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Japanese schoolgirl is a nice teen in her school unitorm. She is kissing her guy and getting in some ass licking too. She has a wet pink pussy she spreads her legs and her guy is fingering her wetness while she is doing a little hand work on his cock before she inserts his cock down her throat and sucks him hard before the hardcore fucking starts! She mounts him for a dick ride, and he watches her big tits bounce before he mounts her and fucks her hard doggy style!
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Yuria Satomi
Yuria Satomi is a hot Asian MILF in her office suit. She is in the break room with a co worker and he is interested in her sexy pantyhose and her pussy. She is making out with him and doing some hand work on his cock when he gets to her w..
Yuria Satomi
Round tit and horny babe Yuria Satomi making out and hardcore fucked. She tease and makes out with her hung lover and strips down on her sexy dress. She get her boobies squuezed and wet pussy licked. She humps on his cock, grinds on it ti..
More Japanese AV Model
Yui Hatano does everything that her husband asks of her, especially by not wearing anything under her sexy kimono. That means he has access to her body at all times, as he grabs a hold of her round tits and squeezes them tight. He takes a dildo and slides it into her hairy snatch before he uses a high powered vibrator to make her scream in ecstasy.
Sweet Japanese hottie Yui Hatano looks very arousing in her short skirt. Her mature husband is so excited by her nice shapely body, and starts to tease her. He fondles her big juicy tits and grabs a big vibrator and makes breathtaking insertion, and the babe moans from lust.
This hot japanese redhead is neither as young as she looks or nearly as innocent, she's a hot milf and the way she sucks cock it´s an evidence of her experience. Her name is Yui Hatano and she´s from japan, so she likes kinky sex. This time fucked by two horny guys, you can see the happiness in her face, she definitely loves group fuck, a nice double blowjob, gets her pussy fingered, being fucked doggy style or whatever you want to do to her, she will be always similing.
Juicy Japanese AV model Yui Hatano feels horny and meets her mature lover to have sex together. The couple starts with oral stimulation and the hottie opens her legs to let big hard rod enter her hairy pussy and she really likes every inch of this cock in her hot wet vagina.
Yui Hatano is a hot Asian MILF in a sexy costume. She is to a wall so she is showing her apple ass and she can´t move. He has some sex toys and he is using them to insert in her wet pussy for some masturbation. He also puts them in her mouth to suck the juices off of them! When he is done playing with the toys, he masturbates and cums on her pretty face! Yui Hatano is a naughty Asian MILF enjoying bondage!
Yui Hatano is a teen beauty. She likes threesomes and getting her hairy pussy licked and fingered. She gives a double blowjob to her guys and they enjoy her talented mouth. When she is through, she gets a rear fucking! Yui Hatano is one hot and beautiful Asian doll!
Cute young Japanese babe Yui Hatano is in bed with her young lover. She spreads her thighs apart to enjoy his naughty hot fingers plunging in her lovely pussy. She definitely gets satisfaction of his soft action, and bends over exposing her nice round ass to suck his hard cock.
Steaming Japanese teen girls Yui Hatano and Chika Arimura enjoys hardcore group action. These kinky hotties tease their boyfriend, taking his boner out and making tough tricks with this rod. They make a handjob and lick this love rocket, make facesitting action and ride the dick in a kinky way.
Look at this really fucking hot milf that we have for you right here in the shower, this busty soaping hoe really has everything that a man could ever ask for and here you will be seeing sexy looking babe with a really nice ass getting down and dirty with some really hot cock sucking and giving nice hand work all over cock where you will be seeing this sweet sensation ending up with tons and tons of cum all over her sweet face.
Superb Japanese babe in sexy stockings Yui Hatano enjoys having a huge cock gently pounding her in the ass during amazing Asian anal porn session that makes her moan and beg for deep and hard action. She is an insatiable chick hungry for lots of hard cock!
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Women's Sports Bras - The Shockingly Unshocking
Have more bounce to manage when in motion? Our NB Psyche Shockingly Unshocking Sports Bra offers a moisture-wicking stabilizer fabric for high impact support, molded cups for modesty and shaping, adjustable front straps and a back closure for a custom fit and breathable mesh panels to keep you cool.
Fit Type
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subset: commoncrawl


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|Events Calendar
Featured Events
South King County Safe Kids Car Seat Safety Inspections
5/9/2013 1:00pm - 2:30pm
South King County Safe Kids Inspection
MultiCare Auburn Medical Center
202 North Division Street
Auburn, WA 98001
Car Seat Inspections are free. Technicians will inspect your car seat for recalls and proper installation and answer your safety questions. Please bring your child(ren), car seat manual and vehicle manual.
Safe Kids car seat Inspections are in other locations across South King and Pierce counties.
For other dates and locations or for additional child passenger safety information, please call our information line: 253-403-1417. To make an appointment for Auburn, please call 206-987-7233.
Other Car Seat Safety Inspections:
Pierce County
By Appointment Only (conducted by community-based technicians)
Central Pierce Fire and Rescue- 253-538-6492
East Pierce Fire and Rescue- 253-863-1800
Gig Harbor Fire and Medic One- 253-851-5111
Joint Base Lewis McChord Fire Department- 253-966-2615
West Pierce Fire and Rescue- 253-983-4579
Conducted by community-based technicians
St. Francis Hospital
Medical Office Building
34509 9th Ave South, Federal Way
First Tuesday, 5:30-7:00 pm
Valley Medical Center
North Garage, 1st floor
400 South 43rd Street, Renton
Second Wednesday, 5-6:30 pm
Highline Medical Center
Highline Medical Pavilion, Cedar Garage
16233 Sylvester Road S.W, Burien
Third Friday, 11am-12:30 pm
Dates and Locations
5/9/2013 1:00pm - 2:30pm
MultiCare Auburn Medical Center
202 N Division St.
Auburn, WA 98001


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Real Estate
Practical items to make their house a home.
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Here are some options to try:
- Select a category above to browse some of our most popular products.
- Return to All Products and try your search again
- Browse all Real Estate


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Share this Event
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks today are more sophisticated than ever before. Over 1/3 of attacks last longer than 24 hours, with some costing businesses over $2M a day.
How can you protect your network from a DDoS attack in 2013?
Join us for this webcast that will review the protections tips and findings from Neustar's recent industry survey on DDoS attacks and impact.
Register for this webcast to:
Protect your network from DDoS attacks in 2013. Register for this webcast now.


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Soft Structured Carriers
Beco Butterfly II Carrier
" This is the prettiest carrier, and fit my shoulders and figure (at 5'6") much better than the Ergo. I got it when my daughter was about nine months, two years ago - it doesn't appear to have changed much since then. Whenever she fell asleep, her head would hang straight back and swing around - zero support! The Ergo sleep hood blows this feature out of the water, and unfortunately it was a..." --capucine
Beco Baby Carrier Gemini
" To anyone looking for a carrier, BECO is the brand! I recently had purchased the Gemini, great carrier! It has everything you will ever need and want, its ergonomic, comfy, organic, made in California, elegant, not bulky, 4 positions, just amazing. Ergonomic: it holds my DD in a ergonomic (Proper) position not like the Bjorn crotch dangler. Comfy: It..." --2jmama
Boba Carrier 3G
" I started using the Boba about a month ago when my son was 14 months old. It has been a wonderful carrier for us! I had been using a Beco Gemini, which I loved, with him since he was a newborn, but I have to admit that I haven't touched it since the Boba arrived. The Boba 3G just has such a great fit for a toddler. He is well supported, and I can tell that there is room to grow. I..." --TalkToMeNow
Infantino Flip Front 2 Back Carrier Black
" This carrier worked really well until baby was about 15 pounds. After that, my back would always hurt when I carried her for more than half an hour in it. It's definitely easy to put on and off and can be stuffed somewhere pretty compactly. My daughter always seem comfortable enough in it. One nice thing is that she could face out in the front carrying position but I don't think these type..." --Andrea Kim
Infantino EuroRider Baby Carrier
"Bought this in 2009 and used for maybe a month. Then, I found out about crotch-danglers, discomfort, and hip-displasia. I also found alternative ergonomic carriers which were better for baby and WAY more comfortable for me. I couldn't do ten minutes in the store with this carrier without shoulder pain. Infantino is the maker of the infamous bag sling o death. Most of the..." --BellaRose0212
Beco Gemini Overall
The Beco Gemini Overall has the same great features of their Gemini carrier, but now the whole carrier is made of printed fabric. The Beco Gemini Baby Carrier provides support and comfort for you and your growing baby.
Infantino Triple Comfort Rider Extended Wear Baby Carrier
TripleComfortrider. 3-in-1 Face-in, face-out and hip carrier suited for 8-36 lbs. (3.6-16.4 kgs). Features: Wide Memory Foam straps. 100% ventilated carrier body for maximum air circulation. Bib folds and snaps down for baby facing forward. Advanced, contoured lumbar support with stabilizing foam.
Infantino Breathe Baby Carrier
Our sporty Breathe carrier is a lightweight, do it all carrier designed for adventures of parenting. With plenty of ventilation and our special BreatheMesh fabric, and collected wherever your day takes you.
Beco Baby Carrier Gemini Insider - Robots
Product Features · 4 in 1 baby carrier · Front carry (facing in and facing out), back carry, and hip carry · 100% organic cotton · Great for nursing · Direct contact intuitive baby carrier · High quality test material · Machine washable · Instruction manual included · Made in USA Product Measurements · Body: 11"wide by...
Infantino Swift Classic Carrier
Infantino Swift Classic Comfort Infant Carrier - Black8-25 lbs / 3.6-11.3 kgs 2 carrying positions: face-in and face-out Easy front buckle system opens and closes in a snap Adjustable back strap for a tailored fit Clever Wonder Cover 2-in-1 bib protects your clothing and carrier Soft and comfortable materials Weight distribution system for easy carrying


