for downvote. Judging from some videos recorded with phones, frequency range can be quite complete.
Comment: I'm with Jon, great answer Audrius. I used a smartphone tuner on a 5 octave harpsichord, because my dedicated tuner was having major issues for some reason. It worked for my guitar but not for my harpsichord. However, the smartphone tuner worked like a charm.
Comment: I think more problematic than the limited _frequency response_ (a properly designed autocorrelation algorithm won't be affected too much by this) is the _distortions_ bad cell phone microphones indroduce, possibly mingling the instrument sound with environment noise to cause intermodulation shifting.
Comment: About iphone frequency response see Electronics SE at https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/59157/over-what-frequency-range-can-the-microphone-of-smartphone-receive-the-sound. In round numbers, 100-10K Hz.
Answer: Smartphone tuner apps are pretty solid. I have a specialized tuner that is 3-4 years old that has been having a hard time picking up acoustic sounds as of lately. I bought a smartphone tuner app to tune my harpsichord and it worked like a charm.
I have experience with Cleartune for Android. There are benefits to having a dedicated tuner. For instance, if the instrument that you're tuning is electric, or acoustic-electric, you can plug it in to some tuners and tune it even if there is noise in your vicinity. With the smartphone tuner, any additional background noise may get picked up and make it harder for you to tune your instrument.
Answer: A Tuner for Android 'Claims to be most accurate
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=jp.nokubi.nobapp.atuner.basic
Auto & Manual Sensitivity
Change accuracy levels
Strobe rotation & in tune color
I found that alot of the tuner apps actually have a 5 cent tolerance (meaning they say in tune but really not)
a Guitar thats set up properly falls into a stable tune like a magnet & most app tuners get you close enough the pitch goes in tune.
Another tuner I invite people to try out is Quantz Tuner / see your sounds
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.QuantzTunerFree
See your sound with this real-time, quantitative music visualization app.
After trying alot of tuners, I have noticed alot clamp onto a certain piont in the pitch and reads that result. I think if your trying to set up an instrument or trying to adjust pitch competitions,  might be better to purchase a real frequency tumer

Are smartphone tuner apps reliable?


What is an easy way to electromagnetically shield a Pi?

Question: My friend and I are working on a Civil War telegraph project, and we incorporated a Pi into the project, for reading and displaying the received code from the key.  My friend created a period correct sounder, which relies on an electromagnet.  However, the electromagnetic interference from the sounder crashes the file system.  Is there any easy way to prevent this interference?  Are there any decent Faraday cages for the Pi?
Answer: A Faraday cage will provide shielding from electromagnetic radiation, but this is unlikely to be the cause of your problem. I assume you are connecting the Pi to external circuitry (you don't give us much to work on) and this is almost certainly the problem. There are many established methods for protecting these, ranging from ferrite rings for common mode rejection, filter capacitors or complete isolation (using opto isolators). Don't forget the power to the pi, which is also a potential source of problems.
Comment: #1 problem is always clean power for the RPi.
Answer: As far as I know no-one is providing a purpose built Raspberry Pi faraday cage.
However, making one yourself is fairly simple as the core component is usually a simple aluminium mesh.
Here's a decent tutorial that you can follow.
Comment: I haven't seen you answer a question since I joined this site! Are you going to start answering questions more often now?
Comment: @syb0rg Haha, moderation takes quite a bit of time! And I've seen so many Pi questions I like to pick and choose the really interesting ones ;)
Comment: if you don't need to see in just use a cookie tin.
Answer: If the power to the RPi is not sufficiently decoupled/filtered, it may be the causing the problem you are seeing. If the RPi isn't on a separate power adaptor, you should try that - just connect the grounds together.
Before you get carried away with fabricating something, you can try just about any metal container you have lying around. Coffee tin/Biscuit tin, etc will do.
Put the Pi in the metal container and bring the wires out of the smallest hole that is practical. If you have some ferrite cores, loop the wires through those as close to the tin as you can.
Any chance of a pic? There may be something else obvious wrong with your layout/setup.
Comment: And as a for dummies note, do not put a bare Pi board on a metal surface or you'll short pins underneath :)
Answer: While not meant Exactly for being a Faraday case :
http://www.adafruit.com/products/1036
is a billet aluminium case that's super burly.  This -grounded out- would Probably do you well, but again if you share Any lines with the other electronics, then who knows where you're getting the interference..
Coupled with a few of these :
https://www.google.com/search?q=snap%20on%20ferrite%20core#q=snap+on+ferrite+core&tbm=shop
(Just search for "ferrite core protection", or "snap on ferrite core")
and you MIGHT be on the right track.
Now, having said that, I'm sure that any "Phone Faraday Bag" or case will do the same for a lot less ;)  Good Luck!
Comment: That is a nice case.
Answer: Inductive devices like electromagnets can cause problems for sensitive electronics.  use a completely separate power-supply for the pi and connect to the telegraph using an optocoupler.
The inductance of Your morse sounder is probably generating hundreds of volts at the key contacts.


