How can I retrieve internal memory photos on D3100?

Question: I have a Nikon D3100 SLR camera.  Recently bought a new SDHC card but forgot to format it before using, so all photos wen to camera internal memory.  I only realised this when we went to upload on the computer and said no images, but when the card was out of the camera we saw the images.  We then formatted the SDHC card whilst in the camera and now have no images at all.  We have downloaded the Nikon recommended recovery software, but it does not find the device only the hard drives - can anyone help, these were photos from my daughters first Army Cadet trip :(  Thanks in advance
Comment: According to this website, the D3100 does not have internal memory: http://www.pcworld.co.uk/gbuk/nikon-d3100-digital-slr-camera-with-18-55mm-zoom-lens-07685659-pdt.html Also, I think by default the camera is configured to not take pictures if there is no SD card.
Comment: All SD cards come preformatted. There is no need to format before using. Something else went wrong here.
Comment: The pictures were in the card. Try as many recovery software as you can. Most give you a free preview and guaranty you than anything previewed will be recovered.
Comment: The last thing anyone should do when trying to recover data is to format anything. At the very least, formatting will remove inclusion of the data's existence and location on the card from the card's directory. A more complete formatting will actually overwrite the data.
Answer: The D3100 has a "demo mode" which is mainly there so prospective buyers in shops can snap pictures and review them without having to insert cards.
Page 147 of the manual says:

Selecting "Enable release" allows the shutter to be released when no
  memory card is inserted, although no pictures will be recorded (they
  will however be displayed in the monitor in demo mode).

How my Nikon D90 works:

with no memory card in, take a picture, you can review in the LCD
switch camera off and back on, image is still there
insert a card, and the camera displays "no images" and the demo image is gone
remove the card, image gone

So based on that, you probably never had any chance of getting those images back, but once you insert a formatted card, the camera has no need of storing "demo" images and they are gone.
Comment: I'm afraid probably not.  The software recovers images that are corrupt, or even deleted, off memory cards, but the internal memory is only there really for demo purposes in the camera shop, and it's probably not accessible to the download software.  Google tells me some brands might let you copy from internal memory to the card, but I'm almost certain Nikon doesn't allow that.
Comment: They have disappeared :( I have tried both your ideas before from some other advice and neither worked,  If I take to a camera shop will they be able to retrieve them as surely if you can get software for this, it must be possible??  Thanks
Comment: Can the memory card be removed from a D3100 without turning it off first? Does opening the cover of the memory card slot not turn the camera off?
Comment: Probably won't help the original poster any more, but what about connecting the camera to PC while demo images are still in memory?
Comment: I had suggested that, but they had already tried and it couldn't find the images.  Maybe should reinstate those ideas for anyone else who might have the problem, but it seems unlikely that it works
Answer: Do not format again or write anything to the card! This will only make recovery either more difficult or not possible at all.
1) There are many data recovery utilities available online. Be sure to download them through a reputable source such as download.com. You can search by OS and several other categories. You will probably find a utility that specializes in recovering photo files easier to use.
2) I've had good results with Piriform's Recuva in the past. It will see a Canon .cr2 file as a TIFF. Once I change the file extensions to .cr2, the images will open using any .cr2 compatible RAW convertor. I'm not sure how Recuva would see a Nikon .nef file. If your camera was recording to JPEG it should see them as such. It should also recover the JPEG thumbnail as a separate file. Recovering those would be better than nothing.
3) Use a card reader, rather than the camera, to allow your computer to access the card. It may take several hours for the program to complete the scan of your card.
There are many other data recovery programs discussed at How can I recover deleted photos from an SD Card?
Answer: i have gone through this same fix once . The camera's demo mode saves its image to its internal storage.(not more than 10 photos)...... formatting or not formatting the memory card has no effect on the retrieval of the images. When you turn off the camera the images are lost forever.there is no scope of recovery. however i don not know if it is possible if the camera has not been turned off(which i suspect stands a very slim chance) by connecting the camera directly via a data cable to your computer and trying ......
i am very unfortunate to inform you that the pictures cannot be saved....
being it an important event ,it is an equally important tip to be learnt.
Answer: The following worked with my P300: Take out the SD card and connect the camera to your computer. The "hidden" pics now appeared, don't know why but it works...
Comment: If you have the same camera then I can understand your short answer, but with different models you should try to explain why this might work, otherwise, it's just a lucky guess.
Comment: This _will_ generally work on cameras with an internal flash storage. That's relatively common on P&S cameras (like, it seems, your P300), but is not the case on the D3100 (or on  most DSLRs).
Answer: The d3100 does not have internal memory.  When you formatted the card, you actually erased all the images.
Comment: Not quite.  The D3100, like most Nikons, can take pictures with no SD card, and display them in "demo mode" on the LCD.  So there is some sort of internal memory/buffer.
Comment: That seems likely, except for the weird detail where Alicia says the images were visible _on_ the camera while the card was out. Alicia, are you sure about that?
Comment: *Any* digital camera has some amount of internal memory where image(s) are stored until fully written to a more permanent storage, or disposed of.
Comment: @MikeW: Aren't the demo images lost when the camera is turned off? Can you remove an SD card from a D3100 without turning it off? Most cameras turn themselves off when the memory slot door is opened.
Comment: See my edit.  My D90 retains them when you switch on and off (and you can remove the SD card with the camera on).  But as soon as you replace a formatted card in the camera, it disables the demo feature and the in-memory images are gone.


What do you think would be a good way to explain death to a child, from a Buddhist perspective?

Question: When a young child hears that someone died, it's natural for him to wonder whether he'll die too, or whether those who are most dear to him too die quite unexpectedly. So what kind of a response should one give in keeping with a Theravada Buddhist Perspective?
Answer: Use a tree as an example. Show the various stages of a tree from seed to plant to fully grown tree to an old leafless tree and explain the ageing and impermanence. Then show a decayed/dead tree that is on the ground to make him understand that everything that begins must end. You can use pictures for this. Then explain the life of an animal in the same way. And then explain how humans are the same way.
Finally, show a seed of the dead tree and show how a new plant comes from it. Use that to explain rebirth.
Comment: There's no scripture reference. It's a suggestion which is inline with Theravada Buddhism
Comment: Is this an answer from personal experience rather than from a reference-able scripture?
Comment: Sankha, I am looking for an answer more in line with that of an untimely death of a dearly beloved one.
Comment: You can use the same analogies to explain the inevitability of the death of loved one
Answer: When you come across a situation where a friend is in pain or suffering, in mental distress, and dying you often can't reach that person. They're in their own private world, suffering their own private pains and torments. And especially at death, there comes a point where even before the actual moment of death, you realize that the person is beyond you. You can't reach in and help, no matter how much you might want to. Such a situation is all-the-more harder if you are a child. A child's capacity to understand death and dying — and your approach to discussing it — will vary according to the child's age. Each child is unique, but as a practicing Buddhist who holds dear the five precepts, one needs to be honest.
No matter how difficult it is one must be honest with kids and encourage questions. This can be hard because you may not have all of the answers. But it's important to create an atmosphere of comfort and openness, and send the message that there's no one right or wrong way to feel. This is the moment to share any spiritual beliefs you have about death.
So we have to be ready for such moments in our lives. We have to learn how to observe from within what kind of thinking is skillful, what kind of acting, what kind of speaking is skillful, and what kind is not. Until kids are about 5 or 6 years old, their view of the world is very literal. So it is best to explain the death in basic and concrete terms. If the loved one was ill or elderly, for example, you might explain in one way. If someone dies suddenly, like in an accident, you might explain what happened — and reflect through dhamma. You may have to explain that "dying" or "dead" means as per the scriptures.
Death could come at any time: your death, the death of your family, the death of other people. It's there just waiting to happen. Kids this young often have a hard time understanding that all people and living things die sooner or later, and that it's final and they won't come back. So even after you've explained this, kids may continue to ask where the loved one is or when the person is returning. As frustrating as this can be, continue to calmly reiterate that the person has died and can't come back. Avoid saying such things as the loved one "went away" or "went to sleep" or even that your family "lost" the person. This may also be a time to share what is said in the Dhamma about an afterlife or heaven. Kids from the ages of about 6 to 10 start to grasp the finality of death, even if they don't understand that it will happen to every living thing one day. Remember that kids deal best with death when given accurate, simple, clear, and honest explanations about what happened.
Teens tend to search more for meaning in the death of someone close to them. A teen who asks why someone had to die probably isn't looking for literal answers, but starting to explore the idea of the meaning of life. It is important that we contemplate death. Then the answers are right there when you need them, when aging comes, when illness comes, when death comes. This knowledge will help you at time of need.


Screenshots on Nexus 7 are 0 bytes

Question: I am taking screen shots for testing an app. on Nexus 7. Yesterday I could take the screen shots perfectly. Today when I press Power+Volume Down together it makes the screenshot sound but gives me .png with 0 bytes. What happened, and how do I fix this?
Comment: After disconnecting and reconnecting the USB of my device, the screenshot files suddenly are there again and contain data. New screenshots (taking after replugging) are shown as having 0 bytes again, though.
Comment: I am just running into exactly the same problem, also on a Nexus 7, also when testing an app, also when screenshots used to work just minutes ago.
Comment: Related [Android SE post](http://android.stackexchange.com/q/46315/119358)
Answer: If you take screen shots with the Nexus 7 connected to your computer the screen shot images don't seem to update in Windows Explorer correctly (they show as 0 bytes) and they are not viewable.
The fix is to unplug then plug your USB cable back in and they will show up with the correct size and be viewable.  Either that or unplug your USB cable before taking the screen shots then plug it in to download them.
I guess this is a feature?  It is certainly annoying because I keep forgetting about the fix and wondering why my screenshots are 0 bytes.

Screenshots on Nexus 7 are 0 bytes


How much editing is too much?

