Cannot rewrite Raspbian to SD

Question: My PI running 2012-07-15-wheezy-raspbian.img stopped booting. The Okay light is flashing 6 time, so I figure I need to replace the start.elf file. I insert the SD card into my Windows 7 laptop, but I can't see the raspbian boot partition. I only see a 55MB partition, left over space. DISKPART cannot access raspbian either.
I tried to reimage the SD using the same method I did last week: Win32 Disk Imager. That fails with "not enough space", because it too cannot see the raspbian partition.
How can I plow this SD flat and start over?
Answer: Since win32 is problematic and hard to use, you can probably do this easier by getting a livecd/liveusb image such as parted magic, boot it, and do the card from there. Then, you'll have a clean and simple way to access /dev/sdb (full card) vs /dev/sdb1 (partition) or whatever the device ends up in. It will be very useful tool to have for other tasks as well.
Warning --  this is a tool, not a one click solution. You still have to know what you're doing and use common sense. Always make sure you're operating on the right device (the memory card, and not your main hdd for example)!
Comment: I'm a little concerned about the safety of this answer with Linux novices.
Answer: Put the SD Card in to your card reader (on the windows machine). Locate the drive letter assigned to your card in my computer; right click it and choose format. This will allow you to use the entire SD Card's capacity and allow you to rewrite the image to your card using Win32 Disk Imager.
Comment: You don't need to reformat your SD Card before rewriting the card!
Comment: When I do this, the card is still only 54MB. http://i.imgur.com/PmLJj.png
Comment: Have you tried reflashing after the format? despite the size it should work
Comment: Yes, it won't proceed because there's not enough room on the drive. The physical drive is 8GB, but it appears to be 54MB.
Comment: Change the allocation size to the max size in the drop down then format and try flashing again.
Comment: I tried that, but the Capacity stays the same. http://imgur.com/DtNVC
Comment: Be very careful you choose the right number in the steps below to avoid hosing your Windows box. At the command prompt as Administrator: (type cmd in the search box of the win menu)  FWIW I follow my original instructions and get a 56mb partition and can then flash the image on to it.

1. Diskpart
2. List Disk
3. Select Disk 1 (Replace 1 with number reflecting your SD Card)
4. clean
5. create partition primary
6. active
7. format fs=fat32 quick
8. assign
Answer: I would recommend using gparted. I don't know what kind of user you are, novice, power, etc. The easiest way would be to download the live cd image, and burn it to a cd. If your using Windows 7, insert the blank disk and right click the downloaded iso. Then it should be something like "burn image..." (I'm not on a Windows 7 machine right now). Depending on how your PC is set up you might have to change the boot order. What we want is the machine to load the cd and not windows. Most computers will give you an option of "Press any key to boot to cd.." on boot up, if the boot order is setup that way. To change the boot order to allow live cd booting, on startup it is normally del or f12. Read the boot up screen, and it will tell you how to get in the bios. Then change the boot priority to CD first, then hard drive.
Also, I have noticed on my mac, after I destroyed the debian kernal trying to get my ds18b20 temp sensor to read I was unable to reformat the sd card because it was write protected. If this happens to anyone, use a usb connected adapter instead of the integrated macbook pro one and it will work just fine.
A Side Note (The Security Implications): If your worried about security at all, don't leave boot to cd as first option enabled, and if your smart you would password protect your bios. Just some food for thought.
Answer: I have not been able to get Win32 Disk Imager to run because the Readme  file wants you to install "MinGW and QT". Has anyone been successful in using Win32 Disk Imager?
Requirements:
1. MinGW
2. Qt for Windows SDK
Short Version:
1. Install the Qt Full SDK
2. Run compile.bat -OR- run qmake and then make in the src folder.
3. Compile.bat may be edited to change installation paths of MinGW and QT
Comment: Is this an answer or another question?
Answer: The internal SD card reader of my laptop does not recognize the card as a drive unit.
If you don't have an SD to USB adapter, you can take your camera and plug it to the computer.
It worked for me.
Thanks to www.raspberry.org for the info
Comment: That's creative! -- I'm glad it works for you, though, In my experience, most modern cameras won't give raw access to the SD card anymore.  -- They use a media sharing protocol instead, and only let you access the files via what it's able to mount. -- With an old enough camera you may be able to wipe an SD card this way, but I think you'd be hard pressed to do it with newer ones. /YMMV.
Answer: The Raspberry PI website recommends using the SD Card Formatter 4.0 Utility, it's a GUI utility and it's simple to use, you can download it here: https://www.sdcard.org/downloads/formatter_4/

If you are comfortable with the command line though, you can do this manually without any third party software -- (I find this method to be easier than downloading some GUI program, personally, but to each their own):
Open an Administrative command prompt in windows, and run "diskpart".
Type "List Disk" to get a list of all of your physical disk devices.
Find the one that corresponds to your SD card -- be very sure -- if you're not sure, you can try "List Volume" to see if that helps you narrow it down.
Once you know the disk # that you want, type: "Select Disk #" -- replace "#" with the number of the actual disk (that you noted previously).
Then type "Clean".
I recommend also creating a new partition there to help windows find the device ("Create Partition Primary"), but I'm not sure it's actually necessary. -- When you're all done, eject and reinsert the SD card, Windows should offer to format it and it'll be all fresh and new again.
Edit: If Disk Part does not list a physical disk that corresponds to your SD card (not a volume with a letter, but a disk with a number; i.e. when you use the "LIST DISK" command) -- then you have a hardware or driver issue.  Try it with another SD Card reader.

Cannot rewrite Raspbian to SD


How to clean and frame an autographed jersey?

Question: I recently bought my dad an autographed Colorado Avalanche jersey for his birthday. I am wondering what the next steps are with the jersey to get it cleaned and framed. Are there places that handle this sort of thing? Can I do it myself?
Answer: I found a very useful link (CardBoardConnection) that can help you with the frame. There, you have a step by step "How to Frame a Jersey":

Measure your jersey to pick the right sized frame. Most jerseys will fit in either a 30" x 36" or 32" x 40" frame.
Lay the jersey out in the desired position (and orientation to the frame) on the matte backing board inside the shadow box frame or foam
  board if using a standard frame.
Fold and iron the uniform so that the player name, number and sleeve patch logos are visible.
Iron the jersey on the folds.
Temporarily pin the uniform to backing using stainless steel framing pins. Stainless steel pins are ideal as they will not rust or
  discolor. They will also not damage the jersey fabric.
Stitch the jersey to the mat board with needle and thread. Stitching areas include; below the neckline, at the start of each
  sleeve, and at the bottom hem. Be sure the thread goes through the
  back of the jersey so it doesn't show. Knot the ends of the thread
  behind the backboard and tape them down to the back of the matte to
  hold them securely.
Close the shadow box and hang proudly. If you are using a traditional frame follow these additional steps before hanging:
Remove the protective film from one side of the Plexiglass. Lay that side down firmly on top of the jersey. Once it is aligned
  straight, peel the film from the other side of the Plexiglass. Attach
  the sides of the frame. Many frames will simply click together, you
  may have to use special mounting brackets and clips to properly secure
  the frame.

About the cleaning, i advise you to watch THIS youtube video.
Best Regards.
Answer: I have found several good websites to look at
The first is the one stated above, and there is no need stating it again. The second one is on wikihow, and is fairly good. ( In my opinion do not wash the jersey, it may dull the signature)

2: Select a backing. Unlike with a regular picture frame, the backing that comes with your shadow box may not be all you need to use for your framing project. For a jersey, typically you need foam backing to provide support (this might come in the frame), and an acid-free archival backing paper to go over the top. You may or may not choose to use matting around the edges for extra effect.[2]
  A lot of framers choose to use dry mounting to prepare the backing for the frame. This safely attaches the archival paper to the backboard.
  The backing paper should be a neutral color that complements your jersey.
3: Get the rest of your supplies. For completing your project, you'll also need a measuring tape, an x-acto knife, a sewing needle (embroidery works best), clear thread (like fishing line), and whatever mounting materials you chose to use (specific to the type of backing you're using). You'll probably also want a clothing iron, so that you can prepare your jersey for framing and help the folds to lie flat inside the frame.
Part 2:
1: Prepare your backing. Cut your foam or backing board to shape, using an x-acto knife. The board should be the same size as your frame. Then, place your mounting paper over the top. If you're dry mounting the backing, you should do so now.
2: Cut your foam board insert. If you have enough room inside the shadow box frame, it is a nice addition to insert a sheet of foam inside the jersey, inside the frame. This will provide support and help the jersey to look a bit more filled-out than if you pin it flat to the board. Cut a piece of your foam board into a rectangle the size of the torso of the jersey, and insert it inside. You can sew the backside of the jersey to the board to help secure it in place, or just use a few straight pins.
3: Fold your jersey. Although there are a few different ways to fold your jersey, they all are done so that the major logos and symbols are visible inside the frame. Lay your jersey flat on a tabletop, and fold the sleeves over so that they go downwards. Use an iron to keep the jersey in this position, to prepare it for its life in a frame.