Monkey command to execute all the packages at a time

Question: I am using following command to execute specific package:
adb shell monkey -v -p com.google.android.apps.maps 500
adb shell monkey -p com.google.android.voicesearch 10
Q-1: But I want to execute all the packages in batch mode,can anyone please suggest?
I have used a process like putting all the individual commands in batch file and executing but it is not working after first command execution.
Q-2: Can you please suggest what is the command only to put random key strokes through out the phone?
Thanks in Advance !!!
Answer: You could try writing a monkey script (eg. test.txt):
<code># Start of Script
type= user
count= 1
speed= 1.0
UserWait(200)
start data >>

LaunchActivity(com.company.application1.Activity, com.company.application1.Activity)
UserWait(2000)
# Do stuff

LaunchActivity(com.company.application2.Activity, com.company.application2.Activity)
UserWait(2000)
# Do stuff

LaunchActivity(com.company.application3.Activity, com.company.application3.Activity)
UserWait(2000)
# Do stuff
</code>
and then run it by calling
<code>monkey -f test.txt 1
</code>


How to precisely focus in self-portraiture with very wide aperture?

Question: I've been trying to take some self-portraits, but I often have to struggle with the auto/manual focus.  I don't miss by a lot, but I really want sharp focus in the eyes.  I'm using a 50mm/1.8 around 2/2.2.  What are some good techniques to get the camera properly focused when dealing with narrow DoFs?
Comment: Not sure if its quite a duplicate, but its very close to http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/2640/tips-for-taking-headshot-self-portraits
Comment: Ed01, are you currently activating the autofocus whilst you're in position (using a cable release)? If not that's definitely a good place to start!
Comment: Does your camera come with an app for remote control by computer?  If so, that's a good solution.
Comment: @rfusca, although it's about the same subject, I don't think it's a duplicate because it specifically asks a narrower question which is not addressed by the other question.  Just my thoughts.
Answer: Having taken quite a few self portraits lately, I'd recommend the following...