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Men's Type A5
RUN/RACE - 5K to Marathon
Saucony's lightest neutral racing flat just got a little lighter. FlexFilm overlays help reduce weight on the upper without sacrificing integrity or lock-down. Lace up and get out the door lighter than ever. Weight: 5.6 oz. / 160 gm.
Available colors (Click a color to view)
FlexFilm Overlays
Thin flexible film welded onto the upper that is supportive and lightweight used to reduce layers
Air Mesh Upper
Provides lightweight breathability
Premium Sockliner
SSL(Saucony Super Lite) EVA
An advanced EVA blend that maximizes rebound and durability while minimizing weight
A carbon rubber outsole material that offers exceptional traction properties without sacrificing durability


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MATT was right..61 61...back to ITF and start all over, not the first who did this(Flipper was 262 one year ago)
Wicky won her first from Watson 60 57 62...good start !!!
WICKY plays the doubles FINAL with Steph VOGT from Lichtenstein to Barrois/Thorpe !!!
Caught the third set. Wicky was reckless, careless.
ALL BELGIAN FINAL in TAIPEI CHALLENGER !!!Seems WICKY is back on track, while ALISON is very close to enter that TOP-100...DAVAI !!!
CONGRATULATIONS ALISON...first WTA-title
What a feeling !!!...keep on goin' girl, the future is yours


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Your trusted source to get deep discounts, amazing deals, and easy customer service
Magazines.com lets you subscribe to your favorite computers & Internet magazines without breaking the bank. With subscriptions discounted up to 90 percent, you can get all the latest electronics news while learning about Internet trends, nifty gadgets and the newest must-have phones. Check back often for more discounts and special offers!


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Compliance: Party Wall etc ACT 1996 - Understanding legislation affecting architects in everyday practice
27 Jun 12 - 27 Jun 13
This seminar will outline the provisions of the legislation under the Party Wall etc Act 1996, give information on the interpretation of the Act and discuss the architects' responsibilities and duties when acting as a party wall surveyor.
The Polychrome Lens: Colour in Architectural Photography
16 Nov 12 - 4 May 13
An exhibition which focuses on the history of colour in architectural photography
Chromazone: Colour in Contemporary Architecture
19 Nov 12 - 19 May 13
The innovative use of colour is a major trend in contemporary architecture. This display features key projects by major UK and international architects who use colour to create identity, define space and heighten our experience of a building. The long history of the use of colour in architecture, with its strong symbolic and cultural meanings, will be shown with historic objects from the V&A and RIBA collections. The display features images, drawings and models, alongside innovative and traditional material samples.
External management: Professional liability and risk management
10 Jan 13 - 14 Nov 13
Access for all: Designing inclusive, accessible buildings and space
16 Jan 13 - 28 Nov 13
Climate: Building and retrofit design
22 Jan 13 - 4 Dec 13
Being Safe: CDM for architects - practice procedures and competence
23 Jan 13 - 14 Nov 13
Context: Understanding historic buildings - refurbishment and building performance
23 Jan 13 - 21 Nov 13
Procurement and contracts: Design liability and contracts
24 Jan 13 - 4 Dec 13
Internal management: Business planning and marketing for architects
24 Jan 13 - 15 Oct 13
Party Wall etc ACT 1996 - Understanding legislation affecting architects in everyday practice
12 Feb 13 - 20 Nov 13
Open Charter Agency: The Image of the Architect
26 Feb 13 - 26 Mar 13
After investigating the image of the architect and global perceptions of what they do for Venice Takeaway, the Open Charter Agency (OCA) introduces a new platform for members of the public to explore with them how architects might act as agents of change in future.
Designing and building it: Passivhaus myths and realities - a 'get you started' active workshop for architects and designers
26 Feb 13 - 5 Dec 13
Designing and building it: Passivhaus myths and realities - a "get you started" active workshop for architects and designers
Venice Takeaway: Ideas to Change British Architecture
26 Feb 13 - 27 Apr 13
Venice Takeaway presents the work of ten intrepid architectural teams that travelled the world to seek inspiration and imaginative responses to contemporary issues in architecture today.
Additional CPD - Fire Safety, Birmingham
26 Feb 13 - 26 Feb 13
This additional CPD event sees Andrew Crooks of jhai limited present on fire safety BS9999 for architects.
Passivhaus myths and realities
Business planning and marketing for architects - Crawley
Internal Management - Crawley
RIBA Presents: Harry Rich (Chief Executive, RIBA), Dorset Local Enterprise Partnership And You?
Localism presents both challenges and opportunities for all professions involved in the built environment. The Dorset Local Enterprise Partnership (LEP) is a locally owned partnership between local authorities and businesses to play a central role in determining local economic priorities and undertaking activities to drive economic growth and the creation of local jobs across Dorset.
The Dutch Way: From Houseboat to Water House
To open the Venice Takeaway and a season of events, dRMM's Alex de Rijke leads a discussion investigating how the example of IJburg in Amsterdam might influence the future direction of the Capital's celebrated waterways.
News, offers and events for all. Sign up now
The V&A and RIBA Architecture Gallery


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Baltimore and Anne Arundel County's
DODGE CHRYSLER JEEP RAM Dealer
Welcome to Tate Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram serving Baltimore, Anne Arundel and surrounding counties with New Car Sales and Used Car Sales and Service for almost 60 years. Located in the heart of Glen Burnie, the Tate new car showroom is at 7429 Ritchie Highway, at the corner of Baltimore & Annapolis (B&A) Blvd. Our sales team is here to serve you Monday through Friday 8:30am-9pm and Saturday, 9am-6pm.
A Stunning Lineup of Dodge, Chrysler, Jeep and Ram Vehicles
Tate Jeep showcases the most popular SUV on the planet, the beautiful Jeep Grand Cherokee and the rugged Wrangler and 4-door Jeep Wrangler Unlimited. Featured for Dodge are the sporty and powerful Dodge Charger and Challenger, as well as the family-friendly Dodge Journey crossover. When it comes to mid-size and luxury sedans, Tate dares you to compare the Chrysler 200 to the Toyota Camry or the Chrysler 300 to any luxury sedan on the market. If it's a minivan you need, Tate has America's two favorites; the Chrysler Town & Country and Dodge Grand Caravan.
Tate Sells More RAM Trucks Than Anyone in Baltimore
There's a reason why people travel from Baltimore, Columbia, Annapolis and the Eastern Shore to buy their Ram truck from Tate. We have the best prices and the largest inventory of any Baltimore area Ram dealer. Ram trucks are a rare combination of style, technology and toughness never before experienced in the American automotive industry. Test drive a RAM today. It doesn't matter whether you want a truck for work or play, there's a Ram for you. Choose from Ram light duty (Series 1500) or heavy duty (Series 2500, 3500, 5500)... either way, you won't find a better truck!
It's the ultimate combination of power, efficiency, technology and style. You can see it in our showroom and take a test drive in June. Or, order yours today - just the way you want it.
When Baltimore and Annapolis Think JEEP, They Think TATE
Jeep Grand Cherokee: The 2013 Jeep Grand Cherokee has a completely redone, luxurious and roomy interior. As always, the Cherokee is built to be off-road and comes with a standard V-6 engine or if you want to kick it up a notch, an optional SRT8!
Jeep Liberty: The 2013 Jeep Liberty is a rugged compact SUV that has real off-road abilities. It comes in three trim levels: Sport, Limited, and Limited Jet AND has available 4 wheel drive.
Jeep Patriot: The 2013 Jeep Patriot is the least expensive SUV with off-road capabilities you can buy! With a spacious interior and three trims available (Sport, Latitude, and Limited), available 4 wheel drive, the Patriot is anything but cheap.
Jeep Wrangler: The 2013 Jeep Wrangler is the ultimate off-road machine! With its new standard V-6 it is the most powerful, capable, AND most affordable SUV on the market today!
Jeep Wrangler Unlimited: The 2013 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited is the same wrangler you've always known, but now with 4-doors and a more spacious interior! The powerful V-6 will take you anywhere you need to go, on or off the road!
Jeep Compass: The 2013 Jeep Compass is the perfect compact crossover with a new sleek interior and the ability to go off-road with optional 4-wheel drive. There are 5 different Trims so you'll be sure to find the perfect vehicle for you and your budget!
Known for the customers we keep, Tate is the #1 selling Dodge Chrysler Jeep Ram dealership in the Baltimore region. And, it's no wonder. We take pride in making certain that every sales and service customer is pleased with their experience, every time.


