Whats the "most amount of moon" acceptable for astrophotography?

Question: The last time I shot the sky, it was a full moon and it completely ruined my shot. What's the maximum amount of moon (i.e. 1/3, 1/2, etc...) that can be out that won't adversely impact a shot of the stars?
Comment: Depends on the weather, see http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/21321/is-astrophotography-basically-pointless-with-a-moon-in-the-sky?rq=1
Comment: Related:   http://photo.stackexchange.com/q/41722/15871
Answer: For dim deep sky objects the answer is pretty much "none". For brighter objects such as planets the answer is, "It depends." How much an out of frame moon will affect astrophotography shots depends on a variety of factors: Altitude, the amount of water vapor and/or particulates in the atmosphere, the angle between the moon and the center optical axis of the lens, etc...
Can you photograph the milky way with a full moon out? identifies many of the issues with trying to photograph the night sky when the moon is above the horizon.
Comment: I'm more interested in getting the milky way as a whole, using an ultra wide angle, rather than deep space objects. I'll be in Big Sur in early May, so humidity will probably not be an issue, but I'll also be next to the coastline...
Comment: And just where in the sky will the brightest parts of the Milky Way be during evening hours in May at mid-northern latitudes? Below the horizon. They will be high in the sky just before dawn.
Answer: Generally speaking, you don't want to image the night sky with a moon in it. Additionally, you don't want to image the night sky with city light pollution, either. In both cases, the two add light pollution to the image, which in the end just adds noise. All that additional noise requires significantly more total exposure time (integration time, when it is the result of stacking many images) to average it out.
For milky way images, having the darkest skies possible is key. You want to get a good 40 minutes out from the edge of town in most cases, unless you are already in a fairly small, isolated town. In which case, you might only need to drive 10-15 minutes to get to sufficiently dark skies. Even when you get 40 minutes from larger city centers and sprawling suburban areas, light pollution bubbles on the horizon can affect your images, often significantly.
Assuming you do get out to dark skies, it is still possible to image the milky way with a moon...so long as it is a small phase. A crescent, or even a half moon, is not even remotely as bright as a full moon. (Especially not a supermoon, or as we have tonight, a megamoon (!), which can be even brighter.) The proximity of the moon also plays a role. The farther away in the sky it is, the better. It is usually best to have the moon at least 30 degrees away from whatever you are imaging, however in the case of ultra widefield images like milky way imaging, it is best for any moon to be in the opposite sky. If you are imaging east, then you would want the moon to be as far west as possible. That will minimize LP and color cast from the moon's light.
Another key factor when imaging with a moon in the sky is the established weather phenomena. The more transparent the sky, the better. Even a small amount of thin cloudcover (usually invisible to the naked eye at a dark site) will reflect and disperse moonlight, and can greatly brighten the sky. This will particularly affect blue color channels since higher frequencies of light (bluer) scatter more easily than lower frequencies (redder). Thin high altitude clouds, inversion layers and fog layers can turn a night that might have been viable for imaging into one that isn't even worth bothering with. The supermoon we had in October (the early counterpart to the current triad of supermoons, the middle of which is actually tonight! The largest in 68 years! ;)), resulted in a very significant increase in my signal offset for a Hydrogen-alpha sequence I was working on. Here is an example of a 3nm Ha sub exposure from a new moon:

And again a sub exposure from last months supermoon, which was still about 60 degrees away relative to this object (Heart Nebula, Cassiopeia):

This demonstrates about the most extreme difference you could ever expect. Some kind of high altitude weather phenomena moved in around 1:30 AM or so that night, and persisted until nearly 3 AM. It resulted in the brightest moon I have ever seen by a long shot. The sky that night at 2pm when I went out to check some of my equipment was literally blue...like the pre-dawn twilight. It was so bright for a moment I wondered what the heck was...weird...then I realized I could see, clearly, even into the shadows. I suspect it was even be brighter last month than tonight unless a similar atmospheric phenomena occurs around 11pm tonight. Anyway...this demonstrates worst case scenario with the moon. And in the end, despite the additional light pollution, the data was still actually usable (I just under-weighted it relative to the rest of the data).
I have created several deep sky images with a half moon in the sky. While the moon can introduce a slight color cast that can sometimes be difficult to work out, ultimately it does not affect the quality of the images as much as a full moon:

View full size on Astrobin

View full size on Astrobin
There is a very slight bluer cast to these image due to the presence of a half moon or so, but outside of that you can see that the images were otherwise unaffected.
Comment: Those images are crazy, crazy good. Welcome back Jon!
Comment: Thanks, D! This stuff is nothin. ;) I've got some newer images (these were from Dec '14/Jan '15) that are richer, deeper and better processed. I also just picked up an ASI1600MM-Cool mono camera with some high end LRGB and narrow band filters. I've got some piles of data here that should produce much higher contrast and more detailed images. Just gotta process it all! :P
Comment: This is such a great answer


Howto play Last.fm on Rhythmbox?

Question: So after authenticating with last.fm, the last.fm drop-down menu is populated but when attempting to listen to a station nothing is happening. I'm hoping that I'm just not doing something right.. Let me know askubuntu in newb detail howto get this thing playn last.fm music please. :)
Answer: Last.fm is now a subscription service, so won't stream within Rhythmbox "for free". Took me a while to work this out, and comments about bait-and-switch are about right, it seems to me.
Comment: P.s. If you have wide-ranging tastes, give [Radio Paradise](http://www.radioparadise.com/) a listen.

Howto play Last.fm on Rhythmbox?


Why do I get different results for my IP when I type google "What is my IP" and when I type in macOS' terminal "ifconfig |grep inet"?

Question: I get different results for my IP when I type google "What is my IP" and when I type in macOS' terminal ifconfig |grep inet
Why are these results different on macOS version 10.13.2 High Sierra?
Answer: Unless your computer is directly connected to your ISP via the modem, your computer's IP address is actually assigned by your router (either provided by the ISP or yourself). The IP address you see when you go to a whatsmyip website is the public IP address that the ISP has assigned your router, which is the only IP address devices on the internet can talk to when trying to talk to a device on your network. Using a technique called Network Address Translation your router allows multiple devices (e.g. your laptop, your phone and your PlayStation) to share that single public facing IP address from your ISP among each of the devices.
Likely your devices connected to your internal network have IP addresses like 192.168.XXX.XXX or 172.16.XXX.XXX - 172.31.XXX.XXX or 10.XXX.XXX.XXX. These are Private IP addresses reserved for internal networks and are not usable on the wider internet.
Answer: The one you get from Google is your external address - your public one, which is actually assigned to the WAN (external) connection of your router by your ISP.
The one from ifconfig is your internal, private address - which is assigned from the LAN (internal) interface of your router.
You can use the caching utility to find your external, public IP address:
AssetCacheLocatorUtil 2>&1 | awk '/This.*public/{sub(/\.$/, ""); print $NF}'

Your router uses a structure known as NAT (Network Address Translation) so that packets destined for you are sent to the right computer, without exposing your internal address to the outside world.
Wikipedia link to Network Address Translation - which, honestly, you don't need to know & understand ;)
Answer: I loved the method using AssetCacheLocatorUtil, so I improved it just a bit by extracting only the IP from the string:
AssetCacheLocatorUtil 2>&1 | grep public | grep This | awk '{match($0,/[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+/); ip = substr($0,RSTART,RLENGTH); print ip}'

Comment: In this instance, there really is no good reason or practical need to _double pipe_ the _output_ of `AssetCacheLocatorUtil` thru `grep` and then to `awk` when the output of `AssetCacheLocatorUtil` can be processed all just by `awk`. If the system has a public IP address, then the following _command_ returns just the public IP address, or nothing if not: `AssetCacheLocatorUtil 2>&1 | awk '/This.*public/{sub(/\.$/, ""); print $NF}'`


Branding Sub-site in SharePoint 2010

Question: I am trying to create custom UI for the sub site in SharePoint 2010. I am already using a custom master page at site collection level. I don't want that master page to be applied to my Sub-site. I want to create a separate css which could show my sub-site in different UI compared to Site level UI. Sub site has lot of pages which should be shown in navigation on the home page of sub site with good UI. I am looking for any guide or links which could help me in this.Appreciate any suggestions.
Answer:
Create new master page for your sub site.
Upload master page to master page gallery.
Publish and Approve new master page.
Make sure publishing feature is enabled.
Open sub site change master page url (http://server/site/subsite/_layouts/ChangeSiteMasterPage.aspx) and apply new master page to your sub site.
Answer: You can set your own MasterPage & CSS for Subsite using below steps.
To upload the alternate style file for subsite:

Choose Site Actions→All Site Settings.
The Master Page link appears in the Look and Feel section.
Open the Master Page settings by clicking the Master Page link.
The Site Master Page Settings page opens. This page has three sections, Site Master Page, System Master Page, and Alternate CSS URL.

In the Alternate CSS URL section, select the Specify a CSS File to Be Used by This Publishing Site and All Sites That Inherit from It radio button.
The Browse button enables.
Copy/paste the path to your file in the field or click the Browse button to locate where you uploaded your CSS file in the Style library.
If you click the Browse button, make sure you're in the correct folder by clicking the Style Library link on the left.
Select the file, if you clicked the Browse button, and then click OK.
You return to the Site Master Page Settings page. The path to your alternate style sheet appears next to the Browse button.
(Optional) Select the Reset All Subsites to Inherit This Alternate CSS URL check box.
If you want all the subsites under the site you're on to use these same alternate styles, select this check box. If you don't want the child sites to inherit the styles, leave the check box blank.
Click OK.

