How to train a 2-year-old to eat food she doesn't like?

Question: My 2-year-old daughter is scared of consuming curd. She runs away and if tried to force, she vomits. But it's good for her stomach. She also avoids cream and cottage cheese but drinks milk. Otherwise eating is normal. We tried to give fruit yoghurt and amongst them she only eats mango and no other. How to train her?
Comment: I'm not sure this is so realistic. Do any of us eat food we don't like? Just let her eat what she will. Children will eat and try new things when they are ready to.
Comment: She is 2 years. She also avoids cream and cottage cheese but drinks milk. Otherwise eating is normal. We tried to give fruit yoghurt and amongst them she only eats mango and no other.
Answer: There have been few things more nerve-wracking in our parenting journey than making sure our children get proper nutrition at certain stages of their development. We have experienced several struggles with food, particularly in the toddler years. We have a few guiding principles that have helped us navigate this difficult stage.
First, I remember when our oldest child was 2 and we were at the pediatrician's office for a well-child visit. We expressed some concern about nutrition. He told us to consider toddler nutrition over the course of a month, not weekly or day to day. If during the month your toddler is getting a fairly good balance of fruits and vegetables coupled with good sources of fats you are doing a great job. At this age children can go on food boycotts. One of our sweet kiddos once spent an entire week only eating things that were orange. It was a little frustrating, but we weren't worried because we knew eventually something else would become more appealing.
Second, we have the "try it out" policy in our home. Especially when the kids are young and we are trying new foods. We ask them to take at least one bite. If they don't like it, they can spit it out. This has been extremely successful in getting our kids to like new things. Sometimes it takes a long time! One of our children went three years trying chicken noodle soup at various times before we finally had some success! We've noticed that our children's taste buds tend to be a little more sensitive than ours are so we try to give them grace, and time to develop better sensibilities.
Third, we try very hard to never fight about food with the kids. We've found it can turn into a really nasty power struggle which can end in weird food issues. It's hard sometimes and requires some patience, but we have always found it worth the struggle!
It sounds like you really want your sweet little one to have a balanced diet which is so good! I hope you are able to figure out how best to help her through this tough time. Good Luck!
Comment: I think patience is the key here.
Answer:
She runs away and if tried to force, she vomits.

Good grief.  Stop torturing your child!
Let it go.  Do not make this a battle.  You can try introducing it later, but you might have to wait a good long time, considering how strong a negative reaction you have already inducted
Comment: This is good advice, but the first line comes off a little harsh. This may be a newer parent who just needs a little encouragement. Feeding children well can be daunting in the very best circumstances.


Are there any issues if I bought a Nintendo Wii from the US and use it in India?

Question: Will there be any issues if I buy a Nintendo Wii from the US and use it in India?
Issues like ports or game campatibility, etc.
Answer: I'm not sure about Nintendo's arrangements with India, but I bought mine from the US and I live in SEA.  Aside from the obvious connectivity issues everything seems to run smoothly.  I can play games bought both from here and from the US.
There's only one situation where your games will not be compatible and that's if the games you have are bootlegged.  Be careful of these when buying!
Comment: What is SEA?  Because to me, living in the US, it means Seattle.
Comment: South East Asia then. XD
Answer: The Wii is region locked, so if India is part of a different region than the US (which it probably is), you most likely won't be able to buy games from a local India retailer, assuming that the games they sell are actually packaged for India. If they buy games from the US and then sell them in India though, you shouldn't have a problem.
The PS3, PSP, and DS are not region locked, so if you're really concerned you might consider looking into one of those.
Answer: Besides the region locking which other answerers have covered, you will also need to account for India having a higher voltage at the wall outlet and using PAL instead of NTSC. The first problem can be solved with a generic adapter or (I'd assume) a new power cord from Nintendo. The second can be resolved either through ensuring that you have an NTSC television available in India, or by buying an NTSC/PAL converter.


How many extra calories do I burn when running with a jogging stroller?

Question: I'm curious how to figure out how much extra work I'm doing pushing a jogging stroller while running? I have a 20 lb baby sitting in an otherwise empty Bob Evolution stroller.
Comment: related: [Calories burn rate calculation — scientific studies](http://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/18730/calories-burn-rate-calculation-scientific-studies?lq=1)
Comment: related [Energy expenditure (calories burned) equation for running](http://fitness.stackexchange.com/questions/15608/energy-expenditure-calories-burned-equation-for-running/25564#25564)
Answer: While drawing diagrams to calculate it would be fun, have you considered comparing your heart rate with and without the stroller?
That would be a much more reliable than trying to estimate the increased energy requirements. Here's why:

We would need to calculate the friction the stroller has with the ground, which depends both on its weight (with or without a baby) and the amount of contact surface with the ground. The latter may vary if you have 3 or 4 wheels, high profile wheels or not etc.
We would need to calculate the increase in your frontal surface, so we can estimate the air resistance. While most models are quite aerodynamic, so the baby would be dry, I can't even make ballpark estimations about what your total change in air resistance will be.
The energy transfer of you pushing and the stroller rolling forward. Ideally you would be pushing straight ahead, so all your energy is converted into a forward rolling motion (assuming there are no moments that require you to push under an angle). Either way, remember you're running, you have better things to do than pushing under some weird angle and making sure the baby is safe! So we have no idea what the energy loss is going to be here, perhaps you lean too much on the stroller (increasing the friction) or you're slightly lifting it (making your own steps heavier).

Regardless of all my points, what value does the answer have?

If you want to burn more calories, you can also run longer or faster, no need to push a stroller.
Need to take baby out for a ride and worried of all the extra work, simply run slower so you'll burn the same net amount of calories.

So you're still convinced you need to push a stroller and run at the same time? Like I said, simply compare your rate heart with or without on several runs (science requires multiple samples!) and see how the compare. To make sure you're not cheating, track your speed using GPS or an accelerometer and you get an idea of what the influence of the stroller is. Estimating it however, surely is not the way to go.
Answer: A very rough estimate could be obtained by looking up a METS score, in this case 8.0, and plugging it into following formula:
<code>KCalBurnt = MET * bodyMassKg * timePerformingHours
       eg. A 30 min run for a 176 lb body
          = 8.0 * 80 * 0.5
          = 320 KCal
</code>
But to get an accurate figure you really need to sneak a labs worth of kit into the stroller, strap on a face mask and perform an Indirect calorimetry test, while out. Or slightly more sensibly estimate your VO2 intake through use of a heart rate strap, and convert the VO2 estimate to a MET number (MET = VO2 / 3.5) for the formula above (or just use one of the Phone app's). Alternatively you could weigh yourself and the stroller, try to estimate a few numbers, covering: VO2, fractional gradient, frontal surface area, surface type, wind speed, your speed.... and plug them in series into the Minetti, Pugh and Weir formula. As the  gradient and surface will likely change over the run, as will the wind speed, you'll need to break the estimation down into a series of separate calculations, for each section, to later be combined, or just not bother.


Dinner at the Folkestone and Calais Eurotunnel terminals

Question: Soon I will be making a return trip through the Eurotunnel by car, each way arriving at the terminal at about dinner time. What options are there to eat dinner there, at both the Folkestone and Calais terminals?
Comment: Are you restricting this to service physically inside the terminal, like the Burger King and Starbucks? Or in the vicinity?
Answer: At Folkestone there is a building with a Burger King and Starbucks at the waiting area between ticketing and passport control. After you pick up your ticket, stay to the left to go to this area. If you've already gone to immigration, there is nothing to do but wait for your train and eat in France.
At Calais you will find the same, Burger King and Starbucks, this time after both ticketing and passport control. At the roundabout immediately after UK customs take the first exit, to the car waiting area.
If Burger King isn't doing it for you, there are much better dining options landside at the Centre commercial Cité Europe in Calais, which is adjacent to the terminal. There used to be an entry directly ahead of the Eurotunnel ticket booths, but this appears to be closed. For the moment if you want to go here, try using exit 41 from the motorway.
Answer: Unless you understand "dinner" as "grab a bite", I would suggest to have dinner somewhere in the vincinity (maybe even after having gone through the tunnel). It will be better in any case, and prices will be better as well.
Comment: May be it was just my driver, but we never had to wait more than 1 minute to drive the car into the train, and the car was moving during that time. Once inside the train, we had to wait until it departed, and you can not leave the train, but you can always bring in food with you, or just walk to one of the buffet cars. Calais has a large shopping center next to the train terminal if I recall correctly. That shopping center has a self-service restaurant. Self-service restaurants in France are cheap and have reasonably good food. You may want to stop there before you queue up for the train.
Comment: Understood. If I have no time, however, I may just want to grab a bite, as you say - can this be done while waiting to board?
Comment: And I'm afraid I don't know much about Folkestone. Usually for whatever reason, we'd take the car on the ferry out from Dover, and only take the car through the Chunnel on the train for the way back.


Pork sirloin roast

Question: I've never made a pork sirloin pork roast before.  In your pork sirloin recipe, did you add any liquid to your dutch oven? Did you turn it during cooking or baste it with juices?  Thanks!
Comment: see : http://cooking.stackexchange.com/q/12250/67
Answer: Pork loin can be roasted without liquid, or braised with liquid, it's your choice depending on the end result you want. The main concern if roasting dry would be to not overcook the meat as it will dry out, so if you want to do that make sure you use an oven thermometer and don't cook it above 170F at the absolute maximum. When roasting I cook to 155F and get it out as I know it will go up another 5-10 degrees after I take it out of the oven.
Wet roasting (braising) is a more forgiving method as the cooking liquid will take the place of fat in the meat itself and give both flavor and good mouth feel. The longer you braise the more tender the meat will be as well. Just make sure you cover when you cook so you don't lose the moisture.