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The Critical Site Network (CSN) Tool is a new online resource for the conservation of 294 species of waterbirds and the important sites upon which they depend in Africa and Western Eurasia. Leading global conservation organisations working for the protection of waterbirds and their habitats have joined forces to develop this tool, strengthening the implementation of the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement (AEWA) and the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.Resource Type: Tools / Applications
This JNCC-commissioned report highlights biodiversity impacts of indirect land use change caused by biofuel production. Increased demand for biofuels to achieve renewable energy targets is putting pressure on biodiversity worldwide. The research highlights a new and so far little understood threat: the impact of indirect land use change on biodiversity.Resource Type: Tools / Applications
Species+ is a website that provides information on the current listing of species in the multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs), together with their taxonomy, distribution and common names, as well as the trade restrictions that affect them.
Species+ is a new and improved version of three existing databases: the UNEP-WCMC Species Database, the CITES Species Database, and the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations Database.
Resource Type: Tools / Applications
UNEP-WCMC provides a range of services to the European Commission in support of effective implementation of the EU Wildlife Trade Regulations.Resource Type: Tools / Applications
A practical guide for coastal resource managers to reduce damage from Catchment areas based on best practice case studiesResource Type: Tools / Applications
A series of webinars to build capacity in incorporating biodiversity and ecosystem service values into NBSAPsResource Type: Tools / Applications
IBAT for business is an innovative tool designed to facilitate access to accurate and up-to-date biodiversity information to support critical business decisions. The tool is the result of a ground-breaking conservation partnership among BirdLife International, Conservation International (CI), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). Data are presented in spatial and tabular formats, and with simple mapping functionality. IBAT links to more detailed information and includes on-the-fly reports and outputs to support specific user needs.Resource Type: Tools / Applications
How do bioenergy policies relate to the REDD+ mechanism, is the subject of this new Bioenergy Issue Paper jointly authored by UNEP and UNEP-WCMC.
The potential contribution of bioenergy in reducing global emissions of greenhouse gases has been widely debated, both in terms of climate change mitigation potential and potential risk of increases in greenhouse gas emissions resulting from land use change. This has raised the question of how bioenergy policies relate to the REDD+ mechanism developed under the UNFCCC. This issue paper examines the complexity of this relationship and stresses the importance of ensuring policy coherence across the relevant sectors.
For a look at the UNEP Issue Paper Series, please visit:
One third of the world's population lives in coastal areas and rapid development of these areas has meant increased construction of coastal infrastruc- ture (e.g. ports, navigation channels, coastal de- fence) and related activities (e.g. land reclamation, beach nourishment), which has inevitably led to conflicting priorities between coral reef conservation and economic growth. The key impacts of these ac- tivities, if not managed, include:
• Direct loss of coral reef caused by the removal or burial of reefs
• Lethal or sub-lethal stress to corals caused by elevated turbidity and sedimentation rates
Dredging and port construction activities potentially affect not only the site itself, but also surrounding ar- eas, through a large number of impact vectors (e.g. turbid plumes, sedimentation, release of contami- nants, bathymetric changes). Effects may be imme- diate or develop over a longer timeframe and may be temporary or permanent in nature, depending on a large number of factors.
UNEP-WCMC, with support from the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), has launched a new website highlighting the potential for actions on reducing emissions from land use change to secure additional important benefits for biodiversity and ecosystem services (co-benefits). The website demonstrates the utility of spatial analyses to assist decision makers in identifying areas where high carbon, high biodiversity priority, and ecosystem service values overlap, which represent opportunities for securing co-benefits. It showcases UNEP-WCMC's recent work with in-country partners on developing such analyses and includes an interactive mapping tool that allows users to explore the spatial relationships between carbon and co-benefits.Resource Type: Tools / Applications
©2014 UNEP All rights reserved


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The Times-Picayune FAQs
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Visit "Contact Us" link for more information.
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If you forget your password, please use Forgot Password
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You are visiting our UK site. Click here to view our US site
Morning Star Incense Sticks - Musk
Each pack contains 50 incense sticks with a ceramic holder.
Weight (including packaging): 250g
Tax is not applicable to those living outside the European Economic Community. For more info click here.
99 in stock
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Super Storytime Survey
Main Library
tags: Early Literacy, Kids & Family
3,565 people like this -Like
This is a test, this is only a test! Join the Children's Department in choosing a new weekly storytime time. Throughout November we will be offering test storytimes at the Main Library every Sunday at 1:30, every Tuesday at 4:00, and every Saturday at 1:00. The storytime that receives the best attendance during the month of November will become our new ongoing storytime beginning with the New Year in January.
Location: Main Library, Children's
Contact Information: (801) 524-8200


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Style: Straight
Material: Synthetic
Length: Short
Bangs 3", Crown 3" , Sides: 3", Nape: 3".
Weight: 1.9 oz
Features: Pure Stretch Cap
Capless Construction- Open stretch cap construction is open all throughout for maximum coolness and comfort
There are several ways to contact us:
Phone: 1-800-689-2587
Fax: 1-508-238-1965
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
(based on 4 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
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(7 of 7 customers found this review helpful)
This is a very natural looking wig.
By Kay
from Bend, Oregon
About Me Beauty Conscious
Comments about Paula Young Christa Wig by Estetica Designs:
My husband and I travel a lot and it's hard to keep your hair looking great all the time. This wig matched my own color so perfectly my husband didn't realize I was wearing a wig. That's a huge compliment for how natural it looks!
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- You may also flag this review
(13 of 13 customers found this review helpful)
By DOT
from NEW YORK
This wig arrived in just days, and was everything I expected it to be.I've never owned a Paula Young wig that felt as light and airy as this Christa style feels...Anyone who finds that she has what seems like a "hat" on her head - especially while wearing in our New York summer heat and humidity - will be pleasantly surprised to find that it allows air to flow through, thereby keeping you comfortable!Kudos to ESTETICA DESIGNS for crafting such a beautiful wig.And Thank You, PAULA YOUNG, for stocking a wig which every woman would be happy purchasing!
(18 of 18 customers found this review helpful)
Extremely happy
By Sunshine
from Ky
Most natural looking to my family, friends and customers. Immediately changes how I feel and look, improves my overall attitude, and ability to get out of the house.
Images shared by Sunshine
Tags: Using Product, Picture of Product
christa wig
By Dee
from spring, tx
I loved this wig until I realized there is not enought hair to cover the base of the wig. I have tried everything I believe I just got a bad one.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend


text:
Workwear Express have a huge range of Hanes clothing and accessories.
Hanes is a leader in the European workwear printables market offering the industry an impressive collection of T-shirts, polos, sweats, pullovers, shirts and blouses perfectly tailored to the taste of today's fashion conscious consumers.
For more information, please call us on Freephone 0800 028 5867 or contact us.
NO MINIMUM ORDER - Click here to see more Free Next Day Delivery brands.
1 2