Your alternate styles appear.
Comment: Hi Hardik, that will help me thnaks alot.. can you refer me to some links on how to change the CSS to get better look to my sub site, Am looking for any step to step guide on modifying my home page and navigation..could you hep me in providing some links which would take me to do this. Thanks
Comment: Please try this article...http://sharepointpromag.com/sharepoint-development/sharepoint-branding-101-cascading-style-sheets
Comment: Look into it as well...http://www.nothingbutsharepoint.com/2012/03/14/create-custom-css-and-master-page-in-sharepoint-2010-aspx/

Branding Sub-site in SharePoint 2010


Apps not opening "Verifying"

Question: Some of the apps on my MacBook Air (OS El Capitan) specifically my Grand Theft Auto are not opening because a prompt appears "Verifying (Name Of The App)". I've tried countless times to fix this but nothing has worked. Any suggestions on how might I fix this?
Comment: does OS X get anywhere with the verification?
Comment: How did you try and fix it?
Comment: I went into settings and allowed apps downloaded from anywhere.
Comment: No, the progress bar gets to the end and the window just closes.
Answer: If you are sure that you downloaded the app installer from the official/verified source and that it has not been tempered with, you can skip the verification process altogether by removing the extended file attribute that causes FileVault to attempt to verify the application. Do this by executing the following command from terminal:
xattr -d com.apple.quarantine /Applications/app_name.app
The app_name.app is the name of the application you are changing the extended attributes on. In this case, GTA5.app.
The xattr command allows you to view and change extended file attributes. The -d flag indicates you are deleting the com.apple.quarantine attribute which is set on the application package. Any file with the extended attribute of com.apple.quarantine is verified by FileVault. This attribute is typically automatically set on downloaded files and files extracted from a tar or zip archive.
Comment: incredible that this doesn't require administrator privileges.
Comment: Some context for this would be helpful - can you write a bit about what this command accomplishes?
Comment: I just want to clarify that to check if the com.apple.quarantine attribute is present, you should type "xattr /Applications/app_name.app"
Comment: @I'm_With_Stupid It actually does require sudo.  So the command above would be "sudo xattr -d com.apple.quarantine /Applications/app_name.app" and then you would need to enter the admin password for the command to work.
Answer: This verification ensures that the application is not tampered with, so I would consider re-downloading and re-installing any app that fails to verify.
If you have an installer package and you're sure it validates by checking the checksum or you have a backup and no data that would be sensitive if it's compromised - you can force the installer to run:

.pkg for installer hangs on verify

But - again, you are disabling a safety feature, so I would back up your machine and data in case there's something going on with the safety system.
Answer: EDIT: It seems I had some fw rules on my router that blocked access to some apple servers (I set them up to run some tests a while ago). After removing the rules, all is well.
Just disable your network connection temporarily. I believe somethings's wrong with Apple's way to query their servers for potentially malicious software definitions.
Comment: This worked for me. I pulled my network plug and then put it back and it resolved.
Answer: I had this problem many times lately (Mac OS quality degrading)... Here is a workaround:

Open /System/Library/CoreServices/Installer.app
navigate to the installer that is stuck, and install it
Comment: This is for a disk image, not an app.
Answer: Well I had the exact same problem with it on my mac book air.
I kept opening it and it would keep saying "verifying "GTA 5".
When I went go to the bathroom it opened by it's self.
I'm pretty sure this is dew to the large file sizes and it taking longer to work, as minecraft and league of legends verified almost instantly.
I suggest Waiting up to 5min and come back see if it is still verifying and it might be done.
I hope this helped you when downloading GTA.
Answer: This seems to be the answer:
http://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/msoffice/forum/msoffice_install-mso_mac/office-2016-for-mac-cant-get-past-verifying/5b001c4a-611d-421a-b2ec-9632ae6271cc
Hope that helps!
Comment: Welcome to Ask Different!  We're trying to find the best answers and those answers will provide info as to why they're the best. Explain why you think the link you provided will answer the question.  Links can change and become outdated so we prefer the answers to not just be a link.  See [answer] on how to provide a quality answer.

Apps not opening "Verifying"


Is there any secure version of Joomla! 1.6 or 1.7 available?

Question: Is there any secure version of the old Joomla! 1.6.x, or the 1.7.x series available?
Answer: Short and long answer is no. You need to upgrade a 1.6 or 1.7 site to at least 2.5.x as that is the most secure version (although 2.5 is fast approaching end-of-life). If you have a compatible template, you might be able to upgrade to 3.3.
Comment: To add to this, anything before 2.5.14 is at an extremely high security risk (to the point a 1.5 patch was created after it was out of support).  Follow the advice here and update to the latest 2.5 release, and begin planning for 2.5 support ending if not already.
Answer: Any Joomla website and to extend this a bit, any kind of software, especially open source ones and those that are publicly exposed, should be up to date, to ensure maximum security.
Joomla's current maintainable versions are Joomla 2.5 and Joomla 3.3.
Joomla 1.6 and 1.7 were short term releases and we could say they were like the path from version 1.5 to 2.5. They were not meant to stay for long, they are not maintained (= no security patches, no bug fixes, no extensions support), thus they can't be used any more on production.
The updates, apart of the fact that they may add new features, they deal with known vulnerabilities and security issues. Those vulnerabilities are well-known to the public, therefore an older version of the software can easily be compromised.
Another condition, we should have in mind, is that 3rd party extensions are not also maintained for such older versions, giving even more space to vulnerabilities and other possible incompatibilities with the server software.
Usually, upgrading from 1.6, 1.7 to 2.5 and 3.3 is kind an easy task. But keep in mind that this is dependent on the specific conditions of each website, the 3rd party extensions and the possible level of customization and
It is strongly recommended to not try to upgrade directly on the live website, and always keep a working backup of the website.


I can't change my phone language to English (US) on WP 8.1

Question: I want to enable Cortana outside of the US, but I can't change my phone language to US English. Does anybody have an idea on how to fix this?
Comment: What phone do you have? As mentioned in [this answer](http://windowsphone.stackexchange.com/a/3539), some HTC phones have shipped without the US English language, making it impossible to enable Cortana.
Comment: What's stopping you from switching phone language to US English?
Answer: simply go to Settings -> Region -> United States. Then restart your phone.
Again for example, if your phone language is India, download United States English.
Answer: As per this article:

Cortana is technically only available in the United States during its initial beta period. However, if you change your region settings to United States, you should be able to access this feature. Microsoft tells me that doing so could impact Windows Phone Store access, but I've not heard of this actually happening to anyone.

Changing the region
Go to Settings → region → United States
Windows Phone Store access
If you must use Cortana at this point and find that your App Store isn't working as it normally does, you can still install the apps you need via the WP website.
Comment: This doesn't seem to answer the question. Merely changing the phone's region is not enough to enable Cortana, [changing the language is also required](http://windowsphone.stackexchange.com/a/3523/1401). And not being able to do that is the actual problem here that should be addressed (people might want to switch to US English for reasons other than Cortana).


Qnap TS-809 NAS

Question: I'm looking for a portable NAS solution for around 30 servers to back up to. I require 8-16TB of space. Does anyone have any experience of the Qnap TS-809 and know if it would be suitable for this many servers to be backing up to?
Answer: It should work fine - depending on your switch (if you have a managed switch that can do 802.3ad and aggregate the two ports on the Qnap) you should see a win from the dual NICs.
With any NAS backup like that your headache is going to be scheduling the backups to make sure all your clients aren't writing to it or reading from it at once.  Restoring or backing  more than a couple of machines simultaneously you'll just suffer...
Answer: imho, qnap is designed for soho/sme where everything with the kitchen sink is built into it.
too much unnecessary services running in it.
and i would not expect performance from such devices.
i would suggest build your own box and setup freenas.org or opensolaris http://sites.google.com/site/eonstorage/ using zfs + raidz2 http://blogs.oracle.com/ahl/entry/double_parity_raid_z for the storage, all these feel like almost perfect box for me.

Qnap TS-809 NAS


Rename a Perspective in Eclipse

Question: Is there a way to Rename the Perspective in Eclipse? I want to open multiple instances of eclipse for the same project & this will help me since i can know exactly which one I am using by looking at the taskbar.
Answer: You can create your own perspectives though and give it a name that suits you. You should have a 'Save Perspective As' button in you main menu, it is in the 'Window' submenu by default i think. Hope that helps.
Answer: I don't think that there is a way to do this, perspective is kind of different view that suites what you are doing now in eclipse (coding, debug, svn, ...). You can customize Perspective as you want from Window->Customize Perspective, but giving it a name, I don't think that there is a way to do that. If you want to take this further than that, you can check this here to see how to create a new perspective programmatically.

Rename a Perspective in Eclipse


How to check the paypal's current exchange rate?