Pork sirloin roast


Absorbing damage with Planeswalker

Question: If my opponent attacks my planeswalker (who has 1 loyalty counter) with two creatures (power 1 and 3 respectively), can I absorb the attack of the creature with power 3 with my planeswalker and only take one damage to my health? Or do I treat it like the creature has trample and take three damage to my health?
Answer: Neither. Treat your planeswalker as if they are a separate player, one that you can use your creatures to block for. If there is trample damage when your block, that damage goes to your planeswalker, not you. If you don't block (or do block and there's trample) and that damage is more than enough to kill your planeswalker, then your planeswalker dies, and no damage is dealt to you. Damage never tramples over onto you from an attack at your planeswalker. From the comprehensive rules (emphasis mine):

510.1b An unblocked creature assigns its combat damage to the player or planeswalker it's attacking. If it isn't currently attacking anything (if, for example, it was attacking a planeswalker that has left the battlefield), it assigns no combat damage.

Update:
With the printing of Thrasta, Tempest's Roar, "Trample over Planeswalkers" is now a variant of trample - creatures with this would do any extra damage beyond enough to kill the planeswalker to the defending player. As of right now this only exists on Thrasta, creatures with regular trample are not changed.
Answer: Creatures attacking your planeswalker, not you as a player, will only damage said planeswalker (or any blocking creatures). It doesn't matter whether they deal lethal damage to the planeswalker and/or have trample or not. In this particular scenario, the creatures will deal 4 damage to the planeswalker, but 0 to you.

510.1b An unblocked creature assigns its combat damage to the player or planeswalker it's attacking.
702.19b The controller of an attacking creature with trample first assigns damage to the creature(s) blocking it. Once all those blocking creatures are assigned lethal damage, any remaining damage is assigned as its controller chooses among those blocking creatures and the player or planeswalker the creature is attacking.
Answer: At the point the attackers are declared your opponent must declare whether the creatures are attacking you or the planeswalker. If they decide to attack the planeswalker with 1/1 creature and you with the 3/3 creature then you will take damage. If they are both attacking the planeswalker, then the planeswalker will take 4 damage, remove 4 loyalty counters from it. As it reaches 0 loyalty counters the SBE will check for this and move it to the graveyard.
Just imagine your opponent attacked a player on the other table. Even if they had trample that damage wouldn't go to you. Planeswalkers had been treated in rules as separate players for years (even though recent changes have changed this slightly) the overall rule still applies.
Answer: You take no damage. a planeswalker is a separate player, so you take no damage, the planeswalker is just super dead.

Absorbing damage with Planeswalker


In photography, are skin color and skin tone two different things?

Question: "Skin color" and "skin tone" sometime seem to be used interchangeably and sometimes not. Do they mean the same thing, i.e., do they both mean literally color (= % of magenta vs yellow etc.) PLUS how light or dark the skin is? Or are they two different things, i.e. skin color the magenta/yellow, etc. blend and skin tone how light or dark?
Answer: In general, these mean the same thing, but there important differences in usage in practice. For a general definition of tone in a photographic context, see What does "Tone" mean? — and just to save clicking, note that it has two common uses:

the overall lightness or darkness of an area of an image
the color of all or part of the image, usually in relation to its warmth  or coolness

So, from one point of view, particularly when used in speaking about photographs, one simply might mean that. But skin color in humans has huge cultural and historical significance, and in particular the word "color" has implications of race (and often with color words used to describe ethnicity without actual consideration of literal color). It's therefore very common to use "skin tone" as a desired-to-be-less-loaded way to talk about literal skin color.
Particularly, "skin tone" is widely used in the cosmetics industry, which in general just wants to sell huge amounts of product to all people without getting into politics. In fact, a Google search for "skin color" returns results about genetics, race, and culture; while "skin tone" gives pages and pages and pages of results about makeup. And if you add "photography" to those searches, for "color" you predominantly get articles about the science and politics of race as related to photography (like this one about how metering is designed for caucasian skin), while "tone" is mostly stuff like using Lightroom's color curves.
So, while it might be tempting in the abstract to use "skin tone" to mean lightness or darkness and "skin color" to mean hue or chromaticity, in practical use that's unlikely to be clearly understood.
Comment: In practice there is no longer any standardized usage of either term, both in English usage in general and specifically in a photographic context. This is particularly the case in an age in which the vast majority of photographers have not studied the history of the discipline so that the same words are used in the same way as has historically been the case. Not only in photography but also in general we seem to have reached a point in linguistics where a word can mean "whatever *I* want it to mean, and if you tell me it doesn't mean that whenever I use it, you're just a hater."
Answer: This is not a question about photography, it's about English language, but still, I'll have a go at it.
In common use, term "skin color" refers to race. Skin colors are "white" and "black", for example, despite no human actually having white or black skin. Skin tone refers to actual colors of human skin and goes from extra pale Scandinavians, to very dark skinned Africans, and would be described in terms like "beige", "chestnut" etc. trying to convey genuine color instead of nonsense like "white" and "black".
Comment: Sometimes, English-language words and terms have domain-specific meaning or senses which differ from the general use. Questions about those terms are on topic here, so there is no need to prefix your answer with a disclaimer.
Comment: Hi Davor, welcome to Photo.SE. Adding to @mattdm's comment, I believe the question can fairly be read as "_In photographic contexts_, 'skin color' and 'skin tone' sometime seem...". With that reading in mind, I don't really think your answer addresses the _context_ of the question (i.e., you specifically frame the context of your answer with "In _common_ use...", which does not necessarily map 1:1 to photographic use).


Why does the sky change color? Why is the sky blue during the day, red during sunrise/set and black during the night?

Question: Why does the sky change color? Why is the sky blue during the day, red during sunrise/set and black during the night?
Answer: The keywords here are Rayleigh scattering.  See also diffuse sky radiation.
But much more simply, it has to do with the way that sunlight interacts with air molecules.  Blue light is scattered more than red light, so during the day when we look at parts of the sky that are away from the sun, we see more blue than red.  During sunset or sunrise, most of the light from the sun comes towards the earth at a sharp angle, so now the blue light is mostly scattered away, and we see mostly red light.
Comment: by scattered do you mean refracted?
Answer: Here is my older text "Mix your own reflection nebula" describing a related experiment:
"The physical process that causes the blue color of dust nebulae (like those in the Pleiades) can be demonstrated by a splendid experiment mentioned in The Feynman Lectures On Physics. You need just a beaker (or an ordinary glass) and two common chemical substances, dilute sulfuric acid ($\mathrm{H_2SO_4}$) and sodium thiosulfate ($\mathrm{Na_2S_2O_3}$) - hypo, used in photography to fix developed films. Be cautious while handling the acid – though dilute, it's still caustic. The other slight drawback of the demonstration is that this chemical reaction produces a smelly sulfur oxide, but luckily in a negligible amount.
If you mix three teaspoons of the thiosulfate into one litre of water and add a dozen drops of the acid, you get a colorless clear liquid which doesn't look very remarkable. However, after a few seconds, it gets light blue. The color first becomes brighter, then fades, and finally, the liquid gets a milky appearance, being cloudy and white (if it's yellow, either the acid or thiosulfate solution were too concentrated and the experiment should be repeated).
These changes are due to the scattering of white light on grains of sulfur which are being eliminated from the mixture and gradually grow in size. In the beginning, they are tiny and the intensity of the scattered light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. This means that blue light with the wavelength of 450 nm is preferred over red light, which typically has a wavelength of 650 nm, by a factor of $(\frac{650}{450})^4$, roughly 4.4. The same process, called Rayleigh scattering, is responsible for the sky blue of Earth's atmosphere. In this case, sunlight is scattered by another type of inhomogeneity, microscopic density fluctuations which arise from the chaotic thermal motion of molecules. When dimensions of the motes become comparable with the wavelength, the scattering is still selective, but not so much. Approximately, the intensity of the scattered light is now inversely proportional to the wavelength itself. This applies to dust particles in reflection nebulae and cigarette smoke. In the end, the sulfur grains are so large that they no longer favor any particular wavelength of the optical spectrum and the scattered light is white. An everyday example is water droplets in sunlit clouds.
To make the demonstration really impressive, put the beaker on an overhead projector and mask the rest with a sheet of opaque cardboard, leaving a hole in it fitting the beaker's bottom. Such an arrangement ensures ideal lighting, as it allows you to watch the light that passes through the solution to appear as a bright spot on a screen. Being increasingly impoverished of the blue constituent, which is scattered aside, it changes from white through yellow and orange to red and finally fades away, just like the sun setting in evening haze. Similar reddening (in fact de-blueing, as David Malin points out) affects the light of stars observed through interstellar dust."
I am afraid that overhead projectors, an optical device frequently used by lecturers in the 1990s when this article was written, are gone. Any idea of a substitute?
Comment: There still exist DLP projectors. They are generally very expensive, but there are some very cheap Chinese models that are not actually DLP, but similar from user's point of view. These have poor brightness, but may nevertheless be useful for this demonstration if used in a dark room. Another option is to get a spotlight projector typically used for lighting disco balls.
Answer: The Rayleigh scattering is one element of the solution, as j.c. explained.
However, when there is dust in the air (for instance after a volcano sends huge quantities of tiny rock particles into the sky, like what happened with Eyjafjallajökull, or because of sand or smoke particles), you might have noticed that the sunsets happen to be more colourful.
This is caused by another related light scattering effect, known as the Tyndall effect.
Answer: Because the sun is low on the horizon, sunlight passes through more air at sunset and sunrise than during the day, when the sun is higher in the sky. More atmosphere means more molecules to scatter the violet and blue light away from your eyes. If the path is long enough, all of the blue and violet light scatters out of your line of sight. The other colors continue on their way to your eyes. This is why sunsets are often yellow, orange, and red.
And because red has the longest wavelength of any visible light, the sun is red when it's on the horizon, where its extremely long path through the atmosphere blocks all other colors.
Answer: I would like to point out this video by minutephysics: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5P6O0pDyMU
so far the better and simpler explanation of the color of the sky. It takes into account also color theory (not particle physics of course) and not just scattering.


