If every answer is improper, doesn't that suggest standards are wrong or moderator is wrong?

Question: I refer to this question (now on hold) and the moderator's repeated observation that the answers, and question, are opinion-based. Isn't the issue that synonyms (like translation questions) are going to have a certain nuance in the answer? I would think half of the questions here have to be closed if a brief unique correct answer, in the style of a high-school math assignment, is required?
Comment: Did you look at [previous meta-questions](https://english.meta.stackexchange.com/search?q=opinion+based) on this topic? Every answer on the site is opinion-based, but some are, in the cavil of your peer moderators, more opinion-based than others. Single-word-request (SWR) answers are notoriously opinion-based, the opinion of the asker being the sole criterion for a 'right' answer. In my opinion, either single-word-requests shouldn't be allowed, or they shouldn't be closed on account of their soliciting opinion-based answers.
Answer: You're correct that synonyms may have different nuances. The main issue I see with hazoriz's question is that it doesn't specify what kind of nuance is desired. The provided sample sentence ("That woman is a henpecker") doesn't show whether a word with e.g. positive or negative connotations is desired. It doesn't show whether hazoriz is looking for a somewhat polite, or a highly insulting term.
This has already caused confusion: in the comments, Jason Bassford suggested that "the question itself is perfectly neutral", but in fact, it's evidently ambiguous.
As described in the tag guidelines, word request questions are supposed to

specify the criteria by which the suggested word will be accepted

and

show that you searched for a suitable word before asking the question
Comment: The *harridan* answer has been deleted. This is ridiculous, we're censoring=deleting  posts that have legitimately answered a SWR, but nobody dares to delete a line from a song because that might be misconstrued.
Comment: What is the criteria for deleting posts: gratuitous vulgarity, veiled political messages, overt sexism, rabid racism or because you didn't add an original thought in an answer? All of the above? Then be consistent.
Comment: @JEL: In general, I don't think any questions should be put on hold just because they lack "research effort". Effort isn't the point, but showing research would have been helpful in this case because it would give a better sense of what kind of words the original poster did or didn't want. As it is, the question only mentions "henpecker" and speculates that it would be an inappropriate word because "henpecked" was originally derived from "hen".
Comment: @JasonBassford: I'm saying that the question is (in practice) ambiguous because you understood it to be neutral, but two other users understood it to be asking for a pejorative term.
Comment: So you're saying that the moderator who put the question on hold should've put it on hold it because it was unclear and didn't show a research effort, or one or the other of those two?
Comment: The only reason for my comment was to explain why I removed the `pejorative-language` tag. I didn't find the question itself to be ambiguous.
Comment: @sumelic I don't think anybody thought it was asking for pejorative words. In fact, the only words that have been clearly pejorative came in an answer that has since been deleted. That tag was only added *because* of that specific answer—as was explained in another meta discussion. Anybody is free to give any kind of answer they want. Almost *no* question on the site specifies that it wants pejorative or non-pejorative words. That doesn't make most questions on the site ambiguous.
Comment: @Mari-LouA I agree with you about the deletion of the singling out of the second-highest voted answer. I found that to be capricious and irresponsible. At least in terms of objectively applied standards.


"Бьёт, значит любит?" - is it ironic?

Question: Which relationship aspects are meant with this idiom, is it some specific irony?
Comment: This adage can be used both ironically and literally. What exactly do you mean by "specific irony"? Are you asking if there's some connotation to the Russian saying absent in its equivalents in other languages?
Answer:
He that spareth his rod hateth his son: but he that loveth him chasteneth him betimes.
  Proverbs, 13:24

Of course now it mostly used as hard irony, the society condemns both aggressor and victim for such thoughts. It does not really mean hitting, it can be about psychological pressure.
Also it used humorously when boys with puberty just started can't express their new attention to girls other ways than to harass them (not in some really bad way).
Answer: It's an old 'wisdom' about a husband: hopefully, this way he reveals (from the depth of his soul) he's not indifferent to his wife (is jealous at least). Maybe it is possible to use the phrase for expressing irony about something (as a remark about beating someone or even something), but it happens not too often.
Answer: I think it means that the husband beats his wife trying to 'bring to reason' or 'teach her' in any way. Or as Alex_ander said, he is not indifferent to her. And therefore he 'loves' her in a way. And this idiom reflects the ironical view on a 'traditional' patriarchal family, where husband 'owns' his wife and has moral rights to abuse her.
Nowadays it isused as an irony only.

"Бьёт, значит любит?" - is it ironic?


Suffering from Gout problem need help?

Question: I am 17 years old teenager, recently my joint at ankles got swollen, I thought its normal but next day I was unable to walk due pain in joint. So we wentt to Doctor using mine blood reports and in reports mine C-Reactive protein level was 61.7mg/L, Uric acid level was 7.5mg/dl and ESR was 39 mm 1st hr. So he told me that I have gout and prescribed Febutaz 80mg , Pantocid and Acyproxyum ( last two are painkillers while 1st is for reducing uric acid)  also gave diet restrictions (low purine diet) , however after 6th day my swelling was lowered I was still following diet restrictions and medication, but as soon as I head on 10th day swelling again returned ( my painkiller dosage was done before), What do I do? Cuz I have Exam in 2 months and is it enough to treat it? For your information On 8 the day I eat Ladyfinger and Raw pineapple and 7 glasses of water.
Comment: You need to see a rheumatologist. Febutaz is not the correct treatment for an initial attack of gout, and it's unlikely that gout is the correct diagnosis anyway.
Comment: Shubham, unfortunately we're not able to answer personal medical questions here. For that we need to advise, as always, that you see a doctor. Given what you wrote below, I am happy that you saw a rheumatologist and are feeling better. Welcome to the community, and we look forward to your future general health questions (unrelated to your own personal health of course)
Answer: You need to have some synovial fluid drawn from the joint and examined for Crystals. If none are present the condition is not gout.
Other possible causes of symptoms are psoriatic arthritis rheumatoid arthritis septic (infectious arthritis).
The high CRP number indicates an autoimmune condition.
Ask for steroid injection in ankle.
That may give you some relief while you try to adjust your diet to one focused on reducing inflammation.
Keep an eye out for other symptoms like skin rashes that are also caused by auto immune inflammation  causing disorders.
I had extreme ankle pain and swelling for 2 months finally got injection. Within a day ankle  was much better.
Has not recurred for 4 months.
But now I have a skin problem diagnosed as psoriasis.
My symptoms began during a high stress time in my life ( death of my sister).
Anything that helps lower stress like meditation, yoga,exercise,healthy foods will help.
Good luck!
Comment: Thanks it got nearly cured, No pain no swelling! Visited rheumatologist and he prescribed some steroids worked magically. Thanks anyway!
Answer: Well apart from medications prescribed by medical physician or rheumatologist this home remedy is extremely effective at curing gout pain and preventing further gout attacks. May God prevent you from further gout attacks but if it reappears then must give it a try, its all natural and with no side effects.
4 Easily available Items you will need for preparing this remedy.
1, Two tablespoons of apple cider vinegar[1],2. One tablespoon of raw honey (Honey is for changing the strong taste of ACV, if you are diabetic don't add honey).
3, Juice of One Fresh lemon[2].
4, A glass of water.
Use:
Mix all these items and drink the whole glass of this mixture. Prepare this drink two times a day and drink, you will notice pain reduction in less then 24 hours.
Comment: Welcome to health SE :-). The question should be closed as off-topic, since it's asking for personal medical advice. Although you want to help, these types of questions should not be answered on SE - the OP has to see their doctor for answers. For your future answers we also have a strict policy that all answers have to be backed up with reliable references. For more information on site policies, please take our [tour] and visit the [help] and [meta]. Thanks!

Suffering from Gout problem need help?


CBC mode with same plaintext

Question: I'm working on a file encryption system where multiple versions of the same file might exist. The filenames are encrypted using AES in CBC mode with a random IV and stored in metadata. Since versions of the same file share the same filename, this information may be used by an adversary. Is there any additional information to be derived from multiple ciphertexts which are known to share the same plaintext, just with a different IV?
Comment: I'm assuming they are all encrypted with the same key? So you have the same plaintext, encrypted with the same key, but a random IV each time. The attacker knows that the ciphertexts all encrypt the same plaintext (but doesn't know what that plaintext is), using the same key, but a random IV and you are wondering if that gives the attacker any advantage in figuring out the plaintext or possibly the key. Is that your question?
Comment: Somewhat related: http://crypto.stackexchange.com/questions/31365
Comment: Yes, the key and plaintext is the same. The attacker knows this and the IVs used but doesn't know the plaintext. Is there anything to learn about the plaintext when multiple ciphertexts are available instead of only one?
Answer:
the key and plaintext is the same. The attacker knows this and the IVs used but doesn't know the plaintext. Is there anything to learn about the plaintext when multiple ciphertexts are available instead of only one?

No. Giving the attacker multiple encryptions of a single plaintext using a randomly chosen IV and a fixed key with AES-CBC does not leak any more information about the plaintext than does a single ciphertext.
In fact if the attacker didn't know whether or not they were the same plaintext (but had the same length), the attacker couldn't tell you whether or not they encrypted the same plaintext.
Answer: If you use a random IV each time you encrypt a file, the result will be different.
$$\text{AES-CBC}(IV_1, Key, M) = C_1$$
$$\text{AES-CBC}(IV_2, Key, M) = C_2$$
you do not gain any pieces of informations by having $C_1$ and $C_2$. Even knowing that they share the same key and should they share the same length, an attacker can not even know whether or not they are the same file (identically byte to byte). This is the goal of the $IV$. Therefore he would not be able to find or exploit differences between plaintext with similarities.
Hence you are perfectly fine with your scheme. The only informations that could be leaked is the date of creation and the size of the content. But it is hard to fight against that.
Comment: "an attacker can not even know whether or not they are the same file" but an attacker can distinguish between two different lengths of plaintexts. So, in a simple case, there are 2 files, one with a long name, one with a short name. The attacker will be able to distinguish between encryptions of the long file name and encryptions of the short file name.
Comment: Right I should be more precise and add the file length into account. thx.