Question: I have paypal account. My base currency is AUD. I want to check the conversion rate for buying a stuff in USD. When I go to payment step they show the actual USD amount and actual AUD that will be taken and the actual conversion rate used for AUD to USD. But is there a way I can check the paypal's AUD to USD exchange rate with out going to the payment step?
Answer: PayPal does charge a premium, both for sending and receiving.
Here's how you find their rates:

Log in to the "summary" page.
Directly above the numerical amount of your balance are the words "PayPal Balance"
Click on "PayPal Balance".
A new window will open showing current balances of any currency that you have ever owned there. All of my money is in US Dollars but there are zero balances for British Pounds and Euros. For a while I kept foreign currency balances because you do not pay PayPal's premium to spend your own money but if you need to purchase another currency to pay for a foreign purchase you do. The only way that you obtain a currency balance to to be paid in that currency and instruct PayPal to leave it there rather than converting it to your home currency.
Anyway, lowest on the new window is "manage currencies". Click on that.
A new window will open. On the right side is "currency exchange". Don't know if this will work if you do not carry a balance in any currency. I enter $100.00 then select the currency that I want to find the exchange rate for.
Click on "calculate".
To find how much of your currency is required to buy one unit of the foreign currency, divide the above result into the amount of your currency that you started with. In my example $100.00 buys 75.35 British Pounds. Thus $100.00/75.35 = $1.33 to buy one British Pound.
Comment: I think the interface has changed, it's now: 1) log in, 2) click "Currencies" under "Money" section, then on the right hand side there's a currency calculator with various options. More info here https://www.paypal.com/us/selfhelp/article/Where-can-I-find-PayPal's-currency-exchange-rates-FAQ1976 though weirdly that article seems to only display if you're not logged in?
Comment: Under the `Currency Exchange` as stated in #6 above, there is a case that the currency is not listed under the `To` currency dropdown. In my case `Malaysian Ringgit` is supported currency but not listed in the dropdown. **Try this**:

1. Use `Add Currency` button to add the currency as wallet balance and make it primary.
2. Under the `Currency Exchange`, change `Select type of currency conversion` dropdown from `Balance conversion` to `Payment conversion`.
3. Update the `From` and `To` currency accordingly.
4. Put any `Amount` and do the math.
Comment: Great answer. In step 6 you wrote: "Don't know if this will work if you do not carry a balance in any currency." In my experience, this doesn't work if you do not carry a balance in any currency. If this is the case, then there may be no way of examining PayPal exchange rates in advance.
Comment: @user568458 Where is this "Money" section? I cannot find it.
Comment: They probably changed the layout again
Answer: The Paypal 'classic' site option has now been removed and you will not know what you will be charged UNTIL YOU COMMIT TO BUY.
Paypal told  me today ( brexit day 24th ) that their site is NOT connected to the Ebay site so when Ebay tells me '$77.00 approximately £52.43' for an item I would in fact pay £59.62.
 You will Not be aware of this UNTIL you commit to by.
Paypal informs me there are no plans to restore the 'classic' option Paypal site.
Answer: fx-rate.net offers a AUDUSD exchange rate comparison, which includes paypal:
Currencyfair    $1.14
Transferwise    $ 2.29
Worldremit  $ 3.50
Xendpay $ 3.71
Tranzfers   $ 5.52
Ukforex $ 7.35
Skrill  $ 15.13
Paypal  $ 25.77
Kantox  $ 27.76
http://fx-rate.net/currency-transfer/?c_input=AUD&cp_input=USD
Answer: FYI, just found this (https://www.paypal.com/webapps/mpp/ua/useragreement-full#8)
"8.9 Currency Conversion
Currency Conversion
2.5% added to the exchange rate
The Currency Conversion spread applies whenever a currency conversion is required to complete your transaction. The exchange rate is determined by a financial institution and is adjusted regularly based on market conditions. Adjustments may be applied immediately and without notice to you.
When your payment is funded by a debit or credit card and requires a currency conversion, you consent to and authorize PayPal to convert the currency in place of your debit or credit card issuer. You have the right to have your card issuer perform the currency conversion and can choose this option during checkout on your transaction review page before you complete the transaction."
2.5%!! Can this be true?
Comment: It's not that entirely surprising is it. Most companies that offer currency conversion option when you buy something will charge a processing fee. They're not banks themselves after all. And even if you go to banks, because the amount you're converting is relatively small, the banks' offer would also be a bit worse off than the currency exchange rate you see publicly listed, which is likely for large-volume currency transactions.
Answer: I cannot speak for Paypal specifically and I doubt anyone who doesn't actually work on their internal automated payment systems could. However, I can speak from experiencing in working on automated forex transaction systems and tell you what many institutions do and it is often NOT based on live rates. There is no law stating an institution must honor a specific market exchange rate. Institutions can determine their own rates how and when they want to. However, there is some useful information on their website: https://www.paypal.com/an/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=p/sell/mc/mc_convert-outside
"The most readily available information on currency exchange rates is based on interbank exchange rates. Interbank exchange rates are established in the course of currency trading among a global network of over 1,000 banks, and are not available through consumer or retail channels."
This leads me to believe they pull exchange rates from either Oanda or XE periodically and then use these rates throughout the day to conduct business. Paypal does not disclose who they use to determine rates. And it's highly doubtful they do this for every transaction (using live rates). Even if they did, there would be no way for you to check and be certain of a particular exchange rate as paypal states:
" Consumers may use these rates as a reference, but should not expect to use interbank rates in transactions that involve currency conversion. To obtain actual retail rates, contact your local financial institution or currency exchange, or check the rate displayed in your PayPal transaction."
This is partly because rates can change by the second just like stock prices or anything else which is susceptible to the open market's variables of supply, demand news events etc. So, even if you check the rates on Oanda (which you can do here: http://www.oanda.com/currency/converter/) you are not going to get a 100% accurate representation of what you would get by doing an exchange immediately afterwards from Paypal or any other financial institution. However, if you want to estimate, using Oanda's currency converter will likely get you close in most scenarios. That is assuming Paypal doesn't charge a premium for the exchange, which they may. That is also assuming they use live rates, it's also possible they only update their rates based on market rates periodically and not for every transaction. You may want to test this by checking the exchange rate on your transaction and comparing that to the Oanda rates at the same time.
Answer: There is a way I discovered of finding the current exchange rate before committing to buy, go to send payments, put in your own second email, pay 1gbp as the amount and it will give you the exchange rate and fees in your own currency, in my case euro, before you have to click on send payment.
August 2018: Here is what PayPal says about how to check the rate before sending the money:
Here's how to view our current exchange rate:
Start a  money sending transaction. Click Details on the left side of the page
Click Manage currencies.
Enter the required information under Currency Exchange and click Calculate.
The exchange rate is displayed, and you can review it before you complete your payment.

Here's how we set our exchange rate:
We receive a wholesale rate quote from our bank twice a day and add a percentage to determine the retail foreign exchange rate to apply to transactions that involve a currency conversion.
Our currency exchange rates are competitive with conversion rates used by banks and by currency exchanges.
When you withdraw money from your PayPal account to your local bank account, we automatically convert the money into the local currency at the time of the withdrawal request.

Answer: Whenever you pay or withdraw some fund from your account, paypal takes approx 3% of the current currency value along with the fees. i.e. If you are paying/withdraw 100 unit of US Dollars to British pounds and if the current convertion rate is 1$=0.82GBP, then consider reducing 3% of the actual currency rate. So, the approximate magnitude will be 0.82*97% (100-3=97) = 0.7954. So, 1$=0.7954GBP. This formula will not give you 100% accurate value but will help of course.
Captain


nagios - sms notification via kannel

Question: How can I configure this SMS notification via kannel? Can anyone explain in or drop a link related with my problem.
Answer: Since kannel's smsbox module has an HTTP interface, you can get a shell script (or any other type of HTTP-capable command line scripting language) to call it via a URI.  If you don't already have kannel set up and running and as it is a rather complex beast, personally I'd recommend smstools if you're running a package-managed Linux distro.
Either way, more details below:
kannel user guide, details on HTTP-SMS submission
smstools site
Comment: thanks for u guys responses....now... i have an idea...this is for my final project...thanks you so much :D
Answer: Well, assuming you can send sms messages from the command line in Kannel, you can configure Nagios to run a command on notification, then pass the right stuff to Kannel.
That said, this might not be your best way. I have Nagios sending notifications over XMPP, aka IM. I have a custom account in Gtalk that it's logged into all the time. So it works with any XMPP service.
On both my Android phone and any IM Client on my computer (even when I have a browser open on my Google home page or GMail), when something happens on a server, I get a notification within seconds. I can even ask it for more information, or if the Internet drops, I can see that it went off-line.  I find it far better then SMS in every way.
http://nagibot.sourceforge.net/nagibot.html

nagios - sms notification via kannel


GUI doesn't work, flashing underscore on boot

Question: Ubuntu version is 12.04.3. My computer is a Asus laptop, UL30Jt with a Nvidia graphics card. I previously had problems getting the graphics drivers to work, but I resolved that previously today. Afterwards I attempted to reboot and it worked fine, then I installed glfw and afterwards it won't start the gui after restarting.
I am not completely sure, but I think it was after I installed glfw, and it's dependencies xorg-dev and libglu1-mesa-dev.
Pressing ctrl + alt + f1 brings up the terminal where I can login.
I tried running for example glxinfo, which just prints:

Error: unable to open display.