What are all the default items in transport package

Question: Want to Know some general information on transport package like default items in transport package when publishing a component, page, component template etc.
Answer: The transport package format is undocumented, and not a valid extension point - therefore I doubt you'll find much information publicly.
However... it's really easy to figure this out, as all you need is a copy of a few Transport Packages and the ability to unzip files. You can easily configure your deployer to keep copies of the successful transport packages (just read through the comments in cd_deployer_conf.xml, or read this answer).
Do be aware that the reason why this format is undocumented is so that SDL can change the data format at will - and this happens quite often, as capabilities on CM or CD change over time.
Comment: Yes Nuno Linhares, this is how am getting the information now from ZIP.


How to print a Google Docs document with comments in the margin?

Question: Is there any way to get a Google Docs document to include its comments in the PDF file that it creates when you click the "print" button?
Comment: 10 yrs later, the feature still doesn't exist, but [here's my latest work-around, with screenshots](https://webapps.stackexchange.com/a/154419/126659).
Answer: It doesn't appear possible at the moment;

Unfortunately you cannot print or export comments to PDF at this time

See answer here
What is suggested is exporting your comments as a .doc file (then converting to .pdf perhaps ?) which apparently retains the comments.
Hope this helps.
Comment: Yes did a test. Downloaded the Gdoc as Word and the comments are all there.
Comment: This was answered 8 years ago.  Is this still current information?
Comment: This was answered 10 years ago. Is this still current information?
Answer: You can do this as follows, in the Google Document click File > Download As > Web page.
Then, open the downloaded file with any browser, print that. At the bottom of the document you will have all the comments.
Comment: This works except that it does not display the name of the commenters, which can get especially confusing if there is a back-and-forth discussion.
Comment: As far as I can tell, it doesn't show *resolved* comments, just the outstanding ones.
Answer: Downloading as Word doc didn't work for me, but I was able to do it by downloading as a webpage and that worked perfectly.
Comment: As far as I can tell, the downloaded webpage doesn't show the resolved comments, just the outstanding ones.
Answer: I have tested this on linux machine. the work around is download it as an .odt document. Then open it in libreoffice and then export it as pdf. Since libreoffice is available for windows also so my guess is it will work for windows also.
After exporting it the comments is visible as an icon where you have commented. See screenshot below.
Google docs screenshot

Generated pdf screenshot

Comment in comment box
Answer: You could use this Chrome extension to take a multi-page screenshot of the document and print that capture:
Full Page Screen Capture
https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/full-page-screen-capture/fdpohaocaechififmbbbbbknoalclacl/related?hl=en
Answer: You can download the Google Doc as a .docx and, in Microsoft Office Word, save the .docx file as a PDF. You will have comments in the margin of the PDF file.
Answer: You can export as .doc and then from Microsoft Word you can:

Go to the File tab and click on "Print"
Click on arrow next to "Print All Pages" under Settings
Click on "Print Markup" (set as checked if you want comments, uncheched if you want to hide them)
Answer: Unfortunately, Google Docs doesn't provide this capability natively, and the following answers all produce pdfs that have distinctively lacking qualities:

Download as .docx, then using Word to print to pdf does not print comment author and times.
Download as .odt, then using LibreOffice to print to pdf cuts off comment author names in the margins and has a low quality appearance.
Reviews of the Chrome extension "Google document with comments printer" report that use of this extension can delete the comments (!)

A reliable and high quality pdf solution for those with access to macOS is to Download as .docx, then use Pages to View>Show Comments Pane (⇧⌘T), then File>Print…> Pages> Check "Print comments".
Comment: Works well for macOS, thanks for adding this solution.
Answer: If you have access to Microsoft Word, you can create a PDF of your Google doc with comments in the margins:

Open your Google doc.
Click File, select Download, and then select Microsoft Word (.docx).
Browse to the downloaded Word doc.
In Microsoft Word, click the Review tab, and then select the options in Tracking that display comments in the margins. (You can also set up the file to display revision marking as well.)
Click the File tab, and then click Print.
On the Printer drop-down menu, click Microsoft Print to PDF.
Click Print.
Follow the instructions for saving the file. (If PDF Document (.pdf) is not available under Save as type, you might need to select All files as the file type and then name your file with the .pdf extension.)

Your PDF should now display comments in the margins.
Answer: It definitely is possible, but it's clunky! (You're going to love this
).
The process is: Download the Google Doc as a Microsoft Word Document or LibreOffice document (my preference), then choose some special print settings to print as a PDF with the comments.
Use Microsoft Word to help
For the MSWord option, read here: https://helpdeskgeek.com/how-to/how-to-print-a-google-doc-with-comments.
Use LibreOffice Writer to help
Note: LibreOffice is free and open source software (FOSS), and no-cost (NOT the same thing as "free"), which is awesome.
I'm on Linux Ubuntu 20.04 and don't have Microsoft Word, so I'm going to use the LibreOffice technique instead. Here is how:
Tested in LibreOffice Writer 126.96.36.199 in Ubuntu 20.04.
Here is a sample Google document:

First, in the Google Doc, go to File --> Download --> OpenDocument Format (.odt).
Save it on your local machine. When you open it in LibreOffice Writer, you'll see this. The comments are shown, albeit a little uglier is all (well: the timestamps also have a time offset--see "Bugs" section below):

Now, let's export this document as a PDF. But, do NOT go to File --> Export As --> Export as PDF... like we normally would to produce a PDF!
Instead, go to File --> Print... --> under the "General" tab, choose "Print to File..." as the Printer, like this:

Now, click the "LibreOffice Writer" tab at the top --> and under the "Comments" dropdown menu, change it from "None (document only)" to "Place in margins", like this:

Click "Print to File...", give it a name, and choose a location to save it.
Navigate to that saved file and open it up in your favorite PDF viewer now, and you'll see this:

It's not quite the same as what we saw on Google Docs online, since we used the free and open source, and no-cost LibreOffice program to produce the PDF, but it's got all the comments, including the author and timestamp of each, so it's good enough!
Hopefully Google Docs adds this as a feature in the future. Meanwhile, we have a viable work-around.
Bugs:
Note, however, that the timestamps of the comments in LibreOffice are all wrong! They are offset by some number of hours, probably based on your timezone and how Google Docs keeps track of time. This should be reported as a bug to the Google Docs team.
See also:

[my related answer on another site] https://ask.libreoffice.org/en/question/185588/export-pdf-comments-not-visible/?answer=309587#post-id-309587
Answer: Although not exactly what you're looking for, you can export all of the comments/replies (closed or deleted) and their context (the highlighted part of the document which the comments are against) to a spreadsheet. You may find that printing that spreadsheet satisfies your need, although I realize it is not in the margin as you had requested. However, this method will also allow you to filter and more easily search comment data, which can be helpful.
To do this, install the Comments Exporter Add-On, open the document with comments and create an export:

After the export, a new spreadsheet will be created in your Home folder containing all of the comment data, which will look like this:
Answer: You can use the Chrome extension  Google document with comments printer by Deemwar to print a Google document with comments.


Which tehillim are best to say for the welfare of soldiers at war?

Question: At least one Israel Defense Forces soldier fighting in Gaza is the son of dear friends of my family.  I want to focus my tefilla on his welfare, by name, although I certainly pray for the well-being of every Israeli soldier and civilian.  Which tehillim are traditionally read for this purpose, and why were those psalms selected?
Comment: I don't know if this is an answer or a comment, but the local yeshiva's been switching off between 79-83, as those have special relevance to עת צרה and ארץ ישראל
Comment: There was about 1700 years (give or take) when Jews didn't really pray for their soldiers because they didn't exist. What kind of "tradition" are you looking for?
Comment: @doubleAA -- I can never recall which tehillim that our rabbi calls out at prayer vigils, but as I recall, they seem similar to those done by other rebbeim.
Comment: Psalm 119 is probably good because it's longest.
Comment: If you add up the numbers of each perek in the tikkun haklali the gematria is the same as kipat habarzel (or at least thats what i saw claimed on facebook)
Answer: While I am not aware that there is any authoritative list, It seems that among several that are coomonly said is Tehillim 121.
I believe this was chosen as a general Tehillim to be said for people who are ill as well as people in danger, such as soldiers. The reason is because it starts with the phrase

"I lift my eyes to the mountains, from where will my help come? My
  help comes G-d, maker of heaven and earth..."

The rest of this chapter of Tehillim contains verses of hope and the general concept that God will watch you and protect you from all danger and evil.
Answer: Based on what I've seen, Psalm 130 is also commonly recited with 121.
Additionally, it would appear to me that Psalm 20 is appropriate based on its references to HaShem fighting for us.
Answer: In the Metsudah Tehillem and http://www.tehilimhotline.org/prayer_categories.asp it says which chapters should be said at which occaison, the one's pertaining to this matter would be(I think):
For the Jewish People   43, 79, 80, 83
For help in troublesome times   20, 38, 85, 86, 102, 130, 142
For peace   46
For success 112
Chabad.org (http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/809299/jewish/Psalms-for-Times-of-Distress.htm ) says also: 20, 22, 69 150
So all the good Prakim would be: 20, 22, 38, 43, 46, 69, 80, 83, 85, 86, 102, 112, 130 142, 150.