If you're trying for a shallow DoF to
blur out the background, increase
your aperture to 2.8-3.2 and move
further from your background - it'll
be it alot easier to nail the focus
on your whole face.
If you have a
face detection in Live Mode, try
that.
Try setting just the center
focus point on the camera and line up on that.
Make a mark where you're going to stand, pick an object you're always going to point your body towards.  Pick another object you're going to point your head towards, and then look at the camera.  Its probably going to take a few tries, so you want to be as consistent as possible.
Comment: The tip about moving further from the background is a point I often forget
Comment: Matt's definitely right about the cable release as well.  I had kind of assumed thats what was being used, but if not, make sure you are!
Comment: I have a remote control.  Isn't that essentially the same thing?
Comment: @Ed01 - Yes, it is.
Answer: Firstly you need a long enough cable release so that you can activate autofocus whilst seated in your final position (focussing on a surrogate object is not accurate enough with this aperture), without having to stretch out an arm as this will make it difficult to remain still.
Using a bit of trial and error you need to select a focus point that will cover your eye (or whatever you want in focus) having the camera display the focus point on the rear LCD image is good for this. Use your reflection in the lens front element to make sure your head is in the same place each time when finding the right AF point to select.
Finally, persevere as this type of shot is very difficult!
Answer: As I have had minimal experience with portraiture myself, and only taking photos of subjects while I am behind the camera, you can take this with the appropriate grain of salt. ;) An off the cuff idea, however, might be to print out a sheet of paper with a scale on it. Perhaps just an inch or centimeter scale with fractional divisions (inches) or millimeters. A 2D scale that covers both dimensions of the page would be best. (If you can throw in a light graph across the whole page that matches your inch or cm marks, that would be ideal.)
Hang this paper on a string or attach it to a small stand, about where you want your head to be. Angle it 45 degrees across the plane of focus. Now you have a specific target to set your focus against. Adjust focus, set the correct aperture, and preview your DOF if your camera allows. Try to keep the middle point of your DOF (the focal plane) centered at the center point on your paper scale. Once your camera is set, it should be simple enough to sit down and position your face right next to the paper (without bumping it). I would try to line up your eyes with the center point of the paper. Once you are situated appropriately, take down the paper, and use a wireless remote shutter release to take your shot.
Comment: I'm just really going to be surprised if a surrogate of any kind will work for this.  At 50mm, f 2.2 (his listed f-stop) and about 4 feet away (a head shot), you've only got a DoF around 2 inches.  Thats a very narrow gap to hit.  That said, I may try this out just to see.
Comment: I would be just as surprised to see AF nail it very often, as AF points, even the center point, are "fuzzy" in what they lock onto. Face detection would definitely help, however neither solution is going to be perfect. At least with a surrogate, preferably one on a stable stand, will at least let you SPECIFICALLY set focus exactly where you want it before taking the shot. AF will not be consistently the same. With an *accurate* surrogate like I've suggested...you can take 5 shots, and move your head a little forward and a little back, and pick the best of them all.
Answer: I would try the following...

Use manual focus
stand on a mark
shoot, check focus and reshoot

Also, try a smaller aperture - at f/2 the DOF really is very small indeed (as, I guess, you are finding out).
Answer: Try placing some tall object, i.e. a lamp, where you plan on standing/sitting. Then, focus on the object, move to your planned position and take the picture. Be sure to have your eye pretty much exactly where the object was.
Comment: Thats pretty nearly impossible at that shallow of depth of focus - if you tilt your head too much one way or the other, you'll be out of focus (I tried that first).  Not having anybody else around means you don't know if you're EXACTLY where the object was.


is_palindrome function that ignores whitespace and punctuation

Question: from string import punctuation, ascii_lowercase

def is_palindrome(string):
    """Return True if string is a palindrome,
    ignoring whitespaces and punctuation.
    """
    new = ""
    for char in string:
        lc = char.lower()
        for x in lc:
            if x in ascii_lowercase:
                new += x

    return new[::-1] == new

# string = "Was it a rat I saw?"
# print(is_palindrome(string))

Comment: What should `is_palindrome('èÈ')` be? I mean, you are considering only *ascii* letters, but should we remove from the string any non-ascii letter before the comparison or unicode *letters* should be taken into account?
Answer:
You are unnecessarily importing punctuation
Avoid reassigning module names such as string in your code
A list comprehension would be a simpler way of filtering out the data you don't want

from string import ascii_letters

def is_palindrome(candidate):
    """
    Returns True if candidate is a palindrome, ignoring whitespaces and punctuation.
    """
    stripped = [char.lower() for char in candidate if char in ascii_letters]
    return stripped == stripped[::-1]

Answer: The question was mostly answered, however I think it's not entirely correct to exclude digits and it's more optimal to lower case the whole string instead of lower casing it character by character. And also there's should be check for empty strings. So my version looks like this:
from string import digits, ascii_lowercase

chars = digits + ascii_lowercase

def is_palindrome(s):
    norm = [c for c in s.lower() if c in chars]
    return norm[::-1] == norm != []

However in 2013 you probably want to have Unicode version of the function which can looks like this:
from unicodedata import category

def is_palindrome(u):
    norm = [c for c in u.lower() if category(c)[0] in "LN"]
    return norm[::-1] == norm != []

