The tonic's seventh

Question: The tonic's seventh is both the seventh of the chord and the leading tone of the scale. So what should happen with this seventh if it needs to be raised or lowered?
Comment: Neil, your claim of "lowered when used" begs for citation.  I think you'll find plenty of music with 7 or flat7 applications. Augmented7 possibilities I'll leave to those who survived Hindemith's theory book.
Comment: What do you mean by "needs to be raised or lowered?". Can you give an example?
Comment: the seventh of a chord is lowered when used. The leading tone is usually raised to resolve.
Comment: http://library.thinkquest.org/C0113187/en/html/theory/dom7thchords.shtml is what I mean the resolution of seventh chords part.
Answer: If you're talking about a diatonic I chord in a major key with a seventh, then I think you're talking about the apparent conflict between the need for a leading tone to resolve up and for a harmonic seventh to resolve down. The answer, at least for common practice tonality, is that the note's role as harmonic seventh supersedes its status as leading tone—it should resolve down to the sixth scale degree in the next harmony. Most often the harmonic change will be to ii or IV.
Answer: In general, the tonic seventh is built in the scale it is used in. So the major scale tonic chord 7th is usually is a Major 7th and the minor natural scale tonic 7th chord is usually a minor 7th. Both of these chords are more for ornamentation than for resolution so the normal theory applies to the tonic and it's seventh where the tonic can pretty much go anywhere. There are special cases for each of these though.
In major it is common to see the tonic chord have a lowered 7th and become the a dominant 7th. In this case the tonic chord is acting more like a dominant and resolves to the subdominant as the dominant would resolve to the tonic. So in analysis the progression would be looked at as V7/IV  to  IV. In this case you are borrowing from the key of the subdominat so for the V7/IV the scale to harmonize with it would be that of the subdominant and would return to the scale of the tonic once the IV was played.
In the harmonic and melodic minor scale, the 7th is usually raised to signify a return to tonic. This sometimes will apply to the construction of a 7th chord of the tonic chord. While this may be, is not used in classic counterpoint because it creates an augmented interval from the 3rd to the 7th.
So the only real difference is if the tonic is dominant seventh then it is best to resolve to the subdomintant. Besides that treat it like a tonic like normal.
Answer: A lowered seventh is common.  A raised seventh is so completely indistinguishable from an octave as to be pointless!
The lowered seventh may flavour the tonic chord as a dominant 7th related to IV.   It may just be a flavour, as in the blues I7 IV7 V7 progression.  (But if you want to feel some "dominant 7th of F" in the C7, that's fine.)
The natural seventh may feel like a leading note.  But, in a tonic chord, where's it got to lead TO?  You're home already!  If you're thinking in a "chord=scale" way, it's just one of the notes available for melodic improvisation without breaking that silly self-imposed rule about departing from the "permitted" scale.  Don't get too locked into that system, it's very limited.

The tonic's seventh


How to make a death-worshipping race seem less evil?

Question: How does one make a race that worships a personification of Death less evil? This race believes that dead souls go back to the River of Life to be reincarnated into a new form, so their beliefs aren't particularly radical or extreme. However, I am afraid that their death-worship may still rub people the wrong way.
Comment: The Christian religion can be seen as death-worshipping: our very God died an atrocious death, we routinely refer to life as the "valley of sorrows", we decorate our churches with pictures of dead old white men, we welcome death as the gateweay to eternal life and so on. We even have a minor divinity called the angel of death. Yet Christianism is not perceived as evil. So, is death the only god of the religion in question? Don't they also worship life? Are they serious, thuggee style, about worshipping death, or is it mostly intellectual? Ah, and "races" don't worship anything; religions do.
Comment: @AlexP that needs to be an answer :)
Comment: Please clarify: Who would think they are evil - and why ?
Comment: @JBH If you feel the question is primarily opinion-based, then please vote to put it on hold until it has been edited to be less opinion-based.
Comment: Welcome to Worldbuilding.SE!  We're glad you could join us!  When you have a moment, please [click here](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6388/welcome-to-worldbuilding-se?noredirect=1) to learn more about our culture and take our [tour].  Please note that your question is not well defined and is [primarily opinion-based](https://worldbuilding.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/6436/idea-refinement-clarification-and-examples-of-vtc-reasons-for-new-users/6437#6437).  Can you tell us the time frame?  Are the adherents a sub-group, prone to living/working among themselves? Etc.
Comment: @MichaelKjörling, Hmmm... hmmm.... I prefer to leave questions open, giving people a chance to correct them first... but it's been three hours....
Comment: @JBH "Leaving questions open" to give people "a chance to correct them" also allows people to post answers, which makes it much more difficult to edit the question because edits shouldn't invalidate existing answers.
Comment: They keep pet sheep. Any race that keeps pet sheep can hardly seem evil.
Comment: @Willtech riding black rams into battle behind a wave of sheep fitted with battering rams on their backs is why they keep sheep. Bring forth the sheep of war! is their battle cry.
Comment: Do they worship death specifically, or the process of life and death? If they worship death specifically then they must have a reason to think that death is better than life. If not, then they are not death worshippers, they are life cycle worshipers.
Comment: I believe that Kali, the Goddess of Death, is worshiped by many millions of  Hindus, but only a tiny minority of them were ever evil murdering Thugs.  In real life, Death worshipers are usually no more sinister than the ordinary and mundane devil worshiping Yazidis are in real life.
Comment: Your culture doesn't sound like death worshippers, it just sounds like many ancient cultures that honoured the dead. Gods like Anubis, Dis Pater, Hades look after the dead and weren't feared as monsters.
Comment: First make them immortal, then make death worshipping dirty and unpatriotic, now bring overpopulation to the forefront and you have a good case for death worship and ritual suicide.
Answer: It depends on how they worship, not what
How do they Worshipp death? Do they go all "Kool-aid rapture", or is it simply honoring those who have passed. As long as they don't sacrifice humans (or at least, innocent people) they will not seem evil at all.
Answer: Have them celebrate death rather than being all macabre about it - think Mexican Day of the Dead style.
Then assure that they aren't trying to shuffle people loose the mortal coil a little early.
Comment: To add to this:  While they may worship the *personification* ("deification"?) of Death, they may not be worshipping the *act* of death/dying - but rather the *state* of **being** dead, and the *act* of reincarnation.  So, there may also be a personification of Reincarnation that they also worship (perhaps a brother/sister or husband/wife team?), or it may be a joint-god of Death-and-Rebirth who is worshipped in the different roles (A Doctor can see you both into and out of the world, especially in rural areas without specialised morticians/neonatol paediatrician)
Comment: @Chronocidal Are you adding to Brizzy's answer or giving your own answer (as this could easily be one in its own right) or what? Your enthusiasm seems to have gotten the best of you. Correction to the typo. It is "neonatal" not "neonatol". Keep up the good work.
Answer: Death is not evil. Death is a process. It is the act of violence or murder that is considered evil. Consider these points:
Natural death is considered an inevitable end. Their time is done and they must return to the maker by his side or in your case to start a new. Anyone who lives longer then they are suppose to (e.x. immortal) is considered unnatural. Make up a legend or a story that would explain that.
Murder is a taboo. Taking someone's life is considered bad even if they worship death. No human sacrifices, or if you have to try to make it do not use knives or spill blood. It would be nice, if the tribe believe so, to point out that killing they are against.
Set rules of what they considered good and bad. Embed them in their actions or tales, so it feels more natural when you present it to the person.
Consider an idol or a statue of Death. Make it a woman with flesh rather than a skeleton with a scythe if you can. After all that image of the reaper was created to scare people.
Also calling it "The River of Life" instead "of death" has already made them not sound so evil.
Answer: Death is a necessary part of life.
Depending on exactly what you mean by "race", this could be about a subgroup of humanity or it could be about a completely alien species. Either way, it's difficult to live if there is not death; if nothing else, an unconstrained population will sooner or later overshoot the ability of its biosphere to support it, causing famine, illness and death. An immortal species even more so, if they procreate at all. Some kind of death is necessary to keep their own population in check, and some kind of death is likely necessary (one could make a philosophical argument that harvesting plants is not the same thing as killing, hence likely) for the continued survival of the race.
Recognizing this, your race views death not as something evil, but as something ultimately necessary and possibly even honorable.
It then becomes a sacred duty of sorts for individuals to eventually die, and those who remain alive remember the sacrifices made by others that allow the continued survival of everyone else.
This isn't at odds with killing others of one's own kind being thought of as wrong; knowingly taking the life of another need not be the same thing as accepting one's own, or another's, eventual death. If your race is one of carnivores, they may even distinguish between killing for food, killing in self-defense, killing in defense of others, mercy killing (say, a member of the group being mortally wounded during a hunt being put out of their misery) and killing for other reasons, which itself could give rise to interesting moral conflicts.
Whichever way you go, something like this is going to show through in various aspects of society, not least of which in rituals centered around death and the deceased.
Answer: A lot of good answers so far, but just wanted to add.
Its the opinion of others that count as to how a religion is viewed, if you are a member of that religion then it would seem normal to you, however a "non-believer" is the one you need to convince that its a normal religion. It's also often what that race does in general that defines that viewpoint on the religion itself, specifically historically in the real life
Christianity is seen as a happy and peaceful religion, but i'm sure in the days of the Crusades this was not entirely the case, but after a few centuries and with the vast majority of Europe being part of that same religion, the opinion became what we know today of it being good (yes this is an oversimplification)
Islam is, at its core, a religion dedicated to peace, unfortunately a very small minority have used it to spread terror, and thus is widely looked upon as bad.
Going further back the Mayans and Aztecs aren't really looked upon badly for their religion, yes not vast amounts survived like they did for Egyptian/Christian/Jewish/Islam but people see what the Mayans did with astronomy and both did with construction etc, and look somewhat fondly on them, despite human sacrifice being common during religious services.
So long as your culture that belongs to this religion is peaceful then often outside people will think of it as peaceful no matter what it is they believe. and to be fair, you've already explained it in a way that makes it sound peaceful or at least not very macabre.
Answer: They hold death so valuable that they go great lengths in preventing anybody from getting undeserved death. And they're good at it since they know so much about death.
Answer: If you have a ride-along character, have them receive an explanation from one of the faithful.
As weird as it may sound, try avoiding the word death. Place more emphasis on the aspect of being "reborn" or "ascending."
Also, consider how the deity looks and behaves. Have depictions of them appear in bright colors. Describe them as physically beautiful and not monstrous. Have they moment they come to claim the faithful described as a warm embrace.
Finally, show their culture and social structure in a positive light. Show that they revere death by natural causes, not by inflicting it.
I hope these ideas help.
Answer: Make your Death character sympathetic, and make the worship focus on that sympathy.
They can have texts where they appreciate the difficulty of the job she has, and acknowledging the love she shows when she eases people of their suffering and guides them to the next life. Maybe a story where there's a family weeping over a sick child, and when Death comes to take the child she weeps as well, and cradles the child gently into the River of Life; later those tears turn to tears of joy when she recognises the same child, born to a new life where he grows to a happy adulthood.
Comment: So the Death character from Terry Pratchet's Discworld? i love that personification of Death
Comment: or Death of the endless from the sandman series.
Comment: I had Pratchett's one in mind, but I decided to add a bit more of an emotional spin on it.
Answer: Comforting the bereaved: they believe that death is natural, inevitable and desirable, but still acknowledge that it is sad and frightening at a personal level.  They take great care to ease the pain of people near death, and have rituals allowing family and friends to say goodbye.
Death must not be trivialised: they believe that Death's duties are important, but that Death as an entity is not all-powerful.  If many people were to die at the same time, that may overwhelm Death and lead to the River of Life being polluted by poorly-treated souls.  Therefore they avoid war except as a last resort, never execute prisoners of war, and practice the best medicine available.
Sustainability: the River of Life continues forever, so they must ensure that the world is always ready to receive the reincarnated souls.  They do their best to protect the environment, do not waste resources, and keep a detailed record of history in the hope that souls may find the world familiar from their previous life.