Red River Gorge Summer

Question: I'm planning a rock climbing trip this summer and I've been considering the Red River Gorge as a possible stop. I've been there before in the late fall and it was absolutely awesome in terms of sport climbing, but what about the summer? Is it buggy/too humid?
Comment: I was there before in late may and it was pretty hot. I hear June/July/Aug is super hot but that shouldn't matter too much if you find shaded areas or are into super steep routes! Have Fun!
Answer: Red River Gorge is one of my favorite places I've climbed and I've only been in the summer months. Yes it is more humid, but it's not unbearable, though I'm from the Southeast so I'm a bit used to that. I found that I still enjoyed the climbing enough that I don't remember being bothered by the weather conditions. In fact I think the evenings were a bit cool in August.
In short, it's humid and somewhat buggy, but still very much worth it.

Red River Gorge Summer


Why don't they make playgrounds generate electricity?

Question: Why don't they make playgrounds generate electricity (at least, not on a large scale)? It's a pity that all that energy of children horsing around goes to waste instead of being harnessed. You could incorporate a generator into a swing, for example.
Comment: [Its just slavery with extra steps](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kKoqE-sAb8) :-)
Comment: Dollar for dollar, the far and away best investment toward making playgrounds generate electricity is putting up shade shelters that happen to be solar panels.  This could be over parking spaces, picnic tables, whatever fills the bill.

It's simple, easy, cheap and reliable, and you can predict the energy you'll get out of it.
Comment: @Kerkouch: https://spectrum.ieee.org/green-tech/conservation/these-exercise-machines-turn-your-sweat-into-electricity
Comment: Related: [How much power can a bicycle generator produce?](https://sustainability.stackexchange.com/q/4391/3379)
Comment: What about gyms?
Comment: I don't have time to write an answer now, but see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout_PlayPump
Comment: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empower_Playgrounds
Comment: This can be seen in action in Sierra Leone where the vibrations from pedestrians' movements are being converted into electricity: [BBC Future](https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210713-how-pedestrians-are-lighting-homes-in-sierra-leone).
Comment: [Is the basic premise of humans as a power source in The Matrix reasonable?](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/1263/is-the-basic-premise-of-humans-as-a-power-source-in-the-matrix-reasonable) (scifi)
Comment: I suspect systems such as the "Empower Playgrounds" you've linked is feasible in a place like Ghana only because the power demand there is so much lower than in more developed countries.  Putting one of those in every playground in the US, for example, would hardly make a dent in the extremely high energy demands, even if you could force all the kids to turn off the video games and go play outside more often.
Comment: Interestingly, a similar question was asked in SpaceExplorationSE, with a similar answer. [Do exercise machines on the ISS generate electric energy?](https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/3698/do-exercise-machines-on-the-iss-generate-electric-energy)
Comment: As per previous comments, this probably would not pay off. A better use of human energy is something like the Pedal Cinema https://www.electricpedals.com/hire-us-cinema
Comment: @TobyMak That article is the exact reason why I asked this question in the first place. Walking doesn't seem to be such an energy-intensive activity compared to all those children yelling and going nuts in playgrounds
Comment: @TobyMak  always ask:  how MUCH electricity, context, compare to alternatives.  Watt-hours or joules per day or similar.  Is it to feed the power grid or a pacemaker; allowable cost/Whr is very different.  Tech journalists tend to write encouraging pieces that encourage readership and companies to continue letting them in and talking to them.  E.g. articles on piezo-based power sources may tout high voltage but not mention insignificant current.
Answer: Because a playground equipped with generators would probably not be much fun.

The merry-go-round would grind to a stop the moment it is no longer being pushed.
The swings would not swing; they would glide back to their resting place then sit idle.
The jungle gym would require children to follow a prescribed exit that could capture their stored gravitational energy.

Even if children could be convinced to exploit themselves for child labour, there is still the problem that all of their rambunctious energy originates as food energy. Food is not free to purchase, nor is it free to produce, so any kind of power generation based on food and human kinetics tends to have poor economics.

But since we're here, let's think about how much energy could potentially be captured.
A child age 8 expends about 1000 kcal/day as the basal metabolic rate (BMR). A very active person (such as a playful child) might have a physical activity level (PAL) around 2.0, which means that 1000 kcal/day are available to perform mechanical work. The human body is about 25% efficient at converting food energy into mechanical work. Turbine generators are around 80% efficient.
Therefore, one playful child could produce about 200 kcal (2.3 kWh) of usable mechanical energy each day. Where I live, that's about $0.14 worth of electricity. This clearly won't be a good investment.
Comment: @SergeyZolotarev: the financial payback period on the equipment would be functionally infinite. The biggest swing set I recall seeing has _maybe_ 10 swings; assuming 10 children swing 24 hours a day (which is generous), that's $1.40 in electrical production; if the generator bits add $1000 to the cost, that'll take 714 days - almost 2 years - to pay off. In that time, the kids will probably have broken the generator so that the swings are more fun to swing on. And, $deity help you -if-_when_ somebody gets shocked and sues for millions.
Comment: Don't forget the embedded energy in the generators. There's a good chance that it would never repay the energy involved in making it in the first place.
Comment: But they eat anyway
Comment: @SergeyZolotarev: That BBC article was a little short on actual info, so I searched around a bit for info on piezoelectrics. I see a lot of huge promises around "experiments" (e.g. in Israel), and some actual results of such installations lighting... basically, the installation. Since the advent of LED's, light is very cheap (power-consumption wise); from lighting a lamp to making a contribution to the power net is a huge step. Also, a rolling vehicle is a *huge* amount of energy compared to a child on a swing. (Try having one crash into the other and see which is sent flying...)
Comment: Actually, on the surface, a 2 year payback does not seem terribly uneconomical: playground equipment tend to have lifespans measured in decades rather than years.  But obviously they won't be used 24x7; plus, as you say, they wouldn't be fun to use and/or the generator components will break much sooner than playground equipment otherwise would.
Comment: How come it doesn't work, but vibrations from walking do (https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210713-how-pedestrians-are-lighting-homes-in-sierra-leone)?
Comment: @SergeyZolotarev  it's important to be a bit skeptical about articles; journalists may lack understanding, be motivated to get clicks or keep those they are covering happy to see them and willing to talk.  IIRC, one talked about piezoelectric energy in terms of the number of 120V wall outlets based on the high voltage -- and completely missed the "at X micro-amps" part.
Answer: A better target would be gym exercise machines

Indoors, not exposed to elements, controlled environment so less chance of theft and vandalism.
Customers stay on machines for a prolonged period instead of kids who would play on 1 thing for 5 minutes or less before moving on to the next one
Arrays of identical machines can be connected to same grid tie inverter, cheapening costs
Gym already has electrical supply and on-site consumption so no need to lay much extra cabling.
Comment: Also users find drag or otherwise lost energy desirable, unlike on a swing; when e.g. using an elliptical machine, stair-stepper or treadmill you WANT there to be resistance.
Comment: Even for gym equipment it's not really worth it. Humans can sustain between 100 to 400W of extended power output, depending on fitness level, mass, duration etc. That's barely enough to power the lights above the machine and its electronics+display+fan. It's not even enough to power the air conditioning or heating.
Answer: Playground equipment is very expensive and not typically something that local councils have large budgets for. Hooking it up to the electrical grid for minor amounts of electricity generation would increase the cost substantially and require an ongoing electrical maintenance contract.
Answer: There are two main areas to consider here:

Safety.
Anything put near children has to be safe, and mains voltage and generators generally aren't. Damaged wires could electrocute somebody, a generator rotor could kick back, injuring a kid.

Durability
A regular playground will be used in every possible unintended way, and there will be often damages. Not a good place to put an expensive equipment.

You could put a rugged bicycles as "charge your phone" stations novelty, but don't expect any huge output.
Comment: I'd say the energy generation rate is a rather important thing to consider, but only mentioned in a side clause of your answer. If kids could generate GW of power I'm sure the safety and durability concerns could be overcome.
Answer: My brother is a bicycle fanatic, a former engineer, and a current nurse.  According to his calculations ... Lance Armstrong (with some chemical enhancement) is likely the single greatest generator of electricity in the human race.  According to brother's calculations ... Lance could roughly keep a 60 to 75 watt bulb (incandescent, better with LED) going during his maximum cycles.  Realizing the best kids are going to be about half of that ... this is something only government would invest in ... because the costs would be 100x or more over the benefit.  Even in a gym's spin class (far better source than a playground) ... you might only spend 20x as much as the benefit you would get.
Comment: An elite cyclist can output around 400W of mechanical power for a whole hour. A good electric generator can convert more than 90% of that into electricity. But it doesn't change the conclusion that it's just not worth it.
Comment: Please check your numbers and consider adding references to your sources. Lance Armstrong is known to produce [over 400 watts sustained](https://www.letsrun.com/forum/flat_read.php?thread=10147239&page=1). Even [a beginner cyclist can produce 75 watts](https://blog.afaa.com/using-watts-to-amp-up-indoor-cycling-drills).
Answer: They do.) Just to show how small power such generator can produce.
In the picture bicycle generators that convert mechanical power into different types of power are shown, they're located near Municipality of Jerusalem.
Answer: The power produced would be so small scale and have so poor capacity factor that it isn't worth the effort.
Firstly, you need investments. You can't make power without equipment. You need a generator. A wind turbine for example has a generator that makes power at 30% capacity factor.
A playground? If we assume it's used 5 hours per day (and produces always power at the same rate), that's only about 20% capacity factor, worse than wind turbines. So your power production scheme can't really compete with wind turbines but requires the same investment for generators that run at a very poor capacity factor.
Also children aren't machines that produce power at exactly the same rate. I suppose the power produced would fluctuate a lot and to allow generating power during the peaks at peak power, you need excess capacity. So the 20% capacity factor at non-fluctuating power output actually turns into something like 10% capacity factor. That's worse than solar power.
Also your power production scheme that can't compete with wind or solar based on capacity factor also can't compete with quantity. A child may produce perhaps 100 watts and at 10% capacity factor that's 10 watts average. To put that into perspective, the human population uses around 5000 watts per capita and there have been unsuccessful proposals to reduce that to 2000 watts per capita. Considering that perhaps 15% of the population are children of the age that produce the 10 watts average, it means you get 1.5 watts per capita. Try satisfying your power need of 5000 watts per capita from that and you see why it won't be successful.
Answer: Because it's useless. A typical bike generator outputs 100 watts, If you pedal for an hour a day, 30 days a month, that's (30 hours x 100 watts) = 3000 watt-hours, or 3 kWh. Enough to power four lightbulbs..... for 7 hours.
Comment: or 4 LED bulbs for 70 hours - get with the times


Where can I download the Portuguese language patch?