Question: I've noticed that I keep coming back to reedit my own questions because I am not satisfied with the clarity and the apparent focus of the question. "Luckily", my questions haven't drawn too many answers, but when should I give up fine-tuning my question and just open a new concise, well-phrased question?
Answer: My rule of thumb is that editing without changing the applicability of existing answers is generally fine. I think you get up to 10 edits before the post is automatically converted to CW, so just keep that limit in mind, but if you don't mind the post getting wikified (and thus losing your ability to gain rep from it), there's no reason to hard-cap your number of edits.
However, I would say that making an edit which changes the meaning of the question substantially, such that an answer which was previously valid becomes incomplete or invalid (or vice versa), is generally not appropriate. Occasionally it's necessary, but in such cases it's polite to leave a comment on any answers that are invalidated by the edit, so that their authors have the opportunity to come back and fix them up.
Answer: To be honest, I have no idea, because I've never actually encountered this problem in practice. I do know that if you edit your question enough, it immediate gets converted to Community Wiki. For an explanation of the consequences of Community Wiki, see this post on Meta Stack Overflow. In brief, it means that anyone can edit the post, and upvotes on the post do not earn or lose reputation.
Answer: I'm one of those who can't leave an answer well enough alone.
I'm always thinking of what seems (to me) a better way to say something, so I tend to edit and re-edit.
I appreciate that feature of SE.
Answer: My advice is to pace yourself.  There are often improvements to questions required to make them Q&A appropriate, but guard against expanding the focus of the question, and let a good question be what it is.
A good question is one that has objective and useful answers.  Certainly include what you've tried yourself in posing a question; that helps potential answers avoid the obvious and address your problem at a suitable level of exposition.
Sometimes good information about the proper context of a problem will come out in comments, either on the Question itself or on Answers.  Folding this back into the Question statement may be beneficial to future readers, but it's the sort of thing I'd batch up and do once or twice.
Don't overlook the possible value of editing a Question's title.  This can be a really important way for searchers to spot that you've asked something they want to ask about (only they shouldn't, since you already did).

How much editing is too much?


Does DHCP Client or Server re assigns the IP address?

Question: I know that DHCP protocol ensures that they don't assign an address which is already assigned to another host. This can be true even when the host has been assigned with a static IP address. Also, that static IP address falls under the range of the DHCP pool address range. In this case, the server will ping the IP address before offering the IP address to the DHCP client. My question is what if the clientA has been assigned with an IP address let's say 192.168.1.10/24 by DHCP server. Now, I have another host in the same subnet and I assign the address with
192.168.1.10/24. Is DHCP server going to re-assign the client A with another IP address just to resolve the conflict? I know that if the order is different and the DHCP is coming later in the picture then DHCP server will ensure that it doesn't apply the conflicting IP address?
Comment: No DHCP normally only checks for duplicates before a client requests an IP address. Also questions about protocols above OSI layer-4 are off-topic here.
Comment: Did any answer help you? If so, you should accept the answer so that the question doesn't keep popping up forever, looking for an answer. Alternatively, you can provide and accept your own answer.
Answer: According to the DHCP RFC (2131) it is the responsibility of both the server and client to detect duplicate addresses.  The server should check using ICMP or similar and the client should check using ARP or similar:

In some environments it will be necessary to reassign network
  addresses due to exhaustion of available addresses.  In such
  environments, the allocation mechanism will reuse addresses whose
  lease has expired.  The server should use whatever information is
  available in the configuration information repository to choose an
  address to reuse.  For example, the server may choose the least
  recently assigned address.  As a consistency check, the allocating
  server SHOULD probe the reused address before allocating the address,
  e.g., with an ICMP echo request, and the client SHOULD probe the newly
  received address, e.g., with ARP.

In the case where the client detects it has received a duplicate address, it must reject the address with DHCPDECLINE and then attempt to obtain another address after a backoff period.

The client receives the DHCPACK message with configuration parameters.
  The client SHOULD perform a final check on the parameters (e.g., ARP
  for allocated network address), and notes the duration of the lease
  specified in the DHCPACK message.  At this point, the client is
  configured.  If the client detects that the address is already in use
  (e.g., through the use of ARP), the client MUST send a DHCPDECLINE
  message to the server and restarts the configuration process.  The
  client SHOULD wait a minimum of ten seconds before restarting the
  configuration process to avoid excessive network traffic in case of
  looping.

Note: all of these statements use the SHOULD key word, so although they are recommended, they are not mandatory (apart from the address rejection which is mandatory)
RFC 5227 provides more details on how clients can carry out IPv4 Address Conflict Detection
Answer: Several assumptions you make are wrong, but answering your questions:

Is DHCP server going to re-assign the client A with another IP address just to resolve the conflict? I know that if the order is different and the DHCP is coming later in the picture then DHCP server will ensure that it doesn't apply the conflicting IP address?

No. A DHCP doesn't scan the network for conflicts on acknowledged leases. Furthermore, DHCP communication is always initiated by the client, so unless the client sends another discover or lease request the server doesn't do anything.
Additionally, a DHCP server doesn't need to check if the offered address is unused, it's up to the client to check before requesting the address. The server may even be located on another segment and be totally incapable of checking for a duplicate address.
Comment: I will say read the CCENT Text book - DHCP Chapter


Similar Chrome extensions like Firefox F1

Question: I have used Mozilla Firefox F1 add-on.  I want exact functionality like this add-on provides -- yeah I know, Shareaholic, add this extension in Chrome, but every one of them opens a new tab.  Are there any such extensions?
Answer: I've been using chrome for a while now and was desperate to have a similar to mozilla f1 button for it. I switched to Firefox as my main browser for the mean time until I get a proper similar extension for Chrome. Chrome is better and faster but sadly although it has a web store, it lacks many great addons and extensions. I advice you to switch to firefox 4. =) I am also desperate to have a proper download manager for Chrome such as downthemall. Too bad it has nothing so far.
Comment: I think your response should be in comment, not in answer. Anything not answering the question should be in comment.


Ford Fusion 09 starts sometimes and sometimes it won't start

Question: Recently my car has had trouble starting, well sometimes it turns on and sometimes it doesn't and i have to either wait a few minutes or sometimes it won't even turn on anymore. I changed the starter and even got a new battery as the problem continued. I had the vehicle checked out by a mechanic twice but it just so happened that each time it was checked the car started without a problem >.> they said that maybe the battery was starting to go bad so I got a new one. What seems to be the problem? It does make a sound like a little vacuum noise when I try to start it and the radio and lights work when its on.I even took it out for a long drive and it didn't break down or have a problem.All in all I'm looking for a solution as I want to sell this car soon and I honestly don't know what to check.
Comment: Welcome to Motor Vehicle Maintenance & Repair!
Comment: Sorry I wish Icould helpas I'm having the same problem fo past two weeks. My mechanic is pulling his hair out can't get to the bottom of the problem. He thought maybe the sensors. Timing belt, crank shaft. My car always started no problem up until 2weeks ago. Never thought much about it when it didn't start first go that morning. Went shopping a bit reluctant again. 3rd time it actually was more reluctant but it did start.Since then my mechanic had it for a week starting it no problem then not startin. Days later tried again no problem. Brings it back to me 1hr later wouldn't start. Came the n
Answer: Update it was the starter fuse.
Basically I called my mechanic again and guess what...? The car started when he checked it >.> so he checked everything and predicted it to be a starter fuse so he swapped it out and so far no problems have occured. Hopes this helped anyone with this problem.


I can't make an edge sharp

Question: I'm new to Blender and I wanted to design this mask in order to print it in 3D but i have a problem.
I want the eyes holes to be sharp but the subdivision surface modifier make them round.
I tried everything i found on internet to make them sharp ( edge split, ctrl r, crease... ) but none of them works.
Could you please help me ?
Thank you.

I want it to look like this :
Comment: The edge that should crease are the one that you'll make by solidifying the surface, so at the moment crease can't help you. You should be able to refine the geometry by adding vertex or loopcuts in the interested areas. You can even apply the subsurf modifier and then tweak the wrong vertex position if your goal is 3D printing only. There many to achieve similar results, could you better define what your goals and workflow are?
Comment: First i would like to thank you to take the time to help me. My goal is to print it at a " face " scale, and make an awesome cosplay of a jedi temple guard, but my only problems are those eyes holes that won't sharpen.
Comment: I've tried to add vertex but i can only do it under the hole and not on the sides so it only sharpen only one side of the eye.
Comment: This looks like something the Edge Split modifier would fix.  I can't imagine why it wouldn't.  Maybe order of operations makes a difference?  Try to use it before your mirror modifier, and see if there's any difference that way.
Comment: Unfortunately edge split doesnt work, is there a way i can send you the file so you can see ?
Answer: Once you have geometry that can follow an edge loop you can make edges as sharp as you want. CtrlR is the hotkey for creating loops in Edit Mode. Loops require quads. Below I have the example to start...

...and then adding an extra loop to sharpen even more.

I did cheat a bit here as the loops do cross - but it still works and I think acceptable.

I can't make an edge sharp


How long will RE be in Beta?

Question: Might be a standard question, but I could not find the answer on Area 51: how long will this site be in Beta? I have just seen another site (Startups) being offline with even better statistics. How much time do we have to make this site an accepted one?
Answer: It would be a terrible shame if reverseengineering.stackexchange.com was closed. However, it looks like Startups wasn't closed because of poor statistics:
From https://area51.meta.stackexchange.com/a/12630 -

The site was closed not because it lacked activity in general, but
  because the community that once started it had for the most part left,
  and wasn't being replaced with new people as folks found the site.
...
There were plenty of high rep users, but many had not been seen in well over a year.

I don't think we have that problem, so even though our stats aren't quite as good as Startups', perhaps we have a better chance of surviving the Beta :)
Comment: Thanks for the additional information. Looking at the statistics, it seems like it was closed because only one of the points was not fulfilled.
Comment: measuring a section's "maturabity" in relation of activity makes RE  a "gown-up" section a long ago, but the importance does also counts, this sction is far worthy to be graded than other sections which just transited from "a nonesens in high activity rate" to "nonesens in slow motion"

How long will RE be in Beta?