Again, this was from wikihow, and I will put the link for it below, if you need it.
Personally, I would not sow the jersey into the backing, because you could not take the jersey out again. There is a whole part, although it may be unnecessary, it is about picking the best frame, and there is two parts about finishing it up, and sewing the jersey in place, if you so choose
https://www.wikihow.com/Frame-a-Jersey


Upgrading an EE1 site to EE2 with nGen File field

Question: What is the best way to upgrade a site from EE1 to EE2 that is using nGen file field with no EE2 equivalent. This site is also using nGen file inside of Matrix Fields.
Answer: The best way to do this is to proceed carefully and make backups of your database at each step of the way. I have previously written a blog post on this, but will elaborate further.
Step 1: Before running your upgrade change all ngen field types to text, don't worry the data won't be lost.
Step 2: Next upgrade ExpressionEngine as per the official docs and then go back into each field and and change them to the first party file type.
The next step involves a little bit of database manipulation, but it's just copy and paste so don't worry.
Step 3: Do make a back up of your database before you proceed just in case.
Step 4: This next step depends whether your original nGen file field was in a standard Channel Field, or a Matrix Field.
Now go into your database and Replace "X" with your File field's ID (you can get that from exp_channel_fields), and Y with the upload preference ID that nGen File Field was set to.
(To find your upload preference ID in your control panel, go to Content > Files > File Upload Preferences. Choose the ID column on the left that matches the file upload location.)
4a: If updating standard Channel Fields, use this query
UPDATE exp_channel_data
SET field_id_X = CONCAT('{filedir_Y}', field_id_X)
WHERE field_id_X != ''
AND field_id_X NOT LIKE '{filedir_%'

4b: For matrix fields run this query instead
UPDATE exp_matrix_data
SET col_id_X = CONCAT('{filedir_Y}', col_id_X)
WHERE col_id_X != ''
AND col_id_X NOT LIKE '{filedir_%'

X == your Matrix column ID (you can get that from exp_matrix_cols), and Y == your upload preference ID.
Credit to Brandon Kelly and Rob Sanchez.
Additionally the same procedure can be used for other add-ons that don't exist in EE2. Convert to text before upgrade and then convert to a new equivalent field type post upgrade if needed.
Comment: It might not be the best way to start the beta site, but it's certainly encouraged on Stack Exchange as a way to share knowledge (not everyone has a blog), as long as it's phrased as a legitimate question and answer.
Comment: Just completed this process. These instructions very helpful.
Comment: I'm just reading around the SE questions to get caught up and I saw this one. I just wanted to mention that SE encourages answering your own questions, just with specific parameters. [(Source)](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2011/07/its-ok-to-ask-and-answer-your-own-questions/)
Comment: Asking a question just to answer it yourself 5 minutes later is not the best way to start out the beta site. Write a blog article if you want to offer advice on a technique, use this site for _actual_ questions.
Comment: kgrote, sure, thought I was helping out here. Will keep that in mind for future questions.
Comment: Thanks @ErikReagan for the link to that. Really good source to know about.
Answer: I asked this same question for a recent EE upgrade. The answer is on Stack Overflow:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13041491/expressionengine-1-to-expressionengine-2-upgrade-with-ngen-file-field
The EE2 equivalent field is Safecracker File. Worked perfectly for my upgrade.
Answer: I did a lot of different trials trying different methods. In the end no single method is perfect. I've found the thread Brad suggested very useful before.
Whatever method you try, make sure to backup everything twice. What I initially did was create two separate test DBs (one being a copy of the EE1 DB and a separate new EE2 DB) just to test out before the "production" run. Had errors the first couple of tries and then when I was satisfied did the live run.
Comment: sage advice: backup everything first. (I have a site to upgrade, will be testing all the advice given in this thread. Yours is the best first first step. Will try the others, of course.)
Answer: Take a look at this, I was working on upgrading a EE1 (220+ weblog) instance to EE2 a while back, I shared some of it here: http://expressionengine.com/forums/viewthread/203380/#952561
Comment: Just realized you chimed in on that thread so it might not be helpful since you already saw it.
Comment: I posted and answered my own question - thought it would be helpful for the community. i just did this upgrade 3 days ago on a site with structure, multiple ngen file fields and multipl matrix with ngen. fun times.


Increase touchscreen sensitivity on Nexus 7

Question: Is there a way to increase the touchscreen sensitivity on a stock Nexus 7? I ask because I find that there is no stylus that registers movement or even touching quickly and reliably. that means that it's useless for scribbling handwritten notes. Perhaps this is a stylus issue, or even on that can be solved in software. But the obvious solution would be something general that increased or tweaked the sensitivity of the screen. Does that exist?
Answer: In my experience, using your fingers or a stylus does not make any a difference in responsiveness.
On Skitch, the drawing matches with what you swipe / touch / move, but the responsiveness is slow. Quill is faster (try it, if you still haven't), but it slightly changes what you draw; still faster than Skitch though.
All in all, I think this is probably a hardware issue; could be software too. Nevertheless, we both agree that there is an impedance mismatch!


Autostart a program comprising GPIO-commands

Question: I am used to autostart with rc.local, after making my program called "test3.py" executable (sudo chmod a+x test3.py). I failed to get it autostarted, means as the first program which the Raspi-stretch has to run.
Can anybody tell me how to do it right? Attention please: I am a beginner (though 76 years old).
Thanks in anticipation!
Klaus
Comment: Have you included the full path to test3.py? Is this file stored in /home/pi - if so it should be /home/pi/test3.py
Comment: Just for the record, Linux kernel always runs "init" as the very first program, and there's no way around that. You should instead specify when your script has to run compared to other system events: e.g. before login, before network is up, before GUI startup, etc.
Comment: Also, explain what " I failed to get it autostarted" means. Is there an error message? Does your script not run at all, or does it stop half way through?
Comment: Dear Dmitry,
1.) the program should start just before GUI.
2.) the program did not start at all. No error message appeared.
Spaciba! Klaus
Answer: I don't know what you mean with

I failed to get it autostarted, means as the first program which the Raspi-stretch has to run.

I don't believe that you really want it but will assume it so you will see the implications.
/etc/rc.local is not the best place to start programs on bootup. With old style SysV init system rc.local was meant to start programs as last program after startup. But even that is not guaranteed because with Raspbian Stretch (and Jessie) SysV is replaced by systemd and only emulated by systemd. You have to note that using /etc/rc.local has limitations due to Compatibility with SysV. Following the recommendation of the developers from systemd you should avoid using it.
To run your test3.py program as first program isn't possible because the first program that runs is /sbin/init and that is needed to start all other programs. You have to decide what other programs from the operating system have to run that your program needs to start. You can look at System bootup process what programs when start. A very early point to start your script is just after sysinit.target.
But very common to start user scripts on bootup is after multi-user.target, provided it has only text output and not using graphics. This ensures that all programs and setups from the operating system are available to run the script. To do it you create a new service with a unit file. A very simple unit file for your script you can create with:
rpi ~$ sudo systemctl --force --full edit test3.service

In the empty editor insert these statements (adopted to your needs), save them and quit the editor:
[Unit]
Description=My Test3 program
After=multi-user.target

[Service]
ExecStart=/usr/bin/python3 /full/path/to/test3.py

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Enable the new service and reboot:
rpi ~$ sudo systemctl enable test3.service
rpi ~$ sudo systemctl reboot

Comment: Hallo Ingo,
ich kriege nach "sudo systemctl enable test4.service die Fehlermeldung :'The unit files have no installation config (WantedBy, RequiredBy ,,,,etc) in the [Install] section and DefaultInstance for template units. This means they are not meant to be enabled using systemctl."
Das Programm (Eine LED wird von Raspery  GPIO pin 7gespeist) funktioniert nicht. Hast Du eine Idee, warum nichtt? Das Programm läuft perfekt, wenn man das Script mit 'python3 test4' manuell startet und ist mit 'sudo chmod a+x test4" ausführbar gemacht worden.
Comment: @Klaus, please note that English is the mandatory language on this part of Stackexchange. I think other languages would be fine in chat but on the main site (questions, answers, and comments) you should stick to English for the benefit of all readers beside Ingo.
Comment: @Klaus Sorry for the late answer to your comment but I have seen it just now. With the information you have given I cannot see what's going wrong. Can you please edit the question (the link under the question) and insert the output of this command: `systemctl cat test4.service`?
Answer: Welcome!
It would help to troubleshoot your problem if you give us a bit more detail regarding what you have tried to so far.
What line did you add to rc.local?
Can you start the script manually?
If everything works, are you using absolute paths for python in rc.local?
If not, make sure your script starts with
     #! /usr/bin/python
in the first line. Then try to start your script in rc.local with ./test3.py
Just a few suggestions until you can provide more details.
Comment: Tkanks, dear G.Trawo,
I added the line
/usr/bin/test3.py
Comment: I can start the iprogram manually without any problem.
Comment: @Klaus Does this mean you got it working the way you wanted?
Comment: Now my rc.local-file reads as:
#!/usr/bin/python
/home/pi/test3.py
It is executable and can manually be tested. Unfortunately the program does not start automatically when starting the PC.
Comment: @Klaus Change the line in the rc.local file to '/usr/bin/python /home/pi/test3.py' (without the #!). The #!/usr/bin/python should be at the beginning of your python file (test3.py). That would enable you to start your file by simply typing './test3.py', since it tells the system which interpreter to use (python in this instance). More information on python shebang here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_(Unix)
Comment: Dear G-Trawo, thanks for your efforts. I have to confess that even wirh your support I failed so far. My rc.local entry reads as:
#!/bin/sh -e
/usr/bin/python/home/pi/test3.py. The program is the easiest possible test program, light a LED (pin7) as follows:   #!/usr/bin/python
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
import swys, time
GPIO.setup(7, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(7, GPIO.HIGH)
time.sleep(10)
GPIO.output(7, GPIOI.LOW)
GPIO.cleanup()
sys.exit()

What is wrong?
Kind regards! Klaus
Comment: @Klaus There could be an issue with rc.local not being called at all, since using rc.local is considered an outdated way. Using systemd is now the prefered way, and you should look at Ingo's answer on how to make it work on a modern Linux system. It's actually not that hard to switch over.