Question: The Brazilian server of World of Warcraft will start today.  Does anyone know the place to download the Portuguese Language patch for my WoW client?
Answer: When available, the Portuguese Language Pack will likely be on this download page.  The one for Spanish is already there, so it's likely that Portuguese will be there as well.
You may also want to keep an eye on the WoW Brazil FAQ page, as that's likely to have information relevant to your question as it is available.
Answer: When available, With starting your WOW-Launcher, it will download automatically the missing files, who is "Portuguese Language Pack" at your purpose.


Good enterprise-capacity, platform-nuetral file and program distribution systems?

Question: In an organization with hundreds of Windows and UNIX boxes what options exist to manage and distribute files and programs to the enterprise?  I have looked at Microsoft's SMS with some UNIX integration as well as BigFix.  If you have had experience with these would you call them good experiences?
Answer: Another one you might want to take a look at is Novell's Zen Configuration Management -- Advanced Edition. The Advanced edition includes the linux management pieces. I haven't used these personally, don't have nearly enough Linux in our environment to warrant it, but it deserves a look. Unfortunately, there are separate pieces for Windows and Linux distribution but at least they ship under the same SKU.
Answer: IBM Tivoli is multi-platform and will distribute files and applications. It is quite complex and pricey, but it is amazingly customizable.
Answer: I've used the KACE KBox pretty successfully at a prior job. It allows you to perform all sorts of Windows installations (similar to SMS), and allows for Linux/Unix and OS X installs as well. You can also do file replication, instead of running an installer. The KBOX also lets you do all sorts of interesting things like patch deployment and asset tracking. It can be expensive, but not as expensive as some solutions (so I hear), like Altiris. I should note that, no, I don't work for KACE, but I really did enjoy using their product. It made some tasks quite a breeze.


Why use an API test if I can get the same information from the website?

Question: Why should I check the server response by using a GET call through an API if I already have a button on the site with the functionality to call the same method?
Answer: So you know where any problems originate
If you have an API that's retrieving information and a website that displays it, you test the API to make sure that the correct information is retrieved. Then you test the website to make sure the information is displayed properly.
Say you're looking for products in a category. Let's say the category is "hair care products", and you'd expect to see shampoo, conditioner, hair ties, hair clips, and the like. If you test the web site, and get pet shampoo, carpet shampoo, or car shampoo in the list of products that comes back, you don't know whether the problem is with the website asking for "shampoo" rather than "hair care products" or with the API (or with the database). You have to check what exactly was requested and then trace the API response to the request before you can work out what was wrong.
If you started with the API request and got the products you expected, then you'd know as soon as you performed the web test that the problem was with the website. If you started with the API request and didn't get the products you expected, then you'd know the problem was with the product categorization or the API. You could make a call to retrieve all products and check their categories to determine the source of the problem.
Answer: Speed and Stability
Relying on UI tests to test APIs will quickly lead to a lot of problems.
It's ok for 1 test perhaps, but once you start to add more, a lot of problems arise.
Here's why you should avoid the UI when testing APIs:

UI tests are slow
UI tests will not show API level error codes
UI tests require browsers (even if headless)
UI tests are unstable and will occasionally fail
UI tests increase the feedback time to developers
UI tests require the code be deployed to an environment
UI tests are brittle because UI changes can affect the API call being made
UI tests will reveal UI problems unrelated to the API but affecting the use of it
Answer: Adding to @Kate Paulk excelent answer using her example. A few more examples where bugs can be hidden or cause performance issues:

Pre fetching of information to be used in filtering (you ask for all possible product types and then filter them locally, trading loading speed for responsiveness) can be done wrong
Telemetry data can be wrong, contain sensitive information or be bloated for no reason
Bugs "canceling each other", for example you ask for hair products, get cat nail grooming products but print a hard coded list of hair products that was used for debugging

On top of that using APIs directly allows you more flexibility mimicking different behaviors, delays  or anvironments.
Answer: That's why we did it in our project:
Our Story: We recently migrated an complex front end application from angularJS to angular 8 while utilizing the same API for data plumbing with little changes in
geographically distributed sub-teams.
It helped us  testing components directly to isolate & resolve issues quickly by putting  issues  in right buckets of front end vs. back end vs. services otherwise testing  would have been very messy, time consuming & expensive  through UI.


Why should my band learn music theory?

Question: I recently started a band that plays a mixture of blues, rock, and funk.  I am the only one in the trio that knows any music theory.  Can someone tell me how to explain to my band members that they should learn theory also? Or why I should not worry about it
Comment: Will learning music theory make most musicians better musicians? **Yes.** Is music theory likely to be the *best* thing for a musician to learn to maximize their improvement as a musician? **Not necessarily.** They should learn music theory if they don't have anything better to spend their time learning or practicing.
Comment: @NeilMeyer are you being sarcastic? reading music is not a pre-requisite for playing it, especially in "blues, rock, and funk" genres, where you will typically combine simple memorised song structures with improvisation
Comment: ...in fact in those genres, *needing* to have the music in front of you can be seen as a 'weakness'.  Not that this is particularly related to the core question - after all, reading standard notation is only one part of theory.
Comment: One thing that I find very important and don't often hear people explaining is that theory is a language. Mutual knowledge of theory within a band setting allows ideas to be conveyed more clearly and quickly. It also gives a player the tools to play something they don't yet conceptualize, such as a new type of chord, without having to be told exactly what they need to do, ie, told which notes to play. Beyond that, you should also realize that theory is not rules but an explanation as to why things sound good or how they work. Theory is only rules when you are imitating a specific genre/style.
Comment: @NeilMayer a quick way to discover the (un)importance of "reading notes" is to teach music to blind students.
Comment: @NeilMeyer why do you have to read notes to play music regularly? Or accurately for that matter?
Comment: Well, knowing how to read notes allows you to "instantly" be able to play any song that you have never played before (technical skill notwithstanding).
Comment: @JuhaUntinen *if* a score's available, of course, which is not the case for a lot of music.
Answer: I'll focus mainly on the

Or why I should not worry about it

part of your question.
I believe that in bands, the most important thing is to be able to play the songs you want (and compose if you like). I recently played with a pianist that didn't know anything about theory, but could work out pretty much everything with his ear. I don't think I would go to that person and ask him to learn music theory. I mean, for a band he can do really good.
I've played with other musicians that didn't know much about theory, but could work out songs with their ears and the only problem I have had with them was the communication part. Let's say we want to work on a chord progression like vi-ii--V/V-V-I. When a person knows theory, he can easily understand what I just said; but some bandmates that don't, will have to have some time to understand. You might have to play the progression for them to hear and/or explain what notes are being played, which will be a bummer and will take time off your rehearsal time.
So what I will suggest to you is to see how much time you lose at the first few rehearsals to stuff like these; stuff that could be easily explained if everyone there knew theory. If you see that everyone gets on without any trouble and there is no time loss, I don't think there is much need for them to learn music theory. Otherwise, I'd suggest you talked to them, say the facts, like the time loss in rehearsals etc, and say that it'd be good for them to learn music theory, so that you all can communicate and develop faster. I believe that you can try to teach them yourself the very basics of theory, which will be helpful to them if you are friends.
Comment: Good answer. I think the most important thing is that a band can talk about what they're playing. Theory is a common language that can be used to accomplish that goal, but it's not the only way. If the band can talk about song structure, changes, chords, etc. Then it's really not necessary to add formal theory.
Answer: I've had various bands with members who know differing amounts of theory. Some people knew no theory and others had degrees in music. In the long run, it usually made no difference as those who really knew no theory had a good practical of things. Those who knew the theory could learn songs much faster. In one band, I was able to help by going through fake books and learning songs that we had never heard. Those who knew theory could play songs heard on the radio (cassette tapes were the most advanced in those days) rather quickly. We could hear a song on Wednesday, practice in the garage on Thursday, then play that song for dances on Friday and Saturday.
In practice, a good knowledge of theory (whether from courses on just picked up) made things go faster. One need not have the expertise to play a lead in four-part counterpoint to contribute, but an ability to transpose on the fly is important. (As is the ability to have a visiting artist show up, play a song, and play a full backup with leads on songs never heard before. Real time learning.)
Comment: Okay! So learning theory makes things go faster.  I've asked my band to learn a little bit of theory this summer (intervals chords scales) and this will give them some motivation. Thanks.
Comment: Personally, I find being able to shout out note names instead of fret numbers to be very helpful. Also, picking a key for a jam or when song writing, suggesting a modulation to a key works a lot better when people know what a key is, and what it means to play in E minor or G major. It does make things a lot faster and easier.
Answer: If you are too forceful of the issue, your band members may not take it too kindly. If they are fairly accomplished musicians and are interested, they would have probably looked into learning theory already. Perhaps you could wait until a situation in the band comes along where theory has proved itself useful and tell them then. There are some musicians who take the opinion that theory is a bad thing and it'll cause them to lose their soul. In a case like this, it probably isn't worth making any effort to persuade them otherwise.
Answer: If your band is just learning and playing cover songs note-for-note, then having theory knowledge may not be as important. However, if you are writing your own songs or doing any improvising then music theory will certainly be beneficial.
Music theory is a very broad topic and there are so many aspects of theory that can be extremely useful. Verbally communicating ideas has already been covered in other answers but I'll add a few more examples of how theory could be useful to your band. Knowing scales will help when composing/improvising instrumental solos and vocal melodies. Knowing chord structure and keys will help with creating interesting chord progressions and vocal harmonies. Knowing chord inversions will help the bass player come up with interesting bass lines. Knowing rhythm theory like subdivisions, polyrhythms, etc. will help with creating interesting rhythmic patterns for the various instruments and having them all work together. The sky is the limit with how far you want to take it.
Can you create songs by ear without any theory? Absolutely! But knowing theory will undoubtedly help you in that process and might give you new ideas that you would not come across just tinkering about by ear. It also might help you understand why certain things sound particularly good. Music theory is simply a variety of tools which can help you to better understand music and be creative. It is definitely worth taking some time to fill your toolbox.
Answer: In the band I was in most recently, the two members who had the best traditional music theory knowledge were actually the worst at working out songs by ear; sometimes it even seemed that their presuppositions misled them into thinking that a song 'should be' one way, when in fact it was another. (Of course, correctly understood, knowledge shouldn't 'hurt' like this, but correct understanding can take time!)
Rather than making the blanket statement that "learning theory makes things go faster" (which will be true in some situations, less so in others), I'd suggest you identify the particular places where there is a theory 'tool' you can use, and just use it - if you're right, the benefit should be obvious to all band members without any persuasion being necessary.
Comment: A big part of theory is communication of a musical idea and concepts in words. For example saying something is in the key of C or that the progression is a `ii - V - I` it means something important about the piece that can be conveyed and understood without listening and not knowing that as a musician is very counterproductive. Also I'm not sure why this post and the other post is correlating ear training to theory as those are two different set of skills...
Comment: Personally, I find knowing theory makes it easier to play by ear. Once I have the key, I know which are the most likely chords and modulations that the jam will head towards.
Comment: @Dom agree that the communication of that kind of information is useful, but how useful it is to a particular group of musicians to be able to actually communicate it verbally will vary - good earing skills can substitute for knowing a lot of terminology in *some* situations. Of course the reverse is also true. All I'm saying is that when you're in a specific situation, it's good to respond to the specifics of that situation.
Comment: @ToddWilcox I also don't think of earing knowledge as distinct from *all* theory knowedge, although I'm personally not thinking about note names, key signatures and all that - I'm more 'visualising a map of numbers' or somesuch.
Answer: Even though your band is playing modern styles that don't require "technical" theory as would be required for, say, classical music, having a knowledge of "how music works" is still important to successful playing in those genres. For example, your drummer is going to drum more confidently if he understands how the rhythms of the piece fit together; your rhythm guitarist is going to have an easier time learning the chord progressions if he understands why those chord progressions are used; your pianist is going to improvise nicer fillers if he understands the chords in the piece, knows what intervals and notes make up those chords, and knows what notes will sound good over the top of those chords (and can do all of this as he is playing). (Obviously I don't know what your exact line-up is, but you get the idea.)
In short, a solid knowledge and understanding of certain areas of music theory is important to confident and interesting performance, even in modern styles of music.

