Relationship between Protein Content of Wheat and the use of Pesticides

Question: Today I heard a news story on local radio about a farmers protest campaign in Hamburg (Germany). Currently in Germany the discussion about sustainability,
climate change and environmental protection is very active. The background of the protest is that many (conventional) farmers feel that they are blamed for all the environmental problems we have and don't get enough credit and support from society. One of their main points of critique is that there are too many new laws that restrain them from doing their work. In general I can't comment on that since I am not a framer. During the show there was an interview with a farmer that claimed that the restriction of pesticide use on wheat would reduce the protein content of the wheat and thus make it unsuitable for baking bread. I don't understand the logic behind this statement. I would rahter think that the restriction of pesticide use would reduce the yield per hectar but not alter the properties of the grain itself. So my question is: What is the link between the protein content of wheat (or any other grain) and the use of pesticides?
Comment: Good question; I find the farmer's statement hard to believe. That would mean that protein content of organic bread is lower than that of non-organic bread.
Comment: Yes, I also did some googling on that but no result. Maybe she mixed up fertilizer and pesticides. But also then: people had bread before they had fertilizer.
Answer: Farmers wanting (or being forced) to avoid the use of pesticides have a wide variety of choices at their disposal. Most of them will in fact alter the quality of the crop, but most of the alternatives are often not known or considered.
Switching to a different variety is obviously one of the easiest, but it also has a big effect on the final product. Altering planting time is also very often considered, and that also has an effect. Types of pesticides, types of insects,
 types of flour, types of wheat, and many other factors are involved, but I'll try to hit the main ones here.
For making bread, hard winter wheat or hard red spring wheat tend to contain higher protein content. The protein in bread wheat might be between 10% in some soft wheats to over 15% in hard wheat. Hard red winter wheat normally has around 13% protein, and hard red spring wheat often has well over 15% protein. If your pest avoidance strategy involves switching your planting time from Fall to Spring, you will be using a different species and will obtain a different quality flour.
The current impetus in Europe is leaning towards reduction of all agrochemicals, some more than others, but a change in nitrogen available in the soils will also have an effect on the protein content of wheat. A farmer can increase nitrogen in various ways, but many only consider the chemical options. In some cases, increasing nitrogen can have the opposite effect by simultaneously increasing competitive weeds. Those weeds could then, in turn, actually reduce the nitrogen, but if legumes are planted to outcompete the weeds, then an important balance can be restored. All of this in turn has an effect on the types and population sizes of local insects.
It's hard to say what particular issues the farmer in that particular interview was facing in is fields, and what strategies he considered or failed to consider. A lot depends on the overall condition of soil, climate, season, local ecosystem, and intended use of the crop. All we know is that he was trying to grow bread flour in Germany and was complaining about forced reduction of pesticide use and the effect that has on protein content.
Current restrictions on neonicotinoids restrict their use on wheat sown between January and June, so it's possible that we're talking about autumn sown Spring wheat.  Winter wheat, compared to spring wheat, will generally be more productive with higher yields and more consistent results, but it requires significantly higher levels of inputs.
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) tends to have a rather scientific perspective when considering the impact of agrochemicals on farmland. They find that encouraging
natural predators is an important alternative to insecticides which could kill the very species of insects needed to control the target pests. Many farmers don't take that into consideration because their primary concern is the condition of the crop they currently have in the ground, and if a pest threat arises, they will spray. Some may wait until they feel it's needed, while others may spray as a precautionary measure.
For the Orange Wheat Blossom Midge, quantities and frequency of spraying can mean the difference between one midge per three wheat ears for feed wheat, but as low as one
midge per six ears for milling wheat. Crops grown for milling wheat may fail to meet certain specifications which means they get sold as feed wheat for less profit. Some parasitoid wasps can be introduced to prey on these midges, and some may even arrive naturally after reduction in spraying. The trick is to perfectly time the spray because wheat heads are susceptible to wheat midge only between heading and flowering. Spraying at other times kills the wasp but not the midge. Information such as this needs to be in the hands of farmers, and entomologists can be provided to help them assess their options.
Nevertheless, bug damage tends to affect the protein quality of wheat more than its protein quantity, and this is a big concern when growing wheat for bread. Flour that has high-protease activity caused by damage by some Heteropteran insects are not suitable for breadmaking at all. Some species of Eurygaster and Aelia, and the "wheat bug" (Nysius huttoni) attack developing wheat kernels and inject salivary secretions into the developing kernel which dissolves some nutrients with proteases and breaks down the protein and gluten structure, especially evident during mixing and fermentation of the bread. In general, varieties of wheat with low baking quality show the effects of bug proteinase more than cultivars considered to be higher baking flour quality.
It's a very complex issue with countless possible approaches, but it's certain that the farmer in question could be assisted with good research based information to help overcome his concerns and possibly produce a superior crop with a better profit margin using fewer chemicals. Incentives towards long term solutions are most needed, and they can also show good results in a single season, but restricting his options in some areas can only be countered by increasing them in others. The same holds true for agriculture worldwide, but understanding bread flour in Germany is a good start.
Comment: So in fact there are insects that alter the protein quality of the wheat. Now the statement makes sense.
Comment: Journal of the Institute of Food Technology in Novi Sad Volume 35, Issue 2,  pages 47-52
Comment: Here's an in depth article if anyone wants to get all scientific about it. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3914345/
Answer: Summary: either there is no link, or no one did any research on this. The latter doesn't seem likely given the amount of research there has been on grain protein content. Most likely the farmer meant 'use of herbicides' as this does have an effect on protein content.

I don't have access to the full article, but in this abstract they say that

the grain protein content variation was mostly explained by the baking quality grade of the cultivar, crop nitrogen status and weed density at flowering.
  ...to a lesser extent, climatic factors also explained grain protein content variability.... grain protein content of organic winter wheat could be increased by improving fertilization management, using an improved baking quality grade cultivar, choosing a legume fodder crop as preceding crop, or by avoiding late sowing dates

There is no mention that the use of pesticides has an influence, but in all fairness this research was on organic winter wheat so it could be that they didn't consider pesticides.
However this article about different types of wheat also claims that wheat genetics and growing conditions are major factors that determine protein content. The paper also says that

Various studies have compared the protein contents of wheat varieties from the early part of the 20th century with those of recent varieties.
  When grown under comparable conditions, there was no difference in the protein contents

Sadly the term 'comparable conditions' is not explained further, but I'm assuming it refers to climatic conditions. Since wide-spread usage of synthetic pesticides started after the second world war, this suggests that protein content did not change due to the use of pesticides.
None of the other research I found mentions a link between pesticide usage and protein content. That doesn't necessarily mean there is no effect, but it does make it improbable given the large number of other factors that have been investigated. I did find this paper where researchers found a relationship between the use of herbicides (so not pesticides!) and raw protein in grain. This led me think that the farmer made an error and actually meant herbicide usage.
Comment: Given the fact that it was a short interview and the farmer might have been a bit nervous by the fact that she's being interviewed it is quite possible that she mixed up some things. I think that in this context the answer by @Scott Tramposch is the most plausible explanation.
Comment: @THelper  What I was trying to explain is that all those factors can come into play when a farmer wants to (or has to) reduce his use of pesticides.  Different fetilization,  cultivars, companion crops, sowing times, and many other strategies can be used to deal with restrictions on pesticides. All of them, including pests themselves, have an effect on the protein content of the final product. I grow many kinds of wheat in small quantities, seldom enough to make bread, but I play with all those factors for the sake of genetic diversity and the result is that I never need pesticides at all.


Does momentarily thinking about if a Hindu god exists amount to committing shirk?

Question: One day, a thought came to my mind that I should not say something about a Hindu god, because what if they exist. But after that I start to thinking: what I'm thinking? At that time, I don't perform namaz and don't do any thinking which will make my Emaan strong. But now I do perform namaz and do all kind of nafal Ebaadat which can make my Emaan stronger. And I never believed in other God but Allah. But by thinking that, have I committed shirk?
Comment: Welcome on Islam SE. Please take your time and take the [tour] and visit our [help] to learn more about how this site works. A brief answer to your question: I hope you have repent after this thought came into mind or said something like "Astaghfiru Allah" or "A'udhu bi Allahi mina shaytani ar-rajim" that would be the basis of any possible answer!
Answer: As soon as you realize, you must seek forgiveness as this ayah says:

And if there comes to you from Satan an evil suggestion, then seek refuge in Allah . Indeed, He is the Hearing, the Knowing. (41:36)

InshaAllah it will be forgiven as sudden evil thoughts are forgiven as long as you never believe the thoughts or act upon them as this hadith states:

"Allah has forgiven my followers the evil thoughts that occur to their minds, as long as such thoughts are not put into action or uttered." (Bukhari)


Notepad++: Strange character with non english language

Question: In win 7 I don't have any problem with notepad++ when using Persian language but after upgrading to windows 10, I can't type characters correctly (see bellow picture).
Already entered characters are shown correctly, also if I type in another program like windows notepad and copy paste it to notepad++ there is no problem.
The document is already in Encode in UTF-8 without BOM.
I don't have any problem in another language.
Control panel>Region>administrative>System local is already set to my language

Thanks
Answer: The problem dissolved with renaming main application from npp.exe to Notepad++.exe. I don't know the reason.


Why does my shower have low water pressure?

Question: The water pressure from my shower is low, we've been using it for several years but it's only in the last couple of weeks that we've had the problem. I've cleaned the showers head and hose, don't know what else I can do before getting a plumber. We've had the shower nearly nine years but didn't want to buy a new one and have the same problem. It is an electric shower if you hadn't already guessed.
Comment: Was there a resolution?
Answer: Does the pressure return to normal if you reduce the output water temperature?  Some electric showers will regulate the amount of water flowing through them to allow the water to reach the set temperature; at higher set temperatures, the flow rate is reduced so that the water remains in the heater longer.  Given that your symptoms appeared recently, it could be that a heating element failed.
Comment: It could also be affected by the water temperature coming into the line (if it's much cooler). Incoming water where I live goes up and down 15-20° (F) throughout the winter, depending on the outside temp.