Can I reuse chopped onions?

Question: I have a Hot Dog Stand. I use chopped onions every day, can I re use the left over chopped onions the next day? The onions are in a container that keep them cold all day long. Some days the onions have a lot of liquid in the bottom, is that a problem? I do not want to get anyone sick.
Comment: While not a safety question, which you are asking about, or a code question, the quality of onions that are held for a considerable period of time will go down.  They will loose their crispness, and take on a more astringent, harsh flavor rather than the fresh, crisp bite they have when first chopped.  So you might not wish to hold them, even if it is permissible under your local health codes to do so.
Comment: Cook them and serve [pissaladière](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pissaladi%C3%A8re) the next day.
Answer: If you're operating a hot dog stand, I'm going to guess that you'll want to follow your local health codes.  There's a very good chance that it'd be a violation.
In most areas, it wouldn't be anything to stop you from using it for your own meals, so long as you didn't serve it to the public.  (and you might have to transfer it to a different container, so you keep the public & personal stuff seperate).  So long as they've been kept chilled through the day, I'd be inclined to use them in some sort of cooked dish for dinner.  At worst, you get sick, but you don't get the public sick.
Comment: I think the core of Joe's answer--follow your local, current code--is the most important thing.
Answer: This is a good thread to read about storage time for onions after they've been cut.
There are also some ways to attempt to keep an onion fresh.
If you're cutting your onions to serve then Joe is correct in stating that you'll want to adhere to local health codes and possibly even consider cutting your onions to order or only cutting a small amount and adding to it as needed- any good customer would prefer a fresh cut onion to an off, cut up cup of them anyway, right?
It's also prudent to remember that in nearly all cases you cannot see whether or not a food has gone bad entirely, but since you stated there is a watery liquid in the bottom of your onions it sounds like there are some visual indicators.
Just remember: If in doubt- throw it out (especially when you're serving it to the public)!
Answer: Most cut vegetables have a shelf life of 24 hours, I've worked in restaurants were they "extended" the shelf life, but a health inspector would look for a same day sticker to indicate that those onions are not left over. If you are finding yourself overwhelmed with the amount of prep needed and are over prepping to compensate and stay ahead, pre-prep your onions. You can do this by having a cambro of peeled onions (or complete whatever primary or secondary steps you follow before reaching your final product)  and then cut only what is needed for that day. If you're having trouble figuring out how much onion you need for the day weigh the amount of onions you prepped before and after service, and see how much was used.
Answer: Use 3-4 smaller containers so you are not opening and closing it multiple times and bringing the onions out of the cooler multiple times.   And you are not mixing old onions with new.

Can I reuse chopped onions?


Is a King, Rook and Knight vs King and Knight end game generally a win for the player with the rook?

Question: I ended up struggling quite a bit to finish off this position against a better player (I had the knight) and I'm pretty sure he did not play optimally. I've not found much info of this end game. Is a King, Rook and Knight vs King and Knight end game generally a win for the player with the rook?
Comment: You can always put some random positions (with at most 6 pieces) into http://www.shredderchess.com/online-chess/online-databases/endgame-database.html and see what it says, but that isn't very instructive.
Comment: Generally, YES!
Comment: @Jik interesting tool! I'll have a look and see if I can analyse how the end game was going based on that.
Comment: Seems I was doing OK but any wrong move and the number of moves to mate increases considerably. It looks like it is a win that requires really accurate play.
Answer: King + Rook + Knight versus King + Knight. Win? Yes!
My spontaneous thought is to win in two stages.

Catch and win the enemy knight or exchange knights.
Checkmate the enemy king

The first stage should be achieved by hunting down the enemy knight. The second stage is a K+R vs K checkmate.
Comment: Have a look at it on shredderchess, if you make one or two moves that are innacurate you can easily fall fowl of the 50 move rule.
Comment: Capturing the knight is pretty much impossible. With extemely accurate play you can win but capturing/exhcaning the kight is rarely the solution.
Comment: @Reluctant_Linux_User Extremely accurate play?
Comment: @Reluctant_Linux_User: I tried it and won easily. After exchanging the knight you get 50 more moves, so the 50 move rule isn't much of an issue.
Answer: I think the way to approach the problem of winning this type of position is to look at what the textbooks have to say about KRvKN and try and apply that with the benefit of having an extra knight.
Nunn identifies two wins, one where the knight and king are widely separated and one where the king gets trapped near a corner. The drawing plan for the K+N is to keep the two pieces together near the center of the board.
Fine (still a useful reference more 70 years after being published!) identifies 3 winning strategies:
1) Mating threats
2) Pinning the knight against the king when the king has to abandon the knight
3) Stalemating the knight and capturing it.
With an additional knight these threats can be more generalized because if the knights are exchanged the win is easy and the stronger side can even sacrifice his knight to lure the opposing knight far enough away from the king to make it winnable.
Answer: The Win for the player with the Rook would be very hard to achieve. There is no real way to explain it without an in depth book reading im sorry to say.
Comment: Rook + Knight vs Knight is hard to win? Really?
Comment: Yes! If you make a mistake you can lose the win! For those well versed in endgames maybe not but in the general sense it can be challenging. Your opponent still has a dangerous piece on the board so you can NEVER view the situation as an "easy win" Material wise yes you have the win but the player with the knight will be doing everything in his power to get a draw.
When I say hard I am more refearing to the fact if you careful you may lose your chance. If you know what your doing then yes its easy but when the game is on the line dont take such situations so lightly
Comment: I downvoted because it is really extremely easy. Beginners are prone to give check or to attack the knight at every move without having any plan in mind. The two elements of a correct plan are deciding the direction in which you want to drive the King, and controlling the squares available for the K or N to move to, rather than the squares they are already on. The Knight is not a dangerous piece. True, you might get forked if you fall asleep, but that is not enough to make this endgame difficult


How to efficiently (programmatically) determine whether two datasets have / don't have identical content?

Question: Given:

a geodatabase A that contains 100 datasets named a1 .. a100
a geodatabase B that contains 100 datasets named b1 .. b100

I want to programmatically (*) determine for each dataset pair (ai, bi) whether they have identical content. Since I am comparing 100 pairs, I need an efficient comparison method. Ideally, the whole comparison would take only a few seconds.

(*) Note: I mention the term "programmatical", not because I am looking for code examples (though I'd gladly accept them), but in order to emphasize that I am looking for a very speedy comparison method, which would never be possible when comparing 100 dataset pairs manually.
I am planning to implement this comparison method myself, so what I am essentially looking for is an algorithm, and not a ready-to-use tool (unless perhaps when it's open-source).

I am aware that I am likely asking the impossible, since this would require comparing the datasets' complete contents (perhaps with the tools in the Data Management → Data Comparison toolset); or at least comparing dataset hashes / digests, but generating digests would also require going through all of the datasets' data first.
Therefore my best approach so far is the following:

Determine first which dataset pairs (ai, bi) cannot possibly have identical content.

Perform a full data comparison only for the remaining dataset pairs.

My questions:

Does ArcGIS happen to auto-compute some kind of dataset digest that I could query? If so, how?
(I am not aware of anything of that sort, so I expect the answer to be "no". Please prove me wrong.)

What are some very efficient, reliable ways of determining whether two datasets cannot possibly have identical content?
(I have so far considered comparing modification timestamps, though I don't know how reliable these are, and comparing the datasets' schemas. How reliable are timestamps in an ArcGIS geodatabase? Are there other dataset characteristics that could serve for this purpose?)
Answer: You could create a field on the feature attribute table and compute a hash, e.g. MD5, on the feature using IEditEvents or a class extension.
The hash would be computed on a string representation of the feature (either json or xml), where WKT could be used for the shape field.


When to use Low Variables and when to use Stash

Question: I just started using Low Variables.  I just bought Mustash to use with Stash.  It is unclear to me as a newbie certain functionality and what best practices are.  Which type of snippets would go in LV and which snippets in Stash
Answer: Stash and Low Variables are complementary.
Low Variables
Essentially a replacement for native snippets and global variables. Provides a control panel interface for managing variables. Variables may be considered content - text values, matrix data, default images - or code, such as a tag that outputs your primary navigation or contains your footer markup.
Variables groups can be used to allow some variables to be managed by your client (e.g. the content type variables) and others to be managed by you, the developer (e.g. the code variables).
Stash
The most basic use of Stash is to save the output of tags - or the tags themselves - at runtime (when a template is parsed). You can then re-use the fragment of saved data somewhere else in your template(s).
Stash can be used to change the parse order of your tags such that fragments of data can be passed from tag to tag in the order you desire.
Stash embeds can be used as a powerful replacement for ExpressionEngine embeds.
Stash caching can be used to save your fragments of data to the database. The tags that generated the data then do not need to run again, so subsequent views of your template use less resources.
Stash can be used to implement various advanced template design patterns:

Template partials

MVVM

Template inheritance

Mustash
Mustash allows you to manage cached Stash variables in the control panel and set up cache-breaking rules such that the cache is refreshed when content is edited in the control panel. You can choose which sections of Mustash will be accessible to you or your clients; for example, you may wish for your client to be able to clear the cache but not have access to the rules section.
You do not need Mustash in order to use Stash, but if your are using caching then it will make things much easier to manage for both you and your client.
Comment: Thank you so much for this elegant explanation and for your brilliant work with Stash and Mustash.  DC
Answer: I think you misunderstood. Stash is a sort of replacement functionality for EE's built in snippets (yes oversimplifying it a bit, but that's what it boils down to), as in that it's meant for developers, where Low Variables is a way for clients to manage "global content" (such as settings, contact information etc). They work perfectly fine together.
Comment: Thank you but I'm still really unclear.  What FUNCTIONS does Stash do that LV can't do - [apart from the user being a developer]


How does the scoring system work in Magicka challenge mode?