Closing programs with middle-click in windows 7/10

Question: Is this possible? I want to close programs in the taskbar with middle-click, like tabs in firefox. The best approach I have so far is waiting for the mini-view that pops up when you point with the mouse in the taskbar and then middle-clicking there, but I would like to close them directly.
Comment: They never confirmed that it worked.
Comment: Done, I haven't tried it until now :)
Comment: For Windows 11 see https://superuser.com/q/1709896/269897
Answer: 7 Taskbar Tweaker (source-code) allows closing windows by middle-clicking the taskbar, as well as some other stuff like "ungrouping" taskbar items.
Now I don't miss the pre-Windows 7 feature where I could CTRL-click multiple windows from the taskbar and close them all at once. Middle clicking is actually faster and I very rarely want to start a new instance by middle-clicking or use those jump lists (I got the standard menu back^^).

update: The 7 Taskbar Tweaker site doesn't play nice with some foreign IP addresses (returns 403:Forbidden). Download 7 Taskbar Tweaker v3.3.2 from a mirror.
Comment: Holy cow thank you so much for this link.  I've been looking for a way to get the standard right click menu back without having to hold shift ever since windows 7 came out!
Comment: The site is down. Well... If you trust me, you could get it from me:
http://dl.dropbox.com/u/42655/eternity/7TaskbarTweaker_shared_for_superuser.exe
Comment: That works pretty well I guess, thanks. It has also some very interesting options, such as the taskbar double/middle-click actions; too bad it doesn't allows to launch a particular program or document that way...
Comment: the "7+ taskbar tweaker" works great even on windows 8 : http://rammichael.com/7-taskbar-tweaker . thank you for your suggestion.
Comment: I've just scanned it on virustotal.com and resulted with TWO detections!? What the... https://www.virustotal.com/en/file/006ac603f52b67857bd0c655eb7cb4eaf4920146c06b663e062379b560085a27/analysis/
Comment: @NamGVU: Only 2 out of 55 antivirus engines flagged the file, and I've never heard of either of those 2 engines. On the other hand, Symantec, AVG, and other famous engines all thought that the file was fine. Maybe both the flags were false positives. Maybe not. I'm no expert in this field. Please post a new question on [Security.SE](http://security.stackexchange.com/), ask them for their thoughts, and provide me with a link to that question. I'm curious to see what the experts think.
Comment: A single threat is not accepted. Thanks anyway.
Answer: Not the same, but a similar native win 7 behavior you might not be aware of:  Middle clicking on the preview image that shows when you hover over a taskbar item will close the window.  I'm working on getting used to this, rather than adding a third party tweak program.
Answer: You could also do that with a AutoHotkey script.
The following one could be the right thing for you:
http://www.autohotkey.com/forum/topic8434.html
Comment: Unfortunately that script doesn't work on Vista/Windows 7.
Comment: No windows-registry tweak? That would be better, middle-click has an utility after all, but not very useful: opening another instance of the selected utility.
Comment: @TarnayKálmán update script for 7. https://superuser.com/a/24404/
Answer: Shift+Right clicking on the taskbar button will bring up a menu with Restore, Minimize, Close, etc (or Restore all, Minimize all, Close all if it's a grouped button).
Answer: What type of mouse do you have and are you running the bare minimum mouse drivers? I currently have a one of the new "blue" mice from Microsoft, and installed the drivers that came along with it. The extended drivers will let you change the action of all the buttons on the mouse globally or program specific. I'm pretty sure that Logitech drivers allow the same thing too. One of the available options to change for the middle button is Exit Program.
Comment: That's interesting, I actually have a Logitech mouse and I use Set Point to change button behaviour, but this solution may cause problems if you configure globally the middle click to close programs, because it may have another functionality in some specific programs. For example, middle-clicking links in Firefox should open it in a new tab, and not closing the window.
Answer: There is no Windows setting or registry hack to do this. Your best bet would be a third-party program, such as AutoHotkey, or continuing doing what you're doing. Alternatively, you could right-click on the icon and click "Close window".
Answer: Alternative to virus-containing tool 7 Taskbar Tweaker, I suggest Taskix which contains NO virus.
ps.
Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008
NOT for Windows 7 :(


How can a black hole emit X-rays?

Question: Considering that a black hole's gravity prevents light from escaping, how can a black hole emit X-rays? Visible light and X-rays are both electromagnetic radiation, shouldn't the black hole's gravity prevent X-rays from escaping?
Answer: The X-rays come from hot gas orbiting around the black hole in an accretion disk. As the gas orbits, magnetic stresses cause it to lose energy and angular momentum, thus spiralling slowly in towards the black hole. The orbital energy is transformed into thermal energy, heating up the gas to millions of degrees, so it then emits blackbody radiation in the X-ray band.
Once the gas gets closer than a few times the horizon radius, it plunges into the black hole, so while some X-rays can still escape just before the horizon, most are emitted a fair bit outside.
Answer: My understanding is that any radiation emitted "from a black hole" is actually originating from or just outside the event horizon of the black hole.  This is the region beyond which the escape velocity is at or above the speed of light (electromagnetic radiation).  Outside the event horizon, escape is still possible.
There is another kind of radiation, however, called Hawking radiation which theoretically can escape from a black hole.  This involves some quantum effects.
Answer: The x-rays are not coming from the blackhole itself, they are created by the incredible forces that are enacted on objects that start going past the event horizon. Think of it this way:
If you went feet first into a blackhole past the event horizon, your feet will get pulled much faster than your arms or head. This will cause your stomach to be ripped apart in such a strong and sudden way that it will start emitting x-rays, and since your stomach is still outside the event horizon, those rays are able to escape.
Answer: Black holes are formed from collapsed supermassive stars. If a black hole ends up completely isolated then it will be very black. However, many stars are binaries. Moreover, within dense globular clusters stars can often pass very close to other stars. Just as with stars, when a black hole is near enough to another star it can collect matter from it. Black holes are incredibly compact objects with radii of only about 3km per solar mass. As matter falls onto such a compact object it will accelerate to high speeds and also be constrained to travel through a small volume of space, causing it to have a high chance of colliding with other matter falling into the black hole. This process creates an orbiting accretion disc of matter spiraling into the black hole. This matter is travelling so quickly and compressed so much that it is raised to enormous temperatures, so high that it emits a significant amount of energy as high energy EM radiation such as x-rays. Indeed, this process is by far the most efficient known process of converting matter to energy (an order of magnitude more efficient than nuclear fusion).
Answer: So far a few people have answered (correctly) that X-rays are generated by BH-star binary systems from a thermalized accretion disk.  This process produces soft (low energy) X-ray radiation.  In some systems, the high energy emission is much harder then that of a thermal disk and dominated by synchrotron X-rays emitted from shocked gas in the jet.
Answer: All answers give something but the answer to the question is: a black hole does not emit anything but its surroundings do as long as they are not too close to black hole, of course.

How can a black hole emit X-rays?


Is there an easier way to edit polygons in ArcMap?

Question: I am updating woodlot polygons in ArcMap 10. Instead of editing individual verticies, is there a way to edit that is more like drawing part of a new shape (say if the woodlot has expanded only on one side). I'm looking for something similar to the trace tool but I'm working off a tiff image so trace doesn't work. I just want to trace the woodlot and have the existing polygon update to that new shape. Anything to make this task faster would be much appreciated!
Answer: Instead of moving individual vertices for a feature you can use the Reshape Feature tool on the Editor toolbar.
Depending on how accurate your polygons need to be you could also leverage remote sensing algorithms to automate polygon creation against aerial imagery that has 4 bands (fourth band that is NIR) or LAS lidar data sets, see:
Land Cover Feature Extraction from Satellite Imagery
Answer: you should be able to use map topolgy on single polygons.

Then the reshape, trace, and other tools will work on those objects.
Also the raster snapping on the arcscan toolbar may help you.


How many times can you get Moxxi's Good/Bad Touch weapon?

Question: Possible spoiler: if you tip Moxxi $15k, she'll either give you Moxxi's Good Touch or Moxxi's Bad Touch.  Does anyone know how many times you can tip her to get the weapon?
FYI: I tipped her $15 at level 11 and got a level 11 Bad Touch, then I tipped her again at level 15 to get another level 11 Bad Touch.  Now I'm over level 18 and I have tipper her over $60k and I still haven't gotten a new weapon from her.  So based on my experience (on the Xbox 360), you can only use this twice, but I have read else where that there's no limit and the weapon scales to your level (which it did not for me on my second attempt).
Comment: I think this question should just be added to this question: http://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/84799/what-does-mad-moxxis-tip-jar-in-sanctuary-do
Comment: So *that's* how you get all those Moxxi's guns!
Answer: You can get em infinitely but the amount you have to spend is totally random. It could be 100 or 1000000 but you should leave and enter the town after you get one so you don't get the bug seen in Schottlicious' answer.
Comment: Thank you.  After reading your answer, I decided to dedicate some time to verify this.  I was able to get guns at varying amounts like: 48k, 181k, 57k, 172k, and 140k.  (Unfortunately, they were all Good Touches.)
Comment: Also I think you need to wait for Moxxie to stop talking each time she says something for the next chance to occur.
Comment: Use only the $100 tip and spam the key/button as fast as you can. It will block you once it procs. I usually get it within $2k-$6k. Tipping $1k isn't necessary :)
Comment: I think Bad Touch is only earnable the first time you get a weapon, and the Good Touch is each time you get a weapon after (1 bad per play thru).
Answer: EDIT: Read the answer by Terton. it's right! I experienced a bug in the game (thats my excuse^^).
I can't fully answer this, but I do know that my current level 50 has had his hands on multiple bad and good touches.
My hypothesis is that you can get both guns each playthrough (there are 2) and then once more after finishing the second. The do definitely scale to your level, my current one does about 5300 basic damage. By the way the bad touch is better than the good^^
Now recently I tried tipping her again but after 100,000 she said the giving gun dialogue without actually giving a gun. After that it became impossible to use the tip jar.
Hope this helps!
EDIT: Read the answer by Terton. it's right!
Comment: That happened to me but after a while I jumped around and looked at her and pressed talk and she gave it to me.
Answer: You can get Moxxi's Good Touch and Bad Touch an infinite number of times, and, most importantly, an infinite number of times per playthrough. The people stating that you can only get Bad Touch once per playthrough are misinformed.
The amount of money it costs, as far as I can tell, only really applies for the first time you get it - noticeable by how every time you put a tip in the jar Moxxi will comment. After receiving the first gun, it then becomes a random chance per tip that she will comment and/or give you a gun. That's why it's suggested to only tip $100 at a time for the guns after the first since it will save a lot of money in the long run. As for selling/discarding the item, it should work the same; though I would suggest exiting to menu after selling/dropping it then going back in to be sure it's clear.
Also, there is no need to bother with the cumbersome two-player method to get more copies of Bad Touch. You can get Bad Touch again and again, solo, by simply transferring your character's copy(s) of the gun to another one of your characters via Claptrap's Secret Stash. As long as the gun is not present on your current in-game character (whether on-hand, in the bank, or sitting in the stash box) then Moxxi will continue to give you another one.
Comment: The amount of money it costs, as far as I can tell, only really applies for the first time you get it - noticeable by how every time you put a tip in the jar Moxxi will comment. After receiving the first gun, it then becomes a random chance per tip that she will comment and/or give you a gun. That's why it's suggested to only tip $100 at a time for the guns after the first since it will save a lot of money in the long run.