CBC mode with same plaintext


Are there any cryptocurrencies built by modifying ethereum code, like there are many alt-coins based on bitcoin code?

Question: Is it legal to build a separate blockchain with our own coins/tokens and miner-code to mine those coins/tokens (not a private one) based on ethereum open-source code ?
Answer: Yes, you're welcome to copy the code and run your own Ethereum-like network. The most famous example along those lines is Ethereum Classic, although it's a bit of a special case because it starts with a version of the Ethereum ledger, and differs by not changing when Ethereum did. You can also start a new ledger, without previous account balances, and you can credit your own accounts if you like.
However, if you want your network to be secure, you will need to attract a lot of hashpower, which implies you will need people to consider your coin very valuable. If you just want to be able to use your own token, it makes more sense to run it on top of the existing Ethereum network. That way you don't have to pay for mining, and it's easy for people to buy and sell your tokens in exchange for Ether or other tokens. Unlike Bitcoin, Ethereum is designed to be used in this way, so it's much more common to put the token on the existing blockchain rather than trying to bootstrap your own.
Answer: Just to add to the previous answer, and to save on problems further down the line, "open-source" is a rather general term when applied to software licensing.
Before embarking on a project based on a fork of the codebase, it'd be prudent to understand the licenses that apply to the different parts of the code, and how they might apply to your use-case. (Note: There are several different licenses.)


superposition cycle

Question: I am reading a bachelor thesis where one defines a superposition cycle (of a graph) is a cycle which also is a symmetric difference of two perfect matchings of that graph.
I am wondering that if the symmetric difference of any two perfect matchings is always a cycle, and a superposition cycles always have even length.
Someone can help me? Thanks a lot!
Answer: First note that in the symmetric difference of two perfect matchings $M_1\bigtriangleup M_2$ no vertex can have degree greater than 2, so $\deg(v)\leq 2$ for any $v\in V(M_1\bigtriangleup M_2)$.
Now, also observe that no vertex can have degree 1 in $M_1\bigtriangleup M_2$ as $M_1$ and $M_2$ are perfect matchings. Therefore vertices of $M_1\bigtriangleup M_2$ have degree 0 or 2. From this it follows that $M_1\bigtriangleup M_2$ just consists of cycles and isolated vertices.
Now, any cycle in $M_1\bigtriangleup M_2$ must have even length, since $M_1$ and $M_2$ are matchings.
You can get instances where $M_1\bigtriangleup M_2$ contains more than one cycle of even length, for example consider the graph $K_{4,4}$ with bipartition $\{a,b,c,d\}$ and $\{w,x,y,z\}$. Take $M_1=\{aw,bx,cy,dz\}$ and $M_2=\{ax,bw,cz,dy\}$.

superposition cycle


How to hedge a barrier option with vanilla options?

Question: I want to hedge a barrier option, say a knock-out call with strike K and barrier B out-of-the-money. My idea was to start from the payoff diagram of this option, and try to accomodate it with vanilla options, as it can be done for instance in the (approximate) replication of a digital call by means of vanilla call options. However in this case it seems that this method fails simply because ofr such an option the payoff diagram is simply the same of a vanilla call... so what can be done??
Comment: What's with the passive aggressive response?
Comment: @RandomGuy - you have good instinct for solving the problem - you use vanillas (possible different strikes / expirations) to get as close to your hedge as you can, and then you're left with some residual path dependent risk that you're left with.
Comment: @onlyvix.blogspot.com, thanks but do you know how to do it precisely? Can you provide a geometric construction of the payoff of the replicating contract, and can you just explicitly state which options precisely compose the replicating portfolio?
Answer: there are a number of ways to do this. You do have to make some modelling assumptions, however. eg continuity, BS model holds, or log stock price process is independent of level.
The most common way is to take the pay-off and geometrically reflect in the barrier. (i.e. pass to log coordinates and reflect). i.e. write the function as $f(x)$ where $x= \log S_t,$ now find a function $g$ such that
$$
g(x) = f(x)
$$
for $x>\log B$
and
$$
g(x) = -f(2B-X)
$$
for $x < \log B.$
Then statically replicate the $g$ behind the barrier at maturity. (Look up put-call symmetry.)
The resulting contract has close to zero value at the barrier. You then take contracts wholly paying off behind the barrier with varying maturity eg  puts struck at $B$ and use them to cancel the value on the barrier iteratively starting at the end and stepping back towards 0. Note this is highly model dependent and requires continuity, however.
There is extensive discussion of these topics in my book the Concepts and Practice of Mathematical Finance.
Comment: Sorry, I don't understand your answer. What does exactly mean "take the pay-off and geometrically reflect in the barrier"??


Progenitor Mimic copying a creature with counters

Question: When Progenitor Mimic creates a copy of a creature like Nimbus Swimmer,  will Progenitor Mimic copy the counter that creature has on it?
Answer: No, counters are not copied. The Progenitor Mimic, when copying a Nimbus Swimmer, would enter the battlefield as a 0/0 creature and immediately go to the graveyard.
The Progenitor Mimic copies the Nimbus Swimmer's ability. However, X is zero everywhere except on the stack, so it will enter without +1/+1 counters and go to the graveyard the next time a player would gain priority.

107.3f If a card in any zone other than the stack has an {X} in its mana cost, the value of {X} is treated as 0, even if the value of X is defined somewhere within its text.

The spirit of 107.3f is mirrored in the rules for copying objects. The value of X can be copied, but only when it's on a spell or ability on the stack.

706.2. When copying an object, the copy acquires the copiable values of the original object's characteristics and, for an object on the stack, choices made when casting or activating it (mode, targets, the value of X, whether it was kicked, how it will affect multiple targets, and so on). The "copiable values" are the values derived from the text printed on the object (that text being name, mana cost, color indicator, card type, subtype, supertype, rules text, power, toughness, and/or loyalty), as modified by other copy effects, by its face-down status, and by "as . . . enters the battlefield" and "as . . . is turned face up" abilities that set power and toughness (and may also set additional characteristics). Other effects (including type-changing and text-changing effects), status, and counters are not copied.
Comment: As a matter of fact, the original progenitor mimic will die on entry too and never survive to make copies.
Answer: The easy way to understand copy abilities that a friend of mine explained to me once is to use the "Xerox rule".  The Xerox rule can be simply stated as: If you took the card (the physical card, the piece of cardboard) and put it through a Xerox machine (or your favourite photocopier brand I don't judge), what would come out the other side?  That's what you get when you use a copy effect.
In your specific case, the counters on the creature are not part of the physical card, and thus when you put the physical card through the Xerox, you wouldn't get counters out the other side.  Therefore, no, you don't get the counters.
Note that the Xerox rule is transitive.  That is to say, if you control creature A, and then cast spell B which copies creature A, then B will become (as per its card text; e.g. for Clone, it will become..., or for for Cackling Counterpart it will create a token which is...) a Xerox-copy of A (as defined above).  Then if you cast spell C which copies B, then C will be a Xerox copy of A (and not a Xerox-copy of B).
There are a couple small exceptions to this rule which fall very far outside the realm of the question you are asking so I'm not going to go super deep into those here, but this should be enough to get you started with this and similar situations.
Comment: That's not a very good rule of thumb though. If the creature you copy has itself copied another creature, that copy effect will also be copied. Example: Clone is a blue 0/0 creature. It copies a red 1/1 goblin. Another Clone enters and copies the first Clone. The second Clone will also be a red 1/1 goblin, not a blue 0/0.
Comment: My apologies, I forgot to mention that this rule is transitive.  Updating the answer now.
Comment: C doesn't become a copy of A, it becomes a copy of B *with its copying effects in effect*. For instance, suppose you have Hill Giant and Artisan of Forms in play. You cast a spell that targets Artisan of Forms, and you choose to have Artisan of Forms become a copy of Hill Giant. Then you cast Clone copying Artisan of Forms. Clone is now a Hill Giant with Artisan of Form's ability.


Patio natural gas fireplace with 1/2" pipe

Question: I am looking into building a patio with a fireplace. I'd like the fireplace to run off of my home's natural gas. When I built the house they ran a natural gas line from the furnace to a place that we could put it outside for a patio (about a 30 foot run). Now I'll need have someone run an additional 25 feet to the fireplace location on the patio. For a total of 55ish feet with a 1/2" pipe, my very basic understanding is that the pressure is going to be very very low and that I'll never be able to get a fireplace to output anywhere close to 150,000ish BTUs that I desire. Is it even worth me testing out the pressure of the current 30 foot run, or should I just move on and build something using propane tanks?
Answer: You want a 150,000 BTU firepit? That's like a gas bonfire! Most gas fire pits I've seen are in the 30-50k BTU range, a few are 100k.
1/2" pipe run 55ft is good for about 70 cu. ft. / hour, assuming 2 PSI or less supply. At 1100 BTU per cu. ft., that will get you 77,000 BTUs, somewhere in the upper end of what I've seen for fire pits.
For 150,000 BTUs, you are going to need about 136 cu. ft. / hr so for 55ft you would need a 3/4" pipe, all the way back to your trunk line (I'm not counting your total demand on that trunk line)..
Comment: Thanks, wow I didn't think I'd get anything near 70 cu ft./hr. It's a flexible pipe if that makes any difference. It's less of a firepit and more of a fireplace surrounded by three sides with a hearth and everything so I was thinking 150,000 might be right for that. Do you still think that's way overkill for a full fledged fireplace?
Answer: With 1/2 lb gas it will not be possible to support the fire pit you have in mind with 1/2" pipe.  You can either repipe clear back to the meter with the right size of pipe or use bottle gas.
Comment: I think standard gas pressure is 7" WC or about 1/4 psi.
Comment: Why is this answer different than J Raefield's? Is it because of the difference between a 1/2lb gas line and a 1/2" gas line?
Comment: The old standard was 7" water column in many areas, which equates to about 1/2 PSI (Pounds per Square Inch) of pressure. But starting a decade or so ago as more and more people started connecting to Natural Gas systems, the new standard now in many places is 2PSI. So it depends on where you are.
Comment: 1/2 inch has to do with the pipe inside diameter. Volume of gas (Cubic Feet per Minute or CFM) is a function of the pressure of the gas and the size of the pipe, along with the friction / turbulence created by turns in the pipe


How to find the magnitude of earthquakes roughly if we know the Richter scale magnitude of epicenter?