How are beef cuts labeled in Russian?

Question: I looked up cut of beef on Wikipedia. There are no Russian names for cuts. I'm wondering what they're all called in Russian.
Comment: @GeorgeChen For a more up to date image, http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0 's first section, with the image not present on English wikipedia, is titled "Russia and the former Soviet Union", though the image it uses seems to be originally from the German wikipedia. The section near the bottom of the page is a diagram from an old public-domain Russian dictionary.
Comment: Hello George Chen! Even if we had a way of measuring this, it does not cover the criteria of being based on a concrete problem a professional or hobby cook is likely to face in the kitchen, and as such it is off topic.
Comment: I think OP's actual question, based on the article he links, is how primal cuts are defined in russian culture, rather than what is the most popular. A google image search found [this image](http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2804/4341911482_fbd63b9e32_m.jpg), with no source and all labels in russian.
Comment: George, given that you're apparently satisfied with answers about what the cuts are called (not what's popular), I've edited your question and reopened it. (I'm also cleaning up all the tangential comments.) @Random832 we'd much appreciate you turning those things into an answer!
Comment: @GeorgeChen I added another link to my answer after you accepted it that you may find helpful.
Comment: @Jefromi I know that answers only consisting of links are frowned upon, but I have doubts about how much of the copyrighted material at the sources is appropriate to include in an answer to a general reference question.
Answer: The Russian Wikipedia article on Beef has several diagrams - a current one in the main section apparently originally derived from the German wikipedia, and two others from older Russian sources.
I was also able to find another site with another diagram, and translations of some of the cuts into English, which is helpful because the names are difficult to translate to similar English cuts via Google Translate, which simply gives anatomical terms for many of them.
Here is an article from the Moscow Times discussing the subject, largely from the perspective of someone who only knows the American name for the cut they are looking for.

How are beef cuts labeled in Russian?


How to rotate individual objects in an array modifier around their own origins

Question: I have a Array modifier on an object, and would like to rotate each individual copy of the original object, around it's own origin; without applying the Array modifier, is this possible?
Answer: No.
Modifiers operate on mesh data, so the array modifier must take an initial mesh and output a resulting mesh which another modifier can operate on.
This means that the array modifier copies every vertex, edge, and face in your initial mesh for every duplicate it creates (storing the same data multiple times). Also see Applying Array Modifier - Still instance? and What techniques have been used to repeat geometry or other detail to the infinite horizon?
TL;DR: The array modifier doesn't operate on an object level, so there are no "objects" to rotate without applying the modifier and separating loose parts.
Essentially modifiers are stuck with working in edit mode.
The closest you can get is destructively rotating the initial mesh, however this will change the dimensions of the object (unless the object is a sphere), potentially giving unwanted results if you are using Relative Offset:
Answer: Seen on Blender.org:

Don't use the array modifier.
Instead, create a mesh, like the grid for instance and use that to
  dupli-vert the cube. So the deployment mesh is what will control the
  array size and shape. Then all the cubes deployed by the dupli-vert
  will animate from the object data level, like you want, instead of the
  object level like the array modifer.


IMU and encoder fusion

Question: I'm trying to simulate data fusion for a 4-wheeled mobile robot using ekf and am using IMU and wheel encoders as sensors,where IMU measures linear acceleration and angular velocity  and encoder measures left and right wheel linear velocity all in body frame. now I need the measurement data for both sensors in a way that they fit each other(I mean acceleration in IMU is related to left and right velocity in encoder) but can't make the connection .I really appreciate it if anyone can help me with that.
Answer: You are setting up a filter to estimate a overall state of the robot. This state can consist of whatever you choose: orientation, position, velocity, acceleration, temperature, mood, etc. For your purposes, you have very good information to estimate the forward and angular velocity of the robot. (Though you could estimate the orientation and position as well, but this would be less accurate over time as drift accumulates).
It seems like you have an idea of how to get the velocity of the robot from the wheel encoders. You can get similar velocity measurements or estimations from your IMU.
For an example, lets look at the forward velocity of your robot (with zero angular velocity for now). You have two sensor measurements of this to feed into your filter: the wheel encoders and the IMU linear acceleration. The wheel encoders are really the position of the wheels at various update rates, so you're differentiating those positions to get velocity. The linear acceleration can be integrated to also estimate velocity.
vel = vel_prev + accel*dt
Now you have two estimates of forward velocity that can be fed into a filter. You can think of these as correcting each other; velocity measurements from the wheel encoders will give you accurate long-term information, but may be susceptible to wheel slippage. The IMU will give you short term information that is accurate in a global sense, but will quickly accumulate errors.
For angular velocity, you have a direct measurement from the IMU gyros and you have an indirect measurement from the differences in wheel encoder velocities. Again, these can be combined into a filter.
Answer: From the encoders you pick "tics" (n) per time unit (t), with this you can calculate the angular velocity ($\omega$) of each wheel.
$\omega = \frac{2\pi n} { N t} $
Where N is the total amount of pulses per revolution.
After calculating the angular velocities you can calculate the linear velocity of each wheel.
$v = \omega * R $, where  R is the wheel radius.
And then with inverse kinematics you are able to calculate the velocity of your vehicle. The problem is that you give too less information about your robot e.g. what kind of wheels you have, can they drive both directions?
Comment: That's not exactly what I'm having problems with,I know the equations of each sensor seperately. but I wanna simulate and compare the results of each sensor . So left and right wheel velocities(encoder inputs in simulation) need to be related to IMU acceleration and and angular velocity(IMU inputs in simulation). I have problem calculating these: take it this way: if I have( ax,ay,az  wx wy wz ) as IMU measurements, what will be left and right velocities for encoder accordingly?
Comment: As I told you above from the wheel velocities with the **inverse kinematics** you can find the velocity of the car, but you don't mention something for your robot model. For example for differential drive inverse kinematics you can find [here](http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~allen/F17/NOTES/icckinematics.pdf) which is the basic model. Something more advanced we can find [here](http://www.moodle2.tfe.umu.se/pluginfile.php/52988/mod_resource/content/2/Kinematics.pdf)

IMU and encoder fusion


Even when I turn off the manual valve to back yard sprinkler system few sprikler heads are showing small valter flow?

Question: Even when I turn off the manual valve to back yard sprinkler system few sprinkler heads are showing small water flow.
Why is this?
Comment: Picture of this valve?
Answer: If the manual shutoff is a gate valve, sediment builds up inside and keeps the wedge shaped gate from bottoming in its slot. A slight leakage is normal in these type valves. Remove the top, use a piece of aluminum bar (soft metal) to disturb the sediment and flush it out. Reassemble. It should leak less now that the gate wedges against the seats instead of bottoming out.
Globe type shutoff valves have a rubber/plastic washer that contacts a seat inside the valve. This type shuts off completely when closed unless the rubber washer or the seat have been damaged. Remove the top, feel around for damage on the seat and inspect the washer for cracking. Replace as necessary.
Quarter turn ball valves usually don't have issues with leakage unless there's been some frost damage that's disrupted the valve internally. Replace the valve.
If you're using the manual function on rubber diaphragm control valves for the shutoff, any number of things have gone wrong, dirt, diaphragm damage. Dismantle and rebuild after obtaining a repair kit.


Was R' Shamshon Rafael Hirsch anti-Zionist? Why?

Question: I admit not being well read in the writings of R' Shamshon Rafael Hirsch, but I was recently taken aback when someone suggested that he was anti-Zionist. Is this true, is it obvious in his writings (which one[s]), and why?
Comment: I wouldn't be taken aback personally.  Zionism's primary promoters at the time were secular and were probably on a similar blacklist as the haskalah.
Comment: Why are people voting this off-topic? It's not asking his personal opinion, but his Hashkafic opinion. It's like asking "Why did the Rambam rule like XYZ"?
Comment: @ShmuelBrin Maybe consider contributing [here](https://judaism.meta.stackexchange.com/q/4424/)?
Answer: Just to clarify the terms: we wouldn't be talking about Herzl's Zionist movement, since that was founded only in 1897, nine years after R. Hirsch's passing. The reference would be to the various "proto-Zionist" groups and ideologies of his time. (As YDK noted, a lot of the leaders of those movements were indeed secular Jews, although it is only fair to note that there were a number of religious Jews, including respectable rabbanim, who supported or even led such movements.)
The Artscroll biography of R. Hirsch, by R. E.M. Klugman, has a chapter mostly about this subject, titled "Exile and Redemption." To quote:

Rabbi Hirsch opposed movements which agitated for a return to the land, including those attempts to settle Eretz Yisrael for messianic purposes. He expressed this opposition over a lifetime, from his first published work, The Nineteen Letters, to his last, the commentary to the Siddur.

To summarize the next few paragraphs, his reasons included:

Such resettlement is not worthwhile unless preceded by teshuvah;
He feared that Eretz Yisrael would become an arena for further divisiveness among Jews (prophetic words, those!);
It would be a violation of the "Three Oaths" (Kesubos 111a).