As for selling/discarding the item, it should work the same; though I would suggest exiting to menu after selling/dropping it then going back in to be sure it's clear.
Comment: That's actually pretty awesome. Do we need to pay the same amount of money to get them? or will Moxxi simply offer it again? Also: will it work if you sold or discarded the item?
Answer: "Now recently I tried tipping her again but after 100,000 she said the giving gun dialogue without actually giving a gun. After that it became impossible to use the tip jar" I have had this problem on the ps3 borderlands 2. Try waiting a few minutes, walk around town open and close your equip menu and check on her again. Usually she gives the gun right away and sometimes she takes forever.
Also I tend to NOT tip her a second time after getting 1 gun during a visit to sanctuary as she does not seem to give a second weapon at all even if she says she will.
Meaning go there once, tip her, get your gun, fast travel somewhere else and then return if you want to try again. I believe the weapon does scale to your level, if you want better luck try tipping her in an online group of 4 preferably higher level players. I got my best one online.
Answer: I think I can answer some people's questions about these guns.  I used the PC version and used cheat engine to spend like 10 million on testing this.
You can get this gun as many times as you want; just drop one of the two guns of hers you have, so that you only have one of her guns, (you can have only two) and quit.
Now re-enter the game and tip her until you get a new gun, this will be the second now and will be freshly levelled to your current level.
So if you have the cash you can get a fresh version of this gun every level!
Comment: Not sure about having only two; she's given me more than one Good Touch, I definitely had one extra in the bank if not in my inventory itself
Answer: Miss Moxxi's Good and Bad Touch can both be unlocked an infinite number of times for Xbox 360.  The Good Touch you can get by tipping her yourself.  The Bad Touch you can get by having a level 1 character join your game and tip her.  The level of the weapon depends on the host.  I am actually doing this right now.  Specs for the best Bad Touch I have are
Apt Bad Touch
Damage              4394
Accuracy            93.8
Fire Rate            9.0
Reload Speed         2.5
Magazine Size         32
Corrosive Dmg/Sec 4867.9
Chance to Corrode 18.1% (Based on Assassin at lvl 50)
Answer: Another way to fix the glitch when she says the script that gives you a gun and she gives you no gun go and use the slot machine once you win and pick up a gun she will give you the gun
Answer: Nope, all you have to do is save and quit.  No matter how many good touches you have she'll keep giving them to you.  Even if your save quiting and immediately going back to tip her.
Oh and it scales with the Main quest line your on currently.  If your on a lv.20 main quest then your gun will be lv.20.  If your on a lv.50 it'll be 50.  So forth and so on.  If you got power leveled by a friend and then start from the beginning the gun will be lv.1ish.
Answer: Actually, for me, I just kept on tiping her until I got the gun. If I tipped her all my money I'd just exit the game without saving and then make more money. Then I would repeat this process.


How to tenderizing chicken with soy sauce instead wet brining?

Question: Since brining is about how much salt/water you use, how do I switch to a soy sauce marinade?
If the standard brine for 2lbs of meat is 1/4 Cup of Table Salt and 1 quart of water, then that means that is 28320mg of sodium. For 30 minutes to an 1hr. 1 tbsp of Kikoman Soy Sauce is 920mg.
So 28320/920 is 30.7. That means I have to marinate 15 to 30.7 hrs instead of 30 mins to 1 hr?
Or increase the amount of soy sauce up to 1 cup?
Comment: Can you check your math? I think 1 cup of salt is approximately 270 gram, with roughly half of it sodium. 28320g is 28 kg!
Comment: Forgive me, but if you need to marinade the chicken for it to be tender after cooking, there is either something _seriously_ wrong with the quality of the chicken or the way it is cooked. And marinating for a prolonged time first and foremost does one thing: whitewashing the taste of the chicken.
Answer: To use soy sauce as a substitute for salt in a brine, you need to calculate the concentration of salt to water. Since we can accurately calculate grams of salt per volume of soy sauce by using the nutritional information on the label, and 1/4 cup of salt per quart of water is a down and dirty way to make a 5% salt brine, let's simplify things by just using grams of salt/metric volume of liquid.
According to the label, Kikkoman Soy Sauce has 920mg of sodium in 15ml of sauce, so 500mls of soy sauce has 30.7 grams of sodium. NaCl (salt) is 40% sodium by weight, so 500mls of soy sauce has the equivalent of 76.75 grams of salt.
By definition, a 5% salt brine would have 25 grams of salt per 500mls of water.
So, Kikkoman Soy Sauce is almost three times as salty as a 5% salt brine. To roughly approximate a 5% salt brine with soy sauce, mix 1 part soy sauce with 2 parts water.
You can also use a stronger solution for less time, but it will take some tweaking. I recommend that you try it the first time as I recommend for replicating a 5% brine, and then tweak from there. Or use a recipe that calls for a 10% salt brine and use half soy sauce, half water which will cause the chicken (especially the skin) to darken nicely.


Looking for a short story about a society where when you are sentenced to life in prison, you are kept alive in prison forever

Question: It's told from the perspective of a prisoner who has served hundreds of years and they won't let him die.  Any suggestions?
Comment: A similar subject comes up in one of the sequels to *Gateway*.
Comment: Wow! Neat subject for a story.
Comment: Could also be [The Jaunt](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jaunt) by Stephen King.
Comment: Is this a case of someone kept alive, or someone repeatedly killed and brought back to life?
Comment: I found a story called [Casewankers!](http://www.amazon.com/Casewankers-Anders-Muammar-ebook/dp/B00Q2H7012) which has the eternity in prison theme, but it's far too new.
Comment: Sartre's No Exit :)
Answer: "Life Sentence", a short story by James V. McConnell; first published in Galaxy Science Fiction, January 1953; available at the Internet Archive and Project Gutenberg.
The viewpoint character is Oliver Symmes, a murderer, the first convict to be sentenced to eternal life in prison:

"Oliver Symmes, there has been no taking of human lives in this nation for many years, until your shockingly primitive crime. We had taken pride in this record. Now you have broken it. We must not only punish you adequately and appropriately, but we must also make of your punishment a warning to anyone who would follow your irrational example.
"Naturally, we no longer have either the apparatus to execute anyone or an executioner. We do not believe that a stupidly unreasoning act should incite us to equally unreasoning reprisal, for we would then be as guilty of irrationality as you.
"We must establish our own precedent, since there is no recent one and the ancient punishments are not acceptable to us. Therefore, because we are humane and reasoning persons, the Court orders that the defendant, Oliver Symmes, be placed in the National Hospital for observation, study and experimentation so that this crime may never again be repeated. He is to be kept there under perpetual care until no possible human skill or resource can further sustain life in his body."

He is resuscitated repeatedly, after death by suicide

"That was a nasty thing for him to do."
"They all do it, once or twice, until they learn."
"Third time for him, isn't it?"
"Yes, I believe so. First time he tried hanging himself. Second time he was beating his head against the wall when we came and stopped him. Bloody mess that one was."
"Nothing to compare with this, of course."

or from natural causes:

Diabetes, tuberculosis, cancer of the stomach, tumor of the brain. He'd had them all, and many others. They had swarmed to him through the gouged skin-openings made by the gleaming needle. And each had brought the freedom of blackness, of death, sometimes for an hour, sometimes for a whole week. But always life returned again, and the waiting, waiting, waiting.

We don't know just how long he's been in:

Oliver Symmes turned to face the ceiling, his mind full of dusty whispers. What century was it? She hadn't answered. It might have been a hundred and fifty years ago he came here, instead of just fifty. Or possibly two hundred and fifty, or . . .
Comment: As an addition, there was a 1996 Outer Limits story "The Sentence" with David Hyde Pierce who played a character called Dr. Jack Henson, that seems loosely based on this story.
Answer: This sounds like the book "I have no mouth and I must scream".
It follows the perspective of one of the subjects, but its not a prison in the conventional sense. Humanity was killed by a massive insane AI. The AI spared like 5 people so it could torture for all time. Its horrifying.


Remotely control Ubuntu server from Ubuntu laptop over my phones wifi hotspot?