Some examples for Unicode version of is_palindrome:
>>> is_palindrome(u"...")
False
>>> is_palindrome(u"Was it a rat I saw?")
True
>>> is_palindrome(u"А роза упала на лапу Азора.")
True

Answer: I think we could build up the new string in a nicer way:
from string import ascii_letters

def is_palindrome(s):
    new = ''.join(c.lower() for c in s if c in ascii_letters)
    return new[::-1] == new

If we wanted to avoid lowercasing and stripping non-letters out of the whole string when the first few characters might be enough to determine if it's a palindrome, we could be lazy about doing the transformation. There's also this nice idea of splitting out the filtering and normalizing into separate logic we could pursue. (see Loop like a Native)
from string import ascii_lowercase
from itertools import izip

def just_lowercase_ascii(s):
    for char in s:
        if char.lower() in ascii_lowercase:
            yield char.lower()

def is_palindrome(s):
    for char1, char2 in izip(just_lowercase_ascii(reversed(s)), just_lowercase_ascii(s):
        if char1 != char2:
            return False
    return True

or
def is_palindrome(s):
    all(c1 == c2 for c1, c2 in izip(just_lowercase_ascii(reversed(s)),
                                    just_lowercase_ascii(s)

edit: didn't change parameter name, but string is bad as other answer points out.
Answer: The most readable and fast implementation should be something on the lines of:
from string import ascii_lowercase

def is_palindrome(candidate, letters=set(ascii_lowercase)):
    """
    Return True if candidate is a palindrome, ignoring case and
    ignoring all characters not in letters.

    The letters paramater defaults to all the ASCII letters.

    """
    stripped = [char for char in candidate.lower() if char in letters]
    return stripped == list(reversed(stripped))

If you are considering only short palindromes(and you probably are if you are not dealing with hundred of characters palindrome strings), using stripped[::-1] should be slightly faster than list(reversed(stripped)), although the latter is more readable.
Note that:

calling .lower() on each character is pretty bad for performances. You can first transform to lowercase and then simply check for ascii_lowercase.
When possible try to avoid useless function calls since they are quite "heavy" when in a tight loop
Use sets when you want to check for membership. Their lookup is constant time, while doing character in some_text might need to scan the whole text.
This is especially important in loops since using in on strings might produce a quadratic algorithm, while using sets the algorithm could be linear.

Also in your code:
lc = char.lower()
for x in lc:
    if x in ascii_lowercase:
        new += x

This for loop is useless. lc will always be a single character, hence the for will be executed exactly once, as if the code was:
lc = char.lower()
if lc in ascii_lowercase:
    new += lc


obtaining the signature of a Java Type as a String

Question: I need to obtain (as a String) the type signatures of certain Java types.
For example, this is the type signature of certain ParameterizedType:
Lorg/mapackage/MyClass<Ljava/lang/String;>;

I need this in the context of an application being developed with Javassist.
To explain better what I am looking for, I show an extract of a method createGetter that uses Javassist to generate a getter method for a private field. The type of the field is a parameterized type (i.e., it uses generics).
The createGetter method receives as a first parameter the type of the field, the second parameter is the name of the field, and the third is the class where the method should be added:
public CtMethod createGetter(Type propertyType, String propertyName, CtClass ctDeclaringClass) {
    CtMethod ctGetterMethod = ...

    if(propertyType instanceof ParameterizedType //parameterized "single" type
      || propertyType instanceof GenericArrayType) { //parameterized array
        String signature = asGenericSignature(propertyType); //MISSING PIECE OF THE PUZZLE !
        ctGetterMethod.setGenericSignature(signature);
    }
    return ctGetterMethod;
}

For example, if I have a class
public class TestClass{
  private MyClass<String> myField;
}

Then after calling the createGetter method for the field myField, the class becomes:
public class TestClass{
  private MyClass<String> myField;

  public MyClass<String> getMyField() {
    return MyClass<String> myField;
  }
}

The return type of the generated getter method should have the same generic signature as the  field (the code could compile without the method having the same generic signature of the field since having just the same class is fine for the compiler. The reasons I need it to have the same type generic signature are not explained here).
The code of the createGetter method illustrates that with Javassist, in order to set the generic type signature of a method, I need first to obtain such a type signature as a String (if there is another way please someone tell me).
I know the exact parameterized type the getter method should have since it is exactly the same than the field. But I have such type as an instance of ParameterizedType.
My question is: how can I obtain these type signatures as strings (including type parameters data) given any arbitrary Java Type ?.
Thanks for any help.
Answer: Eclipse internally uses descriptors/signatures for Java Source Code. These also include Generic information, which might be useful for you. The Interface IMethod might be a good starting point for investigation.