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- Holds .65 L
- Tinted container protects tea and coffee from harmful effects of light
- Suitable for 'air sensitive' foods, such as coffee and tea
- Container is dishwasher safe
Additional Information
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Thursday, January 28, 2010
Constipation, Gut Flora and Health
Scatological jokes are common. The guide on my Swedish language tour of Moscow in 1976, told a joke about Russians. She described Russian toilets that are dry, with a shelf for stools to drop upon and a lower hole in the back into which the stool is swept with water. This was contrasted to Western toilets that partially concealed the stools as they dropped into water. The joke was that Russians had no art, because they could easily observe their creations each morning.
You Are What You Eat and the Proof Is in the Toilet
Refer to Mr. Monastyrsky for a broad discussion of constipation and stool characteristics. This web site has lots of information about stool types, how to get them and how to change them. His recommendations to avoid constipation center on a healthy diet, like my Anti-Inflammation Diet, plus glutamine to help the gut heal.
Another useful perspective on gut flora is provided by a Nature web site on gut flora genomics. This site describes genomic research to show that changing diet changes relative proportions, but not the types of bacteria in gut flora. Each person has a recognizable, individual composition of gut bacteria.
Feces Is Primarily Bacteria
What you eat and your eating/health history determines your gut flora, and feces is made up of gut flora and some undigested food. Healthy bowel movement stools are made up of more than 50% bacteria and the consistency of the stools is determined by the bacterial content. Less bacteria means drier, harder stools. Bacteria hydrate stools and prevent constipation.
Pathogenic Gut Flora
Why does a total bowel irrigation with PEG, polyethylene glycol, make people with chronic diseases feel as good as if they had an antibiotic treatment (barring die off)? I think that the answer is that both disrupt and change the gut flora and in many cases disease symptoms are supported by an unhealthy gut flora/biofilms. In many cases, the antibiotic cannot have a lasting impact, because it is hard to kill bacteria in biofilms. PEG may actually clean out more of the biofilms, because it should also disrupt the polysaccharide matrix of the biofilms.
Disruption of Gut Flora Leads to Disease
Babies fed breastmilk vs. formula display very large difference in inflammation and susceptibility to disease. Formula causes gut inflammation and susceptibility to intestinal and respiratory diesease. Formula also causes a dramatic shift in gut flora from a simple flora dominated by Bifidobacter to a complex adult gut flora.
Gut Controls Immune System
The impact of the two different gut flora on development of the GI tract and on the newborn immune system is dramatic also. Remember that most of the immune system of the body is located in the lining of the gut and immune organs, such as the tonsils, are outgrowths of the GI tract. The thymus, which is responsible for producing T lymphocytes, is twice as large in breastfed babies. Thus, feedback from the gut of formula fed babies inhibits thymus and immune system development.
Change Your Gut Flora and Change Your Health
Experiments in mice, and I think in humans, have shown that changing the bacteria in the gut changes interactions with food. Exchanging gut bacteria between fat and lean individuals, causes fat people to lose weight and lean people to gain weight. I think that this indicates that gut flora participate in the so called metabolic set point, that determines if it is going to be easier to gain or lose weight. These experiments suggest that a powerful approach may be to eliminate the gut flora of individuals with chronic disease and replace it with healthy gut flora. This healthy gut flora, along with a healthy diet may make a powerful contribution to elimination of chronic diseases. Rosacea, which involves both the face and gut, might best be treated by topical antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents, after the gut contribution has been eliminated by a fecal transplant with healthy gut flora/diet.
Anti-Inflammatory Diet Should Support Healthy Gut Flora
The efficacy of an anti-inflammatory diet (AID) should be displayed in reversal of inflammatory symptoms and unmemorable bowel movements. A gut and gut flora that resist inflammation as a result an AID, should also produce a healthier immune system and contribute to a reduction in chronic inflammation and disease. The gut may also have an impact on gut flora and a diet that does not contribute to inflammation in the body, e.g. lacks fructose and vegetable oils, may also support an anti-inflammatory gut flora.
65 comments:
- Steve Cooksey said...
Love your blog doctor...I've been a lurking fan. :)
Are there any studies showing relationships between formula vs breastfeeding and Type 1 Diabetes?
Thanks for all you do!
- January 28, 2010 at 12:35 PM
- Anna said...
I've been waiting for you to get to the bottom of these issues! ;-)
- January 28, 2010 at 1:22 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
I found a few articles on PubMed that suggest a link between formula and type I diabetes. Here are some excerpts from one abstract:
Malcova H, Sumnik Z, Drevinek P, Venhacova J, Lebl J, Cinek O. Absence of breast-feeding is associated with the risk of type 1 diabetes: a case-control study in a population with rapidly increasing incidence. Eur J Pediatr. 2006 Feb;165(2):114-9. Epub 2005 Oct 7.
There are indications that the effect of environmental factors on the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is increasing over time. This can be documented by the rapid increase of T1DM incidence in genetically stable populations. ...The risk of T1DM decreased with increasing duration of breast-feeding, while no breast-feeding was associated with an increased T1DM risk, OR=1.93 [95% CI: 1.33-2.80], breast-feeding for more than 12 months was protective, OR=0.42 [95% CI: 0.22-0.81], both being relative to the reference category of breast-feeding for 1-3 months. A short duration of day-care attendance (none or less than 1 year) was weakly associated with the risk of T1DM, OR=1.65 [95% CI: 1.05-2.62]. ... Short breast-feeding period and short attendance to day care is associated with the risk of T1DM in Czech children.
Thanks for watching and commenting.
- January 28, 2010 at 1:28 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
Hi Anna,
Nice to hear from you. I can't seem to get past the fecal transplant experiments. I want to see celebrities extolling the virtues of their fecal sources. The next step would be defending murderers based on the gut flora they picked up in their youth. "My colon made me do it!"
Thanks for watching and commenting.
- January 28, 2010 at 1:35 PM
- caphuff said...
since we're on the topic:
Some very funny writing goes on there.
On the serious side, Dr. Ayers, do you think megadosing with probiotics (for a few days maybe) is a good strategy to jump-start healthy gut flora?
I have started doing that recently to deal with some lingering GI tract issues and it seems to help. But I don't know if I should keep it up for long or what.
- January 28, 2010 at 2:43 PM
- Stephan said...
Hi Art,
I have a hard time reconciling Monastyrsky's take on fiber with the fact that so many high-fiber traditional cultures were healthy. Do you have an opinion on this? One interesting fact that may be relevant is that grain-based cultures often removed a portion of the bran if possible. This was also done by European bakers before white flour; they would sift the flour after grinding to remove a portion of the bran. It still would have been more nutritious than white flour, however.
Monastyrsky's gut healing formula contains two types of fiber (both soluble). So he does recognize the value of fiber, just not insoluble fiber?
- January 28, 2010 at 3:24 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
Some people have too much time on their hands... or perhaps squatting.
I think that using probiotics should also be paired with trying to change to healthy gut flora using an anti-inflammatory diet, such as the one I outline on this blog. The probiotics taken a little at a time may have a continued effect, but a good dose of live yogurt (without the sucrose/HFCS) is just as good, if not better. I haven't seen any comparison studies.
Thanks for the comments/questions.
- January 28, 2010 at 3:25 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
Hi Stephan,
I think that a problem with discussions of fiber is that there are multiple components in the "fiber" that have independent actions, e.g. our favorite phytate. So when fiber is mentions, is it a reference to a Zinc or an Iron chelator? Are we talking about a modifier of butyric acid metabolism? Is it a bulk component that alters transit rates? [Increasing transit rates improves the symptoms of many diseases, e.g. rosacea.]
I think that the discussion of fiber is like tobacco smoking. Tobacco smoke has many horrendous carcinogens and inflammatory molecules, but it also has addictive nicotine, which is anti-inflammatory. After someone has smoked and survived for an extended time, should they stop cold turkey or continue using nicotine? It is not a simple question.
I think that different people will respond differently to dietary changes, because of their current gut flora. btw, I still think that their gut flora contribute to their weight set points. Are caloric contents of feces measured?
I appreciate your contributions to my blog.
- January 28, 2010 at 3:37 PM
- Bill said...
Dr Ayers,
I always monitored my fecal matter and ate more roughage, in ignorance of the anti-inflammatory considerations of my overall diet, up until 3 years ago.
The perception given in the mainstream media is that regular, not too smelly, firm turds, are the way to go.
However, due to my almost daily intake of chillies, ginger, turmeric, garlic and fat, mainly from olive oil, mine do not resemble the above criteria.
Is there, or should there be testing facilities for faeces to determine gut health?
From your views, it seems to me that faeces analysis should be made available, as standard practice, to assess progress in overall preventative health measures with regards to AID (anti inflammatory diet). Along with 25(OH)D blood analysis for supplementation to attain optimum vitamin D levels.
Furthermore I enthusiastically support and practice squatting on the toilet, as fundamental to good bowel health.
- January 28, 2010 at 4:45 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
I agree with all of your contentions. I remember puzzling over the unusual wear pattern of the toilet seat in the restroom of colonial Fort Canning in Singapore. It took me a while to realize that many people used the toilet by squatting on the seat. Routine squatting is also a great conditioner for child birth.
I second your statement of need for the analysis of feces for health. Unfortunately, the current techniques using plating techniques doesn't identify most of the bacteria in the feces. By the way, there are also no good measures of chronic inflammation (hsCRP is only moderately useful). That is partially why blood lipid are used instead of inflammatory markers for risk of cardiovascular disease.
Thanks for your comments.
- January 28, 2010 at 5:46 PM
- lightcan said...
Dr. Art,
thank you for your very informative posts.
Is it correct to say that following a course of antibiotics one's gut flora is changed and that a course of probiotics is necessary to rectify the situation? I am on a low carb, I think anti-inflammatory diet for a year and a half (no seed oils, wheat, fructose), but still have problems, with constipation. I took antibiotics for gum disease in 2007 and immediately after I started suffering from haemorroids. (I only see a link now) Would the regular consumption of live yoghurt and a course of probiotics (there is enough for a month I think in a bottle) help? I have a moderate amount of fibre in my diet, coming from vegetables and salads but do not drink generally more than 3 mugs of water a day. Could low T3 have an influence?
Thank you for taking the time to read.
- January 29, 2010 at 4:26 AM
Dear Dr. Ayers,
thanks a lot for your great blog.
Actually I read a lot of gut flora/digeston/inflammation and pro-/prebiotics. Matter is I have always diarrhea. I had colonoscopy but everything is fine. I´m on ketogenic since a half year (former LC) and probiotics helps only a little bit. Hard cheese gives the best result. But I have to eat a lot of it every second day. Can too much drinking water result in diarrhea? I drink up to 3liter/d. Thanks again for your interesting and informatory blog.
- January 29, 2010 at 6:03 AM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
I think that constipation is all about your gut flora. Too few bacteria means stools with a low amount of bacteria, which means the bacteria aren't there to provide hydration and constipation.
Your case suggests that you have starved much of your gut flora by eating efficiently and avoiding carbs. Sucrose and fructose just contribute to metabolic syndrome, so they can't solve the problem. What you might need is a carb that passes through the intestines and feeds the lower bowel gut flora. That sounds like resistant starch (RS). There are lots of different ways that starch can avoid amylase in the mouth, stomach and upper intestine: physical barriers, course seeds/grains; crystalline; chemical modification. Some RS is considered to be soluble fiber.
You can read about starch in Wikipedia. Perhaps lactose, e.g. sweet whey, might help.
Upping the probiotics and perhaps prebiotics might also help. My first choice would be a full fat, unsweetened live yogurt. Some of those are better than ice cream.