I tried running glxinfo previously, when I was trying to figure out my driver problems nad it printed .. information of some kind. (Different from this error message, I dont remember what it was.)
I have been using Ubuntu for about 4 months, so I am not terribly experienced with different useful commands.
I have looked at this without finding anything useful.
startx gets a fatal error:

Fatal server error: no screens found

sudo service lightdm start or sudo start lightdm just takes me back to the blinking underscore, and pressing ctrl + shift + f1 takes me  back to the terminal.
I tried running sudo apt-get install nvidia-current (which installed a bunch of stuff) and then rebooting which had no effect.
This also happened the last time I tried to install glfw, I don't know if it is the actual cause, but it has happened after attempting to install glfw twice in a row now. The last time I got the error message "could not write bytes broken pipe", however this time I don't get that. I fixed it by reinstalling Ubuntu, but it would be painful to have to do that again.
Comment: did you try `sudo rm /etc/X11/xorg.conf`?
Comment: Now it skips over the flashing underscore and goes directly to the terminal, but still can't get any gui.
Answer: Run run the below commands in the virtual console,
sudo rm /etc/X11/xorg.conf
sudo service lightdm restart

Comment: if it won't works then try `startx` command.
Comment: sudo service lightdm restart just takes me back to the blinking underscore.
startx gives fatal server error: no screens found.
Comment: run the first command and then restar your pc.


In dubbed films, what language is spoken if the character says something in the dubbed language?

Question: For example, German and French is spoken a lot in Inglorious Basterds. In the German and French dubbed version of those films, what language would be spoken in those scenes?
Comment: I guess this might vary by movie and country. But usually in the dubbed German movies I see (including Inglourious Basterds) they just leave the German parts in German (though, still dubbed by the German speakers) and dub only the "major"/"original" language of the movie (i.e. the language the people the movie was primarily made for would also understand). So in *Inglourious Basterds* they dubbed the English parts into German, left the Germans speak German and the French still speak (subtitled) French, too. But I can't speak for a general standard or other countries' dubbing policies
Comment: Honestly, I see it done differently depending on the production. Some translate only the stuff that's not in the viewer's native language, and others translate everything... which occasionally makes me laugh as the English subs aren't always the same as what the characters actually say, despite the fact it's the same language.
Comment: @NapoleonWilson: For the Italian dub of Inglourious Basterds, they kept Bradd Pitt's voice when his character speaks Italian (sort of), which made for a contrast for the rest of the movie where he (dubbed) speak perfect Italian.
Comment: A strange example for german dubbing is Scrubs or Malcom in the Middle. In some original Episodes (Elliot in Scrubs or Otto/Björn in Malcom in the Middle) is german spoken by some Characters. In the german dubbing they changed this to danish. I always wondered why they did this.
Comment: In Ong Bak, they dub everything over with english, including when certain people speak English fairly clearly
Comment: I watched Spanglish in spanish and it was really stupid. Everybody speaks spanish (english lines are spoken in spanish with accent) and they don´t understand each other.
Comment: Related: https://movies.stackexchange.com/questions/3193/toy-story-3-in-spanish
Answer: If a movie is made in German/French language and the dubbed version would be in, say, English, almost every spoken line will be in English. My experience from watching over 1K movies is that even if someone coughs in a movie, the coughing will be also be dubbed by the dubber.
But if a movie is primarily in English and there are some spoken parts in French/German, it usually depends on the studio and director. To preserve originality, they usually don't translate/dub the foreign language parts. Though, they do provide translation through caption, but not always. What I have seen is it more depends on how important that foreign dialogue part is. If it's important to the story and the film makers want the final viewers to understand that particular dialogue, they provide a translation through Caption or dub that part.
Comment: Have you seen the dub of "Life is Beautiful"?  How did it handle the arrival of the soldier who speaks English--a language which was foreign to the protagonist?
Comment: @supercat  Sorry, I don't have that movie now and I don't remember it well. If I had, I would have surely helped with your question.  But I remember that was a multilingual film.
Answer: I am french and experienced this issue while watching The Hateful Eight. I first watched it in english and laughed a lot when they made jokes in french, talking about Paris and things like that.
Then later I watched it in French and it was really awful. They made the choice to convert these jokes into french but it was really a nonsense. No one was laughing because it was even hard to tell it was jokes.
Another example from Pulp Fiction in which they talk about fast-foods and little differences in Europe. Travolta says that we call a "quarter pounder with cheese" a "Royal with cheese". Once again, the joke was translated weirdly and Travolta says in french that we call a "quarter pounder" a "Royal with cheese". But the exact point of the dialogue is to say that we french don't even know what is a quarter pounder so the dialogue became a bit of a nonsense too.
Also, it is a bit off-topic, but I used to play a japanese game in which a mannered cooker was french and in the french version of this game this very character was italian. We french consider italians a bit like the world considers us, and they kind of used this to solve the problem.
Translators face a big issues when trying to solve this problem. Sometimes they speak the dubbed dialogue in the same langage but it really changes the meaning of the scene so I think they try to avoid to do this when they can.
Answer: Not a dubbed movie but a TV show. In LOST, Danielle Rousseau is the French woman in the original version but in the French version she's the German woman.
Sources:

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saison_1_de_Lost_:_Les_Disparus
http://fr.lostpedia.wikia.com/wiki/Danielle_Rousseau
Comment: Famously, in Fawlty Towers Manuel's nationality jumps about a bit, from Spanish to  Italian to Mexican - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_(Fawlty_Towers)#Dubbing


Is there a command-line application for converting a one-frame Flash movie to SVG?

Question: Is there a command-line application for conversion of a one-frame Flash movie to SVG?
This project doesn't contain any files.
Answer: I don't know anything about Flash programming, and trying to find utilities that do this mostly turned up online services, but nothing that could be used locally. However, I hope this piece of code (that I found from a question at Stack Overflow) can help.


FSA Compact 50/34 Need better climbing

Question: I have a FSA compact crank 50/34 with a 9-speed 12-27 cassette. I need better climbing ability for steep grades, not concerned with flat top speed. What should I do? What is the largest size cassette I can use?
Answer: The largest cassette you can use is determined by the rear derailleur (in particular, its chain wrap capacity). For something larger than 30t in the back, you want a wide range derailleur (code SGS) - something like a Deore rear derailleur if you're running Shimano (at 9 speed, the mountain and road rear derailleurs can be swapped, and the mountain rear derailleurs can take bigger cogs in the back). Then, put on some bigger cassette which works for you - your local bike shop will probably know some cassettes which work well in your area.
Answer: You could always go to a triple chainring at the front. That'll take you down to 30.
But it'll cost you - you're talking the rings themselves, maybe the front derailleur, likely a new BB, and certainly a new left shifter.
You can always do both what I suggest and what @Batman suggests - as long as you keep the chain width consistent you can pretty much treat the front and rear mechs as independent. Again though the limiting factor is depth of pockets.
Answer: My 2 cents. I have tried it both ways (50/34) with MTB cassette on the back 11-34
and a triple 26/39/52 and 12-27. In the long run the triple just works much better for me.
I found that compact doubles (50/34) only work well if you can do almost all your
riding in the big ring, except for the long climbs. Where I live and ride, I found that I was constantly having to double shift for the typical rolling terrain. I could never find the "right" gear for certain speeds. Also, on the very low end there is a fairly large gap in the low gears.
The range of gears is pretty similar for both setups, it's the exact distribution that is different. I think if I could get a 48/30 compact double ( Orange Velo makes one) the compact double could work for me with a 12-27 cassette.
You could try renting or borrowing a road bike with a triple to see if it's worth the extra cost for you. Unfortunately, road triples come with 30t as the lower gear, you can replace that with a 28 or 26 t gear. This makes it hard to really figure out if it's right for you, as 30/27 is not as low as 34/34.

FSA Compact 50/34 Need better climbing


Do I need permission to name organizations in a non-fiction book?

Question: I am self-publishing a dog photography book. I have obtained permissions for all subjects in the book. One of the pictures I am using has the American Kennel Club (AKC) logo in it. I'm assuming I need to get AKC's permission to use an image with their logo. Is this correct? Also do I need to get their permission to use their organization name in the book, for example, "Here we have AKC Champion (dog name) performing at the AKC show locating in (city)." Since I'm just stating facts I'm assuming I don't need to get their permission to use their organization name in the book? Thanks.
Comment: [This question](https://writing.stackexchange.com/questions/2110/using-the-real-world-in-writing) can probably answer re: referencing companies/organizations by name. As for the picture of an official logo, that might be a different wrinkle (although, bear in mind, we can't really offer legal advice).
Comment: @ItWasLikeThatWhenIGotHere I read the question as saying that the logo is on something that incidentally was photographed in the background, not as denoting that the AKC owns this particular image.  Assuming that's the case, blurring out the logo is a solution I've frequently seen used (particularly on television).
Comment: @KenCopen Can you clarify --is the logo just incidentally in the picture (i.e. someone in the background is wearing an AKC t-shirt), or is this a picture that actually belongs to the AKC?  Also, I don't know the legalities, but it might make a difference that this is an official AKC event.
Comment: @ChrisSunami - no, don't do that. It's like getting rid of those annoying "c in a circle" things...
Comment: @ChrisSunami - Looks like we read it differently - I assumed the logo had been added to indicate ownership (watermark style) - though after re-reading it does say "in" not "on", so I see your point. Hopefully Ken can clarify.
Answer: Since all aspects of your question seem to relate to the American Kennel Club (AKC) I would suggest that you would be well served by asking the AKC itself for permission or information about their attitudes to what you are proposing.
An easy-to-use AKC Contact Page is available on the internet.
I hope this enables you to find the information you seek.
Good luck with your book.
Answer: To reproduce photographs, you would need the permission of the copyright holder. This is likely to be held by the photographer or by the organisation who commissioned the shoot.
Since the picture you have in mind has an AKC logo on it, it's almost certain that they are the copyright holder - or that they would be able to tell you who was. Be careful here - if they are the copyright holder, publishing without their logo being clearly visible is likely to cause much more legal trouble than publishing with the logo.
[Edit : When I answered this, I'd assumed the logo had been specifically added by the club. If it was just something in the background of the picture, my initial concern in the paragraph above goes away.]
I'm with robertcday - contacting them sounds like the best solution. They will be able to advise whether they are the copyright holder, whether permission has been granted with or without the logo (get this in writing), and whether an additional comment - for example "Image copyright American Kennel Club" or a description involving their name and the event is required or excluded.