How is it traditionally defined the minimum wage legislation in economics?

Question: How is it traditionally defined the minimum wage legislation in economics? And which countries does not have a minimum wage legislation as defined in these terms?
Comment: Welcome to Econ.SE! What do you by "defined"? Are you referring to how it is stated in the legislation? The wording?
Comment: What can be considered a minimum wage policy for economics, because some countries talk about minimum per hour, or monthly, and there might be other differences. I am also interested to know if there is a country with no definition and legislation regarding minimum wage.
Answer: It depends. Some countries use hourly wage (Australia, Morocco, UK, US), other use daily (Mexico), other monthly (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, France, Peru, Spain), others annually (Bolivia). (this is not an exhaustive list)
Countries without a minimum wage established by law are: Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland. They do however have minimum wages negotiated at the trade union level, even at industry level.
Given this information, the "traditionally" adjective you are using is not very helpful.


How Can I Stop Extension Fingerprinting in Tor?

Question: Since using many extensions (browser addons) in tor can increase your browser fingerprint, is there a way to stop this?
Answer: There are extensions that do not send any data to the server side and also don't affect the data processed by the browser. Thus, these are secure to not change your fingerprint. You can see a quick overview over what an extension wants to do when adding it (explanation).
I don't know if it's possible to disable parts of add-ons without touching their source code for example. So, stopping the possibly increased fingerprint is not possible, as far as I know. Of course, disabling the plug-in as a whole disables the increased fingerprint, but that's not what you want.
But you should not add extensions to your TBB. From https://www.torproject.org/download/#warning:

We do not recommend installing additional add-ons or plugins into Tor Browser
Plugins or addons may bypass Tor or compromise your privacy. Tor Browser already comes with HTTPS Everywhere, NoScript, and other patches to protect your privacy and security.

Personally, I have several instances of TBB, each for a specific use case. And there's one that has additional plug-ins. But I do not use this one while I try to be really anonymized/secured.


Does the president of the United States have the power to edict laws to prevent the followers of a specific religion from entering the United States?

Question:
Does the president of the United States have the power to edict laws
to prevent the followers of a specific religion from entering the
United States?
If Donald Trump is elected president, will he have the power to ban
Muslims from entering the United States?
Comment: If you are interested in a Constitutional perspective, you might want to look at this question: [Is it illegal to discriminate against refugees or immigrants based on their religion?](http://law.stackexchange.com/questions/5254/is-it-illegal-to-discriminate-against-refugees-or-immigrants-based-on-their-reli/5361#5361). It addresses some of the points you raise.
Answer: The president has the power to issue an executive order, which must either be supported by the Constitution or by some act of Congress. If a president were to apparently overstep his authority, someone would have to sue him and the Supreme Court would decide whether he did have that authority. For example, Truman thought that he had the power to nationalize steel mills, but Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 determined otherwise. There have been few cases where courts have overturned an executive order.
Matters of immigration are not outside of the executive power of POTUS. Obama issued a dozen orders aimed at stopping deportation of illegal immigrants. The matter ended up in SCOTUS, which tersely declined to overturn the lower court ruling (that he didn't have that power). Congress can restate the law to clearly take away a power (assuming it is not a constitutional power, and immigration is not a constitutional power / duty). In this sense, the president can "write laws" the same way that various federal regulatory agencies can "write laws", or how courts can "write laws". The subject matter of such laws is limited, so while an act of Congress is limited only by the Constitution, executive-branch law has further underlying statutory limits. Only Congress can unilaterally pass a statute: the power to write law is available to pretty much all branches of government.
As for immigration statutes, 8 USC 1182 provides the general hook for such a presidential decree – the code would require major rewriting to clearly take away that power. It has to be remembered that Congress creates laws and cannot enforce them: the executive branch enforces them. Any law whatsoever restricting immigration therefore involves the president.
Comment: It seems to me that 8 USC 1185, in particular 1185(a)(1), is far more of a "general hook" than section 1182, which is very specific about grounds for inadmissibility.
Comment: Considering the specific case, would a foreigner even have the legal standing to sue? That said, a company unable to get one of their foreign workers in probably would probably have the necessary standing.
Answer: 8 USC 1185 (a)(1) says:

(a)  Restrictions and prohibitions Unless otherwise ordered by the President, it shall be unlawful—
  (1)   for any alien to depart from or enter or attempt to depart from or enter the United States except under such reasonable rules, regulations, and orders, and subject to such limitations and exceptions as the President may prescribe;

This means that the president can essentially keep any non-US citizen out of the country, including Muslims.  More precisely, it means that anyone who is not a US citizen can enter the country only if allowed by the President.  In practice, the president has delegated this authority to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and regulations have been promulgated so it's not necessary to consult with one of these people every time someone tries to cross the border.
In practice, though, the problem of identifying Muslims for exclusion will be a difficult one.  It's also likely that an order barring Muslims from the country would be subject to numerous challenges in the courts.  The outcome of any such challenges is difficult to predict.
Answer: The President does not have the power to simply call laws into being. They can propose laws to Congress, but they cannot specifically write a law and bypass the entire legislative process; this is the reason why the Founding Fathers wrote the government the way they did, so that one single person would be limited to their control. They can also write executive orders, but those are reviewed by, and enforced by, the judicial system. It would be easier for Congress to simply propose a bill and have it pass than for the President to try and force their will on the legislative branch.
In other words, the President could try to propose that Congress pass such a law, or they could try to order INS to change their policy to make it difficult/impossible for certain people to enter the United States, but either direction would require the cooperation of the legislative branch and/or the judicial branch in order to have any real effect. The President does have significant influence over the rest of the process, but not so much that they can actually guarantee they'll get anything done that's not supported by the will of the people (or, at least, the will of the elected officials that represent the people).
In reality, it is highly unlikely that Donald Trump would be successful in barring Muslim entry for any meaningful period of time, and even if he were successful, it would probably be well into his first term, or later, before such a controversial move could become finalized as law. He's simply saying what the mass media-controlled society wants to hear in order to get in to the office. It's highly unlikely that he would ever get a wall built, ban certain types of immigrants, or do any of the other wacky promises he's made.
Comment: @NateEldridge my understanding is that aliens who are outside the US do not enjoy first amendment protection. How would they sue? What's more, were talking about an executive order, not an act of congress.
Comment: @NateEldredge Immigration restrictions are not susceptible to the First Amendment. As the clearest example, advocating violent overthrow of the government is protected, at least in some circumstances, but is absolutely grounds for being barred from entry to the country.
Comment: Yes, but could the president legally use executive power to bar muslims?
Comment: Nice answer. I think you meant to write "cooperation of the legislative branch," no? The president is the head of the executive branch, after all.  CBP has to follow his orders unless a court says otherwise. One point you might make is that executive orders generally (always?) require some statutory authority. By my reading of the law, the statutory authority to ban Muslims or any other foreigner exists.
Comment: If such a law or executive action were specifically targeted at Muslims, wouldn't it seem to be unconstitutional under the First Amendment?  "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or **prohibiting the free exercise thereof**."
Comment: The question as to whether executive orders are generally subject to the First Amendment was considered in http://law.stackexchange.com/questions/7796/does-the-1st-amendment-restrict-executive-actions, though the answer there doesn't seem definitive.  I see the point about them not applying to immigration policy, though.
Answer: Any ideology  opposed to America and her laws, including her Constitution can legally be kept out of the us. The Immigration and Nationality Act that passed June 27, 1952 That act, which became Public Law 414, established both the law and the intent of Congress regarding the immigration of Aliens to the US and remains in effect today. From 8 USC § 1424(a):