I am starting to think that some antibiotic use may lead to essentially permanent damage to gut flora. In other word, we don't have functional sources of replacement gut bacteria (there are about a thousand different species) in our diets and probiotics offer only a tiny fraction (less than a dozen) of those required for health.
Perhaps our food is too clean and too sanitary. The soil has thousands of unclassified bacteria and maybe those are the natural source to replenish damaged gut flora. Many of the needed species are also created in the gut biofilms, which promote extensive genetic exchange between species. The appendix is the typical storage organ to replenish gut flora after diarrhea, but aggressive antibiotic treatment may damage the stored flora.
The final alternative is fecal transplantation, but that is not yet readily available.
Thanks for your comments.
- January 29, 2010 at 10:57 AM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
There is no routine test for gut flora integrity. The colonoscopy should have provided an opportunity for a reset of your gut flora, but changed nothing.
You drink a lot of water, about ten times more than I do on average.
Unusually rapid transit suggests to me inflammation, so I would try to compensate with glutamine, omega-3 oils with saturated fats, and full fat live yogurt. Your absorption will be compromised with rapid transit, so worry about vitamins and minerals.
I usually don't suggest fiber, but veggies (don't overcook) might help to provide nutrients for the bacteria in your lower gut and slow transit.
The gut flora that you have may not be adequate to support a healthy ketogenic diet, and you may have to back off to feed your gut flora.
Thanks for your comments.
- January 29, 2010 at 11:14 AM
To Bill's point about stool testing, there are some newer lab tests available that utilize DNA analysis to identify microbes that can't be cultured by standard means. Here are a few links to labs doing this work:
Sample report from Genova Diagnostics: http://www.genovadiagnostics.com/files/profile_assets/sample_report/CDSA%202_P_report.pdf
Sample report from Doctor's Data lab: http://www.doctorsdata.com/repository.asp?id=1938
I hope that helps.
- January 30, 2010 at 8:59 AM
I wish to get a total bowel irrigation with PEG, but how can I find a qualified practitioner who offers this service? Do you have suggestions? There is no shortage of chiropractors etc. offering colonics, but I cannot identify a practitioner to perform a total bowel irrigation with PEG. Appreciate any suggestions you may have.
- January 30, 2010 at 12:32 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
Anonymous- about stool analysis,
Those lab analyses are great. I wasn't aware that some of the PCR approaches had been commercialized.
The Metametrix analysis seems much more comprehensive and useful. I would like to read some feedback from patients. I wonder how expensive it is.
Thanks for your info.
- January 30, 2010 at 3:47 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
Anonymous - about total bowel irrigation,
I think that TBI could be very useful in eliminating existing gut flora and stripping off some biofilms.
It is, however, potentially hazardous for people with some GI problems and should be done under medical supervision.
The TBI to be useful, should be used when a good transit time is already established and sufficient gut flora are present, so that after the TBI there will be seed bacteria to reestablish a more normal flora in response to a new diet.
I don't think that there is much point to use TBI unless there is a goal of replacing it by using a new diet.
It may be that aging, for example, is associated with accumulation of pathogenic biofilms that could be removed by TBI, but there is no indication yet.
In most cases, I think that a series of dietary adjustments would have the same effect as TBI.
The only cases that I can think of in which TBI may be superior to diet changes, would be when the existing bacteria may pose a threat of die off inflammation, e.g. rosacea? Then, it may be better to move the bacteria quickly out.
Thanks for your query.
- January 30, 2010 at 3:57 PM
The Metametrix GI Profile costs between $350-$400, depending on what exactly is ordered, and it must be ordered by your doctor (MD, DO, DC).
Here's another link with some more specifics on which microbes are tested for:
Interestingly, they test for the 'obesity-type' microflora. Some of the research in that area is really interesting.
Right now, medicine is missing the boat almost entirely when it comes to functional GI issues. I can only imagine that this will (slowly) change over time as the importance of what happens in the GI tract is better recognized. Once someone can make money by trademarking specific strains of microflora and linking that strain by research to certain benefits, we will see more developments.
- January 31, 2010 at 8:12 AM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
Thanks for the info on GI flora screening.
It is unfortunate that the screening is still limited to known bacteria and is not yet a complete fingerprint of all of the gut flora.
I think that there will also be a bit of confusion in the future with the growing recognition of the extent of genetic exchange between species that takes place in the gut. Hence, looking at rRNA genes may be less of a reflection of species than is assumed.
I would also like to know the interventions used to change gut flora after recognizable pathologies are found.
One of the beneficial flora is H. pylori, which stimulates Treg development. It would be nice to know how it does it and how to keep H. pylori from causing trouble (constrain hydrogen-producing Klebsiella?).
Thank for your help.
- January 31, 2010 at 2:42 PM
- lightcan said...
Thank you very much, Dr. Art.
I had problems with hard stools before, so I don't think it is due to lower carb per se. I was hoping that by eating low carb (for example not eating wheat fibre from heavy soda bread) the digestion becomes more efficient. I used to take psyllium husk to help transit but it would increase volume too much.
Anyway, probably damaged flora. I should eat the organic root vegetables with the soil on and more beans.
- January 31, 2010 at 4:30 PM
- signupsammy said...
Dr. Ayers and Stephan - re. Stephan's fiber question above: I was curious about this, so I did some perusing on Mr. Monastyrsky's site. I found the following...
- - - - - - - - -
"Healthy intestinal bacteria reside and procreate inside the protective layer of the mucosal membrane, and derive their nutrients from mucus. To give a good home to existing bacteria and provide a head start to supplemental flora, your mucosal membranes must be healthy and well-nourished. For this reason GI Recovery contains small quantities of FOS (fructooligosaccharides) and acacia fiber, natural soluble fibers which are preferred by normal flora, but do not "appeal" to pathogenic bacteria. In small amounts, neither cause the bloating or flatulence associated with fiber in food and/or laxatives. It also includes N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine (NAG)—a naturally occurring amino sugar which helps in maintaining the intestinal mucous production. NAG is derived from the exoskeleton of shell fish (crab, shrimp, lobsters), and should be avoided by people with known allergies to shell fish. In this case you should take pure pharmaceutical-grade L-Glutamine instead." - From: http://www.gutsense.org/store/gi_recovery.html
"FOS and ulmus fulva are prebiotics, or substances that provide starter feed for these bacteria—just like fertilizer for plants. Other supplements may include inulin, pectin, or psyllium. In their tiny amounts per capsule, these soluble fibers are harmless." AND "Supplemental bacteria require minor quantities of soluble fiber to survive the trip and procreate inside the large intestine. If you are on a very low-carb diet for medical or weight loss reasons, take several recommended doses of FOS or apple pectin daily. Many supplements already have minor amounts added in." - From: http://www.gutsense.org/store/ephilus.html
- - - - - - - - -
Do either of you have any further thoughts on any of these statements?
Dr. Ayers, does this jibe with some of the things I've read on your blog recently re. pectin? Does any of this have to do with the 'Resistant Starch' that you mentioned earlier? Do you have any thoughts re. the need/methods to heal/seal the gut lining (in addition to trying to modify and multiply gut flora)?
Stephan, thanks for all the material you've been posting at your wholehealthsource blog. I'm still wading through the discussions in part 3 of your 'body fat setpoint' post, and am looking forward to reading part 4.
- February 1, 2010 at 10:40 AM
- Cristian Stremiz said...
It seems that magnesium deficiency affect the gut bifidobacteria content, the intestinal permeability and inflammation:
Changes in Intestinal Bifidobacteria Levels Are Associated with the Inflammatory
Response in Magnesium-Deficient Mice. J Nutr. 2010 Jan 20. [Epub ahead of print]
PubMed PMID: 20089787.
- February 1, 2010 at 4:12 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
Thanks for the info on the use of prebiotics (fructose oligosaccharides) and acidic polysaccharides (pectin) to augment gut flora development. That should be useful in therapy for sick gut flora.
I think those approaches make sense. It should support Bifidobacteria, similarly to breastmilk. The glutamine is there to help heal the gut.
I only mentioned the resistant starch as another compromised possibilility for getting food to the gut flora. It still potentially feed Klebsiella.
Thanks for finding this info on Gut Sense.
- February 2, 2010 at 1:10 AM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
Hi Cristian,
So minerals are also important in maintaining healthy gut flora. This is especially important if people are trying to use typical probiotics and the fructose oligosaccharides, since the target Bifidobacteria seem to be sensitive to magnesium deficiency.
Thank for your input.
- February 2, 2010 at 1:13 AM
This reminds me of a project I did in college that involved observing chimpanzees in a zoo for hours. Mostly they would poop and communally pass the poop around, eating it. Maybe this was an artifact of living in a zoo, but maybe it's adaptive, somehow helping them have the right gut flora.
Next diet fad?
- February 3, 2010 at 4:16 PM
- Krissie said...
Does the chlorine in tap water cause any problems for gut bacteria?
Wouldn't whey (or other bacterial) enemas work to populate the lower gut?
Thanks for your posts and your 'middle aged middle' updates, too!
- February 9, 2010 at 4:56 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
Chlorine is inactivated by all of the biological components of your upper GI tract. It wouldn't get far and your bacterial would be protected.
I don't hold much stock in enemas. They are afterthoughts and for emergency use. Your good bacteria have already done their work and adding more bacteria with an enema, is a waste of effort. It makes more sense to eat properly to begin with and feed your gut flora with a low carb, high fat diet plus lots of leafy vegetables. Fructose (in sucrose and high fructose corn syrup) and vegetable oils are the major culprits in modern diets.
Thanks for the comments.
- February 9, 2010 at 5:16 PM
Dr ayers, thank you so much for the great blog.
I'm interested in you thoughts on stomach acid in repairing guy flora. I have had some recent personal experience that makes me think it is also very important.
Like one of your other commenters I also have been dealing with ongoing gut flora problems which started 10 years ago after a large dose of broadspectrum antibiotics. Since then I have had ongoing problems including many food intolerances, increase in alergies and artheritic joints (particularly around previous injuries). Gluten, diary and also night shade vegetables amongst others have been a bane, withever more seeming to be added to the list.
About a year ago I came across a book about the importance of stomach acid. It was mostly focused on people with chronic relux--which I was getting but only mildly--but it discussed the idea that the problem with reflux wasn't too much acid, it was not enough. The book also went on to talk about other benefits including improved gut flora as you are creating the right environment for good bacteria to florish. It suggested two things that have changed my life since then. Digestive bitters and digestive enzymes containing some of the precusors to stomach acid.
It suggested that the bitters, through tasting bitter, start a normal reaction in the stomach generating more stomach acid. This is apparently as most poisons have a bitter taste. The acid in the stomach create an acid barrier that neutralise the poisons.
After about 6 months taking the bitters (the digestive enzymes which I only took for about 3 months), a considerable number of my symptoms have gone. The other amazing thing is that I can now eat diary with pretty much no I'll effect. While not completely cured, I am feeling so much better than I have before. I also have to note that upping my vit D intake (also from the sun) has also helped quieten down my reactions and also very low carb intake is also valuable.
I'm interested in your thoughts on this topic, particularly as a means to re-establish a healthy gut flora long term.
The book I mentioned was called "Why stomach acid is good for you" by Jonaright Wright and Lane Lenard.
- February 11, 2010 at 6:22 AM
- Krissie said...
Dr. Ayers,
Great about chlorine, thank you.
I don't mean to harp on this but...
Fecal transplants are given by enema...whey is all 'good' bacteria, so why couldn't it work in a similar fashion?