Is Defense the best offense in Clash of Clans

Question: Is making your base more defensive better than worrying about your offensive capabilities? And which would help your campaign more in the long run?
Answer: Defense is pretty important in Clash of Clans.  If your defense was somehow impenetrable, and you were infinitely patient, you could technically acquire all the resources you need for upgrades just by waiting and tapping your collectors occasionally.
However, no defense is perfectly impenetrable.  Someone who spends a lot of time or money on the game can bypass virtually any defense.  They're coming, and they'll take your resources.  Also, very few people are infinitely patient.
Thus, raiding is the way most people get most of their resources, so offensive capability should not be neglected.
All that said, there's no reason to neglect either of them.  Most defensive buildings require gold, while most offensive buildings and units require some type of elixir.  Builders can be somewhat scarce, but honestly you should be prioritizing both of them in order to get ahead.
Answer: I suggest you do both offense and defense. While you have a shield, work on defense. But when you have no shield, upgrade offense and be ready to attack 2-3+ bases. When you decide to upgrade at the opposite time,try to do 1 offense and 1 defense.


Morozevich variant in the Tarrasch french

Question: I am confused with the Morozevich variant. I've seen quite a few funny games where they played ...g5, which gives very interesting moves, but I'm surprissed at not having seen any game in which white plays 4.e5, which seems a natural move, blocking the classical square f6 for the king-side knight. Here, What is the main idea of the Morozevich variation in the French vs. the Tarrasch?, Nh6 was proposed in a comment, but I think after Bd3,c5,Ndf3, the black knight is quite weak.  How would you play against 4.e5?
Comment: Are you talking about the 3...Be7 variation against the Tarrasch french?
Comment: yes, sorry, I am
Comment: Ok good. I thought it was this line, but it never hurts to clarify :)
Answer: I don't think Black is in a hurry to develop the knight.  4...c5 is the main move.  If White plays Qg4 the bishop goes back to f8.  As a matter of fact the bishop sometimes goes back to f8 even if White doesn't play Qg4.
Of course Nh6 is fine and the knight will then go to f5 where it is happy.
Note:  1. There are other lines where the Bishop returns to f8, like 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.e5 b6 5.Qg4 Bf8.
2. In non-Nf6 lines it is common for the knight to head to f5 via e7 or h6
Comment: Okey, that's interesting, I'll have to see some more games. In principle, having to move twice the bishop looks very awkward, and it makes me wonder why not just simply play 3..Nf6. Also, if Nf5, isn't black's pawn structure after Bxf5,exf5 worrysome?
Comment: Such is the French.


Slowing down the frame rate vs. using a slow-motion camera

Question: Why do even some of the big budget films slow down the frame rate to give slow motion effect rather than use a slow-motion camera? The point is that the first technique almost always give a hint of "ruggedness" which is totally smoothed on using a proper slow-motion camera instead.
Answer: Slow motion video is recorded in a rate higher than the playback rate (Ben already explained the details). When taking a still image (but it corresponds to video) there are 3 parameters:

exposure time
lens aperture
sensor/film sensitivity

Modifying these 3 will result in certain effects:

motion or shake blur vs more "frozen" action
more vs less depth of field
more vs less noise/grain

When modifying the frame rate you're modifying the exposure time. Respectively you will need to modify either or both the aperture or the sensitivity, which may result in effects you might not want (shallower depth of field or more noise).
Additionally and probably most important sometimes you can either not modify the latter two parameters or you may hit a certain limit where you can't modify them so you need to introduce more light sources or more powerful light sources which will usually effect the overall "feel" of the shot.
There's always more reasons like "I want that ruggedness" which is totally viable in my opinion because you may create interesting effects.
Answer: slow motion happens by filming at a higher frames per second (FPS) than the playback on a projector happens. What you're talking about is a high speed camera, designed to capture more FPS than a standard camera. If a high speed camera records at 240 FPS and play back runs at 24 FPS, then what took 1 second to record will talk 10 seconds to watch, and be very smooth. If you record 48 frames per second and playback at 5 frames per second it will still take about 10 seconds but won't be very smooth at all.
Some high speed cameras record at 12,500. They're expensive and really only good for this one job.
Comment: An example: "SlowMo" effect in Dredd: http://www.wired.com/underwire/2013/01/dredd-3d-slow-mo/


What are the major sins in Islam?

Question: How many majors sins are there? Are there seven or seventy major sins?
Comment: Uh, I consider your question as really a constructive query. Well done dear mate.
Answer: Bismillah,
I think you are referring to the hadith about the seven sins that doom a person to hell (السبع الموبقات).

اجتنبوا السبع الموبقات، قالوا: وما هن يا رسول الله؟ قال: الشرك بالله،
  والسحر، وقتل النفس التي حرم الله إلا بالحق، وأكل الربا، وأكل مال
  اليتيم، والتولي يوم الزحف، وقذف المحصنات الغافلات المؤمنات.
"Avoid the seven sins that doom a person to Hell." We said: What are
  they, O Messenger of Allah? He said: "Associating others with Allah
  (shirk); witchcraft; killing a soul whom Allah has forbidden us to
  kill, except in cases dictated by Islamic law; consuming orphans'
  wealth; consuming riba; fleeing from the battlefield; and slandering
  chaste, innocent women."

These 7 sins are not the only major sins, the Prophet (PBUH) referred to them as "sins that doom a person to hell" because they are so evil, and their evil is greater than other sins' (majors or minors).
Now, there is no consensus that the major sins are  seven or seventy as you mentioned. Some scholars listed way more than seventy as major sins. However, the consensus is, a major sin is the sin that either has Hadd punishment in life (حد) OR a warning and a severe punishment in the Hereafter (وعيد)
Allah knows best!
Comment: Yes, because there are many other Hadith which also include adultery, disobedience to parents etc. in major sins. So, there could be many and your last suggestion helps.
Answer: Wikipedia writes:

Scholars differ as to how many major sins there are. In contrasting major sins with minor sins (al-sagha'ir), the eighth-century Shafi'i scholar Al-Dhahabi found the hadith collections of Sahih al-Bukhari and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj listed seven major sins, while the tradition from Abd Allah ibn Abbas stated that there were closer to seventy major sins.

The list of seventy major sins given by the Shafi'i (Sunni) scholar Al-Dhahabi (available as pdf), are as follows:

Ascribing Associates To Allah, The Most High (Shirk)
Killing A Human Being
Sorcery
Not Performing the Prayer
Not Paying Zakat
Breaking One's Fast During Ramadan Without an Excuse
Not Performing the Hajj When Able to
Showing Disrespect to One's Parents
Severing the Ties of One's Relatives
Adultery
Sodomy
Accepting Usurious Gain
Wrong Consuming an Orphan's Property
Lying About the Prophet
Fleeing From the Battlefield
The Leader Who Misleads His Followers, the Tyrant and the Oppressor
Arrogance, Pride, Conceit, Vanity and Haughtiness
Bearing False Witness
Drinking Alcohol
Gambling (Qimar)
Accusing a Woman of Adultery
Misappropriating Spoils of War, Muslim Funds or Zakat
Theft
Highwaymen Who Menace the Road
The Engulfing Oath
Taking People's Property Through Falsehood
Collecting Taxes
The Consumption of Haram
Suicide
Telling Lies
The Dishonest Judge
Bribery
Women Imitating Men and Vice Versa
The Pimp and the One Who Permits His Wife To Fornicate
Marrying Solely to Return to the Previous Husband
Not Freeing Oneself of All Traces of Urine
Showing off in Good Work
Learning Sacred Knowledge for the Sake of this World or Concealing It
Breach of Faith
Reminding Recipients of One's Charity to Them
Disbelieving in Destiny
Listening to the People's Private Conversations
The Talebearer Who Stirs Up Enmity Between People
Cursing Others
Breaking One's Promise or Pledge
Believing Fortunetellers and Astrologers
A Wife's Rebellion Against Her Husband
Picture-making
Loudly Lamenting For the Dead or When Afflicted With an Adversity
Excess Against Others
Overburdening and Arrogance Against Others
Hurting One's Neighbor
Hurting or Reviling Muslims
Harming the Servants of Allah
Dragging the Hem of One's Garment Out of Conceit
Men Wearing Silk or Gold
Fleeing of the Slave
Slaughtering in Other Than Allah's Name
Falsely Claiming Someone is One's Father
Arguing, Picking Apart Another's Words, and Quarreling
Withholding Excess Water From Others
Stinting When Weighing or Measuring Out Goods and Similar Merchandise
Feeling Secure From Allah's Devising
Despairing of the Mercy of Allah and Losing of Hope
Forgoing the Congregational Prayer to Pray Alon e Without A Legal Excuse
Constantly Missing the Friday and Congregational Prayer Without A Valid Excuse
Bringing Loss to the Bequest
Deception and Evil Schemes
Spying on the Muslims and Revealing Their Weaknesses
Disparaging the Companions of the Prophet

The text goes into the details as to why each individual sin is viewed as a major sin.