Question: How is the score calculated, and what actions can lead to higher scores?
Answer: Don't use vortex. You want damage and overkill. Clear waves faster for higher multiplier.
Answer: There seem to be two multipliers in challenge.
The flat bar on the left is your personal multiplier; goes up when you kill, goes down when you die. Maxes at 5x.
The smaller circle is time in the current wave; resets to 5x for each new wave, slowly decreases over time.
The larger circle is the combination of the two - personal multiplier x wave multiplier.
Based on this, you get the best multiplier when:
a) you dont die so your personal multiplier stays high, and
b) you kill big targets early in the wave, or finish the whole wave quickly so you get 25x points on everything or at least the high-value targets.
I /think/ that any damage not done by you directly (i.e. vortex/summoned dead/elementals/crash to desktop and possibly goblin bomb explosions) doesnt add to your score. I believe lightning bolt works (and often gets overkill!) but it's slow and dangerous in multiplayer.
Hope this helps!


Right hand technique used in gypsy jazz guitar

Question: I want to learn the right hand technique used by gypsy guitar, especially that of joscho stephan. His arm is perfectly still but the hand is moving so fast, how is he doing that? Any tips on how to develop such strumming? Specifically, here is a link to a performance where this technique is predominant. When I try moving only my palm, my arm also moves due to the impulse and then starts hurting.
Comment: Do you mean his wrist is perfectly still but the hand is moving so fast?
Answer: The gypsy right hand technique revolves mostly around the so-called 'rest stroke'.
The wrist is bent naturally, the upper arm rests on the top of the guitar.
Every time a different string is hit, it's always a down stroke.
The down stroke will rest on the string above it, hence, the 'rest stroke'.  Down strokes are predominant.
The action originates from the wrist.  Django's soloing style came mostly out of arpeggios.  This is a very difficult technique, different from alternate picking or hybrid picking.  You tube has many instructional videos about Gypsy technique.
Check out Rob Nolan's instructional vids on youtube as well as Michael Horowitz's book on Gypsy Jazz technique.
Stochelo Rosenberg, Adrien Moignard, Bireli Lagrene are also players with astonishing technique that you might enjoy.
And most importantly, listen to Django and remember that this music swings.
I hope this was somewhat helpful.  I'm also trying to get my right hand accustomed to this picking tech.
Answer: I suspect this may not be the answer you were hoping for, but here it is.
Based on your question, I am going to assume that you are still learning some techniques and that you have not yet reached a level of advanced proficiency at the guitar, and that you are not an otherwise advanced player who is struggling with one specific technique. Please let me know if I'm wrong.
When you master picking, your hand will be relaxed as you see in this video. The tension and pain are from trying to push your body to do something it has not yet mastered. As you master this technique, it will become easier and easier and you will expend less and less energy. And yet the advice to "try less hard" is not very helpful for you right now. But what you can expect as you get these techniques down is that mastery will be marked by ease and relaxation.
You may not be able to "learn" this technique in the sense of using disciplined practice over a short period of time to acquire it. There are multiple picking techniques used, including economy picking, sweep picking, tremolo picking. Each technique could take thousands of hours to develop.
It may take a very long time to get this technique to a level anywhere near this guy. It is useful to set your goals on these targets but it can also be dangerous to use the technique of a world class player as a comparison. I don't mean that you shouldn't draw knowledge and inspiration from great players. For instance, when you say it looks like he's not moving at all, actually he's moving just as much as he needs to but in a very coordinated and fluid way. And although it may be useful to analyze his technique, I think it's much more useful to spend that time practicing it instead.
I believe the answer to your question lies in developing very strong right-hand picking technique by developing all aspects of your right hand picking, an endeavor that many players spend 10 or more years working on. I don't mean to be discouraging, but I remember asking more experienced players "How do I do that?" and then 5 years later I was able to do it. There was no secret. The only magic bullet for developing good technique was many, many hours of practice. This is one of the most frustrating parts of learning an instrument. But when you get to the other side and look back, it's one of the most rewarding.
Keep at it, make sure you are spending plenty of time shedding all different picking habits. Good luck, and practice lots!
Comment: @codeln At least in my opinion such a tutorial would be too long to create here. Try searching for tutorials on: economy picking, alternate picking, sweep picking, and tremolo picking.
Comment: :) Not looking for any shortcuts here. I want sort of an explanation(or a tutorial should I say) so that I may practice it.
Answer: May I suggest a couple of resources:
Great article about picking techniques by Tuck Andress:
https://www.tuckandpatti.com/pick-finger_tech.html
Training software using the "speed curve" system for building speed and stamina:
http://www.guitarspeed.com
Also recommended: google for web pages which refer to the above article by Tuck Andress. While you'll probably not find many other articles of comparable quality, you'll likely find quite a few additional useful ideas here and there.
Edit: additional article by Tuck, with some Q & A:
https://www.tuckandpatti.com/picking_questions.html
Good luck... :)
Answer: Perhaps you might be interested in an online gypsy jazz guitar course at http://www.studygypsyjazz.com
The site has launched just recently, and we are currently offering our debut course 'Rhythm Guitar Fundamentals,' which deals with the essential left and right hand techniques and basic chord vocabulary for playing gypsy jazz / Jazz Manouche style rhythm guitar.
Our second course, 'Lead Guitar Fundamentals,' will be released in late 2015. You can also find a number of free backing tracks to stream on the site here.
Hope that is of some help!
(Disclaimer: I am the Head tutor in gypsy jazz guitar at Studygypsyjazz.com)
Comment: Hi Harry, Welcome to Music.SE! We have a specific protocol for posting links to external sites (even/especially if it's your own work). I've edited your answer to put it into this form. Please stay and answer more questions! (External links from low-rep users are also likely to raise flags around here: so let's raise that rep! :)


What is the difference between Bitcoin Core and UASF?

Question: I am a little confused about what the actual difference is between Bitcoin Core and UASF, are they both only for SegWit?
If so who is then for SegWit2X?
Answer: Correct, core and UASF groups are both Segwit supporters (as are Segwit2x supporters).  Both core and UASF are against 2x.  UASF is just an attempt to force segwit if miners had rejected it (miners did not reject). I'm not really sure how they expect UASF could have been successful without hash power if miners had actually rejected Segwit.
I've seen some core supporters argue that UASF was reckless (would have disrupted non-Segwit nodes), so though the chains they support today are the same, the groups are not perfectly in alignment.  More details here:
https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bitcoin-dev/2017-April/014152.html
You can see who supports the New York Agreement (Segwit2x) here:
https://medium.com/@DCGco/bitcoin-scaling-agreement-at-consensus-2017-133521fe9a77
As stated in the link, they represent (at the time of the agreement):

58 companies located in 22 countries
83.28% of hashing power
5.1 billion USD monthly on chain transaction volume (likely larger now with higher price)
20.5 million bitcoin wallets

Most notable from my perspective are Bitpay, Coinbase, and the majority of miners.
Here you can also find those who supported the original Hong Kong Agreement from a year ago:
https://medium.com/@bitcoinroundtable/bitcoin-roundtable-consensus-266d475a61ff
The original HKA failed.  Many who signed onto the HKA (e.g. Adam Back of blockstream and the core contributors) seem strongly opposed to 2x today, which is most of why it failed. The Segwit2x of NYA is in some ways an attempt to bypass those who agreed to pursue 2x a year ago but who actually ended up fighting it.
Opposition (the core devs, who effectively want to retain veto power) argue that giving in to miners/businesses gives them too much power.  Some from the 2x crowd argue blockstream & core are attempting to block capacity increases to force users into the lightning network. It's all rather political and there isn't much trust.  Ill will is taken for granted in most debates.
The HKA was a bit less committal ("This hard-fork...will only be adopted with broad support across the entire Bitcoin community") which I suppose is how the core team can say they aren't technically violating their word.
My impression is that these particular core HKA signatories are the primary driver of "the Bitcoin community" that opposed.  When it became clear that core had no intention of pursuing 2x and were actively fighting it, the initial HKA compromise no longer seemed relevant or in good faith -- i.e. activating Segwit would sacrifice any near-term opportunity for a meaningful capacity increase. Blocking Segwit became a tool to fight for a capacity increase. All this further fanned the flames of the rather toxic scaling/capacity debate.
Here's a list of companies tracked by coin dance that support or oppose segwit2x, though the data is a bit sparse. As of today 67% are neutral, 24% support, and 9% oppose. I don't recognize many of the "no" voting companies other than blockstream. They give the option to weight the votes by total web traffic (not perfect but gives some indication of relevance), bringing support to 44%, neutral to 56%, and opposition to nearly zero.
https://coin.dance/poli
Answer: I try to answer from a non-politcal view: as we are here in a developper world...
First let me say, that "the core devs" can be many people, it can even be you and me. Learn the code, contribute, and you're ready to propose github entries/change requests (and if it is only a documentation  correction), and suddenly you are a core dev :-) Core devs is not a company, core devs are individuals all around the world.
These core devs, who developped the code for bitcoin, are proposing segwit since years (via soft fork). And it is these developpers, who brought the code forward, which is today running the equivalent of a multi billion Euro/Pound/Dollar network at an incredible stability and on the vast majority of nodes (+98%). These core devs not only created segwit to get rid of tx malleability and increase throughput, they also laid the foundation for the future scaling with lightning network. There is several 100.000 hours of knowledge and expertise in this code base!
In greedy moments it makes no sense, to bash the core devs, forgetting the the roots, where we are coming from...
The miners didn't follow the segwit soft work proposal for many (maybe political) reasons, but fact is, they blocked the further development of the bitcoin code. And as such they were taking all users and participants as "hostages", not being able to increase throughput and having many, many issues with transaction fees.
Given this enourmous knowledge and experience of core devs Bitcoin software makes segwit2x proposal seem rather dangerous for the Bitcoin network, and when miners can take the community as hostage for their own interests, then the idea of decentralized, immutable and "non governance" value network has vanished. As such it is fully tolerable to be against an "urgently written" software with the capability to have negative impact to the network.
UASF was then the idea, to "block" forwarding of data to these potentially malicious nodes, that didn't signal segwit support. This would not forward tx data to miners who are against segwit soft fork, and they would loose money (cause they could only find lesser blocks). I see this as a trigger for the miners, for a need to find a solution, which is this segwit2x proposal. Thankfully Barry and team provided this proposal in a way, which did allow the miners, to keep the reputation in this scaling debate.
The good thing is, that segwit locks in, removing the old code flaws and providing a path to new development going forward. The time of financial interests (miners) and trust (into core devs) might not be finished, but the way going forward looks more than positive.
I thank all participants in this community, at the end "we" are preparing  the road to the future.
... and kudos to Trace Mayer, I think I copied a bit from his podcasts in here :-)