Can a kid's taste preferences be affected by the mother consuming them during pregnancy?

Question: Can a person alter what foods their kid will like in the future by consuming them during pregnancy?
Comment: My mother ate a lot of shellfish during pregnancy, which I have never particularly cared for and now avoid for religious reasons.  So, no guarantee that what she eats will be what your kid eats.
Comment: Check out this TED Talk! http://ecochildsplay.com/2011/11/30/ted-talks-annie-murphy-paul-what-we-learn-before-were-born/
Answer: Apparently you can, according to this article from livestrong.com, though the study this statement is based on has only been done on rats

What you may not consider is that the foods you eat while pregnant
  might influence the tastes your child prefers after he is born. A
  healthy diet throughout your pregnancy supports your unborn baby's
  growth and development, but when you fill up on junk food, you might
  shape his preference for unhealthy foods later in life.

Personally, I'm skeptical you can have much control over this during pregnancy - a lot of what their tastes will be form during the first year, and what's important is not specifically what they eat, but whether it is balanced and nutritious.  This article has a good list of tips to help infants/toddlers develop good eating habits.
Answer: During pregnancy it would be wise to 'feed' your wife exactly what she wants. In all seriousness though, my own observation is that this is a myth. My wife likes all sorts of food that our children wont eat. Also each child has their own preferences even though she ate pretty much the same things throughout both pregnancies.


What are the advantages of sequential signing

Question: What the advantage of sequentialy signing a document? That means signing a document by two people in a sequential manner?
Comment: Could you elaborate on this a bit?  The question seems slightly vague.
Comment: lets say there is a document and userA signs it and then userB signs the sign of userA. Is there a advantage in doing this ?
Comment: Would you mind editing the question, so folks don't have to look thru the comments?
Answer: If by "sequential signing" you mean "signing the encoded signature of someone (computed over a given document)", then this can be viewed as a kind of "countersignature", meant as a formal approval in a multi-layered hierarchy. E.g. some employee signs a purchase contract but it must also be approved by his chief.
CMS contains a format for that (section 11.4 in RFC 5652). However, CMS does that only on the "raw" encoded signature, without the original document or even any indication of which signature algorithm was actually used in the first place; this opens the road to a variety of tricks which make the actual semantics of CMS countersignatures a bit hard to nail down. For instance, it is possible, given an arbitrary bit string, to create an asymmetric key pair for which the bit string becomes a valid signature over an arbitrary document; so not only does the countersignature not prove that the countersigner saw the original document, but it is also possible that the countersigner saw another document and another public key for which the signature looked valid.
Answer: What you said it's a something like Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), in PKI we use sequential signing because we want to ensure that the last sign was reliable, therefor someone else (UserB) must sign last sign(UserA) and other one(UserC) must sign UserB and so on, this chain continued until someone that was trusted to us (TTP Trusted third party) sign the last person sign, we call this user CA (Certificate Auttority). the reason that we need CA is that we have limited trusted sign in our operating system (or Web Browser or ...) and we can not save all users signature so must have sequential signing to reach some trusted one.
we have 3 architecture for this:
1- nNet Architecture:

2- Hierarchical Architecture:

3- Synthetic Architecture


How to clear a room of 3-4 mages as mage?

Question: I am stuck at a room with 3-4 mages shooting ice and fire bolts with me. My primary means of combat are ice and fire bolts myself, but all these enemy mages have some kind of magic shield also heal themselves.  What do I do? How do I get past them? I'm level 10.
Comment: Im only lvl6 atm. But my plan for such a situation would be the 'rage' spell. Make them attack each other. Or am I overlooking something?
Answer: I am primarily a mage, and the best strategy I have come across so far is to summon something to take all the heat off yourself. I generally use a fire atronach.
After something is summoned, I tend to put heal on my left hand and use some kind of attack with the other hand. Often, the right hand is just using a basic melee weapon, and I add whatever damage I can to the target of the atronach's attacks.
It's also worth trying different elemental spells on each individual enemy, as some seem to be more effective than others. You shouldn't be using ice against an enemy ice mage.
Keep kiting, keep around corners, and try to isolate them.
Comment: If you have the `Slow Time` Thu'um or `Ice Form` these are both very handy at giving you some breathing space.
Answer: Electicity spells like Shock and Lightning bolt are helpful against mages, as they do part of their damage directly to enemy's mana.  This helps limit how many high damage or utility spells that they can use too--as long as you do it to them before they do it to you!  As you level up, you'll probably find these enemies using lightning based spells against you more often, and they'll have more than enough oomph to deplete you entirely if you don't hit them first.
I find the Impact talent's stagger effect in the destruction tree to be a major game changer once you reach it.
Combining a high sneak skill as a clothie caster makes this work for me, at least allowing me to get the first hit in many situations.  And when I don't, I always make sure I have a planned escape at the ready.
High elf mages especially don't have the raw natural resistance of Nords or Dark Elves, so you might temporarily make up for that a little by brewing a magic resist and an element resist potion (or several) for the fight at hand--mages are the only enemies that I end up having to use these items for.  It only gets worse if you level up without learning and specializing at least the same tier spells as your enemies!
Utilizing an archer companion like the elf in Riverwood can be helpful for some extra damage, even though he goes down like a chump once he's targeted.  Contrary to the game's suggestions, I don't find melee combatants all that helpful as a mage--I had more trouble with Lydia dying to my attacks than to my enemies', and wasting that precious mana.
If you charge a spell and hold it, your mana doesn't regen while you do, BUT enemy lightning spellcasters can't damage the mana held at the ready in your spell while you line up the shot.
Don't forget that you can use the same shield and zap strategy as your enemies do, but it /will/ drain your mana very fast.
Beware conjurers--they can take over your summoned monsters and turn them against you.
Answer: Playing as an illusionist mage lately, I've begun to greatly appreciate the power of frenzy.  That situation sounds like the perfect opportunity to frenzy a few of them.  As soon as they get frenzied, they'll prioritize the nearest target, which happens to be another mage.  And they'll quickly turn on each other and rip each other apart.
Afterwards, the only thing you'll have to do is mop up a single half dead mage.
Answer: Using a companion as a tank (while equiping them with some decent equipment) to soak up damage helps but isn't for purists sometimes.  Don't be afraid to flee, sometimes you have to.  Place a rune and/or conjure something before the battle starts and you can recharge magicka before you get into it, basically resulting in "free" damage.  Novice alteration spells are an easy way to help stay alive and again can be cast before a battle starts (though they will run out, like conjuration, after some time elapses).  Wards work great in some situations but they require a lot of skill and practice.
In addition, don't be afraid to use scrolls, staffs, potions, and poisons liberally in the most difficult situations.  Usually this is necessary to turn the tide of really difficult battles.
I find the most annoying thing about playing a mage is that many enemies can one or two hit you to death.  Impact helps to keep charging warriors at bay in these situations.
Answer:
Roll High Elf.
Activate High Born.
Activate Greater Ward on one hand.
Chain Lightning on the other.
???
Profit.
Comment: Welcome to Arqade. Adding answers so long after an accepted one was made usually indicates that the accepted answer is no longer valid and may be in need of an edit to update it, or perhaps a new strategy is available within the confines of the question. This wasn't the case and in addition you completely ignored the context of the question. Please view the FAQ on helpful answers.