Question: Please help me roughly estimate the magnitude of a quake at a distance d (for example 300km) from the epicenter if the magnitude at the epicenter is m (7 at richter scale) is known.
Comment: It's not a simple calculation because it'll depend on depth, ground characteristics, location of fault lines. You might want to look at the USGS [Did you feel it?](http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/dyfi/) sites which maps perceptions per US zip codes.
Comment: The magnitude of the earthquake is a constant.  What you probably meant to ask for is the intensity or peak ground acceleration, which varies by distance, depth, and local structure.
Answer: Your question cannot be answered with any accuracy because the result depends mainly on a key unknown parameter: hypocentral depth D.
To show this, let me use the empirical relationship known as the Lillie formula:
$$m = \log(A) - 2.48 + 2.76*log(d)$$
Where:
$m$ is the local magnitude (no units).
$A$ is the amplitude of the maximum ground displacement (in micrometers) of the P-wave, measured at 0.8 Hz.
$d$ is your epicentral distance in km for large distances (hundreds of km).
Note that for low values (when approaching the epicenter) the equation does not hold because the log tends to -inf. That's why these empirical formulas are only used  for long epicentral distances, not at local scale (and definitely not at the epicenter).
Following your example, if your earthquake is very shallow you would have a huge magnitude difference between your station at distance d and the epicenter, whereas if the hypocenter is 600 km deep, m will be very similar in both places.
So you need to know the depth of the earthquake to derive the magnitude in the epicenter.


Fun resources and games for advanced elementary school math students?

Question: My younger cousin (2nd grade USA) is advancing very quickly in his current math class.  The school does not have much to support him in moving ahead in the material.  What websites (preferably game or challenge based) are good for kids that want to practice and learn more math?
Comment: See earlier MESE questions, "[Fun games for children](http://matheducators.stackexchange.com/q/2462/511)," or "[Fun Activities/Games Before a Break/Between Units for Secondary Geometry](http://matheducators.stackexchange.com/q/5886/511)."
Answer: Britain has the NRich site, which has some great targeted problems, games and interactivities:
http://nrich.maths.org/frontpage
You'll be looking for the Upper Primary or Lower Secondary level.
Comment: Can not recommend this enough. Has new problems for every level every month for which students can submit answers. It has been going for years, so it has a huge archive of activities, covering standard curriculum topics, through to topics not normally covered until University. If you ever wanted to learn Group Theory through square dancing, now you know where to go!
Comment: Yep, this was always my go to for on hand extension tasks at all levels.
Answer: I would propose Kenken (http://www.kenkenpuzzle.com). It gives you a feeling of numbers, that is: Which (prime) factors appear in which numbers.
Answer: This was a popular comment and is more appropriate as an answer.
I think the games on the Freudenthal Instituut website are very good in many ways, especially for discovery/inquiry learning. It's always good to follow up with some formalisation of the ideas afterwards. http://www.fisme.science.uu.nl/publicaties/subsets/en for the website.
Answer: From what I know, Alexey Root has a series of wonderful chess books that aren't bad!  Yamie Chess also seems to be popular although I haven't touched any of its contents.  It was invented by former US Women's Champion Jennifer Shahade.


How should I build a garden fence on the edge of a swamp?

Question: I'm currently building approximately a 60' X 100' garden on the edge of a swamp (1-2 feet above the water table), and am wondering what to build the fence out of, and how to build it as this is also my wild mushroom garden, and the mushrooms will attack the poles.
Answer: Well, there is a whole university of thought on how to best keep fence posts from rotting. There are also quite a few good answers on this site - try searching "fence post rot".  Some of them are linked below:
Why did a gate post rot after just 6 years?
Using PT (Pressure-Treated) posts
Setting in dirt vs. gravel vs. concrete
In general, water is not necessarily bad for wood - it is the combination of water and air that allows microbes to grow and causes rot.  On our farm, we usually use bare cedar posts for our wire fence, which hold up pretty well, but we still end up replacing them every 5-7 years.  For structural posts, or where we want to hang nice wooden fencing on the posts (sounds like your application), we generally coat the bottom few feet with creosote, which helps somewhat with minimizing water penetration (depending on whether you soak or paint it), but mostly keeps the air from getting in.  The most important part is to extend the coating about 6 inches above the soil, to complete the barrier.  Personally, I don't know whether the coating could affect the fungi - I would go for actual creosote, as opposed to the CCA compounds, but both can have health risks.
Comment: What about metal posts like the stuff used at ball parks?
Comment: @a coder This is true.  My answer only considered wood posts.  If you have experience with metal posts, feel free to add an answer!  I have no experience with them.
Comment: I helped build an outdoor hockey rink years ago, and have very little experience with metal fences.


Can I extend my 30 days Schengen visa in Switzerland?

Question: I am Filipina and I'm in Switzerland right now together with my sponsored, and my 30 days Schengen visa for housemaid will going to expire on Aug 25 '2014, Can I extend my visa till 31 of Aug 2014 from Switzerland? Where I can go to process my visa?
Answer: Generally, I don't think it's possible. Application for regular Schengen visas should be submitted at the consulate responsible for your place of residence and extension is only possible in very limited cases.
There might however be some Swiss visa available to you but it's unlikely to be practical. In any case, the relevant authorities would be the cantonal migration offices. Here is a list, with addresses.


Lager vs Ale a comparison

Question: Would it be incorrect to say a Lager is a lighter (in flavor) beer that takes a long time to make, while an Ale is a heavier more flavorful beer that can be made in less time than a lager? Ignoring the fact that each method uses a completely different family of yeast.
Comment: This can be true most of the time, but not always.  chthon has a good answer.
Answer: Yes, this is incorrect.
You are actually conflating a couple of things, which can be all used in combination, and all of these combinations can be true. These are flavor, fermentation and time to make.
Modern lagers are light in flavor, and do not take a long time to make. The breweries don't want much stock.
There are lagers which have more flavor and definitely take longer time to make, like bock, doppelbock and Baltic porter. Really traditional Pilsner also needs its time, but has more flavor than modern lagers.
There are ales which are light in flavor.
While most ales can be brewed relatively fast, there are also ales which need longer time to mature.
There are also ales which are lagered like lager.
Flavor is a function of malts and adjuncts (e.g. rice), alcohol content and used hops.
Time to make is a function of yeast, fermentation temperature (some people use lager yeasts at higher temperatures), alcohol content, and even water composition.
Apparently, the long lager time of traditional Czech pilsner has more to do with the softness of the water than the fermentation. The lagering time of some beers in Germany has more to do with the length of the brewing season, which ends in April or May, where the last brews were then stored till after summer in cold caves.
Comment: Brewing season was AFAIK only relevant before the invention of refrigeration.
Comment: Good answer, +1. I'd just say "American lagers" instead of "modern", as in the BJCP style guide.
Comment: @Robert: yes, but it still influences German seasonal brews, even if they can be brewed all year round.
Answer: Lagers and Ales are called such because of the yeast species are different.
Lager yeast : Saccharomyces pastorianus
Ale yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae
The main difference between the species is the S.pastorianus can consume Maltotriose (a complex sugar) and S.cerevisiae cannot.
This makes lagers lighter and cleaner in many aspects compared to same wort fermented with ale yeast.
Sometimes called top or bottom fermentors tradionally referring to flocculation and temp.  But many strains can behave like the other species with flocculation and even ferment well in the other species temp ranges.
So in short just because you Lagered a beer (cold fermentation, aging) doesn't make it a Lager. The yeast species is what makes the difference.
Answer: It's actually the opposite. One of the reasons you use a lager yeast in a light lager to get a rounder, fuller flavor out of the same malt bill, and avoid some of the fruity flavor notes that ale yeasts can generate.
Samichlaus is a dark, malty 14% ABV lager that is similar to the barleywines which are fermented with ale yeast. The Baltic Porter style is another high gravity lager (its an imperial porter, more or less), so there is no guarantee of lightness in a lager, even though the more popular ones tend to be on the light side these days.

Lager vs Ale a comparison


Whether posting link to high PR sites should be a continuous process for SEO?

Question: My website [url removed] got 2 PR by posting links on high PR websites.
It fell to PR 1, when I stopped posting links. Should it be a continuous process to maintain our ranking?
Answer: Websites don't have PR, web pages. PR is per page, not per website.
Additionally, chasing PR is a huge waste of time. You rather have 100 links on low PR pages that are related to your website and rank well for the terms you want to rank well for, than high PR links from unrelated websites. PR has very little weight in Google's ranking algorithm but links from relevant websites do make a difference and are what you're really looking for.
Answer: I agree with John Conde, google really wants people to lose this focus and obsession with pr, pr should not be your focus.
If anything, constantly trying to gain links from high pr sites, especially if its from an unrelated or questionable site may look quite unatural to google.
Some of the best links are naturally occurring, ones that you didn't seek out but when other websites link back to your site and inner pages because of good written content.
PR is only one factor of many that affect ranking, and it depends what you're ranking for too, if you rank for keywords that dont bring traffic or that does'nt do what you want them to do on your site then its of little benefit to you.
Answer: From 2008 - 2010 I was building links full time for an SEO company on the west coast. The links we built had these basic requirements.