Action buttons for mobile -- ok to go full width?

Question: Is it acceptable to use full width mobile action buttons, say in the footer, like in the 1st example? It's nice and simple but I'm afraid users might mistake it for a regular footer. The 2nd example might better signal that it's a button but has a lot of dead space.
Answer: If you are designing for Android, a full width button similar to the first is okay if you are using a borderless button theme, but if not, it would need to be more like the second. Take a look at the Button design guidelines.
If you are talking about iOS, then it would need to be a button more like the second.
However, neither of them are fantastic as they stand.  If you design for Android, you need to make it look more like an android button, and the same goes for iOS. Neither of those two options look much like an Android or iOS button.
Android buttons:

iOS button example:
Answer: You need a visual relief around the button to be seen as a button. If you make it full-width then I wouldn't see the button anymore and I would rather take "text" is a hyperlink or substitute of a button but on Mobile Apps, we expect buttons to be action triggers instead of text.
Conclusion: don't use full-width and let your buttons be seen and taken as buttons.


What is the speed of the Force?

Question: For instance, if a Jedi Force-pushes something 1000 meters away, is the effect instantaneous or is there a propagation delay, something like the speed of light?
Comment: On numerous occasions we see events viewed in the Force propogate instantaneously, for example the destruction of Alderaan (as sensed by Obi-Wan) and Han Solo's death (as sensed by Leia).

On top of that, both Luke and Yoda use the Force to sense things that haven't happened yet.
Comment: It's somewhere between light speed and [ludicrous speed](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ygE01sOhzz0)
Comment: the speed of plot?
Comment: It clearly propagated at the the speed of midichlorians in a vacuum, unless you buy into the absurd theory about force propagation through midichlorian wormholes.
Comment: FFS, spoilers in comments, much?
Comment: @HopelessN00b the unified midichlorian model predicts the existence of midichlorian strings. I do not need to tell you what that would mean...
Comment: @Nij - It's been over a year (or nearly 40 years if you're referring to Alderaan).
Comment: Precisely the same as hyperspace travel.
Answer: The same as the propagation delay for hologram transmissions; presumably instantaneous
As mentioned in a related question, Darth Sidious once Force-choked Dooku from "light-years" away; the hologram of Sidious and Dooku's asphyxiation were perfectly in-sync, which means Sidious' Force use propagated no slower than his hologrammatic self did.

Since holo-conversations (such as many conversations assorted people have with Sidious, or with Leader Snoke in The Force Awakens) don't generally appear to suffer from any kind of lag, both are presumably instantaneous.
It's not immediately clear whether this would apply to Force abilities other than choking, but there's no good reason to suspect they wouldn't.
Comment: @Ixrec Admiral Ozzel, yes; but he and Vader weren't nearly as far apart as Sidious and Dooku were in this scene (Vader was on Hoth, and Ozzel was in orbit)
Comment: Didn't Vader force-choke someone over video chat at the beginning of *Empire*? That might be an even better example.
Comment: They were both still aboard Executor, at a maximum distance of just under 12 miles.
Answer: It depends on the power
In the films, we see Yoda, Obi-Wan and Leia reacting to far-away deaths instantaneously. There is also the transgalactic Force choking mentioned in Jason Baker's answer. These seem to indicate that there's no speed limit on the Force itself.
However, other powers (such as Force push, lightning, etc.) seem to happen as a "wave" (see 1:43):

So for some powers at least, it seems like there is a delay.
Comment: I think this is because he's pushing the air at them (initially). Also the rule of cool applies.
Answer: The Force seems to be exempt from all known laws of physics. Awareness of the deaths of the inhabitants of Alderaan was instantaneously known to Obi Wan.
This is contrary to the speed limit placed on everything, that of the speed of light. The example I love best is if the Sun was to explode, vanish in an instant, or otherwise lose its gravitational pull on its orbiting planets, those planets would not suddenly fly off into space.
The lack of gravity would not be felt till the moment the light from the sun stopped arriving at the observation point, which for earth would be about 8 minutes. The gravitational field would stop at the moment light stopped arriving.
Now if a space station was orbiting very close to the sun with many millions on board they would feel it much sooner than those on earth. If they were 1 light minute away from the sun and the explosion killed them Obi Wan on earth would know this instantly but Earth and everyone on it would not know for seven minutes.
The Force effectively transcends space time.
Comment: This doesn't answer the specific question posed by OP. You started well, then went off onto a tangent without addressing the qualities The Force and physical interaction.
Comment: This answer sort of loses its focus, and doesn't end up answering the question.
Comment: I agree with your comments but I feel the question is answered.  The Force can not be defined by any speed or frankly any measurement.  It is instant or propagates as appropriate based on the force sensitive being manipulating it.

What is the speed of the Force?


Did Goku and Vegeta use god ki when fighting Freezer in Fukkatsu no F?

Question: Because of the episode where Goku and Vegeta train in another dimension we know god ki can be transparent. And in the Fukkatsu no F movie / anime saga, Goku is able to fight Freezer 4th form in "base" form, and Vegeta is able to deflect a ki blast from golden Freezer also in "base" form. Were they using god ki in this base form (what would make them to have a strenght close to a super saiyan god) or were those form their regular base form?
Answer: There isn't really an exact answer to this question. This is because, it was implied early on in the series that Goku had supposedly absorbed this God form into his base form and some might argue whether this is true or not. The only thing we know for a fact is that Goku and Vegeta grew way stronger. However, based on Whis's definition of God Ki, it is basically being able to power up without having ki leak out of your body. Goku and Vegeta were both being trained to master this skill and the Super Saiyan Blue  transformation, is basically them blending the Super Saiyan transformation with God Ki. So while mastering this power, Goku and Vegeta grew immensely powerful in their base forms, which is why we see Goku being able to easily fight Final form Freiza and overwhelm him. We also, later on, see Vegeta(Copy Vegeta) being able to easily defeat SSJ3 Gotenks without any struggle. So in a way, they were probably utilizing God ki but the two of them had become immensely stronger since the Buu Saga.
Answer: The Tournament of Power took place a long time after Fukkatsu No F(Return of Frieza). So it is safe to assume that TOP Base form Goku is stronger than ROF Base Form Goku.
Now, in the tournament of power, Goku used all of his transformations but the only time the spectators (Hakaishins, Kaioshins, Angels and other fighters) were aware of god-ki being used was when Goku fought in SSG/SSB form. So, to answer your question :
Did Goku and Vegeta have God Ki while fighting Freeza in Fukkatsu No F? Yes.
Were they using it in their base form against Freeza? Maybe. But others won't be aware if they are using God-ki in base form as seen from the Tournament of Power arc.