Also, if the appendix is the storage for good bacteria...is there a chance that it was filled with the wrong bacteria from the beginning, so when it does re-populate the gut after an infection, it just goes back to the same, not-so-good bacteria? Like a baby who gets antibiotics and formula from the minute they are born - what kind of storage does their appendix have, and could it be fixed? (not asking for personal reasons, just theoretical)
- February 11, 2010 at 7:12 AM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
Thanks for your detailed input.
I think that a well functioning stomach is very important to healthy gut flora. I expect that bitters are a mixture of plant alkaloids and most alkaloids have broad toxicity. Our intestines and gut have P450 polyfunctional oxidases to detox and protect against these compounds. The brain has an unprotected region to detect and respond to these compounds by inducing vomiting. Pregnant women/fetuses are especially sensitive to these toxic compounds and that is the basis for morning sickness -- to avoid eating veggies during early pregnancy.
So, it would not be surprising if the bitter taste in the mouth also triggered stomach changes to provide alkaloid protection. The stomach doesn't produce acid directly, but rather uses some complex chemistry involving both iron and salt to lower the pH. It is that complex chemistry that probably leads to the chemical modification/detox of alkaloids.
The question is why you were low on stomach acid to begin with. In most cases, I would think that the problems was Helicobacter pylori. Hp infection decreases stomach acid production and the stomach infection is spread by anti-acid treatments. Hp is fed by hydrogen producing bacteria in the lower bowel and starch feeds those bacteria. Low carbs/starch lowers Hp growth and returns acid production.
Hp growing normally (low starch) actually stimulated Treg production and these lymphocytes bring autoimmune/allergies under control. I think that Hp are normal gut inhabitants and may actually be necessary for good health. Hp plus a standard Western diet lead to ulcers and gastric cancer. It is the high carb/starch/sugar plus vegetable oils that actually causes the problem.
It all seems to make sense. I am glad that you got to the source of the problem rather than simply attacking the symptoms with drugs.
Thanks for your comments and let me know if you have some more insights.
- February 11, 2010 at 11:11 AM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
I don't think that you are harping.
I think that the whole area of fecal transplants needs to be explored and fully exploited for health benefits. The way that medicine treats the bowels is certainly dysfunctional, so I favor new/traditional? approaches. I just wish that there was money available for clinical trials.
Whey should contain lots of the prebiotics from milk, if they haven't been removed with the lactose. There are no bacteria/probiotics in whey. Also the prebiotics should support the lactobacilli that I think normally inhabit the upper GI tract, and not the lower. So, I am still skeptical of working from that end.
I think that you are right about the appendix. I think that some antibiotics may damage the storage of healthy gut flora in the appendix. Then it may be difficult to reset the appendix and a lasting gut malaise may ensue. The appendix is still ignored, even though people without appendices are at increased risk for particular diseases, e.g. MS.
Thanks for your comments and please persist when you think that I have got it wrong.
- February 11, 2010 at 11:22 AM
- mtflight said...
Dr. Ayers,
Great informative post, as always. I have a curious question about polyols (sorbitol, maltitol, etc) and their known gastrointestinal effects. How does their "excessive consumption" relate to gut flora?
Also what about "prebiotics" such as inulin?
Glycerin has also been used as a low-glycemic sweetener. I wonder if it may work as a substitute for glucose, when it comes to glycerol backbone of FFAs and subsequent fat-storage?
Regards and thanks for the blog!
- February 11, 2010 at 5:36 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
Some of the gut flora will be able to use the polyols, but others will not, so I expect that the presence of another potential food source would shift the gut flora composition. I doubt that anyone has measured the results or knows what health impacts the gut flora changes have. These polyols may be prebiotics.
I think that the probiotics will change the gut flora by contributing to the accumulation of more lactobacilli and I think that those contribute to a more normal gut flora associated with health and lower inflammation.
Glycerol is just a three carbon poylol, so it can't contribute easily to blood glucose levels. I don't know how efficiently it is transported into various cell types, phosphorylated and used in triglycerides. I would think it would be readily used by bacteria.
Thanks for your comments.
- February 12, 2010 at 1:12 AM
- MontyApollo said...
Dr. Ayers,
Do you have any thoughts on how coconut oil might affect gut flora. The makers often seem to claim that it kills the "bad" bacteria and leaves the "good". I have heard of it being used to control yeast, but I don't know if this is the bad "bacteria" they are talking about.
- February 18, 2010 at 12:47 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
I am sorry that I can't contribute much to lipid-gut flora interactions. I expect gut flora to metabolize all of the lipids and that a change in dietary lipids will change the gut flora, but most of the lipids should be absorbed, if the gut has had experience with lipids and responds with adequate bile production.
There is probably no actual distinction between good and bad bacteria. After all, they readily exchange genes. I would go so far as to say that species of bacteria don't exist in the gut, but rather niches produce different bags of genes that we identify as species by the biochemistry required to inhabit a niche. The problem is that we are producing unhealthy niches.
A major health risk may be having too little fat in the diet and compromising the fat absorption process. This may be a significant contributor to the disease-promoting quality of high carb diets.
Thanks for the comments.
- February 18, 2010 at 1:29 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
I neglected to discuss inulin, which is a fructan. Normally, I would resist eating fructose-containing carbs, because fructose is a metabolic problem. Also, sucrose can be used by bacteria as an activated intermediate in the production of fructan polysaccharides for biofilms, e.g. dental plaque.
Inulin is a different category, because it is not hydrolyzed by human enzymes and thus moves on to the lower GI tract, where it is food for gut flora. It would seem that inulin would be a nice accompaniment to pectin for increasing gut flora in the case of constipation. One would expect some traditional remedies and perhaps meal combinations to include, for example leeks and apples.
Thanks for your comments.
- February 19, 2010 at 11:43 AM
- Krissie said...
Dr. Ayers,
Sorry, I forgot to say that it was kefir whey...not just milk whey, so it should have lactobacilli and other probiotics (at least in small amounts?)
Although I have some nutritionist friends that are very pro-enema and I was never interested...until I started reading your blog...and now I could see the place in healing for a probiotic enema, especially if there are still lasting symptoms (of a condition)even after prolonged ingestion of an anti-inflammatory diet. (because maybe there is a biofilm unable to be dislodged or good bacteria unable to take hold).
Do you think that e-coli are a strain of probiotics that we are very deficient in?
or maybe a better question would be do you think there are any strains of bacteria that we are not able to get anymore as abundantly as lactobacilli that we evolutionarily are accustomed to having reside in our insides?
and do you think that exposing yourself to these missing strains may cause illness initially, but it would be worth it for the resulting inhabitation?
I agree with you that this area does need to be exploited in medicine, it is a fascinating twist after years of rigorous hygiene...maybe surgeons will start scrubbing their hands with a beneficial bacteria wash before surgery - lol - ok speculations are getting out of hand.
Thank you,
- February 21, 2010 at 5:10 AM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
I think that those are all good points. I think that a big problem is the assault on gut flora by antibiotic use. Our hygienic surroundings are all that prevent us from being vulnerable to numerous pathogens. Perhaps that contributes to problems with common food poisoning.
Probiotics, in the form of lactobacilli are only a rough approximation of actual gut flora. We need better sources, but there does not appear to be much research to provide cheap, natural sources. I guess that we will have to let pharmaceutical companies patent food.
- February 21, 2010 at 11:56 AM
- taipilsons said...
- This comment has been removed by the author.
- February 22, 2010 at 7:33 AM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
I don't see any disconnect between the destructive and constructive use of antibiotics. Antibiotics are powerful and need to be uses knowledgeably. They are used negligently.
Antibiotics have their greatest impact on gut flora and are used for this purpose in the meat industry to control weight gain and fattening. Coincidentally they have the same impact on people.
Antibiotics can also be used to save lives, if they are used responsibly.
It is difficult to attack problematic bacterial communities. Antibiotic attack is rather simplistic and scattershot. Medical care does not include monitoring of healthy gut flora and is blind to most of the impact of treatment. Select symptom modification and not curing is the goal. Pharmaceuticals and the placebo effect are effective modifiers of symptoms. Surgery also modifies symptoms. Neither approach cures.
The article that you provided shows understanding of some of the basic components, e.g. biofilms, vagus nerve impact, but it doesn't show any insight into the underlying molecular biology. There are also numerous product disclaimers, suggesting that there is no foundation of clinical research to support their particular approach.
Thanks for your comments.
- February 22, 2010 at 11:22 AM
New study in Nature finds 1000 species of gut flora: http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE62244320100303
Another study in same journal suggests flora affect appetite: http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6234K520100304
- March 4, 2010 at 7:33 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
I have been working on the Nature article, since it came out a couple of days ago. It is very exciting.
Thanks for the news articles.
- March 5, 2010 at 12:45 AM
Dr. Art-
I have suffered from constipation for years, and only maintain any form of regularity through regular use of polyethylene glycol (2-3 times a day). I have eliminated gluten and dairy from my diet as I suspected they might be part of the problem. I also believe that unhealthy gut flora is playing a big role. I don't know where to start in terms of repair, however. What do you suggest? My diet is low carb, almost entirely based on plants, nuts/seeds, meat, eggs, and oils (coconut, olive).
Thank you!
- April 27, 2010 at 3:08 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
I would start by reviewing the anti-inflammatory diet and lifestyle that I suggest at the top of the blog.
With your dysfunctional gut flora, you will probably also have numerous vitamin and mineral deficiencies.
You can start by shifting from PEG to lactulose. The PEG strips away good and bad biofilms as well as destabilizing all of your gut flora, so you won't be able to make any progress if you keep taking the PEG.
So, assuming that you have corrected any vit.D deficiency (check serum levels before and after supplements) start with probiotics (you can probably also tolerate live yogurt with full fat), lactulose, pectin (apples, tomatoes, etc.), inulin (leeks, etc.). I would stick to a high fat/low carb diet. That means no vegetable oil (only olive oil, butter, coconut oil), most of your calories from saturated fat in meat/dairy/fish/eggs, and lots of diverse leafy vegetables. Veggies fresh from the garden or farmers market are preferred, because then you won't over wash or cook them to remove too many of the bacteria that you need to reconstitute your gut flora.
You are going to have to be patient with your gut, because you need to accumulate more than a hundred different species of bacteria to have a healthy gut flora that can digest all of the vegetable polysaccharides in a healthy diet.
You probably couldn't tolerate dairy previously, because you eliminated the bacteria that can metabolize lactose. Get used to live yogurt first and then slowly add more milk to increase your gut flora's ability to digest lactose. It takes about two weeks.
Remember that most nuts and seeds are high in inflammatory omega-6 oils, that's why veg. oils are so unhealthy.
Let me know how your gut normalizes.
- April 27, 2010 at 3:38 PM
- legend_018 said...
Hello. Your site is very interesting. My husband got diagnosed with irritable bowel syndrome. Is this lifestyle something that would benefit him? His chiropractor recommended at one time that he concentrate on eliminating wheat or even gluten and explained to him how wheat was very bad. He didn't recommend eating a diet high in white(s), but did say that he would be better off eating white bread if he was to eat any bread. IF he or we were to continue eating some breads in moderation, is white bread actually better for us than the wheat breads out there?
Thank You So much!!!
- May 4, 2010 at 8:49 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