Clients ordered links by PageRank, the page the link was on had to meet the minimum requirement.
Clients ordered specific quantities of links
Links had to be on very relevant pages
Links had to be dofollow
Links had to be contextual
Very very few outgoing links on each page, and if a page contained specific words it was rejected

Two of the highest PR links I built and sold were on a PR4 .gov and a PR7 .gov, these were on relevant pages, contextual and one was the only outgoing link, some quotas asked for 200 PR3 contextual links on pages related to cars, when you're building links full time and by hand for 3 years, no programs and very very high quality it's extremely difficult. That said it's very much worth spending the time to build high quality links from relevant pages that have as much PR as possible.
You will see the benefits pretty quickly, I would much rather spend my time trying to build very high quality links then buying hundreds from some outsourced company where the quality is so low there is no value to them.
All that said, I would not worry about your own pages PageRank as much as I would be concerned about each pages rankings. And your conversion rates. Spend time building good links and make sure you're converting the traffic you already have


how to turn off facebook signed_request in the page tab?

Question: I have a facebook app that gets its contents from nationbuilder.com. When the signed_request is truned off, the app works fine, but when it's turned on I get a 404 error. I think it's because nationbuilder doesn't allow POST requests to their site from an outside source. So it's fine with me as long as I can turn off the signed request in the app settings. My question is, how do I turn off the signed_request for the facebook page tab? The settings for the signed_request only apply to the app, but it doesn't affect the page tab. So, is there any way to make facebook not to send the POST request to nationbuilder? Thanks.
Answer: There is no possibility to turn off the signed_request only for Page Tab. I guess NationBuilder should allow this use case.
Answer: Another possible solution:
If the NationBuilder page is public, you could, scrape your NB content by creating  an API, and alternative page, using  Kimono Labs. http://www.kimonolabs.com/.
Answer: Facebook currently does not support a feature where you can turn off the signed_request. The same problem of not accepting POST request rises when you try to load content from Amazon s3, again, POST request are not accepted.
A possible workaround is to have a php based proxy-like page which loads the content from NationBuilder and add that page to the Facebook tab.


transfer from wptorrent to PC

Question: I own a Microsoft Lumia 550 with Windows 10 Mobile. I downloaded some files through wptorrent. Now I want to transfer them to my pc, but I can not find the folder where the files are located.
Answer: This may be because the files are downloaded into the applications private data folder. Look around the app and look for an option to share the files you have downloaded, such as long pressing them. If you can't find them in the file manager you can try using Windows Phone Power Tools on your Pc to look through applications data folders, however that only works with sideloaded applications.

transfer from wptorrent to PC


How to start an app without windows manager

Question: Hi sorry for the answer I´m very inexperienced in Raspbian, just started to use the pi a few weeks ago, I need to start an app developed with Qt in C++, it has a GUI, this app has strict timing requirements so I need to get rid of all the overhead of the graphic interface of Raspbian. So the question is how can I start only this app on startup. Please excuse my english, it's not my mother tongue.
Answer: As @eftshift0 suggested in his answer I would also start with Raspbian Stretch Lite  2018-03-13. On this minimal platform you can get your application to run with installing just the minimal required packets. For example you can install the integrated development environment (IDE) for Qt with all its dependencies (150 additional packets):
rpi3 ~$ sudo apt install qtcreator
[...]
0 upgraded, 150 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 231 MB of archives.
After this operation, 802 MB of additional disk space will be used.

If you get your application running start it with an optimized service for systemd. systemd is starting services parallel so with smart selected dependencies Before and After starting just needed services you should be able to start your application as fast as possible. Here I have made a simple test service in an other context but it may give you an idea how it works.
Comment: I think you made a mistake in the link of your "simple test service", it directs me to "https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/raspbian/", could you please fix it, so I can see your example code, I really don´t known anything about "systemd".
Comment: @JorgeGermanPerezBlanco sorry, you are right. The link was still in my clipboard from the first link in the answer. I have fixed it.
Answer: instead of trying the GUI-based distros for raspberry pi I think you should try the ones that are based on terminal and then install the x server (or wayland... not sure of which one is supported on raspberry) plus the dependencies to start your application. You could write a script that does two things (this would have worked a few years ago with X server.... would have to give it a test these days to see if it still holds water):
startx &
wait a couple of seconds to make sure that X is working
export DISPLAY=:0.0
start_your_application

Talking about X server, you have to make sure than X is configured to accept tcp connections and that should be enough. If it's wayland, I'm not sure of how exactly it would work but it should be something similar.
Then you could set up this script to be started with systemd on boot, which is a whole different topic.
Comment: Hmm... I think _"wait a couple of seconds to make sure that X is working"_ isn't the way because _"this app has strict timing requirements"_. Instead starting an optimized service with `systemd` seems to be a solution.
Comment: thanks for the answer but the app is still in development, I´m working on Qt as previously mentioned and if I install a non GUI based distro it would be difficult to develop the code as I would´t have the Qt creator, I'm trying to achieve cross compilation between Ubuntu and Raspbian but still not succeded
Comment: You can add whatever packages you need (and they will install their dependencies) so it should be no problem to start from a terminal-based distro, even if you are only developing and you need your compilation/deployment stuff.
Comment: Excuse me for my ignorance on the topic but I´m also new to linux in general, so you´re telling me that I can install a non GUI based distro and then install Qt creator and use it´s graphical interface to develop code? Thank you so much for the quick answer, it´s been very helpfull.
Comment: qt-creator should be available as a package and it should require all the packages it needs for itself to work (I would _assume_ that it will also require some stuff related to GUI stuff... not sure, though). Given what you said about having timing requirements, that led @Ingo and me to advice to use a terminal-based distro instead of a desktop-based one because that takes away a lot of packages and services that you probably don't need. Now, if you are still _developing_ on it, then working on a desktop-based distro will be ok so that you don't end up on X with a fixed terminal on the screen
Comment: @JorgeGermanPerezBlanco I have updated my answer for this `qtcreator` issue.
Comment: Thanks for the reply. I will try, but I have limited access to the internet, so it could take some time to download 2018-03-13-raspbian-stretch-lite.zip and then the Qt with all its dependencies; Anyway, your suggestions have been very useful.


How to install Nvidia drivers and run unity 3d?

Question: I am having a hard time installing the Nvidia drivers on my Dell XPS l502x.
Specs: Intel core i5 (2nd gen)
       8GB RAM
       Nvidia GeForce GT 525M/ also has integrated Intel graphics as well
       Running Ubuntu 12.04 lts
When I install nvidia-current from software center and try to go to the nvidia settings,i get the following message: You do not appear to be using the NVIDIA X driver. Please edit your X configuration file (just runnvidia-xconfigas root), and restart the X server
How can I fix this because I want to try running unity 3d. I did a lot of searching and tried all of the suggestions out there but nothing worked. I know my graphics card is supported in the nvidia-current driver from the software center because it is listed in the   /usr/share/doc/nvidia-current/README.txt.gz. Any help is appreciated.
Answer: After installing the nvidia driver you need to re-start X. Log out and back in.


Is there an updated version of Boot Camp coming with Snow Leopard?

Question: Possibly with updated drivers for Windows 7?
Answer: Yes. Boot Camp 3.0 comes with Snow Leopard. Windows 7 is supported and I have been using Windows 7 enterprse x64 (RTM) with Boot Camp 3.0 for a couple of weeks on a MacBook Pro Unibody 15". Everything works very well. The nVidia drivers seem out of date but they work better from a heat/battery perspective than hacking the latest from NVidia to get hem installed. There is no driver for the ambient light sensor or the Infineon TPM but otherwise it is fine and the install process is very smooth.
One of the nicer additions is an HFS+ driver for Windows. After Boot Camp 3.0 is installed, the Mac OS X partition is automatically mounted as a read-only drive.
Answer: Although the current drivers work fine with Windows 7, I would assume if there were some incompatibilities then updated drivers would be released
Answer: Boot Camp will add support for reading HFS+ Volumes, so you will be able to access files on your Mac partition from within Windows.
As to updated drivers for Windows 7, I just don't see the necessity.  I'm currently running Windows 7 RC using the latest Boot Camp drivers from my 10.5.6 Leopard DVD, and everything worked perfectly on first boot.  I did update my video drivers from Nvidia before I tried launching a 3D application, but that's par for the course in Windows.
Comment: Reading HFS+ volumes would be fancy!
Comment: My MacBook Pro audio crackles every 30 seconds... hoping that gets fixed.
Comment: @Shawn Miller: I don't have the crackle issue on my 2009 MacBook Pro with boot camp 3 and win7 rtm. YMMV.
Answer: There has been no official statement from Apple in this regard, and quite a few people I know have gotten it working under the existing bootcamp with the existing drivers. Apple might do a maintenance update with Snow Leopard but they have not advertised new boot camp features. According to this list of refinements, there has been no changes to bootcamp


Keep GPS on when screen is locked

Question: Is there a way to prevent GPS from sleeping when I lock the phone even though google maps app is running?
Answer: I just got back from a two week family roadtrip, and we used the Android maps and GPS nearly every day.
The simplest solution I found was to use Google Navigation. It kept the GPS active, even if I put the app in the background, powered off the screen, or locked the screen.
Comment: I haven't noticed any issues with the Google Navigation app going to sleep either when using it.
Answer: The only way I know how to do this is through Tasker. You can use a tasker profile to set the gps to stay on when the screen turns off. You can also use a profile to keep gps running while the app is open. The only draw back is the price tag (I'm pretty sure it's $5.95 on the market), but you will use this app for more than just keeping gps on, I can promise you that.
If you do end up going this route and need help setting up the profile let me know.