Question: I need to be able to control my home Ubuntu server while im at work using my Ubuntu laptop over my phone's wifi hotspot. Speed isn't an issue, it's the same as my home DSL. Ive been using Chrome Remote Desktop in Windows but would rather not have to dual boot.
Answer: Before applying any of the following make sure you understand the security risk of exposing your system to the world at large.
If all you need is a terminal window, then you will only need a couple of things to setup.
First, you need to install and configure secure shell daemon (sshd) on your server - that is if it's not already installed.
Second, you need to have a static way of referring to your home network from the outside world. If your service provider has assigned a static IP on your connection, you just type
ssh user_name@your_static_ip
in a terminal window to connect to your server.
If you have a dynamic IP, then you can use one of the dynamic dns services available to get a meaningful name assigned to your address each time you connect to the internet. Check your router for support of dynDNS services and configure that. Then on a terminal type
ssh user_name@selected_dyndns_name

to connect to your server.
Last, you will probably have to open port 22 (the default for ssh) on your firewall(s).
Again, make sure that you understand the security risks. A simple misconfiguration may leave your entire network exposed to the internet. This is no fun stuff.
Answer: I've been playing around with Amahi Home Server which has an OpenVPN module and also DDNS built right in. You'd install Amahi on your home machine (or another machine in your home) and you'd be able to use an OpenVPN client available for your phone, PC etc... and connect via SSH to your home machine(s)... works really well and is very easy to setup.. I've setup a VM running Amahi, but you could easily have this on your server, or on something as simple as a plug machine (their are instructions on the site).. it's free... http://www.amahi.org/


Income tax exemption (in India) for interest on second home loan

Question: I own a house in Bangalore (India) for which I had earlier taken home loan and which was fully closed nearly 7 years ago. This property has been let out as I am working & staying in Mumbai. I have taken a new home loan in July 2016 for a second property (in Bangalore) which is still under construction. I expect to get possession of the apartment by December 2018. Repayment for this home loan has started in July 2018. Please advise about the tax exemption available under Indian Income Tax rules with respect to the interest applied during the construction period and also the interest applicable after getting possession on the current home loan.
Answer: If you get the possession before 31 Match 2019, you can claim the interest this year itself.
If you get possession in next FI the interest can't be claimed.
The interest exemption is upto the income generated plus Rs 2 lacs adjusted against income from salary and/or other sources. Excess interest can be adjusted/carried forward for next 8 years.
Say interest is Rs 5 lacs.
Actual rent or notional interest is Rs 2 lacs.
Salary is 8 lacs.
From the Rs 5 lacs interest you adjust against income of Rs 2 lacs. I.e. rent becomes tax free.
From the remaining Rs 3 lacs, you can adjust Rs 2 lacs against salary income. So taxable salary comes down to Rs 6 lacs
The balance Rs 1 lac interest you can carry forward to next 8 years.


What is complement of Context-free languages?

Question: I need to know what class of CFL is closed under i.e. what set is complement of CFL.
I know CFL is not closed under complement, and I know that P is closed under complement. Since CFL $\subsetneq$ P I can say that complement of CFL is included in P(right?). There is still a question whether complement of CFL is proper subset of P or the whole P. I would appreciate any ideas on how to show that complement of CFL is the whole P(if that's the case of course).
Comment: I was going to post this as an answer, but it doesn't answer your whole question: the complement of any CFL is R (recursive), since recursive languages are closed under complement and all CFLs are R.
Comment: @Eric The asker already knows that the complement of any CFL is recursive. They've made the _much_ stronger statement that the complement of any CFL is in **P**.
Comment: CFL not being closed under complementation does not mean that a 'L' being in CFL means it's complement is not in CFL. It just means that there exists a 'L' in CFL such that it's complement is not in CFL
Answer: One can understand your question in two ways, according to the definition of "the complement of CFL".
case A: Complement of CFL is the class of all the languages that are not in CFL.  Formally, $$\overline{CFL} = \{ L \mid L\notin CFL\}.$$
In that case, $\overline{CFL}$ is way bigger than $P$, it even has languages that are not in $R$, etc.
But maybe that's not what you meant.
case B: Define the complement-CFL class as $$co{CFL} = \{ \bar{L} \mid L \in CFL\},$$
in words, the set of all languages $L$, such that $L$'s complement is context free.
In that case, what you wrote makes sense:
$CFL \subsetneq P$  (by the CYK algorithm), and also $co{CFL} \subseteq P$ (run the same algorithm, output the opposite answer), and since $CFL \neq co{CFL}$,
then it should be immediate that $co{CFL}\subsetneq P$, right?
Comment: so you are referring to case B. Note that the complement of a CFL $L$ might not be CFL, but it doesn't mean that the CYK algorithm doesn't work on it the same.. I mean, we run the CYK on $\overline L$, which is CFL, and get an answer for every $x$ whether or not it is in $\overline L$. the opposite of that is the answer to the question whether or not that $x$ is in $L$, even though $L$ might be non-CFL.
Comment: @user432 $\text{coCFL} \neq \overline{\text{CFL}}$!
Comment: @RanG is your notation standard here? I would expect $coCFL = \{ L : \bar{L} \in CFL\}$ and $\overline{CFL} = $ the class of languages $L$ such that $L \not \in CFL$.
Comment: Actually, let me change the notation according to your suggestion, it'll make more sense.
Comment: definition of CFK as far as I understand it: language L is in coCFK if and only if complement of L is in CFK. By complement of L I mean all possible strings except strings in L. The problem I think is that complement cannot be defined as "run the same algorithm and reverse the answer" For example: L=(x^i y^i z^i) is not CFL, but I don't know what algorithm I can run to get the (negative) answer.
Comment: OK, I see that you don't use the term coCFL anywhere, so it's not really a problem or likely to cause confusion.
Comment: I believe there are $CFL$s whose complement is also $CFL$. In that case, $CFL\neq coCFL$ wont hold, right? or I have some incorrect understanding?
Answer: A robust class that contains both CFL and coCFL is LOGCFL, which contains all languages logspace-reducible to a context-free language. This class is intermediate between NL and AC1, and has some natural complete problems. It can also be defined in terms of restricted AC1 circuits. LOGCFL is closed under complement (this is an extension of the argument used to show that NL=coNL).
Answer: Complement of CFL could possibly be CFL but not necessarily is.
Complement of CFL is both recursive (R) and recursively enumerable
(RE). Why? All CFLs are both R and RE. R languages are closed under
complement (but RE are not). In that context, complement of CFL is R
which is inherently RE.
Comment: The asker has already said that they know that the complement of any CFP is in **P**. That's a _much_ stronger statement than that it's recursive or RE. It's like the asker has mentioned a person who can't walk and you've responded with a proof that he can't run at the speed of sound.


How do I clean oil stains in yellow marble?

Question: How to clean oil stains from yellow (its natural color) marble?
Comment: You may be out of luck if it's a drying oil. What kind of oil is it?
Answer: Marble can be easily stains because of its porous nature.
Try covering the area with corn starch for about 24 hours. It will absorb any excess oil. Then, wash the area with more hot water and detergent. If you still see the stain, dampen a paper towel with acetone. Leave the dampened paper towel on the stain for about an hour, and rinse with water. Repeat this process untill the stain is completely removed.
Answer: A known remedy is using a mixture consisting of a mixture of baking soda and water. Slather it on the stain, cover it in plastic wrap, let it dry for 24 hours, and then wash it off with mild soap. A flour and soap poultice mixture may work just as well and you can follow to same steps to use it as well. The result should be cleaned up marble since the mixtures soak up the stains.
Answer: You might try the poultice answer from @auujay in this question: How can I clean oil stains from vitreous floor tiles?  I can't vouch for the answer, personally.
Removing oil from natural stone is nigh well impossible.  Easier to make the oil stain uniform over a wider area, if practical.
Answer: To remove this kind of stain you need a solvent and an absorbent. The effective solvents are toluene or xylene, both of which can be found in a hardware store. This is combined with the absorbent, ideally fuller's earth. You can buy fuller's earth from auto parts stores.


How do I get head retention in dry beer?

Question: Especially if I am extra brewing, and making a lower gravity beer, the ingredients  (cara, crystal) that add mouthfeel and head retention also add too much sweetness.  Thinking of a low gravity Belgium style  (Blonde, Patersbier, etc), but this could be a problem for other styles too.
Comment: Have you tried flaked oats?
Answer: This is not a problem at all, you will find most crystal malts are actually foam negative. With simple pale malts you should be able to get good head retention.
For further information on the subject don't listen to me listen to the pope of foam himself Dr. Charles Bamforth. Head retention with the pope of foam.
Answer: Duvel is nothing but pils malt and sugar and has foam that most brewers would kill for.  A lot of it is related to fermentation processes....http://byo.com/stories/article/indices/35-head-retention/697-getting-good-beer-foam-techniques
Answer: You could probably sub in a bit of some sort of sugar for malt extract and still get beer dry enough for your taste while using steeping grain. Additionally, using wheat malt extract could up your head retention w/o resulting in a sweeter beer.
There's a variety of heading agents available at homebrew supplies if you get really desperate.


Eulerian Circuits and Hamiltonian Cycles

Question: Is there a fundamental relationship between circuits and cycles in an arbitrary graph? Are they mutually independent objects?
Thanks
Answer: A cycle with two chords has a Hamiltonian cycle but no Eulerian circuit.
A lemniscate ($\infty$, two cycles pasted at a vertex) has an Eulerian circuit but no Hamiltonian cycle.
A cycle has both a Hamiltonian cycle and an Eulerian circuit.
A star with at least 3 edges has neither a Hamiltonian cycle nor an Eulerian circuit.
Wikipedia describes the graphs which have Eulerian circuits; Hamiltonian cycles are much more complicated, and in particular it is very probable that there's no simple characterization of graphs that have them (unless P=NP).
Comment: By "path" do you mean "path graph"?
Comment: If so, how does a path graph have an Eulerian circuit?
Comment: Oh, I meant an Eulerian tour. Let me find another example.
Comment: Much better!
Comment: Just to clarify, by "cycle" Yuval means "cycle graph".
Answer: Even for planar 3-connected graphs, which are the vertex-edge graphs that arise from convex 3-dimensional polyhedra, one can have all four possibilities: non-HC and non-Eulerian graphs, non-HC and Eulerian graphs; HC and Non-Eulerian graphs; HC and and Euler graphs, where HC means has a Hamiltonian circuit, and Eulerian means has an Eulerian circuit. (It is well known that a connected graph has an Eulerian circuit if and only if it is even-valent.)
However, for planar and 3-connected graphs it is of considerable interest to look at operations on the graphs that preserve the property of having an HC or Eulerian circuit or special kinds of Eulerian circuits. For example if G is plane, 3-connected and has an HC when does the dual of G have an HC? When does the medial graph for G have an HC, etc.? A famous problem which remains open is known as Barnette's conjecture: Does every 3-valent, bipartite, plane, 3-connected graph have an HC? It is also unkown if all the planar 3-connected 3-valent graphs with exactly 12 pentagons and some number of hexagonal faces have HC's.  (There graphs are known as the fullerenes.)
Answer: By definition a path graph cannot have an Eulerian circuit or a Hamiltonian cycle. A loop graph (consisting of one edge and one vertex) has both an Eulerian circuit and a Hamiltonian cycle. As above, there are examples where a graph might have one but not the other. The answer to your question is that there is no fundamental relationship between the two.