Legend )18,
I would take your husband's IBS seriously and change diets. I think that it is wise to avoid grains in general. There is nothing healthy about them. They are high in starch, high in gluten and most people have difficulty with them. If your husband already has gut problems, why would you want to irritate his gut more?
The diet that I outline is designed to be healthy for everyone and is particularly supportive for people who suffer from inflammatory diseases such as IBS.
Others have asked the same question, so read the other comments. Adjust vit.D, eliminate vegetable oils, use olive oil/butter, eliminate grains, increase saturated fats for majority of calories, eat veggies/fruit high in pectin and inulin. Lactulose is supposed to help with IBS and I would start it after normal bowel movements are achieved with the other treatments.
The diet that I recommend is consistent with the current biomedical literature and will gradually be adopted by nutritionists over the next decade. It is simply a low carb/high fat/meat/fish/egg/dairy diet with a more normal omega 3 to 6 ratio and plenty of leafy vegetables.
Let me know how it works.
- May 5, 2010 at 1:17 AM
- legend_018 said...
Thanks so much for your advise. The only other question that comes to mine is a see a lot of references toward approximately 2,000 ui of Vitamin D. My doctor told me there are only a few vitamins you can overdose on and Vitamin D is one of them. They recommend only 1,000 per day. Can you actually overdose on vitamin D?
- May 5, 2010 at 9:12 AM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
Legend 018,
It is possible to overdose vit.D3, but only at 100X the doses typically recommended, e.g. a child taking 100,000 IU/day. I have read that 10,000 IU of vit.D3 is safe for pregnant women.
Most people who are vit.D deficient (more than half of the population) don't show much improvement in their serum vit.D with supplementing less than several thousand IU/day. These people also don't improve with sunlight, probably because of high chronic inflammation.
There appears to be a threshold for people with vit.D deficiency and inflammation, such that the vit.D level needs to be supplemented until it stifles the inflammation, and then the serum vit.D can increase up to 60-70 ng/ml. At this point sunlight is effective in providing skin production of vit.D.
It is safest to get your serum vit.D level measured, supplement with vit.D3 and then measure again to make sure that the supplement achieved a healthy level of higher than 60 ng/ml. (Most people remain deficient after supplementing and never check again.)
Thanks for your comments/questions.
- May 5, 2010 at 9:40 AM
- legend_018 said...
thanks for the advise. I like my doctor, but they only test stuff like Vitamin D levels 1ce a year during my check up.
- May 5, 2010 at 11:49 AM
Dr. Art -
Do you have any advice for finding a practitioner who buys into any of this? I've seen 4 different GIs and 2 allergist for my chronic constipation and for help getting off a daily regimen of miralax. Each doctor told me to continue the miralax, and add fiber into my diet via all bran (or another high fiber cereal) or metamucil/benefiber. I'm developing food allergies/intolerances as well, and I know this is all related (I tested positive to 20 different foods a month ago, including many fruits and vegetables).
Any advice?
- August 5, 2010 at 9:48 AM
- againstthegrain said...
The beauty of what Dr. Ayers suggests is that you can try it yourself without much, if any risk. And you don't need a practitioner's blessing. My experience is that few practitioners are really interested in learning about novel approaches from their patients even if seemingly intractable conditions improve dramatically or reverse - they put it down to placebo or spontaneous remission for the most part. We hear a lot about "taking charge of our health" from the powers that be - this is an excellent area to put that into practice and it's probably far safer and more beneficial than even OTC drug remedies.
I know I had worse results (than no treatment) when I followed the conventional advice of my doctors: bran and other grain fiber supplement, etc. - the insoluble fiber simply increased bulk (& stool width), which cause painful fissures and more difficult elimination (possibly due to my pelvic prolapse condition). I did not want to take the prescription Rx that were then suggested. I've had very good results so far with my efforts to "tend my inner garden" using Dr. Ayer's recommendations.
Given the low risk of adverse effects, consider trying the non-bran/non-grain, soluble fiber approach to improve the number and quality of your colon bacteria (i.e., regular consumption of inulin and pectin-containing foods or even using supplements of inulin & pectin; consumption of a wide variety of local/seasonal leafy greens & herbs to provide beneficial soil-borne bacteria such as lactobacillus; a variety of spices; the anti-inflammatory lower carb diet of saturated fat, high quality protein, and varied produce he describes on his blog; and so on). He has mentioned the details on numerous blog posts as well in quite a few comments, though this will take some time to find and read thoroughly, but it's well worth it.
I think there is very little risk to such an approach (esp compared to OTC and Rx drug therapies) though the inulin powder supplements and some of the high inulin-containing foods (Jerusalem artichokes/sunchokes for example) can initially create a lot of intestine "noise" and gassiness until the bacteria adjust in species and numbers - it's best to go slow with those items to build tolerance until the beneficial bacteria population catches up.
Hope that helps.
- August 5, 2010 at 1:02 PM
Thanks for your thoughts, Anna. I had been following the diet for a while... was following Mark Sisson's primal blueprint for about 10 months, but when I was told I had all of the food intolerances (20), it greatly limited what fruits & veggies, and proteins I can eat. I'm also not supposed to eat anything more than 2 times per week. I don't know if gut issues are causing the intolerances or if the intolerances are causing the gut issues. Either way, I walk around looking pregnant, have no energy, and am trying to figure out what is causing what.
- August 5, 2010 at 3:22 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
I think that Anna is on the right track. Most M.D.s don't read the biomedical literature and aren't aware of more than the guidelines for their specialty, which are not based on science or even their own literature. I don't know how to find physicians who are up to date and try to make sense to cure, rather than just treat their patients.
I don't think that avoidance of foods that trigger intolerance makes sense, because it ignores the cause of the problem and pins it on some vague idea of personal genetics or history. Food intolerance based on defective gut flora makes sense and responds to simple changes of diet and acquisition of new bacteria.
I hope that you can follow the suggestions on this blog and comments like Anna's to mend your gut flora and get passed constipation and eliminate intolerances.
Keep me informed of your progress.
- August 12, 2010 at 1:51 PM
- Alexander said...
Dr Ayers,
Thank you very much for this blog!
I have IBS and don't tolerate red meat, coffee, orange juice, chocolate among other things. When I eat /drink this I produce a lot of stomach acid and get diarrhea. So I have avoided those for 3 years, and now I have been on your anti-inflammatory diet for 3 months. And I am beginning to wonder if things like red meat can be made tolerable for me again, maybe by re-introducing it slowly (like maybe just put the fat from the bacon on my food in the beginning). It's a little constrictiong being on the Anti-inflam. diet when I'm only eating fish and poultry, and they're not very fatty, mostly.
What are your thoughts, can I make my self re-tolerate red meat (I can do without the coffee and orange juice), will my gut have to go through some processes, or will it never happen, you think?
Thanks again,
- Alexander
- April 23, 2011 at 8:56 AM
- PS said...
Dr. Ayers - people squat on the toilet seats in Singapore (and elsewhere in Asia) not for health reasons but because the seats are filthy. I live in Malaysia and I've seen one being cleaned where the cleaner dipped the mop into the water in the toilet (which still had faeces floating in it), then mopped the floor, dipped again and mopped the toilet seat. (Sorry, did I just make you puke?)
Interesting observation about fecal transplant. In animal husbandry, they give cows and pigs lots of antibiotics because this increases their weight, although they said they didn't know why. How does that work? The animals are constipated and hence more of the food is absorbed because it sits in the intestines longer?
Magnesium deficiency can be caused by too much mercury, as mercury binds to the binding sites of magnesium (and other metals). Mercury also causes inflammation on its own.
I read that Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease triggered by the proteins in cow's milk.
- June 14, 2011 at 2:40 AM
- PS said...
Oh, and what about candida (yeast)?
- June 14, 2011 at 2:43 AM
- MonaVie said...
Interesting post. I can't help but ask whether yogurt can improve gut health. Is there any truth to this?
- June 24, 2011 at 10:29 AM
Dr. Ayers - I could listen to you talk sh*t all day...
I'm curious, what are your views on fruictooligosaccharides and would you recommend supplimenting with FOS to improve intestinal flora?
Thanks in advance,
- June 29, 2011 at 9:41 AM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
I eat full fat, live GreekYogurt, because it is as tasty as ice cream, low in carbs, high in saturated fats, and provides some probiotic bacteria.
Probiotics are helpful for transitory stimulation of the immune system and to supply some genes that may be useful for my established gut flora. (Gut biofilm bacteria scavenge genes from other bacteria, such as probiotics.)
To really help your immune system via a healthy gut flora, you should concentrate on the gut flora in the colon, which are not the probiotics, but rather the anaerobes that digest and use soluble fiber. That means eating, for example apples for pectin and leeks for inulin.
Remember that diet cannot help to develop your gut flora without also eating the bacteria that you are missing. You also need to eat the bacteria clinging to vegetables and avoid killing the beneficial bacteria by heating/cooking or washing. You also need to be reasonable to avoid parasites and pathogens.
- June 29, 2011 at 3:42 PM
- Dr. Art Ayers said...
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are just another soluble fiber to feed gut flora. It would seem to be a waste of money to buy purified FOS, when a leek or onion would be a better source of FOS for pennies.
Also, you need to eat both the soluble fiber and the bacteria that you are missing.
- June 29, 2011 at 3:49 PM
Dr. Ayers,
How are you supposed to eat the bacteria on unwashed food while at the same time avoiding pathogenic bacteria and parasites? I contracted Toxoplasmosis 2 years ago (perhaps an underdone steak?) and had the leading Toxo specialist in London "worried" because there was the possibility I might at the time be pregnant-I was not, but the issue for my doctor and the specialist was big. The advice you give is good and valid, but for those with lousey immune systems to begin, exposure to soils etc, will also put them at risk for other potential problem like Toxo, and a child with birth defects as a result. It would seem this situation is a catch 22. That is unless there is something I am not seeing that I ought. Is there some way of ensuring the passing of intact useful bacteria into the gut, while keeping out the pathogens? Is there such a food that might supply this ability, such as Horseradish? Vinegar? Mango? I mention these three since I have read that Mango can destroy viruses in test tube, Horesradish kills bad e-coli and other bacterias and Vinegar has a similar ability. I would assume however that if this were true then these foods might also kill the good along with the bad, No?
- August 17, 2011 at 7:18 AM
Also, what about snogging, as we call it in England? If you kiss someone with good gut flora, do they pass some of these bacteria into u?
I am curious because I've spent my entire life being super clean. So much so that I don't even kiss my husband on the lips (to his chagrin). I have hideous gut flora with constipation issues, esp since going on low carb. He on the other hand is quite healthy.
- August 17, 2011 at 7:24 AM
DR, I see you recommend a high fat diet to re-establish good gut flora. How does this gel with the research that showed a return to a high fat diet from a low fat diet in mice with healthy flora (more bacteriodes than firmicutes)resulted in a swopping of the ratios to an efficient gut flora for weight gain with a few days.
- August 21, 2011 at 3:16 AM
- blogblog said...
@Alison said...
DR, I see you recommend a high fat diet to re-establish good gut flora. How does this gel with the research that showed a return to a high fat diet from a low fat diet in mice with healthy flora (more bacteriodes than firmicutes)resulted in a swopping of the ratios to an efficient gut flora for weight gain with a few days.
Nutrition studies on mice and rats are utterly irrelevant to humans. These rodents naturally eat an ultra low fat diet (<5% fat) diet based mostly on seeds. Rats and mice require a very low fat, very high carbohydrate diet with a lot of insoluble fibre. This is the exact opposite of humans.
Rodents also have a gut that is basically the reverse of the human gut. They ferment their food in the fore-gut rather than the hind-gut (colon) fermentation that occurs in humans.
- October 3, 2011 at 2:47 AM