Can a king be checked with another king when checking square is protected by the side which gives the check?

Question: Can a white King move next to a black King to check it, if there is a white pawn protecting the white King, preventing the black King from taking the white King?
Comment: David, there may be some difficulties in recognizing the pieces on the photo. Is that your board configuration?
8/1P1K4/1k6/2p5/6P1/8/2R5/4b3 w
You can paste this PGN string into a board analizer, such as https://www.chess.com/analysis-board-editor
to see if the picture matches your real board.
Comment: Yes it is. D7 is white king, B7 is white pawn, B6!is black King and C5 is black pawn.
Comment: Is your pawn at b7 close to promotion? Or is it in its start-up position?
How did your game start?
I think that you arranged all white pawns at rank7 (h7 g7 f7 e7 d7 c7 b7 a7) and black panws at rank2.
That is not the standard way.
I will try to answer your question assuming the board flipped.
3b4/5R2/8/1P6/5p2/6k1/4K1P1/8 w
Comment: A king can't stalemate or check a king legally so it can't mate
Answer: Hi David and welcome to chess.stackexchange.com. This is a common question.
It's illegal to move a king into check, or to leave it in check. This includes moving a king adjacent to the opposing king. If you have no legal moves then the game is over: if your king is in check then you are checkmated and you have lost, otherwise you are stalemated and the game is drawn. This is basic to chess, and doesn't require any particular Laws.
If you want chapter and verse, you can find it in the FIDE Laws (which operate in all parts of the world apart from USA) Articles 1.4.1 & 3.9.2. While reading Article 1.4.1, you might also notice that it's illegal to capture the opponent's king. You might reflect that this is a curious rule in two respects (a) it can never apply in a legal position - because it would have been illegal for the opponent to have left his king in check! (b) it would never be a good move to capture the opponent's king - because then you could never checkmate it! You would be right in this reflection, but the rule is there to stop things get too crazy if an illegal move isn't spotted immediately.
To summarize: you can never move so that your king is in check, even if the king is "protected".
Answer: This is an illegal move. Even if the White King is protected, you can never put your King en prise.
However, if you were to play such a move and your opponent didn't call it ON THAT MOVE, an interesting scenario arises. Under the FIDE handbook, section 7.5.1, it says that if an illegal move happens during a game, the position before it will be reinstated. So, assume White moves his King to c6 (illegal) and Black didn't call it and moved his King to b6 (also illegal in this instance). If White THEN called Black for his illegal move to b6, the game would be reinstated to the position before White moved his King to c6 (the first illegal move that happened in the game).
Link to the FIDE Handbook:
https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=208&view=article
Comment: You are totally wrong on the Carlsen-Inarkiev case. The Laws had been changed before that game was played, the changes did not change the ruling in that particular case, and Carlsen did not make an illegal move. Also, while it may be a matter of interpretation, I would not say that arbiters changed their mind, the first arbiter made a mistake, the chief arbiter simply corrected that mistake and he was firm and consistent in his ruling.
Comment: @IA Petr Harasimovic If Carlsen didn't make an illegal move then what was the controversy?
Comment: I am not sure myself as the situation was pretty clear. The problem was that the arbiter who dealt with the (incorrect) claim by Ernesto Inarkiev made a mistake and declared the game lost for Carlsen. He should not have. But I would not say there was any controversy, it was just a mistake. I can't tell you what caused the mistake though.
Comment: @IA Petr Harasimovic I looked it up and Inarkiev left his King en prise, but Carlsen just played another move (not another illegal move in turn). So you're right, just a bad initial ruling.
Answer: Your movement is not valid because you are giving up your white King.
It does not matter if you counter-attack with the pawn after losing your king.
The match is won by the player who first takes the King.
There are questions related to yours, for example Can a piece pinned to my king put the opponent's king in check?
Comment: +1 for the rule of thumb, that whoever captures the king first wins. This is much easier to remember than remembering longish FIDE rules for each situation separately.
Comment: @user1583209, Exactly. IMO chess rule should just discard all these check/checkmate rule. Whoever captures the king first wins the game, simple. If you move you king into check or forget to defend a check, you've just blundered your king, GG.


What are useful guidelines for deciding when to power down in RoboRally?

Question: I'm having trouble putting my finger on clear guidelines for choosing when to announce a power down, and would love to hear some analyses.
Answer: There are several things to take into account:
Your position in the race. If I 'm comfortably ahead, I will be somewhat more inclined to power down (willing to accept a known handicap rather than possibly risk an unknown turn of events if I take much damage quickly). If I 'm trying to catch up, I will only power down if it seems my progress is getting way too slow due to locked registers.
Terrain. Contrary to other answers, I will be more inclined to power down on conveyor belts that take me closer to where I want to be. I might even power down when I normally would not consider doing so, because it's unlikely that I would be able to effectively utilize all 5 registers while at the same time staying on the belt. From that perspective, it costs less to power down in this situation. Of course all of this assumes that I will stay on the belt, which brings us to...
Proximity to other robots. Obviously powering down when near other robots is risky, even more so if there is deadly terrain nearby. In this situation I would consider powering down only if in imminent danger of being destroyed, and even then I might risk it if my last archive was close by.
Answer: A key question is whether you'll do as much missing the first of the next, say, three turns after powering down as you would have done with all three turns.
I have found that it's clearly wrong to announce when I am expecting to have only 2 damage, and probably wrong when I'm expecting to have 3 damage.  I don't have any probability analysis to back this up, though.
If I'm landing on a conveyor belt that will take me closer to where I'm going, I am only slightly more likely to power down.  I recommend against overemphasizing this (conveyor belts concentrate robots, and people might push me off or shoot me while on the same conveyor belt).
If I'm expecting to be in the "thick of things" at the end of my turn, I may end up with nearly as much damage as I started with, so I would almost not power down at all unless I am expecting locked registers.  The loss of control for a whole turn can be very damaging.
If I'm going to be in an area difficult to leave (such as being in between conveyor belts that point at me, and needing move 2 or move 3 to make progress) I am more likely to choose a power down.
Answer: I don't think about powering down until the first register is locked. If the number of robots in the field is low, I might continue one or two turns, but if the number of robots is more than four, I will power down.
When I announce my power down, I will try to move away from the clutter of robots to avoid a possible death. And I will definitely not power down on a conveyor belt, but that's just due previous experiences.


How do I use biotic charge effectively?