Do any verses in the Vedas declare Agni to be the Highest Brahman?

Question: After seeing this answer, I wish to know whether there are any verses declare Agni to be Highest Brahman (since he is frequently mentioned as Indra). Are there any such verses?
Comment: yes, agni is second most celebrated god in rig-veda and is twin brother of indra too.
 In the Rig Veda
there are over 200 hymns that
praise Agni. His name or
synonyms appear in nearly a
third of 1,028 hymns in the
Rigveda.The Rigveda opens
with a hymn inviting Agni
Comment: Anyway it's not mandatory though but it's advisable. You can instantly accept an answer. But since you are asking some very excellent questions here , I just given you hint ,so that you can also received some excellent (multiple) answers.
Answer: There are Plenty of verses. I'm just selecting a few of them from RigVeda.

"त्वमघ्न इन्द्रो वृषभः सतामसि त्वं विष्णुरुरुघायो नमस्यः
  त्वं ब्रह्मा रयिविद् ब्रह्मणस् पते त्वं विधर्तःसचसे पुरन्ध्या " (RigVeda 2.1.3)

  "Hero of Heroes, Agni! Thou art Indra, thou art Viṣṇu of the Mighty Stride, adorable: Thou, Brahmaṇaspati, the Brahman finding wealth: thou, O Sustainer, with thy wisdom tendest us".

  "तव प्रशास्त्रं त्वमध्वरीयसि ब्रह्मा चासि घृहपतिश्च नो दमे " (RigVeda 2.1.2)
  "Thou art Director, thou the ministering Priest: thou art the Brahman, Lord and Master in our home".

  "राजन्तमध्वराणां घोपां ऋतस्य दीदिविम् वर्धमानंस्वे दमे " (RigVeda 1.1.8)
Ruler of sacrifices, guard of Law eternal, radiant One, Increasing in thine own abode".

From the above it is clear that Agni himself is gods like Indra, Vishnu, Brahmanaspati, etc.... He is the director and ruler of sacrifices. He is also the guard of eternal law. Not only this Agni is all Gods also. Shatapatha Brahmana of YajurVeda 22.214.171.124 states:

Having brought water forward, he takes out (the material for) a cake on eleven potsherds for Agni and Vishnu; for Agni is all the deities, since it is in Agni that offering is made to all the deities. Moreover Agni is the lower half, and Vishnu is the upper half of the sacrifice: 'I will become consecrated after encompassing all the deities, after encompassing the entire sacrifice,' thus he thinks, and hence there is a cake on eleven potsherds for Agni and Vishnu.

The Sanskrit word used is 'agnir vai sarvA devatA' ie. 'Agni is all Gods.'


Power Manager Doesn't Show Battery Charging

Question: I just upgraded to 11.10 last night and I noticed that power manager doesn't update the battery charge %. It's been plugged in for hours and the energy hasn't changed (it neither went up or down). Is this a bug with the new version?
Answer: In 11.10 Icon characteristics have changed a bit. If it is charged or have just started discharging you will see full battery. as it keep discharging you will see the battery icons showing it. When it have been discharged to certain extent and plugin AC power (Adapter) you will see thunder-icon showing it charging. If you want to knwo what currently is happening click the battery icon and it will say something like Battery(charged)


Webform-CiviCRM with membership payment has broken on 4.7

Question: I've noticed something strange on 4.7 -- webforms that integrate Webform-CiviCRM and include a payment portion are now pulling in the entire contribution page that is associated in the CiviCRM tab. Previously it would only use fields defined in the webform itself. Now I notice everything from the info/description to the Contribution page's included profiles in the payment portion of the webform.
Is this an intentional change? If so, is there a way to get the previous functionality?
UPDATE: (Further info)

If I disable all profiles on the linked contribution page, no payment fields show up at all.
If I enable a profile, it pulls the entire contribution page in
rather than simply the payment fields as it used to do.
If I disable the Membership Section on the contribution page, I get this error: <code>"This page does not have any price fields configured or you may not have permission for them. Please contact the site administrator for more details."</code> (Under "Memberships", the webform has "Membership type" > User Select with "Number of Terms" set to 1. It links to a contribution page in the "Contribution" section.)
Comment: Cross-reference to bug report on the webform_civicrm project page: https://www.drupal.org/node/2661232
Answer: The Webform-CiviCRM module is not yet compatible with CiviCRM 4.7. You can help! See https://www.drupal.org/node/2661232


Parenting's stance on "parenting" now being a tag synonym of "parents"?

Question: Earlier discussions deemed parents useful, but not parenting. And the issue popped up again later. But until now, parenting was still in existence. Today, the last question with that tag was re-tagged. A tag not associated with any question is automatically deleted.
In addition, parenting became a tag synonym of parents. From the tag synonyms FAQ:

The system organizes tags in a master–synonym relationship. All attempts to use the synonym tag for any given master tag are automatically converted to the master tag. So, users can enter a synonym tag when writing a question, but the master tag will be displayed when the question is loaded. Editing a question tagged with a synonym tag causes it to be replaced by the master tag. Similarly, when users search for questions tagged with a synonym, a list of questions tagged with the master will be displayed.

I've done most of the re-tagging and I didn't get the impression that parents and parenting have much to do with each other. Only once did parents make sense to me when removing parenting (and that was a duplicate).
In general, since a question needs at least one tag, parenting seemed to be used almost randomly. That's why re-tagging couldn't be done automatically like, say, with todler and toddler, but for each question appropriate tags had to be found individually.
On the other hand, parents has a clearly defined use:

About the parents themselves, and not (only) about the children.

Questions are tagged that way if they are from a child's perspective or when it's about the relationship between the parents themselves. It has been used 254 times at the time of writing. In my opinion, it does serve its purpose and is a useful addition to Parenting.SE's tags. But it should not be used ubiquitously.
Considering what's written in the FAQ cited above, with the synonym relationship in place, whenever someone tries to tag their question parenting (which is like no tag at all as every question could be tagged this way), in its stead parents will be displayed, i. e. a tag whose usage is clearly defined and narrow.

Since the tags themselves have not much in common, I fear that parents would be out of place on almost all of those questions so they'd need to be re-tagged - how is that an improvement to questions with parenting? It does not solve the problem, just changes the tag that needs to be removed via edits later. That's why I hope for your feedback, especially also from moderators (hence the tag) as only they can undo it.
What is the community's stance on this synonym relationship? Shall we keep it or shall it be undone?
Answer: Making parents a synonym of parenting just transfers the problem from one tag to another.  If someone can't find an appropriate tag on the site, then this should be at least a decent indication that question probably doesn't belong here (possible it still does, but I would guess that would be the exception not the rule).
I believe the parenting tag should never have existed in the first place.  I vote the relationship be undone and the parenting tag blacklisted / deleted / whatever.  Burninate it and sow the ashes with salt.


What does the term "match the market" mean?

Question: What's the difference betweeng "matching" the market and "beating" the market?
Answer: If your returns match the market, that means their rate of return is the same as the market in question. If your returns beat the market, that means their rate of return is higher.
There's no one 'market', mind you. I invest in mutual funds that track the S&P500 (which is, very roughly, the U.S. stock market), that track the Canadian stock market, that track the international stock market, and which track the Canadian bond market.
In general, you should be deeply dubious of any advertised investment option that promises to beat the market. It's certainly possible to do so. If you buy a single stock, for example, that stock may go up by 40% over the course of a year while the market may go up by 5%. However, you are likely taking on substantially more risk. So there's a very good chance (likely, a greater chance) that the investment would go down, losing you money.
Comment: What about if the index you are tracking goes down, wouldn't you loose money then, and wouldn't you beat the market simply by being out of the market?
Comment: Yeap, you certainly would beat the market simply by having no investments, if the market goes down. And markets do go down, regularly. See for example, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S%26P500_(1950-12).jpg  However, even staying out of the market has risks. Inflation, currency devaluation, etc.
Answer: From Investopedia:

"Beating the market" is a difficult phrase to analyze. It can be used
  to refer to two different situations:
1) An investor, portfolio manager, fund or other investment specialist
  produces a better return than the market average. The market average
  can be calculated in many ways, but usually a benchmark - such as the
  S&P 500 or the Dow Jones Industrial Average index - is a good
  representation of the market average. If your returns exceed the
  percentage return of the chosen benchmark, you have beaten the market
  - congrats! (To learn more, read Benchmark Your Returns With Indexes.)
2) A company's earnings, sales or some other valuation metric is
  superior to that of other companies in its industry.