The author goes on to mention that R. Hirsch did approve of and assist efforts to improve the conditions of the Jews living in Eretz Yisrael, and encouraged private associations for its resettlement.
Comment: @avi: looking at it in a glass-half-full kind of way, I guess so. But I was thinking more along the lines of something that R. Berel Wein wrote in one of his history books, that the political fragmentation of the Jews in interwar Poland was transplanted to Israel "and survives there as a hardy weed."
Comment: " (prophetic words, those!);"  Not so prophetic.  Israel today often unites Jews from various backrounds that otherwise would not be united.
Comment: R. Berel Wein's comment also doesn't make Rav Hirsh's comments prophetic, as Israel in this case did not create new divisions but just allowed the old ones to continue. With or without Israel existing, the argument exists. Now that Israel exists, there aren't new arguments but there are more reasons for unity.
Comment: @avi, "Eretz Yisrael would become an arena for further divisiveness" does not contradict "With or without Israel existing, the argument exists." The point (I believe) Alex was making was that R' Hirsch foresaw that, whatever its potential to unite us, it was likely to perpetuate longstanding (not necessarily create new) friction.
Answer: To further Alex's answer:

Many forms of proto-Zionism believed that Judaism could only survive with Jews living on their own in their own country; Hirsch fiercely believed that the Jew could live as a good citizen but a foreigner.
Hirsch was opposed to most forms of collaboration with non-observant Jews. The teachers of secular studies in his educational system could be observant Jews, or non-Jews; but not non-observant Jews. He would not allow his synagogue (or cemetery) to belong to a ritual organization also encompassing Reform institutions. I believe he was quoted as saying that non-observant Jewish movers & shakers such as Adolphe Crémieux could not be tools of the Redemption, because of their non-observance. (Interestingly, when Meir Leibush Malbim was expelled from his position as Chief Rabbi of Bucharest due to Reform pressure, it was  Crémieux who, on Malbim's request, petitioned the right people to reinstate him.)
Answer: This belief can be understood from some of R Hirsch writings where he writes that Eretz Israel is only a "means to an end in fulfilling the Torah" or "a tool to further [the Jewish people]'s mission"
For instance in his Nineteen letters, letter eight

It was to be a people in the midst of the peoples; as people it was to
  show the peoples that God is the Source, and the Giver, of all
  blessing; that to dedicate oneself to the fulfilment of His will means
  the attainment of all happiness that man can desire; that this sacred
  resolve is sufficient to give stability and security to human
  existence. It received, therefore, the blessings of a land and
  state-power, not, however, as end, but as means of carrying out the
  Torah, its possession and retention dependent, therefore, upon
  fulfilment thereof as only condition. It was to be separate, even in
  happiness, from the nations in order that it might not learn of them
  to revere well-being and fortune as the goal of life, and, like them,
  sink into the worship of wealth and lust.

Letter nine

Through the annihilation of Israel's state-life its mission did not
  cease, for that had been intended only as a means to an end.

Letter sixteen

This close connection with all states is in nowise in contradiction to
  the spirit of Judaism, for the former independent state life of Israel
  was not even then the essence or purpose of our national existence,
  was only a means of fulfilling our spiritual mission.

R Hirsch felt very strongly that the people of Israel had a role to play in galut to bring Godliness into the world (see e.g., further in Letter nine).

[... our goal] that every Jew and every Jewess should be in his or her own life a
  modest and unassuming priest or priestess of God and true humanity.

Others opposed his views and felt the Land of Israel was an integral part of Am Israel and that exile was only a temporary condition that could not be an ideal on its own. Rav Avraham Itzhak Kook (in Orot me-Ofel chapter 2) responds to R Hirsch views with tough but poetic words

Distance from awareness of the mysteries produces a distorted
  awareness of the sanctity of the Land of Israel. Due to alienation
  from the "secret of the Lord," the higher qualities of godly life are
  reduced to trivia that do not penetrate the depth of the soul. When
  this happens, the most mighty force is missing from the soul of nation
  and individual, and Galut (Exile) finds favor essentially. To one who
  grasps only the outer surface, nothing fundamental is lost with the
  loss of land, sovereignty, and all the ingredients of an intact
  nation. For such a person, the expectation of salvation is but a side
  branch that never connects to the depth of Jewish awareness. This
  itself attests to the lack of understanding in such a lifeless
  approach. We do not negate any conception based on rectitude and awe
  of heaven, of any form – only the aspect of such an approach that
  desires to negate the mysteries and their great influence on the
  spirit of the nation. This is a tragedy that we must combat with
  counsel and understanding, with holiness and courage.

R Hirsch's commentators point out that his views were misunderstood. Even if he viewed positive aspects to exile (e.g., acquiring converts, see Pesahim 87b, or spreading faith amongst the nations of the world), "his writings constantly emphasize the Jew's prayers for the speedy coming of the Maschiach and the reunion of the Jewish people around the Beit ha-Mikdash").
For more, see R Joseph Elias commented edition of the Nineteen letters, pp. 135, 230 and elsewhere.
Comment: Again, it seems important to note that nothing you have cited precludes R. Hirsch from having been a proto-Zionist. He couldve for example been a proponent of mass aliya for the purpose of spiritual perfection, and even of the arrangement of a state to facilitate this. || Since you admit that R. Kook doesnt mention R. Hirsch, it seems somewhat misleading to state that _Rav Avraham Itzhak Kook (in Orot me-Ofel chapter 2) responds to R Hirsch [sic] views_. Consider revising.
Comment: I was trying to answer the question of how people could have believed R Hirsch was anti Zionist. I don't think he actually was as the answers on this page all note and based on the explanations of his commentators. || The ideological differences between R Hirsch and R Kook were documented elsehwere, see e.g., chapter 3 in R Norman Lamm's Faith and Doubt


Is there sound quality loss in 6mm to 3.5mm TRS adapter?

Question: I would like to know if there is any sound quality lost by using a 6mm (1/4th inch) TRS jack adapter to connect into a 3.5mm (1/8th inch) TRS slot. I would assume there would be some quality loss because of the difference in sizes.
Answer: Assuming you are dealing with human audible audio transmitted as as a line level, analogue electrical signal, then No.
To put it in perspective, if your signal is one that cannot be transmitted through a solid piece of metal then you are going to already experience degradation in the wires.
If your signal is high enough frequency to require transmission down twisted pair or co-axial then such an adapter may be an issue, but would also likely not be used.
Where you may have issues are at the points of contact, e.g. bad connections leading to crackling noises if you fiddle with the plugs. Using an adapter means more points of contact and more points of contact means more opportunities for bad connections.
Answer: The 6mm jack mainly exist for historical reasons. Long ago phone switchboards used this jack to connect callers. This was standardized for audio and was used in studios and home HiFi systems. The 3.5mm jack was developed because there was need to reduce the size of the jack for portable audio such as the Sony Walkman.
Choosing one jack or the other has more to do with physical requirements than performance. 6mm jacks are much more secure and won't get unplugged as easily. 3.5mm jacks are more easily incorporated into casual electronics and smaller enclosures that can't accommodate a 6mm jack.
Many high end headphones even have a 3.5mm jack with a 6mm adapter that can screw on over the 3.5mm jack. This means they effectively use 3.5mm even with the adapter. This is enough to convince me that the quality between the two types matters very little.
Answer: None whatsoever. Though I've heard that they can't take as much power for some reason. The reason we have 3.5mm plugs is because they allow for much smaller portable media as they take virtually no space to mention. They are, however, much easier to break - both connector and plug, they are harder to solder together as there are much smaller margins and stray heat can melt a lot of part you don't want melted if you're out of luck, and they are anything but sturdy. If you plug in a 6mm into virtually anything, you can be pretty sure it will stay there even with some load and tear on the cable. Use the same cable (and we do use these cables for a reason), and there is a much bigger risk of accidentally unplugging the damn thing.
Then we have Bantam connectors, also called TT (Tiny Telephone). They are a middle-size between the two, and have the sturdiness of TRS (6mm), but can be used in a much more space-saving way.
Answer: There may be some signal loss from making another transition from one cable to another, but it would be no more or less than going through a 6mm extension cable.  What can make more of a difference is the material used on the connectors to make sure that they get good solid contact, but surface area of the connection doesn't really matter, particularly since generally speaking, it only connects on one small point of the connector (per segment) anyway.


Is it bad practice for a parent to tell their children when they have a right/reason to cry?

Question: I witnessed parents telling their kids that, if they didn't get hurt or physically harmed in any way, they have no right or reason to cry. I kind of disagree because one doesn't cry just because of physical pain, and it's kind of debatable of freedom to tell a kid that they have no right or reason to cry because the parent feels they have no reason from their perspective; they are not looking at it from the child's.
Comment: What is wrong with crying? It is a release mechanism.
Answer: There's a difference between an emotion and its expression.  Crying in children is a social signal, "I need someone urgently to fix my problem."  Parents who tell their children not to cry about something aren't telling them it's not okay to feel that emotion, they are telling them, "This is not something that requires the urgent degree of other people's attention that loud crying demands."
Try not to judge from the short windows of time during a visit.  It might be the first time your child has cried in a few days, but it might be the tenth time today for the other parent's child who is being corrected.
Comment: I agree to a point; this can be phrased more positively ("I know you're frustrated, but you don't need to cry this much") or more negatively ("Stop crying, you have no right to be upset").
Comment: Agreed.  Phrasing is very important for validating the emotion.
Answer: I certainly agree that it is wrong to tell a child (or an adult, for that matter) that the only legitimate reason to cry is if they have suffered physical injury.
On the other hand, your brief account above doesn't necessarily tell the whole story. I don't know if you know the whole story. Did you just overhear a snippet of a conversation in passing? Or walk into a friend's house just in time to hear them say this? Or were you with the other family for hours?
On the one hand, if a small child is crying because of some legitimate emotional upset, I'd certainly say that the parents are wrong to tell him he shouldn't. To take an extreme example, if a child is crying because a beloved pet just died, it would be a pretty harsh parent who would tell him to shut up and has no reason to cry.
On the other hand, when my kids were small, there were times when they would cry and scream for the most trivial reasons. (For example, I recall: When my kids were little and I would give them each a card printed on the computer with our home phone number and my work phone and, I forget, some other phone number, for them to keep in case of emergencies. Then one day one of these phone numbers changed so I hand-wrote the new number on the cards. And one of my kids started crying and screaming because he wanted a new printed card and not the hand-written update.) I can readily imagine a hard-pressed parent whose child is screaming over nothing trying to calm the child down, and after some long period when the child just keeps screaming and screaming finally says, "You're not hurt! You have no reason to cry!" A statement about there being no good reason to cry because the child is not physically injured may not be intended to be a complete discussion, rather the parent is contrasting a good reason with the poor or non-existent reason for the child's present crying. Yes, children remember things you say and can go back to something inaccurate or oversimplified that you said years ago, so I suppose a perfect parent would give a more complete statement. But being a parent of a small child is very stressful, and I'd give them some slack.
Answer: I agree with the previous answers in that you may not k ow the whole story (based on your short question), but I disagree that it's ever ok to tell a child they have no reason to cry. A child doesn't understand the difference between "this doesn't warrant such an emotional response" and "you're not allowed to cry over this". I always cringe when I hear "You're ok. Stop crying." On the playground when a kid falls or is pushed by another kid or whatever. Kids are like tiny teenagers; they are still learning what emotions are and how identify them, the appropriate way to express them, and, when necessary, how to control them.
I feel a better response crying is acknowledging how you think they feel, validate that feeling, and offer how that feeling can be better expressed. But not tell them the way they expressed it (by crying) was wrong. They're still learning.
For example, my daughter has been crying every time my husband steps out if the room. He will be out for a moment and come right back, by for whatever reason, this upsets her. So I tell her "You must be upset dada left the room and you miss him. That's ok. He's going to be right back! Do you want a hug (or this toy, or read a book, or help with a chore) while we wait?" This usually does the trick. And she cries less every time and redirects her behavior because she has a better outlet. And she knows he always comes back.
As you stated, my adult perspective says there's no reason for her to cry. He just went to take out the trash and he's coming right back. But her perspective is that it made her sad. Who am I to tell her she can't be upset over that? An older child can be told "I'm sorry you're sad. A great way to get through this is to _____". But telling them not to cry I would fear could backfire into them shutting down and not letting their feelings out at all. I know my answer isn't the popular one, but I wanted offer the other side.