Question: Most of the time, using a biotic charge into a group of enemies gets me riddled with bullets extremely fast, what are some ways I can improve survivability and/or effectiveness with this skill?
Answer: Once More Unto the Breach!
Or, A Young Vanguard's Primer on the Proper Disregard for Personal Safety
The first lesson to properly using Charge is to Upgrade Charge. The ability really feels very weak at low ranks because it's not until you've upgraded it that you get the tools you need to survive its usage. At low levels, Charge is basically a finishing move. You can use it to pick off isolated foes who have cut themselves off from their allies, or to reposition Shepard into a new strategic spot from which to take cover. Both of those are very good ways to use Charge throughout the game, but it's not until you've picked up a couple of ranks that you can use Charge with abandon. In particular, Rank 2, which reduces the recharge time by 25%, and Rank 6, which gives Charge a 25% chance to not trigger a cooldown, or adds a substantial boost to your shields after charging are really really important.
The second lesson to properly using Charge is, like Alec Baldwin says, to A. B. C. Always Be Charging. If Charge isn't on cooldown, and you aren't in cover, you're dead. If Charge is on cooldown, it's because you've just charged, which reset your shields to full and knocked whatever you charged at into the air. Your goal, in the time between Charging and the cooldown on Charge ending, is to kill whatever you charged at, and then either get to cover, or pick a new target to Charge at. This is where upgrading to Rank 2 comes in, as does managing your weight capacity. Travel light to minimize your power recharge time. As a Vanguard, you'll primarily be relying on your Biotic Powers, your Melee attacks, and a trusty Shotgun - don't bother trying to haul around an Assault or Sniper Rifle, and you could make a convincing case for even skipping an SMG or Pistol once you get the hang of things - who needs more ways to shoot things when you can ram your fist into their face at the speed of sound?
The third lesson to properly using Charge is Pick Your Targets. As noted above, early on, you'll primarily want to use Charge on three types of targets: Enemies occupying strong defensive positions that you would rather have for yourself; Enemies that have cut themselves off from their allies and whom you can pick off while your squad mates keep their friends busy; and the last few enemies from a large group once you've thinned their ranks a bit. As you get better at Charging, you'll learn to spot enemies standing on the 'wrong' side of cover which you can use while waiting on your Charge cooldown, as well as which enemies can be killed within the stagger of a well placed Charge->Nova->Melee or Charge->Shotgun to the Face combo.
The fourth lesson to getting the most out of getting up in your opponents' faces is Combine Your Powers. Like the Planeteers, you are at your best when your squad uses their powers to support you. A well placed Singularity from Liara can present you with a field of unwitting chumps to Charge into and punch repeatedly into submission. A properly timed Sabotage can leave a clump of Synthetic foes fighting amongst themselves while you wreak havoc. Other squadmates can send out Decoys or Combat Drones that can draw fire while you Charge in. The longer it takes your opponents to realize that you are what they need to be shooting at, the less time they will spend shooting you before Charge comes off cooldown and you can recharge your shields.
The fifth lesson is Detonate! Charge is a universal Detonator. What does that mean? That means that if you can land a killing blow with Charge on a target suffering from any debuff, it will cause an explosion doing massive damage to nearby enemies. Better yet, if you do it to a frozen foe, or one that's on fire, you'll cause everyone nearby to freeze or catch fire. And when a Cerberus Merc is on fire, he isn't shooting at you. When a Geth Trooper is frozen, he'll shatter from the next shot he takes. Charging into a target stunned by Overload or Disruptor ammo will do large amounts of damage to other shielded foes in the area. Comboing with other biotic and tech powers is particularly handy for two reasons; first off, Biotic + Biotic and Biotic + Tech combos don't need to be a killing blow to detonate. Even better, as a Vanguard, you can invest one talent point into Pull to start the chain reaction yourself, meaning you don't even need to rely on your squad. Still, don't rule out the value of Cryo and Fire explosions -  the former is quite easy to set up yourself thanks to Cryo Ammo. Better yet, take the Squad Ammo upgrade, and let your allies set up Cryo explosions for you. Every frozen opponent you kill with charge will freeze all of it's allies nearby!
The sixth lesson is Get in Fast.  One of the biggest disadvantages of Charge is that it sends you right into the enemies face, all the way on the opposite side of the battlefield. Unfortunately, if they've fortified themselves, taken cover, and spread out, getting in one bad dudes face means there's probably six others taking potshots at your back. But!, One of the biggest advantages of Charge is that it sends you right into the enemies face, all the way on the opposite side of the battlefield. And if you do it before they have a chance to take cover, you can wreak havoc. Groups of AI enemies do tend to start out with a 'plan' -  the game tends to give them pretty good defensive positions to work with, and the AI knows about them. But no plan survives contact with the enemy, and what is Charge but very forceful contact with the enemy? Combined with a well placed primer like Singularity or Overload from an ally, you can hit an entire squad of opponents as they come down from a dropship or in a narrow chokepoint before they reach cover. This is devastating.
The final lesson you need to learn with Charge is to Finish What You Start. Very few foes should be able to survive a Charge combo. If most of your foes are surviving it, you should probably work on softening them up a bit more from range before Charging in. Whether you prefer to follow up your Charges with Shotgun blasts, Melee attacks, or Biotic Powers (particularly Nova) is up to you, and will determine how you upgrade the power, but the key is that after Charging at an opponent (or group of opponents), you should have a plan in place to dispose of them or get to safety after having done your damage. I find it's really helpful to slam on the Shift key just as my Charge makes impact to take a moment to aim, assess my available targets and cover opportunities, and plan my next few seconds of action until Charge comes off cooldown again.
Beyond that, it's really just a matter of practice, levelling up for more Charge upgrades, and buying whatever passive defense upgrades -  particularly to shield strength - you can get your hands on. The stronger your barrier, the stronger your Novas, and the longer you'll last between Charges, so anything that improves Shepard's Shields is a very good investment for a Vanguard.
Comment: I would have upvoted this based on the subtitle alone.
Comment: Is charging in and getting the hell out of there an option? I'm finding it hard to use charge and get back to safe cover even when I kill my targets.
Comment: I... I might roll a Vanguard, now that I know these things.
Answer: Biotic Charge and Nova don't share a cooldown. While the thought of spending your shields in the middle of a group of enemies might not sound... sane at first glance, the important thing is that it knocks back and staggers enemies, leaving them prime targets for a heavy melee, or giving you time to jump into cover.
Alternatively, you might want to use biotic charge to flee - It's pretty handy for zipping around the battlefield, and if you spot an isolated enemy unit, and you can charge over to them, you've just restored your barrier and get out of the main crossfire.
The biggest advantage charging gives you is the shield replenish. This means that any time you improve your total shields, you're also giving Biotic Charge a small boost.
Honestly, the biggest problem is that you shouldn't be charging into large groups in the first place. Use it as a dueling skill against smaller numbers of enemies, and you might find yourself living much longer.
Comment: I had trouble figuring out how to use it effectively in 2, but once I did, playing my Vanguard became a ton of fun, even on Insanity. I spend the majority of fights in the red warning stage of health, but I just keep hammering Charge+Shotgun+Melee+frantically hammering Charge's hotkey til it was off CD again, and it was *glorious*.
Comment: Unlike in ME2, you should ALWAYS charge into groups first. For example, you charge into a group consisting of 1 Marauder and 5 Cannibals. It doesn't matter which one you charge, just charge the one in the center. Charge(radius charge being the better one), then Nova(radius+half cost one). With rank 6 Nova upgrade and usual armor/upgrade setup, the Marauder's shield is now vaporized. Pull a cannibal flying around, charge. Nothing survives within the Biotic Detonation radius, especially the Marauder who was the closest to you thanks to the vaporized shield he really needed to survive.
Answer: Charging is just OP with the right setup. I only carry a pistol into battle (giving me 200% power recharge), along with a full set of melee damage gear + weapon blades. Couple that with the perks in both charge and nova that increase cooldown speed, as well as recharging shields to 100% on a successful charge, I'm able to spam charge and nova without too much worry on taking damage. I can melee a geth prime like nothing. Charge, punch, nova, repeat. I teleport around the battlefield like Goku on crack.
Comment: +1, after playing around with just carrying a pistol, this quickly became very OP even on hardcore difficulty.
Answer: You can even finish insanity without any weapon at all. Charge/Nova combo is somewhat overpowered IMO. Just take energy drain - another overpowered skill - as the bonus power.
While shotguns are extremely cool, they are too unforgiving. The best weapon setup is Tempest(magazine+barrel/heat mod) + Vindicator(armor piercing+barrel/stability mod) IMO
You get them very early in the game(Vindicator on Mars, Tempest on Tuchanka rescuing Lt Victus), and when both are upgraded to level 5, you don't even have to pick the weight capacity passive upgrade in order to retain 200% cooldown boost.
Equip Tempest, hold fire button and tap Nova hotkey while charging, if Nova is pulled out upon impact, fine, if not, the charged one will eat all the bullets, unlike any shotgun that requires aiming.
If you encounter Brutes/Banshees, switch to Vindicator. You will be surprised how fast they go down.
And yes, I'm talking about insanity.
Answer: As a vanguard, charge is your go to. If you find yourself up against a group of enemies a fair bit away, and they don't have any ranged support (e.g turret, atlas etc) charge + nova + Heavy melee + Shotgun = many dead. Against single units, its incredibly useful, and provides both a barrier recharge and a possible escape route. Surprisingly, it also works against heavy units, such as atlases or brutes, even on higher difficulties. Against an atlas - Charge, heavy melee, roll back, maybe a shotgun blast, repeat. Against brutes - charge, roll to the side, shotgun, roll away, charge, repeat. It's extremely versatile.
Answer: Fyi, you can also press fire while you charge, like this you weapon shot directly in target body after charging. Vs armor + cryo ammo, mixed with the kaidan cryo blast and warp from liara you weaken theorically the armor from 50% to 100%, doing this in combo give a devastating combination. You can also press F (on PC) to do a melee directly after charging.

How do I use biotic charge effectively?


Acer extensa 5630 becomes slow and function key does not working well when connected to a projector

Question: I connect my UBUNTU 12.04.1 on acer extensa 5630 to a Sony projector for presentation, but the system become slow and function key does not working well, when i pree it my laptop monitor goes off and projector screen works, after sometime my desktop with mouse pointer are all on projector screen but Laptop monitor displays the presentation. Please give me an idea to rectify it.
Answer: I have had similar problems in the past with my Toshiba P775 running UBUNTU 12.04
1) I find that on most projectors, if I have a VGA cable, all I have to do is go to display and make sure the settings are on mirror. However on the Epson projectors nothing will work other than switching to an HDMI cable. At least no one in my office has figured out a better workaround.
2) Your second problem [presentation  appearing on laptop but
   not on the projector screen] is likely due to the fact that you have automatically been
   booted into extended desktop mode ( Extended desktop allows you to display the
   presentation while reading notes on your laptop screen) This can actually be pretty
   useful. Simply drag your stuff to the far side of the screen (usually the right) and  it will appear on the projector screen.
Good luck and if anyone has any other advice please post. This problem is a real headache.


Burnout Paradise addons for PC

Question: I'm thinking about buying Burnout Paradise: The Ultimate Box on Steam. I also want the addons to the game, such as Big Surf Island and Cops and Robbers. Are they available for PC or only for consoles? Are there any addons available for PC?
Comment: Big Surf Island would be great to have, but it's a nice game anyway =)
Answer: They were all finally released for PC with the Remaster version in 2018.
Comment: Yep. Unfortunately no add-ons for us, second class (pc) gamers.
Answer: The list of game-changing content released to Burnout Paradise is available at this wiki:
http://burnout.wikia.com/wiki/Game_Changing_Content
In that page, there is a table that shows what kind of content is not available on PC.
Also, the "Burnout Paradise: The Ultimate Box" includes the Bikes addon (and maybe one or two updates too), but it has a bug that won't let you change the colors of the extra unlocked bikes. This is a known bug and was fixed in Big Surf Island update. However, since Criterion Games won't bring that update to PC, we're stuck with that bug forever. :-(
I'd add a link to the actual bug report, but Criterion Games Bugzilla has changed the address and now requires login.
Although the console version has more updates and more content, the PC version is still good. On the other hand, given the choice, it's probably better to pick the console version.