Alexander the Great and Religion

Question: Did Alexander impose his Greek polytheism on the Persians he conquered or did the Hellenization happen naturally over the course of time and Greek soldiers and traders living among them? Or was it something else?
Answer: It was a combination of both.
Alexander the Great encouraged the spread of Greek culture as noted by Plutarch in his work On the Fortunes of Alexander:

But if you examine the results of Alexander's instruction, you will see that he educated the Hyrcanians to respect the marriage bond, and taught the Arachosians to till the soil, and persuaded the Sogdians to support their parents, not to kill them, and the Persians to revere their mothers and not to take them in wedlock. O wondrous power of Philosophic Instruction, that brought the Indians to worship Greek gods, and the Scythians to bury their dead, not to devour them! DWe admire Carneades' power, which made Cleitomachus, formerly called Hasdrubal, and a Carthaginian by birth, adopt Greek ways. We admire the character of Zeno, which persuaded Diogenes the Babylonian to be a philosopher. But when Alexander was civilizing Asia, Homer was commonly read, and the children of the Persians, of the Susianians, and of the Gedrosians learned to chant the tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides. And although Socrates, when tried on the charge of introducing foreign deities, lost his cause to the informers who infested Athens, yet through Alexander Bactria and the Caucasus learned to revere the gods of the Greeks

Source
While Alexander is known for kick-starting Hellenization in Asia, he did not live long enough to have a significant effect. It was in fact, the people who succeeded him (Greek migrants, Intellectuals, successor kings) who were the ones that continued the process and gave a lasting effect.
Migrants who came from the Greek states and settled in Asian settlements brought with them their culture and religion. Natives often assimilated into this Greek culture and often opposed it.
The Greeks who came to Asia did not however stamp out the religions and cultures of the natives. In some cases they actually adopted foreign elements into their own religion. There are several examples of Greek deities who have mixed Greek/barbarian origins such as Serapis.
Comment: @mart To clarify, there where some natives who despised the Greeks and their culture (particularly in Egypt where ethnic tensions where high) and did not readily assimilate. In other instances such as in the Levant and Persia, Hellenism was happily accepted because there where many economic benefits in doing so.
Comment: By the way the greeks who settled in Bactria adopted buddhism and had some influence on it as well.
Comment: "Natives often assimilated into this Greek culture and often opposed it." means assimiliation and opposition happened both? Wording a bit unclear to me.
Comment: How much of the practices described are attested by the way, I wonder?
Answer: Alexander the Great did NOT proselytize, nor impose the Olympian religion on his subjugated lands, including the Persian people.
The centuries old Persian Zoroastrian religion continued 1000 years into history until the arrival of Islam-(via the Arabs).  It was essentially Islam which replaced Persian Zoroastrianism and only a tiny percentage of indigenous Iranians are still adhering to the ancient faith. There are also the "Parsis"-(or Persian Zoroastrians) of India, who resettled into the Indian subcontinent after the arrival of the Arab Muslims into Persia.
Alexander's pro-Hellenism campaign did not seek to convert "barbarians"-(or Non-Greeks) to the Olympian religion.  Although Alexander believed that having a knowledge or familiarity with the Olympian religion was important for the lands and peoples he conquered, religion, was not at the forefront of his campaign and mission.  As far as I know, none of the lands and peoples Alexander conquered were forcibly converted to Olympianism-(Alexander The Great was unlike the Spanish Conquistadors or Turkish Sultans, who did convert many conquered lands and peoples to their respective religions).
For Alexander, it was the Greek language that was paramount whereby the "barbarians" needed to learn Greek-(both as a formal and informal language); and in a way, Alexander's Greek linguistic legacy did permeate many parts of his empire for several centuries.

Alexander the Great and Religion


What could cause my Kitchen tile flooring to come loose and start lifting?

Question: My kitchen tile flooring was subject to water infusion when it was submerged in several inches of water for six hours, due to a leak in our plumbing. Now the 2' by 2' tile and mortared joints are cracking and lifting. It is possible that the water damaged the integrity and adhesive hold or shrunk the thin set under the tile? Is the only solution to replace the whole tile floor? the installation is a first floor concrete slab construction with concrete thin set used to set and level the two foot square tiles and concrete mortared joints on 1/4 inch spacing. I have never had this problem before and the areas of the water infusion are where the problems are. The insurance company says there is no way that the water is the cause of this problem.
Comment: was it thinset or mastic?
Comment: Jim do you have a picture?  It does seem odd that a little water would have that quick of an effect on thinset/concrete duo.
Comment: This question appears to be off-topic because user hasn't provided enough info to answer it right.
Answer: It could involve the thinset you used. Generally a latex modified thinset will give a stronger bond, especially in a high foot traffic are like the kitchen. If your thinset was not latex modified it's possible that the water degraded the integrity of the bond.
Answer: I had a tile floor that started lifting and cracking because the underlying floor flexed a lot over the main support beam.  Once the grout cracked, and I ignored it for a while, the grout worked its way under the tiles and acted as levers to lift more and more of the tiles; and crack some.  Ultimately, I had to clean up a 16 foot section, scrape up the original mastic, and replace everything. Fortunately, I had many spare tiles.  When I regrouted, I used sanded caulk to help the tile system flex with the floor.


Constructor Depending injection with dynamic primitive values that are determined at run time

Question: I have constructors that need dynamic values at rum time and was wondering if it
still can use dependency injection.Please let me know how can i do dependency injection using spring in this case.

<code>public class User {

    private String username;
    private int userid;

    User(String username, int userid) {
        this.username = username;
        this.userid = userid;
    }

    public String toString() {
        return "username" + userid;
    }
}

public class Superuser {

    private User user;

    public daomethod() {
        //some data access code that gets the username and id ......
        // now i need to pass this username and user id to the User constructor
        user.toString();**
    }
}
</code>
Answer: Use @javax.inject.Inject like this:

<code>    @Inject
    User(String username, int userid) {
        this.username = username;
        this.userid = userid;
    }
</code>
Answer: If this is still an issue for people, Spring has aliases with which you can name registrations: http://springframework.net/doc/sdk/2.0/html/Spring.Core~Spring.Context.Support.TypeRegistry~RegisterType%28String,String%29.html
Then if you use an Abstract Factory in conjunction with these named registrations and a naming convention you can  resolve these Depedency Injections in a very clean manner. I've written a  simple .NET + Unity example (the basics are the  same): https://dannyvanderkraan.wordpress.com/2015/06/29/real-world-example-of-dependency-injection-based-on-run-time-values/
Perhaps it helps people.


Where is the title of Spice and Wolf from?

Question: I bought volume one of Spice and Wolf today, and I read the summary on the back. I understand that the main female character is a wolf and the main male character is a merchant, but he doesn't just sell spices, right? Is the name just meant to sound badass, or was I wrong and he really only sells spices? I'm just not getting it.
Answer: This is cannot be explained without spoilers.

 The phrase "Spice and Wolf" was used by a merchant to describe the two main characters later on in this series.

It was also repeated by the author in the afterward of volume 16 on page 299:

...But as the world of Spice and Wolf is not about viewing the world in itself, but the "Spice" and the "Wolf" (Holo and Lawrence) in it , it's actually the antithesis of that universal metaphor , so in other words... et cetera, et cetera, et cetera, ad nauseum.
Comment: Could you perhaps flesh out the answer a bit? You can hide spoilers with [spoiler markdown](http://meta.stackexchange.com/q/72877/261498).
Comment: Thanks. I don't mind the spoiler, but as @Maroon said, you should use the Spoiler Markdown thing for others who want to know the answer, too, but don't wish to be spoiled.
Comment: Could you give the volume, page number, and the name of the character who said it for the spoiler? Or if you got if from the anime, episode and character name.
Answer: According to the afterward of volume 16, on page 297,

The title Spice and Wolf is a twist on the French economist Jean Favier's Gold and Spices: The Rise of Commerce in the Middle Ages(translated by Hidemi Uchida). Thinking back to when I read it, I recall thinking I'd love to use things from this, which gave me inspiration for the first volume.

Spices, along with precious metals and silk, are commodities associated with trade (have you ever heard "spice trade" or "silk road"?). Since this is a series heavily centered around medieval commerce, the "spice" in the title is meant to evoke that the series is about trading. As mentioned in the quote, the author was specifically inspired by Jean Favier's book.
The spice trade was quite important and lucrative in medieval times. Here's Lawrence's thoughts on the matter from volume 2, page 24:

Lawrence had bought the pepper for a thousand trenni, so that meant a profit of 560 pieces. The spice trade was indeed delicious. Of course, gold and jewels -the raw materials for luxury goods-  could fetch two or three times their initial purchase price, so this was a meager gain in comparison, but for a traveling merchant who spent his days crossing the plains, it was profit enough. Some merchants would haul the lowest-quality oats on their very backs, destroying themselves as they crossed mountains, only to turn a 10 percent profit when they sold in the town.Indeed, compared with that, clearing more than five hundred silver pieces by moving a single light bag of pepper was almost too savory to believe.

References In-story to the Title
The other answer to this question uses references of the title in the story. These deserve a place in this discussion, however, these references do not actually explain where the title comes from, as I'll explain. I believe the character the other answer refers to is Marheit. However, in the English translation of Spice and Wolf, I could not find an instance of him actually calling Lawrence and Holo Spice and Wolf. Instead, it is the narration (Marheit certainly prompted the reference though, and he probably says it in other media, like the anime). Here is the quote, at the very end of the first volume:

It seemed as though the travels of this pair would last a bit longer.
That is to say, the travels of the wolf and the spice.

While this reference is interesting, it does not explain where the title comes from. This is because it is in-story content. Unless the author wrote the whole book without a title, then looked at his own story and thought that this point at the end was important enough to make it the title, it cannot be the reason the story is called Spice and Wolf. And actually, when the play that Marheit is referencing is examined, it supports my initial claim that spices are linked to trade. The play is a morality play about a merchant trying to convince a demon to eat someone besides him. Here is Marheit's recounting of the end of the play and Lawrence's reaction (Page 227 of Volume 1):

"'The most succulent human is before your eyes- he has carried spices day in and day out in his quest for money, and his fattened soul is perfectly seasoned,'" continued Marheit cheerfully, gesturing expansively as he related the tale. [...]
"It's a religious play that the church uses to preach moderation in commerce," he explained. "[...] Pepper is surely appropriate for a merchant about to make his fortune, I think."
Lawrence couldn't help smiling at the amusing tale and Marheit's praise. "I hope I soon have a body suffused with spices myself!" he said.