Why should my band learn music theory?


Do some Wii games require a Classic Controller?

Question: Are there any Wii games that require me to use a Classic Controller and won't work with a Gamecube controller or Wiimote+Nunchuck? Are there any controllers that have both a Wiimote and a Gamecube plug so I don't have to buy two similar controllers?
Answer: No, there are no games that require a classic controller but do not work with either a gamecube controller or the wiimote & nunchuck combination.
There are games however that only support two out of the three combinations, most notably, Monster Hunter Tri, which only supports the classic controller and the wiimote+nunchuck combination, but do not support the Gamecube controller
Do note however that some games are not optimized for the gamecube controller and play a lot easier on the classic controller (SNES games notably) and the gamecube controller is the only controller that allows you to play gamecube games.
Comment: Thanks. So in general, one would need both a GC and a Classic Controller (unless the Wiimote+Nunchuck combo is ok). Which led me to this question: [Are there adapters to use one controller (possibly Xbox) as both Wii classic controller and as Gamecube controller?](http://gaming.stackexchange.com/q/8194/88)
Answer: No. To the best of my knowledge, a Gamecube controller will work for all of the games that state that they require the classic controller; if you already own a Wavebird or Wired gamecube controller, you do not need to purchase the classic controller.
Answer: I don't think so either. But I'm pissy about MegaMan 9 and Samurai Shodown - they support classic but not GC controller. It was exactly these types of games I bought the GC controller for. On the other hand, Mario Kart and Smash Brothers and virtual console games all support GC controller, which I like.
Comment: Maybe there is an adapter to use a GC controller as CC. In case you find one, please post it as answer on [Are there adapters to use one controller (possibly Xbox) as both Wii classic controller and as Gamecube controller?](http://gaming.stackexchange.com/q/8194/88)


Which Zeiss lenses are actually made in Germany?

Question: Recently, I used a Zeiss Makro-Planar T* 2/100 ZE only to find a big "Made in Japan" marking on it. Which of their lenses are made in Germany, and does it matter if it's made there vs. Japan?
Answer: The vast majority of Zeiss lenses are indeed made in Japan.
Of currently listed Zeiss (non-cine) camera lenses, only the ZM Distagon 15mm f2.8 is Made in Germany (also in that line, the ZM Planar 85mm f2 was too made in Germany).
Even the super-high end Otus 55mm is Made in Japan (Zeiss confirmed this via their Flickr account in a recent post).
The fact that a lens company who values quality so highly has moved (virtually) all its production of (non-cine) lenses to Japan means you can have confidence that the location of manufacturer is insignificant. If the expensive lenses were made in one location, and the cheaper lenses made elsewhere, that might give you pause. This is not the case.
In terms of the reasoning behind the move, I refer you to Dante Stella's piece from Camera Lens News No. 3:

In a time, when the cost of maufacturing high quality optics in Germany was on the rise, but was flat in Japan, lens price became the limiting factor for the success of the new Contax. To free the young system of this limit, Carl Zeiss transferred the production of lenses for the Contax system to the country that was buying most of them anyway. In favour of this decision was the fact that Japan has, as well as Germany, a very mature infrastructure regarding the production of photo optics. Also, Carl Zeiss has had a strong presence there already. So Carl Zeiss transferred machinery, know-how, and personnel to Japan and built up a lens production facility that could produce Contax lenses in accordance with Carl Zeiss quality standards.
In recent years the cost advantage of quality optics production in favour of Japan has decreased. Top quality optics made in Japan are no longer really cheaper than those made in Germany. Today, manufacturing costs alone could not justify the move from Oberkochen to Oume. But the strong demand from the Japanese market for Contax lenses would again lead to the de-cision, to manufacture them where most of the customers are anyway.

http://www.dantestella.com/zeiss/japan.html
Answer: Currently, it appears that none of the Zeiss lenses are now manufactured in Germany (all Japan). Here is some more info from BH Photo the subject: http://www.bhphotovideo.com/find/newsLetter/Carl-Zeiss.jsp
Answer: Zeiss lenses today are made by Cosina. And they do not use facilities made or imported from Germany. Take into account that many old Zeiss designs have been copied literally  by many manufacturers.
Answer: Some Zeiss lenses say where they are made right on the front.  Most of their pre-WWII lenses clearly say "Carl Zeiss Jena" on them, so you know they were made in Jena.
Answer: They are made by Cosina Japan, none of that Zeiss moved this and that. they are made in the same plant Voigtlander lenses are made of and same glass. Difference is in the aesthetics and looks. You want a german made lens then buy a Leica. still made in Germany. With Leica you get what you pay for. Zeiss you still get a great lens but not what they use to be.
Comment: Welcome! A lot of your answer is your personal opinion about Zeiss vs Leica lenses. That doesn't have a lot to do  with the question and you should bear in mind that we're not a discussion forum: we're looking for answers that are mostly objective and verifiable.


Why is zinc more reactive than copper?

Question: In terms of electronegativity, from what I understand electronegativity increases going across the period, so surely this should mean that zinc less readily loses its outer shell electrons than copper? Zinc has a greater nuclear charge but the outer shell electrons are in the same shell, so should the outer shell electrons in zinc not experience a stronger attraction to the nucleus? I have a feeling that this has something to do with which sub shells the electrons are removed from in copper and zinc...
Comment: I am learning about half cells, so it is in this context. Zinc loses its valence electrons more readily than copper, and also when zinc is placed into copper sulfate solution it will displace the copper, so is more reactive...
Comment: For an extremely thorough discussion of the findamentals, see this paper: K. Schmidt-Rohr, "How Batteries Store and Release Energy: Explaining Basic Electrochemistry", J. Chem. Ed., 95(10 (2018) 1801-1810. The Zn and Cu Daniell cell is addressed at great length (way too long for an answer here) and the metal cohesive energy is the source of more than 75% of the energy in the Daniell cell (p. 1805.).
Comment: By reactivity, do you mean standard reduction potential?
Comment: In a metal, Zn isn't a standalone atom, it is a part of a weird large lattice. Unlike a standalone atom, Zn has no valence electrons of its own. Instead it shares the delocalized electron cloud with all the other Zn atoms in the Zn crystalline structure.  There is no particular reason why Zn inside a lattice would be attached stronger to its delocalized electron cloud than Cu.
Answer: You have to think about the whole process.  When a metal loses electrons to make a metal ion the following happens:

The metallic bonds holding the metal atoms together are broken.
The metal atom loses the electrons.
The resulting metal ion is hydrated.