Burnout Paradise addons for PC


Differences between Masari web wallet and Mymonero

Question: A beta version of a web wallet for Masari (a Monero fork) have been released (https://medium.com/@c5d1c1a0c9a8/5e7de6f4919a). It is presented as "Cryptonight's first client side web wallet". How are its mechanisms different from Mymonero web wallet? What is done server-side on Mymonero but not on this new site?
Answer: Disclaimer: I am the creator of this new wallet
When you use MyMonero, your private view is sent to the server (with your public address), but not the private spend keys.
It means the server is able so see your balance(EDIT: the server is able to see the incomming amounts, not the outgoing amounts. It means the balance will be off), and the server is precomputing everything for your browser and your browser is doing the final work : checking that the tx are really yours basically.
In the wallet i'm working on with the Masari team nothing is sent to the server.
The server is only here to send you the blockchain and that is it. All the decryption is done on your browser. Yes it's using more resources of your computer, but we will never be able to even check your balance.
I'm working on improving the performance, but they are currently more than reasonable. In theory, the website could even connect directly to a RPC daemon (not done due to performance issues, but we could and our first prototype did that).
If you need more clarification, i will follow this post and i'm also available on the main masari discord or reddit/r/masari
Gnock
Comment: "It means the server is able so see your balance" <= That's technically incorrect. The server can merely see all incoming transactions to the corresponding address, which invariably leads to a "distorted" balance, as the user will make transactions and, as a result, change will be added to the balance (because change is seen as another incoming transaction). More information can be found here: https://monero.stackexchange.com/questions/1230/why-is-the-viewkey-able-to-track-incoming-transactions-but-not-outgoing-transac
Answer: The Masari web wallet essentially functions as a remote node in the browser directly and sends you all the blocks. The MyMonero web wallet takes your view key and sends you only the relevant blocks.
Masari web wallet offers superior privacy protection. MyMonero offers superior performance.
The Masari web wallet knows when you are connected to the server, when you send funds, and your connected IP. MyMonero knows when you receive funds, when you spend funds or churn, and your connected IP.
The performance gap will grow over time as the Masari blockchain grows.


How can I join an ubuntu 12.10 client to join a windows domain (server 2008)

Question: In My office am using windows server 2008 recently am install ubuntu 12.10 in my offz its really awesome but Little bit am struggling about few configurations and settings... now also am struggling about one thing today am tried ubuntu 12.10 client join to windows server 2008 following This http://www.petenetlive.com/KB/Article/0000384.htm website i did all commands but  am not get the log in window in ubuntu 12.10,my windows server in Active directory ubuntu is added  in user and Computers option who can i join ubuntu 12.10 to windows server any one help me....
Comment: This is the setup I used and I cannot see the option to log on to domain after I complete the setup.
I can ping domain with host name and IP address but does not have a log on to domain option.
Answer: I don't particularly care for that guide they give, you should not need Samba just to log in. Here is a somewhat better guide in my opinion.
Also, do note that when you log in, you will now have to log in as domain\username  not just the username and you won't get a new log in screen just so you know.  The log in screen will look exactly the same, this only changes the back end stuff that you don't see.
Answer: You can use likewise-open
Open Terminal
ping domain e.g. domain.com
ping doimain controller e.g. domaincontroller.domain.com
ping domain controller IP Address 192.168.X.X
For this Process I used ¨root user¨
$ sudo su
gedit /etc/hosts
Put this below the first two lines:
IPADDRESSOFDCSERVER   SERVERNAME
192.168.0.1       Ubuntuserver1
gedit /etc/nsswitch.conf
look for line that says hosts and comment is out with ¨#¨
then add the following line above it:
hosts:      files dns mdns4
gedit /etc/resolv.conf
comment out everything with ¨#¨ and add line below
search domain.com
nameserver  192.168.X.X (IP ADDRESS OF DOMAIN CONTROLLER)
gedit /etc/dhcp3/dhclient.conf
Then add line below the ¨option rfc3442-classless-static-routes code 121 = array of unsigned integer 8;¨
supersede domain-name ¨domain.com¨;
prepend domain-name-servers 192.168.X.X; (IP ADDRESS OF DOMAIN CONTROLLER)
Here I added the user I will be log into the machine with to a two group:
sudo visudo
under #User privilege specification: put domain user
DOMAIN\username ALL=(ALL) ALL
and
under #Member of admin group may gain root privileges:
%DOMAIN\domain^users ALL=(ALL) ALL
Then Install likewise with the following:
apt-get install likewise-open likewise-open-gui
Then join the domain:
domainjoin-cli join --ou COMPUTERS DOMAIN.COM administrator
This is opitional to allow you to just type in the username without the domain:
lwconfig assumeDefaultDomain True
Then you reboot the machine:
sudo reboot
After reboot you login:
login with domain username
from terminal you now check to see if all configuration went well:
lw-get-status (to see if active Directory is there)
lw-enum-users (to see the user of active Directory)
If errors should occur like not seeing the login page:
Enable domain login on login screen
gedit /etc/lightdm/lightdm.conf
Acutally adding: greeter-hide-users=true (this hide the users so becareful with this one)
greeter-show-manual-login=true (This shows all users and login function)
To leave the domain
sudo domainjoin-cli leave
Let me know if this helps!


Mac G4 with no OS: can Ubuntu be used?

Question: I was given a Mac G4 without the operating system. It had Mac OS 10.4. Is there an Ubuntu version I can use for the Mac like there is for my PC? If so, what version? And are there any special tricks for Mac? Or is it fairly simple as it is for PC. (I'm not at all familiar with Mac, but the components look pretty much the same.)
Comment: I'm just installing ubuntu on my G4 imac and was wondering if you managed to make the Airport card work?
Answer: The PowerPC version of Ubuntu, which is community-supported rather than officially supported, should run on your Mac that has a G4 processor. There are some differences between the PowerPC version of Ubuntu and the versions of Ubuntu for officially supported architectures; you will likely find the PowerPC FAQ helpful. There are also some very general system requirements.
The PowerPC download page contains links to where you can download the PowerPC version for each Ubuntu release, as well as links to special installation instructions, as applicable. Please note that for some Ubuntu releases, the PowerPC version's desktop .iso image is too large to be burned to a CD, so it must be burned to a DVD instead (or written to a USB flash drive, if your G4 Mac is capable of booting from one).
Answer: I have just loaded Ubuntu 12.04 on my iBook G4 and it runs great.  Everything is working except my Airport card, I'll work on that tomorrow.  You can download Ubuntu from this link.
Scroll down the page and double click on the file ubuntu-12.04-decktop-powerpc.iso.
Jerry

Mac G4 with no OS: can Ubuntu be used?


Did Bill Gates steal the GUI concept from Steve Jobs?

Question: The Jobs movie alleged that Bill Gates swiped the idea of a Graphical User Interface (GUI) on a personal computer (PC) from Steve Jobs. Can anyone explain to me the exact story on what happened in a more clear way? I had surfed google about it, but none of it seemed to be convincing and complete.
Comment: It would probably be better to replace "Bill Gates" with "Microsoft" and "Steve Jobs" with "Apple", since neither of these men worked in isolation in developing their products. Also, as @user14394 noted, the GUI was invented in the Xerox Palo-Alto Research Center, so it could be claimed that both companies "stole" the idea.
Comment: Sure cheated Xerox Corporation.
Comment: Note that "lifetime warranty"s for computer equipment means 5 years. So by the standards of my industry this was 6 lifetimes ago. Clearly history. :-)
Comment: Deciding whether A cheated B, requires you to know exactly what was understood by both parties (by formal and informal channels) prior to the deed. Even then, whether it's a case of "A cheated B" or "A out-smarted B" will be a matter of perspective and opinion.
Comment: @RolazaroAzeveires: Well, Alan Kay and his group at Xerox PARC, at least, definitely give credit to Sutherland and Engelbart, among others. Alan Kay may be an extremely opinionated, passionate, sometimes abrasive, loudmouth, but his academic integrity is excellent to the point where he more or less denies having invented anything at all.
Comment: @Bregalad - If this was a question about what GIUs are, I might agree with you. But as phrased its a question about the cause of a disagreement between two people back in the mid 1980's. That would be like saying a question about the start of the argument between Newton and Leibniz is a question about mathematics, not history. Or the rivalry between Edison and Tesla would be about physics, not history. Or the origin of Martin Luther's 99 thesis is a question about Christianity, not History.
Comment: And they all stole from Ivan Sutherland? [Sketchpad, A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System, 1963 @ YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=USyoT_Ha_bA)
Comment: I'm not sure what you're asking about. Did Mr. Gates cheat Mr. Jobs? Who said so? In what forum? When?  If you did research, please reference the research.  Please clarify the question, the context and the preliminary research.
Comment: @JörgWMittag Oh, sure. I was not trying to accuse anyone, maybe I should have made it clearer. My point is that we all (Jobs, Gates, you and me included) build upon other's ideas.
Comment: Jobs was first to think of stealing it from Xerox.  Gates copied the idea.
Answer: Microsoft "stole" the GUI in roughly the same way that every scriptwriter has "stolen" their movies from Shakespeare. Ideas are important, but implementation is everything.
I'll start by saying I haven't seen the movie, so I don't know what it claims. However, I didn't see it because I lived through most of it as a home computing enthusiast, so I already knew the subject material.
The GUI was initially developed as one of many innovative new research projects at Xerox's Palo Alto Research Center1. Silicon Valley being a small place back then, Steve Jobs got himself a tour one day, and just flat out fell in love with their GUI.