Rather than an explanation for the title, this merely highlights the author's understanding of the connection between spices and trade.
Further reading on Wikipedia: Spice Trade
Comment: There is also no definite proof that the other answer is correct. It could be a result of the title rather than the cause. But I'll try to find some sources proving that spice was associated with trade.
Comment: Fair enough, you're right about the proof. And it's not that what you are saying is wrong, just that the other thing uses the exact same wording as the title and as such seems quite convincing.
Comment: I don't think either answer is necessarily wrong, unless an interview is uncovered. The things the characters say really aren't the "reasons" that the title is Spice and Wolf because the author had some external influence which caused him to name it such. This helps explain that influence and I believe is a valid answer.


Hard drive not correctly recognized on a new Windows 7 installation, but works correctly on Windows XP

Question: I'm having problems configuring a hard disk in a brand new, clean Windows 7 installation. System specs:

Hard disk: WD VelociRaptor WD6000HLHX (600 GB, 10000 RPM)
Motherboard: Gigabyte Z77X-UD3H
BIOS SATA mode set to AHCI (not RAID), with disk connected to SATA0 (6 Gb/s port).
Windows 7 Enterprise SP1 64-bit

The disk is recognized by the BIOS and is correctly identified, with the name and size correctly reported. Windows recognizes the disk itself and reports the device is functioning correctly, but it doesn't appear in Explorer.
Disk Management shows the drive, but incorrectly states that it is uninitialized and has no partitions. If I try to initialize the drive, I get an error saying that "the system cannot find the file specified" (what file?).
Before connecting the drive to the new machine, I partitioned and formatted it under Windows XP SP2, creating 2 partitions (MBR, not GPT) and copying over a boatload of data. However, none of this data appears under Windows 7. If I put the disk back into the Windows XP machine, I can access the disk and all of its data.
Is it possible to get Windows 7 to correctly recognize the disk without having to erase it and start over?  If so, how do I do so?
I checked this question, which seems to cover the same issue, but it didn't help.
Comment: Check to see if the drive is marked bootable with GParted.
Comment: Maybe a bad Sata data cable.
Answer: Make sure you've enabled AHCI support in Windows 7.


How is a toilet flange attached to new flooring?

Question: Doing a complete remodel on upstairs bathroom.  New tub is set, putting down Hardi backer on the floor.  Do you cut the hole in the backer board around the sewer pipe to fit right up to it, or do you leave some slight space away from the pipe, but yet under the flange?  I'm tiling over the backer board.  I've read already that the flange should sit on top of your finished flooring.  My questions is, do you screw through the flange holes and into the backer board?  Or does the toilet merely sit over the flange (wax ring also) and just the 2 screws for the toilet go into the flange ring?  Given that the flooring will be level, and the flange is already solid into the sewer pipe, is it necessary to screw through the holes in the flange itself to secure it to the subfloor?
Answer: You should screw the flange through the floor, through the subfloor, and ideally into some kind of framing.  Use all holes.  I don't fully understand the reason for this, but all flange manufacturers are very clear that you need to screw the flange down.
Comment: Thank you!  So I guess what I'll do is use a masonry bit and drill pilot holes thru the backer board, and then use some screws that l got to match the size of the ones that were in there, only a half inch longer, and just go thru that layer and into the first layer of plywood floor.
Comment: The flange should not move if the toilet asserts rocking motions on it.


How does Apple Motion compare to Adobe After Effects?

Question: I am looking at Apple Motion and Adobe After Effects. How to they compare to one another? What are the pros and cons of each?
Comment: I'm looking to get into more serious video editing right now. What may be considered is how much of a pain Adobe software is on OS X or is it not that bad? My experiences with other Adobe tools and their horrible updaters etc. makes me not want to run any Adobe software on my computer if I can avoid it.
Answer: After Effects is much more powerful than Motion when you get into advanced stuff like scripting your animations.  After Effects is much more tolerant to large projects, and you can "precomp" different sequences (which is difficult to explain without you actually seeing it; basically allows you to put one timeline inside of another or reuse a specific portion of your project over and over, if that makes any sense).  Apple Motion only allows one timeline per project, you cannot nest sequences inside one another without rendering out a QuickTime movie.
Apple Motion does however boast that it gives you "realtime previews" which plays your animation instantly, whereas After Effects typically requires you to render a RAM preview in order to see your animation in realtime.  Of course this depends on the speed of your computer and the complexity of your project, so this is really only handy for simple projects.
When you want to start doing really custom effects like particle systems and other physics based or true 3D compositing, your options are very limited in Motion.  After Effects has a whole range of plugins available online that will do almost anything you can think of.  The Trapcode plugins are very well-built and very popular.  There are very few plugins for Motion compared to After Effects.
I've used both for years, and Apple Motion seems to crash more often than After Effects, especially as your projects get more complex (just personal experience, maybe this has improved as of version 5).
I actually started animating for the first time in Apple Motion, and I agree that the learning curve isn't quite as steep as After Effects (although that was Motion 2.0 and 3.0, and now they're at version 5.0).  Once I mastered Motion and dove into After Effects, I haven't looked back.  I recently fired up Motion for the first time in a few years and I was struggling to get it to do what I wanted to do, my brain has just been trained to think like After Effects.  Even though at first I was more productive in Motion than After Effects (because After Effects is more complex), I have completely reversed and now I feel like I'm a speed machine in After Effects and Motion is now useless to me.
The bottom line: if you're serious about getting a professional tool to do professional work, save up to get After Effects.  If you're just a hobbyist that wants to dabble in animation, get Apple Motion (now that it's on the Mac App Store the price has come down considerably).
Hope this answers most of your questions!  If you have any other specific ones, let me know and I'll be happy to talk.
Comment: Hey, thanks so much for that! I do get the idea of nesting sequences, and I find it odd that Apple didn't include that. I was considering getting Motion ($50), but now I am seriously considering After Effects. Thank you so much!
Comment: I find this too biased toward After Effects and likely not properly informed, since the latest version of Motion 5 is quite different. I find "Behaviors" in Motion5 extremely powerful & don't know of any "limitations" in creating particle systems. From talking to many people, I understand now that Motion5 is, for 80% of tasks, much easier and more pleasant to use, but After Effects is the more professional tool - especially with plugin/template support. I've heard at least one professional say that there's almost nothing he can't do in Motion and that for most tasks, it's more fun to use.
Answer: I use both. Agree with all of the above for After Effects, I use it for any heavy lifting because Motion just drives you insane if you try anything too tricky with it.
The beauty of Motion is the way it is integrated into FCP. So I tend to use it for things like lower thirds or credits, because I can create "Master Templates" in Motion and import them into FCP and re-use them with different content. For example this allows you to use the same Motion composition for all your lower thirds, but change the text in FCP as you edit.
It's also good for simple things like Ken Burns' effects (panning and zooming on photographs), if you want them to look a bit more polished than FCP's rather sucky motion tools can give you. And being able to tweak things in Motion and see it instantly update in FCP is a lot better than exporting to AE > tweaking > rendering > relinking in FCP.
Answer: I have used After Effects, and from what I know, the main difference is that Adobe's has a much steeper learning curve but is also more powerful than Motion. AE is truly like a "Photoshop" for video, and its great for Special Effects. Motion, I've read, is the easiest for making compositions and great if you are working with FCP because it integrates pretty seamlessly.
Again, I haven't tried Motion, though I'd love to use it sometime. You can download the AE trial here.
Perhaps this link proves useful.
https://discussions.apple.com/thread/2728496?start=0&tstart=0
Hope it helps!
Comment: Thanks! I won't accept your answer right away; I'm going to wait for more answers.
Answer: While the other answers here cover the feature comparison better, I feel they aren't representing the cost difference adequately.
Motion has a one time cost of $50.
In order to get After Effects from Adobe, you need to sign up for Creative Cloud, which is basically a software leasing scheme being represented as though it were a service (which it most certainly is not). I signed up for Creative Cloud over a year ago to get After Effects and paid $60 a month. Despite 15 years of experience animating with programs like Flash, Modo, and Maya -- After Effects had a substantial learning curve to do the same things very differently, and was basically useless to me without having my full day to dedicate to learning and using it.
The problem with the $60 a month model is not only that the money is wasted if you don't use the software - it's that as far as you do use it, you are increasingly tied to continuing the payments. Once you cancel "Creative Cloud" you lose access to all of your work.
When I went to cancel my subscription, I was required to wait a long time to sit through a very frustrating conversation with a chat bot, that ultimately ended with my issue being forwarded to some committee that took over week to get back to me. They tried to tell me that I had to pay half the cost of the remaining year's subscription for "early cancellation" even though my first year was up and they automatically renewed my commitment without my permission. I was never able to get a hold of an actual human being once, and ultimately had to reverse the automatic charges through my bank in order to close my account with Adobe.
So we aren't talking $50 vs $1000. Supposing you needed to use the software for about 30 years, your talking more like $50 vs $20,000. And if in year 31 you need to cancel your subscription, all your lifetime of payments earned you was the right to lose a lifetime of work. Except perhaps fighting disease and reversing the aging process, I can't think of a feature that justifies such a compromise.
Comment: Certainly Motion wins on price, unless you factor in the extra cost of having to buy Apple hardware to run it on. Also your comparison over 30 years doesn't include the cost of upgrades, which can be significant. After all if price is the deciding factor then it's time to learn Blender.


Can one put on weight by drinking beer?