Keep GPS on when screen is locked


Why does my drop-down menu differ from my profile?

Question: In my drop-down menu, I got 212 as my reputation, but in my profile, it is recorded as 203. Is this a bug, or is this deliberate? What makes these reputation counts different?
Comment: Which menu is this? The one on the main site or the one here on meta?
Answer: The dropdown counts are net changes, so the net reputation change for each time period listed.
The profile however lists all voting activity in that time range, so deleted votes (from those reversing their vote, or deleted users for example) won't show here...but their deletion will affect your net reputation, which the dropdown shows.
As an example: let's say you got a vote on Tuesday, then you later edited post someone didn't agree with on Thursday, so they take back their upvote.  On Thursday you now have a -10 net change, but really it's because it's as if that upvote never happened, because it was retracted, this is where the profile and popup can differ.
If this bothers you, up to once a day you can trigger a recalc of your reputation at the bottom of your reputation report, here: https://english.stackexchange.com/reputation
Comment: What about this: Today, I've got 50 on my drop-down menu, but I really only have 40 in my profile. What's happening?


is cessation of perception and felling the Nibbana?

Question: Furthermore, take a good person who, going totally beyond the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception, enters and remains in the cessation of perception and feeling. And, having seen with wisdom, their defilements come to an end. This is a mendicant who does not identify with anything, does not identify regarding anything, does not identify through anything."
https://suttacentral.net/mn113/en/sujato
Comment: See also [What exacly is the so-called "formless" jhana?](https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/q/29642/254)
Comment: tl;dr no. maybe unconsciously.
Answer: What Buddha's saying is that, through not taking base in any concept, abandoning all generalizations, letting go of all reference points, ceasing all reification -- all associative perception comes to a halt and with it all emotional reactions come to a stop, too.
Indeed, as perception is semiosis, it requires grasping at signs. When grasping at signs is abandoned, semiosis cannot continue. Since semiosis cannot continue, emotional reactions have no basis to arise on.
This sterile state is characterized by the complete absence of dukkha, the only (serious!) problem with it is that it's conditioned, impermanent, and limited.
However, attaining this state allows meditator to get the first-hand insight into the fact that our dukkha is mind-made and comes from comparison. Having seen that directly, one is emancipated from it, the illusion loses its power. This emancipation is the true Liberation by Wisdom, the non-abiding Nirvana.
The same state can be attained in Zen and Vajrayana artificially, for example by startling the student in the middle of a meditation session. When you are in this state, you are lucid and yet your mind is blank. When a normal mind begins to function again, as your first impression you can't help but notice the silliness (emptiness) of it all.
Answer: Nibbana
And, having seen with wisdom, their defilements come to an end. This is a mendicant who does not identify with anything, does not identify regarding anything, does not identify through anything.
Answer: I don't think the sutta is saying that.
The sutta starts with "What is a good person?", and then, "Is it someone from a good family, an eminent family, a wealthy family? Is a "good" person a famous person?", etc.
And then it gives what I think is standard doctrine, i.e. that it's not because of family's status (e.g. wealth or caste), some "external" factor like that, that a monk is "good" or "better" -- instead it's for what I'd try to call an "internal" reason i.e. it's when "thoughts of greed, hate, or delusion come to an end".
And I think that's it -- that's pretty well the whole sutta. So if you're a monk, don't go thinking you're better than another monk because you came from a wealthy family.
And in fact you shouldn't "identify" like that at all. In English I'd assume that "identifying with" (as that word is used e.g. here) is part of an anatta doctrine, i.e. "Don't start thinking 'I am good because so-and-so is my family' etc." -- and, in Buddhism, also a doctrine about conceit.
Incidentally the word translated as "identifying" is tammaya

absorbed in that; identifying with that; desiring that

So maybe "don't be absorbed with that" or even "don't desire that" could be a translation. I guess I understand from the context, though, why "identifying" makes sense as a translation (or part of the translation) in this context.
To get around to answering your question I guess that nibbana is not only not "identifying" (see also sabbe dhamma anatta as a description of nibbana), perhaps also even not being "absorbed" in (e.g. because it's to do with being "unbound" or "liberated" perhaps).
Also I'm not sure whether "cessation" is an accurate or complete translation in the phrase "cessation of perception and feeling" -- you might want to study how nirodha appears, is used, in the doctrine. The dictionary says " many cases is synonymous with nibbāna", in which case "the nibbana of feeling and cessation" might be a better translation. In which case you'd be asking, "is nibbana the nibbana of feeling and cessation" in which case the answer might more obviously be "yes", whereas the word "cessation" might be misunderstood in this context.
Finally I noticed that at the end of the sutta the word "identify" appears again:

This is a mendicant who does not identify with anything, does not identify regarding anything, does not identify through anything.
Ayaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu na kiñci maññati, na kuhiñci maññati, na kenaci
   maññatī"ti.

This time, though, "identify" is a translation of maññati
 ...

to think, to be of opinion, to imagine, to deem ...
to know, to be convinced, to be sure ...
to imagine, to be proud (of) to be conceited, to boast ...

... instead of atammayatā.

I think that, as explained in Murathan1's answer, nibbana itself doesn't "arise and cease", and that anything conditioned (which does arise and cease, including feelings and perceptions) isn't nibbana.
Even so I don't think that means that attaining nibbana is about being unconscious -- I think that feelings and perceptions continue (to arise and cease), but the arhat doesn't "identify" with them, isn't "absorbed" in them, doesn't "desire" them.
Answer: Nibbana is a state that can not be described properly with the words, concepts. That's why Buddhism uses this indirect methodology to describe Nibbana or how to enter Nibbana etc. There is no perception or feeling in Nibbana in the terms of humanly, physical, mental perceptions or feelings. But ultimately Nibbana is beyond physical and mental. It is beyond form. It is the formless, unconditioned, unmanifested, timeless, deathless state. That's why ultimately it is not true to say that there is no perception or feeling in Nibbana. But because it is beyond the form, the perception and feeling in Nibbana can't be described correctly.That's why it is called neither being nor non-being. Also cessation of "perception" and "feeling" (humanly, physical and mental perceptions and feelings) is the way to enter to Nibbana. Nibbana is the birthless, deathless, timeless state. There is no beggining or end for Nibbana.
And when someone's defilements comes to an end, it is impossible to identify with anything again.
Monk Radio: What Happens at Nibbana: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=83ntwkSWws8

Existence is momentary. One moment is one existence and it arises and it ceases. That doesn't happen in nibbana (that's really the easiest way to understand it). And since life itself is composed totally of those momentary experiences then there really is no such thing as a life that could end: there's only experiences which end every moment. And that doesn't occur, there's no more arising of those momentary experiences: of seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and thinking.

What is Nirvana: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=odWIPhj-ivo
Comment: Ven. Yuttadhammo says, (I paraphrase) "*Existence is momentary, arises and ceases. It doesn't arise in nibbana, which is why nibbana is deathless. And there is no arhat, 'arhat' is just a concept.*" -- I suppose when he says "existence" there he's talking about *bhava*, and not about perception or feeling? He also describes parinibbana as "*cessation of the clinging-aggregates without remainder*" -- perhaps that isn't saying that [not-clinging aggregates](https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/q/31154/254) cease in nibbana?
Comment: I shared that video because Ven. Yuttadhammo says that "there is no seeing, hearing, feeling, tasting, thinking" to describe what happens in parinibbana. And I tried to say in the answer that the "perception and feeling" in Nibbana cannot be described correctly because it is beyond form that is why it is called "cessation of perception and feeling". And I think here it is meant Nibbana's conditions. when it says "cessation of perception and feeling"
Comment: @ChrisW Sir, with dhamma nature *Nibbana* is one dhamma. But with the presence of five aggregates it's separated in to two as, *Sopadisesha Nibbana* and *Anupadisesha Nibbana*. Not-clinging aggregates are ceased in the *Anupadisesha Nibbana*. I suppose Ven. Yuttadhammo meant momentary existence of name and form (*nama-rupa*) by the word "existence", which subjected to arise (with the arisen of causes) and cease (with the cessation of causes).
Answer: It's a lot of work to show the line of inference and how each word is used but the commentary to this Sutta excerpt;

When a monk has emerged from the cessation of perception & feeling, three contacts make contact: contact with emptiness, contact with the signless, & contact with the undirected." https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn41/sn41.006.than.html

Thanissaro explains in the footnotes;

According to the commentary, they color one's first apprehension of Unbinding: a meditator who has been focusing on the theme of inconstancy will first apprehend Unbinding as signless; one who has been focusing on the theme of stress will first apprehend it as undirected; one who has been focusing on the theme of not-self will first apprehend it as emptiness.