I had three or four people (at Apple) who kept bugging that I get my
  rear over to Xerox PARC and see what they are doing. And, so I finally
  did. I went over there. And they were very kind. They showed me what
  they are working on. And they showed me really three things. But I was
  so blinded by the first one that I didn't even really see the other
  two. One of the things they showed me was object oriented programming
  – they showed me that but I didn't even see that. The other one they
  showed me was a networked computer system…I didn't even see
  that. I was so blinded by the first thing they showed me, which was
  the graphical user interface. I thought it was the best thing I'd ever
  seen in my life. Now remember it was very flawed. What we saw was
  incomplete, they'd done a bunch of things wrong. But we didn't know
  that at the time but still thought they had the germ of the idea was
  there and they'd done it very well. And within – you know – ten
  minutes it was obvious to me that all computers would work like this
  some day. It was obvious. You could argue about how many years it
  would take. You could argue about who the winners and losers might be.
  You could't argue about the inevitability, it was so obvious.

After this visit, Jobs essentially bought himself access to the technology from Xerox by giving the company Apple stock (over the strenuous objections of some of the PARC staff). Some would argue this was a "steal", but in software you really have to use that term with irony quotes. Ideas are a dime a dozen; its implementation that counts, and Apple knew how to implement it for home users where Xerox was simply incapable of that. Even Apple had to weather one commercially-failed implementation (the Lisa), before their Macintosh took off.
After the Mac came out, the power of the GUI idea was pretty obvious to everyone. Within a year Commodore and the IBM platform, and a year later Atari all had computers with GUI Operating Systems. So technically there was really nothing unique about what Microsoft did, other than perhaps the scale.
However, Apple did have cause to feel extra sore with Microsoft, as they let the company in on the concept early as part of a deal to provide software for the Mac's release. This culminated in a famous operating system "look and feel" copyright lawsuit, which Apple (quite rightly) lost2.
1 - The word "PARC" has nearly mystical significance to those of us who were computing enthusiasts at the time, like you are talking about Bethlehem or Medina to a religious person.
2 - Xerox proceeded to sue Apple for the same thing, on the reasonable theory that if copying such a thing was actually actionable, then they were the actual aggrieved party.
Comment: Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been [moved to chat](http://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/43603/discussion-on-answer-by-t-e-d-did-bill-gates-steal-the-gui-concept-from-steve-j).
Comment: According to Larry Tesler, Job's visit to PARC was AFTER Xerox and Apple made the stock deal. And that wasn't the first Apple visit either. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ferle2Uovks
Answer: That characterization is not legally accurate. Yes, Apple believed that Microsoft infringed on its GUI ideas, and filed a lawsuit in 1988. They lost. Jobs himself obtained the idea from implementations he witnessed at Xerox PARC. Microsoft did not just use this argument themselves to win. Rather what happened is that Xerox noticed the suit and joined the fray, suing Apple.
The Apple lawsuit inspired Richard Stallman, of GNU fame, to create the League for Programming Freedom in 1989.
A graphical interface with mouse device used for moving a pointer on the screen was demonstrated in 1968 by Douglas Engelbart. This event is referred to as the Mother of All Demos.
Comment: the results of lawsuits in computing IMHO have little to do with rights/wrongs or the facts but who had the better lawyers.
Comment: @pugsville: The quality of the *judges* involved is also a huge factor. ;-)
Comment: The killer fact that casts a different light on what Microsoft did is that Gates offered Apple a deal to make the Apple operating system the standard on other desktop computers before they developed their own version as Windows. The Apple board dismissed the idea so Gates built his own.
Comment: I can't help but to be reminded of: https://media2.giphy.com/media/v1PSPwbLIrata/200_s.gif
Comment: @matt_black This is a common theme with Microsoft. It's not much different from what happened with OS/2, OpenGL, HTML standardisation and many others - they tried to make it work, and left frustrated to "make their own". In the end, the mantra was "Satisfy the customer", and waiting for ten years for a committee to make up its mind doesn't fit well with that. The funny side-effect of those "rebellions" was that the committees were *forced* to make up their minds to keep any traction at all.
Answer:
"You're ripping us off!", Steve shouted, raising his voice even higher. "I trusted you, and now you're stealing from us!"
But Bill Gates just stood there coolly, looking Steve directly in the eye, before starting to speak in his squeaky voice.
"Well, Steve, I think there's more than one way of looking at it. I think it's more like we both had this rich neighbor named Xerox and I broke into his house to steal the TV set and found out that you had already stolen it."