Remote with mythbuntu

Question: I think i have found what may be my issue but i dont know how to fix it with my remote not working in mythbuntu.  It is complaining about a file missing in sys/class/rc/*  my issue is there are absolutely no files or folder in there.  it stops at sys/class/rc then empty.  I was on the mythbuntu forum sat and one of the guys got on my machine remotely and tried to help but he he coudlnt figure it out either.  It see the mce ir usb remote reciever but doesnt seem to load anything for it.  He tried to copy files over to it but he couldnt get and access to it even as root.  He suggested a new hard drive and a new dowwnload of mythbuntu.  I did both and completely reinstalled it but it still does the exact same thing.  I have 3 different recievers but i cant get any of them to work.  Can anyone help me with this please.
thanks
Answer: Probably not the answer you are hoping for but...
When I first set up MythBuntu several years ago I hoped to use a remote control.  The amount of grief trying to set up the remote persuaded me to use a wireless keyboard (and mouse but that's now gone).  So for watching tv/recordings, I use the wireless keyboard.  For administering the box itself, I remote desktop using Remmina from my desktop and from there I can do updates, etc.

Remote with mythbuntu


What do you call a person who is always online on the Internet?

Question: Is there any specific word for a person who is always online on the Internet?
I am just curious to know because staying online is like a profession nowadays.
Answer: Cybernaut

Someone who likes using the Internet a lot.
An expert or habitual user of the Internet.

Origin:
  1960s (in the senses 'robot' and 'cyborg'): from cyber-, on the
  pattern of astronaut.

Example sentences:

'Some cybernauts said they weren't even clear on Zhao's contribution,
  but were nonetheless indignant at attempts to sweep under the rug the
  death of a man who played such an important historical role.'
  'When
  his connection package arrived, the fledgling cybernaut followed the
  enclosed instructions to the letter - but to no avail.'
  'Greetings
  cybernauts this is Vern Tejas with Alpine Ascents' 2003 Mt Everest
  ascent.'
  'Hey there Mountain Zone cybernauts, this is Vern Tejas
  with Alpine Ascents Denali expedition known as Dalai Lamas.'
  'Now
  these grotesque, giant cybernauts shall come face to face with the
  steadfast resolve of this residual band.'
  'Other news from Camp I,
  Vernon Tejas reports to all cybernauts out there that the team's pull
  through the Icefall yesterday was completed in a very timely fashion.'
Answer: I'd say the word is nethead - an enthusiastic/obsessive user of the Internet*.
I do recognise the alternative netizen, but for me at least that implies much about a person's attitudes to, and active participation in, the emerging global society embodied in the Internet.
My 84-year-old mother, for example, is online for many hours every day playing "solo" online games. She almost never uses the Net for interactive communication in any form (maybe 3 emails a year), so whilst I would call her a nethead, I would not call her a netizen.
Answer: For example Netizen: A user of the Internet, esp. a habitual or avid one. [NOAD]
If you want some slang you can say: Net abuser: A person who is addicted to the internet. They use it every chance they get. The person googles/searches random information. EX: entertainment, world events, medical conditions.
The person uses their blackberry/iphone in class to do assignments, play games.
EDIT: I found other slang terms. One is net rat: A net rat is someone who spends all their time on the internet because they have nothing better to do.
And another one is kind of vulgar and it's net fu**er, which means: A person who spends days on the internet at a time. usually late at night or very early in the morning. [These 3 were taken from UrbanDictionary.com]
Answer: Another possible term, depending on the connotation you want, could be net junkie: someone who is addicted to using the internet, who cannot stay away from it for extended periods without visible anxiety and frustration, whose every action is centered around it, etc.
If someone spends 8 hours a day on the internet because it's their job to monitor and moderate online forums, for example, they could be a netizen as mentioned by others.  If they then go home and spend 8 more hours on the internet because they don't have any non-internet-based hobbies, they are almost certainly a net junkie.
Answer: We used to simply say a person was "connected."  Also, an entire magazine was designed and published to serve the needs of a particular class of "cybernetic junkie," or "cyberjunkie," who thought of themselves as more-or-less permanently "Wired."  Although these terms perhaps originated in the old BBS forum and Usenet days, and may have somewhat preceded the Internet, there was some temporal overlap and they continue to have some usage today.
Most people to whom such terms, and those in the other answers here, are ascribed do not find the terms, themselves offensive but do strenuously object to the usually strongly negative connotations that often accompany their application!
Answer: I'd say that the person would be called a "netizen" :

someone who spends a lot of time using the Internet
Answer: Another term would include a Digital Native. It refers to an individual whom is born digitally adept and computer literate.
From Wikipedia describing a Digital Native:

The analogy of the digital native was also used by Josh Spear and
Aaron Dignan (Spear's business partner in the Manhattan-based agency
Undercurrent) who talked about people who were "born digital", first
appearing in a series of presentations given by Josh Spear in 2007
Answer: netaddict
is my favorite word that I have been using all these years.
Answer: They call programmers Nerd or Geek most of the time. Most programmers are spending all their time in front of a computer.
Answer: A no life.
See the urban dictionary.


Understanding how "Je ne parle pas français" is broken down

Question: When I enter "Je ne parle pas français" into Google translate I get "I do not speak French." But if I just type "Je ne pas", I get "I do not."
Why are the pas and parle switched around in the phrase Je ne parle pas français?
Comment: Because "je ne pas" is meaningless and google does its best to spit something out. Actually the output makes sense somehow; "je ne X pas" is "I do not X" and Google just strips off the X.
Comment: @JackM: I was told "ne" was the original negation token, and "pas" was only added later. So it's funny to see "ne" disappearing from spoken language now when "pas" used to be the optional token.
Comment: @StéphaneGimenez So in French, the "pas" is a negation of the preceding term?
Comment: @DeFrltCr Roughly speaking. Grammarians will tell you that "pas" has to be used with "ne" like a pair of parentheses (or HTML tags): "ne X pas" negates the verb X. But in practice most french people leave off the "ne" 90% of the time (in spoken french).
Comment: @DeFrItCr are you just beginning to learn French? Are you taking a class?
Answer: Je parle français, subject–verb–object, is the simple affirmation.
Negation is formed with the particle ne (often omitted in speech) and usually one (or more) additional words to mark or nuance the negation. The adverb pas expresses plain negation and is the most common mark of negation.
Ne always precedes the verbal phrase, and pas usually follows the inflected part (be it the main verb or an auxiliary).

Il ne parle pas français.
Je n'ai pas lu le journal aujourd'hui.

Negation using other "negation adverbs":

Il ne sort jamais.
Je n'y crois guère.
Il ne dort plus.

(Semi-?)negation using indefinite pronouns:

Il n'a rien mangé.
Il ne va nulle part.
Personne ne veut venir.
Aucun ne convient.

Or with a combinaison:

Il n'a jamais fait aucun effort.
Personne ne dit rien.
Aucun n'a jamais convenu à personne.
Rien ne va plus.

Note that pas does not combine with other negations. Though, pas may negate a normal adverb.

Il n'a pas encore vendu sa voiture.

Etc.
One last remark related to your "*je ne pas" experiments: ne and pas actually come together when negating an infinitive clause:

Je le note pour ne pas oublier.

But an infinitive clause never includes a subject; "*je ne pas" isn't a valid word combination.
Answer: A literal gloss of the individual 'words' would be something like this:

Je ne                parle pas français.
I  [negative marker] speak not French.

To an English speaker, it can look like the order of the words is "the wrong way round". But it turns out that in French, the order that you see reflects how French works generally.
A key thing to understand is that in French, the 'word' "ne" is actually not a 'normal' word, but rather it is what is technically termed a clitic-- if you like, a half-word-half-affix (or in other words, its status is similar to the -n't in English (cf "didn't")). The pronoun "je" also has a similar status.
So in effect, "je-ne-parle" is a single word on a syntactic level. To a French speaker, there's simply no possibility of putting another word such as "pas" (which is really the actual 'word' that is signalling "not") in between the subject and the verb, just as to an English speaker there's no possibility of putting anything between "did" and "n't" in "didn't"[*].
Partly because of this and partly because of how French verbs work generally (for the technically minded, due to a phenomenon termed "raising"), this means that there isn't a natural "slot" in French between the subject and the verb in which to place an adverb in general. So whereas in English one would say "John often goes...", in French, the word order would be "Jean goes often..."-- there's effectively no "slot" to put an adverb in between the subject and verb in French. (Technically, the difference is often analysed as the verb "raising" to different syntactic positions in English vs French, but that's not too important here.)
So, what you essentially have in French is a combination of (a) the special 'negative prefix' (clitic) "ne" that French attaches to the beginning of verbs to signal a negative, and (b) the negative adverb "pas" appearing in what is the natural place for an adverb in French.
[*] They're actually not quite analogous. But broadly, the point holds.
Answer: "Je ne pas ...?" has no meaning, and can't be the beginning of a sentence in French.
Ask Google to have an idea of how Google Translate works. There is no syntax rules in the program, just a gigantic collection of billions of sentences, and it is fast enough to proceed by comparison and assimilation.
It works pretty well for ordinary sentences ; it can't be really good for an unusual use of the language, such as poetry. And for funny results, try an absurd sentence, however grammatically correct, such as "The angry star has deep roots in the marshy seas sleeping on top of the cellar", and then backwards ...