The support for this is based these excerpts;
https://www.dhammatalks.org/suttas/AN/AN10_7.html

Once, friend Ānanda, when I was staying right here near Sāvatthī in the Grove of the Blind, I reached concentration in such that he would neither be percipient of earth with regard to earth, nor of water with regard to water, nor of fire… wind… the dimension of the infinitude of space… the dimension of the infinitude of consciousness… the dimension of nothingness… the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception… this world… nor of the next world, and yet I was still percipient."
"But what, friend Sāriputta, were you percipient of at that time?"
"'The cessation of becoming—unbinding—the cessation of becoming—unbinding': One perception arose in me, friend Ānanda, as another perception ceased. Just as in a blazing woodchip fire, one flame arises as another flame ceases, even so, 'The cessation of becoming—unbinding—the cessation of becoming—unbinding': One perception arose in me as another one ceased. I was percipient at that time of 'The cessation of becoming—unbinding.'"

https://suttacentral.net/mn64/

"He turns the mind to the deathless element : This is peaceful, this is exalted, such as the appeasement of all determinations, the giving up of all endearments, the destruction of craving, detachment, cessation and extinction".
  so tehi dhammehi citta.m pa.tivaapetvaa amataaya dhaatuyaa
  citta.m upsanharati:
  eta.m santan eta.m paniita.m
  yadhida.m sabba sankhaarasamatho,
  sabbupaddhi pa.tnissaggo,
  ta.nhakkhayo, viraago, nirodho nibbaana.n ti'-

https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an09/an09.034.than.html

"This Unbinding is pleasant, friends. This Unbinding is pleasant."
When this was said, Ven. Udayin said to Ven. Sariputta, "But what is the pleasure here, my friend, where there is nothing felt?"
"Just that is the pleasure here, my friend: where there is nothing felt.
  [...]
  there is the case where a monk, with the complete transcending of the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception, enters & remains in the cessation of perception & feeling. And, having seen [that] with discernment, his mental fermentations are completely ended. So by this line of reasoning it may be known how Unbinding is pleasant."

https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/ud/ud.8.01.than.html

Blessed One was instructing, urging, rousing, & encouraging the monks with Dhamma-talk concerned with unbinding. The monks — receptive, attentive, focusing their entire awareness, lending ear — listened to the Dhamma.
Then, on realizing the significance of that, the Blessed One on that occasion exclaimed:
There is that dimension, monks, where there is neither earth, nor water, nor fire, nor wind; neither dimension of the infinitude of space, nor dimension of the infinitude of consciousness, nor dimension of nothingness, nor dimension of neither perception nor non-perception; neither this world, nor the next world, nor sun, nor moon. And there, I say, there is neither coming, nor going, nor staying; neither passing away nor arising: unestablished,[1] unevolving, without support [mental object].[2] This, just this, is the end of stress.

https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an11/an11.010.than.html

"There is the case, Sandha, where for an excellent thoroughbred of a man the perception[2] of earth with regard to earth has ceased to exist; the perception of liquid with regard to liquid... the perception of fire with regard to fire... the perception of wind with regard to wind... the perception of the sphere of the infinitude of space with regard to the sphere of the infinitude of space... the perception of the sphere of the infinitude of consciousness with regard to the sphere of the infinitude of consciousness... the perception of the sphere of nothingness with regard to the sphere of nothingness... the perception of the sphere of neither perception nor non-perception with regard to the sphere of neither perception nor non-perception... the perception of this world with regard to this world... the next world with regard to the next world... and whatever is seen, heard, sensed, cognized, attained, sought after, or pondered by the intellect: the perception of that has ceased to exist.
"Absorbed in this way, the excellent thoroughbred of a man is absorbed dependent neither on earth, liquid, fire, wind, the sphere of the infinitude of space, the sphere of the infinitude of consciousness, the sphere of nothingness, the sphere of neither perception nor non-perception, this world, the next world, nor on whatever is seen, heard, sensed, cognized, attained, sought after, or pondered by the intellect — and yet he is absorbed. And to this excellent thoroughbred of a man, absorbed in this way, the gods, together with Indra, the Brahmas, & Pajapati, pay homage even from afar:
'Homage to you, O thoroughbred man.
  Homage to you, O superlative man —
  you of whom we don't know even what it is
      dependent on which
      you're absorbed.'"

https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/mn/mn.059.nypo.html

..of the infinity of consciousness... of no-thingness... of neither-perception-nor-non-perception.
  "If someone were to say: 'This is the highest pleasure that can be experienced,' I would not concede that. And why not? Because there is another kind of pleasure which surpasses that pleasure and is more sublime. And what is this pleasure? Here, by completely surmounting the sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, a monk enters upon and abides in the cessation of perception and feeling. This is the other kind of pleasure which surpasses that pleasure and is more sublime.
"It may happen, Ananda, that Wanderers of other sects will be saying this: 'The recluse Gotama speaks of the Cessation of Perception and Feeling and describes it as pleasure. What is this (pleasure) and how is this (a pleasure)?'
"Those who say so, should be told: 'The Blessed One describes as pleasure not only the feeling of pleasure. But a Tathagata describes as pleasure whenever and whereinsoever it is obtained.'"

https://suttacentral.net/mn31/en/bodhi

Here, venerable sir, whenever we want, by completely surmounting the base of neither-perception-nor-non-perception, we enter upon and abide in the cessation of perception and feeling. And our taints are destroyed by our seeing with wisdom. Venerable sir, this is another superhuman state, a distinction in knowledge and vision worthy of the noble ones, a comfortable abiding, which we have attained by surmounting the preceding abiding, by making that abiding subside. And, venerable sir, we do not see any other comfortable abiding higher or more sublime than this one."
"Good, good Anuruddha. There is no other comfortable abiding higher or more sublime than that one."

https://suttacentral.net/sn45.7/en/bodhi

Venerable sir, it is said, 'the removal of lust, the removal of hatred, the removal of delusion.' Of what now, venerable sir, is this the designation?"
"This, bhikkhu, is a designation for the element of Nibbāna: the removal of lust, the removal of hatred, the removal of delusion. The destruction of the taints is spoken of in that way."
When this was said, that bhikkhu said to the Blessed One: "Venerable sir, it is said, 'the Deathless, the Deathless.' What now, venerable sir, is the Deathless? What is the path leading to the Deathless?"
  "The destruction of lust, the destruction of hatred, the destruction of delusion: this is called the Deathless. This Noble Eightfold Path is the path leading to the Deathless; that is, right view […].
  The destruction of lust, the destruction of hatred, the destruction of delusion: this is the final goal of the holy life."

https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn22/sn22.080.wlsh.html

There are, monks, three unskilled ways of thought: thoughts of lust, thoughts of ill-will, thoughts of hurting. And these three unskilled states disappear utterly in him whose heart is well established in the four foundations of mindfulness, or who practices concentration on the signless.

https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an09/an09.036.than.html

'I tell you, the ending of the mental fermentations depends on the first jhana.' Thus was it said, and in reference to this was it said.
(Similarly with the second, third, and fourth jhana.)
"'I tell you, the ending of the mental fermentations depends on the dimension of the infinitude of space.' Thus it has been said. In reference to what was it said? There is the case where a monk, with the complete transcending of perceptions of [physical] form, with the disappearance of perceptions of resistance, and not heeding perceptions of diversity, [perceiving,] 'Infinite space,' enters & remains in the dimension of the infinitude of space. He regards whatever phenomena there that are connected with feeling, perception, fabrications, & consciousness, as inconstant, stressful, a disease, a cancer, an arrow, painful, an affliction, alien, a disintegration, an emptiness, not-self. He turns his mind away from those phenomena, and having done so, inclines his mind to the property of deathlessness: 'This is peace, this is exquisite — the resolution of all fabrications; the relinquishment of all acquisitions; the ending of craving; dispassion; cessation; Unbinding.'
"Suppose that an archer or archer's apprentice were to practice on a straw man or mound of clay, so that after a while he would become able to shoot long distances, to fire accurate shots in rapid succession, and to pierce great masses. In the same way, there is the case where a monk... enters & remains in the dimension of the infinitude of space. He regards whatever phenomena there that are connected with feeling, perception, fabrications, & consciousness, as inconstant, stressful, a disease, a cancer, an arrow, painful, an affliction, alien, a disintegration, an emptiness, not-self. He turns his mind away from those phenomena, and having done so, inclines his mind to the property of deathlessness: 'This is peace, this is exquisite — the resolution of all fabrications; the relinquishment of all acquisitions; the ending of craving; dispassion; cessation; Unbinding.'
"Staying right there, he reaches the ending of the mental fermentations. Or, if not, then — through this very dhamma-passion, this very dhamma-delight, and from the total wasting away of the first five of the fetters — he is due to be reborn [in the Pure Abodes], there to be totally unbound, never again to return from that world.
"'I tell you, the ending of the mental fermentations depends on the dimension of the infinitude of space.' Thus was it said, and in reference to this was it said.
(Similarly with the dimension of the infinitude of consciousness and the dimension of nothingness.)
"Thus, as far as the perception-attainments go, that is as far as gnosis-penetration goes. As for these two dimensions — the attainment of the dimension of neither perception nor non-perception & the attainment of the cessation of feeling & perception — I tell you that they are to be rightly explained by those monks who are meditators, skilled in attaining, skilled in attaining & emerging, who have attained & emerged in dependence on them."

Ptsm, Nibbana-dhatu:

"There are two kinds of relinquishment through cessation:
  relinquishment as giving up, and relinquishment as entering into.
  It gives up defilements and aggregates, thus it is relinquishment as giving up;
  cognizance enters cessation which is the nibbana principle
  thus it is relinquishment as entering into.
  These are the two kinds of relinquishment through cessation."
Nirodhavasena dve vossaggaa:
  pariccaagavossaggo ca, pakkhandanavossaggo ca.
  Kilesa ca khandhe ca pariccajatiiti, pariccaagavossaggo;
  nirodhanibbaanadhaatuyaa cittam pakkhandatiiti.
  Pakkhandanavossaggo nirodhavasena ime dve vossaggaa.

I can summarize in short as i see it;

Nibbana refers to the element of the removal of taints in general. When people talk about the destruction of taints aka Deathless, they speak of Nibbana as in removal of taints.
Nibbana (destruction of taints) is pleasure where nothing is felt. Cessation of perception & feeling is pleasure where nothing is felt.
Seeing with intellect the cessation of perception & feeling destroys the taints. Signless concentration destroys the taints.
It is natural that one who attains cessation of perception & feeling would perceive it's cessation / extinguishment.
There are these context circumstances;
A) destruction by removal or removal by destruction
B) entering into & emerging from the knowledge & vision of destruction.