What are the major sins in Islam?


Did an additional $32 billion necessarily get invested into Amazon.com stock on October 26th, 2017?

Question: The share price went up about 6.9%, and the market cap is $466 billion. Does that mean that that much new money had to have been invested after hours? Would it otherwise be possible for the stock price to go up like that?
Comment: Suppose you buy five apples for a dollar today. Tomorrow I tell you that I'm willing to buy your apples for $1.25. If you sell your apples to me, $1.25 flows to you. If you don't, it doesn't.  But in no case does $0.25 go to the guy who owns the orchard.
Comment: Another example: if I buy a house for $100,000 today, and in a year I have it reappraised and am told it's worth $125,000, that doesn't mean I ever took in that additional $25,000. I will only realize the appreciation in the event that I decide to sell the property and find a buyer who agrees with my valuation.
Comment: @JasonR Even more to the point, if you sell the house for more, the profit doesn't go back to the original builder :)
Comment: @Fattie It's not *totally* meaningless, become sometimes a company will buy another one, typically making a bid somewhat above the current market cap in order to incentivize share holders to approve the deal.
Comment: "market cap" is totally meaningless.  imagine a neighborhood division built up with 100 similar houses.  one happens to sell for $200,000.  You could then say "ah ha! the division is 'worth' 20,000,000!"  You could say that, but, it would in many ways be completely stupid. "market cap" is the identical concept.
Comment: @Fattie I don't think it's a naive misunderstanding, I think it's naive understanding. They don't exactly know *how* the notion is made rigorous, but their belief that it is rigorous is in fact correct. Houses do in fact have fair market values that are meaningful and well-defined.
Comment: To truly understand what the OP sees as a paradox here, you really need to grasp liquidity.   Folks tend to casually say something such as "my house is worth $321,000".  In fact, all that actually means is, "I am (to some degree) somewhat certain that if I tried to sell the house in question, I would get about $321,000".
Comment: Jason's example is absolutely perfect here.
Comment: @EricLippert - the twenty five cents goes to the government ;)
Comment: i appreciate that @Michael but it's a good example of a market term that has very little meaning (I think my "houses" analogy is a good one), which, are commonly used as if they really do have a "real meaning".  the only real fact is that "amazon shares" recently happened to trade for $33.55 and that's that.
Comment: @Fattie It's not difficult to make that rigorous though. For example, you can use a standard of 80% likely to sell in 90 days. It's not difficult to have relatively high confidence that you can find the price that meets that metric, particularly if there are lots of similar homes that trade regularly.
Comment: hi @DavidSchwartz, yes, the point is: you and I completely understand all that.  But many people actually think their house is "worth" $321,000 or that their house has a "price" of $321,000 (rather like a can of coke has a price of 83 cents at the local supermarket). That naive misunderstanding is at the heart of the issue here.
Answer: No, a jump in market capitalization does not equal the amount that has been invested.
Market cap is simply the stock price times the total number of shares. This represents a theoretical value of the company. I say "theoretical" because the company might not be able to be sold for that at all.
The quoted stock price is simply what the last buyer and seller of stock agreed upon for the price of their trade. They really only represent themselves; other investors may decide that the stock is worth more or less than that.
The stock price can move on very little volume. In this case, Amazon had released a very good earnings report after the bell yesterday, and the price jumped in after hours trading. The stock price is up, but that simply means that the few shares traded overnight sold for much higher than the closing price yesterday.
After the market opens today and many more shares are traded, we'll get a better idea what large numbers of investors feel about the price. But no matter what the price does, the change in market cap does not equal the amount of new money being invested in the company. Market cap is the price of the most recent trades extrapolated out across all the shares.
Comment: As someone who knows very little about public trading, has only a passing interest, and stumbled upon this question via HNQ, I found this answer genuinely interesting and informative. Thanks, Ben!
Comment: Just to be pedantic (and also offer clarity to the OP), new investment CAN be a reason for the stock price to go up. It just isn't a given (or even likely) that that is the reason.
Comment: In fact, the stock price often moves up on little volume - that's just supply and demand - if people aren't willing to sell, the price rises until they can pry some shares out of people.
Comment: @lightness races in orbit, what is hnq?
Comment: @J.Doe HNQ = Hot Network Questions
Answer: Stock A last traded at $100. Stock A has 1 million shares outstanding.

Stock A's market cap is $100 million.

No seller is willing to sell Stock A for less than $110 a share. One buyer is willing to buy 1 share for $110. The order executes. The buyer pays the seller $110. Stock A's new price is $110.

Stock A's market cap is now $110 million.

An $110 investment increased the market cap by $10 million. Neat trick (for all who own Stock A).
Comment: Nice and simple and essentially true, I think. But it's it right to call it a $110 investment, rather than a $110 transaction?
Comment: @J.Doe Depends on Jim's motives for buying the stock. If Jim wanted to increase the market cap then yes. The answer is written from the sense of "if I want to increase the market cap $32 billion, do I have to invest $32 billion into doing so?"
Comment: J.Doe, thanks! Good point about investment v. transaction.

I agree with @user20574, it depends on your point of view. From the buyer's perspective, it would be an investment. From the market's perspective, it would be a transaction, although that is not how your brokerage firm wants you to think about it.
Comment: I guess what I was getting at was that it certainly isn't an investment in *Amazon* , though perhaps it is an investment in Amazon *stock*.
Comment: How does a brokerage firm want you to think about it, and what is their interest in having you think about it like that?
Comment: True. Purchasing a share of stock A is an investment in the stock, not the company, except during an initial public offering (IPO).
"Investment" implies a profit. "Transaction" does not. Your broker would perfer that you think about profit.
Answer: The market capitalization of a stock is the number of shares outstanding (of each stock class), times the price of last trade (of each stock class).
In a liquid market (where there are lots of buyers and sellers at all price points), this represents the price that is between what people are bidding for the stock and what people are asking for the stock.  If you offer any small amount more than the last price, there will be a seller, and if you ask any small amount less than the last price, there will be a buyer, at least for a small amount of stock.
Thus, in a liquid market, everyone who owns the stock doesn't want to sell at least some of their stock for a bit less than the last trade price, and everyone who doesn't have the stock doesn't want to buy some of the stock for a bit more than the last trade price.
With those assumptions, and a low-friction trading environment, we can say that the last trade value is a good midpoint of what people think one share is worth.  If we then multiply it by the number of shares, we get an approximation of what the company is worth.
In no way, shape or form does it not mean that there is 32 billion more invested in the company, or even used to purchase stock.
There are situations where a 32 billion market cap swing could mean 32 billion more money was invested in the company: the company issues a pile of new shares, and takes in the resulting money.  People are completely neutral about this gathering in of cash in exchange for dilluting shares.  So the share price remains unchanged, the company gains 32 billion dollars, and there are now more shares outstanding.

Now, in some sense, there is zero dollars currently invested in a stock; when you buy a stock, you no longer have the money, and the money goes to the person who no longer has the stock.
The issue here is the use of the continuous tense of "invested in"; the investment was made at some point, but the money doesn't really stay in this continuous state of being.  Unless you consider the investment liquid, and the option to take money out being implicit, it being a continuous action doesn't make much sense.
Sometimes the money is invested in the company, when the company causes stocks to come into being and sells them.
The owners of stocks has invested money in stocks in that they spent that money to buy the stocks, but the total sum of money ever spent on stocks for a given company is not really a useful value.
The market capitalization is an approximation, which under the efficient market hypothesis (that markets find the correct price for things nearly instantly) is reasonably accurate, of the value the company has collectively to its shareholders.  The efficient market hypothesis isn't accurate, but it is an acceptable rule of thumb.
Now, this value -- market capitalization -- is arguably not the total value of a company: other stakeholders include bond holders, labour, management, various contract counter-parties, government and customers.  Some companies are structured so that almost all value is captured not by the stock owners, but by contract counter-parties (this is sometimes used for hiding assets or debts).
But for most large publically traded companies, it (in theory) shouldn't be far off.
Answer: No. The market cap has no relation to actual money that flowed anywhere, it is simple the number of shares multiplied by the current price, and the current price is what potential buyers are (were) willing to pay for the share.
So any news that increases or decreases interest in shares changes potentially the share price, and with that the market cap. No money needs to flow.
Comment: Your point is a valid one, but the way it is worded is slightly misleading in the sense that there is a relation between actual money and market cap, given that in a simplified sense market cap represents the total value (in the eyes of investors) of the company's assets and future income streams. Typically money has to flow to increase assets and future income streams, so I think "no relation" is a bit of a strong way of phrasing it.
Comment: Other than the arguable 'news' that a planned ex-dividend date has come to pass without issue, I am unclear on the exact mechanism of how 'news' on it's own changes the current share price, without an actual transaction between a buyer and a seller where money flows from one party to the other.  Please elaborate on this or consider the absolute wording in the last sentence.
Comment: @user662852 I think he's referring to money flow in the capital sense, to address the OP's misunderstanding that money must have flowed in to a company for its market cap to rise. As opposed to the flow of money that takes place between the buyer and seller in the transaction that determines the current price of a share.
Comment: "The market cap has no relation to actual money that flowed anywhere" Other than the money which flowed between traders of the stock, which is where we learn "what potential buyers are (were) willing to pay for the share".