[N]o person shall hereafter be naturalized as a citizen of the United
  States—
(1) who advocates or teaches, or who is a member of or affiliated with
  any organization that advocates or teaches, opposition to all
  organized government; or
...
(3) who, although not within any of the other provisions of this
  section, advocates … the establishment in the United States of a
  totalitarian dictatorship, or who is a member of or affiliated with
  any organization that advocates the economic, international, and
  governmental doctrines of world communism or the establishment in the
  United States of a totalitarian dictatorship, either through its own
  utterances or through any written or printed publications issued or
  published by or with the permission or consent of or under authority
  of such organizations or paid for by the funds of such organization;


Do adverbs only describe verbs?

Question:
Egypt and Tunisia have both taken steps to form a new government after the overthrow of Mubarak and Ben Ali respectively.

In this context, does respectively describe the steps that have been taken,
or the overthrow of Mubarak and Ben Ali?
Comment: "[Respectively](http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/respectively)". See the first definition in the linked entry: "separately". It also means, in this case, "in the order given": Egypt+Mubarek and Tunisia+Ben Ali. Nothing about timing, as Barrie points out. Tunisia came first.
Answer: Respectively shows that Egypt has taken the steps mentioned after the overthrow of Mubarak, and that Tunisia has done so after the overthrow of Ben Ali.
As for your headline question, adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs, as well as a number of other word categories.
Comment: It would. Most readers can be expected to know that Mubarak was the president of Egypt, and Ben Ali of Tunisia. _Respectively_ says nothing about timing.
Comment: So it will still have the same meaning if I deleted **respectively**? I  thought **respectively** here indicates that Egypt was the first to take steps.
Answer: Adverbs do a lot of jobs. In this case though it is affecting the verbal phrase "taken steps to form a new government". It means that they have carried out that action in a relative manner.
Consider if we were to replace it with the adverb together. This would mean that they had acted with each other on the action "take steps to form a new government" (it would be an awkward but valid meaning). Or with the adverb rapidly, again it would affect that verbal phrase (and again it would be awkward and graceless to have the adverb so far from the verbal phrase without a good reason, but it would be valid).
More generally, adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs, entire clauses, entire sentences, and just about anything except determiners and nouns.
Answer: Shall I say 'adverbs can't modify adjectives and other adverbs...'? Or 'adverbs can't modify "just about anything except determiners and nouns" '?
No, because those who subscribe to the traditional, broad-brush approach would not like it. However, neither do I like the implicit claim that the traditional approach is gospel here. (Though I do think that the total ditching of word-classes, recommended by some, would deprive us of a valuable analytical tool.)
I'll just quote from an approach I consider to be an attempt at a far superior analysis ( https://www.sussex.ac.uk/webteam/gateway/file.php?name=essay---parts-of-speech.pdf&site=1 ) :
In every language, almost all of the lexical items fall naturally into a small
number of classes, and the words in each class behave grammatically in much the same way.  Linguists often call these classes word classes or lexical categories, but the traditional term is parts of speech.
The ancient Greek grammarians recognized eight parts of speech for their
language.  The Roman grammarians who followed them recognized a slightly different
list of eight classes for their own language, Latin.  Over the centuries, European
grammarians proposed several different lists for English and other languages, though curiously the total number of classes recognized was eight in almost every proposal.
 By the early twentieth century, grammarians of English had agreed on a set of
eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection.  This list of categories became the orthodox view of English and of other languages, and it was almost universally taught in schools in the English-speaking world, until the teaching of English grammar began to be abandoned in the 1960s.
This set of eight classes is still taught in those schools which teach any English grammar; it is found in many grammar books of English (and even in one or two textbooks of linguistics); and it is the list used by many dictionaries of English in assigning part-of-speech labels.  But it is grossly inadequate.
English has at least a dozen parts of speech, and trying to squeeze all these classes into just eight is a serious error.  The traditional classification lumps together classes of words which have little or nothing in common and which simply cannot be sensibly forced together.  In particular, the traditional classification abuses the category adverb: practically every word which fails to fit sensibly into one of the recognized categories is shoved absurdly into the "adverb" box. As a result, you should be very cautious about accepting the part-of-speech labels given by dictionaries and traditionally-oriented grammar books.  In particular, you should be wary of the label "adverb".
[bolding mine] The article suggests about 15 possible classes, and is well worth reading, though I'm sure the authors wouldn't claim it to be the finished article.
I'd class respectively above as a pragmatic marker subclass text organiser - relating. It does not add material to the proposition contained in the sentence proper, but makes sure that information is understood correctly - as is said above, the word may be omitted if the audience doesn't require the additional structuring.