Question: I am very thin and it was suggested that I drink beer to put on weight. Would drinking beer help to put on weight? If yes, how many beers should I drink in a week to put on weight? If no, could one please explain briefly why this is so.
Comment: The BMI has been discredited as a measurement of weight.  If you are concerned about being thin, go and see your doctor.  However it might just be who you are.  Beer will simply give you a 'beer gut'.  Once having seen a medical practitioner, then maybe see a nutritionist and join a gym and speak to the gym manager/personal trainer about putting on mass, not just weight.
Comment: There's nothing wrong with being thin, providing you are not clinically underweight. What's your [BMI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_mass_index)? When I was 40 and putting on weight, a friend who was the same age as myself still weighed the same as he did when he was 20. Lucky man. Get your thyroid function checked if you think that something is wrong.
Comment: Drink protein shakes with a shot of olive oil added, healthier for you.
Answer: Beer can make you gain weight by three means, but you shall NOT pursue it !
First is alcohol, which is a byproduct of the fermentation of starch by yeast. Starch is a carbohydrate, and it has it's own nutriting quality, including energy. Its energy is transferred to alcohol.
If the energy it carries is not used by basal metabolism or physical activity, it'll be stored. It is why non pathological drinker get fat. But drinking regularly may drive you to pathological drinking, even when you never get drunk nor make any excess.
Second is cereal malt (beer component) and non fermented starch itself : first is an aliment (cattle) and second is a carbohydrate : they are particularly fit for storing when unused.
Third is oestrogen. Hop, the flavouring and conservative plant used in beer production carries a phyto-oestrogen, which has the same effect on the human body as the feminine hormone. One of the effect of oestrogen is modifying the fat storage (many a women complain on her weight change under contraceptive pills), both for developing sexual character (women's are the sole primate with permanent breasts) and storing fat in case of starvation during pregnancy.
You already guessed why messing with hormonal rates in your body is no option.
I strongly recommend you to seek help in gaining weight from a trained medical staff, or at least from a specialized Stack Exchange site. A change in your feeding habits may be way more efficient and less hazardous.
Basically, you must eat and brink more than your body burns, while making the right amount of physical exercise to gain muscles as well as body fat. Beer nutriment don't really matches the kind of food you shall seek with this objective.
Sources: Wikipedia, French medical awareness websites, and my personal experience as a beer cellarman.
Answer: In general beer is not considered healthy.  In excess it is definitely not healthy.  Alcohol is hard on the liver.  Alcohol withdrawal has the highest death rate.
Up to 2 beers a day is generally considered a maximum intake.  You would pick up like 300 calories.  There are better ways to pick up 300 calories.
Comment: Yes, beer is healthy -- it just depends on the amount. Beer has found to be beneficial for bones, red wine to the heart. Can you provide some links on the alcohol withdrawal death rate? Is this for addicts? We were not talking about addiction here, were we?
Answer: One pound can be gained through the consumption of about 3500 calories more than you burn.  If you drink a brand of beer with 200 calories per serving, it'd take 18 servings to gain a pound (assuming your diet otherwise negates your metabolism).  That pound, likely, would be fat.
I don't think you really want to do this, as enjoyable as you may find beer.
Comment: Where do you get 3600 calories?
Comment: It's pretty close to fat calories per pound (3500), maybe just a typo?
Comment: yep, was a typo.  Fixed it!

Can one put on weight by drinking beer?


Why did my new sleeping bag come with 2 bags - one large and one stuff sack?

Question: I just bought a new sleeping bag online and it came in a large draw cord bag and there was also a small stuff sack in the package. What is the point of the large draw cord bag?
Answer: It is used to store the sleeping bag, in order to retain the loft.  It is not a good idea to store your sleeping bag compressed as small as possible as this will damage the fill.  This is very important with down, a little less with synthetic but overall it is crucial to the life of the sleeping bag.
A couple things to remember are you want to ensure the bag is dry before storage and it will be stored in a dry area free of excess condensation.  You also want to randomly toss it about in the larger storage bag as opposed to rolling it then storing.  Rolling up your new sleeping bag will create creases in the same spot over and over and your bag will develop cold spots where the insulation separates as a result of these creases.
The most ideal storage is fully laid out and hung, however manufacturers provide a breathable bag of what they have deemed is an adequate size to store the sleeping bag in.
Answer: If your sleeping bag did NOT come with two stuff stacks, leave it loosely stuffed in your pack, or in a large cardboard box.  I have an old trunk that is used just for sleeping bags and parkas.


What are the different types of Shariras (bodies) and their Tatvas?

Question: I've heard in this youtube video about the 5 types of Sharira (body). I remember Sthul sharir, Sukshma sharir, Kaaran sharir, Anand sharir. And Sukshma, Kaaran, Anand sharir each have 17 tatva. What are these sharir and their tatva? What are their significance?
Comment: Very Excellent Question You asked.
Comment: There are only 3 kind of bodies- Sthula, Sukshma and KArana or parA..  where did u hear about the other 2 kinds?
Comment: @Rickross I got it from this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=et1X0Bf-EwA Please let me know your comments on this.
Comment: @user5155835 Nothing to comment as there are only 3 kinds of bodies and not 5..may be he using some further sub categories which are not that known..
Comment: anyways i have added the video link in the Q..@user5155835
Comment: Related: [What are three Sharira and their relation to five Kosha?](https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/q/14712/277) and [What are Five Layers (Pancha Kosha) of Human?](https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/q/3073/277)
Answer: According to Sarira Traya, the Doctrine of the Three bodies in Hinduism, the human being is composed of three sariras or "bodies" They are often equated with the five koshas (sheaths), which cover the atman. The Three Bodies Doctrine is an essential doctrine in Indian philosophy and religion, especially Yoga, Advaita Vedanta and Tantra.
The Taittiriya Upanishad  Anuvaka two- Brahmavalli  - Chapter 10-15 is describing these five Kosha's ,  Aman is covered by these 3 bodies or 5 kosha's.

Sthula Sahrira  or  the Gross body   i.e.  the Annamaya Kosha (food sheath)
The Sthula Sharira or Gross Body and the Tatvas Or Elements  associated with it are described in Sariraka Upanishad  of KṚSHṆA-YAJURVEḌA.
Out of 24 elements, the physical  body of us  consists of five gross elements i.e  Panch-Maha bhutas. They are - Pruthvi, Jal, Tej, Vayu, and Akash.

The body is a compound of pṛṭhivī (earth) and other mahābhūṭas
  (primordial elements, as pas or water, agni or fire, vāyu or air, and
  ākāś). (In the body), that which is hard is (of the essence of) earth;
  that which is liquid is (of the essence of) water; that which is hot
  is (of the essence of) fire; that which moves about is (of the essence
  of) vāyu; that which is perforated is (of the essence of) ākāś. The
  ear and others are the jñānenḍriyas (organs of sense). The ear is of
  the essence of ākāś, the skin of the essence of vāyu, the eye of the
  essence of fire, the tongue of the essence of water, and the nose of
  the essence of earth; sound, touch, form, taste, and odour being
  respectively the objects of perception for these organs. These arose
  respectively out of the primordial elements, beginning with earth. The
  mouth, the hands, the legs, the organs of excretion and the organs of
  generation are the karmenḍriyas (or organs of action). Their functions
  are respectively talking, lifting, walking, excretion, and enjoyment.
  Anṭaḥkaraṇa (or the internal organ) is of four kinds—manas, buḍḍhi,
  ahaṅkāra, and chiṭṭa. Their functions are respectively
  saṅkalpa-vikalpa, (or will-thought and doubt), determination, egoism,
  and memory. The seat of manas is the end of the throat, that of buḍḍhi
  the face, that of ahaṅkāra the heart, and that of chiṭṭa the navel.
  The bone, skin, nādis, nerves, hair, and flesh are of the essence of
  earth. Urine,

Suksma Sharira or  the Subtle body. This Sukshma Sharira is made up of three koshas
This Sukshma Sharira is made up of three koshas
Sukshma sharia consists of the 19 elements  out of total 24 . Sometimes Ahamkar and Chitta are not included as part of sukshma sharira  namely, five Prāns, Vishays, or Tanmatras; ten Indriyas, four Antahkarans, namely, Man, Buddhi, Chitt, and Ahamkar.
Adi Shankaracharya in his work Atma Bodha  is describing this Subtle body and the Tatvas associeated with it.

पञ्चप्राण-मनो-बुद्धि-दशेंद्रिय समन्वितम |  अपंचीकृतभूतोत्थम
  सूक्ष्मांगम भोगसाधनं || 13||
Panch-prān-mano-buddhihi dashendriya-samanvitam
  a-panchikrut-bhutotham sukshma-angam bhog-sādhanam.
The five Pranas, the ten organs and the Manas and the Buddhi, formed
  from the rudimentary elements (Tanmatras) before their "five-fold
  division and mutual combination with one another" (Pancheekarana)
  and this is the subtle body, the instruments-of-experience (of the individual)

Pancha pranas are the 5 major vital energies . - Prana , Apana ,Samana, Udana ,Vyana .

Five Jnanendriya - Five Sense Organs & their   five Tanmatras  and their elements.

Ghrana - Gandha - smell. Associeated with  earth.
Rasana - Rasa - taste.  Associeated with water element.
Chakshu - Rupa  -  visual sight .  Associeated with fire element.
Tvak - Sparsha -  touch . Associeated with air element.
Shrotra - Shabda -  hearing .Associeated with Akasha element.

Antaḥkaraṇa  energy -:
manas -  lower mind
buddhi -  intellect
Chitta - subconscious mind
ahaṃkāra -ego

Karana sharira  or the Causal body, the Anandamaya Kosha (Bliss).

karana Sharira is  causal body which is cause for the gross and subtle bodies .i.e Karana sarira is the cause of Sthula sharira and Sukshma sharira.
The Casual body consist of 35 elements  or tatvas -  16 elements of Sthula Body - 19 elements of subtle body. The presence of casual body is indicated in Deep-Sleep or Turiya state.