In these four particular contexts that i see for Nibbana;
1. of emergence from the destruction with some delusion removed
2. of emergence from the destruction with delusion fully removed
3. of the breakup of the body post emergence from destruction with delusion fully removed, final removal[extinguishment] of residual perception-formations that come into play due to causes prior to the removal/destruction of delusion.
4. of the element in dependence on which the destruction commences, the element of destruction which is without delusion.
https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/ud/ud.8.03.than.html

There is, monks, an unborn[1] — unbecome — unmade — unfabricated. If there were not that unborn — unbecome — unmade — unfabricated, there would not be the case that escape from the born — become — made — fabricated would be discerned. But precisely because there is an unborn — unbecome — unmade — unfabricated, escape from the born — become — made — fabricated is discerned.[2]

This contexts is imo a kind endgame of sutta method of expression;

Sariputta: "The statement, 'With the remainderless stopping & fading of the six contact-media [vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch, & intellection] is it the case that there is anything else?' objectifies non-objectification.[1] The statement, '... is it the case that there is not anything else ... is it the case that there both is & is not anything else ... is it the case that there neither is nor is not anything else?' objectifies non-objectification. However far the six contact-media go, that is how far objectification goes. However far objectification goes, that is how far the six contact media go. With the remainderless fading & stopping of the six contact-media, there comes to be the stopping, the allaying of objectification.

When perception ceases the element which is unconditioned is still a true element isn't included in what ceased and can't be described in terms of what ceases.
The element which is neither born of delusion nor is associated with delusion, isn't included in suffering;

There are, Ānanda, these two elements: the conditioned element and the unconditioned element.
"Bhikkhus, there are these three characteristics that define the unconditioned. What three? No arising is seen, no vanishing is seen, and no alteration while it persists is seen. These are the three characteristics that define the unconditioned."

It's a dhamma that is anatta not oneself nor is it a sankhara formation, it is not of this world; is neither a before nor an after, is not associated with time, does not parttake on a timeline.
It is not spoken of as one would speak about objects of senses, the physics of the world or what is otherwise conceived & perceived based on intellect in the world, does not parttake in the world, not included in nature, nor in the allness of the All, not part of everything;

'Having directly known liquid as liquid ... fire as fire ... wind as wind ... beings as beings ...  ...
"'Having directly known the all as the all,[8] and having directly known the extent of what has not been experienced through the allness of the all, I wasn't the all, I wasn't in the all, I wasn't coming forth from the all, I wasn't "The all is mine." I didn't affirm the all. Thus I am not your mere equal in terms of direct knowing, so how could I be inferior? I am actually superior to you.'
"'If, good sir, you have directly known the extent of what has not been experienced through the allness of the all, may it not turn out to be actually vain and void for you.'

So there are many ways to speak about these and other circumstances and the words would be intricately connected in meaning and sometimes expression is interchangeable.
This is agreeable to me and i see no other openings.
Afaik this should be the standard analysis of the controversy.
Answer: Nibbana is an Unconditioned State of Mind (Asankhata). Conditioning is caused by Feelings, Perceptions and Mental Formations. In the absence of Feelings and Perceptions there are no Mental Formations. Thus No Conditioning i.e. Asankhata. Yes, this is the State of Nibbana.


Unity Gone after reboot..Nvidia Issue

Question: First off, I am aware similar issues have been posted by others. I have exhausted the options I have found within those topics that I have found, and none have helped. I have tried things ranging from reinstalling compiz, making sure that it is in fact enabled by running ccsm blah blah blah. The following is where I am at-----
So I am a support tech for Widnows based PC's and trying to learn Linux. I have Windows 8 and Ubuntu 12.10 dual booting in UEFI on my Asus G75-VW with the Nvidia 660m. Both boot Fine.
Upon first boot of Ubuntu after an install, the desktop is fine, resolution is at 1080p, but it says compiz unexpectedly quits repeatedly, although everything continues to work fine. After rebooting or shutting down, things go haywire.
When trying to boot back into Ubuntu 12.10, I just get a all purple screen with some weird black fuzzy bars at the top. I got past this by booting to recovery, going to root terminal, and typing the following:
rm -Rfv ~/.compiz-1
rm -Rfv ~/.config/compiz-1
reboot now

This gets me back to the login screen but at a much reduced resolution and no Unity. I can play around with the different drivers here by right clicking the desktop, hittng change background, hitting All Settings, Software sources, and then Additional drivers, however all end up either the same or with just a black screen no mouse.
The only way at this point I can get unity and 1080p back is too hit CTRL + ALT + F1 and type:
sudo apt-get purge nvidia*
sudo reboot now

At this point, compiz no longer crashes and all works great for my minimal purposes. However, thats a lot of work to do everytime I want to boot into Ubuntu. When its working, additional drivers says it is using an ALTERNATIVE driver. All the other drivers fail and it always defaults to one of them on reboot.
Can anyone offer some suggestions? It doesn't seem like it is Unity/Compiz that is the issue as much as it is a driver problem, but I could very well be mistaken. When any of those drivers load I am stuck in low resolutions.
Perhaps a temporary solution if not a fix, possibly a way to keep it using the alternative driver if an nvidia one can not work?
Thanks!
Answer: http://www.ubuntu-guia.com/2012/10/instalar-controlador-nvidia-en-ubuntu.html
The blog is in Spanish, translate it with goole please.
It is very good blog about ubuntu

Unity Gone after reboot..Nvidia Issue


How should we handle numerous tags referring to Eastern Orthodoxy?

Question: I have noticed that the definitions and usage of the eastern-orthodox and orthodox tags are identical. I also noticed that greek-orthodox is a separate tag, yet this is also Eastern Orthodox (it is not a separate 'denomination' as in Protestantism, it is the same Church under a different jurisdiction. It would be more akin to having a separate tag for different dioceses of the Roman Catholic Church, which in my opinion makes no sense). All of the posts currently tagged orthodox are related to Eastern Orthodoxy. How should this redundancy be resolved?
Answer: I propose establishing orthodox as a synonym for eastern-orthodox, which can be voted for (or against) here.
I would propose removing the greek-orthodox tag and placing the four (4) posts tagged this way under the eastern-orthodox tag. Otherwise this opens up the possibility of separate tags for every national jurisdiction of Eastern Orthodoxy (one for every eastern European nation).
Comment: @DanO'Day. If a tag exists on no posts, it will soon disappear naturally, with no need for moderator intervention.
Comment: I tried, but in addition to the 1250 rep, you also have to have 5 upvotes on the tag. Sheesh!
Comment: @AffableGeek that's crazy, looks like someone approved it though. Thanks for trying!
Comment: I've removed the [tag:greek-orthodox] tag from the four (4) posts that had it, they were all tagged [tag:eastern-orthodox] already. Just waiting for someone to delete the [tag:greek-orthodox] tag who has authority to do so.
Answer: We could delete the orthodox and the greek-orthodox tags and only have an eastern-orthodox tag for simplicity. This is not my preferred solution but I wanted to have it as an option here.


Does the iPhone ask for iCloud password after updating to iOS 8.1?

Question: I forgot the password of my iCloud account. I'm using iPhone 4S I am afraid that if I updated to the new iOS, the phone will be locked and I wouldn't be able to use it. P.S. I have tried iForgot to restore my password, but it didn't work out as it keeps telling me that my answers are wrong.
Answer: Yes, you will be required to verify your account when you first log in.
I would suggest trying to get to the bottom of it BEFORE you upgrade, it will be harder after (since you should still have some access to email accounts etc).
Also, I would research the effects of running iOS8 on an iPhone 4S. Although it may be supported, I would think it would be incredibly slow.
I know you didn't ask for the second part of this answer, but I would strongly recommend you do some more research on this before blindly doing it.
Answer: Yes, the iCloud password is required after an upgrade to enable iCloud on the device.
If you are providing answers you believe to be correct, and the iForgot system is not recognizing them, you will need to contact Apple directly. Start at the Contact page for Apple ID support to determine the appropriate contact method for your country or location.
Answer: I would suggest you recover you password, since you will need it in the future.
Go to Apple website to recover it.
The use the email option to get it.


what will happen if I change gears on a mountain bike at a standstill? Will it break?

Question: My boyfriend just bought a brand new bike and was trying to teach me to ride it, and (I, being a complete noob) when I was standing with it I messed with the gears using the handle at a standstill. Changed the rear one from 3 to 1. He then started riding it and the the plastic part that helps it shift (I think) broke. You could hear a sudden crunching when he started riding it and the whole back part just snapped and broke. I assume it was that I just moved that, but was it? And why?
Comment: A photo would help people understand what the part was and provide an answer.
Comment: Changing at a standstill may cause the chain to jam, but should not cause serious damage.  (Not sure what "plastic part" you could be talking about -- all the derailer parts near the chain should be metal.)
Answer: The changing of gears itself is unlikely to cause any damage, you're just going to move the derailleurs back and forth until the chain prevents them moving further.  If you really forced it you might break a shift lever or something.  However, bad stuff is likely to happen if you heavily load the drivetrain while in the wrong gear.  I.e. if you change gears while standing still then forcefully push down on the pedals when getting started, since the chain isn't on the right cog.  There's a good chance then of the chain falling off or of it getting jammed somewhere, either leading to you falling off the bike, or potentially to some damage to the bike.  With regards to your missing plastic bike: I don't know exactly what it was, but if the bike still works fine I wouldn't worry about it.
Also, your boyfriend. not you, is the fool in this situation.  Changing gears while stationary isn't that crazy.  Taking the bike and cranking heavily in the wrong gear is.
If you find yourself stationary on the wrong cog you just need to lift up the rear wheel and turn the crank forward a full revolution or two: that should get it into the right gear.  With a little practice you can do this standing over the bike with your foot on the right pedal: lift the rear wheel off the ground slightly using your right hand on the saddle and push the crank with your right foot.  Handy if you find yourself in the wrong gear at some traffic lights.
Answer: I would say, the gears weren't adjusted well, and chain drop out and brake the plastic that actually not very important. So it isn't your fault.
The real damage caused by changing gears while standing still is rub the cogwheels. So don't do it again.
Comment: Thank you so much for the reply, I was really worried it had been my ditziness that did it. And this occasion definitely taught me not to mess with things I don't know about! Lol :)
Answer: Unless the bike was very cheap, there's nothing that would break from that.  The crunch of the chain on the rear gears and even the chain coming off are possible.  You can just pop the chain back on the gears in the back.  Over time this can cause issues, but unless you ride a lot and do this frequently, it would be a very long time.  Mountain bikes especially are meant to be tough. If his brand new bike's gears broke he ought to be headed back to that shop for a refund.
And in the meantime, don't stop from messing!  Get on that bike and ride around, mess around with it!  If he did buy a very expensive new bike ask to ride his old one, or get yourself one for $50 on craigslist.  You'll learn fastest by doing, and you'll make some mistakes, but the bike will forgive you.  If you do something that makes a lot of noise, don't do it again :).  Just keep yourself safe and have fun!