Who are the 24 avataras of Lord Vishnu according to the Srimad Bhagavatam?

Question: Most people think that Vishnu has only 10 avataras. However, the Srimad Bhagavatam says Vishnu incarnated 24 times. So who are the 24 avataras of Lord Vishnu?
Comment: It is not is Shrimada Bhagavatam but it is in the purport of [SB 2.2.8](https://www.vedabase.com/en/sb/2/2/8)
Comment: Exact list of 24 Avataras is mentioned in https://vedicfeed.com/24-avatars-of-lord-vishnu/
Answer: It is explained in the Bhagavatam Canto 1 chapter 3. Even though there are innumerable incarnations of the Lord, some of the important ones are mentioned in this chapter.
They are:

The four unmarried sons of Brahmā [the Kumāras] also called as Sanat Kumāras.
Varaha avatar (Boar)
Devarṣi Nārada, who is a great sage among the demigods
Nara
Nārāyaṇa
Lord Kapila, foremost among perfected beings. He gave an exposition of the creative elements and metaphysics to Āsuri Brāhmaṇa.
Dattatreya, the son of the sage Atri. He was born from the womb of Anasūyā, who prayed for an incarnation.
Yajña, the son of Prajāpati Ruci and his wife Ākūti.
King Ṛṣabha, son of King Nābhi and his wife Merudevī.
King Pṛthu who cultivated the land to yield various produce, and for that reason the earth was beautiful and attractive.
Matsya, The form of a fish.
Kūrma, The form of a tortoise.
Dhanvantari.
Jaganmohini.
Nṛsiṁha - The man lion form.
Vāmana, the form of a dwarf brāhmaṇa.
Parashu Rama.
Sri Rama, the son of Dasharatha.
Vyasa, the son of Parāshara.
Balarāma
Kṛṣṇa.
Buddha, the son of Añjanā, in the province of Gayā.
Kalki incarnation and become the son of Viṣṇu Yaśā.

These are some of the important avataras mentioned in the Bhagavatam in the Canto 1 chapter 3. But his incarnations are innumerable and infinite.

अवतारा हि असङ्ख्येया हरेः सत्त्व-निधेर् द्विजाः
  यथाविदासिनः कुल्याः सरसः स्युः सहस्रशः
avatārā hi asaṅkhyeyā hareḥ sattva-nidher dvijāḥ
  yathāvidāsinaḥ kulyāḥ sarasaḥ syuḥ sahasraśaḥ
O brāhmaṇas, the incarnations of the Lord are innumerable, like rivulets flowing from inexhaustible sources of water.

Similar thing was said to Arjuna by Kṛṣṇa in the Bhagavad Gita.

बहूनि मे व्यतीतानि जन्मानि तव चार्जुन |
     तान्यहं वेद सर्वाणि न त्वं वेत्थ परन्तप || ५ ||
bahūni me vyatītāni janmāni tava cārjuna |
    tānyahaṃ veda sarvāṇi na tvaṃ vettha parantapa || 4.5 ||
Many births of Mine have passed, O Arjuna, and so is it with you also. I know them all, but you do not know them.
Comment: Wouldn't the sanat kumaras make 4 avatars? Adding the grand total to 27 not 24?
Comment: your no. count was only 23.. instead of 24 why? is it because you missed thiruvikrama?? @sarvabhouma
Comment: @PrasannaR Trivikrama form is counted along with Vamana. The count is not fixed as 24. There are innumerable incarnations. Some of them are told in this chapter. There are other incarnations present in Bhagavatam which are not in this list.
Comment: Oh thanks for calarifying @sarvabhouma
Answer: As per bhagavatam and as explained by Sriman Madhwacharya, who propagated Dwaitha matha, the 24 names of Sriman Naarayana, are , kesava, naaraayana, madhava, govinda, vishnu, madhusoodana, trivikrama, vamana, sridhara, hrushikesa, padmanabha, damodhara, sankrushna, vasudeva, pradyumna, aniruddha, purushottama, adokshaja, narasimha, achutha, janardana, upendra, haraye, srikrishna.  These names of Sriman Naaraayana are chanted while having achamana during Sandhyavandana kala.
Comment: Welcome to Hinduism Stack Exchange! It would be useful if you cite the verse of Srimad Bhagavatam for 24 names. In order to maintain the quality and reliability of posts, we mandate citing sources while answering question. Visit [help] for more information.


Why the difference in Cobb's reaction to limbo?

Question: In the movie Inception, at the end, when Cobb goes to limbo to rescue Saito he starts to forget "reality" and he has only been there for like 10 - 15 minutes. However, he spends decades with Mal in limbo, but still somehow remembers that this world isn't real. Also, both Cobb and Ariadne act completly normal in limbo during Fischer rescue. This is weird, escpecially for a first - timer like Ariadne. Shouldn't they lose sense of reality almost instantly just like Cobb did in Saito rescue scene?
Answer: There are two limbos. Or two ways to enter it, depends on your perspective.
Stealing from this answer,

[Cobb] goes down using the machine to get Fischer. Here they both are aware of where they are and what they are here to do.
Once Cobb dies [by drowning], he reaches Limbo for the second time (the opening scene). This time around he's died and reached Limbo, hence he has no clear idea as to where he is and how he got there.

When Cobb and Mal were in limbo for decades, they didn't die, just went too deep, so they remembered (for a while). When Ariadne and Cobb go there, also on purpose, they also remember. When Saito and Cobb actually die, it's much more hazy and confusing.
Comment: @Shalini [Credit](https://www.thisisbarry.com/film/inception-2010-movie-plot-ending-explained/) where credit's due :D
Comment: This makes a lot of sense although it's not explained in the movie at all I think the logic holds up
Comment: MindBlowing pictorial representation @Bluemoon93 ..Have screenshotted it for future purposes :)


How do I know a camera is able to take a RAW image?

Question: I am trying to learn about photography, and I read something saying the RAW (for example, DNG) file format has detailed information about the image. I wonder if anyone can tell me: how do I know a camera is able to take RAW images?
Comment: I think that the questioner is a beginner and is just looking for the _general_ advantages of RAW, and doesn't yet know enough to draw a distinction between DNG and anything else.
Comment: You've tagged this question with [sony].  Are you asking about Sony in particular?
Comment: And are you asking what cameras will take photos in the DNG format?
Comment: possible duplicate of [Which cameras support DNG natively?](http://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/762/which-cameras-support-dng-natively)
Comment: A detailed spec sheet will tell you if a camera takes RAW or not, and also usually what type of RAW file such as .NEF, .CR2, etc. It would just be like knowing what type of gas or petrol a new car takes, the spec sheet or owners manual would note it.
Comment: too tempting to not be funny: You can be pretty sure they all can take raw pictures, but whether they give you access to a raw file format is another story ;)
Answer: For a starting point, check out What is RAW, technically? — DNG, the "digital negative" format you mention, is Adobe's attempt at making a standard, but actually almost all camera makers have their own RAW formats, with different extensions like .PEF, .CR2, .NEF, and so on (see a list at Wikipedia). There's really nothing special that DNG does that the maker-specific RAW formats can't also do, and most third-party software supports almost all formats. (See Is switching to DNG worthwhile? for more on that.)
So, in general, you want to look for "raw support". This is commonly recognized as an important feature, and all camera specs, reviews, and databases will tell you. For example, you can look at Neocamera's search for cameras with RAW support, and narrow down from there. (You can also search for specifically .DNG support of that's important to you.
Also, for basic background on why you might want to use RAW, check out Good examples of RAW's advantages over JPEG? (which happens to be the top-voted question and has the top-voted answer on this site), and the raw-vs-jpeg tag for even more.
Answer: It's true that raw files contain much more information than jpeg files and that this information is very useful when editing the photo.
DNG (digital negative), is just one raw format, it was developed by Adobe and is intended to be a generic format that everyone is supposed to use - however, camera manufacturers don't share Adobe's worldview and almost none of the major camera manufacturers support DNG.
Canon has CR2, Nikon has NEF, etc.
What you are looking for is "raw support" (not DNG support) and all cameras except for the most basic point and shoots have it.
Answer: This page on Adobe's website lists all cameras with built-in DNG support, as well as all cameras with a proprietary RAW format supported by Adobe tools:
http://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop/extend.html#dngcompatible
Answer: It simply says so in the specifications.
Each site presents it differently though. For example on Nikon's own specifications for the D7100, it says next to Image Formats:
NEF (RAW): 12 or 14 bit, lossless compressed or compressed
On Neocamera, I present this in simplified form for all cameras exactly the same way. Here it is for the Nikon D7100 for example and, next Image Formats, it says:
JPEG RAW
If you were to look at a camera not supporting RAW, it would simply say JPEG
Now, unless you have a model in mind, you will find it tedious to check each page. So instead, you can simply search for cameras which support RAW (or DNG specifically) using the Camera Search page. Just select your criteria an check the RAW or DNG box.
Answer: Note also, that RAW describes a general format, it's not the implementation. That's why you have so many different types of RAW. Every camera will tell you on the box,--or you can look it up on B&H's website for any camera they sell under "Product highlights."
If you use Lightroom and probably, you can convert to DNG, if you need it for some reason (can't imagine why at present other than for moving files around or archive purposes),--you don't need to have it in the camera. Wouldn't convert everything to DNG just yet though: some viewers still don't seem to open them.
Answer: Look on the box or see what options are available in the menu.