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Comments about Rashida Hand-Tied Wig by Especially Yours:
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"Junk DNA" Can Sense Viral Infection
Tuesday, April 24, 2012
Promising tool in the battle between pathogen and host, TAU research confirms
Once considered unimportant "junk DNA," scientists have learned that non-coding RNA (ncRNA) — RNA molecules that do not translate into proteins — play a crucial role in cellular function. Mutations in ncRNA are associated with a number of conditions, such as cancer, autism, and Alzheimer's disease.
Now, through the use of "deep sequencing," a technology used to sequence the genetic materials of the human genome, Dr. Noam Shomron of Tel Aviv University's Sackler Faculty of Medicine has discovered that when infected with a virus, ncRNA gives off biological signals that indicate the presence of an infectious agent, known as a pathogen. Not only does this finding give researchers a more complete picture of the interactions between pathogens and the body, but it provides scientists with a new avenue for fighting off infections.
His findings have been published in the journal Nucleic Acid Research.
Another battleground between pathogen and host
"If we see that the number of particular RNA molecules increases during a specific viral infection, we can develop treatments to stop or slow their proliferation," explains Dr. Shomron.
In the lab, the researchers conducted a blind study in which some cells were infected with the HIV virus and others were left uninfected. Using the deep sequencer, which can read tens of millions of sequences per experiment, they analyzed the ncRNA to discover if the infection could be detected in non-coding DNA materials. The researchers were able to identify with 100% accuracy both infected and non-infected cells — all because the ncRNA was giving off significant signals, explains Dr. Shomron.
These signals, which can include either the increase or decrease of specific ncRNA molecules within a cell, most likely have biological significance, he says. "With the introduction of a pathogen, there is a reaction in both the coding and non-coding genes. By adding a new layer of information about pathogen and host interactions, we better understand the entire picture. And understanding the reactions of the ncRNA following infection by different viruses can open up the battle against all pathogens."
Finding an "Achilles heel" of infections
The researchers believe that if an ncRNA molecule significantly manifests itself during infection by a particular pathogen, the pathogen has co-opted this ncRNA to help the pathogen devastate the host — such as the human body. To help the body fight off the infection, drugs that stop or slow the molecules' proliferation could be a novel and effective strategy.
This new finding allows researchers to develop treatments that attack a virus from two different directions at once, targeting both the coding and non-coding genetic materials, says Dr. Shomron. He suggests that ncRNA could prove to be the "Achilles heel" of pathogens.
Dr. Shomron and his team of researchers developed new software, called RandA, which stands for "ncRNA Read-and-Analyze," that performs ncRNA profiling and analysis on data generated through deep sequencing technology. It's this software that has helped them to uncover the features that characterize virus-infected cells.
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