Can two proteins sharing a few domains be considered homologous?

Question: I wonder when to say two proteins are homolog. In the current example I checked the sequence of these two proteins in pfam and as you see they have some shared domains but all domains are not shared. Can I say that these proteins are homolog? How can I be confident about my decision?
Comment: @MySky It is difficult to search the content shown in the images. You can keep the image but a text summary would be good
Comment: Did you do a sequence alignment of the two proteins? Homology is often judged on DNA/protein sequence similarity. Other relevant information might be the source species of the two proteins (and their evolutionary distance).
Comment: It would be better if you can summarize the PFAM results in the form of text.
Comment: I thought that PFAM visuall result better explains my purpose.
Comment: Worth mentioning that this was cross-posted to BioStars.
Comment: Yes this question is cross posted in BioStars: https://www.biostars.org/p/335210/
Answer: Homology means shared evolutionary ancestry. Sequence similarity is often used as a proxy for homology but inferences should be made with care.
The similarity between two genes/proteins should not just be good but has to be statistically significant (metrics like E-value) for the two genes/proteins to be considered homologous.

INFERRING HOMOLOGY FROM SIMILARITY
The concept of homology – common evolutionary ancestry – is central to
  computational analyses of protein and DNA sequences, but the link
  between similarity and homology is often misunderstood. We infer
  homology when two sequences or structures share more similarity than
  would be expected by chance; when excess similarity is observed, the
  simplest explanation for that excess is that the two sequences did not
  arise independently, they arose from a common ancestor. Common
  ancestry explains excess similarity (other explanations require
  similar structures to arise independently); thus excess similarity
  implies common ancestry.
However, homologous sequences do not always share significant sequence
  similarity; there are thousands of homologous protein alignments that
  are not significant, but are clearly homologous based on statistically
  significant structural similarity or strong sequence similarity to an
  intermediate sequence. Thus, when a similarity search finds a
  statistically significant match, we can confidently infer that the two
  sequences are homologous; but if no statistically significant match is
  found in a database, we cannot be certain that no homologs are
  present.
Pearson, 2013

Members of a protein family are descendants of a common ancestor and are hence homologous. However, in the course of evolution they would have acquired new domains or reshuffled their domains such that their sequences are no longer similar. Proteins that have full length sequence similarity are called homeomorphic (Wu et al., 2004). Therefore, members of a protein family may be homologous but not homeomorphic. However, homeomorphic proteins can evolve independently and therefore may not be considered homologous.
Identifying homologous proteins is, therefore, not a simple task. Machine learning algorithms are used for better identification of homologous proteins. Some of these algorithms are mentioned in the linked papers.
In general, global similarity, rather than local similarity should be considered for identifying homeomorphs. See What is the difference between local and global sequence alignments?
Comment: This is the definition of homology that disturbed me. you say we must consider global similarity rather than local similarity. accordingly, we can't say these two proteins are homologs, because just about 60% of their lengths have significant (above 80%) similarity and the rest of their sequence is not similar. But actually, we see that they share 4 exactly similar domains, and have 3 nonsimilar domains. according to shared domains we can say those are homolog (at least in part of their sequence). I am really confused.
Comment: Wikipedia (Protein family): Proteins in a family descend from a common ancestor (see homology) and typically have similar three-dimensional structures, functions, and significant sequence similarity. The most important of these is sequence similarity (usually amino acid sequence) since it is the strictest indicator of homology and therefore the clearest indicator of common ancestry. Proteins that do not share a common ancestor are very unlikely to show statistically significant sequence similarity.
Comment: Could you please lead me to some good papers that give me a deeper understanding of the definition and concept of homology? As I previously said, I am really confused about this.
Comment: I have updated the answer @MySky
Answer: Domain is a module. Proteins are composed of one or more domains. Proteins are modular. Homology describes the relationship between domains, because domains are the primary evolutionary units. It is possible for two proteins to be homologous in one and non-homologous in another domain.
For example, alpha/beta-hydrolases (Ollis et al., 1992, Protein Eng. 5: 197-211) belonging to different families are homologous in the alpha/beta-hydrolase domain, but non-homologous in the "cap" domain.


Is there a plugin that lets users request an account on the site?

Question: Is there a Wordpress plugin that lets users fill in a form to request an account that then has to be cleared/activated by an admin for the user to get access?
Comment: maybe [new user approve](http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/new-user-approve/)
Answer: Under "Settings > General" - check the box that says "Anyone can register."
After that, the registration page is publicly available at http://www.example.com/wp-login.php?action=register
As Milo suggested, after enabling registration, the New User Approve plugin may be useful for you.
Answer: This feature is built into WordPress, as GavinR mentioned in his answer, however this requires the user to see pieces of the admin interface. To get around this on a site I deployed about a year ago, I used the Theme My Login plugin, which allows the signup, login, and personal preferences for each user to be inside of your site's front-end theme instead of forwarding to the admin. It also adds additional features.
Once you've changed your preferences in Settings -> General so that the Anyone can register checkbox is checked, the Theme My Login plugin takes over. It allows admins to prevent new users from logging in until they're approved, and allows you to redirect users to a specific page once they've logged in.
There's a great overview of the plugin's functionality on its plugin page, and more information in its documentation.


Inovoking R Script from remote machine with SSH is failing

Question: I am using R for doing some process and I am trying to automate this job. R script resides in some other machine. I need to invoke this script form some other machine and I am invoking the script using ssh .. user@myip "Rscript MyRCode.R". It is invoking the script on remote machine and I could see logs also.
In my R Code I have these statement library(devtools) library(qdap) library(RJDBC) etc..
When I connect to the remote machine and if I run this R script it is executing, but when I try to execute it with ssh it is not able to find deltools package.
For this I tried to add library(devtools, lib.loc="/folder1/folder2/libpath")
and followed the same for other packages as well. (also tried with adding same path in .libPaths(...))
This time devtools loaded, but for qdap it is saying "object is masked from 'package.base'" and then it is failing
Any suggestion.
Answer: Adding ".libPaths(proper_lib_path)" with proper location in the beginning of the script is worked for me.
But still I am getting object is masked from 'package.base', but this can be ignored.


The proxy server is refusing connections

Question: I have downloaded the most recent version of the Tor bundle 6.5.2 for Mac. When I open the Tor browser I get a message "the proxy server is refusing connections". I have followed the instructions (on YouTube and other sites) to set the Preferences>Advanced>Network>Settings>to Manual Proxy Configuration and select SOCKS Host 127.0.0.1 and Port 9150. I don't really know what a 'proxy' is or how to fix this so that i can use the browser.
Comment: You shouldn't be changing the proxy settings, it sounds like something broke during the installation: Uninstall it, delete the `~/Library/Application Support/TorBrowser-Data` folder then reinstall the app. (this will remove any bookmarks you have saved on Tor Browser, if any)
Comment: I received this error on Mac OS when I tried to run the browser directly from the DMG instead of copying Tor Browser to Applications. Closing Tor Browser, installing the browser in Applications, and restarting Tor Browser (running from Applications) fixed this error for me.
Comment: See here (tor project bug report): https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/ticket/9413
Comment: Reinstalling worked for me.
Unfortunately, I changed folder place and name, that's what caused the problem.
Comment: i downloaded tor browser. but it alwways says the proxy sever is refusing connections. Idk what to do. Plus i have seen the above queries...where can i find that application folder? JUst want to get deep into dark web soon..... can"t wait foe it...
Answer: So wierd. I faced this problem in my windows. I figured the issue could be similar with my tor browser aswell. The tor browser application is in a new folder in Desktop. Recently I move everything from my desktop to another new folder in my desktop. Started having this issue. I moved the files back to how it was and then tor started working. Bizarre. Hope this helps if anyone else is facing this issue on a windows.
Answer: I had the same issue and then I realized that I ignored the initial pop-up when starting Tor that suggests to move the downloaded .dmg file to Applications (just as @bradreaves recommends above in his comment).

Just a note to myself, because the .dmg file was already in Applications when the above window popped up after double clicking the .dmg:

Click on the Tor Browser icon in the above window
Drag it in the Applications folder
Comment: Followed Attila's answer and it worked for me! Thanks!
Comment: Please don't add "thank you" as an answer. Once you have sufficient [reputation](https://tor.stackexchange.com/help/whats-reputation), you will be able to [vote up questions and answers](https://tor.stackexchange.com/help/privileges/vote-up) that you found helpful. - [From Review](/review/low-quality-posts/14732)