What kinds of adhesive tape are essential for a sound recordist and Why?

Question: Whether it's for sound effects recording or production sound mixing.
Comment: who knew this would be such a cool topic?
Answer:
Paper spike tape. Not that sticky, good for sensitive surfaces.
Gaffer's tape. Stickier, the standard, gentle on most surfaces.
3M Micropore tape. Excellent for lav placement.
Double-sided wig/toupee tape, for similar.
Self-adhesive Dr. Scholls moleskine, for buffering the edges of a lav from cloth rubbing when concealed.
Electrical tape, for its actual purpose (repairs). For heavy duty repairs I've moved on to Gorilla tape instead of duct tape...but be careful. That s#!$ does not come off.

Sometimes I also use silicone tape, aka 100mph tape, if I need something waterproofed like XLR connections, especially whilst hydrophoning.
Answer: Here are the tapes I most often use on set:

Medical Transpore tape (same as micropore above)_works well for placing lavs on actors skin and clothes.
Medical Cloth tape (white)_When transpore doesn't work and for concealing wires on or beneath white clothing.
Waterproof medical tape (skin tone)_used occasionally for moist situations and for concealing wires on see-through clothing.
Black Gaff tape (2 inch)_For various mounting purposes (try not to use on freshly painted sets; it will cause damage).
Black Paper tape (2 inch)_Used sparingly when Gaff tape is too rough or when I need to temporarily mount things onto camera that won't need velcro.
Blue painting tape (2 inch)_For placing carpets on floors and for mounting small objects on sensitive surfaces; just make sure it's not in the shot (light blue tape will shine on screen)

I've used the silicone 100mph tape while working with a sound mixer from Holland (Antoin Cox; one of the best I've worked with) and it was amazing for quick fixes on damaged XLR cable. I haven't yet looked into buying some of my own. I haven't needed it, but I would love to have a few rolls just in case.
Happy tape hunting,
E. Santiago
Answer: Joes sticky stuff is great.
I have taken a liking to a tape used in the sports medicine field known as kinesiotape, I use that as a substitute for moleskin.  Also an item which is not tape but kind of goes hand in hand with concealing lavs is antistatic spray.
+1 to what everyone else has said, they are all in my kit plus my above mentioned.
Answer: I forgot to mention, but I also have Dr. Scholl's moleskin for occasional uses as mentioned by NoiseJockey, but I don't use it often (maybe I should; he makes a great point with concealing lavs, particularly when placing a Sanken COS-11 in a tie). Another great tape mentioned is the double sided wig tape named "Top Stick". I don't use it much, but it's always hanging around for situations where I need to conceal a wire within fabric while keeping the fabric from moving around. Sometimes you have to tape part of the actors wardrobe together within areas that will be on screen; Top Stick does a great job being virtually invisible to camera when placed underneath areas around or on a lavaliere mic placement.
Have fun making sound for movies,
E. Santiago
Answer: Ice Hockey tape is also an option. Cloth, sticky but leaves very little residue.
Answer: Quickly unrolling parcel tape is good for making electrical arcing/spark sounds.
Answer: Top stick and gaff tape
Answer: Duct Tape. Because it turns, "no, no, NOOO!" into , "mmm, mmmm, MMMMMM!"


What is the difference between an Outside hit and Pipe hit in volleyball?

Question: What is the difference between an Outside hit and Pipe hit in volleyball? What position can hit a pipe during the game?
Answer: An outside hit is one by the front left hitter.
There's a bit of variation between teams (particularly at lower levels) as to exactly what a pipe is, but it would always be a back row hit from either the middle or right-hand side of the court.
Comment: We play a fast pipe ball slightly moved to the left side of the court to not interfere with the middle blocker in certain combinations. Why only middle and right side? And mentioning the attacker usually involved in pipe balls would answer question even better, I guess.
Answer: Usually the pipe attack is back court attack position 6 (middle back). In most teams this attack is done by the Outside hitter while at the back.
If you look up pipe attack on youtube you will see great examples mostly done by outside players (while in the back row of course) such as Dante, NGapeth, Sanders etc.
That being said anyone  (except the libero who is not allowed to hit a ball fully over the net) could do a back row middle attack, however this befall most traditionally to the outside player in the back row at the time.
A few more details on the "tradition" for the outside player to hit pipe. At the time in the back will be an opposite who will traditionally defend and hit (or a setter who will defend) from the right side, and a libero who will defend on the left side. Traditionally the outside player will defend and hit (the pipe) from the remaining back court position, in the middle. There are variation, but this is a traditional way to do things.


Tips for golfing in brainfuck

Question: What general tips do you have for golfing in brainfuck? I'm looking for ideas that can be applied to code golf problems in general that are at least somewhat specific to brainfuck (e.g. "remove comments" is not an answer). Please post one tip per answer.
Answer: Putting one tip per answer would be way too many answers.

Learn to think in Brainfuck. It's very different than anything else. Read and write, and rewrite, and rewrite lots of brainfuck programs. The language doesn't give you much to work with, so it's important to use what it does give you flexibly and efficiently. Don't let any abstractions get between you and the language--get in there and grapple with it.
Get very comfortable with nondestructive flow control. To get out of a decision loop, rather than zeroing the starting cell by copying it elsewhere and then copying it back after leaving the loop, it's often better to move the pointer to a pre-existing zero nearby. Yes, this means the pointer will be in different places depending on whether you went through the loop, but that also means those places probably have different arrangements of nearby zeros and nonzeros, which you can use to resynch the pointer location using another loop. This technique is fundamental to good Brainfuck programming, and various forms of it will constantly prove useful.
That and the fact that every > or < costs mean that the details of memory layout are important. Try out as many variations of your layout as you have patience for. And remember, your memory layout does not have to be a rigid mapping of data to locations. It can morph over the course of execution.
On a larger scale, consider and even try implementing a variety of different algorithms. Initially it will not be obvious exactly what algorithm will be best; it may not even be obvious what basic approach will be best, and it will probably be something different than what would be best in a normal language.
If you're dealing with large or variable-sized data, see if there's any way you can possibly deal with it locally, without having to keep track of how big it is or your numerical location within it.
The same data can be two different things. (Most often, a number or character and also a nonzero positional marker. But see random.b, where a bit counter doubles as the value of one cell of a cellular automaton.)
The same code can do two different things, and it's a lot easier to make it do so in a language where code is as generic as <+<. Be alert to such possibilities. In fact, you may occasionally notice, even in what seems to be a well-written program, that there are small portions that could be deleted entirely, nothing added, and the thing would, by happenstance, still run flawlessly.
In most languages, you use a compiler or interpreter frequently to check your program's behavior. The Brainfuck language demands greater conceptual control; if you need a compiler to tell you what your program does, you don't have a firm enough grasp of your program, and you probably need to stare at it some more--at least if you want to have a clear enough image of the conceptual halo of similar programs to be good at golf. With practice, you'll be producing a dozen versions of your program before you try running one, and by that point you'll be 95% sure that your shortest one will run correctly.
Good luck! Very few people bother to write Brainfuck concisely, but I think that's the only way the language can possibly justify continuing attention--as a stunningly obscure art form.
Comment: Reading this makes me want to try programming in Brainfuck now..
Comment: "you may occasionally notice ... that there are small portions that could be deleted entirely, nothing added, and the thing would, by happenstance, still run flawlessly." This is so true, especially for a beginner. I've only ever written one answer in BF as far as I can remember, yet its [revision history](https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/posts/123826/revisions) contains at least 3 instances where I was playing with the program and randomly went, "hey, the program still works if I remove this bit!"
Comment: "Try out as many variations of your layout as you have patience for," or [can brute-force](https://codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/116477/make-me-an-easter-egg/116578#116578) :P
Comment: Really nice answer
Comment: Speaking of reading others' BF programs, you can also find BF programs on Rosetta Code or GitHub.
Answer: A few tips here:
Constants:
The Esolangs' constants page has an extremely useful list of the shortest ways to create specific values. I find myself consulting this page at least twice per program.
The start of everything:
+++[[<+>>++<-]>]

This sets up the tape in the format 3*n^2, which looks like
3 6 12 24 48 96 192 128 0 0'
Why is this so important?
Let's go down the list:

3 and 6 are boring
12: Close to 10 (newline) or 13 (carriage return). Can also be used for the counter for 0-9
24: Close to 26, the number of letters in the alphabet
48: ASCII for 0
96: Close to 97, ASCII for a
196 and 128: 196-128=64, close to 65, the ASCII for A.

From this one algorithm, we're at the start of practically every sequence in the ASCII range, along with a counter for each and a newline in easy reach.
A practical example:
Printing all uppercase and lowercase letters and digits.
With algorithm:
+++[[<+>>++<-]>]<<[-<->]<<<<++[->>+.>+.<<<]<--[>>.+<<-]

Without:
+++++++++++++[->+++++++>++>+++++>++++>+<<<<<]>+++++>[-<+.>>.+<]>>---->---[-<.+>]

We spend most of the bytes just initialising the tape in the second example. Some of this it offset by the extra movements in the first example, but this method clearly has the advantage.
A couple of other interesting algorithms in the same vein:
3*2^n+1:
+++[[<+>>++<-]+>]
Tape: 4 7 13 25 49 65 197 129 1 0'

This offsets the values by 1, which accomplishes a few things. It makes the 12 a carriage return, the 64 the actual start of the uppercase alphabet, and the 24 one closer to 26.
2^n:
+[[<+>>++<-]>]
Tape: 1 2 4 8 16 32 64 128

Because 64 is good for uppercase letters, 32 is the ASCII for space, and 128 can be used as the counter for 26 (130/5 = 26). This can save bytes in certain situations where digits and lowercase letters aren't needed.
Choose the implementation that suits the question:

Negative cells are almost always useful, and there's no reason to avoid them (unless it doesn't change your bytecount)
Almost the exact same thing with wrapping cells, even more so because many constants use wrapping.
Arbitrary cell sizes are useful for infinite math sequences, such as calculating the Fibonacci sequence infinitely (+[[-<+>>+>+<<]>]), or processing larger/negative numbers. The downside is that some common methods, such as [-] and [->+<] can't be relied upon, just in case the number is negative.
EOF as 0, -1 or no change. 0 is usually preferable, as you can loop over an entire input without extra checks. -1 is useful when looping over array structures. I haven't yet found a use for no change :(.