Best method for building a learner corpus for DDL

Question: I'm looking for a set of free and (somewhat) easy tools that I can use with my EFL writing students next semester. I want to analyze their initial essays and look for common errors that can be addressed back in the classroom (hence, the DDL - data-driven learning). I had initially thought of using AntConc to search for certain words (i.e. "should", and then transfer it over to a spreadsheet for categorization of grammar or errors (o, but I'm not sure this is the best method for doing it. Are there any other methods you could suggest?
Comment: Do you know about [Cross Validated](http://stats.stackexchange.com/) and [Data Science SE](http://datascience.stackexchange.com/)? Maybe the people there can help you.
Answer: I would definitely recommend using AntConc (download here) for the purpose you have described because AntConc is free, you are indeed able to copy and past concordance lines into a spreadsheet, and there are many tutorials and publications available about specifically using AntConc for language learning.
I would highly recommend this book which was published recently:
Liu, D., & Lei, L. (2017). Using Corpora for Language Learning and Teaching. TESOL International Association. Link to Publisher's Page
I would also like to point out the the differences between "Indirect" and "Direct" Uses of Corpora in Language Learning and Teaching (discussed in Liu and Lei p. 5) because your question seems to suggest you are looking for direct uses . Direct use of language corpora in language teaching would be having student's use the corpus themselves, that is, the students would be preforming queries, analyzing concordance lines, generating frequency lists, etc. I think this can be very helpful for advanced and technically savvy students as corpora can act as native speaker informants available 24/7 (as mentioned by Römer 2011: p.215, cited in Liu and Lei: p. 6). Indirect use of corpora refers to anytime corpora are used in the preparation and planning of pedagogical materials for language learning (for example, the teacher creates vocab lists before class).
However, learning to use a corpora can be cumbersome for language learners, and, as you suggest  doing error-analysis of learner corpora might be challenging. I would recommend you consider using indirect methods L2 error analysis, you can find common errors and prepare materials for the students themselves.
Answer: I would really like to hear from more people who've tried this. A free concordance program would be great. I've used TextSTAT with some trainee teachers as an optional tool. Some really liked it, some just couldn't get their head around the whole corpus thing.
Comment: I have been using Stringnet (www.lexchecker.org), but I was more interested in finding out a relatively easy way to do error tagging.
Answer: There is a lot of thought that goes in the design of a learner corpus, and the tools follow from the design, not the other way around.
Some things to consider:

The corpus should be sharable among researchers, therefore you need the consent of the learners to publish the corpus (anonymised, of course!)
You want to collect some metadata on the learners (at what level are the learners, maybe measure learning success, sociological data, other learning experiences)
You need a scheme for annotating errors and good solutions (don't forget about them!) that you and potential co-annotators/co-correctors can apply consistently.
Think of research questions to be answered by your corpus and how to answer them. Are your data and metadata sufficient?

Fortunately, you are not the first one to prepare a learner corpus. You can take advantage from other people and groups who have built learner corpora before you, here is a reference Andrea Wurm, Presentation of the KOPTE Corpus and Research Project
Answer: AntConc has been designed for exactly the purpose you describe. While it is also used for corpus linguistics research and translation studies, I suspect the largest user group is still in the area of DDL.


Is it safe/practical to charge a laptop from the power outlets in Indian trains?

Question: I know that people charge their phones from the power outlets in Indian rail carriages, but I can't get any good information whether it is okay to plug in the laptop into these sockets or not.
Answer: Yes, As a frequent traveller in the Indian railways I can say it is quite safe to plug in the laptop. Some sockets might not work at all but with those that work, I have had no issues at all.
Answer: Yes, most of the sockets are ok but you should always check if the battery is suspiciously charging too fast/faster then usual, then the socket could be overcharged. It happend to some persons that I know and it messed up their phone battery.


Are these strawberries drying up?

Question: Do these pictures of the strawberries look okay or are they drying up?
Comment: Looks pretty healthy?  What is your concern and why?
Comment: They look as though they've had insufficient water to me.
Comment: Graham is right, when the berries are growing they need more water to develop a nice psuedo-carp for you to eat. It doesn't affect the plan or its health, and the seeds will be just fine. The plant is ok, but you want to be sure they get plenty of water if you want to eat them.
Answer: They are perfectly okay!  The berries get heavy and droop, those leaves are perky and lush.  Make sure you pluck off rotting berries as soon as you are able, carefully and dispose away from your garden...or pots.  Don't overwater!  Water deeply and then allow to dry out. If these are in a greenhouse get some major ventilation going.

Are these strawberries drying up?


scheduled tasks running but have disappeared

Question: I had recently installed gnome-schedule 2.1.1-4 onto my ubuntu 12.10 so that i may be able to schedule a recurrent shutdown on my laptop everyday at 1:55 pm.
After a few days when i didn't need the scheduled shutdown task any more so i wished to remove it.
Even though it still shuts down at 1:55 pm but the task isn't visible in the task  schedule window on gnome-schedule 2.1.1-4.
how do i remove this task?
Answer: I have a solution, just open your terminal, and type
"sudo gnome-schedule" I guess your scheduled task will appear :)


How to connect to Rinkeby without using Geth / Parity?

Question: First let me explain my development environment. I am using Jupyter Notebook to play around with the Web3.py front-end code and Remix for the Solidity smart contract code. I am using the Metamask wallet
firstly i configure the Metamask wallet to pick the Rinkeby network. The i use the Remix IDE to configure it to use Rinkeby, using Injected Web3.
I want to connect to the Rinkeby testnet, using an Infura RPC URL like this;
https://rinkeby.infura.io/v3/YOUR_INFURA_API_KEY_GOES_HERE

and i succeed in doing so through the Web3.py code.
when i call a function, which is a call and not a state modifying function, it works fine
e.g the below code works
contract.functions.getMessage().call() # displays a message string

However, whenever i try to make a transaction or call a state modifying function in the contract, say something like
tx_hash = contract.functions.setMessage('Call from Jupyter').transact()

It gives me the following error

The field extraData is 97 bytes, but should be 32. It is quite likely that you are connected to a POA chain.
Refer http://web3py.readthedocs.io/en/stable/middleware.html#geth-style-proof-of-authority for more details.
The full extraData is:
  HexBytes('0xd883010900846765746888676f312e31322e34856c696e757800000000000000d2c6d883001d158bf0718c1dc64b2809d4c90c9a9450324c22be595e598205e85f5f73d61bd864b3aac4e7ec8f101564cde8faf72cd3ef52b15d3c8a3c6ab6c900')

( I have spaced out the error, into 3 parts, to allow for more legibility )
From what i read in the provided link, i have to use Geth or Parity to successfully conduct transactions on test networks like Rinkeby.
I am also quite confused with the IPC provider mentioned in the above link. I have no idea how to use it ( i think it conflicts with HTTP provider, which is what i intend to use. but feel free to elaborate and clear up any misconceptions on this )
However, if i don't want to use Geth or Parity, is there any method i can use to  connect to Rinkeby and conduct transactions by simply using my Infura URL and Web3.py ?
Please let me know any prospective solution or even any relevant work around to this issue
Many thanks
Answer: Web3 and Metamask are all you need to connect to Rinkeby. You don't need Infura, Geth, or Parity. For state modifying, check out the method send command:
myContract.methods.myMethod([param1[, param2[, ...]]]).send(options[, callback])

Comment: Well, to be precise, Metamask uses Infura.


Can we have an isdeleted:1 search option/operator?

Question: It would make looking for the answers we have deleted so much easier...
Comment: Not too long ago I deleted my answer because it was just a dead wrong answer, but now I want to go back and reevaluate the question and attempt another answer, but no matter what I do I cannot seem to find that specific question. If I could search for my deleted answers I would be able to find it quickly.
Comment: Since Jeff hasn't posted anything on this question, I don't think the @ method will work to message him.  You'll have to send an email directly.  It's really depressing not being able to search deleted messages, especially when so many messages are still being deleted like crazy.  But Jeff with his powers doesn't have any problem searching deleted messages, so I don't think he relates to the issue at all.
Comment: @Jeff: Is the decline reason covered by the concerns of Pollyanna?
Comment: @Lance: I seem to recall there was a feature request last year for @name messages to ping the relevant people even if they only participated by editing or closing a question.  But maybe my memory lets me down.  Thanks for your support for this req, btw.
Comment: I just learned that [moderators (not 10k) have `deleted:yes` already](http://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/178500/how-to-find-the-set-of-own-deleted-answers#comment538584_178500). So, this would be a matter of enabling that for anyone...
Comment: @Arjan: Right.  I think they've had that since spring 2011, so it postdates this request, and I think it's clear that staff don't want this power for all 10k+ users.
Comment: This is now implemented, see the duplicate.
Answer: The search operator deleted:1 (or 0) works for community moderators, so despite status-declined this has been implemented, at least in a restricted way.
Comment: and `deleted:1` is also available for >10K users but limited to searching in their own posts.
Answer: I'm a little torn on this issue.
I've been in situations where I've needed to find a deleted post, but had a hard time (fortunately it was in the google cache, so I could get the question number and use it directly) — it's helpful for those poor souls that post really bad questions, get great answers, and then have it deleted because it doesn't belong.
On the flip side, we recently had one OP request on meta that their SO post be deleted due to client copyright issues.  It was edited to remove the content, then deleted, then the relevant meta question deleted so it would be hard to find because the data is still visible to 10k users.  Further, some people delete their post once they realize there's a problem posting that info publicly, but they assume once it's deleted it's gone forever, so they never notify firstname.lastname@example.com to remove it from the database directly.
So there's a class of reasons to make it easier to find deleted content, but there's an opposing class of reasons for making it difficult.  Even if they implemented a process to allow permanent database removal for special cases, they wouldn't always be used due to user misconceptions.
Right now we have a compromise — yes, the data is still there, but it's really really hard to find without contacting the team.  Since the need to find a deleted question is (and should be, since it doesn't belong) rare, I don't know that there's a compelling reason to have this search feature.
Answer: We definitely need a search operator for deleted posts.  I think for the issue Adam Davis addressed, that the mods should be able to completely scrub a post in those particular circumstances (with SO Team accessible archives and timeline for legal reasons).
Answer: I agree, but few points might need to consider for them

search is for everyone, but deleted questions / answers can only seen by 10k+ users, mods, and answer owners, its a little bit contradict there. they might need to do search based on reputation
10k tools already have recently deleted questions list, so 10k+ users may probably not needed
Comment: I think the intention is to use isdeleted together with other search axes in order to find specific deletes faster.  The 10K tools don't give that to the extent this new axis would.
Comment: agree, crossed-out


How Muslims should deal with Islamophobia?