Not fundamentally different to the other answers, but a good retelling and detail here:
A rich neighbor named Xerox
Comment: When watching Pirate's of Silicon Valley, I had previously read this tale and it felt like they based their dialogue right off of it.
Answer: There was another movie called The Pirates of Silicon Valley starring Noah Wyle and Anthony Michael Hall as Steve Jobs and Bill Gates, respectively. That movie also touched on the intrigue of the dispute between Apple and Microsoft regarding Windows. I can't remember the exact quote but it went something along the lines of how Bill and Steve were like burglars who robbed from their neighbor, Xerox in the middle of the night so neither can take claim on "owning" the GUI.
Microsoft was on shaky ground because they were privy to a lot of information about the MacOS while making Office for the Macintosh. But technically they did not violate any agreements with Apple when they released Windows. And neither company is famous for originality, they just take what others have already done and make it a little bit better.
Comment: That one, I **did** watch. It was pretty good on entertainment value. However, what it missed is that MS and Apple weren't the only 2 players in home computing at the time. In the US there was also Atari, Commodore, and Tandy (Radio Shack), and they played very important roles at the time. The same ideas (including the GUI) were being tried out by all the players. Pretending the whole thing was a two-person competition is an anachronism based on who happens to still have a following today. [Jay Miner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Miner) in particular deserves to not be forgotten.
Comment: Laughing thinking about Tandy. I had a Tandy 1000 back in the 80s. From what I remember it had a primitive GUI called the Tandy Desktop that reminded me of Windows. Yes there were a lot of competitors in the space and it really was anyone's game to win.
Comment: "they just take what others have already done and make it a little bit better" Sometimes they make it worse, though...
Comment: Re: other players. Even on the PC, there was a time when you had a choice between Windows from Microsoft, and Gem from Digital Research.
Comment: @user14394 same here: my first computer was the Radio Shack Pocket Computer circa 1981.  Upgraded to the PC-2 after a year, and I've still got it.
Comment: Sometimes, both do it *a lot better*.
Comment: Sorry that was tandy deskmate...https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeskMate
Comment: I had a hand held Tandy that I loved. I used to program various formulas for handicapping at the horse race track in it and was a great time. My understanding of Jobs and the whole "Xerox thingy" is that he accused Bill Gates of actually walking out with the mouse and interface in his pocket...literally stole the item. This has never really been denied either and has assumed a kind of "mythical lore" like status in the "I'm a totally original thinker" World of Silicon Valley. Secretly I think they want to admit to being "great thiefs just like Bill Gates" though.
Answer: It's worth remembering that the first graphical user interface for IBM-compatible PCs came not from Microsoft but from Digital Research, whose GEM product could be layered either on top of MS-DOS or on top of DR's own CP/M. Microsoft were probably less worried about Apple as a competitor than about Digital Research, who were well placed to steal the whole market for operating systems for IBM-compatible PCs.
Comment: The historical relevance of GEM is that (a) its existence forced Microsoft to take action on graphical interfaces, and (b) its architecture demonstrated that a GUI could be layered on top of MS-DOS. DR did not give up control of the OS market without a struggle: with leadership in (i) graphical interfaces (GEM) and (ii) multi-user concurrency (Concurrent DOS) they forced Microsoft to remain competitive to keep its place. In 1983 DR had sales of $45m compared with Microsoft's $55m; they were still a serious threat.
Comment: I don't really see the historical relevance of GEM. It came out in 1985, after the Apple Mac. And it was never a widely successful product, even by the standards of the time. *Microsoft were probably less worried about Apple as a competitor than about Digital Research, who were well placed to steal the whole market for operating systems for IBM-compatible PCs.* MS decisively gained control of the OS market for PC-compatibles in 1980, after DRI botched negotiations with IBM. DRI's period of relevance was roughly 1973-1979. By the time period we're talking about, they were also-rans.
Answer: At the risk of sounding like a total hippy and/or pedant, it's worth pointing out that one may not really be able to steal an idea at all.
Google definition of steal.
You can copy ideas, but you can't take them.
So in that sense the answer to your question would be no. And they didn't steal them from Xerox either. Even if Gates did copy the idea from Xerox, Xerox still had their idea.
Comment: @MarkC.Wallace - I guess I have to disagree, since I said essentially the same answer in mine (with the addition of "...and even if you can, it was Xerox who was "stolen" from".)
Comment: While interesting, I'm not sure this is responsive to the question.
Answer: So, I have a pretty long and involved answer for you which I believe will allow you to understand the answer to your question in a lot more depth, as what happened back then is honestly a long and complicated story. It's not just "did Gates get a hold of Apple's OS design and then copy parts to save himself time and work making his own", which in short yeah he basically did, but as said it's a lot more complex and interesting than that, as the real whole truths usually are!
I immediately thought of "Pirates of Silicon Valley" (which I saw once and only shortly after it was made, quite a while ago) as well when I saw this question. I haven't seen the recent Job's movie, but I have to think that "Pirates" was more accurate and less biased. While we can look up a lot of historical facts regarding the more general question did Gates steal from Jobs, I'm sure some of it isn't a matter of public record and is only in the minds of the late Jobs and Gates and some of their associates and contemporaries. We'll never know the entire truth regarding all of the intimate details, but what we do know in addition to the facts already listed here is that Jobs felt taken advantage of, and an idiot for, allowing Gates into Apple in the beginning and giving him a tour of their developments, showing off the mouse that his engineers came up with that worked with the GUI interface they were designing. The two paired together in what Apple had created were unique at that time. As pointed out, Apple didn't invent the mouse, nor the concept of a GUI, but had made a unique OS on a computer they created that employed a mouse. That was their own, what they had put together. And Steve Jobs was showing off and didn't realize it wasn't a good idea to give someone like Gates intimate knowledge of it all.
Well, remember, Steve WAS a hippie who was previously living on a commune with his wife, he wasn't yet the ruthless capitalist he turned into. I majored in CS in college a long time ago, and I remember doing a very long and in depth paper on the subject of Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Ronald Wayne, and the birth of Apple and their early history and relationship with Bill Gates and Microsoft. I remember a good deal from way back then (we're talking more than 20 years ago) and I believe that that fateful day Gates was given basically an all access tour of Apple, he definitely saw dollar signs replace his glasses and couldn't believe his luck to be seeing what he was. (As a side note, he was invited in on the premise of developing software for Apple, more likely a reconnaissance and intelligence gathering mission from Gates' point of view, but Steve was just so excited to show off his cool stuff, he showed him way more than he needed to for just the strict purpose of software development, and Gates was not made to sign any contracts or agreements regarding what he was shown.) Code, blueprints, schematics, concepts, hardware in development, like EVERYTHING you would never want your rival to see in business. But Gates wasn't really a rival at that point, and Jobs was a real big dreamer then, an idealist, didn't care much about money, and wanted to change the world and make it a better place with his ideas about PCs and technology - remember of course, basically every large company laughed at him regarding the idea that people would ever want personal computers on their desks at home. I never knew Steve or met him, so I can't say how little money actually meant to him in these plans, but the point is that he was driven more by his idealism and changing the status quo and being the David vs. the Goliath that was IBM, Xerox, Ma Bell, the other massive technology companies of the day.
Yes, yes, we all know that this man changed radically over the decades. Off topic though, but just acknowledging that he became the polar opposite after he was fired from Apple when the company nearly tanked in the 90's because he wasn't a ruthless capitalist businessman, and left for quite some time and came back a changed man with different ideals and motives and philosophies, I am very well aware of that.
So, the whole point is as an avid historian and user from the start of Apple products, I feel I can offer a pretty close to the truth version of events surrounding what did Bill Gates "steal" from Apple and Jobs. He really didn't "steal" anything, it was pretty much naively GIVEN to him. Gate's broke a bond of trust with Jobs in that he promised not to use against Apple and Jobs what he had seen and learned from his unprecedented outsider access to Apple. As far as I know, Gates literally walked out of Apple that day with floppy disks full of code and his head full of concepts and ideas he'd been shown, and maybe even technical write-ups and drawings, schematics, on some stuff. Was it all handed to him, or did he make copies of stuff when no one was watching, when he was left alone? Unsure. Arguments differ on this part from both men. He said, he said kind of deal.
So Jobs felt violated and was angry at Gates for what he saw as clearly ripping Apple off (even if they had already ripped parts of what they had off from someone else originally). Like, you can use this information to help the goal of making PCs a reality in every home and changing how the world fundamentally thinks about them, but don't use it to put me out of business in the process. Sort of the David vs. Goliath mentality, us little guys helping each other out against them, because he saw it as an "Us vs. Them" situation. On our side, our team, or against us, and didn't see Gates as against us. Naive, yeah.
So he was also really mad with himself for allowing Gates to have access to all the stuff he did, in addition to being mad at Gates for "ripping him off". Angry in those two ways.
Gates basically just saw a great niche business opportunity with the creation of PCs for home and office users, and took advantage of whatever he could from whoever he could to achieve this. He got a leg up from being given a personal tour by Steve Jobs himself of Apple's projects. A pretty big one. He gained ideas and concepts, and actual products, and figured out how to exploit them in more successful ways (note I didn't say BETTER ways, just ways that were more successful in business, as I'm not personally saying Gates' created a better OS, just a more popular one via many different means) to make a more successful product and more money, and applied it all to Windows.
How Gates' business genius allowed him to succeed wildly by what seemed a fools gamble and a GREAT deal for IBM, by licensing DOS instead of selling it, is a different story. Once he had the choke hold on the OS bundled on IBM PCs, which was like 97% of the PC market, he went on to Windows and entered the GUI world and that's where our 2 characters have their big moment with each other - Gates getting a tour of Apple from Jobs, of course.
I know that was a much broader answer than you may have been looking for, but I find the whole history of the late 70's and early 80's in PCs with Apple and Windows just fascinating, I hope you do, too. And that this in depth telling of it was interesting to you as well as informative. Who would have ever thought that Apple and Jobs would end up being Goliath by the time he died? Amazing story, but also another chapter in Apple history for another question. And that's that.
Comment: This answer would be improved by sources.


Music law: releasing a song I wrote that is performed by others on Spotify

Question: I'm a UK-based singer-songwriter. I've had a demo of a duet I wrote professionally recorded by two session singers in the US, as my voice wasn't what I wanted for this one. Piano track is essentially as I wrote it, there's an added cello part, and the vocal melody/harmonies/lyrics are all mine. But what's the right/legal thing to do re: releasing this on Spotify - do I have to pay the singers/cellist a % if and when I clear the costs of recording, etc? And if so, does this mean that I'm in effect becoming my own publisher? I know nothing of how this all works, but I do know this is by far the best and most commercial song I've written to date - and it's a Christmas one, so I'd really like to put it out there and earn some of the production costs back.
Comment: Did you have a contract with the recording artists?  Ideally you would have engaged them for a fixed fee and they would have released any copyright claim in the recording to you.  See [here for info on how performance fees are managed in the UK](http://law.stackexchange.com/a/4212/10).
Comment: Hi feetwet, and thank you for replying. They were hired via the demo producer for me; he both singers in and the cellist. The project was to work the song up for pitching to publishers, song-pluggers, etc; when  result was so good, I asked producer about rights, etc, if I were to pitch it to one company looking for 'retail use'. He said he'd be happy for me to do so, provided that, if it took off I got performers to sign a retrospective contract (which he sent) so they could each get 5% share of profits – fair, after costs are covered. But Spotify is a different animal, I think?
Comment: Post an answer if Spotify does it differently.  My general understanding is that you "put it out there" however possible, and meanwhile register with the performance fee management companies in the big markets you think it might hit, then hope that they can catch and collect on all commercial use.  Maybe releasing on major platforms like Spotify and iTunes you make a direct arrangement for compensation.
Answer: There's a long and solid history around "demo" recordings.  Demos are...well...for demonstration.  For shopping.  For a work-in-progress reality check.  The session musicians get a different, lesser scale for "demo" work than they do with "master" work.  ("master" being a track intended for release/distribution).  It has of course happened many times that a demo ends up being better than the master, and gets released.
In a formalized contract situation (read: union), what would happen is that the session would be retroactively upgraded to a master session from being a demo session, and the players would get a bump. Those hired players would not typically get royalties though.  In today's world, the notion of back-end royalties is essentially moot, or even (not)amusing.
Mind you, I'm talking USA...UK is not quite the same kind of animal, though it's similar.


Whats the simplest way to get 1000 twitter handles of users in USA who are less than 21 years of age?

Question: Need 1000 twitter handles of users who are below 21 years of age and residing in US
Comment: Age data isn't available on Twitter. You could deduce from profile descriptions as to a person's ages, for example if they write something like "21/m/London" then you can guess that they might be 21.
Comment: That is what I was thinking, but i would still need a large amount of handles to narrow down to 1000 users with their ages.
Answer: I don't think there is a specific method for what you are asking for. There are some methods of acquiring a large number of handles, although they each come with downsides. I typically use the twitteR package in R to make API requests to the Twitter REST API to get this data.
On the Twitter REST API, you can make requests for:

Tweets based on a search term.

With the GET search/tweets method, you can get up to 3200 tweets for a particular search term. You could run lots of different requests with different search terms to remove bias where possible, and collect a random sample of 1000 handles that appear under 21.

Get a specific user's followers.

GET followers/ids. Could be a quicker and easier option, especially if you use a popular Twitter user. However you are left with the problem that your entire sample is bunrepresentative in that they follow the same person, unless you collect a few different users' followers. There is a very simple method in R for this:
user <- getUser("justinbieber") # will probably return a lot of <21's based in the US.
user.followers <- lookupUsers(user$getFollowerIDs())
user.followers <- twListToDF(user.followers)

If you help with the specifics of getting the data itself (i.e. if you are not already comfortable with making API requests), I can possibly help in the comments.
From https://dev.twitter.com/rest/public
Comment: I have tried the Twitter REST api method in R like you mentioned. Whenever I try to get the followers, R gives rate limit reached warning. This was for about 36k followers. Justin Bieber has about 1.7M followers. R will definitely give the same error.
Comment: I am not quite sure how the `lookupUsers()` function works in terms of pagination of results. But according to the docs, you should be able to get up to 5000 users per unique request by using the `GET followers/id` method on its own. FYI, the rate limit refreshes every 15 minutes.
Comment: Perhaps you should consider option 1, looping through a list of predefined search terms, that way you can make 180 requests per 15 minutes and are less likely to hit the rate limit before collecting a substantial amount of tweets (and the handles attached).
Answer: As mentioned above, Twitter has no searchable age category, but there are some clever ways to deduce
Filter on first names that barely existed more than 21 years ago. For example, Harper.