Matching the market, I would presume will be generating returns equivalent to the index you are comparing your portfolio with. If for a sector/industry then it would be the returns generated by the sector/industry. As an index is more or less a juxtaposition of the market as a whole, people tend to use an index.
Comment: (*That's* how we quote & attribute.  Please don't make 3-paragraph-long links.  kthxbye ;)
Answer: There was a time when everyone felt their goal was to beat the respective index they followed. But of course, in aggregate, that's a mathematical impossibility. The result was that the average say large cap fund, whose benchmark index would be the S&P, would lag on average by 1-2%.
A trend toward ETFs that would match the market had begun, and the current ETFs that follow the S&P are sub .1% expense.
For the fact that studies (Google "Dalbar" for examples) show the typical investor lags not by 1% or 2%, but by far more for reasons of bad timing, my own statement that "I've gotten a return these past years of .06% less than the S&P" would have been seen many years ago as failure, now it's bragging. It handily beats the typical investor and yet, can be had by anyone wishing to stay the course, keep the ETF very long term.
Comment: How about when the market is going down by 10%, 20%, 30% or more in a year, I could easily beat the market simply by being out of the market.
Comment: And if you can avoid those down turns but be back for the upswings, you would beat the market and that would be rare. When our S&P peaked over 1400 and a year later was below 700, I wonder how many go out and got in at a lower level? Because cash flows were still negative from the small investor well after the bottom.
Comment: That is exactly what stop losses help you do. I usually have my trailing stops set at 15% below the last high close, however on the 20 Mar 2013 I could see some divergence appearing in the ASX200 and thus tightened my stops to 5%. I have since been stopped out of all my positions except one (which has continued to go up). I was up 27% and am now up 24.5%, so have kept most of my gains, at a time when the ASX200 has continued to fall. I'll wait until I see signals in the ASX200 chart that the trend is changing again before I get back in. That's the benefit of having a risk management strategy.
Comment: Stop-loss is certainly a good idea, but you expose yourself to additional costs (the cost of the stop-loss execution) and risks (if the stock goes down 16% then immediately rebounds, you'd have been better off not selling). Just pointing out that it's no free lunch, NOT claiming that stop-loss is a bad idea.


Difference between 'spazieren' and 'spazieren gehen'

Question: Is there any difference between these two usages?  I thought they both meant to walk, but someone told me (though not sure if they are right or not) that spazieren uses different grammar.  I couldn't find anything on it, so I thought I would post here to clear it up.
Answer: I don't see a grammatical difference, but a (slight) one in meaning. You could compare it to the difference between "walking" (maybe "strolling") and "taking a walk".

Er spaziert über den Platz.
He walks/strolls across the square.

compared to

Er geht im Park spazieren.
He takes a walk in the park.
Answer: Spazierengehen is more closed than spazieren.
One the one hand this means, one can say:

Ich gehe spazieren

and the sentence is complete (expressing i.e. your desire to talk a walk), whereas ich spaziere is a fragment only matching to a very primitive question like Was tust du gerade? (What are you doing there?)
One the other hand, Hennings example is the only type of extension possible at all. You can add a location or a time where the Spaziergang takes place, but that's it.

Sie spazierte zum Teich, kaufte sich ein Eis und schaute den Schwänen zu.

(She took a walk to the pond, bought a cone of ice cream and looked to the swans) in contrast specifies, where the walk was leading, a construction impossible to be squeezed into a sentence with spazierengehen.

Difference between ‘spazieren’ and ‘spazieren gehen’


features issues not overriding

Question: I have a feature that I copied from site A to site B. Site B is created using a profile install based on site A. Now I have to enabled a feature that I copied from A to B but whenever I enable this feature I always "overrides". I revert to the feature but it's always overriding. It's usually the field_base portion that has overrides. I have more than one feature that does this.  I dont want to recreate using DB settings. I want the feature settings. Any help would be appreciated. Thanks.
Answer: it was the actual features module itself. The latest version removed foreign keys which caused the overridden to be permanent.

features issues not overriding


Why does e.g. Hubble's secondary mirror not block part of the picture?

Question: The SOHO observatory has an opaque object in the light path that blocks the direct light from the sun making it possible to observe the corona.
Hubble and many other telescopes have a big primary mirror in the bottom of a tube which bounces light on to a smaller secondary mirror at the opening of the tube. Why doesn't that other mirror cause a circular area of "no data" in the middle of the resulting images?
Answer: A particular point in the image is formed by the convergence of all the rays of light that leave from that point in the object, and bounce off the mirror.  As long as there are some rays that can do that, then the only effect of the secondary is to block some of the rays, dimming those parts of the image slightly.
Comment: Some references wouldn't go amiss in your answer. For example, you can find a lot of information on these pages (and its links): [HubbleSite: The Telescope - Hubble Essentials](http://hubblesite.org/the_telescope/hubble_essentials/)
Answer: The function of a telescope or your eye is to translates angles into distances on a detector. You can see in the figure below (from Hyperphysics' excellent telescope page: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/teles.html) that rays of light coming from a single object (such an unresolved point of light from a star in space) enter the telescope from a single direction (angle on the sky), in parallel. They pass through the telescope and an image is formed on the back of your eye (Or in Hubble's case, on an electronic detector, which you can think of being were the little red arrow is). The image is a representation of those angles as positions separated by some distance on a 2-D surface.  On the detector all of the light from that single angle angle is light at a single point.

If your pupils constrict, you don't see less of the world, the angles entering your eye stay the same but the number of rays from each angle decreases and less light from every object (light from every direction) gets dimmer.
The opening at the front of Hubble is like your eye's pupil, if it were smaller, less light would come in, but just as many directions could be seen. The secondary mirror being in the way just means Hubble different shaped pupil from yours, a few rays from the object don't make it to the detector, but the image doesn't change, just the brightness.
If the secondary mirror were not there (as in a harder to manufacturer refracting telescope) Hubble would collect a little bit more light from each direction and could observe things a little quicker, but the view of the sky on the detector would be the same.
(SOHO blocks the sun by effectively placing a block in an image formed inside the telescope, for example where the arrow showing the image is in the simple telescope above, then SOHO's "eye" only sees the rays from around the edges of the sun, by blocking them at an "image plane", this is a "coronagraph", https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronagraph).
Comment: This is a fairly good answer, but the diagram is not the best for explaining what is going on, as it represents a refractor, not a reflector. I could pop up an alternate answer, but maybe you could just replace the diagram with one that shows a secondary obstruction? Also, as the observatories being referred to are not observed with the eye, it may as well show a detector instead of an eyeball...
Comment: Why then, if I hold up a mirror at arms length in front of my face, does that "secondary" mirror hide a specific part of my field of view, when on a telescope it doesn't? Because light rays from nearby sources are not parallel, as they are from a distant star? But then what about an apparently large object like the Moon?


How can I measure the pH of my soil?

Question: I was told to measure the pH of my soil to help identify some of the symptoms on my vegetable plants.  Does anyone have recommendations of a device I can purchase to measure soil pH?
Answer: The best way is to get a soil test.  If you can find a COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE via the closest University, it is cheap and possibly free.  Otherwise there are cheap tests like the ones used for HOT TUBS.  There are also these pronged things that seem to work well.  I own a very expensive pH tester and test these other cheap LOWES or HOME DEPOT pH testers.  They have impressed me.  I always use at least two forms of testers.  Need to have moist soil and test multiple places.  Potatoes, blueberries need acidic soil; 5.0 to 5.9.  Other plants need more alkaline soil; 6.0-7.3.
pH is one of the best ways to separate real gardeners from wannabees!  With this knowledge you can plant alkaline loving plants together and the acid loving plants together.  To plant any acid loving plants next to concrete you will find is nuts.  But one CAN change the pH of soils, slightly.  Harder to make soils more acidic.  Always do in stages, test again, add lime for alkaline (going up on the scale) and add sulfur (going down the scale towards acid)...go SLOWLY.  Takes weeks to months to see change.  Keep this in mind when you test.
Comment: for clarification, are you saying that you were impressed with the ph testers available at lowes or home depot?
Comment: Acidifying the soil with peat moss (which has a pH of approximately 4.0) is probably safer and faster than using sulfur. Plus, the organic matter helps.
Comment: Peat moss is what we used to help balance all the wood ash that was scattered in our growing area, this year (which had plants suffering from nitrogen deficiency, stunting, etc.) The plants are growing much bigger and faster this year. Wood ash is high in calcium and can raise the pH.
Comment: Yes but 'this much' of peat moss to nullify 'this much' of calcium is way too iffy.  Wood ash a bit up and peat moss a bit or more down.  This is just too iffy after putting in so much sweat equity and every season being a short time to WIN.  I fertilize as the plants need it.  Takes a bit to get to the point where one can read what a plant needs.  I am rudimentary.  But watering, fertilizing on a schedule is non-sense. To do something that sorta makes sense in combination with something else that sorta makes sense is also non-sense.  My opinion of course!  grins. Did you test your soil?
Comment: JStorage, that is why I have three ways to test pH.  I've got an expensive pH meter and two from lowes, or wherever.  The Lowes or Home Depot cheapie pH meters have actually performed well.  Surprisingly.  Best way is to get a professional soil test once per year.  Blueberries, potatoes...need such acid soils, versus most of the other crops.  Really cuts down on areas for rotation.  When I see a plant in trouble the first thing I do is test the pH.  You can fertilize like crazy and if the pH is wrong the plants will not be able to use the chemicals.  Same with microbiology.
Comment: To reduce the pH of a soil (via sulfur, peat moss) takes an awful lot of work and it should take a long time to get the pH you want.  pH up towards alkaline isn't that arduous and time consuming but still should take take enough time to split the chemistry into 3's.  You will not be able to lower the pH of 6.5 down to 5.0  sooner than 2 or 3 months.  Longer is better. Knowing and using pH IS the difference between wannabees and real gardeners.  grins!!!
Answer: Measuring the pH of soil is cheap and super easy (I do this often).

Get a (plastic) bowl.
Put a sample of soil in it.
Add distilled (not rain or tap) water and mix it to the consistency of a milk shake.
Wait 30-60 minutes, until the soil settles and you have mostly water on top.
Test the pH of the water/supernatant with a pH meter or litmus strip(s).