Keep track of what the frick is going on:
At all times you should have comments on where the pointer should be in relation to the data around it, and make sure that you know the range of possible values of each cell. This is especially important when you've split the pointer before a loop, because you'll want to join the two possibilities back together afterwards.
At any point, my code is littered with comments on every other line that look like this:
*0 *dat a_1 ?  0' !0 0*
 or
*0 *dat 0' ap1 0  !0 0*

Some extra advice is to assign symbols special meanings. In the above example, ' is where the pointer is, * means repetition in that direction, ? means a cell with unknown value, !0 means a non-zero cell, _ is a substitute for - and p is a substitute for +. or implies that the tape could look like either of representations, and needs to be handled as such.
Your symbol scheme doesn't necessarily have to be the same as mine (which has a few flaws), it just has to be consistent. This is also extremely useful when debugging, because you can run it up to that point and compare the actual tape to what you should have, which can point out potential flaws in your code.
Answer: My principal piece of advice would be don't.
OK, fine, you want something more useful than that. BF is already a very terse language, but what really kills you is arithmetic, which effectively needs to be done in unary. It's worth reading over the constants page in Esolang to pick out exactly how to write large numbers efficiently, and to exploit wrapping wherever possible.
Memory access is also very expensive. Since you're reading from a tape, you need to keep in mind where your head is moving at any given time. Unlike other languages where you can just write a, b, c, in bf you have to explicitly move the head some number of bytes left or right, so you must be mindful of where you store what. I'm pretty sure that organising your memory in the optimal way is NP-hard, so good luck with that one.
Answer: In this answer I'm going to refer to a specific cell on the tape many times. It doesn't matter which cell it is, but it's the same cell throughout the entire answer. For the purposes of this post, I'll call that cell "Todd".
When trying to set a cell to a constant value, it sometimes pays to not finish it immediately. For example, say you wanted Todd to contain 30. Later on in your code (which may modify Todd's value but never reads it) you come back to Todd. If Todd's value is 0, the program exits. Otherwise, Todd's value is printed forever.
According to the esolangs.org page of brainfuck constants (which could probably be the subject of a tip on its own!) the shortest way to get 30 is >+[--[<]>>+<-]>+. That leading > is only there to ensure that nothing to the left of the pointer is modified, but in this case we'll assume we don't care about that and drop it. Using that code, your code would look something like this:
+[--[<]>>+<-]>+(MISC. CODE)(GO TO TODD)[.]

You can think of the first chunk of code like this:
(SET TODD TO 30)(MISC. CODE)(GO TO TODD)[.]

But remember the last two characters in that chunk: >+. It's just as valid to think of it this way:
(SET TODD TO 29)(GO TO TODD)(ADD 1 TO TODD)(MISC. CODE)(GO TO TODD)[.]

Notice that you (GO TO TODD) twice! You could instead write your code this way:
(SET TODD TO 29)(MISC. CODE)(GO TO TODD)(ADD 1 TO TODD)[.]
+[--[<]>>+<-](MISC. CODE)(GO TO TODD)+[.]

Assuming that the number of bytes it takes to (GO TO TODD) is the same before, one less move == one less byte! Sometimes the fact that your starting position has changed does take that benefit away, but not always.
Answer: A tiny little tip for challenges without input. You can use , instead of [-], if you need to clear the cell quickly, as most of the interpreters (including the TIO.run one) will set the cell contents to EOF representation being zero. This makes programs a tiny bit unportable, but who cares about it in code golf anyway?

Tips for golfing in brainfuck


is there any alternative to FIX protocol

Question: I have heard that FIX is one of the most widely used protocols for communication of securities exchange systems (correct me if its not!!).
My question is: is there any other well known protocol like FIX for this kind of communications?
Answer: Every trading venue will speak FIX, either natively or they will translate to their native protocol. The problem with FIX is that the messages are big which slows things down. Pretty much the gold standard are binary-type protocols like Nasdaq's OUCH (O for orders) and ITCH for market data. FYI, FIX is NOT a market data protocol, although some trading gateways may force data through for certain types of matching like RFQ.  The FIX equivalent for data is FAST but I believe there are some licensing issues which affected its adoption.  When looking for speed, always go with the trading venue's native protocol.  Ask if they have something OUCH/ITCH like.
Answer: Fix is pretty much the standard if you are talking about communicating with exchanges for market data and orders.  However many exchanges such as CFE also implement proprietary protocols which are much faster.   For people who don't care about microseconds, it's often easier to use Fix so they don't have to write and test code separately for each exchange.
Answer: I've worked in companies providing capital market solutions for companies all over the globe and I can confidently say that FIX is pretty much the industry standard when it comes to Trading. However in other areas like Post Trade and Back office functions, protocols like SWIFT are prominent.
Answer: ITCH is well known protocol for Market Data. It can be used with OUCH for Order Entry.


Writing universal recursive function

Question: Is there a short explicit construction of an universal recursive function? All definitions I have seen involve numbering of Turing machines in some way, which is possible yet seems hard and unmanageable to write in a higher-level programming language (like Python, Haskell etc.)
Comment: Not research level. Any interpreter for a Turing-complete language is a universal recursive function.
Comment: My understanding is that what a universal recursive function does is exactly to give some numbering of recursive functions (or equivalently Turing machines) so that the result can be calculated from the index of a recursive function and the input.  Therefore "a universal recursive function without numbering Turing machines" does not sound plausible to me.
Comment: Question was originally asked at [SO](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1797457), seems more appropiate here.
Answer: Sure.  Write routines that compute each of Godel's primitive recursive functions, and write a routine for an unbounded search operator.  The set of functions you can compute this way is equivalent to the set of functions Turing machines can compute.  More information here.
The downside is that any input to your universal program would need to be framed in terms of those simple operations.  Of course, that is what compilers are for.
Answer: Any interpretor for any language which is Turing complete is a universal recursive function. There are interpretors for high-level languages like C++ or Python.
Godel numbering exists, but implicitly. For example, the C++ code computing a recursive function $g$ is an index for $g$.
Comment: An interpretor for Turing Machines (or Register Machines, or recursive functions) is also a universal recursive function, and it is not difficult to implement them. I have implemented them in C++ some years ago, and I am pretty sure that it would be even simpler in Python. Use Google, there are many free simulators on the Internet, and some of them are even open-source.
Answer: A universal function u can be written quite easily in a Haskell-like language (no side effects, higher-order functions), namely:

u f x = f x

The function u is universal because it accepts (the description of) a program f and an input tape x, and tells you the result of running f on x.
While this answer is not entirely serious, it does show that a compiler or an interpreter for a Haskell-like language already contains all the building parts needed for a universal function. The moral of the story is that time is better spent studying how compilers and interpreters work than to worry about implementing a universal function in terms of Turing machines.
Comment: However, `u` takes a function - I'd call it a higher-order function. I'd like `u` to take an integer, or a regular algebraic datatype. I don't force any specific model of computation, as long as argument to `u` is tangible - for example, it can be serialized from/to a string.
Comment: On an actual machine (once the code is compiled) `u` takes a closure, which is a finite sequence of bytes. Even in the usual utm theorem the integer that `u` takes represent a function.
Answer: Check also this paper by John Tromp, using combinatory logic. An earlier writeup, apparently no longer available, was even neater.
Answer: How about McCarthy's original Lisp interpreter (originally here)? It's universal, works on a natural encoding (a Lisp AST), doesn't rely on an external interpreter, and is about 20 lines.

Writing universal recursive function


If I visit Los Angeles, am I better off renting a car or not?