In your analysis you are only focusing on step 2.  The enthalpy and entropy of the entire process factor into the reduction potential.
Comment: So why do we need to ionize _two_ electrons?  Do we need two electrons from sodium or silver?  Is two electrons enough for aluminum or chromium?
Comment: I edited the answer to make it more general for any number pf electrons lost.
Answer: Zinc has last sub orbital as $\mathrm{4s^2}$ which it gives willingly to become electronically stable. Also, zinc's pull on its last electronic shells is much less and is hence more willing to combine. Copper has a last sub-orbital as $\mathrm{4s^1}$ which decreases its capacity to form bonds like zinc. Ideally, copper should form more bonds but due to lack of electrons in the last shell, it cannot form many bonds.
Answer: Zinc's relatively higher reactivity than copper is not because its highest occupied atomic orbital is $\ce{4s^2}$ while copper's is $\ce{4s^1}$; according to that magnesium should be more reactive than sodium as the highest occupied atomic orbital is $\ce{3s^2}$ while for sodium it is $\ce{3s^1}$. Therefore, this is not the case.
Now, the question that arises is: what is the real reason zinc is more reactive than copper?
The answer is that zinc is able to lose its outer electron more readily than copper. This phenomena occurs because copper metal is able to delocalize its outer electrons more readily than zinc. The metallic bond of copper is therefore stronger than zinc, so more energy is required to break this bond in order for it to react. Since more energy is required for copper to react, we can say that zinc is more reactive than copper.

Why is zinc more reactive than copper?


Why is the IR filter present when there is already the Bayer filter on an image sensor?

Question: I have been trying to remove the Bayer filter from the CCD image sensor of my camera. Now I see there's an IR filter before the lens, however I don't understand the point of it because isn't the Bayer filter going to block out any wavelengths of light that are not in the RGB's range of wavelength?
Answer: The Bayer filter passbands are designed to be make the sensor have a reasonable match to the human eye, while not costing too much. They're fairly leaky even in the visible part of their stop band, and pretty much uncontrolled in the IR. To increase their blocking in the IR a more expensive recipe in a thicker layer would be needed. The thicker layer isn't desirable as the evenness of the coating is important and would suffer.
Here (Florida State University) is a typical set of spectra, and you'll see quite a bit of leakage in the IR.
In addition many sensors are used in applications where an IR filter isn't desirable, as well as the more conventional applications. Webcams (for example) typically put the IR filter on the back of the lens, the same sensor is also used in baby monitors when the IR filter is physically moved out of the way and IR LEDs turned on. There was also a Canon DSLR available without the IR filter for astronomy.
Comment: Also, the Nikon D810A
Comment: So theoretically speaking, if I were to remove the IR filter and use a 850nm bandpass optical filter, I shall be able to capture images around 850nm wavelength?
Comment: Presumably. I haven't tested SLR Bayer filters for this, but webcam filters are highly variable in their IR transmission. I'd test with appropriate LEDs before spending money on a bandpass filter


AJAXy control buttons on user profile page can break

Question: EDIT: not sure of the etiquette but based on the comments I opened this on meta.stackoverflow.com as AJAXy control buttons on user profile page can break
--
In Chrome 8.0.552.224 on Windows 7, I found a bug in which I receive what looks to me like the raw, unformatted output of an ajax call vs having that output incorporated in the page correctly.  I seem to be able to reproduce it at will in Chrome.  I was going to say that Firefox 3.6.13 didn't have the same problem, but I banged on it some more and recreated it there too.
Here's what my page looks like when I follow the steps below:
http://jetmore.org/john/misc/error.png
Here are the steps to reproduce in Chrome:

Load serverfault.com
click on my username at the top to load my profile
scroll down to "Answers" section
click on any of the "answers" page numbers to to go any page but #1 (so, click "2" or "next")
click on any of the answers to load that question page in the same tab
click the back button to return from the question page to the profile page
scroll back down to the "answers" page numbers again
click a different page number
Boom, all the data that should be loaded in the answers section, but in a new page, not incorporated in the profile page.

Steps to reproduce in firefox (this works in Chrome too and is actually a simpler way to reproduce, but I'm leaving the Chrome steps because it's how I found the problem organically which might be useful reference):

load serverfault.com
click my username to load profile page
scroll to answers
click one of the numbers to go to a different page of answers (2, for instance)
F5 to reload the page
scroll back down and click another answers page index number (2 again will work)
And again, what appears to be the ajax response rather than the page w/ the response incorporated into it.
Comment: I can confirm the firefox version of this bug for Safari on MacOS 10.6.6 as well.
Comment: +1 - also confirmed. Strongly recommend posting this on meta.stackoverflow.com as it will get more visibility there.
Answer: Yep, plain ol' bug needed some fixin'.
This will work fine in the next build. Thanks!


Why do we long for freedom?

Question: Psychological reactance is the effect of irrational choice for freedom - we choose to go for a greater loss just because we like to make the bad decision for ourselves. What is the advantage behind that?
Comment: Hi Probably, those are some rather bold statements. Do you have any research to back up your claims?
Comment: These are indeed two (combined) sentences. I merely pointed out the way you combined the two sentences (using what I presume to be an [em dash](http://www.thepunctuationguide.com/em-dash.html)) seems to suggest an explanation following a definition. If it is an example, one would typically write "e.g." (or 'an example' as is the case in the sentence you just quoted) at the start of that second sentence to eliminate confusion.
Comment: From the Wikipedia page: _"The fear of loss of further freedoms can spark this arousal and motivate them to re-establish the threatened freedom. Because this motivational state is a result of the perceived reduction of one's freedom of action, it is considered a counterforce, and thus is called "psychological reactance"."_ I believe you incorrectly portray psychological reactance in your question as 'choos[ing] to go for a greater loss'. Certainly it implies this might be the case, but its definition does not seem to entail this _must_ be the case. You might want to qualify this. -1
Comment: @StevenJeuris I don't see point of your quote, unlike the previous sentences **"such behavior can be observed when an individual engages in a prohibited activity in order to deliberately taunt the authority who prohibits it, regardless of the utility or disutility"** - which is what I wrote. Firstly, the fact that **the perception** is natural doesn't mean it's an objective measurement of our best possibilities. That's only rational thinking. Reactance is a *cognitive bias* which means it can play in our actions even though it's a trend that changes the rational thinking.
Comment: Secondly, those are two separate sentences, it doesn't mean we always choose that way.
Comment: Including the start of that sentence should clarify it: "**An example** of such behavior **can** be observed when ..." In other words, this is just one example which is in line with the definition, and in this case just so happens to align with your more strict interpretation of that definition (since you seem to base it on the example, and not the original definition brought forward).
Answer: Too lazy to paraphrase right now, so quoting from a newsletter

Brehm [the guy how introduced the notion Psychological Reactance--my note] has made but one remark about why people seem to behave as his theory describes. He wrote that the reactance-emotion may have "survival-value" (Brehm 1966, p. 1-2). This explanation seems quite plausible. People and other organisms who are frequently in situations in which they can choose between different behavior alternatives are likely to have evolved a capacity for choosing what is most often best for their fitness. Moreover, creating, defending and restoring situations in which the individual is free to make a choice may in itself enhance fitness. Therefore, natural selection probably favored individuals who not only perceive when their freedom is threatened, but also act so as to defend that freedom. Brehm has described the psychological mechanism by which people (and probably many other species) are motivated to defend their freedom. That is, the attractiveness of behaviors varies with the freedom an individual perceives to possess.

As with most evolutionary hypotheses of behavior, it's probably hard to test.
I tried to find papers on animal models of reactance, but (unlike say for learned helplessness) there don't seem to be any. A recent review doesn't mention any such models either. It does however say some things that contradict your assumption that's just a negative outcome:

reactance can produce both undesirable and desirable outcomes. It has been found, for example, that the experience of reactance can elicit heightened achievement motivation (Steindl & Jonas, 2014). Recent studies have also shown that the experience of reactance can be associated not just with negative feelings, such as anger, but also with activating positive affect, such as feeling strong and determined (Steindl, Jonas, et al., 2015). We invite future research to investigate the desirable motivational side of reactance in order to make use of its energizing probabilities.
Comment: [As mentioned in my comment](https://cogsci.stackexchange.com/questions/18416/why-do-we-long-for-freedom#comment34590_18416), I also did not find reason for his assumption (negative outcome) in the Wikipedia source he has now cited in an update. If he updates his question, you might want to update your answer. Although your answers are _greatly_ appreciated, this is a nice example of why it sometimes makes more sense to first help the OP formulating a better question (possibly putting the question on hold) prior to answering it. That said, I believe your first quote is still valid. +1

Why do we long for freedom?


What is the most effective way to transition from one paragraph to the next?