Trouble shooting tip: If you added too much water, add more soil.
Question: How do I know this is accurate?
Answer: pH is logarithmic, so you can't go very wrong. In other words if you have a 100 ml of solution with pH of 6.60, and you add 100 ml of distilled water to that, the pH of the 200 ml solution will be 6.71. So, being off by less than double the amount of water will not mess up your results too much.
Question: why do I have to use distilled water?
Answer: The pH of rain water is about 5.6, and the pH of tap water should be between 6.5 and 9.5... and it often is.
Question: Where do I get litmus strips or a pH meter?
Answer: Online (like eBay) will work; or the pharmacy, aquarium, pool, or lawn and garden section of many box stores (like walmart) should also carry them. There are (probably) thousands of pH strip products... they will all work for soil testing.
Shopping tips: For testing soil, any cheap pH strip (within range) should be good enough; look for strips that have good color definition around pH 5 - 9. Pool pH strips might be more expensive and specific for the higher range (pH 7 - 10) and they might include other/unnecessary tests. On the other hand, if you have a pool, then having dual purpose strips makes sense. Otherwise, I would probably opt for something like urine or aquarium strips (which are usually meant to read pH in the range of 4 to 10).
For pH meters, look for a model with straightforward calibration techniques. Always check the product reviews before spending your grocery money.
Comment: How do you know if you've added too much water versus soil?  Why that amount of water to test the soil's pH?  Otherwise, we are testing the pH of the water.  pH testers are best found in the marijuana grower stores.  I am not kidding.  Marijuana growers are MOTIVATED to learn quickly and pay attention to their crops.  Those stores have the best pH meters, pots, soils, pH up, pH down, lights and the staff are usually far more knowledgeable.  I always have at least 2 or 3 ways to test pH in between soil tests.  Cheap cheap cheap, coop extension services nearest university!
Comment: @stormy pH is a measure of H+ ions in water. Actually, the best pH meter is colorimetric titration, followed by litmus paper. But if you really want to use electronic meters, Thermo Scientific makes the best pH meters on this planet (for a mere 1-2 thousand dollars). But Hanna meters (about $50) are okay for general tests. I often use a plug in model from Corning, but, I actually prefer litmus paper because they are more reliable and accurate than electronic meters, and the price is only about $3 per 100 test strips and I've found that a book of strips lasts longer than batteries.
Comment: I'll have to go out and find the maker of my pH meter.  Cost me 2 or 3 decades ago $350.  I've lost the cleaning pieces of plastic to help reset it and have been using those grocery plastic bags to reset and seems to work.  They use those at the cashier's register to make funked up electronic strips on credit cards.  Do you know anything about this plastic 'reset' for the electronic meters?  Do they make litmus paper for testing soil pH?  And where do you get yours? I really got into testing our hot tub water with strips and I loved how consistent they were.  Same thing?
Comment: @stormy Regarding plastic and plastic bags to clean and reset meters- I do and I don't know... actually the Hanna meter (that I used to have) had a plastic dohickey for cleaning it... but it's long gone now. I'm familiar with the credit card - bag method, but I've always used buffers to calibrate my meter(s).
Comment: @stormy About the strips... there are so many kinds of pH test strips, I have no doubt that somebody out there is trying to sell some for soil testing, but regular old pH strips should work perfectly well. I edited my answer to include a little more detail about strips. You should be able to use pool strips so long as they have good range and acceptable precision at your pH. If you can barely tell the difference between pH 5 and pH 6, that's not very good... but it will give you an idea of the range.

How can I measure the pH of my soil?


HDR Beginners Help : Photoshop CS5

Question: I am just leaning HDR in Photoshop CS5, can anyone recommend some good tutorials?
Answer: This is a tutorial is a good start, with explanations of some of the terms. I also think that basic HDR tutorials will also be of benefit, given that the concepts are the same between applications. You can find a myriad of HDR tutorials via web search that should apply to any HDR tool of your choosing.
Answer: dpreview has recently posted the first in a series of articles on HDR photography
http://www.dpreview.com/learn/?/Guides/The_art_of_HDR_Photography_part_1_01.htm
This isn't a tutorial as such (specific techniques will be covered in subsequent posts) but it explains in detail the concepts of HDR photography and as such will increase your understanding of why you're doing HDR, no simply how.
Answer: you could also just download the trial version of photomatix which is a popular HDR processor. You can just tell it what files to load and it will make the HDR image from it. then you can use the simple single-click presets to see various mappings to LDR output (i.e. tone-mapping). I found that just using the photomatix wizard prior to really learning the details of HDR was easy.
http://www.hdrsoft.com/download.html#pmp

HDR Beginners Help : Photoshop CS5


Monochrome filter effect on color film?

Question: I recently an old Canon O1 orange filter. According to the pamphlet on the filter, it says it works on monochrome film with a filter factor of 3x.
What effect would this filter give me on color film?
Thanks in advance!
Comment: Hold the filter up to your eye - what does the world look like through it?
Answer: Since black and white film records the overal intensity of light that reaches the film, colors that pass through the filter (orange) will appear brighter than colors that are blocked (blue and green), when used with black and white film.
With color film, color-tinted filters will tint the scene with the color of the filter, unless further corrections are made. Colors that are blocked by the filter will still appear darker. This applies to color-correction filters as well, where the tint of the filter counteracts a tint in the lighting.
A red filter will make a scene appear red. A green filter will make the scene appear green. A blue filter will make the scene appear green.
An orange filter will make the scene appear orange.
Answer: With few exceptions, a filter passes the color it is named and checks its complements (opposites). We mounted a yellow filter on a camera loaded  with black & white film to darken blue sky. We did this because often white fluffy clouds, usually back-lit, reproduced about the same shade of gray as did the blue sunlit sky. If we wanted a more dramatic effect we mounted an orange or red filter. These darkened the blue sky even more without too much darkening of the clouds. The effect is more contrast clouds to sky.
An orange filter in conjunction with black & white panchromatic film, darkens cool colors and lightens warm colors.
If you mount a strong colored filter in conjunction with  color film, you get a strong overall unnatural color cast. In this case, the orange filter will simulate some of the colors you see when the sun is low in the sky such as sunset and sunsets.
Experimentation  with filters is your best teacher.
Comment: Extermination?  That sounds a bit extreme!
Answer: A filter factor of 3X means that when daylight balanced light (full spectrum light centered on around 5500K) is passed through the filter, the total amount of light will be reduced by a factor of three (3), and one-third (one-third) of the original light will pass through the filter. One-third (1/3) the light is equivalent to one and two-thirds (1 2/3) stops. But if the filter is a color filter, all wavelengths/colors of light will not be reduced by the same amount. If the filter is a neutral density filter, the brightness of all colors/wavelengths of light should be reduced by the same amount.
For an orange filter, orange light will be reduced by less than other colors of light. The further a color is from orange around the color wheel, the more light that color will be reduced.
Color filters are often used in monochrome (B&W) photography to enhance or reduce contrast between things that are different colors in the scene being photographed.
Since the filter is orange, orange light passing through the filter would be reduced by a lesser amount than other colors of light. Blue, which is directly across the color wheel from orange, will be reduced by the most amount.

In portrait photography, an orange filter reduces the appearance of freckles and blemishes, giving the skin a healthy, smooth look.
When photographing buildings and cityscapes, they give bricks a pleasing tone, and increase contrast between different materials to add depth and texture to the image.
Similarly to red filters, they can be used to reduce the appearance of fog and haze, and to darken skies and emphasise clouds.

If there are orange and blue items in the scene that are the same brightness, without a filter they would both appear to be the same shade of gray in a monochrome (B&W) image of the scene.
By using an orange filter and increasing exposure to compensate for the filter factor, the orange object will appear to be lighter gray than before and the blue object will appear to be darker gray than before. If we used a blue filter, the opposite would happen. Our blue object would show up as lighter gray than the orange object.
With digital photography, the possibilities are much greater when saving raw image data. Different color filters can be applied during conversion from raw data to an image that will affect differently colored objects in the scene differently in terms of their tonal value (how dark or how bright a shade of gray they are).

Monochrome filter effect on color film?


Which Software Solution should I Use to employ predictive analytics (as a newbie)?

Question: I'm a Business Intelligence analyst working almost entirely with SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) and Tableau to produce BI reports. I'd like to start to incorporate some predictive analytics, and there appears to be a panoply of options. I'd love to have the insights of people who have worked in machine learning/data science on how to proceed. It looks like there's a variety of options
My objective criteria are:
1.) Learn and employ predictive analytics somewhat quickly in a healthcare setting.
A lot of the time my outcome variables are binary (did someone relapse or not), my input variables tend to be categorical (which program were they in?), and it's EHR data for people living with mental illness, so concrete metrics are few and far between (what was their skills assessment score?).
2.) Keep data import/export simple between SSMS and whatever tools I end up with
I need ease of reporting and to minimize the number of software platforms being employed--with too many tools our users get overloaded, so I'd like to use the same reporting platform (Tableau right now).
3.) Have a robust user base for whatever ends up being used
I want to be able to learn and troubleshoot without issue or obsolete/niche software that nobody uses. I'm not a great autodidact so it would be nice if there's good online support/tutorials. Network effects rock!
As such, I've been doing cursory investigation of what Microsoft already has: it appears there's R Client, Microsoft Machine Learning Server (formerly Microsoft R Server), and SQL Server Machine Learning Services (In-Database), and plain old R.
The in-database option looks nice, particularly because I could execute stored procedures from the front end and have predictive data results--even if it's just regression analysis results--come back to the user. However, I'd like to be able to employ the various R libraries (ggplot2 looks amazing) and am not sure if that's doable.
R server looks great as well, but again I'd like to be able to keep the outputs integrated with Tableau so users have one tool. If I can still use Tableau to kick off a stored procedure with input parameters that pass to R server and have the resulting data come back to them, that would be great. I just don't know if the results will be savable, and if so, can they be kept in the database used by SSMS.
I have no idea what R client does; given that I work for a small organization with a 6 person IT department, maybe that's a better option. But probably has its downsides as well.
There's probably a lot of confusion here and I hope you'll forgive my naivete, but there's a lot of information out there. I'm trying to come up with a sufficient and satisfactory solution that's got solid justification for purchase before we invest big in something. I'm leaning with Microsoft Machine Learning Server (formerly R Server), but am very open to dissuasion. Any suggestions?
Thanks!
Aaron
Answer: I recently took an online course for data analytics and big data analysis. The course featured the R app, A free open source analysis program. The class also included sections on Tableau for its visualization processes. The two codes seem to work well together. R has it's own plotting routines but not at the level of Tableau. I'd recommend you try R and see if it fits your requirements. R seems very capable and easier, I think, than rolling you own with Python.
Comment: Funny, but I despise the R language especially compared to Python. Either way you're going to have to write code.