Do adverbs only describe verbs?


Bajaj discover 125(2011model) runs like always giving reserve fuel warning even when fuel is sufficient

Question: I have Bajaj Discover 125 (2011) model which has always been taken care by me.    as i dont ride bike much it only ran upto 20,000 km till now in plains. (Punjab).   Everything was  fine and the bike was giving me 70+ kmpl mileage on higway and 60+ kmpl in local . An i was super happy . But from past 2-3 months problem started . Bike started getting off  in crucial time while driving when i slow down the race from 40 km/h to down.   And then wont start. After number of attempts and putting the  fuel selector knob on reserve mode it some how starts but  keeps on giving me  the shaky ride (just like it happens in low fuel  warning) and engine  can still turn   off any time. Even though i have enough fuel. I went to various local mechanics the cleaned the  carburettor and  claimed to set the air fuel mixture ratio well. But after that it didn't give me good mileage. Which reduced to only 35-40kmpl .
Now my observations regarding the bike. I feel the fuel reserve mechanism could be faulty  and wrongly indicates the low fuel condition because  my fuel meter still shows enough fuel.  Local mechanics dont know much. Someone please help
Comment: There could be multiple reasons like clogged air filter,faulty spark plugs or faulty fuel knob.i would advise get it inspected at authorised bajaj service station.
Answer: Check the float mechanism inside the gas tank and it's connection. Make sure it is working properly. Also check the fuses of course.
If all that checks out follow the leads from the leveler all the way through - it has to be grounding out somewhere or totally cut.
If everything checks out I'd buy a new float mechanism and hook it up with all new leads going where they're supposed to be going...good luck


SEO when subdomains point to the one site and one content in one server

Question: Our Company has two subdomains like ex1.example.com and ex2.example.com that show exactly one site in one directory in one server. I don't know why they do for two subdomains, but now I work on SEO of their website and want to know, Have this negative impact on SEO? If yes, What Can I do for SEO?
I saw the questions that subdomains point to different content, but in this case subdomains point to the same place. Thanks
Answer: If two domains have same content and are owned by the same company,  then your own pages are competing against yours which in turn will affect your ranking and SEO value is split. There are two different ways to handle it depending on your situation.
If you want both the domains to co-exist:
If you want both the domains to coexist, then you should pick one of your domain as primary domain and do rel="canonical" to your primary domain url. Canonical signals search engines that they are attributed to each other and SEO value gets passed to your primary page.
If you want to shut down one domain and live with the other domain
if you think that you want to avoid the overhead of maintaining two different domains, then you can do 301 permanent redirect to your primary domain from the other domain. After certain point in time, search engines will understand it and start showing up your primary domain. Once the traffic dies to your secondary domain, then get rid of the secondary domain.You should convert your internal links to point to new domain as well.


What is a Gibbering Gemstone used for?

Question: I just got one off of a unique mob and received the "Never seen that before" achievement at the same time.  What is it used for?
Answer: It is a component required to create the item "Staff of Herding."
Other Items required are: Black Mushroom, Wirt's Bell, Liquid Rainbow, Leoric's Shinebone, the crafting plans, and 50,000 gold.
The gold value required goes up per difficulty and the plans required are "Nightmare Staff of Herding" and etc.
Answer: This is one of the items needed to access the Secret Cow Level. Judging from your question, you haven't found anything else related to the quest yet, so the most you can do is hold onto it for the time being.

What is a Gibbering Gemstone used for?