Question: California has a pretty notorious reputation for having bad traffic, so I am wondering if it would be worth my time to rent a car when I visit there. If I stay within the LA area, is public transportation good enough for me to get by without renting a car? I would like to visit Hollywood as well, so will I be able to easily get around by public transportation? Or would I be better off to rent a car if I need to get around?
Answer: Rent the car!
Los Angeles is built for cars. It has some of the worst public transportation imaginable, ever since General Motors conspired to eliminate the city's trolley system. Yes, there are buses and taxis, but you will find that buses take forever (and get stuck in the same traffic) and taxis are hard to find and expensive.
Only 11% of Los Angeles residents get to work by public transportation (compared to, say, New York with 54%).
There are plenty of cities where public transportation is an option (New York, Chicago, San Francisco) but LA is not one of them.
UPDATE 2015 Since I wrote this answer, the rise of ride-sharing services like Uber and Lyft has, for the first time, made it more reasonable to get around in Los Angeles without your own car. You may want to compare the cost of ride-sharing services vs. renting a car (and paying for parking) depending on how much you want get around. If you are going to a lot of different parts of the city, a rental car is likely to be cheaper, but if you're staying mostly in one neighborhood and not moving around a lot, you may find ride-sharing services to be more affordable.
Comment: Related reading: "Los Angeles, in case you haven't heard, is doing everything in its power to shed its reputation as a car-first (or, in some minds, car-only) city." http://www.theatlanticcities.com/commute/2013/12/definitive-evidence-ls-new-light-rail-line-reduces-driving/7936/
Comment: See this answer for [supporting opinions:](http://travel.stackexchange.com/a/273/1542)
Comment: Is this answer still accurate? With the MetroRapid bus grid and the new light rails lines that have (and will soon be) opening, has the situation improved at all?
Comment: @JeffBridgman the LA Metro system is big (and expanding), but LA is bigger. The bottom line remains: if your itinerary is served by public transportation, then it's an option. Otherwise, rent the car.
Answer: I've been living in the LA area (in Long Beach, exactly) for 7 months, being there for studying abroad. I made the choice of not buying a car and solely relying on public transit.
Well... as said earlier, LA is clearly made for cars. Most buses don't take the freeways and move rather slowly. It depends on which route and which agency. Also, even if Metro is the primary agency in the area, the whole bus network in LA and suburbs is made up of lines that belong to many different agencies. Nearly every city has its agency, for instance Long Beach is served by Long Beach Transit. You may find express buses that run on freeways on some routes.
Rail transit in the area compounds a single subway line and three light rail lines (these are small trains which run partly on the street like streetcars and need to stop at street crossings, partly on dedicated tracks), all operated by Metro. In addition, there is a commuter train network called Metrolink, which is focused on commuter service (few trips outside morning/evening weekday rush and on weekends, no late night trains).
Luckily, some interesting spots in Hollywood are well served by transit. The Walk Of Fame has a subway stop right next to it, and Universal Studios is linked by shuttle to the next stop on the same line.
If you plan on visiting other amusement parks which are popular attractions, Disneyland and Knott's are served by Metro bus from downtown LA, check the website metro.net for timetables. If you want to go to Six Flags, it's tricky. You would need to take the commuter train then two buses to reach the park, including a long layover at the transit center.
Santa Monica by bus is more than one hour away from Downtown LA using the Metro Rapid.
Therefore, if you plan on visiting a lot of different places, get a car. And beware of traffic jams on freeways, especially the I-405! Hopefully if you're not travelling alone, you will be allowed to drive through carpool lanes that help go past single-occupancy traffic.
Comment: There's nothing quite as depressing (or scary, depending on your point of view) as getting stuck in a traffic jam when there's three lanes of cars to either side of you.
Comment: @Jonas And there's not much quite as satisfying as cycling past those on a bike path alongside the road (not that I expect many of those in the Los Angeles area, but if there is, it _is_ quite satisfying)
Answer: I have been to LA several times and have used different kinds of transportation: car, public transport, bicycle and walking.
I experienced the city very differently depending on how I got around. I agree LA is a car city and I would recommend to drive around at least once to get a feel for it, but using a bike or walking is always better if you really want to experience a city.
I depends quite a bit on where you are based, sometimes a metro station and useful bus routes are close by or attractions are even in walking distance.
If you have time walking is fine. I walked from downtown via Hollywood and Beverly Hills up to the Getty in the hills. I wouldn't walk everywhere though, some distances are just too big.
Taking public transport lets you get a different feel of the city and its people.
On my last visit (in 2007) I was surprised how many people are now cycling; still a minority but many more than on previous visits.
So even though many locals go everywhere by car, even if you decide to rent one, try the other options as well.
Answer: I have lived in West Los Angeles (Culver City) for over thirty years having migrated from the U.S. public transportation king of the hill, NYC. Here's my update for late 2015. The light rail system is improving its reach with each passing year. The Expo line from Culver City opened in 2012 and I use it regularly to get to downtown LA, mainly for the library, the Walt Disney Concer Hall and now The Broad . This line is in its final testing phase to be extended to downtown Santa Monica early next year. The various bus agencies have/will adjust their routes to maximize access to the line.
The Gold line from East Los Angeles through downtown and out to Pasedena is also being extended to Asuza early next year. Here's a nice graphic of the growth of Metro rail from 1990 to 2026.
I would limit bus use to trips of five miles or less. As mentioned in earlier posts it can be long slog to take a bus say from downtown LA to Santa Monica.
I have been bicycling around the West Side streets now for about ten years. You really need to have strong bicycling skills to ride safely here. My strategy is to minimize use of the big avenues and boulevards and use neighborhood streets. These streets are littered with stop signs and they do a great job of keeping cars out. I regularly bike on trips of five miles or less. You can also put your bicycle on racks on the front of the buses here, although during busier times the two slots are many times occupied.
And now we have the emergence of ride sharing programs. My latest experiment is to use public transportation up to a point and then order an Uber. I did this to get from Culver City to the Getty last week. I think this is a great way to get to know the city because all the drivers I have encountered so far are chatty.
Comment: Is bicycling infrastructure improving at all?  I imagine that the rise of e-bikes/pedelecs may make cycling uphill in a hot climate less of an objection for many.
Answer: tl;dr - it depends where you're staying, how long, and what you want to see.
Public transportation in LA has improved a lot on the past 20 years, but there are still many parts of the city where it is quite poor. Generally, getting between downtown and most of the rest of the city is fairly reasonable. The touristy parts of Hollywood are also fairly reachable by bus - (though TBQH, they're not that interesting). Metro, LA's main public transportation provider, has a journey planner so you can enter some sample trips and see what you're in for. https://www.metro.net/ Or you can enter the same trips into google maps and choose public transportation.
Bear in mind that what seems like a fairly long bus or train trip can also be quite a long drive, given traffic and the sheer size of the city. For that reason services like Uber and Lyft can get expensive if you're not careful. Note however that in some areas parking can be hard to find and/or expensive. Basically, it's worth researching the actual trips you plan on taking and making a decision from there.


Cortona Music Search

Question: As of January 2018, Microsoft has discontinued the Groove Music Service and moved accounts over to Spotify, but now my music search doesn't work.  Is there a way to get this service back on my phone so that I can have it listen to a song and recognize the song?
Answer: Unfortunately, no. Cortana's ability to recognise music was retired along with the Groove Music Pass streaming service. Source: Neowin
You might try searching the Store for an app that offers similar functionality. SoundHound is one such app.

Cortona Music Search


Calculated Column Filter fails when list view limit is reached

Question: I have a list with a little over 5000 items in it. I have filtered the data in a Weekly and Monthly view using calculated columns. This works fine until the list hits 5000 items. The filters stop working at this point for some reason. So even though the Weekly view would have less than 5000 items (more like 600 or 700) I still get a threshold limit message once the total for the entire list hits 5000. I have totaled columns in the weekly and monthly view to make sure they do not have more than i think. But when the list total is say 4999 the total for the Monthly view is 3600 and the Weekly view is 200-700, but when the list total hits 5000 both the views display the threshold limit error.
Answer: The 5000 limit is not on the number of items displayed, but on the number of items processed to get the result. To filter to find only one item in a list of 10,000 requires the scanning of all 10,000 items. The same applies to a sort. To sort and return the first 10 items requires scanning all 10,000 items to find the first 10.
Normal / simple columns can be indexed to work around the filter and sort issues. You cannot create an index on a Calculated Column.
One solution is to have a workflow that copies the Calculated column's data into a Single Line of Text column that has been indexed, then create your view using that column.
Comment: Ahh yes that makes sense. Not the answer i was hoping for lol. But the correct one none the less. Thanks Mike


What system is this controller for?

Question: I picked up an old controller that reminded me of the classic SNES or Sega Genesis six-button controllers, but I haven't been able to ID exactly what type of controller this is. I'd appreciate your help to figure out exactly what system(s) this controller would work with. Thanks!
Comment: I had one of these. It's a super nintendo controller. The 6 middle toggles are turbo modes. There is an "OFF", "PRESS" and "AUTO" turbo mode for all of the buttons. I used to use this controller and spam low kicks by holding in the button and toggling "PRESS" turbo mode
Comment: Would guess 3rd party super famicom from the button colors... which may account for why you're having trouble tracking it down.
Answer: Looks like a third party SNES controller.
First party ones look like this:

The port that it plugs into looks like this:
Comment: That's a super famicom controller in your photo. The SNES had grey and purple buttons.
Comment: @JaredSmith No, later editions of the SNES used the colours as well, as did all of the versions in some countries. (Our one, purchased in Australia in late 1993, was marketed as SNES not Super Famicom.) Check the photo caption here: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System
Comment: @Timtech it looks a lot like some ASCIIPad brand I keep seeing on google, except yours has the switches in the center horizontally placed and the extra L and R buttons.  The ones on Google that have horizontal buttons don't have the extra L and R buttons.
Comment: @Margaret I didn't realize it was regional other than Japan, I've never seen one with colored buttons in the US.
Comment: Any clue what brand of third-party controller this would be?
Comment: @Timtech Not easily, there were probably hundreds of different ones: https://www.google.com.au/search?q=third+party+SNES+controllers&tbm=isch
Comment: @TimTech What's it say on the center of the controller?  It's not readable in your picture.
Comment: @BlueRaja-DannyPflughoeft From top to bottom: "OFF TURBO AUTO". I apologize for the low res pic.
Answer: It's a "Blockbuster brand" SNES controller.  They're apparently very rare.  Unfortunately there doesn't seem to be much information online besides that.

(forum thread this came from)

(Ebay listing this came from)
I found the first link by searching "snes fighting controller" and the second (after finding the first) by searching "snes blockbuster controller"
Comment: Thanks for identifying the brand of controller and providing those links!
Answer: This is a third party controller that - if I remember correctly - was designed for the SNES but also worked for the Sega Genesis (megadrive).
The switches in the middle were autofire cheats. If the switch was on, then the controller would automatically and repeatedly trigger the corresponding button, so you didn't have to hammer your controller.
Asciipad is a brand that does similar controllers:
https://www.amazon.com/Super-Nintendo-Turbo-Controller-AsciiPad/dp/B000W3ZDXO
Comment: That explains the strange position of the L and R buttons.
Comment: This appears to be incorrect.  The L/R buttons are beneficial for fighting games.  It has nothing to do with Genesis.
Comment: I am very unhappy with the term 'autofire cheats'. A cheat is something that I enter into the game to modify it. The turbo functions 'only' overcome the limitations of human slowness. In the Japanese speedrunning community, controllers using turbo functions are typically endorsed (while most western speedrunning communities ban them if they weren't present on the original hardware).
Comment: @Jan Different game communities take opposing stances on autofire / bumpfire cheats, but they are designed to give an unfair edge in multiplayer games which is why most would consider them to be "cheats".

What system is this controller for?