Question: How should we as muslims should deal with the people who have these weird and perverted notions about Islam and our prophet muhammad(pbup).Especially those mainstream media literate people whose only source of information is "FOX" News, people who had never open a book in their lives let alone read them. What should we do, so they at least leave us alone..
Comment: As is this question is too broad and atracting opinion based answers. Please consider splitting it
Comment: @Medi1Saif  Can you help me to rephrase it?
Comment: Your question is a bit too complex. It can be answered -but as said many possible opinions would appear-. So maybe you should take a question on each topic, for example a false view on women in Islam, an other question a false view on let's say jihad and how one can deal with it. A maybe general answer is: Muslims should try to lead a Muslim live (being good to neighbors, do a good job etc.). If they had enough knowledge they should correct the false view. They should try to be a part of the country and community they live in not just a withdrawn group inside a group.
Comment: Thanks for your suggestion brother, will keep those tips in mind next time.
Answer:
Stay off of youtube comments below Islamic videos
Stop wasting their time / money on cable television
Pray to Allah swt for the patience to handle the opposition
Read about the Prophet and his companions and their struggles with the same issues.
Comment: This answer needs some elaboration. Please consider reading [answer].


How to ensure that buttons look clickable?

Question: I always notice that my designs look good but buttons and other clickable elements don't look clickable. Can you provide any tips or links that can help me?
Comment: "Login" and "Register" both look clickable to me. Is there something else you're talking about?
Comment: Hi @Naren, I believe several answers to [this other question](https://ux.stackexchange.com/questions/69663/make-people-understand-they-can-click-on-a-button-in-a-flat-design?noredirect=1&lq=1) I marked might include strategies that might be able to solve your problem. If not, feel free to edit your question to clarify any other concerns you have that aren't addressed there. Thanks!
Comment: > "I always notice that my designs look good."

Alright there, that's both subjective (even debatable) and irrelevant. Not to be rude, but you can leave that out of your questions and try to focus on the problem by providing some examples of your own work and research.
Answer: The buttons lack affordance (wikipedia).
In your case, I'd start by putting a diffuse box shadow on the button and see if that gives you what you need.
If you want to be sure that you've made a button feel clickable, you need to find a way to make it look like it's visually raised above the background. The idea is that it needs to feel like you can press it down.
Some techniques to do this include:

box shadows
gradient effects on the button to imply a light source
darkening two borders to give a sense of height.
drop shadows

There's some additional information in this answer
There are other styles of button that don't rely on affordance to make them feel like buttons, but they normally work within design systems where there's already a convention on what is and isn't a clickable object. (e.g. text buttons in material design, ghost buttons in flat design)
Don't try to use these types of button by themselves, they only work when they're part of the design system they're designed to work within.
Answer: I think your design looks good. And the button looks clickable too.
A login in a rectangle after Username and password is a button and the users have evolved from the stone age of the Internet. (PUN)
As @Racheet covered nicely in the reply, about the affordance, the one improvement you can bring in is the rounded corner to the button.
Many affordances work to identify clickability:

Subtle change in shape (Not present here)

Change in color/shade (present here)

shadow indicating 'press me' (Not present here)

slight dark borders (not present here)
I have tried to include some of the affordances listed above and not present in your present designs.

Hope this helps!
Answer: Please look this buttons guide for some ideas: https://uxplanet.org/button-ux-design-best-practices-types-and-states-647cf4ae0fc6
Also in current case I'll use rounded rectangular button. The same approach is partly used for Register button
Comment: Would you mind including some relevant excerpts from that source in your answer? In the event that the link breaks in the future, at least we'll have the important pieces included here.
Comment: As for me all article is good to read but in current case think we can save follow information:
 "Usually, you'll want to make buttons square or square with rounded corners, depending on the style of the site or app. Some research suggests that rounded corners enhance information processing and draw our eyes to the center of the element."
Answer: It doesn't seem like the rest of your UI is using shadows, so if you want to keep it flat and greyscale, the easiest way would be using a border of a darker shade, slightly rounded corners and barely-there gradient, or any combination of at least two.
A good example of such buttons is the pre-material Gmail interface.

That said if there's a primary action behind the button, many otherwise flat user interfaces will use drop-shadow to create a sense of importance and hierarchy, making the button look like it's floating above the rest of the elements.
Answer: There's a bunch of good comments about shape and some basic skeumorphism, but I believe that if you want to keep your shapes, you could achieve a lot by changing the colour. Grey is probably your biggest enemy in that regard. It looks like you're going for a very clean look, if you want to avoid very bright colours, consider black / very dark grey instead.


Is white vinegar the same as White Wine vinegar?

Question: Is white vinegar, aka the stuff just labelled as "vinegar" in the US and which I use for cleaning my kettle, the same as "White wine vinegar", which I have purchased on accident a time or two? If not, what is white vinegar made of?
Answer: No, it's not. White vinegar (also known as distilled vinegar) is made of acetic acid diluted in distilled water. Its flavor is simple—its just sour. Typical concentrations range from 5–7% acetic acid.
White wine vinegar is made by allowing white wine to turn to vinegar. It has a much more complex flavor profile. It is also frequently less sour (acidic) than distilled white vinegar.
Comment: (I appreciate this is a USA question - but just for trivia sake; in the UK this legally cannot be called vinegar and must be labelled "non-brewed condiment". White [Distilled] Vinegar in the UK is generally made from distilling malt [barley] vinegar)
Answer: White wine vinegar is a completely different thing, it's less tangy and is more diluted as it's made from the white wine. The Ethanol in the white wine is let to oxidise into ethanoic acid, which is a carbolyxic acid also known as vinegar.
Comment: the acetic/ethanoic acid is normally produced by fermentation rather than oxidization.
Answer: They are different. You can drink white wine before it turns to vinegar but if you drink distilled water and acetic acid you're nuts.


Thoughts on the new superuser logo and theme?

Question: Based on the comments in superuser.com Logo Vote and this mock up I thought it worth canvassing opinions on the subject.
Answer: I like the logo - in fact, seeing as it was chosen by a vote, I'm betting that the majority of initial users will as well. I would've picked a bit of a paler blue, but maybe my eyes are just a bit too used to the soothing greys of Meta.
Comment: i also think the logo looks great in my bookmark bar, it the best looking one actually... :-)
Answer: Personally I think the logo is uninspiring and the blue and black is a bit... old-fashioned. The blue in the mock up (if accurate) is not attractive.
Answer: The colors are peaceful and soothing.
Answer: I'm not a big fan, I just about asked "why does the superuser logo suck?" on here.  I suppose a lot of people liked it though, so that wouldn't be nice. I like the colors.  I don't think that guy looks super, he looks pretty glum.
Answer: I like it, somewhat. I find the colours pleasing to the eye, inviting, and friendly. However, the ['} seems a little too dotcom for me - like the logos of the long forgotten websites of the dotcom boom and bust era.
Out of the options available for voting, it is undoubtedly the best option, but I think there could be better. However, I'm no graphic designer or marketing guru, so I doubt I could improve on it much. Unlike Stack Overflow and Server Fault, I find it hard to conceptualize the name to an image for Super User - all that springs to mind is a needle and I think that's the wrong message.
I should add that I wasn't around to take part in the vote and therefore, probably am not worthy to comment, but the logo with a cursor inside a star seems a better image to go next to the current text.
Of course, it's important to give due reverence to the declarations made when the vote was announced where Jeff stated:

I do not put a lot of stock in
crowdsourcing design feedback (the
poll winner may not "win"), but it
will factor some in our final
decision.

So, I doubt this thread matters much other than as a place to vent at our inability to effect a change.
Comment: http://www.bigeye.com/donotgo.htm
Answer: I liked the colors and like the logo too much, just one thing i don't like about the logo that its not in the same way as his brothers "SO,SF"
Answer: I like the colours and style of the site, but I don't like the logo.
Answer: I voted for the logo and I still like it. Jeff made the decision process extremely visible on the blog. I find SuperUser exciting, having been on ServerFault and StackOverflow for a while.