You can find tons of Millenial names on one of the million baby name blogs or sites (for example).
The Twitter API or Advanced Search allows you to search within a geographical bounding box, to filter for certain languages ("lang:en") and to either download from the public stream, or to search based on certain terms. You can test out in the browser advanced search queries and then use the search parameters from the response URL with the API.


iTunes Connect - Use different bank account in the Agreement, Tax and Banking

Question: I wanted to buy an Apple developer account, I live in Pakistan and my country is not in Apple supported countries.
I asked my friend who lives in the United kingdom to buy an account for me and thanks to him he did. Now, I have an account, but I need to setup Baking and Tax information in iTunes connect. That is where I need your guidance! Can you help with these questions?

Can I set up my bank account instead of my friend (whose credit card
was used to buy account and the account is in his name) to receive
money in? (My Pakistani bank is available in supporting banks)
Do I need to fill US tax form? If yes, then which options I should
select?    I find it very confusing. (I want to sell my apps at all
Over the    World)

Thank you in advance!
Answer: Regarding the bank account, see this answer. You would need to consult Apple as to whether the US tax documents are necessary.


How would you protect yourself from Rocky Mountain Goats?

Question: After finding out that Rocky Mountain Goats have killed one person and have been known to harass hikers, how would you protect yourself from an aggressive goat? In most cases I would guess that simply staying a good distance away would be enough, but what if the goat decides to try and gore you?
Comment: @Tullochgorum Speak for yourself.  My chances are 100%.  As for stress the goat is not shooting at me.
Comment: One goat attack.  You took more risk just driving to the hike.   Carry a side arm.   If the goat wants you then you are not going to outrun it.
Comment: @Paparazzi - Given that there has only ever been one recorded death by mountain goat,  and that there are around 750 unintentional gun deaths in the US each year, I would suspect that your side-arm would be the greater risk to you and those around you by orders of magnitude. Plus your chances of dropping a 300 pound animal in such a stressful situation would surely be close to zero.
Comment: *the 4-foot tall, 300-pound ram* that's a mighty big ram... (that's 1m20 for 135kg)
Comment: @paprazzo maybe you're a skilled shooter, but without more knowledge about Charlie and other future readers, Tullochgorum's advice is statistically sound.
Answer: The article you linked to seems to indicate that this is not something you need to worry about very much.

Rare and tragic events...
...potentially the first fatal attack by a mountain goat ever recorded.
...officials had known about this aggressive goat from previous reports...
...tissue sample testing might reveal disease or another reason why this goat was so uncharacteristically aggressive.
Mountain goats are not typically aggressive towards humans...

So this seems to have been a one-time tragic event involving an individual animal known to have caused problems before. To inform yourself, talk to the rangers in the area where you are going, and find out if they know of any aggressive individual animals.
Finally, they tell you one way to reduce the risk to yourself:

...they're warning visitors to keep at least 100 feet away from all mountain goats.

If a goat still decides to be aggressive, then try:

...distracting it with an emergency blanket and tossing rocks at it.

Finally, if you do encounter an animal that seems aggressive towards humans, report it to the authorities (park rangers or others) where you are.


What effect will taking a new job have on mortgage rates

Question: I'm starting to house hunt for my first home with my wife, we both have great credit, solid income and at least 10% downpayment saved up. However i recently  was offered a position with a 20% raise at a new company. If i take the job how will this affect mortgage rates when i go to buy a house?
Comment: Is the new job in the same general industry that your current job is in?  Is the majority of your income in the form of a fixed salary or do you have commissions & bonuses?  If you want to use commission and bonus income, you may need 6 months of history (or so) at the new job to show that it is steady and lenders prefer to see a history in the same general line of business for a few years.
Answer: For the majority of banks (in the US), it will have no effect at all. (Banks that do manual underwriting may have their own custom rules.)
The rate you receive for a mortgage is based only on your credit score, and your credit score is independent of your income. (If you have zero income and still manage to pay all of your bills on time while maintaining a low utilization your credit will not suffer. Similarly, if you have a very high income but accidentally make some late payments, your credit score will still suffer.)
The amount of mortgage that you are approved for is based on your income in conjunction with the rate you will get, so the only affect getting a raise will have is an increase in the amount the bank is willing to lend to you.
Comment: @PeteB. - fair enough. I added a disclaimer about manual underwriting. However, even then, "the *ability* to pay back the loan" seems more like income, whereas rate would be more determined by "the *willingness* to pay back the loan" combined with their history of doing so.
Comment: To be more technically correct I would say "your ability to pay back the loan", while most banks use credit scores some still do manually underwriting which does not require a credit score.
Answer: There's no way to be sure.  Each bank will underwrite differently, and each bank will have different targets as far as risk categories because they have different risk categories more or less well represented in their current portfolio (plus the many mortgage lenders who don't keep a portfolio and just pass on the mortgage to a third party).  My lender is always willing to test out different scenarios, as they have a computer program that gives the rate given various parameters - underwriters still do their thing but the program usually is accurate.
You say you and your wife have great credit; great.  If yours is better, it's possible your income could be enough to take the mortgage yourself without her credit on it.  Your debt to income ratio does matter; it may not directly go into your interest rate, but it puts you in a particular risk bucket and that can give you slightly different rates -it did for one of mine.  My credit was slightly better than my wife's, so we had to test whether it was better having a joint mortgage or only with my income - it was not clear which.  The underwriters gave us two different rates based on that.
Most likely changing jobs won't hurt, but it may make it slightly more complicated to get the necessary information to prove your income history.


How to unclog nozzles on massaging shower heads?

Question: This previous question was more about cleaning the shower head and not specifically unclogging the nozzles.  I have a Speakerman Anystream 2000 massaging showerhead whose nozzles are so clogged that only a trickle of water comes out now.  There were alot of hard water stains that I cleaned off and tried various things but it is still clogged.
Comment: You can soak the head in a Calcium, Lime, and Rust Removing Bathroom cleaner, I would check the progress of the removal of the clogs two to three times a day, first with a simple visual inspection. Then when you think that the clogs might be gone, run water through it to make sure, either rinsing well and re-installing the shower head, or placing back in the cleaning solution to soak more. I have also heard of vinegar working, but am not sure how well, as I have never used it. I have also manually sped up the process by using a small blunt pin to clear the nozzles, very carefully. good luck!!
Comment: @Navajo why not post this as an answer?
Answer: We have hard water and we use a combination of physics and chemistry.
Physics: rub your thumbnail hard across the little holes, and usually the scale will flake away. Some people are also fans of poking toothpicks, safety pins etc into the holes.
Chemistry: get some CLR. Either remove the shower head and set it in a bowl of CLR, or do what they show on TV and hold the bowl up to the in-place shower head for a while. (If I were to do that I would wear goggles just in case.) You can reuse the CLR to clear scale off other nearby things after doing the shower head.
Comment: If you poke, try to backflush the residue out of the shower head so it does not plug the holes again. I have used a garden sprayer on "jet" or an air compressor.
Answer: Take a baggie, fill it with Vinegar and tie it around the shower head and let it soak over night.   Remove the baggie and flush with water.  The vinegar, being acid dissolves the lime which is a base.  Alternatively, if it's easy to unscrew the shower head, remove it and soak it in a small bowl of Vinegar.  Vinegar is a lot less expensive than commercial cleaners and does a remarkably good job.  Vinegar is a great to have around the house:
http://www.allyou.com/budget-home/organizing-cleaning/uses-for-vinegar
Comment: I've always used vinegar for cleaning and unclogging shower heads. It worked great on my massaging shower head.
Answer: Soaking it in vinegar will remove build ups from hard water.


Why isn't Gata Kamsky considered the first American since Bobby Fischer to fight for the World Championship?

Question: As in the title above, since we read it everywhere about Caruana... why isn't Gata Kamsky considered the first American since Bobby Fischer to fight for the World Championship? He played Karpov in 1997 for the FIDE World Championship.
Comment: people forget him because he did not win it :)
Comment: Kamsky always played for USA too, since the late 1980s, same thing is not valid for Caruana who played for Italy for a few years when he was already a strong GM.
Answer: Kamsky played Anatoly Karpov for the championship during the time after Garry Kasparov and Nigel Short had split from FIDE to form the Professional Chess Association and hold their championship match under its auspices. Thus, the World Championship was "split" at the time - Kasparov held the PCA title and Karpov the FIDE title. In a sense, a split title such as this is no title, so Kamsky misses out on credit for playing for the championship.
This is partly commentary, but hopefully adds a little insight: While my skills are nowhere near good enough to say, it seems that Kasparov is generally seen as the stronger player (vs. Karpov). Thus most people who pay attention probably see Kasparov at the "true" world champion from that time. Between the fact that Kamsky played for the FIDE championship at a time when the title was split and also when the FIDE champion was not the then strongest player, he doesn't get credit for playing for the World Chess Championship.
Comment: The Fide world championship lacked legitimacy, because when Short and Kasparov seceded, Kasparov was world champion and Short was the legitimate challenger. The Fide kept going with the guys who came second and third in the qualifiers, Karpov and Timman.