Question: I desire to know how to transition smoothly from one paragraph to another in the body text, but there are a number of ways to do it and I don't know which is best. For instance, I could place the bridge sentence in the previous or next paragraph, or I could switch it up. There's also the question of whether the bridge sentence should follow, replace, or merge with the concluding sentence it if it is placed in the previous paragraph, or whether it should precede, replace, or merge with the topic sentence if it is placed in the next paragraph.
Comment: To paraphrase my comment from the other question, I think you'll have to provide some examples. Why do you feel you need transitional text in the first place? Generally, a paragraph is like a scene with discrete information. It's obvious from the structure itself that one ends and another begins. Yes, transitions are sometimes needed. But certainly not always. (Always using an explicit transition can become awkward and distracting.) It depends on context.
Comment: What are you writing?
Comment: Academic non-fiction.
Comment: I was reading this and could have sworn I'd already commented. Then I realized I'd commented on an almost identical question you'd asked. I just flagged your "How do I make a concluding sentence flow from the previous sentence?" as a duplicate of this one. (Mainly because this one actually has two answers already.)
Comment: The other question is in no way the same as this one. The other question pertains to how I should introduce the the concluding sentence, whereas this one pertains to which position a bridge sentence should have in a paragraph of the body text--those are not at all the same questions. Please remove your downvote.
Answer: I think a lot of what some schools teach about how to structure paragraphs in short essays is more to make it easy to mark than because it serves you well in longer pieces. I recommend you bullet-point what you plan to say, going to sub-bullets until you're down to the lowest level. Make those paragraphs; higher-level points can be sections, chapters etc. When I read academic non-fiction, be it aimed at experts or laypeople, it feels like it got all the transitioning it needed just by doing that kind of thing.
Answer: If you always transition from one paragraph to the next in the same way, your writing will feel formulaic and boring. If you're writing a 5 paragraph essay and your teacher has given you clear instructions, by all means follow them, but for longer academic pieces (which can be dozens or occasionally hundreds of pages long) always transitioning in the same way may not work.
The key to a good transition is that each paragraph follows logically from the preceding one, just as each sentence follows logically from the preceding sentence. If the order of your paragraphs is well-planned and you have enough time to address all points, you may not need bridge sentences at all. When the topic for a paragraph is not automatically obvious from the preceding one, where to place a bridge sentence depends on why you chose this paragraph order. Is the new paragraph a counter argument to the preceding one? Then the opening sentence should make clear the opposition to the previous paragraph and this will serve as transition and likely also topic sentence. Is the new paragraph an answer to a question posed by the preceding one? Then the preceding paragraph needs to make clear that there is an open question or the new paragraph must point out the hole in the logic of the preceding one. If the new paragraph carries the weight of the transition, then the first sentence pointing out the problem may serve as bridge and a separate topic sentence may show the solution, or you may spend the entire paragraph talking about the hole in logic and the paragraph after addressing that hole.
Transitions require co-ordination from both sides. Once you have your transition written, read it. Read the preceding paragraph and the new paragraph. If the second paragraph does not seem to flow logically from the first, figure out where the flow breaks down and fix that. The fix may require adding a new sentence to close a gap, modifying an existing sentence to make the direction you are going clearer, or even reordering your paragraphs entirely.
Ultimately, Jason Bassford is mostly right. Transitioning between paragraphs is not significantly different than transitioning between sentences, the unit if writing is simply longer.
Answer: I am not sure there is a "most effective" way to transition from one paragraph to the other. Like you said there are many different methods of performing the task. Which one you employ will often vary depending on the style of writing. When writing essays, I tend to prefer placing the bridge sentence in the preceding paragraph. This can improve the flow of ideas when the subject is singular. However, when I write fiction my paragraphs are usually arranged as separate independent units. This free form lends itself better to creative thought.
Answer: I see that you have marked this question as "academic writing" but I'm going to talk a bit (ok, a lot!) about other types of writing as well to give you an idea about how you can think about paragraph breaks, in academic writing and otherwise.
Fiction
In fiction you have at least one hard rule for paragraph breaking:
In dialog, you always write one character's dialog per paragraph.
This is so the reader will always know who speaks, but it can also be thought to mimic how a camera would treat dialog in a visual medium like film or TV.
You want the camera on the person speaking, and when you cut to another person, you also do a paragraph break.
You can use the camera-technique for other parts of fictional writing, e.g. a new paragraph when a description of one object in the room changes to a description of another.
I suggest you think of your academic topic as a room with parts of the topic as objects in that room and your narrative voice as a camera moving through that room. When the camera cuts to another object (or another aspect of that object), you add a paragraph break.
Blogging
When I blog, or generally write for the Internet I keep my paragraphs (and my sentences) as short as possible.
An internet audience tends to lose interest otherwise.
(Meaning this text generally has the shortest paragraphs and sentences of all my writing.)
I don't think there's a requirement that academic writing has to be boring. And I don't think making the text easy to read would dumb it down. After all, quantum mechanics will be quantum mechanics regardless of the readability of the text.
Visually
A single paragraph going page up and page down gives your readers the impression an almost impossible task lies ahead; plowing through your text.
Long paragraphs are depressing!
A reader should be able to look at a page and get the impression that they have several "mouthfuls" of information to "chew down" and that they have been prepared by the author to be just big enough.
Several paragraph breaks on a page also give the impression the writer has the know how to split the text into sections, a bit like a butcher knows how to cut a piece of meat.
You can also use paragraph breaks to make sentences you really want to stress as central to your topic stand out (like the "long paragraphs are depressing"-paragraph above).
Breathing
I tend to think about my paragraph breaks as a point where the reader can take a breath, so I try to make my paragraph breaks in sync with breathing.
This also means that a bunch of short paragraphs might make your reader start hyperventilating.
I had that experience once and had to put the book down. I've also had the experience of paragraphs so long I "suffocated" and fell asleep... so paragraph breaking is important in this aspect.
However, breathing is also affected by sentence-length, so if you feel you need a long paragraph, keeping an eye on sentence-length, and varying it, might keep your reader conscious...
How do I know when/how to break a paragraph?
The discussion above talks almost solely about the size of paragraphs, however, I hope you've already been able to guess how I separate my paragraphs:
By topic/content.
I think the best way to describe it is that several paragraphs can address one topic, but one paragraph should not address several topics. I.e. it's okay to cover a topic using several paragraphs, but will likely be confusing if you change topic mid-paragraph.
As for "bridge sentences": I have never heard of them, and if I use them, it's pure intuition.
Which brings me to my last, and perhaps most important, point:
Reading is writing
You should (absolutely) read texts just like the one you want to write.
This being an academic writing question, I am going to assume (and hope) you have a pile of other people's work as references and sources (and that you've read them at least once).
How do they split their texts into paragraphs?
Can you improve on it?
Do it! ;)


How do I write notation for multiple voices?

Question: I'm composing in 3/4 time, and I want to write the left hand piano part so that the first note (of 3) is held for the duration of the measure.  The second note comes in on the second beat, and the third note on the third beat.  Each note when played is held to the end of the measure.  How do I notate this?
Comment: Please explain what you mean by "These 3 notes are played in a dotted 1/4 note duration".
Comment: Related question: [How to write down a note that is sustained while there are other simultaneous pitches in the same bar?](https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/49154/how-to-write-down-a-note-that-is-sustained-while-there-are-other-simultaneous-pi?rq=1)
Answer: There are various ways of writing this, some involving tied notes.  But basically yes, you need to show a three beat note, a two beat one and a one beat.
Maybe simple quarter notes plus a pedal indication would be appropriate.  But I agree, it wouldn't be quite the same effect.
Answer: See this question for an example of this using two voicings.  Each new voicing should reflect the appropriate amount of rest before it is played.  So for your example, the first note played will have no rest preceding it.  The second note played will get a quarter rest, and the third note will get a half rest.  You should get the idea.
Also, if you are playing in 3/4, the "3" indicates the number of beats per measure while the "4" indicates quarter notes for each beat.  A dot after the note means to add another half of whatever the note indicates, so a dotted half note is played for 3 counts, dotted quarter note will be played for 1.5 counts.
Answer: Bach does something very similar in his Prelude in C major, though it's five parts across two staffs. You can see that he writes the first note out full length, the second note with a rest, and then tied for the full length, and the remaining notes with rests followed by their individual durations. It's also believed that, in practice, this probably should be performed with all of the right hand notes held as long as possible, despite their being notated as 16th notes.

This is actually something that you see in a lot of piano music, where the left hand has an arpeggio of three or more notes: the first note will be written for the full duration, and the remaining notes of the arpeggio are often just written with the duration until the next note of the series (for example, you might see a whole note with a quarter rest, followed by a series of quarter notes). Sometimes this will be marked with a sustain pedal marking, and it is often implied, even if not notated. The first note would have it's stem go one way, and the remaining notes would have their stems going the other way.
Now, if you insist on writing three parts to a staff, with complex rhythmic independence between the parts, you're bound to get a mess. Bach did this in his manuscript for the Ricercar a 6 in his Musical Offering:
Comment: The notation of the Ricercar might be a mess, but notating it any other way would be messier. Full separation into voices tends to come into its own in two kinds of texture: a) contrapuntal music with independent voices of the same general sort as the Ricercar; and 2) certain kinds of _style brisé_, especially when individual notes in an arpeggiated texture take on a life of their own and lead into melodic fragments that appear in the inner voices.
Answer: The measure should look something like this ...
<code>X:1
T:Multiple Voices Example 1
K:C clef=bass middle=d
M:3/4
L:1/4
%% score (V1 V2 V3)
V:V1 stem=up
V:V2 stem=down
V:V3 stem=down
[V:V1] z z g ||
[V:V2] x d2  ||
[V:V3] G3    ||
</code>
... or this ...
Answer: If you really mean for the score to show three voices, you would use rests for each voice when it is silent like in this 4 voice fugue...

You didn't say what the pitches are, but as they will overlap I assumed you were working with chord tones. It could be like this...


MLA formatting for multiple in-text citations of the same soure

Question: I am writing an essay and must use MLA formatting. I can format the MLA formatting for the speech on the works cited page but I do not know how to form my in-text citations. The whole speech is done my Martin Luther King, Jr. and everything refers to the same speech. Do I have to make a parenthetical notation for the speech each time I quote something? That seems wrong.
Comment: Anna, please consider accepting the answer below if it had solved your problem. If not, do you want me top see if English.se will accept this? Perhaps it will get more answers over there.
Answer: For an issue like this, there are other details that become relevant before an appropriate way forward can be found.  First, does the speech you are citing span multiple pages in the source text?  If so, then it is appropriate to include a parenthetical citation after each quote.  Keep in mind, however, that after the initial citation, you no longer have to include the author's name - it is sufficient to cite solely the page number.  For example, your first citation would look something like this:
... "this is the first quote" (King, Jr. 201).
While the subsequent citations would look more like this:
... "this is one of the many subsequent quotes from the same source" (204).
This format will hold true until a new source is cited.
Otherwise - if the speech is a single page (or if you are not citing from a text at all, but from, say, a film) - then it would be worthwhile to discuss the issue with your instructor in order to discover how he or she would prefer you to proceed.